# Provincial Geographies of India/Volume 4

Provincial Geographies of India
General Editor
Sir T. H. HOLLAND, K.C.S.I., K.C.I.E., D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S.
BURMA
Cambridge University Press
C. F. Clay, Manager
London : Fetter Lane, E.C. 4
New York : The Macmillan Co.
| Bombay | |
| Calcutta | Macmillan And Co., Ltd. |
| Madras | |
Toronto : The Macmillan Co. Of Canada, Ltd.
Tokyo : Maruzen-Kabushiki-Kaisha
All Rights Reserved
Burma
by
Sir Herbert Thirkell White, K.C.I.E.
Late of the Bengal Civil Service
Ornari res ipsa negat; contenta doceri
Cambridge at the University Press 1923
Printed in Great Britain
EDITOR'S PREFACE
WAR conditions and consequent war service are responsible for the interruption of this series of Provincial Geographies. Subsequent reforms in the political constitution of India necessitated further delay; but, whether the Government of Burma remains under the Governor-General of India or becomes answerable direct to the King-Emperor, the Province must necessarily remain a geographical and political, as it is a distinct ethnographical, unit — a Burmese nation.
For this, as for previous volumes of the same series, the author has been chosen because his long and intimate experience of the Province enables him to present in true perspective a thumb-nail sketch of the land and its people. In this respect there are two living authorities who stand in a class apart — Shwe Yoe (Sir George Scott), whose writings have brought to the West a humanitarian picture of the "Silken East," and the author of A Civil Servant in Burma, whose service of 33 years brought him into intimate touch with every phase of Burmese life and administration, from 1878, when the northern limit of British control was restricted to the Province of Pegu, through the third Burmese war of 1885, when King Thebaw's misrule of Upper Burma was abruptly terminated, and the subsequent years of pacification and economic development, till he retired as Lieutenant-Governor of the whole Province in 1910.
The Cambridge University Press is fortunate in finding Sir Herbert Thirkell White with the leisure to review from afar the land which he served with affection and recognized distinction.
T. H. HOLLAND.
November 22nd, 1922.
NOTE
Except where otherwise stated, rupees have been converted into sterling at the conventional rate of 1R. = 2s.
In the transliteration of Burmese words, the Government system has been adopted. Every syllable is sounded. Consonants have the same value as in English: gy = j; yw = yu.
The vowel sounds are:
| a | — | generally as a in pa; but sometimes short as in at; |
| e | — | as ey in grey; |
| è | — | as e in père, without any sound of r; |
| i | — | as ee in feet; |
| y | — | as a vowel always short; |
| o or ô | — | always long as oa in moan; |
| u | — | as oo in boot; |
| ai | — | as i in pike; |
| au | — | as ou in lout; |
| aw | — | as aw in maw; |
| ei | — | as a in maze. |
Some proper names, such as Rangoon, Toungoo, have acquired conventional spelling.
Special thanks are due to Dr E. H. Pascoe, Director of the Geological Survey, who has most kindly written the chapter on Geology and practically the whole of the chapter on Minerals, and has collected the illustrations thereto. I have also gratefully to acknowledge valuable help and advice from Sir Thomas Holland, Mr W. A. Hertz, Colonel G. H. Evans and Mr Taw Sein Ko. Most of the illustrations are from photographs by my lamented friends, the late Major J. W. Alves, I. A. and Mr Arthur Leeds, C.S. To other friends who have kindly contributed photographs my best thanks are tendered. By permission of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India, the General Map is reduced from the map attached to the General Administration Report of Burma.
H. T. W.
CONTENTS
| CHAP. | PAGE |
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1931, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 92 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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