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# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Butler, Pierce, 8th Earl of Ormond

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​Butler, Pierce, 8th Earl of Ormond, Earl of Ossory, succeeded his father in 1515. He had already distinguished himself in the service of the Crown, and had been successful in suppressing the insurrections of the native Irish. In 1521 he was appointed Lord-Deputy. His marriage with a sister of the Earl of Kildare did not extinguish the feud between the Butlers and FitzGeralds. On account of the murder of his friend, Richard Talbot, by James FitzGerald, he impeached the Earl of Kildare. The matter ended by FitzGerald being obliged to walk through London candle in hand, and a halter round his neck; on the other hand, Ormond was replaced in the office of Deputy by Kildare. At one time it is stated negotiations were set on foot for the marriage of his son to his cousin, Anne Boleyn. Henry VIII. coerced Pierce to resign his title of Earl of ​Ormond to Sir Thomas Boleyn, who was desirous of the honour. In its stead, the Earldom of Ossory was conferred upon him by the King, in great state, at Windsor, 23rd February 5527-'8. After Sir T. Boleyn's death. Pierce was restored to his ancient honour of Ormond. By this deference to Henry VIII.'s wishes he acquired large additions to his estates in various parts of Leinster. Lord Thomas FitzGerald endeavoured to induce the Earl to join him in insurrection–offering to divide the Kingdom of Ireland with his son James. The Earl declined in a spirited letter, in which he wrote; "You are so liberal in parting stakes with me, that a man would weene you had no right to the game; and so importunate for my company, as if you would perswade me to hang with you for good fellowship. And think you that James is so mad as to gape for gudgeons, or so ungrateful as to sell his truth and loyalty for a piece of Ireland." Nettled by this reply, FitzGerald, with O'Neill and other Irish chieftains, ravaged the County of Kilkenny, and in an engagement near Jerpoint wounded and nearly took prisoner James, the Earl's son. Ormond was foremost in suppressing the insurrection, and upon the death of Kildare and the execution of his uncles in 1537, was, as a reward, further enriched by the Crown: he then turned his arms against the Earl of Desmond, who submitted, and took an oath of loyalty. He and his countess brought workmen from Flanders, and enriched Kilkenny Castle with tapestry, diapers, Turkey carpets, and cushions. The latter part of the Earl's life was spent in prayer, contemplation, and alms-giving. He died 26th August 1539, and was buried in St. Canice's, Kilkenny. He is described as "a man of great honour and sincerity, infinitely good-natured, plain, kind, loving, familiar, and liberal to his friends and followers;but an enemy and severe scourge to all bad people." His second son was created Viscount Mountgarret, and his illegitimate son Edmund, Archbishop of Cashel.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Butler, Richard

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​Butler, Richard, Dean of Clonmacnoise, was born near Granard, County of Longford, 14th October 1794. He was educated at Reading under Dr. Valpy; in 1814 he entered Oxford, and in 1819 received priest's orders, and was inducted vicar, of Trim. There his life was passed in attendance on the duties of his cure, and in literary and antiquarian investigations. He was intimate with the best minds of the day in his own party: Maria Edgeworth was an occasional visitor at his house. He was one of the founders of the Irish Archæological Society, for which association he edited Clyn and Bowling's Annals. Before 1840 he had brought out two ​editions of his work on the Antiquities of Trim. He died 17th July 1862, aged 67, and was interred beside the church where he had ministered for forty-three years.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Butler, James, 3rd Earl of Ormond

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​Butler, James, 3rd Earl of Ormond, son of preceding, styled "Earl of Gowran," from having built Gowran Castle. In 1391 he purchased the estate of Kilkenny Castle, thenceforth the seat of ​the Butlers. He filled several important offices connected with the government of Ireland; "being a mighty strong man, he is styled in some annals, the head of the chivalry of Ireland, which kingdom he governed to the content of the King and his good subjects." He was not only successful in many of his incursions against the native chieftains, but checked the depredations of Scotch and Welsh pirates upon the Irish coasts. He died at Gowran, 7th September 1405.
* ↑ Lodge's Peerage of Ireland, Revised and Enlarged by Mervyn Archdall. 7 vols. Dublin, 1789.
* ↑ Ormond, Duke of. Life 1610–'88: Thomas A. Carte, M. A. 6 vols. Oxford, 1851.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Butler, James, 4th Earl of Ormond

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​Butler, James, 4th Earl of Ormond, known as the "White Earl," was, like many of his predecessors, a minor when his father died. He received an education in advance of most young Irish lords of his time. Before he was of age he distinguished himself in the field against the Irish, was made Lord-Deputy, and held a Parliament in Dublin about 1408. He travelled in France with Thomas of Lancaster in 1412. In 1420 he attended Henry V. in his French wars, and ingratiated himself so much with that monarch that he returned to Ireland as Lord-Lieutenant. He headed expeditions against the native septs into Ulster and other parts of the country. A few months after Henry V.'s death he was replaced in the government of Ireland by Edmund Mortimer. The Earl held the office of Lord-Deputy in 1425 and 1440, and was Lord-Lieutenant in 1443. A violent feud arose between the Butlers and Talbots; and members of the latter family used every endeavour, but without success, to lessen the esteem in which he was held by Henry VI. He died at Ardee, 23rd August 1452, and was buried at St. Mary's Abbey, Dublin. His first wife was a daughter of the Earl of Kildare, his second the widow of Earl Grey. The White Earl was esteemed a deep student of history and antiquities, and a proficient in the laws of arms and matters of honour. He endowed the College of Heralds with lands, and advanced the study and culture of Irish heraldry.
* ↑ Ormond, Duke of. Life 1610–'88: Thomas A. Carte, M. A. 6 vols. Oxford, 1851.
* ↑ Ware, Sir James, Works: Walter Harris. 2 vols. Dublin, 1764.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Butler, Pierce

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​Butler, Pierce, American statesman, of the family of the Dukes of Ormond, was born in Ireland in 1744. An officer in the British army stationed in North America, he resigned shortly before the Revolution, and settled in South Carolina. He was a member of the old Congress in 1787; of the Convention that framed the Federal Constitution in 1788; and was Senator from South Carolina 1789-'96, and 1802-'4. He died in Philadelphia, 15th February 1822, aged about 77.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Butler, James, 9th Earl of Ormond

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​Butler, James, 9th Earl of Ormond, Earl of Ossory, succeeded on the death of his father in 1539. Seven years before, he had been made Lord-Treasurer, to balance the power of the Earl of Kildare, then Lord-Deputy. In 1534 he had been entrusted with the custody of all the ports of Ireland, as Admiral of the kingdom; and was afterwards created Viscount Thurles, and specially commissioned to proceed against Irish insurgents and take them into protection where desirable. The period of the Reformation is marked by his engaging "to resist the usurpations of the Bishop of Rome." Henry VIII. granted him additional estates in various parts of the country. In 1545 he headed a body of Irish troops in the King's service in Scotland. Upon his return in 1546, a dispute with the Earl of Lennox necessitated reference to the King in London. On 17th October he attended a feast at Ely House, Holborn. By some means the viands were poisoned. Seventeen of his servants died, and he succumbed eleven days afterwards, 28th October, 1546. He was interred in London, amongst some of his ancestors, in the church of "St. Thomas d'Acres," but his heart, according to his desire, was deposited in St. Canice's, Kilkenny. He had a numerous family by his wife Joan, a daughter of James Earl of Desmond.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Butler, Pierce, Viscount Galmoy

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​Butler, Pierce, Viscount Galmoy, descended from the 10th Earl of Ormond, was born 21st March 1652. In 1677 he took ​the degree of LL.D. at Oxford. Under James II. he was Privy-Councillor of Ireland, Lieutenant of the County of Kilkenny, and Colonel of the 2nd Regiment of Irish Horse. He served with distinction at the Boyne and Aughrim, and was one of the signers of the Treaty of Limerick. He might probably have secured his old estates of 10,000 acres in Kilkenny and 5,000 in Wexford, if he had consented to give his allegiance to William III., instead of following Sarsfield to France. On the establishment of the Irish troops in France he was made Colonel of the 2nd Queen's Regiment of Horse. He was at the siege of Roses in 1693, and in 1694 was Brigadier attached to the army of Germany. He served in Italy and other parts of the Continent from 1701 to 1703, sharing all the fortunes of the Irish Brigade. His son fell at Malplaquet, 1709. Viscount Galmoy died at Paris, 18th June 1740, aged 88. O'Callaghan says: "The successive claimants of the title of Galmoy were officers in France down to the Revolution; in whose armies, as well as in others, various gentlemen have honourably represented a name, of which the illustrious General Lafayette is related to have said, in the war for the independence of the United States of America, that 'whenever he wanted anything well done, he got a Butler to do it.'"
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Farnese, Marianna

From volume 1 of the work.
[ J. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Farrant, John

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Fasch, Carl

From volume 1 of the work.
[ F.G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Farnaby, Giles

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
[ W. B. S. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Farmer, Thomas

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Faure, Jean-Baptiste

From volume 1 of the work.
​FAURE, Jean-Baptiste, son of a singer in the church at Moulins, where he was born Jan. 15, 1830. When he was 3 the family removed to Paris, and when he was 7 his father died. In 1843 he entered the solfeggio class in the Conservatoire, and soon after the maîtrise of the Madeleine, where he was under Trevaux, an excellent teacher, to whom he owes his sound knowledge of music. After the breaking of his voice he took up the piano and double bass, and was for some time a member of the band at the Odeon theatre. When his voice had recovered he joined the chorus of the Theatre Italien, and in Nov. 1850 again entered the Conservatoire, and in 52 obtained the first prizes for singing and for opéra comique. He made his début Oct. 20, 52, at the Opera Comique, in Masse's 'Galathée,' after which he advanced steadily through various rôles until his creation of the parts of Crèvecœur in Gevaert's 'Quentin Durward' (March 58) and Hoël in Meyerbeer's 'Pardon de Ploermel' (April 59) placed him in the first rank. In the winter of 1861 he made his first appearance at the Grand Opera, since which time he has been regularly retained there. In London he first appeared at Covent Garden, April 10, 1860, as Hoël in 'Dinorah,' and has since that time been a regular visitor at one or other of the Italian Opera houses. At Brussels also he is often heard, and in 1874, during the war, he undertook the first class of singing in the Brussels Conservatoire. In 1861 he appeared in Berlin at Meyerbeer's request, but the tremolo in his voice did not please the Germans, and he has not revisited that country.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Farmer, John (16th Century)

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Farrenc, Aristide

From volume 1 of the work.
​FARRENC, Aristide, born at Marseilles April 9, 1794, died in Paris Feb. 12, 1869 [App. p.633 "Jan. 31, 1865"], composed some pieces for the flute, but is best known as a writer on music. He took an important part in the 2nd edition of Fétis's 'Biographie universelle,' and wrote the biographical notices in Madame Farrenc's 'Trésor des Pianistes.' He also contributed critiques to 'La France ​musicale,' and 'La Revue de Musique ancienne et moderne' (Rennes 1858). Some of his valuable notes and unpublished articles are among the MSS. in the library of the Paris Conservatoire.
[ G. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Farrant, Richard

From volume 1 of the work.
​FARRANT, Richard, was one of the Gentlemen of the Chapel Royal in the sixteenth century. The date of his first appointment is not known, but he resigned in April, 1564, on becoming Master of the Children of St. George's Chapel, Windsor, of which he is said to have been also a lay vicar and organist. During his tenure of office at Windsor he occupied 'a dwelling house within the Castle, called the Old Commons.' On Nov. 5, 1569, he was re-appointed a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal, and remained such until his death, which occurred on Nov. 30, 1580. Farrant's church music merits all the eulogy which has been bestowed upon it for solemnity and pathos. His service printed by Boyce in G minor is given by Tudway (B. Museum, Harl. MSS. 7337 and 8) in A minor, and called bis 'High Service.' His two anthems, 'Call to remembrance' and 'Hide not Thou Thy face' were for many years performed on Maundy Thursday during the distribution of the royal bounty. The beautiful anthem, 'Lord, for Thy tender mercies' sake' (the words from Lydley's Prayers), has long been assigned to Farrant, although attributed by earlier writers to John Hilton. Tudway (Add. MSS. 7340) gives another anthem—'0 Lord, Almighty,' full, 4 voices—as his, but this is questionable.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Farmer, John (1836– )

[ A. C. ]
# A Dialect of Donegal/Texts/Notes

NOTES ON THE TEXTS.
Áindrías an Ime (p. 196).
J. H. relates this incident as having happened to an ancestor of his own. J. H.’s father was Andy son of Harry son of Seaghan the poet son of Áindrías Mór an Ime. Note the local colouring on p. 198 ll. 38, 40 where feuch in the sense of ‘look’ and íoc, ‘pay’, are both Connaught words.
p. 198 l. 5 Tá mé ar tógáil, locally ‘I am a-lifting’ = ‘I am badly nourished’. The phrase is stated to refer to cattle which were so weak at the end of winter that they had to be assisted out of the byre.
Éamonn Ua Ciórrthais (p. 200).
This story seems to be well known throughout Ulster. Lloyd has published it in his Sgéalaidhe Óirghiall under the title of Aodh Beag O Leabharcha (p. 1).
p. 203 l. 39 fir fagháil. I do not understand this phrase and J. H. was unable to throw any light upon it.
Scéal Ghiolla na gCochall Craicionn (p. 215).
Some of the episodes of this tale are well known in Scotland and the north of Ireland. Larminie gives substantially the same story under the title of ‘King Mananaun’ in his ‘West Irish Folk-tales’ (p. 64) and there is a story called ‘Gille nan Cochla-Craicinn’ in ‘Waifs and Strays of Celtic Tradition’ vol. iii, ‘Folk and Hero Tales from Argyllshire’ (p. 42).
# A Dialect of Donegal/Texts

* Seanfhocla, Riddles, Catches
* Áindrías an Ime
* Éamonn Ua Ciórrthais
* Eóin Ua Míodhchán agus an Sionnach
* Scéal Ghiolla na gCochall Craicionn
* Leadairt na bhfear mór
* Na trí daill agus an Chevalier i mBaile-átha-clíath
* Notes on the texts
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Whistle

See also Whistle on Wikipedia; whistle on Wiktionary; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WHISTLE, the shrill warbling sound made by forcing the breath through the lips, contracted to form a small orifice, or produced by means of an instrument of the whistle type; also, generally, any similar shrill, hissing or warbling sound, as of a bird's note, of wind through trees, ropes, &c. The O. Eng. hwistlian, to whistle, and hwistlere, whistler, piper, are closely allied to hwisprian or hwœstrian, to whisper, to speak softly or under one's breath; and both are imitative words, representing a shrill hissing sound, cf. Ger. wispeln, to whisper, Dan. hvisle, to whistle. The instrument known as a “whistle” takes many forms, from ​the straight flute and flageolet type made of wood or metal and pierced with holes, to the metal signalling pipe used for signalling on board ship or by policemen. Similarly the term is used of the instruments sounded by the escape of steam on a locomotive or other engine and on steamships, &c., as a means of giving signals.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Whitaker, Joseph

See also Joseph Whitaker (publisher) on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WHITAKER, JOSEPH (1820-1895), English publisher, was born in London on the 4th of May 1820, and apprenticed to a bookseller at the age of fourteen. After a long experience with various book selling firms, he began business on his own account as a theological publisher. In January 1858 he started the Bookseller, and for 1869 published the first issue of Whitaker's Almanack, the annual work of reference, which also met with immediate success. In 1874 he published the first edition of the Reference Catalogue of Current Literature, of which several editions have since appeared. Whitaker died at Enfield on the 15th of May 1895. He had been the father of fifteen children.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Whip

See also Whip (politics) on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WHIP, in general, an instrument for striking, usually consisting of a handle of a flexible nature with a lash attached (see Whipping, below). In English parliamentary usage, a “whip” is a member (or members) chosen by the leader or leaders of a political party for the special duty of securing the attendance of the other members of that party on all necessary occasions, the term being abbreviated from the whipper-in of a hunt. The name is also given to the summons urging members of the party to attend. Whips are, of course, always members of parliament, and for the party in power (i.e. the government) their services are very essential, seeing that the fate of an important measure, or even the existence of the government itself, may depend upon the result of a division in the House. Where the majority of the party in power is not large it is very necessary that there should always be at hand a sufficient number of its supporters to make up a majority, and without the assistance of the whips it would be impossible to secure this. The chief whip of the government holds the office of patronage secretary to the treasury, so called because when offices were freely distributed to secure the support of members, it was his chief duty to dispose of the patronage to the best advantage of his party. He is still the channel through which such patronage as is left to the prime minister is dispensed. He is assisted by three junior whips, who are officially appointed as junior lords of the treasury; their salaries are £1000 a year each, while the patronage secretary has a salary of £2000. The parties not in office have whips who are unpaid. Attendance of members is primarily secured by lithographed notices sent by the whips to their following, the urgency or importance of the notice being indicated by the number of lines underscoring the notice, a four-line whip usually signifying the extremest urgency. The whips also arrange for the “pairing” of such of the members of their party who desire to be absent with those members of the opposition party who also desire to be absent. The chief whips of either party arrange in consultation with each other the leading speakers in an important debate, and also its length, and give the list of speakers to the speaker or chairman, who usually falls in with the arrangement. They take no part in debate themselves, but are constantly present in the House during its sittings, keeping a finger, as it were, upon the pulse of the House, and constantly informing their leader as to the state of the House. When any division is regarded as a strictly party one, the whips act as tellers in the division.
An interesting account of the office of whip is given in A. L. Lowell's Government of England (1908), vol. i. c. xxv.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Whisker

See also Vibrissa on Wikipedia; whisker on Wiktionary; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WHISKER, a word chiefly used in the plural in the sense of the hair worn by a man on the cheeks as opposed to the beard on the chin and the moustache on the upper lip (see Beard). It is also applied to the bristly feelers growing round the mouth of a cat or other animal. The word by derivation means that which “whisks” or “brushes.”
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Whisky Insurrection, The

See also Whiskey Rebellion on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WHISKY INSURRECTION. THE, an uprising in Western Pennsylvania in 1794 against the Federal Government, occasioned by the attempted enforcement of the excise law (enacted by Congress March 1791) on domestic spirits. The common prejudice in America against excise in any form was felt with especial strength in Western Pennsylvania, Virginia and North Carolina, where many small whisky stills existed; and protests were made almost immediately by the Pennsylvanians. Albert Gallatin (q.v.) took a leading part in expressing their resentment in a constitutional manner, but under the agitator David Bradford the movement soon developed into excesses. The attempt to enforce the law led to stormy scenes and riotous violence, the Federal revenue officers in some cases being tarred and feathered; but in September 1794 President Washington, using the new powers bestowed by Congress in May 1792, despatched a considerable force of militia against the rebellious Pennsylvanians, who thereupon submitted without bloodshed, the influence of Gallatin being used to that end. Bradford fled to New Orleans; some of his more prominent supporters were tried for treason and convicted, but promptly pardoned. In American history this so-called “rebellion” is important chiefly on account of the emphasis it gave to the employment by the Federal Executive of the new powers bestowed by Congress for interfering to enforce Federal laws within the states. It is indeed inferred from one of Hamilton's own letters that his object in proposing this excise law was less to obtain revenue than to provoke just such a local resistance as would enable the central government to demonstrate its strength.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Duprez, Gilbert

From volume 1 of the work.
[ G. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Durand, Auguste

From volume 1 of the work.
​DURAND, alias DURANOWSKY, Auguste Frédéric, violin-player, born at Warsaw about 1770. After having received his first instruction ​on the violin from his father, a musician at the court of the king of Poland, he was sent in 1787 to Paris by a nobleman. Here he studied under Viotti, but appears not so much to have adopted the style of his master, as to have followed the bent of his own talent for the execution of technical tours de force. In 1794 and 95 he travelled in Germany and Italy, meeting everywhere with great success. Suddenly however, discarding the violin, he entered the French army, and became adjutant to one of the generals. Owing to some misconduct he was imprisoned at Milan, and had to quit the service. He then returned to the violin, and till 1814 led an unsettled life in Germany, continually changing his abode. He finally settled at Strassburg as leader of the band, and was living there in 1834. The date of his death is not known.
[ P. D. ]