OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Curry, Jabez Lamar Monroe

See also Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Curry, Jabez Lamar Monroe (1825-1903), American educator, lawyer and minister, was born in Lincoln County, Georgia. He was a member of the Confederate Congress. After the war he became a minister, and later professor of law at Richmond College. For four years (1881-85), he acted as general agent of the Peabody Educational Fund and later was chairman of the Educational Committee of the Slater Fund. From 1885 to 1888 he represented the U. S. as minister at Madrid. His published writings embrace a treatise on Constitutional Government in Spain, a memoir of William Ewart Gladstone and a work, issued in 1894, on The Southern States of the American Union. Besides a History of the Peabody Educational Fund, he wrote a work on Establishment and Disestablishment in the United States.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cullom, Shelby Moore

See also Shelby Moore Cullom on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Cullom, Shelby Moore, United States senator and Republican governor of Illinois (1876-83), was born in Wayne County, Ky., Nov. 22, 1829. In 1830 he removed with his parents to Illinois, and studied law and practiced at Springfield, where he had his home. In 1856 he was elected to the Illinois legislature, and in 1860 was speaker of the chamber. From 1865 to 1871 he represented his district in Congress, when he ​re-entered the Illinois legislature and once more became speaker. In 1876 and again in 1880 he was governor of his state, but resigned in 1883 to become United States senator. He remained in the senate continuously after that date, being re-elected successively in 1889, 1895, 1901 and 1907. Senator Cullom nominated Grant for the presidency in 1872 and always took an active part in railroad legislation. In 1886 he was chairman of the Interstate Commerce Commission, later chairman of the committee on foreign relations; and in 1898 was appointed one of the commissioners to establish United States government in Hawaii. He died January 28, 1914.
SHELBY M. CULLOM
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cumberland, R. I.

See also Cumberland, Rhode Island on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Cumberland, R. I., a town in Providence County, six miles from the city of Providence. It manufactures cotton-goods and iron-wares, and has the service of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. Population, 10,107.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College

Edition of 1905. See also Louisiana State University on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AND AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE. A State institution of learning, at Baton Rouge, La., chartered in 1877. It was based on the Louisiana State Seminary of Learning and Military Academy, opened in 1860 near Alexandria, and removed to Baton Rouge in 1869. The Agricultural and Mechanical College, opened at New Orleans in 1874, was merged with the university in 1877. In 1886 the United States Government gave the use of the buildings and grounds of the military garrison at Baton Rouge, and in 1902 the full title to the property was vested in the institution. The courses offered are literature, Latin-scientific, general science, commerce, agriculture and sugar-raising, mechanical, and civil engineering. The degrees conferred are B.A., B.S., M.S., C.E., M.E., and M..A. The university has three experiment stations, at New Orleans, Baton Rouge, and Calhoun. The discipline is military. In 1902 the attendance was 420, including 162 sub-freshmen. The library contained about 24,000 volumes. There were 29 instructors. The endowment was $320,000, the income about $50,000, and the ​grounds, buildings, and equipment were valued at $551,000.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Loulé

Edition of 1905. See also Loulé on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​LOULÉ, lō̇-lā′. A town in the extreme southern part of Portugal, in the Province of Algarve, picturesquely situated seven miles northwest of Faro (Map: Portugal, A 4). It is an old town with remains of Moorish walls and towers, and several notable churches, one of which is a place of pilgrimage. The principal industry is the manufacture of wickerwork, and there are silver and copper mines in the neighborhood. Population, in 1878, 14,448; in 1900, 22,511.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lounsbury, Thomas Raynesford

Edition of 1905. See also Thomas Lounsbury on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​LOUNS′BURY, Thomas Raynesford (1838—). An American literary historian and critic, born in Ovid, N. Y., January 1, 1838. Lounsbury graduated at Yale in 1859, and has since received honorary degrees from Yale, Harvard, Lafayette, and Princeton. He was engaged editorially on the New American Cyclopædia from 1860 to 1862, and enlisted then in the 126th New York Volunteers, in which he served to the close of the Civil War. He then taught in New York and studied Early English. In 1870 he became instructor in English in Yale College, and in 1871 professor of English literature in the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University, of which school he was also librarian. He continued to investigate the older periods of English, and in this field edited Chaucer's House of Fame and Parlement of Foules, and wrote his most important work, Studies in Chaucer (3 vols., 1891), a monument of scholarly industry, but equally remarkable for literary appreciation and critical acumen. He published in 1879 a History of the English Language, and a life of James Fenimore Cooper in the “American Men of Letters Series” (1883). This is regarded as one of the best of brief biographies. His latest work is a history of Shakespearean criticism entitled Shakespearean Views, of which two volumes, Shakespeare as a Dramatic Artist and Shakespeare and Voltaire, have appeared.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Loure

Edition of 1905. See also Loure on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​LOURE, lo͞or. An ancient French dance in 3/4 or 6/4 time and slow tempo. It was named after an old French instrument resembling a bagpipe.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Loups

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​LOUPS. The French name for the Delawares and certain other Indian tribes. See Mahican.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lourenço Marques

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​LOURENÇO MARQUES, lō̇-rāN′sō̇ mär′kĕsh. The southern province of Portuguese East Africa (q.v.).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lourdes (Zola)

Edition of 1905. See also Émile Zola on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​LOURDES. A novel by Zola, based on the professed miracles performed at Lourdes. The work is interesting for its vivid descriptions of the pilgrimages and processions of devotees. Its attitude provoked the displeasure of the Church authorities.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Louisiana Purchase Exposition

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. See Saint Louis World's Fair.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lourdes

Edition of 1905. See also Lourdes on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​LOURDES, lo͞ord. One of the chief places of Catholic pilgrimage in Europe, in the Department of Hautes-Pyrénées, France, on the right bank of the Gave de Pau, 90 miles by rail east-southeast of Bayonne (Map: France, F 8). It is a small town commanded by an old fortress now used as a prison. There are many grottoes and marble-quarries in the vicinity. The fame of Lourdes dates from the reputed apparition of the Virgin to the fourteen-year-old Bernadette Soubirous in 1858. The grotto near which the apparition took place is now surmounted by a magnificent church built in accordance with the wish of the Virgin and containing numerous banners, shields, medallions, tablets, and other precious gifts from pilgrims who visit Lourdes. These number about 300,000 per annum. Near the grotto is the miraculous spring, the water of which is diverted into several basins in which the ailing pilgrims bathe. The water is also exported in bottles. Economically the town is entirely dependent on the pilgrims, and its chief products are various souvenirs, mostly of a religious character, and marble. Population, in 1901, 8708. Consult: Les annales de Notre-Dame de Lourdes; Fourcade, L'apparition de Lourdes considérée au point de vue de l'art chrétien (Bordeaux, 1862); Pèlerinage national de Notre Dame de Salut (Paris, 1895); Boissarie, Lourdes, Histoire médicale (Paris, 1891); Zola, Lourdes (Paris, 1894); Gué, Histoire de Notre Dame de Lourdes (Paris, 1896).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Suffrage

See also Suffrage on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Suffrage is the right and act of voting, either for the election of public officers of ​upon such laws as may be submitted to the people. In most countries suffrage is restricted to males above the age of 21. Other requirements that are practically universal are citizenship and a certain term of residence in the state or electorate in which one votes. In the United States the suffrage is granted and controlled by the states, and not by the Federal government. The consequence is a diversity of requirements for the suffrage. The idea that the suffrage is one of the natural rights of man would find its logical conclusion in universal adult suffrage, such as is enjoyed in New South Wales and New Zealand; or at least in universal manhood suffrage. In most of our own states (see Women's Rights) the suffrage is restricted by the exclusion of women, criminals, idiots, illiterates and sometimes other classes. A property qualification is now seldom required. Previous to the Civil War most of the states had adult manhood suffrage, negroes excluded. By the fifteenth amendment to the constitution the states are forbidden to abridge suffrage “on account of race, color or previous condition of servitude.” Other conditions have been imposed, however, by some of the states by which negroes in those states are for the most part now disfranchised. In North Carolina and Louisiana all whose fathers and grandfathers enjoyed the suffrage in 1867 may enjoy it without regard to other qualifications. Some of the southern states have used educational tests after the fashion of Massachusetts and Connecticut, chiefly in order to disfranchise the ignorant element among the negroes.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Suffren, Pierre Andre de

See also Pierre André de Suffren on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Suffren′, Pierre Andre de, a French naval hero, was born at Saint-Cannat, July 17, 1726. He entered the navy when only 14, was captured but soon released, and served six years with the Knights of Malta. He was with the fleet blockading Gibraltar, and in command of five ships sailed to Madras, where he was in two or three battles, and conquered Trincomalee (1782). He was made vice-admiral of France on his return to Paris, where he was received with the greatest honors. He is called “one of the most dangerous enemies the English fleet has ever known, and, without exception, the most illustrious officer that has ever held command in the French navy.” He died at Paris, Dec. 8, 1788. See Studies in Naval History by Laughton.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sucker (fishes)

See also Suckerfish on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Sucker, the name given a number of freshwater fishes of North America, with thick, fleshy lips bordering a sucking mouth. There are about 60 species in the family, which embraces the buffalo-fishes of the Mississippi Valley, the common suckers and the mullet or red horse. They feed on plants and small water-animals. The common or white sucker reaches a length of 18 inches, and is very abundant in streams from Canada to Montana and Florida. They are eaten, but the flesh is rather tasteless and bony. The remora (q.v.), having a sucking-disk on the back of the head, is also sometimes called a sucker, and the name is also applied to the hag and certain other fishes.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sucker (plants)

See also Basal shoot and Water sprout on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Suck′er (in plants), a very strong-growing branch which arises in an unusual position, as from the older parts of trees and shrubs, often at the base, or in connection with wounds. The process known as pollarding is for the purpose of inducing the development of suckers by means of wounds. Suckers are often called watersprouts.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sudan

See also Sudan on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Sudan (so͞o-dän′), a vast region in Africa, stretching from the Atlantic to the Red Sea and from Egypt and the Sahara almost to the equator. The Arabic name, Beled-es-Sudan, means Land of the Blacks. It is the home of the true negro race. Its area is estimated at 2,000,000 square miles, its population at 20,000,000. There are three divisions — eastern, western and central Sudan. Eastern Sudan is sometimes called the Egyptian Sudan, which until 1882 was a province, with Khartum for its capital. It is now divided into 13 provinces, which are subdivided into districts and include Bahr-el-Ghazal, Berber, Blue Nile, Khartum, Kordofan, Red Sea, Senaar, Upper Nile, White Nile and other provinces. (Darfur, though within Egyptian Sudan and paying tribute, has a hereditary sultan and manages its internal affairs almost independently.) The regions watered by the Nile are very fertile, yielding great crops of cotton, indigo, sugar, rice, corn and tobacco. Other parts are bare, though covered with grass in the rainy season, when they afford pasture to large flocks of camels, sheep and goats. Other products are ivory, ostrich-feathers, gums, india-rubber, iron, gold, honey and wax.
Egyptian Sudan covers 950,000 square miles, and has a population of about 2,000,000. The Egyptians for 60 years after 1819 extended their power over the regions around Khartum and even to the Wellé and to Lake Victoria, but in 1877 and 1882 the native tribes rebelled. General Gordon, sent out by the English government to the help of Egypt, was shut up in Khartum, and his mission ended in disaster. In 1896 the Anglo-Egyptian army again sought to recover the lost provinces, and after two years were successful. A convention between the British and Egyptian governments followed, in which it was agreed that they should govern Sudan jointly through a governor-general. Khartum is in railway and telegraphic communication with Cairo, and on Dec. 12, 1899, Sudan was declared open for general traffic. Western Sudan includes the valleys of the Niger, Senegal and other rivers draining into the Atlantic and the countries known as French Sudan. Central Sudan covers the valleys of the rivers that drain into Lake Tsad. Consult Schweinfurth's Heart of Africa and Nachtigal's Sahara and Sudan. See Africa, Egypt, French Sudan, Niger River, Nigeria, Nile, Senegal, Sokoto and Timbuktu.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sucre

See also Sucre on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Sucre (so͞o′krȧ), a name for Chuquisaca, the capital of Bolivia (q. v.).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Stuart

See also House of Stuart on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Stu′art or Stew′art, the name of a royal family of Scotland and England. The name is derived from the office of steward of Scotland, which was given to one of the family by David I, king of Scotland, and became hereditary in the family. The family is of Norman origin, the first ancestor in England receiving lands from Henry I. The marriage of Walter, the sixth steward of Scotland, in 1315 to Marjory, daughter of Robert Bruce, brought the crown of Scotland to the Stuarts. “It came with ane lass,” said James V. Robert II, the son of Walter Stewart and Marjory Bruce, came to the throne in 1317 as the first of the Stuart kings. Between 1371 and 1714 14 Stuarts sat upon the Scottish, and six of these also on the English, throne. The last Stuart sovereign was Queen Anne. The house of Hanover, to which the present ruling family of England belongs, is connected with the Stuart family through Sophia, Electress of Hanover, who was the granddaughter of James I. See The Royal House of Stuart by Gibb and Skelton.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Stuttgart

See also Stuttgart on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Stuttgart, (stŏŏt' gärt), a city of Germany, is the capital of Württemberg. It is about two miles from Neckar River and 127 southeast of Frankfort, and is surrounded by hills, which are covered with vineyards, gardens and beautiful houses. Near Palace Square, in the center of the city, are the old castle, belonging to the 16th century, the new palace, the theater, academy, the jubilee column (1841), a statue of Schiller and the railroad-station, which is one of the finest in Germany. There are a famous polytechnic school, a conservatory of music, a museum and art-gallery and the royal library of over 500,000 volumes, including a fine collection of 7,000 Bibles. Stuttgart has one of the largest book-trades in Germany, and manufactures beer, pianos, chemicals, chocolate and furniture. Its fairs for the sale of books, hops, cloth and horses are celebrated. It has been the capital of Wurttemberg since 1842. Population 285,589.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sue, Marie Joseph Eugene

See also Eugène Sue on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Sue (sū), Marie Joseph Eugene, a French writer, was born at Paris, Dec. 10, 1804. He practiced surgery for some years in the army, in Spain and at Navarino, using his experience in his novels. The Mysteries of Paris, a famous novel, was his first success. It was printed in 1842, and appeared first in The Journal of Debates. The Wandering Jew, with which Sue's name is most associated, was also printed first in a newspaper, and issued afterward in ten volumes. He later wrote Seven Capital Sins and Mysteries of the People. The last work was condemned by the court at Paris as immoral and seditious. In 1850 he was elected a deputy to the assembly, but went into exile after the accession of Napoleon III and died in Savoy, Aug. 3, 1857.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Suez Canal

See also Suez Canal on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Suez (so͝o-ez′) Canal, a passage connecting the Mediterranean and Red Seas, was begun in April, 1859, under the French engineer, Lesseps (q. v.). Half the money for the great work was raised by subscription in Europe, and the other half by the khedive of Egypt. The canal was finished in 1869. It cost about $100,000,000, and is 87 miles long and originally from 150 to 300 feet wide at the top and 26 feet deep. In 1886 it was widened and deepened. The highest point cut through is not more than 50 feet above the ocean. Sidings, side-basins to allow vessels to pass each other, are built every five or six miles. Since 1887 the canal has been lighted by electric light. It costs a vessel about $500 to make the passage, and takes a little over 24 hours. In 1910, 4,533 vessels, exceeding 23 million gross tons, passed through the canal, and the number of passengers, military and civilian, was 394,253. Population of Suez, Port Said and Canal Environs 75,149.
# The Origins of the Islamic State/Part 3

CONTENTS
page
PART III—MESOPOTAMIA
# The Origins of the Islamic State/Part 3/Chapter 4

CHAPTER IV
Arabic made the Language of the State Registers
Greek remained the language of the state registers until the reign of ʿAbd-al-Malik ibn-Marwân, who in the year 81 ordered it changed. The reason was that a Greek clerk desiring to write something and finding no ink urined in the inkstand. Hearing this, ʿAbd-al-Malik punished the man and gave orders to Sulaimân ibn-Saʿd to change the language of the registers. Sulaiman requested ʿAbd-al-Malik to give him as subsidy the kharâj of the Jordan province for one year. ʿAbd-al-Malik granted his request and assigned him to the governorship of the Jordan. No sooner had the year ended, than the change of the language was finished and Sulaimân brought the registers to ʿAbd-al-Malik. The latter called Sarjûn [Sergius] and presented to him the new plan. Sarjûn was greatly chagrined and left ʿAbd-al-Malik sorrowful. Meeting certain Greek clerks, he said to them, "Seek your livelihood in any other profession than this, for God has cut it off from you."
The total tax of the Jordan which was thus assigned as subsidy was 180,000 dînârs, that of Palestine was 350,000; that of Damascus 400,000; that of Ḥimṣ with Ḳinnasrîn and the regions called to-day al-ʿAwâṣim, 800,000, and according to others 700,000.
* ↑ Ar. dîwân which may also be used in the sense of office or bureau.
* ↑ Ar. maʿûnah; see Mubarrad, Kâmil, p. 76, last line.
# The Origins of the Islamic State/Part 4

CONTENTS
page
PART IV—ARMENIA
# The Oresteia

* related portals: Ancient Greek drama.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Commons category, Wikidata item.
The Oresteia is a trilogy of Greek tragedies written by Aeschylus which concerns the end of the curse on the House of Atreus. Though originally written as tetrology, it is the only surviving example of a trilogy of ancient Greek plays: Agamemnon, The Libation Bearers (also known as The Choephorae or The Choephori), and The Furies (also known as The Eumenides). The fourth play, Proteus, has not survived. The Oresteia was originally performed at the Dionysia festival in Athens in 458 BC.
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As with all ancient Greek dramas, the correct interpretation of The Oresteia may vary, given the original work's condition and the current study of ancient Greek language. Therefore, varying English translations exist. one or more editions are available in a spoken word format.
English-language translations of Ὀρέστεια include:
* The Agamemnon, Choephori, and Eumenides of Aeschylus, translated into English verse, translated by Anna Swanwick (1865)
* The House of Atreus, 1st ed., translated by E. D. A. Morshead (1881)
* The House of Atreus, 2nd ed., translated by E. D. A. Morshead (1889)

### See also

* See also the listings for individually published plays which comprise the Oresteia:
    Agamemnon
    Choephori
    Eumenides
* See also the following compilations that include the Oresteia, as well as other tragedies:
    The Dramas of Aeschylus, 4th edition (1886)
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago. Translations or editions published later may be copyrighted.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse