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# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Morton, Thomas (colonist)

Edition of 1920. See also Thomas Morton (colonist) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MORTON, Thomas, English colonist in America: b. England about 1575; d. Agamenticus (or Acomenticus), Me., 1646. He was an attorney of Clifford's Inn, London, of a somewhat doubtful reputation, and seems to have practised mainly in western England. In 1622 he landed in New England, where he remained three months; and in 1625 returned with Wollaston's Company. Wollaston soon after left for Virginia, and in the summer of 1626 Morion assumed control over those of Wollaston's following that remained. The settlement, Mount Wollaston (now Braintree, Mass.), near the coast, he called Mare Mount (Merry Mount); and in the spring of 1627 he erected a Maypole, and with the “salvages” proceeded to hold May-day to the scandalizing of their Puritan neighbors of Plymouth. Contrary to law, he supplied the Indians with firearms and instructed them in their use; and he was a rival of the Plymouth settlers in the fur-trade. He was accordingly arrested by Capt. Miles Standish and sent back to England (1628). But in August 1629 he was again in New England. In August or September 1630 he was a second time arrested and banished. He published, in 1637, ‘New English Canaan,’ which Nathaniel Morton (‘New England's Memorial’) denounces as “full of lies and slanders, and full fraught with profane calumnies,” but which as a satire is sometimes not unamusing, and contains information of interest regarding local features and the Indians. When he ventured back to New England (1643) he was imprisoned for about a year while evidence for a libel suit was being collected, and was finally let go on payment of a fine of $500. Nathaniel Hawthorne's ‘The Maypole of Merry Mount’ (in ‘Twice-Told Tales,’ 1837) and J. L. Motley's ‘Merry Mount’ (1849) are based on Morton's career.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Mosheim, Johann Lorenz von

Edition of 1920. See also Johann Lorenz von Mosheim on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MOSHEIM, Johann Lorenz von, yō'hän lō'rĕnts fōn mōs'hīm, German Protestant theologian: b. Lübeck, 9 Oct. 1694; d. Göttingen, 9 Sept. 1755. He studied and taught at Kiel; became professor of theology at Helmstedt in 1723, abbot of Marienthal in 1726 and professor (1747) and university chancellor (1755) at Göttingen; was a notable preacher and an erudite theologian and church historian of liberal leanings; and wrote ‘Institutiones Historiæ Ecclesiasticæ’ (1755, translated into English by Maclaine); ‘Institutiones Historiæ Christianæ’ (1763); ‘Attempt at an Impartial and Thorough History of Heresies’ (1748-50); ‘Morals of the Holy Writ’ (1770-78); etc.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Whitney, Eli

Edition of 1920. See also Eli Whitney on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WHITNEY, Eli, American inventor: b. Westboro, Mass., 8 Dec. 1765; d. New Haven, Conn., 8 Jan. 1825. He was graduated at Yale in 1792; while there having paid his expenses
partly by teaching, partly by mechanical labor. He went to Georgia as a teacher, but finding a patron in the widow of General Nathaniel Greene, of the Revolutionary army, he resided on her estate and studied law. The cotton culture at this period, especially that of the best kind, the green-seed cotton, was limited by the slow and difficult work of separating the cotton from the seed by hand. Whitney set to work to remedy this by inventing a machine, but worked under great disadvantages, for he had to make his own tools. Reports of his success prompted some lawless people to break into his workshop and steal his machine, and get others made before he could secure a patent. He formed a partnership with one Miller in 1793 and went to Connecticut to manufacture cotton gins; but the lawsuits in defense of his rights carried off all his profits and $50,000 voted him by the State of South Carolina. Finally in 1798 he got a government contract for the manufacture of firearms, and was the first to effect the division of labor by which each part was made separately. He made a fortune by this manufacture, carried out with ingenious machinery at Whitneyville, Conn.; while he received little credit for the perfection of the gin, one of the most important of the whole series of inventions connected with the cotton manufacture. See Cotton; Cotton Cultivation in the United States.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Whitman College

Edition of 1920. See also Whitman College on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer. An ink blot made portions of this article hard to decypher. A speculative word is marked with [?].
WHITMAN COLLEGE, located at Walla Walla, Wash. It was founded by Cushing Ells as a memorial to Marcus Whitman (q.v ); it was chartered in 1859 as Whitman Seminary, but was not open to students till 1866; in 1882 the courses were extended, the standard raised and another[?] charter obtained in 1883 by which the name was changed to Whitman College. Women are admitted on equal terms with men students. The organization includes in addition to the College Department, the Conservatory of Music and the Academy. The college confers the degrees of bachelor of arts, bachelor of letters, bachelor of science and bachelor of music. Certain studies, including Biblical literature, are required for all courses; Greek is required for the H.B. degree, French or German for the B.L. and B.S. degrees, and one year's work in theory of music, history of music, harmony and counterpoint for the music degree. Each student by the end of the freshman year must elect a major study in which three years' work must be done; the major for the B.S. degree must be in mathematics or a science. The rest of the required number of hours are free electives. Courses in pedagogy are included in the curriculum. Practical music work does not count toward a degree in the above-mentioned courses; but in the conservatory the degree of bachelor of music is conferred on students who hold a bachelor's degree and complete the regular music course. There are 20 scholarships and one loan fund; students are aided in securing employment. The students maintain Christian associations, literary societies and an oratorical association, glee clubs, athletic associations and a general organization known as the “Associate Students”; the college is affiliated with the Inter-Collegiate Debating Association and the Inter-Collegiate Athletic Association. The campus consist of 27 acres near the centre of the city and includes a small lake. The buildings include the Whitman Memorial, Billings Hall (men's dormitory), Reynolds Hall and Prentiss Hall (women's dormitories), Association Hall, the conservatory and the gymnasium. The library in 1917 contained 27,000 volumes; the students numbered 495, and the productive funds totaled $684,044.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Whitney, Adeline Dutton Train

Edition of 1920. See also Adeline Dutton Train Whitney on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WHITNEY, hwĭt'nĭ, Adeline Dutton Train, American author: b. Boston, Mass, 15 Sept. 1824; d. Milton, Mass., 21 March 1906.
She was married to Seth D. Whitney of Milton, Mass., in 1843. Although a frequent contributor to different periodicals during her earlier years, her real literary career did not begin until 1859, and her best work was done in the two following decades. Her writings, which are chiefly for young people, are wholesome in tone and entertaining in style, and include, among many others, ‘Footsteps on the Seas, a Poem’ (1857); ‘Boys at Chequasset’ (1862); ‘Faith Gartney's Girlhood,’ which first brought her into general notice (1863); ‘A Summer in Leslie Goldthwaite's Life’ (1866); ‘Patience Strong's Outings’ (1868); ‘Hitherto: A Story of Yesterdays’ (1869); ‘Real Folks’ (1871); ‘Pansies,’ verse (1872); ‘Sights and Insights’ (1876); ‘Bonnyborough’ (1885); ‘Bird Talk,’ verse (1887); ‘A Golden Gossip’ (1890); ‘Friendly Letters to Girl Friends’ (1897), etc.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Whitney, Caspar

Edition of 1920. See also Caspar Whitney on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WHITNEY, Caspar, American journalist and author: b. Baltimore, Md., 2 Sept. 1862. He was graduated from Saint Mathew's College, Cal., spent several years in traveling and hunting, acting as correspondent for Harper's Weekly during much of the time and writing on outdoor sports. For five years he was editor of Outing, and later of Outdoor America. His writings include ‘A Sporting Pilgrimage’; ‘On Snowshoes to the Barren Grounds’; ‘Hawaiian America’; ‘Jungle Travels and Jungle People’; ‘The Flowing Road,’ etc.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Whitmarsh, Hubert Phelps

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
WHITMARSH, Hubert Phelps, American journalist: b. Madoc, province of Quebec, 10 Aug. 1863. He was a druggist in New York and Boston in 1887-1900, and in the latter year became the representative of the Century in Cuba. He subsequently went to the Philippines for the Outlook and in 1900-01 was governor of Benguet, P. I., resigning in the last-named year. He has published ‘The World's Rough Hand’; ‘The Golden Talisman’; ‘Mysterious Voyage of the Daphne’; ‘The Young Pearl Divers,’ etc.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Whitney, Anne

Edition of 1920. See also Anne Whitney on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WHITNEY, Anne, American sculptor and poet: b. Watertown, Mass., September 1821; d. 23 Jan. 1915. She contributed to magazines and newspapers considerable verse of high quality collected in 1859 in a volume of ‘Poems.’ In 1860 she began work as a professional sculptor, opening a studio at Watertown, whence, after four years of study abroad, it was transferred in 1872 to Boston. Among her works are the statue of Samuel Adams for the Capitol at Washington, a bronze replica of which stands in Adams square, Boston; one of Lief Erikson in Boston (replica in Milwaukee, Wis.); and many designs and studies, including ‘Roma,’ an enlarged copy of which was exhibited at the Columbian Exposition.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Whitman, Sarah Helen Power

Edition of 1920. See also Sarah Helen Whitman on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WHITMAN, Sarah Helen Power, American poet: b. Providence, R. I., 1803; d. there, 27 June 1878. She was married to John Whitman, a Boston lawyer, was once engaged
to Edgar Allen Poe, afterward writing a defense of him entitled ‘Edgar A. Poe and His Critics’ (1860); contributed numerous critical articles and poems to periodicals, and was noted for her conversational powers. Her verse was in part collected in the volume ‘Hours of Life, and Other Poems’ (1853), and fully in the posthumous ‘Poems’ (1879). ‘Fairy Ballads’ and some other works were written with her sister, Anna M. Power. Her finest poem, ‘A Still Day in Autumn,’ has much melody and beauty of expression and retains an honored place in anthologies.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Whitney, Asa

Edition of 1920. See also Asa Whitney (canal commissioner) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WHITNEY, Asa, American inventor and manufacturer: b. Townsend, Mass., 1 Dec. 1791; d. Philadelphia, 4 June 1874. As a boy he worked at the blacksmith's trade, also became a machinist, and afterward manufactured machinery in Vermont and at Brownsville, N. Y. In 1830 he was appointed master machinist of the Mohawk and Hudson railroad shops, and three years later became superintendent of the road. In 1839-41 he was a State canal commissioner in New York, and in 1842 removed to Philadelphia, where he entered into partnership with Matthew Baldwin in the building of locomotives. In 1847 he perfected a process for annealing cast-iron carwheels, and began to manufacture them extensively. By his further improvements in carwheels, etc., he did much to increase the convenience and safety of railroad service and travel. He left $50,000 to the University of Pennsylvania to found a chair of dynamical engineering.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Whitney, Gertrude Vanderbilt

Edition of 1920. See also Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WHITNEY, Gertrude Vanderbilt (Mrs. Harry Payne Whitney), American sculptor, daughter of Cornelius Vanderbilt, 1843-99 (q.v.): b. New York City. She was married to H. P. Whitney, son of William C. Whitney (q.v.), in 1896, is prominent socially and has gained a considerable reputation as a sculptor, he organized the Society of Friends for Young Artists; and during the European War she maintained a hospital at Neuilly, France, for which service she received a gold medal from the French Foreign Office in 1915. She designed the ‘Titanic Memorial’ for Potomac Park, Washington, D. C.; the ‘Aztec Fountain,’ Pan-American Union, Washington; ‘The Fountain of El Dorado’ (exhibited at San Francisco, 1915), etc.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Meaden, John William

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​Meaden, John William, was born in London on August 12th, 1840, and arrived in Melbourne in 1854. Mr. Meaden, who was engaged in commercial pursuits, was the author of the prize cantata performed at the opening of the Melbourne Exhibition of 1880. He also secured prizes of £100 offered for an essay on the "Commercial History of Australasia," of £50 for an essay on "Protection in Victoria," and of smaller amounts for essays on the Sabbath question and other subjects. Mr. Meaden was one of the founders of the Victorian Alliance, and now holds the position of honorary secretary. He established the Alliance Record the organ of the "Local Option" party in Victoria. He was married at St. Mark's, Fitzroy, Victoria, on Nov. 17th, 1863, to Miss Mary Anne Bullock.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Merewether, Francis Lewis Shaw

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​Merewether, Francis Lewis Shaw, B.A., was Auditor-General of New South Wales for many years, and since his retirement has been in receipt of a pension of £900 per annum. He was one of the first Fellows of the Senate of the University of Sydney.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Melville, Ninian

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​Melville, Ninian, M.L.A., Chairman of Committees, Legislative Assembly, New South Wales, son of Ninian Melville and Catherine (Hayes) his wife, was born in Sydney on Dec. 29th, 1843. Mr. Melville, who was formerly an alderman and ​Mayor of Newtown, has sat in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly since 1880. He is member for Northumberland, and is well known as a teetotal advocate and orator. He has been Chairman of Committees and Deputy-Speaker since 1890, and being a cabinet-maker by trade, made the chair which he now occupies by virtue of his office with his own hands in 1886. He married on Dec. 29th, 1869, Mary, daughter of Thomas Brooks.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Mein, Hon. Charles Stuart

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​Mein, Hon. Charles Stuart, M.A., sometime Puisne Judge, Queensland, was born on June 14th, 1841, at Maitland, N.S.W., and attended Mr. Cape's school, at ​Darlinghurst, until 1857, when he attended the newly opened Sydney Grammar School. He left the school as captain in 1859, and was a colleague of Sir Samuel Griffith from 1860 to 1862 at the Sydney University, of which he was scholar, and graduated M.A. He became private secretary to the Attorney-General of New South Wales, but left for Queensland in 1867, and became a solicitor of the Supreme Court three years later. On May 19th, 1876, he took his seat in the Legislative Council, and was appointed Postmaster-General and representative in the Council of the Douglas Ministry on July 8th, 1876. He retired with his colleagues in Jan. 1879. In June 1884 Mr. Mein took office in the first Griffith Ministry in his former position as Postmaster-General, which he exchanged in the following January for the newly created post of Secretary for Public Instruction. In April 1885 Mr. Mein quitted Parliament and the Ministry, and was appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court on the death of the late Mr. Justice Pring. Mr. Justice Mein died in June 1890.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Mercer, Rev. Peter

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​Mercer, Rev. Peter, D.D., is a native of Perth, Scotland, and graduated at St. Andrews and Edinburgh Universities, obtaining his D.D. degree at the former. He landed at Adelaide in 1855, going to Victoria in 1861; and has had three charges in the colonies—viz., at Taradale, Richmond, and Echuca and Deniliquin. He was for some time secretary and treasurer of the Presbyterian Church and Professor of Sacred Languages and Exegetics.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Meredith, Hon. Charles

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​Meredith, Hon. Charles, descended in a direct line from the last kings of Wales, was the son of George Meredith (born in Birmingham), and of his wife Sarah Westall Hicks. Charles Meredith was born at Poyston Lodge, Pembroke, May 29th, 1811, and with his father and other members of his family emigrated to Tasmania, arriving at Hobart on March 18th, 1821. After some early years of varied and adventurous life, he became a successful squatter in New South Wales; and, revisiting England in 1838, married, at Old Edgbaston Church, Birmingham, his cousin, Louisa Anne Twamley, of that city, April 18th, 1839. Returning with his wife to New South Wales, Mr. Meredith, after a year's residence there, removed to Tasmania, where he remained, and was, during a period of thirty-eight years, a prominent member of the House of Assembly. In the second Tasmanian Ministry formed after the concession of responsible government, he held the post of Colonial Treasurer under Mr. Gregson, Feb. 26th to April 25th, 1857. He held the same position in the Whyte Ministry from Jan. 20th, 1863, to Nov. 24th, 1866. He was Minister of Lands and Works in the Innes Ministry from Nov. 4th, 1872, to Aug. 4th, 1873, and Colonial Treasurer in the Reibey Ministry from July 20th, 1876, to August 9th, 1877. He was a staunch free-trader, and in 1866, when Treasurer, he introduced a measure for the abolition of Customs duties (except those on spirits and tobacco), and the substitution of trade licences and a land or property tax; but the proposal led to the defeat of the Government. Among the many measures which Mr. Charles Meredith introduced into Parliament, the one most gratifying to himself was an Act for the protection of the native black swans, then in danger of extermination; and this, although at first received with derision, eventually passed, and was succeeded by other valuable enactments for the preservation of native birds and animals. Heart-disease compelled him to resign his seat in 1879. He died in Launceston, Tasmania, March 2nd, 1880. A public fountain, erected to his memory, was placed in the Queen's Domain, Hobart, in 1885.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Meredith, Louisa Anne

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​Meredith, Louisa Anne (née Twamley), daughter of Thomas Twamley, of Hamptead, near Birmingham, where she was born on July 20th, 1812, was chiefly educated by her accomplished mother, and at an early age wrote verses and practised art with ardour and success. In 1833 she published an octavo volume of "Poems with Illustrations" (Tilt), the latter being etchings on copper from her own original drawings. The book was most favourably reviewed, and the novelty of a girl-poet being also artist and engraver excited considerable interest. Her "Romance of Nature" was a beautiful and costly volume in verse and prose, with hand-coloured plates from her own drawings—the 3rd edition published in 1839 (Tilt). "Our Wild Flowers" told the story of the year in a narrative form, with many poems introduced, the plates hand-coloured from the author's drawings. "A Tour in South Wales" and "An Autumn on the Wye" (Tilt) were illustrated with engravings after David Cox, Cattermole, etc. On April 18th, 1839, Miss Twamley married at Old Edgbaston Church, Birmingham, her cousin, Charles Meredith, and accompanied him on his return to Australia. Her "Notes and Sketches of New South Wales," published in Murray's "Home and Colonial Library," was one of the most popular volumes of that excellent series. It was followed, some years after, by "My Home in Tasmania" (Murray), with landscape illustrations by the Bishop of Tasmania (Dr. Nixon) and the author. "Over the Straits" (Chapman & Hall) was the narrative of a visit to Melbourne and the goldfields in 1856. " ​Lost" was the short life of a pet bird, told in poem and picture. In 1860 appeared "Some of my Bush Friends in Tasmania," published by Day & Sons, a large and elaborate work on the flora of the colony, with numerous coloured plates from the author's drawings, and original poems and prose. "Ebba," a novel, first appeared as a serial in the Australasian, then was published by Tinsley. "Grandmamma's Verse-Book for Young Australia," poems for children on local subjects, was printed in Hobart for the author. "Tasmanian Friends and Foes, Furred, Feathered and Finned," is also a book for young people, with coloured plates from the author's drawings (1880: Marcus Ward). In recognition of her life of scientific, artistic and literary work in the colony, Mrs. Meredith was long since elected an honorary member of the Tasmanian Royal Society, and was granted by the Government a pension of £100 a year. Prize medals have been awarded to her for botanical drawings of Tasmanian subjects, in the Exhibitions of London, 1862; Melbourne, 1866 and 1881; Sydney, 1870 and 1875; and Calcutta, 1884. A second series of "Bush Friends in Tasmania" is now in the press—Mrs. Meredith having made the voyage home, after an absence of fifty-one years, for the purpose of publishing her last book.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Meares, George

* related portals: George Meares.
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​Meares, George, C.M.G., son of the late George Rochfort Meares, of co. Westmeath, Ireland, was born in 1825, and emigrated to Australia. He was Mayor of Melbourne in 1880 and 1881, and a commissioner and member of the executive committee for the Melbourne Exhibition of 1880 to 1881. He married in 1864 Miss Sarah Broadley Dixon, and was created C.M.G. in 1882.