OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Hill, Robert Thomas

Edition of 1920. See also Robert T. Hill on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
HILL, Robert Thomas, American geologist: b. Nashville, Tenn., 11 Aug. 1858. He
was graduated from Cornell University in 1866 and was immediately given a position on the United States Geological Survey. He was also a lecturer in the school of economics at the University of Michigan, and professor of geology at the University of Texas for two years, which position he resigned to return to the United States Geological Survey. He has been engaged in geological and geographical explorations in the Southwestern States, Mexico, Central America and the West Indies. His work in the two last-mentioned localities has been the investigation of the origin of the land forms, and the problem of the union of the continents. Among his most valuable contributions to geological science have been the proof of the existence of the lower cretaceous formation in the United States and the announcement of the possibility of artesian wells in Texas. In May 1902 he was sent by the National Geographical Society at the head of the expedition to investigate the volcanic eruption of Mount Pelée in Martinique. His publications include ‘On Occurrence of Artesian and Other Underground Waters in Texas, Eastern New Mexico, and Indian Territory’ (1892); ‘Cuba and Porto Rico with other Islands of the West Indies’ (1898); and numerous contributions to the bulletins of the Geological Survey and periodicals.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Hillebrand, Karl

Edition of 1920. See also Karl Hillebrand on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
HILLEBRAND, Karl, German critic and historian: b. Giessen, 17 Sept. 1829; d. Florence, 19 Oct 1884. For participation in the insurrection in Baden (1849) he was imprisoned, but escaped to France, where he was graduated at the Sorbonne, and in 1863 became professor of foreign languages at Douai. On the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War, he removed to Italy and passed the remainder of his life there. He was a remarkable linguist, writing valuable books in French, German, Italian and English. Among these are ‘Geschichte Frankreichs v. d. Thronbesteigung Ludwing Philipps biz zum Fall Napoleon III’ (1848): ‘Des Conditions de la Bonne Comedie’ (1863); ‘La Prusse Contemporanie’ (1867); ‘Public Instruction in the United States’ (1869); ‘Lectures on German Thought during the Last Two Hundred Years’ (1880). Consult Homberger, ‘Karl Hillebrand’ (1884).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/History of Economics

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
HISTORY OF ECONOMICS. See Economic History.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Karpeles, Gustav

Edition of 1920. See also Gustav Karpeles on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KARPELES', kăr'pĕ-lĕs, Gustav, Austrian critic and historian: b. Eiwanowitz, Moravia, 1848; d. 1909. On the completion of his studies at Breslau he became a journalist there; but ambition took him to Berlin in 1877. There he gradually attained the reputation of being one of the soundest critics in Germany and an authority on Heine and his literary work. Among his published works are his ‘Autobiography’ of Heine collected from his letters and
works (1888); ‘Ludwig Börne’; ‘Nikolaus Lenau’; ‘Friedrich Spielhagen’ (1889); ‘Goethe in Polen’ (1889); ‘Graf Moltke als Redner’ (1890); ‘Die Frauen in der Jüdischen Litteratur’; ‘Geschichte der Jüdischen Litteratur’; ‘Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur’ (1891); ‘Jewish Literature’ (1895); ‘A Sketch of Jewish History’ (1897). Karpeles was of a Jewish family, hence his interest in Jewish history.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Jáurequi y Aguilar, Juan Martínez de

Edition of 1920. See also Juan Martínez de Jáuregui y Aguilar on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
JÁUREQUI Y AGUILAR, hou'rạ-gē ē ä'gē-lär, Juan Martínez de, Spanish poet: baptized Seville, 24 Nov. 1583; d. Madrid, 11 Jan. 1641. He studied at Rome and in 1610 is known to have been in Spain with a reputation
as both painter and poet. He is supposed to have painted the portrait of Cervantes mentioned in the prologue to ‘novelas exemplares,’ which is believed to be the one now in the possession of the Real Academia Española; and his translation of Tasso's ‘Aminto’ (Rome 1607) is praised in the second volume of ‘Don Quixote.’ His ‘Rimas’ (1618) comprised a collection of charming lyrics, and in its preface the poet severely scored the affectations of the school of Góngora. He was appointed groom of the chamber to Philip IV through the influence of Olivares, and afterward won the Order of Calatrava through his spirited presentment of his views of the art of poetry in ‘Discurso poético contra el hablar culto y oscuro’ (1624). Later, however, Jáurequi fell under the influences he had so strenuously combated, his ‘Orfeo’ (1624) showing evidences of the Góngora cult, while his translation of the ‘Pharsalia,’ published posthumously (1684), shows him a full convert to the method. His reputation rests upon his earlier work. An edition of his poems was published in ‘Biblioteca de autores españoles’ (Vol. XLII, Madrid 1857). His translation of the ‘Aminto’ was edited by Lopez de Sedano in ‘Parnaso español’ (Vol. II, Madrid 1768-78).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Kaiser

Edition of 1920. See also Kaiser on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KAISER, kīzėr, a title, the German equivalent for emperor. The Romans added the name of Cæsar to their own kings in honor of the “divine Julius.” Diocletian first made it a distinctive title, and in 395 A.D., on the division of the empire, the title was borne by both the Eastern and Western emperors. It lapsed in 476 A.D. with the last emperor, but was revived in 800 A.D. by Charlemagne, who was crowned emperor of the West at Rome in that year, after which the title was associated with the king of the Franks and after 962 with the Germans, whose kings became emperors of the Holy Roman Empire. The kings continued to be crowned by the Roman pontiffs at Rome, or at least in Italy, until 1530, when Charles V was crowned at Bologna. On the fall of Constantinople in 1453 the sultan assumed the title, but his claim was not recognized by the Holy Roman emperors until 1718. In 1721 the title of czar was assumed by Peter the Great of Russia. In 1806 the title of Holy Roman emperor was dropped by Francis II of Austria, who retained that of emperor of Austria. After the Franco-Prussian War of 1871 William I of Prussia assumed the title of German emperor, and this title is distinct from the older title of emperor of Germany. See Cæsarism; Czar; Emperor.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Junius, Franciscus

Edition of 1920. See also Franciscus Junius (the younger) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
JUNIUS, yoo'nē-ŭs, Franciscus, known as The Younger, German philologist: b. Heidelberg, 1589; d. 1677. The boy was brought to Leyden when three years old and there he was educated under his brother-in-law, Gerhard Vossius, a noted philologist. In 1821 he went to England, where he became librarian to the
Earl of Arundle, a position he held for 30 years. During these and following years be devoted his time to study, research and writing. Among his works are ‘De Pictura Veterum’ (with an English version, 1637); ‘The Gothic Gospels of Ulfilas’ (1665); and ‘Glossarium Goticum’ (1664-65). This latter is in five languages. These and other valuable manuscripts of his are in the Bodleian Library, Oxford.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Junker, Wilhelm

Edition of 1920. See also Wilhelm Junker on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
JUNKER, yŭn'kĕr, Wilhelm, Russian explorer: b. Moscow, 1840; d. 1892. Educated at Saint Petersburg, Göttingen, Berlin and Prague, be visited Iceland (1869), Western Africa (1873), Tunis (1874), lower Egypt (1875), and went up the Blue Nile to Khartum (1876). After three years spent in this region, he returned to Europe, but went back the following year (1879) to continue his explorations at the head waters of the Nile. In 1886, after numerous adventures, he reached Zanzibar. On his return to Germany he published ‘Reisen in Afrika’ (Vienna 1889-91), in which he gives an account in three volumes of his travels and adventures.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Kalevipoeg

Edition of 1920. See also Kalevipoeg on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KALEVIPOEG, kạ-lā'vē-pĕg (son of Kalev), the chief Esthonian epic poem, based upon popular songs collected by Kreutzwald (1857-59). As the material used by the collector was destroyed, much discussion has resulted as to the position occupied by the poem among real national epics. Consult Kirby, ‘Hero of Esthonia and Other Studies’ (Vol. I. London 1895); Reinthal, ‘Kalewipoeg, eine estniche Sage’ (including the text of the poem with a German translation, Dorpal 1857-61).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Junkers

Edition of 1920. See also Junker on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
JUNKERS, yoong'kėrz, a name given to the younger members of the nobility of Prussia and the adjoining states. “Junkerthum” (aristocratic manners) was a term of reproach used in the 19th century to designate the party of reaction in Prussia, which found its most strenuous supporters among the nobility, “Junkerei” signifies the behavior of young aristocrats; aristocratic arrogance; in German slang a baker's apprentice is sometimes called a junker.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Kaiser, Isabelle

Edition of 1920. See also Isabelle Kaiser on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Kaiser, Isabelle, Swiss writer: b. Beckenried (on Lake Lucerne), 1866. With a command of French and German, she has written in both languages, though most of her writing has been done in French so successfully that she received the prize of the French Academy. Among her published French works are ‘Icibas’ (1888); ‘Sous les étoiles’ (1890); ‘Des ailes’ (1897); ‘Le jardin clos’ (1912), all poems; ‘Cœur de femme’ (1891); ‘Sorcière’ (1895); ‘Héro’ (1898); ‘Notre père qui êtes aux cieux’ (1899); ‘Vive le roi!’ (1903); ‘L'Eclair dans la voile’ (1907); ‘Marcienne de Fluë’ (1909), novels and stories. Her works, written in German, include ‘Wenn die Sonne untergeht’ (1901), a novel; ‘Mein
Herz’ (1908), poems; ‘Die Friedensucherin’ (1908), a romance; ‘Der wandernde See’ (1910), and ‘Von ewiger Liebe’ (1913).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Washington, Mary

Edition of 1920. See also Mary Ball Washington on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WASHINGTON, Mary, American woman, mother of George Washington: b. Lancaster County, Va., 1706; d. near Fredericksburg, Va., 25 Aug. 1789. She was the youngest daughter of Joseph Ball, and was educated chiefly by parish ministers. No authentic portrait of her exists, but she was beautiful and popular socially, and developed into a woman of remarkable force of character. She was married to Augustine Washington, 6 March 1730, Washington's first wife having died in 1728. They settled in Westmoreland County where their first child, George, was born 22 Feb. 1732. Later they removed to another farm owned by Washington on the Rappahannock River, near Fredericksburg. Three other children were born of the marriage, John Augustine, Charles and Mildred. Mrs. Washington was widowed 12 April 1743, and became the sole guardian of her children. She managed her business affairs with marked success and reared her children in simple piety and under strict discipline, stamping her high principles indelibly upon them. She continued her customary habit of life after her son George rose to the height of fame, personally managed her farm, and rarely appeared at public functions. She attended, however, with General Washington, the ball at Fredericksburg, given in honor of Cornwallis's surrender. Washington rode from her house to his inauguration as President, a few months before her death. Consult Conkling, M. C., ‘Memoirs of the Mother and Wife of Washington’ (1851); Lossing, B. J., ‘Mary and Martha’ (1887).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Weinman, Adolph Alexander

Edition of 1920. See also Adolph Alexander Weinman on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WEINMAN, Adolph Alexander, American sculptor: b. Carlsruhe, Germany, 11 Dec. 1870. He came to the United States when a child and later studied art in New York, under Saint Gaudens at the Art Student's League, and at Cooper Union. He is a member of the National Academy, the National Sculpture Society and the National Institute of Arts and Letters. In 1915 he served on the International Jury of Awards at the Panama Exposition. Among his works are the General Macomb monument, Detroit, Mich., the Lincoln memorials at Hodgenville, Ky., and at Madison, Wis., the Lincoln statue at the State Capitol, Frankfort, Ky., the statuette of Lincoln at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, and the Indian head at the Brooklyn Institute Museum.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Washington, Henry Stephens

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
​ WASHINGTON, Henry Stephens, American geologist: b. Newark, N. J., 15 Jan. 1867. He was graduated at Yale University in 1886, and took his Ph.D. at the University of Leipzig in 1893, studying also at the American School for Classical Studies at Athens, Greece. He has conducted an extended series of geological investigations in Greece, Asia Minor, Italy, Spain, Brazil and in the United States, and is a consulting mining geologist of high reputation. Author of ‘Chemical Analyses of Igneous Rocks’ (1903); ‘Manual of the Chemical Analysis of Rocks’ (1904; 2d ed., 1910); ‘The Roman Cogmatic Region’ (1907), etc.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Weir, Harrison William

Edition of 1920. See also Harrison Weir on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WEIR, wēr, Harrison William, English artist and journalist: b. Lewes, Sussex, 5 May 1824; d. London, 4 Jan. 1906. He learned the art of wood-engraving, but disliking it turned to painting, and his first exhibition at the British Institution was in 1843. He was the last survivor of the original staff of the London News and was engaged on the Graphic, Pictorial Times, Black and White and other London periodicals. He was an authority on the correct delineation of domesticated animals, was noted for his paintings of country life and as an illustrator of books and periodicals. He wrote and illustrated ‘The Poetry of Nature’; ‘Every-day Life in the Country’; ‘Our Cats and All About Them’, etc. Perhaps his greatest achievement was his work ‘Our Poultry and All About Them’ (1903), the writing and illustrating of which claimed his attention for more than 20 years.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Waters, Clara Erskine Clement

Edition of 1920. See also Clara Erskine Clement on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WATERS, wâ'tėrz, Clara Erskine Clement, American writer: b. Saint Louis, Mo., 28 Aug. 1834; d. 20 Feb. 1916. She was well known as a writer and lecturer upon art. Her writings include ‘Legendary and Mythological Art’ (1870); ‘Eleanor Maitland’ (1881); ‘Life of Charlotte Cushman’ (1882); ‘Stories of Art and Artists’ (1887); ‘Women Artists in Europe and America’ (1903); ‘Women in the Fine Arts’ (1906), etc.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Weimar

Edition of 1920. See also Weimar on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WEIMAR, vī'mär, Germany, the capital of the grand duchy of Saxe-Weimar, on the Ilm, 13 miles east of Erfurt It stands in a beautiful valley surrounded by hills, on ground partly elevated and partly flat. It is irregularly built except in the suburban portions. Its notable public edifices are the grand-ducal palace, a handsome structure erected partly under the superintendence of Goethe; the so-called Red and Yellow castles, now united and occupied by several public departments; the grand-ducal library (in the Green Castle), containing 300,000 volumes and a large collection of maps; the museum; the Stadtkirche, with an altar-piece, one of the finest works of Lucas Cranach, in which he has introduced portraits of himself and Luther and Melanchthon; and the modern Gothic town-house. The public monuments comprise the Goethe-Schiller monument in bronze, statues of Herder, Wieland, the composer Hummel, the Grand-Duke Karl August and various others, and a monumental fountain. Goethe's house is now used as a Goethe National Museum, and Schiller's contains relics of its former distinguished owner. A Goethe and Schiller Archives building was opened in 1896. Goethe and Schiller are interred in the grand-ducal vault in the new cemetery. Stretching away from the palace is a fine park on the banks of the Ilm. Weimar has a gymnasium, a realgymnasium, academy of painting, school of drawing, normal school and other educational institutions. It has neither trade nor manufactures of much consequence, the manufactures of iron, wood, straw, leather and cloth being carried on to some extent, but as
the capital of the duchy it is the seat of the legislature and of all the more important courts and public offices. It long ranked as a sort of “German Athens” in consequence of the enlightened patronage which the Duke Karl August (d. 1828) afforded to the four great literary men of Germany, Goethe, Schiller, Herder and Weiland. In 1919 the National Assembly of the German nation met at Weimar and there the constitution of the new German Republic was made and adopted. The Treaty of Versailles (1919) was ratified at Weimar during the session of the assembly. Pop. 33,000.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Webster, Herman Armour

Edition of 1920. See also Herman Armour Webster on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WEBSTER, Herman Armour, American artist: b. New York, 6 April 1878. He was graduated at Yale University in 1900 and later studied art under Laurens in Paris. He subsequently lived chiefly abroad. He is known as a painter and is particularly prominent as an etcher. His usual subjects in this field are quaint scenes in out-of-the-way French towns. He has exhibited at the Paris Salon; the Royal Academy, London; the Western Society of Artists, Chicago; Rouen, France; and at the American Art Association, Paris. He is a member of the Royal Society of Painter-Etchers and of the Societé Nationale des Beaux Arts, Paris. He was awarded a gold medal at the Panama Exposition in 1915. His work is represented in the Luxembourg, Paris; the South Kensington Museum, London; the Congressional Library, Washington; the Boston Museum; the Art Institute, Chicago; and in other important collections.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Weihaiwei

Edition of 1920. See also Weihai on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WEIHAIWEI, wā'hī'wā', China, a duty-free seaport and British naval and coaling station, in the province of Shantung, near the eastern extremity of the Shantung Peninsula, 40 miles east of Chefu. It lies on the south shore of the entrance to the Gulf of Pechili, opposite Port Arthur on the north shore, about 100 miles distant. During the Chino-Japanese War, the Japanese destroyed a Chinese fleet here and captured the town, which they evacuated early in 1898. By a convention of 1 July 1898 the port of Weihaiwei, together with the adjacent waters and some neighboring
territory, was leased to Great Britain. The leased territory included the island of Liu Kung, all the islands in the bay and a belt of land 10 miles wide along the whole coast of the bay; area, 280 square miles; pop. 120,000; but the population of the town of Weihaiwei is only about 2,500 inhabitants, being an old-time walled town. By the terms of the lease Great Britain has sole jurisdiction within the limits of this territory, but within the walls of the city, Chinese officials may exercise such authority as is not inconsistent with the defense of the territory. The British government may also erect fortifications and carry out other defensive works in a defined region lying outside of the leased territory. Chinese war-vessels retain the right to use the waters. Weihaiwei is not to be fortified, but is intended to be a naval base, place of exercise and sanatorium for the British squadron on the China station. The station is used as a flying naval base, but no troops are stationed there, and the Chinese troops that were located there were disbanded. In 1917, 639 steamers and 2,563 iunks entered and cleared at Weihaiwei. The imports are mainly petroleum, flour, cotton goods, sugar, foodstuffs and coal; the exports are ground nuts and ground-nut seeds (290,687 hundred-weight in 1917), and salt fish. There is a mail service to Shanghai and Europeans seek the locality in summer to escape the heat of the region farther south. Consult Annual Report on Weihaiwei; Bruce-Mitford, C. E., ‘The Territory of Weihaiwei’ (Shanghai 1902); Johnston, R. F., ‘Lion and Dragon in Northern China’ (London 1910).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Weingartner, Felix

Edition of 1920. See also Felix Weingartner on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WEINGARTNER, vīn'gärt-nĕr, Felix Austrian composer: b. Zara, Dalmatia, 2 June 1863. He studied at the Leipzig Conservatory, having received a government scholarship, and in 1884 his opera, ‘Sakuntala,’ was brought out at Weimar under the patronage of Liszt. He was musical conductor at Königsberg, Dantzig and Hamburg in 1884-89 and in 1891 was appointed court conductor at Berlin. Ill health compelled the resignation of this post, and in 1898 he settled in Munich as conductor of the Kaim concerts. He has composed numerous songs, several symphonic poems, the operas ‘Malawika’ (1886); ‘Genesius’ (1892); ‘Kain und Abel’ (1914); ‘Dome Kobold’ (1916), etc. He has written ‘Die Lehre von der Wiedergeburt und das Musikalische’ (1895); ‘Beyreuth 1876 bis 1896’ (1897). Consult ‘Luies’ by Lusztig and by Raabe, both published in Berlin in 1908.
# The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 8/Epistles - Fourth Series/CLXXV American Friend

CLXXV
To an American friend
ALAMEDA, CALIFORNIA,
12th April, 1900.
Mother is becoming propitious once more. Things are looking up. They must.
Work always brings evil with it. I have paid for the accumulated evil with bad health. I am glad. My mind is all the better for it. There is a mellowness and a calmness in life now, which was never there before. I am learning now how to be detached as well as attached, and mentally becoming my own master. . . .
Mother is doing Her own work; I do not worry much now. Moths like me die by the thousand every instant. Her work goes on all the same. Glory unto Mother! . . . Alone and drifting about in the will-current of the Mother has been my whole life. The moment I have tried to break this, that moment I have been hurt. Her will be done! . . .
I am happy, at peace with myself, and more of the Sannyasin than I ever was before. The love for my own kith and kin is growing less every day, and that for Mother increasing. Memories of long nights of vigil with Shri Ramakrishna under the Dakshineswar Banyan are waking up once more. And work? What is work? Whose work? Whom shall I work for?
I am free. I am Mother's child. She works, She plays. Why should I plan? What should I plan? Things came and went, just as She liked, without my planning. We are Her automata. She is the wirepuller.
# The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 8/Epistles - Fourth Series/CLXXXIX Hari

CLXXXIX
(Translated from Bengali)
To Swami Turiyananda
6 PLACE DES ETATS UNIS,
PARIS,
13th August, 1900.
DEAR BROTHER HARI,
I got your letter from California. So three persons are getting spiritual trances; well, it is not bad. Even out of that much good will come. Shri Ramakrishna knows! Let things happen as they will. His work He knows, you and I are but servants and nothing else.
I am sending this letter to San Francisco — care of Mrs. C. Panel. Just now I got some news from New York. They are well. Kali is on tour. Write in detail about your health and work in San Francisco. And don't be indifferent to the question of sending money to the Math. See that money goes certainly every month, from Los Angeles and San Francisco.
I am on the whole doing well. I am shortly starting for England. I get news of Sharat. Recently he had an attack of dysentery. The rest are all well. This time few got malaria; nor is it so prevalent on the banks of the Ganga. This year, owing to the scarcity of rain, there is fear of famine in Bengal also.
By the grace of Mother, go on doing work, brother. Mother knows, and you know — but I am off! Now I am going to take a rest.
Yours affectionately,
VIVEKANANDA.