OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Stomach

See also Stomach on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Stom′ach, an organ of digestion, present in some form in all animals above the sponges, with the exception of a few degenerated parasites. It is merely a receptacle for the food, and is provided with glands which secrete a digestive fluid. Digestion however, is carried farther and completed in the intestine and, therefore, the stomach is not the sole organ of digestion. The stomach of the human body is a sac on the left side just below the diaphragm. It has four coats: an outer, firm, serous coat; a muscular coat, with fibers arranged in longitudinal, transverse and oblique directions; a coat of loosely woven fibrous tissue; and an inner, mucous coat. The glands which secrete the gastric juice are derived from the latter coat. There are two varieties, those nearer the heart, called cardiac glands, and those at the other end of the stomach where the intestine is joined, called the pyloric glands. The latter are the more important. The stomach is under control of the nervous system, both as to its movements and as to the secretion of gastric juice. When food is introduced into the stomach, the secretion of gastric juice is stimulated through the nervous system. The gastric juice contains a ferment called pepsin, which acts especially on proteids like lean meat, white of eggs, gluten of bread etc. This action takes place in the presence of acid, and in the glands are certain cells which provide hydrochloric acid in small amount. When this is deficient, grave stomach disorders arise. The food is reduced to a condition called chyme and is passed on into the intestine. The object of digestion is to render food soluble that it may pass by absorption through the walls of the stomach and intestine. This is not a process depending upon life, as it can be performed with artificial gastric juice outside the body. The characteristic action of the gastric juice is upon proteids, while the pancreatic juice, which is introduced into the intestine, is a universal digester, of greater efficiency than the gastric juice. It aids in the digestion of starches and fats as well as in completing that of the proteids.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Stone, Lucy (Blackwell)

See also Lucy Stone on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Stone, Lucy (Blackwell), American reformer and advocate of woman's rights, was born at West Brookfield, Mass., Aug. 13, 1818, and died at Dorchester, Mass., Oct. 18, 1893. Graduating at Oberlin College in 1847, she devoted herself to advocacy of woman-suffrage and to antislavery, for which she became a zealous worker. She lectured widely in favor of woman-suffrage, organizing wherever she went local societies of the Woman's Suffrage Association, of which she was one of the founders as well as editor of the (Boston) Woman's Journal, its mouthpiece. She aided in organizing, in 1850, the first national woman's rights convention at Worcester, Mass., and was always zealous in the cause she held dear to her heart. In 1855 she married Henry B. Blackwell, though stipulating to bear her maiden name.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Stockton, Robert Field

See also Robert F. Stockton on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Stockton, Robert Field, an American naval officer, was born at Princeton, N. J., in 1795. He entered the navy in 1811, went to Africa in 1821, and helped to secure the republic of Liberia for the American Colonization Society. He was sent to the West Indies against the pirates and served in the Mediterranean. In 1845 he was sent to the Pacific coast, and next year, with Frémont, conquered California for the United States. In 1851 he was elected United States senator. He died at Princeton, N. J., Oct. 7, 1866.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Stomata

See also Stoma on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Stomata (stŏm′ȧ-tȧ) (in plants). Narrow openings are developed in the epidermis of
STOMATA AND LEAF
all aërial parts of plants which require and emit gases. (See Aëration.) Gaseous exchanges especially abound in green tissues; hence stomata are chiefly displayed by the foliage-leaves of the higher plants. Each stoma consists of two specially organized epidermal cells, called guard-cells, which are crescentic in surface-view and, being in contact by their concave faces, leave a lens-shaped opening between them. This opening leads into the system of intercellular passageways among the working-cells, and thus provides for a free exchange of gaseous substances between the working-cells and the outside air. The guard-cells change form with the varying amounts of moisture in the air, and so regulate the size of the opening between them. Stomata have been called “automatic gateways” on account of this peculiar power of the guard-cells. See Leaf and Transpiration.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Stonehenge

See also Stonehenge on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Stone'henge is a circle of stones on Salisbury Plain, England, and was classed as one of the four wonders of England. It is a set of circles and oval figures. The first circle has pillars of stone about 13 feet high and four feet apart, and stones placed across on top. There are about 140 stones of the different circles, some being 23 feet high. It is also found to be a burial-place. The stone circles of Norway and Sweden seem to be burial-places of the iron age. The circles are rare south of the Baltic, there being only a few in France and Algeria. Consult Fergusson's Rude Stone Monuments.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Spectrum Analysis

See also Spectrum analysis on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Spectrum Analysis, the act of ascertaining the character and composition of luminous bodies by causing a ray of light from the body to pass through a prism, each substance in the spectrum having its own characteristic system of lines—as in a star, a planet or any heavenly body in a state of incandescence or in metals submitted by the chemist to great heat. See Spectroscopy.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Spontaneous Combustion

See also Spontaneous combustion on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Spontaneous Combustion, or burning without the application of fire, sometimes occurs in mineral and other substances. Charcoal, if saturated with oil, may become so heated as to burn, and coals containing iron pyrites, when wet, will catch fire. Phosphorus, when dry, ignites easily, and has been known to melt and burn in a room where the temperature was only 70°, so that in hot weather a fire may be started by large packages of matches. Hay, cotton, tow, flax, rags, straw, leaves, if collected in large quantities, when damp undergo fermentation, which gives off sometimes enough heat to burn. The cotton-rags and waste used in wiping oiled machinery and lamps have probably started many unexplained fires. Spontaneous combustion of the human body has been thought to occur in a number of cases, usually where the individual was an habitual drinker, but is now considered doubtful. Liebig says a dead body filled with alcohol may burn of itself, but not a living one, in which the blood is circulating. See Letters on Chemistry by Liebig.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Springbok

See also Springbok on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Spring′bok, a species of antelope found most abundantly in Africa. It is a beautiful creature, larger than the roebuck, brown above and white underneath. The head is white, except a broad band of brown on each side of the eye to the mouth and a brown spot in the middle of the face. Its name comes from the great leaps it makes, springing into the air from seven to 12 feet. It lives on sandy plains, but great herds will travel to more fertile regions. A traveler describes a vast herd seen by him, pouring through an opening in the hills, a living mass half a mile in breadth and taking hours for the passage. It is growing scarce, though still abundant near Zambezi River.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Spoonbill

See also Spoonbill on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Spoon′bill, the name of birds related to the Ibises, having long, broadly expanded bills, more like paddles than spoons. They belong chiefly to the eastern hemisphere, where there are six or seven species. The European spoonbill is a white bird about 32 inches long. It breeds in Holland and other parts of Europe. The roseate spoonbill is the only American species. It is abundant in the tropics and also breeds in the southern United States. These birds inhabit marshes, muddy borders of estuaries and WHITE SPOONBILL small sea-islands overgrown with bushes. They are from 28 to 35 inches in length, of a beautiful rose-color, deepest on the wings, fading to almost white on the neck, back and breast. Their tail-coverts are deep carmine. They feed at night by gathering insects and shellfishes from the mud in shallow water. In the breeding season they congregate in large numbers.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sporangium

See also Sporangium on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Sporangium (spō̇-răn′jĭ-ŭm), an organ of plants which produces asexual spores. In SPORANGIUM OF A MOULD the thallophytes a sporangium is usually a single cell; but in the higher plants it is a many-celled organ. The sporangia of ferns and the pollen-sacs of seed-plants are illustrations of many-celled sporangia. In heterosporous plants sporangia become differentiated, the microsporangia producing microspores, and the megasporangia producing megaspores. In seed-plants the pollen-sacs are microsporangia, and the ovules are megasporangia.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Spectrum

See also Visible spectrum on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Spec′trum. If a prism or a diffraction-grating be interposed in the path of a beam of white light, it will, provided the beam of white light be small, spread this beam out into a colored band in which the colors are arranged in the following order: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet. This colored band is called the spectrum of white light.
If, instead of a pencil of white light, we had passed through the prism a pencil of light from the Bunsen flame, it too would have been separated into its constituent colors, in this case green, blue and violet, which are the spectrum of the Bunsen flame. If an electric arc had been employed, we should have obtained the spectrum of the electric arc, even though a large part of the radiation from the arc is invisible—has no color—and must be detected by the photographic plate.
So we define the spectrum of any body as the ensemble of its radiations visible and invisible, arranged in the order of their wave-lengths. See Spectroscopy.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Speculum Metal

See also Speculum metal on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Speculum (spĕk′ ū́-lŭm) Metal is an alloy composed of 126 parts of copper and a little over 58 of tin, which is used for the mirrors or specula of telescopes. It is very brittle, will take a fine polish, and does not tarnish easily. A silvered glass is, however, taking its place, being just as good and less expensive.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Speke, John Hanning

See also John Hanning Speke on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Speke (spēk), John Hanning, an African explorer, was born on May 4, 1827, in Somersetshire, England. At 17 he entered the Indian army, where between his periods of military service he collected specimens in natural history and planned available routes of travel. In 1857 he was sent out with Burton by the Royal Geographical Society to find the great lakes of Central Africa. Speke, when alone, discovered the Victoria Nyanza, and in 1860, while associated with J. A. Grant, he returned and explored its coasts and followed the river until he was satisfied it is the Nile. It was disputed, however, by Burton and other travelers, and Speke made arrangements for a public discussion with Burton at Bath. But on the morning of the day set, Sept. 15, 1864, he accidentally shot himself. His writings are Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile and What Led to the Discovery of the Source of the Nile.
# The Old Bachelor (Congreve)

THE OLD BACHELOR
Quem tulit ad scenam ventoso Gloria curru,  Exanimat lentus spectator; sedulus inflat:  Sic leve, sic parvum est, animum quod laudis avarum  Subruit, aut reficit.
 Horat. Epist. i. lib. ii.

## Contents

* Preface directed to Charles, Lord Clifford of Lanesborough
* Poem, by Thomas Southerne
* Poem, by J. Marsh
* Poem, by Bevil Higgons
* Prologue, by Lord Falkland
* Prologue, by Anne Bracegirdle
* Dramatis Personæ

#### The Old Bachelor

   * Act I
   * Act II
   * Act III
   * Act IV
   * Act V
* Epilogue by Elizabeth Barry
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Old Apple-Tree

* "The Old Apple-Tree", published in Lyrics of Lowly Life (1896)
* "The Old Apple-Tree", published in The Complete Poems of Paul Laurence Dunbar (1913)
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Old Bachelor

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "The Old Bachelor."
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* The Old Bachelor, a play by William Congreve
* The Old Bachelor, a poem by Josef Václav Sládek
# The Old Bachelor's Nightcap

Also known as "The Nightcap of the 'Pebersvend'".
English-language translations of Pebersvendens Nathue include:
* "The Old Bachelor's Nightcap" in Hans Andersen's Fairy Tales (1888), translated by Mrs. Henry H. B. Paull
* "The 'Old Bachelor's' Nightcap" in The Garden of Romance (1897), edited by Ernest Rhys
* "The Old Bachelor's Nightcap" in The Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen (1899), translated by Mary Howitt, illustrated by Helen Stratton
# The New York Times/1866/10/31/Halloween

The New York Times, October 31, 1866
The great Scottish festival of Halloween recurs this evening. It is one of the many occasions made immortal by the poet BURNS. In Scotland, and all over the world where there are Scotch families, the festival is still observed, although in a modified form from that in which it was original ly celebrated in the rural districts of the country which gave birth to the superstitions associated with the occasion. A simple reunion of friendsnow marks the occasion, at which variety of innocent exercises, including the telling of ghost-stories, "ducking" for apples, burning hazelnutsand prophesying fortunes generally fill up the pleasant hours of the evening. According to old traditions, Halloween was a night on which ghosts and witches made their appearance on this mundane sphere in various shapes and for various purposes, boding good or evil to those who witnessed them. These superstitions are described in a very pleasant manner by BURNS, whose poem is a literal description of the manner in which Halloween was celebrated in his time. in the Scottish citiesand towns the boys form themselves into long processions, each bearing hollowed turnips with devices marked on the shell and illuminated by candles while the girls form in the same manner, bearing tall "kail" stalks (curly cabbages) having candles burning in the centres of the heads, and both boys and girls singing as they move along;
   "Halloween, a nicht o' teen, A caunnel in a custock," &c.
In certain portions of Ireland the Hallowe'en festival is celebrated with the same due regard to the superstitions associated with it, and there it marks the eve of All-hallows or All Saints' Day, a fact which obtains for the "eve" a more sober respect than that with which it is entered elsewhere. In some portions of this country where there are little colonies of Scotch and Nnorth of Ireland people, the night of the 31st of October is invariable made the occasion of pleasant reunions of the kind we have alluded to.
This work was published in 1866 and is anonymous or pseudonymous due to unknown authorship. It is in the public domain in the United States as well as countries and areas where the copyright terms of anonymous or pseudonymous works are 157 years or less since publication.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New York Times/1873

Content exists for this periodical, though at this stage it is not specifically organised beyond a basic hierarchy.
The pages listed below are an automatically generated listing.
Special:PrefixIndex/The New York Times/1873/
# The New York Times/1867

Content exists for this periodical, though at this stage it is not specifically organised beyond a basic hierarchy.
The pages listed below are an automatically generated listing.
Special:PrefixIndex/The New York Times/1867/
# The New York Times/1873/07/27/A National Song for Canada

July 27, 1873, Wednesday. Page 6, 276 words
A NATIONAL SONG FOR CANADA
The Toronto Globe thinks Canada needs some simple patriotic lyric to identify with her progress and aspirations, and that in the new and improved version of the song, "This Canada of Ours," this want is supplied. It says: "The words are by Mr. J. D. Edgar, M. P., and the music is adapted and arranged by Miss E. H. Ridout, based upon the beautiful air of the famous Netherlands Students' song. The words carried off the prize offered in Montreal, in 1868, for the best Canadian national song, and possess both the vigor and simplicity that are essential to permanent popularity. The air, too, is inspiriting and simple, and in the chorus swells into a strain of heart-stirring music." This is the song:
   Let other tongues in older lands, Loud vaunt their claims to glory, And chaunt in triumph of the past, Content to live in story: Tho' boasting no baronial halls, Nor ivy-crested towers, What past can match thy glorious youth, Fair Canada of Ours? Fair Canada, Dear Canada, This Canada of Ours!
   We love those far-off Ocean Isles, Where Britain's monarch reigns. We'll ne'er forget the good old blood That courses through our veins: Proud Scotia's fame, old Erin's name, And haughty Albion's powers, Reflect their matchless luster on This Canada of ours. Fair Canada, Dear Canada, This Canada of Ours.
   May our Dominion flourish then, A goodly land and free, Where Celt and Saxon, hand in hand, Hold sway from Sea to Sea; Strong arms shall guard our cherished home, When darkest danger lowers, And with our life-blood we'll defend This Canada of ours! Fair Canada, Dear Canada, This Canada of Ours!
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New York Times/1868

Content exists for this periodical, though at this stage it is not specifically organised beyond a basic hierarchy.
The pages listed below are an automatically generated listing.
Special:PrefixIndex/The New York Times/1868/
# The New York Times/1871

Content exists for this periodical, though at this stage it is not specifically organised beyond a basic hierarchy.
The pages listed below are an automatically generated listing.
Special:PrefixIndex/The New York Times/1871/
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cumberland Mountains

See also Cumberland Mountains on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Cumberland Mountains are a part of the great Appalachian group, running along the southwest border of Virginia and the southeast border of Kentucky, crossing Tennessee into the northeastern part of Alabama, The ridges rarely are over 2,000 feet high, while the range is about 50 miles broad. It is the southwestern extension of the Alleghanies, and sometimes is called the Cumberland Mountain-plain.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Currant

See also Currant on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Cur′rant. Species of the genus Ribes, which belongs to the saxifrage family. Associated with the currants in the genus are the gooseberries. The genus contains numerous species which are widely scattered, many of them being native to North America. Four species are cultivated in American gardens. R. rubrum includes the red and white varieties, and is found wild in both Europe and North America. R. nigrum is the European black currant. R. Americanum (R. floridum) is the American black currant, very similar to the European form. R. aureum, the Missouri or Buffalo currant with spicy, yellow flowers, is usually grown as an ornamental shrub, being native to western North America.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Culpeper, Thomas, Lord

See also Thomas Colepeper, 2nd Baron Colepeper on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Culpeper or Colepeper, Thomas, Lord, colonial governor of Virginia (1680-83), was born in England in 1664 and died there in 1719. In 1669 he purchased lands in Virginia lying between the Potomac and the Rappanannock, and in 1673, with Lord Arlington, received from King Charles II a grant of the whole territory of Virginia. Later on he was appointed governor of the province, and personally ruled there between the years 1680-83, and acted despotically, annulling the privilege of appeal of the colonists to the local assembly. In 1683 he withdrew from his governorship, and in violation of orders returned to England, where he was deprived of his patent as governor and prosecuted. At his death his large estate in Virginia passed to Lady Fairfax, his daughter.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cumberland River

See also Cumberland River on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Cumberland River rises in Kentucky, flows into Tennessee and, coming back to Kentucky, enters the Ohio after a course of about 650 miles. Nearly 600 miles to Burnside are navigable for steamboats. Near Williamsburg, Ky., there is a fall of 60 feet.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cumberland, Md.

See also Cumberland, Maryland on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Cumberland, Md., the county-seat of Allegany County, on the north bank of the Potomac at the mouth of Wills Creek and the western terminus of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. It lies about equidistant from Pittsburg, Pa., and Baltimore, Md., and is the seat of an extensive coal-trade from the semi-bituminous coal-seams of the region. It also has many industries, including those for the manufacture of steel, iron, glassware, besides foundries, machine and repair shops, flour, cement, silk-mills, etc. It has a number of good public grammar-schools, a public high-school and an academy. Population, 21,839.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cumberland Road

See also National Road on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Cumberland Road, an early highway, constructed by the national government to connect Cumberland, Md., on the Potomac, with the Ohio River, an undertaking of much importance in opening up the west and southwest to the east before the era of railways. The project was begun about 1806, and was completed as far as Illinois about 1838, at a total cost to the federal government of close upon $7,000,000. Under the name of the Great National Pike the road was held under national control; but in 1856 it was turned over to the several states through which it passed. In his day Henry Clay was influential in obtaining the necessary sums from the nation to construct the road.