OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Zoological Illustrations/VolIII-Pl180

TURDUS vociferans,
Calling Thrush.
Specific Character.
    T. cinereus, infrà ferrugineus; temporibus auribusque nigris; caudæ rotundatæ pennis mediis nigris, lateribus ferrugineis.
    Cinereous, beneath ferruginous; ears and sides of the head black; tail rounded, middle feathers black, lateral feathers ferruginous.
    Le Réclammeur. Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af. tom. 3. p. 33, pl. 104.
I can find no account of this bird in any writer besides Le Vaillant, who discovered it during his travels in Southern Africa. He says the note of the male bird is loud and melodious, and is heard in the morning and evening from the highest branches of lofty trees; the sexes being usually seen together. Le Vaillant relates an amusing anecdote, which well illustrates the peculiar note of the male:—One of his Dutch Hottentots, by name Piet, having shot a female, its mate continued to fly around him, uttering its cry, which so much resembled the Dutch words of Piet myn vrow, (or, 'Peter—my wife,') that the poor lad (perfectly astonished) took to his heels, and vowed never more to handle a gun.
Length seven inches and a half; the upper plumage is dark cinereous: on each side the head is a stripe of black, which encircles the eye, and forms a patch on the ears: the whole of the under plumage is clear ferruginous yellow or bright buff colour; the rump and lateral tail feathers the same, the middle pair being entirely black; the next pair has likewise a narrow margin of the same colour: quills and wing-covers dusky brown, with pale cinereous margins. Tail rounded: legs pale: irides hazel: bill rather small and black, compressed the whole length, and having weak bristles at its base.
This bird obviously belongs to the Thrushes; but as I have not yet defined the extent of the genus to my own satisfaction, I refrain at present from proposing its characters.
# Zoological Illustrations/VolIII-Pl181

VOLUTA Pusio,
Dwarf Volute.
Generic Character.—See Pl. 161.
Specific Character.
    V. testâ ovato-obtusâ, flavescente, fasciis pallidis, maculis fulvis interstinctis cinctâ; anfractu basali obtusè nodoso; spirâ brevissimâ, acutâ; columellâ incrassatâ, multiplicatâ.
    Shell ovate-obtuse, yellowish, with pale bands and fulvous spots; body whorl crowned by compressed obtuse nodules; spire very short, acute; pillar thickened with many plaits.
    Voluta Pusio. Swainson, in Tilloch's Ph. Journal, vol. 61. p. 378.
Lamarck's recent account of this genus, in the last volume of his Animaux, contains but two species in addition to those long ago described by him in the Annales du Mus.; thus omitting many of those new Volutes which of late years have been discovered. On the other hand, this naturalist has created five species from the varieties of V. musica Lin. resting their characters on colour, bands, and the number of the lesser or spurious plaits on the pillar. It requires no argument to prove that these principles of distinction are the most uncertain he could have chosen; scarcely two specimens of V. musica being found alike. These supposed species must, therefore, again merge into one.
The shell before us has more important characters; the body whorl is quite smooth, but crowned by compressed truncated nodules; the spire remarkably short, and the tip acute; in other respects it approaches to V. virescens Sol. (Polyzonalis Lam.) and to V. fulva Lam. I have neither of these shells at present before me; but if Lamarck's description of them, and the figures which he has cited, be correct, I have no doubt they are but one species; V. polyzonalis being the smooth, and V. fulva being the nodulous variety of Solander's V. virescens. In fact, Lamarck says both shells are transversely striated.
V. pusio is a shell of the greatest rarity, and is described from a specimen in the collection of my friend Mr. Broderip. Its form is perfect, but its colours are somewhat faded.
# Zoological Illustrations/VolIII-Pl182

CYPRÆA spadicea,
Chesnut Cowry.
Generic Character.—See Pl. 111.
Specific Character.
    C. testâ ovatâ, oblongâ, immaculatâ; dorso rufo; ventre albo; lateribus lividis.
    Shell ovate-oblong, unspotted; the back reddish chesnut; belly white; sides livid.
    C. spadicea. Swainson, in Tilloch's Ph. Mag. vol. 61. p. 376.
In shape and general aspect this shell somewhat resembles C. onyx; but its colours are so peculiar, that it cannot be mistaken for that or any other known species: the under side (or belly) is convex and pure white; the sulcations between the teeth of the aperture wide, short, and but faintly marked; the sides livid, tinged with flesh colour. Three specimens have fallen under my observation; one of which, being young, showed the internal colour of the back to be dull purple; they were all received by Mrs. Mawe from the South Seas.
CYPRÆA sanguinolenta
(Middle figures.)
    C. testâ ovato-oblongâ, dorso punctis fuscis, nebulosis, obsito; lateribus incarnato-violaceis, lividè guttatis; ventre depresso.
    Shell ovate-oblong, the back clouded, and dotted with brown; sides flesh-coloured violet, with dark livid spots; belly depressed.
    C. testâ ovato-oblongâ, cinereo-cærulescente, fulvo vel fusco fasciatâ, lateribus incarnato-violaceis, sanguineo-punctatis. Lam. Syst. 7. p. 396.
    C. sanguinolenta. Gmelin, 3406. Turton, 4. p. 335. Dill. 445. Martini, 1. t. 26. f. 265, 266. Ency. Meth. pl. 356. f. 12.
    C. purpurascens. Sw. in Tilloch's Ph. Mag. 61. p. 376.
Gmelin and Lamarck have both described the lateral spots on this shell as blood-red. Their descriptions in other respects are loose, and the figures by Martini so bad, that it is with some doubt I have here placed my purpurascens as a variety of Gmelin's sanguinolenta. The back of the shell is minutely freckled with brown; the under part (or belly) is flattened; the spots on the sides dark livid purple, and the base of the aperture effuse. It is, I believe, a native of Southern Africa.
# Æsop's Fables (V. S. Vernon-Jones)/The Three Tradesmen

THE THREE TRADESMEN
THE citizens of a certain city were debating about the best material to use in the fortifications which were about to be erected for the greater security of the town. A Carpenter got up and advised the use of wood, which he said was readily procurable and easily worked. A Stone-mason objected to wood on the ground that it was so inflammable, and recommended stones instead. Then a Tanner got on his legs and said, “In my opinion there’s nothing like leather.”
Every man for himself.
# Æsop's Fables (V. S. Vernon-Jones)/The Travellers and the Plane-tree

* related authors: Arthur Rackham.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
THE TRAVELLERS AND THE PLANE-TREE
TWO Travellers were walking along a bare and dusty road in the heat of a summer’s day. Coming presently to a Plane-tree, they joyfully turned aside to shelter from the burning rays of the sun in the deep shade of its spreading branches. As they rested, looking up into the tree, one of them remarked to his companion, “What a useless tree the Plane is! It bears no fruit and is of no service to man at all.” The Plane-tree interrupted him with indignation. “You ungrateful creature!” it cried: “you come and take shelter under me from the scorching sun, and then, in the very act of enjoying the cool shade of my foliage, you abuse me and call me good for nothing!”
Many a service is met with ingratitude.
# Æsop's Fables (V. S. Vernon-Jones)/The Trumpeter taken Prisoner

THE TRUMPETER TAKEN PRISONER
A TRUMPETER marched into battle in the van of the army and put courage into his comrades by his warlike tunes. Being captured by the enemy, he begged for his life, and said, “Do not put me to death; I have killed no one: indeed, I have no weapons, but carry with me only my trumpet here.” But his captors replied, “That is only the more reason why we should take your life; for, though you do not fight yourself, you stir up others to do so.”
# Æsop's Fables (V. S. Vernon-Jones)/The Tunny-Fish and the Dolphin

Numbered 113 in the Perry Index.
THE TUNNY-FISH AND THE DOLPHIN
A TUNNY-FISH was chased by a Dolphin and splashed through the water at a great rate, but the Dolphin gradually gained upon him, and was just about to seize him when the force of his flight carried the Tunny on to a sandbank. In the heat of the chase the Dolphin followed him, and there they both lay out of the water, gasping for dear life. When the Tunny saw that his enemy was doomed like himself, he said, “I don’t mind having to die now: for I see that he who is the cause of my death is about to share the same fate.”
# Æsop's Fables (V. S. Vernon-Jones)/The Two Bags

THE TWO BAGS
EVERY man carries Two Bags about with him, one in front and one behind, and both are packed full of faults. The Bag in front contains his neighbours’ faults, the one behind his own. Hence it is that men do not see their own faults, but never fail to see those of others.
# Æsop's Fables (V. S. Vernon-Jones)/The Town Mouse and the Country Mouse

* related authors: Arthur Rackham.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Commons category, Wikidata item.
THE TOWN MOUSE AND THE COUNTRY MOUSE
A TOWN MOUSE and a Country Mouse were acquaintances, and the Country Mouse one day invited his friend to come and see him at his home in the fields. The Town Mouse came, and they sat down to a dinner of barleycorns and roots, the latter of which had a distinctly earthy flavour. The fare was not much to the taste of the guest, and presently he broke out with “My poor dear friend, you live here no better than the ants. Now, you should just see how I fare! My larder is a regular horn of plenty. You must come and stay with me, and I promise you you shall live on the fat of the land.” So when he returned to town he took the Country Mouse with him, and showed him into a larder containing flour and oatmeal and figs and honey and dates. The Country Mouse had never seen anything like it, and sat down to enjoy the luxuries his friend ​provided: but before they had well begun, the door of the larder opened and some one came in. The two Mice scampered off and hid themselves in a narrow and exceedingly uncomfortable hole. Presently, when all was quiet, they ventured out again; but some one else came in, and off they scuttled again. This was too much for the visitor. “Good-bye,” said he, “I’m off. You live in the lap of luxury, I can see, but you are surrounded by dangers; whereas at home I can enjoy my simple dinner of roots and corn in peace.”
# Æsop's Fables (V. S. Vernon-Jones)/The Traveller and Fortune

THE TRAVELLER AND FORTUNE
A TRAVELLER, exhausted with fatigue after a long journey, sank down at the very brink of a deep well and presently fell asleep. He was within an ace of falling in, when Dame Fortune appeared to him and touched him on the shoulder, cautioning him to move further away. “Wake up, good sir, I pray you,” she said; “had you fallen into the well, the blame would have been thrown not on your own folly but on me, Fortune.”
Printed by
BALLANTYNE & COMPANY LTD AT THE BALLANTYNE PRESS Tavistock Street Covent Garden
London
# Æsop's Fables (V. S. Vernon-Jones)/The Tortoise and the Eagle

THE TORTOISE AND THE EAGLE
A TORTOISE, discontented with his lowly life, and envious of the birds he saw disporting themselves in the air, begged an Eagle to teach him to fly. The Eagle protested that it was idle for him to try, as nature had not provided him with wings; but the Tortoise pressed him with entreaties and promises of treasure, insisting that it could only be a question of learning the craft of the air. So at length the Eagle consented to do the best he could for him, and picked him up in his talons. Soaring with him to a great height in the sky he then let him go, and the wretched Tortoise fell headlong and was dashed to pieces on a rock.
# Æsop's Fables (V. S. Vernon-Jones)/The Traveller and his Dog

THE TRAVELLER AND HIS DOG
A TRAVELLER was about to start on a journey, and said to his Dog, who was stretching himself by the door, “Come, what are you yawning for? Hurry up and get ready: I mean you to go with me.” But the Dog merely wagged his tail and said quietly, “I’m ready, master: it’s you I’m waiting for.”
# Æsop's Fables (V. S. Vernon-Jones)/The Trees and the Axe

* related authors: Arthur Rackham.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Commons category, Wikidata item.
THE TREES AND THE AXE
A WOODMAN went into the forest and begged of the Trees the favour of a handle for his Axe. The principal Trees at once agreed to so modest a request, and unhesitatingly gave him a young ash sapling, out of which he fashioned the handle he desired. No sooner had he done so than he set to work to fell the noblest Trees in the wood. When they saw the use to which he was putting their gift, they cried, “Alas! alas! We are undone, but we are ourselves to blame. The little we gave has cost us all: had we not sacrificed the rights of the ash, we might ourselves have stood for ages.”
# 1862 Territory of Dakota Session Laws/Chapter 8/Title VI

Layout 2
TITLE VI.
JOINDER IN ACTIONS.
Plaintiff may unite several causes, when.Sect. 77. The plaintiff may unite several causes of action in the same petition, when they are included in either one of ​the following classes: 1. The same transaction or transactions connected with the same subject of action. 2. Contracts, express or implied. 3. Injuries, with or without force, to person and property, or either. 4. Injuries to character. 5. Claims to recover the possession of personal property, with or without damages for the withholding thereof. 6. Claims to recover real property, with or without damages for the withholding thereof, and the rents and profits of the same. 7. Claims against a trustee, by virtue of a contract, or by operation of law.
Affect all parties, and same place of trial.Sect. 78. The causes of action so united, must affect all the parties to the action, and not require different places of place of trial.
# 1862 Territory of Dakota Session Laws/Chapter 8/Title XII

Layout 2
TITLE XII.
CAUSES OF ACTION WHICH SURVIVE, AND ABATEMENT OF ACTIONS.
Causes of action which survive.Sect. 410. In addition to the causes of action which survive at common law, causes of action for mesne profits, or for an injury to real or personal estate, or for any deceit or fraud, shall also survive, and the action may be brought notwithstanding the death of the person entitled or liable to the same.
What actions shall abate, and when.Sect. 411. No action pending in any court shall abate by the death of either or both the parties thereto, except an action for libel, slander, malicious prosecution, assault, or assault and battery, for a nuisance, or against a justice of the peace for misconduct in office, which shall abate by the death of the defendant.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Allotropy

See also Allotropy on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ALLOTROPY (Gr. ἄλλος, other, and τρόπος, manner), a name applied by J. J. Berzelius to the property possessed by certain substances of existing in different modifications. Custom has to some extent restricted its use to inorganic chemistry; the corresponding property of organic compounds being generally termed isomerism (q.v.). Conspicuous examples are afforded by oxygen, carbon, boron, silicon, phosphorus, mercuric oxide and iodide.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Allport, Sir James Joseph

See also James Joseph Allport on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ALLPORT, SIR JAMES JOSEPH (1811–1892), English railway manager, born on the 27th of February 1811, was a son of William Allport, of Birmingham, and was associated with railways from an early period of his life. In 1843 he became general manager of the Birmingham and Derby railway, and in the following year succeeded to the same position on the Newcastle and Darlington line. Six years later he assumed the charge of the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire (now the Great Central) railway, and finally, in 1853, was appointed to the general managership of the Midland railway—an office which he held continuously, with the exception of a few years between 1857 and 1860, when he was managing director to Palmer’s Shipbuilding Company at Jarrow, until his retirement in 1880, when he became a director. During these twenty-seven years the Midland grew to be one of the most important railway systems in England, partly by the absorption of smaller lines and partly by the construction of two main extensions—on the south to London and on the north to Carlisle—whereby it obtained an independent through-route between the metropolis and the north. In the railway world Sir James Allport was known as a keen tactician and a vigorous fighter, and he should be remembered as the pioneer of cheap and comfortable railway travelling. He was the first to appreciate the importance of the third-class passenger as a source of revenue, and accordingly, in 1872, he inaugurated the policy—subsequently adopted more or less completely by all the railways of Great Britain—of carrying third-class passengers in well-fitted carriages at the uniform rate of one penny a mile on all trains. The diminution in the receipts from second-class passengers, which was one of the results, was regarded by some authorities as a sign of the unwisdom of his action, but to him it appeared a sufficient reason for the abolition of second-class carriages, which therefore disappeared from the Midland system in 1875, the first-class fares being at the same time substantially reduced. ​He was also the first to introduce the Pullman car on British railways. Allport received the honour of knighthood in 1884. He died in London on the 25th of April 1892.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Alloxan

See also Alloxan on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ALLOXAN, or Mesoxalyl Urea, C$_4$H$_2$N$_2$O$_4$ or
| CO | NH—CO NH—CO | CO. |
an oxidation product of uric acid, being obtained from it by the action of cold nitric acid, C$_6$H$_4$N$_4$O$_3$ + H$_2$O + O = C$_4$H$_2$N$_2$O$_4$ + CO(NH$_2$)$_2$. It crystallizes from water in colourless rhombic prisms, containing four molecules of water of crystallization, and possesses a very acid reaction. It serves as the starting-point for the preparation of many related substances. Zinc and hydrochloric acid in the cold convert it into alloxantin (q.v.), hydroxylamine gives nitroso-barbituric acid, C$_4$H$_2$N$_2$O$_3$:NOH, baryta water gives alloxanic acid, C$_4$H$_4$N$_2$O$_5$, hot dilute nitric acid oxidizes it to parabanic acid (q.v.), hot potassium hydroxide solution hydrolyses it to urea and mesoxalic acid (q.v.) and zinc and hot hydrochloric acid convert it into dialuric acid, C$_4$H$_4$N$_2$O$_4$. M. Nencki has shown that alloxan combines with thiourea in alcoholic solution, in the presence of sulphur dioxide to form pseudothiouric acid, C$_5$H$_6$N$_4$SO$_3$. Methyl and dimethylalloxans are also known, the former being obtained on oxidation of methyl uric acid, and the latter on oxidation of caffeine (q.v.).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Allport, Samuel

See also Samuel Allport on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ALLPORT, SAMUEL (1816–1897), English petrologist, brother of the above, was born in Birmingham on the 23rd of January 1816, and educated in that city. Although occupied in business during the greater portion of his life, his leisure was given to geological studies, and when residing for a short period in Bahia, S. America, he made observations on the geology, published by the Geological Society in 1860. His chief work was in microscopic petrology, to the study of which he was attracted by the investigations of Dr H. C. Sorby; and he became one of the pioneers of this branch of geology, preparing his own rock-sections with remarkable skill. The basalts of S. Staffordshire, the diorites of Warwickshire, the phonolite of the Wolf Rock (to which he first directed attention), the pitchstones of Arran and the altered igneous rocks near the Land’s End were investigated and described by him during the years 1869–1879 in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society and in the Geological Magazine. In 1880 he was appointed librarian in Mason College, a post which he relinquished on account of ill-health in 1887. In that year the Lyell medal was awarded to him by the Geological Society. A few years later he retired to Cheltenham, where he died on the 7th of July 1897.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Allowance

See also Allowance on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ALLOWANCE (from “allow,” derived through O, Fr. alouer from the two Lat. origins adlaudare, to praise, and allocare, to assign a place; so that the English word combined the general idea of “assigning with approval”), the action of allowing, or the thing allowed; particularly, a certain limited apportionment of money or food and diet (see Dietary).
In commercial usage “allowance” signifies the deduction made from the gross weight of goods to make up for the weight of the box or package, waste, breakages, &c. Allowance, which is customary in most industries, varies according to the trade, district or country; e.g. in the coal trade it is customary for the merchant to receive from the pit 21 cwts. of coal for every ton purchased by him, the difference of 1 cwt. being the allowance for the purpose of making good the waste caused through transhipment, screening and cartage (see Tare and Tret.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Alloxantin

See also Alloxan on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ALLOXANTIN, C$_6$H$_4$N$_4$O$_7$.3H$_2$O, a product obtained by the combination of alloxan and dialuric acid, probably possessing the constitution
| NH—CO | NH—CO | | CO—NH | CO—NH |
| CO | C(OH) | —O— | CH | CO |
| NH—CO | NH—CO | | CO—NH | CO—NH |
one of the three molecules of water being possibly constitutional. It forms small hard prisms which become red on exposure to air containing ammonia, owing to the formation of murexide (ammonium purpurate), C$_6$H$_4$(NH$_4$)N$_5$O$_6$. It may also be obtained by the action of sulphuretted hydrogen on alloxan. The tetra methyl derivative, amalic acid, C$_6$(CH$_3$)$_4$N$_4$O$_7$, has been prepared by oxidizing caffeine (q.v.) with chlorine water, and forms colourless crystals which are only slightly soluble in hot water. The formation of murexide is used as a test for the presence of uric acid, which on evaporation with dilute nitric acid gives alloxantin, and by the addition of ammonia to the residue the purple red colour of murexide becomes apparent.