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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope St. Fabian

From volume 5 of the work.
(FABIANUS)
Pope (236-250), the extraordinary circumstances of whose election is related by Eusebius (Hist. Eccl., VI, 29). After the death of Anterus he had come to Rome, with some others, from his farm and was in the city when the new election began. While the names of several illustrious and noble persons were being considered, a dove suddenly descended upon the head of Fabian, of whom no one had even thought. To the assembled brethren the sight recalled the Gospel scene of the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the Saviour of mankind, and so, divinely inspired, as it were, they chose Fabian with joyous unanimity and placed him in the Chair of Peter. During his reign of fourteen years there was a lull in the storm of persecution. Little is known of his pontificate. The "Liber Pontificalis" says that he divided Rome into seven districts, each supervised by a deacon, and appointed seven subdeacons, to collect, in conjunction with other notaries, the "acta" of the martyrs, i.e. the reports of the court-proceedings on the occasion of their trials (cf. Eus., VI, 43). There is a tradition that he instituted the four minor orders. Under him considerable work was done in the catacombs. He caused the body of Pope St. Pontianus to be exhumed, in Sardinia, and transferred to the catacomb of St. Callistus at Rome. Later accounts, more or less trustworthy, attribute to him the consecration (245) of seven bishops as missionaries to Gaul, among them St. Denys of Paris (Greg. of Tours, Hist. Francor., I, 28, 31). St. Cyprian mentions (Ep., 59) the condemnation by Fabian for heresy of a certain Privatus (Bishop of Lambaesa) in Africa. The famous Origen did not hesitate to defend, before Fabian, the orthodoxy of his teaching (Eus. Hist. Eccl., VI, 34). Fabian died a martyr (20 Jan., 250) at the beginning of the Decian persecution, and was buried in the Crypt of the Popes in the catacomb of St. Callistus, where in recent times (1850) De Rossi discovered his Greek epitaph (Roma Sotterranea II, 59): "Fabian, bishop and martyr." The decretals ascribed to him in Pseudo-Isidore are apocryphal.
P. GABRIEL MEIER
# Cleveland, C., C. & St. Louis Railway Company v. Backus

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
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United States Supreme Court
154 U.S. 439
Cleveland, C., C. & St. Louis Railway Company v. Backus
This was an action by the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway Company against Victor M. Backus, as treasurer of Marion county, Ind., and others, brought in the superior court of that county, to restrain the collection of taxes on plaintiff's property. The court rendered judgment for defendants, which, on appeal, was affirmed by the supreme court of the state. 33 N. E. 421. Plaintiff brought error.
John T. Dye, for plaintiff in error.
A. G. Smith, Atty. Gen. Ind., Wm. A. Ketcham, Albert J. Beveridge, and John W. Kern, for defendants in error.
Mr. Justice BREWER delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Cleveland's Veto of an Appropriation for Celebrating Decoration Day

From The Writings and Speeches of Grover Cleveland. Grover Cleveland, while mayor of Buffalo, vetoed a bill appropriating city funds toward the celebration of Decoration Day (now Memorial Day), even as he privately expressed his willingness to make a personal donation toward the event.
Of an Appropriation for Celebrating Decoration Day.
Buffalo, May 8, 1882.
To the Common Council:
At the last session of your honorable body a resolution was adopted directing the city clerk to draw a warrant for five hundred dollars in the favor of the Firemen's Benevolent Association.
This action is not only clearly unauthorized, but it is distinctly prohibited by the following clause of the State Constitution:
At the same meeting of your honorable body the following resolution was passed:
I have taxed my ingenuity to discover a way consistently to approve of this resolution, but have been unable to do so.
It seems to me that it is not only obnoxious to the provisions of the Constitution above quoted, but that it also violates that section of the charter of the city which makes it a misdemeanor to appropriate money raised for one purpose to any other object. Under this section I think money raised "for the celebration of the Fourth of July, and the reception of distinguished persons," cannot be devoted to the observance of Decoration day.
I deem the object of this appropriation a most worthy one. The efforts of our veteran soldiers to keep alive the memory of their fallen comrades certainly deserve the aid and encouragement of their fellow-citizens. We should all, I think, feel it a duty and a privilege to contribute to the funds necessary to carry out such a purpose. And I should be much disappointed if an appeal to our citizens for voluntary subscription for this patriotic object should be in vain.
But the money so contributed should be a free gift of the citizens and taxpayers, and should not be extorted from them by taxation. This is so, because the purpose for which this money is asked does not involve their protection or interest as members of the community, and it may or may not be approved by them.
The people are forced to pay taxes into the city treasury only upon the theory that such money shall be expended for ​public purposes, or purposes in which they all have a direct and practical interest.
The logic of this position leads directly to the conclusion that, if the people are forced to pay their money into the public fund and it is spent by their servants and agents for purposes in which the people as taxpayers have no interest, the exaction of such taxes from them is oppressive and unjust.
I cannot rid myself of the idea that this city government, in its relation to the taxpayers, is a business establishment, and that it is put into our hands to be conducted on business principles.
This theory does not admit of our donating the public funds in the manner contemplated by the action of your honorable body.
I deem it my duty, therefore, to return both the resolutions referred to without my approval.
# City of Douglas v. Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
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United States Supreme Court
271 U.S. 489
City of Douglas v. Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas
Argued: April 28, 1926. --- Decided: June 1, 1926
Messrs. Harry E. Pickett and C. T. Knapp, both of Douglas, Ariz., for plaintiff in error.
Mr. E. B. Stroud, Jr., of Dallas, Tex., for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice STONE delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# City of Detroit v. Dean

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United States Supreme Court
106 U.S. 537
City of Detroit v. Dean
Henry M. Duffield, for appellant.
E. W. Meddaugh, E. N. Dickerson, and Geo. T. Curtis, for appellees.
FIELD, J.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# City of Detroit v. Murray Corporation City of Detroit

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.

## Dissenting Opinion

    Whittaker
United States Supreme Court
355 U.S. 489
City of Detroit v. Murray Corporation City of Detroit
Mr. Hobart Taylor, Jr., Detroit, Mich., for appellant-petitioner, Wayne County.
Mr. Vance G. Ingalls, Detroit, Mich., for appellant-petitioner, City of Detroit.
Mr. Victor W. Klein, Detroit, Mich., for appellee-respondent, Murray Corp. of America.
Mr. Roger Fisher, Washington, D.C., for appellee-respondent, United States of America.
Mr. Justice BLACK delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# City of Detroit v. Murray Corporation of America

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
357 U.S. 913
City of Detroit v. Murray Corporation of America
CITY OF DETROIT, a Michigan Municipal Corporation, et
al., petitioners,
v.
The MURRAY CORPORATION OF AMERICA, a Delaware
Corporation, and the United States of America.
No. 36. Supreme Court of the United States
June 9, 1958
Petition for rehearing of the Murray Corporation of America and the United States denied.
Mr. Justice FRANKFURTER has filed the following dissent:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Tentyris

From volume 14 of the work.
(TENTYRA)
Seat of a titular suffragan see of Ptolemais in Thebaid Secunda. The city was the capital of the nome of that name, according to Amelineau, the real name being Nikentori or Nitentori, which signifies willow wood or willow earth. Others give the derivation from the goddess Hathor, or Aphrodite, who was specially worshiped there. The crocodile is recognized as the deity of the city and was also venerated as such in the other Egyptian cities, which caused many quarrels, notably with Ombos. Little is known of Christianity in that place, as only the names of two ancient bishops are given: Pachymius, companion of Melece at the begining of the fourth century; and Serapion, or Aprion, contemporary and friend of the monk St. Pachomius, who had in his diocese his celebrated convent of Tabennisi. It is to-day Denderah, a town of 6000 inhabitants in the district of Qeneh. The temple of Hathor is still to be seen, built on the foundation of another, yet more ancient, which was in existence during the reign of Cheops under the fourth dynasty, and in which was found the celebrated zodiac now in Paris; there are also the temples of Mammisi and of Isis, of the Roman or Ptolomaic epoch.
LE QUIEN, Oriens christ., II, 607; SMITH, Dict. of Gr. and Roman. Geog., s.v.; AMELINEAU, La geographie de l'Egypte a' l'epoque copte (Paris, 1893), 140-2.
S. VAILHÉ
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Temptation

From volume 14 of the work.
(Lat. tentare, to try or test).
Temptation is here taken to be an incitement to sin whether by persuasion or by the offer of some good or pleasure. It may be merely external, as was the case of Christ's encounter in the desert after the forty days' fast; or it may be internal as well, inasmuch as there is a real assault upon a person's will power. It arises sometimes from the propensity to evil inherent in us as a result of original sin. Sometimes it is directly chargeable to the intervention of the Devil, who can furnish the imagination with its sinful subject-matter and stir up the lower powers of the soul. Not infrequently both causes are at work. Temptation is not in itself sin. No matter how vivid the unholy image may be, no matter how strong the inclination to transgress the law, no matter how vehement the sensation of unlawful satisfaction, as long as there is no consent of the will, there is no sin. The very essence of sin in any grade is that it should be a deliberate act of the human will. Attack is not synonymous with surrender. This, while obvious enough, is important especially for those who are trying to serve God sedulously and yet find themselves beset on all sides by temptations. They are apt to take the fierceness and repetition of the onset as proof that they have fallen. A wise spiritual guide will point out the error of this conclusion and thus administer comfort and courage to these harassed souls.
Temptations are to be combated by the avoidance, where possible, of the occasions that give rise to them, by recourse to prayer, and by fostering within oneself a spirit of humble distrust of one's own powers and of unbounded confidence in God. The resistance which a Christian is bound to offer need not always be direct. Sometimes, particularly when there is question of reiterated evil interior suggestions, it may be useful to employ an indirect method, that is, to simply ignore them and quietly divert the attention into another channel. Temptations as such can never be intended by God. They are permitted by Him to give us an opportunity of practising virtue and self mastery and acquiring merit. The fact of temptation, no matter how large it looms in a person's life, is not an indication that such an one is under the ban. Indeed those whom God calls to special heights of sanctity are just those who may expect to have to wrestle bravely with temptations more numerous and fearsome than fall to the lot of the average mortal.
LEHMKUHL, Theologia moralis (Freiburg, 1887); MÜTZ, Christliche Ascetik (Paderborn, 1907); HENSE, Die Versuchungen (Freiburg, 1884); SCARAMELLI, Directorium asceticum.
JOSEPH F. DELANY
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Tenedos

From volume 14 of the work.
A titular see, suffragan of Rhodes in the Cyclades. The island, called in Turkish Boghaz-Adassi, has an area of 16 square miles and 5000 inhabitants, of whom 3000 are Greek schismatics. It is a caza of the sanjak of Lemnos in the vilayet of Rhodes. It seems to have been called by various names, such as Leucophrys, Calydna, Phoenice, and Lyrnessus. The name Tenedos is derived from Tenes, one of the heroes of the Trojan War. In this connexion Homer and Virgil make frequent mention of the island, which must have been used by the Greeks as a station for their fleet. Captured by the Persians, who used it as a naval station, it afterwards became the ally and tributary of Athens, to which it was faithful during the Peloponnesian War until the peace of Antalcidas in 358 B.C. Subject to Alexander and his successors, though retaining its internal organization, it fell into the power of the Romans in 129 B.C. and was ravaged by Verres. In 73 B.C. Lucullus destroyed a part of the fleet of Mithridates there. Justinian built there large storehouses to contain the grain brought from Alexandria (Procopius, "De aedificiis", V, i). The Venetians captured it in 1377; Mohammed II wrested it from them in the fifteenth century, but they recaptured it in 1656, though but for a short time. Canaris burned the Turkish fleet there in 1822. Le Quien (Oriens christ., I, 947-50) mentions the bishops: Diodorus, at Sardica in 344; Anastasius, a partisan of Nestorius; Florentius in 451; Joseph in 1356. In September, 1369, Harmodius, Bishop of Boreia Potamia, was transferred to the metropolitan See of Tenedos (Miklosich and Muller, "Acta patriarchatus Constantinopolitani", I, 511). At first a suffragan of Cyzicus and then of Mitylene, at least from the tenth century (Gelzer, "Ungedruckte . . . Texte der Notitiae episcopatuum", 559; "Georgii Cyprii Descriptio orbis romani", 83), Tenedos was raised to the rank of a metropolitan see shortly after the death of Andronicus III in 1341 (Gelzer, op. cit., 601; 608). In 1342 it had already become such (Miklosich and Müller, op. cit., I, 230). In October, 1368, the metropolitan See of Tenedos was given to the metropolitan of Peritheorium in Thrace (op. cit., I, 501). In a "notitia" of the fifteenth century the see is no longer mentioned.
HEMMER, Respublica Tenediorum (Copenhagen, 1735); SMITH, Dict. of Greek and Roman Geog., S.V.; LACROIX, Iles de la Grece, (Paris, 1853), 338-47; CUINET, La Turquie d'Asie, I, 490-97.
S. VAILHÉ
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/North Britain

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​NORTH BRITAIN, a name often given to Scotland, it forming the extreme N. part of the island of Britain.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/North Cape

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​NORTH CAPE, the extreme N. point in Europe in lat. 71° 10′ N. It is not, however, on the continent, but on the island of Magerö. The extreme N. point on the continent is Cape Nordkyn (lat. 71° 6′ N.), 6 miles farther S. than the North Cape, and some 45 miles to the E. of it.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​NORTH CAROLINA COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND MECHANIC ARTS, an institution maintained by the State of North Carolina at West Raleigh for the promotion of scientific agriculture and industrial education. The main courses are in chemistry, civil and electrical engineering, and mechanical engineering. There is no arts and science course, the studies being all technical. The State maintains an agricultural experiment station at West Raleigh to co-operate with the college. Both the State and the United States appropriate money for the support of the institution. The grounds and buildings, including a large farm property, are valued at about $1,100,000, while the total enrolment in 1915 was 702.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/North Carolina, University of

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​NORTH CAROLINA, UNIVERSITY OF, a coeducational non-sectarian institution in Chapel Hill, N. C., founded in 1795; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 105; students, 1,316; volumes in the library, 85,000; grounds and buildings valued at $290,000; benefactions, $1,000; income, $325,427; president, H. W. Chase, Ph. D.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/North Dakota Agricultural College

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​NORTH DAKOTA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, an institution for the promotion of scientific studies, especially agriculture, founded in 1890 at Agricultural College, North Dakota. It is almost entirely supported by appropriations from the State. It has faculties of home economics, engineering, veterinary medicine, pharmacy, and literature and science. The total enrolment in 1915 was 910. The endowment of the college consists of a land grant valued in 1919 at $3,500,000. The annual income is about $250,000. The library contains approximately 30,000 volumes.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Northbridge

* related portals: Massachusetts.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, travel guide, Wikidata item.
Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​NORTHBRIDGE, a town of Massachusetts in Worcester co., 12 miles S. E. of Worcester, on the Blackstone and Mumford rivers, and the New York, New Haven and Hartford railroad. The town includes several villages. It has a public library, a hospital and important manufactories of cotton-mill machinery, cotton, silk, paper, etc. Pop. (1910) 8,807; (1920) 10,174.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/North Dakota, University of

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​NORTH DAKOTA, UNIVERSITY OF, a coeducational non-sectarian institution in Grand Forks, N. D., founded in 1883; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 89; students, 1,088; volumes in the library, 64,500; endowment, $2,250,000; grounds and buildings valued at $1,105,000; income, $500,000; number of graduates, 1,525; president, Thomas Franklin Kane, Ph.D., LL.D.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Northeast Passage

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​NORTHEAST PASSAGE, a passage for ships along the N. coasts of Europe and Asia to the Pacific Ocean. The first to make the complete voyage by this passage was the Swedish explorer Nordenskjöld.
# Coat o' Clay

* “Coat o’ Clay”, Jacobs, J., English Fairy Tales (3rd ed.)
* "Coat o’ Clay" in Folk-Lore, 1 (1890)
# Coates v. City of Cincinnati

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
Coates v. Cincinnati, 402 U.S. 611 (1971), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that a local city ordinance which made it a criminal offense for three or more persons to assemble on a sidewalk and annoy passersby was unconstitutional. Warning: template has been deprecated.

## Dissenting Opinion

    White
United States Supreme Court
402 U.S. 611
Coates et al. v. City of Cincinnati
Appeal from the Supreme Court of Ohio
No. 117. Argued: January 11, 1971. --- Decided: June 1, 1971
Cincinnati, Ohio, ordinance making it a criminal offense for "three or more persons to assemble... on any of the sidewalks... and there conduct themselves in a manner annoying to persons passing by...," which has not been narrowed by any construction of the Ohio Supreme Court, held violative on its face of the due process standard of vagueness and the constitutional right of free assembly and association. Pp. 614-616.
21 Ohio St. 2d 66, 255 N.E. 2d 247, reversed.
STEWART, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which DOUGLAS, HARLAN, BRENNAN, and MARSHALL, JJ., joined. BLACK, J., filed a separate opinion, post, p. 616. WHITE, J., filed a dissenting opinion, in which BURGER, C.J., and BLACKMUN, J., joined, post, p. 617.
Robert R. Lavercombe argued the cause and filed a brief for appellants.
A. David Nichols argued the cause for appellee. With him on the brief was William A. McClain.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Cobbledick v. United States

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
309 U.S. 323
Cobbledick v. United States
Argued: Jan. 30, 1940. --- Decided: Feb 26, 1940
Messrs. Donald R. Richberg, of Washington, D.C., and Felix T. Smith and Chalmers G. Graham, both of San Francisco, Cal., for petitioners.
Mr. Wendell Berge, of Washington, D.C., for respondent.
Opinion of the Court by Mr. Justice FRANKFURTER announced by the CHIEF JUSTICE.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Coder v. Arts

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
213 U.S. 223
Coder v. Arts
Argued: January 26, 1909. --- Decided: April 5, 1909
Mr. Myron L. Learned for appellant.
[Argument of Counsel from page 224 intentionally omitted]
Messrs. George S. Wright and Robert E. O'Hanly for appellee.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 225-227 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Justice Day delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Code of Federal Regulations/Title 7
## Historical

* 1973 edition of the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 7