OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/E

* Ebionism and Ebionites
* Edesius
* Elagabalus, emperor
* Elesbaan, king, hermit, and saint of Ethiopia
* Eleusius, bp. of Cyzicus
* Eleutherus, bp. of Rome
* Elias I., bp. of Jerusalem
* Elkesai, Elkesaites
* Elpidius (8), bp. of Laodicea
* Emilianus (8), solitary
* Encratites
* Ennodius (1) Magnus Felix, bp. of Pavia
* Ephraim (4) the Syrian
* Ephraim (6), bp. of Antioch and patriarch
* Epiphanes, a Gnostic writer
* Epiphanius, bp. of Salamis
* Epiphanius, patriarch of Constantinople
* Epiphanius Scholasticus
* Eraclius, deacon of the church of Hippo
* Ethelbert, king of Kent
* Etheria
* Eucherius, St., bp. of Lyons
* Euchites
* Eudoxius, bishop of Constantinople
* Eulalius, an antipope
* Eulogius, bp. of Edessa
* Eunomius, bp. of Cyzicus
* Euphemitae, praying people
* Euphemius, patriarch of Constantinople
* Euprepius, bp. of Bizya
* Euric, king of Toulouse
* Eusebius, bishop of Rome
* Eusebius of Alexandria, writer of sermons
* Eusebius of Caesarea
* Eusebius (24), bp. of Caesarea
* Eusebius (34), bp. of Dorylaeum
* Eusebius (35) Emesenus, bp. of Emesa
* Eusebius (48), bp. of Laodicea
* Eusebius (60), bp. of Nicomedia
* Eusebius, bishop of Pelusium
* Eusebius, bishop of Samosata
* Eusebius, bp. of Vercellae
* Eusebius (96), presbyter, confessor at Rome
* Eusebius (99), presbyter of Cremona
* Eusebius (126), eunuch under Constantius II
* Eustathius, bishop of Berrhoea
* Eustathius, bp. of Sebaste
* Eustathius (22), bp. of Berytus
* Eustochium, 3rd daughter of Paula
* Eustochius (6), patriarch of Jerusalem
* Euthalius (5), deacon of Alexandria
* Eutherius (2), bp. of Tyana
* Euthymius (4), abbat in Palestine
* Eutyches and Eutychianism
* Eutychianus, bp. of Rome
* Eutychius
* Euzoïus, Arian bp. of Antioch
* Evagrius, bp. of Antioch
* Evagrius Ponticus, anchoret and writer
* Evagrius
* Evaristus, bp. of Rome
* Evodius, bp. of Antioch
* Eznik, Armenian doctor of the church
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Dorotheus (3), presbyter at Antioch

Dorotheus (3), a presbyter of Antioch, ordained by Cyril of Antioch (Hieron. Chron.) c. a.d. 290, who with his contemporary Lucian may be regarded as the progenitor of the sound and healthy school of scriptural hermeneutics which distinguished the interpreters of Antioch from those of Alexandria. Eusebius speaks of him with high commendation, as distinguished by a pure taste and sound learning, of a wide and liberal education, well acquainted not only with the Hebrew Scriptures, which Eusebius says he had heard him expounding in the church at Antioch, with moderation (μετρίως) but also with classical literature. He was a congenital eunuch, which commended him to the notice of the emperor Constantine, who placed him at the head of the purple-dye-house at Tyre Eus. H. E., vii. 32; Neander, Eccl. Hist. vol. ii. p. 528, Clark's trans.; Gieseler, Eccl. Hist. vol. i. p. 247, Clark's trans.
[E.V.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Dorotheus (7), bp. of Martianopolis

Dorotheus (7), bp. of Martianopolis in Moesia Secunda, and metropolitan; a zealous supporter of the doctrines of Nesturios, and a determined enemy of the title θεοτόκος. Preaching in Constantinople not long before the council of Ephesus, he declared that "if any one asserted that Mary was the mother of God he was anathema" (Ep. Cyrill. ap. Baluz. Concil. col. 402). He attended that council, a.d. 431, signing the appeal to the emperor against the dominant party (Baluz. 701), and joining in the documents warning the clergy and people of Hierapolis and Constantinople against the errors of Cyril, and announcing Cyril's excommunication (ib. 706, 725). He was deposed and excommunicated by Cyril and his friends. This deposition being confirmed by the imperial power, he was ordered by Maximinian's synod at Constantinople to be ejected from his city and throne. His influence, however, with his people was so great that they refused to receive his successor Secundianus, and drove him from the city (Ep. Doroth. ad Cyrill. Baluz. 750), whereupon Dorotheus was banished by the emperor to Caesarea in Cappadocia. Two letters of his to John of Antioch are preserved in the Synodicon (Nos. 78, 115; Baluz. 781, 816), expressing his anxiety at Paul's setting out to Egypt and his distress at hearing that terms had been come to with Cyril, and a third (No. 137; Baluz. 840) to Alexander of Hierapolis and Theodoret, proposing a joint appeal to the emperor.
[E.V.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Dubhthach, king's poet

Dubhthach (Duach) (3), Mac Ui Lugair. When St. Patrick had come to Tara and was preaching before king Leogaire, we are told that the only one who rose on the saint's approach and respectfully saluted him was Dubhthach, the king's poet, who was the first to embrace the Christian faith in that place; and as Joceline says, "being baptized and confirmed in the faith, he turned his poetry, which in the flower and prime of his studies he employed in praise of false gods, to a much better use; changing his mind and style, he composed more elegant poems in praise of the Almighty Creator and His holy preachers." This was Dubhthach Mac Ui Lugair, descended from Cormach Caech, son of Cucorb, in Leinster. His name occupies a large space in ancient Irish hagiology as a famous poet and the ancestor of many well-known saints. He was the teacher of St. Fiacc (Oct. 12) of Sletty, and recommended him to St. Patrick for the episcopate. [Fiacc.] In the compilation of the Seanchus Mor, said to have been carried on under the auspices of St. Patrick, St. Dubhthach was one of the nine appointed to revise the ancient laws. Colgan says he had in his possession some of the poems of St. Dubhthach (Tr. Thaum. 8 n$^5$.): the Poems of St. Dubhthach are given in O'Donovan's Book of Rights, and with translations and notes in Shearman's Loca Patriciana. His dates are uncertain, but his birth is placed after 370, his conversion in 433, and his death perhaps after 479. See Loca Patriciana, by the Rev. J. F. Shearman, in Journ. Roy. Hist. and Arch. Assoc. Ir. 4 ser. vols. ii. iii., with Mr. R. R. Brash's papers in the same Journal, traversing several of Shearman's assertions; Ware, Irish Writers, 1; Ussher, Eccl. Ant. c. 17, wks. vi. 409-412, and Ind. Chron. a.d. 433; Todd, St. Patrick, 130, 424, 446.
[J.G.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dell, Henry

​DELL, HENRY (fl. 1756), was an obscure bookseller, first in Tower Street, and afterwards in Holborn, where he died in great poverty. Besides dealing in books he seems to have tried, with equal ill-success, the career of an actor and author. In the former capacity he appeared as Mrs. Termagant at Covent Garden Theatre, and in the latter he produced or adapted four plays: 1. ‘The Spouter, or the Double Revenge,’ a comic farce in three acts, 8vo, 1756. 2. ‘Minorca,’ a tragedy, 8vo, 1756; founded on the capture of that island by the French in June of the same year; never acted, but which reached a second edition in the same year, in which the author in an advertisement speaks of ‘what obscure hackney writers have been pleased to say concerning a few mistakes.’ 3. ‘The Mirror,’ a comedy, 8vo, 1757; an adaptation of Randolph's ‘Muses' Looking Glass;’ never acted. 4. ‘The Frenchified Lady never in Paris,’ 8vo, 1757, and 12mo, 1761; an adaptation of Cibber's ‘Comical Lovers,’ made for Mrs. Woffington, at whose benefit it was acted at Covent Garden, 23 March 1756. Besides these plays Dell is said to have been the author of a poem, of which he was certainly the publisher, called ‘The Bookseller,’ 1766, which, according to Nichols, was ‘a wretched rhyming list ​of booksellers in London and Westminster, with silly commendations of some, and stupid abuse of others.’ Of one he says:
Nature's most choice productions are his care, And them t'obtain no expence or pains does spare. A character so amiable and bright Inspires the mind with rapture and delight, The gentleman and tradesman both in him unite.
[Biog. Dram.; Nichols's Illustr. iii. 641; Gent. Mag. xxxvi. 241; Genest's Hist. of the Stage, iv. 470, x. 178.]
E. S. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dell, Jonas

​DELL, JONAS (d. 1665), quaker, who died at Stepney, and who is frequently referred to in the polemical writings of his time as ‘the quaking soldier,’ was at one time a soldier in the parliamentary army. Before he joined the Society of Friends in 1657 or 1658 he was a puritan. He wrote: 1. ‘Christ held forth by the Word, the onely way to the Father; or a Treatise discovering to all the difference betweene Lawes, Bondage, and the Gospel's Liberty,’ 1646. 2. ‘Forms the Pillars of Anti-Christ; but Christ in Spirit the True Teacher of His People; and not Tradition. … Written in Scotland in opposition to some people who do imitate John the Baptist by dipping themselves in water,’ &c., 1656. 3. ‘A Voyce from the Temple,’ 1658. This alone was written after he became a quaker.
[Records of the Soc. of Friends at Devonshire House, Bishopsgate; Smith's Cat. of Friends' Books.]
A. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Delaune, William (1659-1728)

​DELAUNE, WILLIAM, D.D. (1659–1728), president of St. John's College, Oxford, son of Benjamin Delaune of London, by Margaret, daughter of George Coney, born 14 April 1659, entered Merchant Taylors' School 11 Sept. 1672, proceeded to St. John's College, Oxford, in 1675, graduated B.A. in 1679, M.A.. in 1683, B.D. in 1688. Having taken holy orders, he became chaplain to Mews, bishop of Winchester, who presented him to the living of Chilbolton, Hampshire. He subsequently held that of South Wamborough, Wiltshire. In 1697 he proceeded D.D., and on 14 March 1697-8 was elected president of St. John's. Installed canon of Winchester in 1701, he was appointed vice-chancellor of the university in October of the following year. His tenure of this office, which lasted until October 1706, was more profitable to himself than to the university. Hearne tells that he earned the sobriquet of Gallio by his systematic neglect of his duties, and roundly charges him with embezzling the contents of the university chest. Whether his conduct amounted to embezzlement in the strict sense of the term may perhaps be doubted; but it seems clear that he made advances to himself out of the university exchequer to the extent of 3,000l., which he did not repay. His successor, Dr. Lancaster, made some attempts to recover the money, apparently without much success, and subsequent vice-chancellors were less exacting. He paid a composition of 300l. in full discharge of the debt in 1719. The only pursuit into which he really threw the full energies of his intellect was gambling, which he cultivated with more assiduity than success. He is said to have dissipated in that way a considerable fortune, besides the money which he borrowed from the university chest. This was regarded as a scandal. Hearne mentions that 'a certain terrae filius in the public act in 1703 began with some hesitation to speak something of the vice-chancellor, broke out with a resolution to do it with these words, "Jacta est alea.'" The same story is told in 'Terrae Filius,' the author of which, Nicholas Amherst, Delaune is said to have expelled from St. John's. Delaune was elected Margaret Lecturer in Divinity on 18 Feb. 1714-15, and installed prebendary of Worcester. He was also one of Queen Anne's chaplains, and acquired some reputation as a preacher (Luttrell, Relation of State Affairs, v. 256). He died on 23 May 1728, and was buried without the usual eulogistic epitaph in St. John's College Chapel. A humorous epitaph will be found in Nichols's 'Literary Anecdotes,' i. 36 (see also viii. 355). Delaune published in 1728 'Twelve Sermons upon several Subjects and Occasions.' Some of the sermons had previously been published separately. The matter of the book is coarse and conventional, and the style clumsy. It is fulsomely dedicated to Lord Abingdon.
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Delaune, William (d.1610)

Died 1611 according to the ODNB.
​DELAUNE, WILLIAM (d. 1610), divine and physician, was a native of France, where he became a protestant minister. He also studied medicine for eight years at Paris and Montpelier under Duretus and Rondeletius. Being obliged to leave his country on account of religion, he came to England, and on 7 Dec. 1582 he was summoned before the College of Physicians for practising medicine in London without a license. As he stated many extenuating circumstances, the consideration of his case was postponed, and on the 22nd of the same month he was admitted a licentiate of the college. He practised chiefly in London, but was living in the university of Cambridge in 1583. He was buried at St. Anne's, Blackfriars, on 19 Feb. 1610. His eldest son, Gideon Delaune [q. v.], became the king's apothecary.
He was the author of ‘Institutionis Christianæ Religionis a Joanne Calvino conscriptæ Epitome. In qua adversariorum objectionibus responsiones annotantur,’ London, 1583, 1584, 8vo. Dedicated to Sir Richard Martin, master of the mint and alderman of London. An English translation by Christopher Fetherstone, minister of the word of God, appeared at Edinburgh about 1585, 8vo.
[Munk's Coll. of Phys. 2nd edit. i. 84; Cooper's Athenæ Cantab. i. 490; Gent. Mag. new ser. xxviii. 477; Ames's Typogr. Antiq. (Herbert), pp. 1073, 1504; Notes and Queries, 5th ser. xii. 29, 53; Hist. MSS. Comm. 8th Rep. pt. i. p. 227 b.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Delaval, Edward Hussey

​DELAVAL, EDWARD HUSSEY (1729–1814), chemist, was a member of an ancient Northumbrian family, represented by two branches at Ford and at Seaton in that county. He was born in 1729, being a younger brother of Lord Delaval, a title now extinct. On Lord Delaval's death in 1808 he succeeded to his entailed estates at Seaton-Delaval and Doddington. Edward took the degree of M.A. and became a fellow of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge. His classical attainments were considerable, and he was conversant with many modern languages. His favourite pursuit, however, was the study of chemistry and experimental philosophy. Having been elected a fellow of the Royal Society (December 1759), he contributed to their ‘Transactions’ in 1764 an account of the effects of lightning in St. Bride's Church, Fleet Street, with explanatory plates. Five years later he was appointed with Benjamin Franklin and others to report to the Royal Society on the means of securing St. Paul's Cathedral against danger from lightning. On 22 March 1772 St. Paul's was struck with lightning, and Delaval, after examination, gave an account of the effects produced. In a controversy which arose as to the use of pointed or blunt lightning-conductors Delaval (February 1773) gave excellent reasons for using blunt conductors in buildings of ordinary size. Following up Sir Isaac Newton's treatise on optics Delaval experimentalised on the specific gravities of the several metals and their colours when united to glass, and wrote a paper on the subject (Phil. Trans. lv.), for which he received the Royal Society's gold medal. The subject was further developed in a quarto volume on ‘The Cause of Changes in Opaque and Coloured Bodies,’ which he published in 1777. Seven years later he obtained the gold medal of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society for a paper on ‘The Cause of the permanent Colours of Opaque Bodies’ (Memoirs, ii.) These various scientific writings attracted the notice of many European inquirers, and were ​translated into several foreign languages. He was elected member of the Royal Societies of Göttingen and Upsala, and of the Institute of Bologna.
Among Delaval's minor achievements were the manufacture, under his direction, of the completest set of musical glasses until then known in England. He also manufactured artificial gems, and devised a method of abstracting the fluor from glass, of which he left some curious samples. The house in Parliament Place, near the Thames, in which he lived till his death, was lined, under his direction, with artificial stone as a preservative against fire. His death took place on 14 Aug. 1814 in his brother's house.
A list of his papers will be found in the index to ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ published by Dr. Thomas Young. The ‘Inquiry into the Cause of Changes in Opaque and Coloured Bodies’ was published in London, 4to, 1777, and a second edition at Warrington, 8vo, 1785.
R. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hunter, John (1745-1837)

​HUNTER, JOHN, LL.D. (1745–1837), classical scholar, was born in the autumn of 1745 at Closeburn, Dumfriesshire, his father, it is said, being a farmer there. Although left an orphan in boyhood, he received a good elementary education before entering Edinburgh University, where he was a distinguished student, although supporting himself largely by private teaching. His scholarship attracted the attention of Lord Monboddo, who employed him as his private secretary for several years after he left college. In 1775 ​he was elected professor of humanity in St. Andrews University, holding the post till 1835, when he was appointed principal of the united colleges of St. Salvator's and St. Leonard's. He died of cholera, 18 Jan. 1837. Hunter was twice married: first to Elizabeth Miln, by whom he had a family of seventeen children; and, secondly, to Margaret Hadow, daughter of Professor Hadow of St. Andrews. All his family save one reached manhood. His eldest son, James Hunter, became professor of logic at St. Andrews, while Thomas Gillespie (1777-1844) [q. v.], who succeeded him in the chair of humanity, was his son-in-law. A portrait of Hunter, by Sir J. Watson Gordon, is in the great hall of the United College, St. Andrews, and a chalk sketch, representing him as a younger man, is in the National Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh.
In 1788 Hunter contributed to the 'Edinburgh Philological Transactions' an article on 'The Nature, Import, and Effect of certain Conjunctions.' In 1796 he published at St. Andrews a complete edition of Sallust, and in 1797 an edition of Horace, which he reissued in 1813 in two volumes. In 1809 he published Cæsar's 'De Bello Gallico et Civili Commentarii' (2 vols.), and in 1810 he sent out in similar form his `Virgil,' first edited in 1797. He edited in 1820 Ruddiman's `Latin Rudiments,' adding a scholarly and logical disquisition on the `Moods and Tenses of the Greek and Latin Verb.' This text-book has reached a twenty-second edition. Hunter's Livy—`Historiarum Libri quinque Priores'—which is still acknowledged to be valuable by competent authorities, appeared in 1822. The article 'Grammar' in the seventh edition of the ' Encyclopædia Britannica,' though not written by Hunter, was in large measure constructed from his teaching.
Hunter helped in municipal work at St. Andrews, and to him was largely due the introduction of the Pipeland water supply, which is still serviceable. He was an accomplished horticulturist, and a potato called after him the `Hunter kidney' was long a favourite in Scotland.
[Information from Miss Leslie, Edinburgh, Hunter's great-granddaughter, and from Dr. Birrell and Mr. J. Maitland Anderson, St. Andrews; Scotsman of 25 Jan. 1837; Anderson's Scottish Nation; Irving's Eminent Scotsmen.]
T. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hunter, Rachel

​HUNTER, RACHEL (1754–1813), novelist, born in London about 1754, married an English merchant resident in Lisbon, but after ten years of married life her husband died, and Mrs. Hunter returned to England. She took up her abode in Norwich in either 1794 or 1795, and devoted herself henceforth to literary pursuits. She died at Norwich in 1813. She wrote a series of childish novels, characterised by a 'strictly moral tendency.' The chief of these were: 1. 'Letitia, or the Castle without a Spectre,' 1801, 12mo. 2. 'History of the Grubthorpe Family,' 1802, 12mo. 3. 'Letters from Mrs. Palmerstone to her Daughter, inculcating Morality by Entertaining Narratives,' 1803, 12mo. 4. 'The Unexpected Legacy,' 1804, 12mo. 5. 'The Sports of the Genii,' 1805, 4to. 6. 'Lady Maclain, the Victim of Villany,' 1806, 12mo. 7. 'Family Annals, or Worldly Wisdom,' 1807, 12mo. 8. 'The Schoolmistress, a Moral Tale,' 1810.
T. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hunter, John Kelso

​HUNTER, JOHN KELSO (1802–1873), artist and cobbler, second son of one Hunter of Chirnside who removed to Ayrshire in 1799, and died there about 1810, was born at Dunkeith, Ayrshire, on 15 Dec. 1802, and was for some time employed as a herd-boy. He was then apprenticed to a shoemaker, and on the expiration of his indentures settled at Kilmarnock in the pursuit of his calling. He afterwards taught himself portrait-painting, attained to a respectable position as an artist, and removed to Glasgow, where he was employed alternately as an artist and a shoemaker. In 1847 he exhibited a portrait of himself as a cobbler at the Royal Academy, London. In 1868 he published his first book, ‘The Retrospect of an Artist's Life.’ Acquainted in his youth with many who had known Robert Burns, and with some of the heroes of the poet's verse, Hunter embodied these recollections in a volume entitled ‘Life Studies of Character,’ printed in 1870. The book throws much light on the works of Burns, especially on the original of Dr. Hornbook, and faithfully describes the society into which the poet was born. Valuable notices are supplied of the song writer, Tannahill, and other minor poets of the north. His third work was ‘Memorials of West-Country Men and Manners.’ Hunter was known for his sturdy independence, and had a wide circle of friends. He died at Pollokshields, near Glasgow, on 3 Feb. 1873.
[Times, 6 Feb. 1873, p. 7; Ann. Reg. 1873, p. 129; Illustrated London News, 8 Feb. 1873, p. 126; Irving's Book of Scotsmen, 1881, p. 226.]
G. C. B.