OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/St Brieuc

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​ST BRIEUC, a town of western France, capital of the department of Côtes-du-Nord, 63 m. N.W. of Rennes by the railway to Brest. Pop. (1906) town 15,270; commune 23,041. It stands 290 ft. above the sea, between 1 and 2 m. from the English Channel and less than a mile from the right bank of the Gouet, at the mouth of which is its seaport, Le Légué. St Brieuc is the seat of a bishopric in the province of Rennes, and has a cathedral dating from the 13th century, but partially rebuilt in the 18th, and afterwards extensively restored. In the interior the tombs of the bishops and a Renaissance organ-loft deserve mention. The oldest part of the episcopal palace date back to the 16th century. The hôtel-de-ville contains a museum and picture gallery. An Ursuline convent serves as barracks. There are numerous houses of the 15th and 16th centuries, in one of which James II., king of England, is said to have lodged in 1689. A colossal image of the Virgin looks down upon the town from an eminence on the north, and there is a statue of Du Guesclin. The industries include wool-spinning, timber-sawing, iron and steel-working, and the manufacture of brushes and agricultural implements.
St Brieuc owes its origin and its name to the missionary St Briocus, who came from Wales in the 5th century, and whose tomb afterwards attracted crowds of pilgrims. The place was defended in 1375 by Olivier de Clisson against the duke of Brittany, and again attacked by the same Clisson in 1394, the cathedral suffering greatly in both sieges. In 1592 the town was pillaged by the Spaniards, in 1601 ravaged by the plague, and in 1628 surrounded by walls of which no traces remain. Between 1602 and 1768 the states of Brittany several times met at St Brieuc. During the Reign of Terror Chouans and Republicans carried on a ruthless conflict with each other in the vicinity. The ancient fort of Péran, built of vitrified granite, is about 5 m. S. of St Brieuc.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/St Chamond

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​ST CHAMOND, a manufacturing town of east-central France, in the department of Loire, 71/2 m. E.N.E. of St Étienne, on the railway from St Étienne to Lyons. Pop. (1906) 14,147. The town lies in a small basin surrounded by mountains at the confluence of the Janon with the Gier, an affluent of the Rhone. It has coal-mines forming part of the Rive-de-Gier basin. The milling of raw silk, the manufacture of ribbons and laces of every kind, dyeing and the construction of naval and railway material are the foremost industries. There are also metal-foundries manufactories of nails, heavy iron goods, looms and other industrial establishments.
St Chamond, founded in the 7th century by St Ennemond or Chamond, archbishop of Lyons, became the chief town of the Jarret, a little principality formed by the valley of the Gier. Silk-milling was introduced in the town in the middle of the 16th century by Gayotti, a native of Bologna. Remains are found at St Chamond of a Roman aqueduct, which conveyed the waters of the Janon along the valley of the Gier to Lyons.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/St Charles

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​ST CHARLES, a city and the county-seat of St Charles county, Missouri, U.S.A., situated on the N. bank of the Missouri river, about 20 m. above its mouth, and about 23 m. N.W. of St Louis. Pop. (1910) 9437. It is served by the Wabash and the Missouri, Kansas & Texas railway systems, and by an electric railway to St Louis. A great steel bridge, 6535 ft. long (built 1868–1871), crosses the river and gives entry to the Wabash railroad from St Louis. It has three spans of 305 to 321 ft., which at the time of their construction were the longest of their kind in the world. A highway bridge also crosses the river, and is the only waggon bridge between Jefferson City and the mouth of the river. At St Charles are a Presbyterian school for women (Lindenwood College); St Charles Military College(Methodist Episcopal, 183 7), the Academy of the Sacred Heart (1818); St Joseph's Hospital, and the Emmaus Asylum for Epileptics. St Charles has important car works (among the largest in the United States), a large shoe factory, flour mills, brick and tile yards and breweries. St Charles county is very fertile, and its yield of wheat is especially large. At the sand works at Klondike, in the southern part of the county, large quantities of silica are blasted, crushed, bolted and shipped.
A French settlement was begun at St Charles in 1769, and soon ​thereafter a Spanish official was placed in residence. St Charles was organized as a village under territorial law in 1809, and in 1849 was chartered as a city. It was the first capital of the state (1820-1826).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/St Bartholomew

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​ST BARTHOLOMEW, or St Barthélemy, an island in the French West Indies. It lies in 17° 55' N. and 63° 60' W., about 130 m. N.W. of Guadeloupe, of which it is a dependency. It is shaped like an irregular crescent, the horns, enclosing the bay of St Jean, pointing to the N.; its surface is hilly, culminating near the centre in a limestone hill 1003 ft. high. It is 8 sq. m. in area, and devoid of forests, and water has often to be imported from the neighbouring island of St Kitts. The surrounding rocks and shallows make the island difficult of access. Despite the lack of water, sugar, cotton, cocoa, manioc and tobacco are grown. The capital, Gustavia, on the S.W. coast, possesses a small but safe harbour. Lorient is the only other town. The inhabitants, mainly of French and negro descent, are English-speaking, and number about 3000. St Bartholomew was occupied by France in 1648 and ceded to Sweden in 1784. In 1877 it was again acquired by France at the cost of £11,000.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/St Bartholomew, Massacre of

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​ST BARTHOLOMEW, MASSACRE OF, the name given to the massacre of the Huguenots, which began in Paris on St Bartholomew's day, the 24th of August 1572. The initiative for the crime rests with Catherine de' Medici. Irritated and disquieted by the growing influence of Admiral Coligny, who against her wishes was endeavouring to draw Charles IX. into a war with Spain, she resolved at first to have him assassinated. The blow failed, and the admiral was only wounded. The attempt, however, infuriated the Huguenots, who had flocked to Paris for the wedding of Henry of Navarre and Marguerite de Valois. Charles IX. declared that the assassin should receive condign punishment. Catherine then conceived the idea of killing at a blow all the Huguenot leaders, and of definitely ruining the Protestant party. After holding a council with the Catholic leaders, including the duke of Anjou, Henry of Guise, the marshal de Tavannes, the duke of Nevers, and René de Birague, the keeper of the seals, she persuaded the king that the massacre was a measure of public safety, and on the evening of the 23rd of August succeeded in wringing his authorization from him. The king himself arranged the manner of its execution, but it is scarcely probable that he fired upon the Huguenots from a window of the Louvre. The massacre began on Sunday at daybreak, and continued in Paris till the 17th of September. Once let loose, it was impossible to restrain the Catholic populace. From Paris the massacre spread to the provinces till the 3rd of October. The duc de Longueville in Picardy, Chabot-Charny (son of Admiral Chabot) at Dijon, the comte de Matignon (1525–1597) in Normandy, and other provincial governors, refused to authorize the massacres. François Hotman estimates the number killed in the whole of France at 50,000. There were many illustrious victims, among them being Admiral Coligny, his son-in-law Charles de Téligny and the logician Peter Ramus. Catherine de' Medici received the congratulations of all the Catholic powers, and Pope Gregory XIII. commanded bonfires to be lighted and a medal to be struck.
See H. Bordier, La St Barthélemy et la critique moderne (Paris, 1879); H. Baumgarten, Vor der Bartkolomausnackt (Strassburg, 1882); and H. Mariéjol, “La Réforme et la Ligue” (Paris, 1904), in vol. vi. of the Histoire de France, by E. Lavisee, which contains a more complete bibliography of the subject.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/St Benoît-sur-Loire

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​ST BENOÎT-SUR-LOIRE, a village of north-central France, in the department of Loiret, on the right bank of the Loire, 22 m. E.S.E. of Orléans by road. St Benoît (Lat. Floriacum) possesses a huge basilica, the only survival of a famous monastery founded in the 7th century to which the relics of St Benedict were brought from Monte Cassino. Of great importance during the middle ages, owing partly to its school, the establishment began to decline in the 16th century. In 1562 it was pillaged by the Protestants and, though the buildings were restored by Richelieu, the abbey did not recover its former position. The basilica was built between c. 1025 and 1218. Its narthex has a second storey supported on columns with remarkable carved capitals; there are two sets of transepts, above which rises a square central tower. In the interior are the tomb of Philip I., stalls of the 15th century, and, in the crypt, a modern shrine containing the remains of St Benedict, which still attract many pilgrims.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/St Catharines

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​ST CATHARINES, a city of Ontario, Canada, and the capital of Lincoln county, on the Welland Canal and the Grand Trunk, and St Catharines and Niagara Central railways, 35 m. S. of Toronto, with which it has steamer connexion. Pop. (1901) 9946. It is connected by electric tramways with the neighbouring towns and villages, and is in the midst of a fine fruit-growing district. Its excellent water-power provides motive force for numerous industries, among which are flour-mills and factories for the manufacture of edge tools and agricultural implements. Bishop Ridley College, under Anglican control, is an important residential school. There are mineral springs which are much visited by invalids.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/St Clair

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​ST CLAIR, a lake and river of North America, forming part of the boundary between the state of Michigan, U.S.A., and the province of Ontario, Canada. The lake is 29 m. long and 20 broad. It contains numerous islands, receives from the Canadian side several rivers, the largest of which is the Thames, and is drained into Lake Erie by the Detroit river. At its foot are the cities of Detroit (Michigan) and Windsor (Ontario). On the north it receives the St Clair river, the outlet of Lake Huron. The shores of both lake and river are flat, and their waters shallow, but, owing to the enormous traffic which passes through, they have been in great part canalized, and can accommodate the largest steamers.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Phoenix Islands

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​PHOENIX ISLANDS, a group of eight small islands in the Pacific Ocean, about 3° S, and 172° W., belonging to Great Britain. They have a land area about 16 sq. m. and a population of 60. Their names are Phoenix, Gardner (Kemin), Hull, Sydney, Birnie, Enderbury, Canton (Mary) and McKean. To the north-west of the group (between the equator and 1° N.) lie two more islets—Baker and Howland. The islands were annexed by Great Britain in 1889–1892.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Phoenixville

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​PHOENIXVILLE, a borough of Chester county, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., on the Schuylkill river at the mouth of French Creek, about 28 m. north-west of Philadelphia. Pop. (1890), 8514; (1900), 9196, of whom 2221 were foreign-born and 278 were negroes, (1910 census), 10,743. It is served by the Pennsylvania (Schuylkill division) and the Philadelphia & Reading railways, and by electric railway to Spring City (pop. in 1910, 2880), 5 m. north-west of Phoenixville on the Schuylkill. Phoenixville is chiefly a manufacturing borough. Its blast-furnaces and iron mills were long among the largest in the country, and the manufacture of steel is still the borough's predominant industry. Phoenixville was settled in 1732, and was incorporated in 1849.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Phocylides

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​PHOCYLIDES, Greek gnomic poet of Miletus, contemporary of Theognis, was born about 560 B.C. A few fragments of his “maxims” have been preserved (chiefly in the Florilegium of Stobaeus), in which he expresses his contempt for the pomps and vanities of rank and wealth, and sets forth in simple language his ideas of honour, justice and wisdom. A complete didactic poem (230 hexameters) called Ποίημα νουθετικόν or γνῶμαι, bearing the name of Phocylides, is now considered to be the work of an Alexandrian Christian of Jewish origin who lived between 170 B.C. and A.D. 50. The Jewish element is shown in verbal agreement with passages of the Old Testament (especially the book of Sirach); the Christian by the doctrine of the immortality of the soul and the resurrection of the body. Some Jewish authorities, however, maintain that there are in reality no traces of Christan doctrine to be found in the poem, and that the author was a Jew. The poem was first printed at Venice in 1495, and was a favourite school textbook during the Reformation period.
See fragments and the spurious poem in T. Bergk, Poetae lyrici graeci, ii. (4th ed., 1882), J. Bernays, Über das Phokylideische Gedicht (1858); Phocylides, Poem of Admonition, with introduction and commentaries by J. B. Fenling, and translation by H. D. Goodwin (Andover, Mass., 1879); F. Susemihl, Geschichte der griechischen Litteratur in der Alexandrinerzeit, (1892), ii 642; S. Krauss (s.v. “Pseudo-Phocylides”) in The Jewish Encyclopedia and E. Schürer, Hist. of the Jewish People, div. ii., vol. iii, 313-316 (Eng. trans., 1886), where full bibliographies are given. There is an English verse translation by W. Hewett (Watford, 1840), The Perceptive Poem of Phocylides.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Phoebe

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​PHOEBE, in astronomy, the ninth satellite of Saturn in order of discovery, or the tenth and outermost now known in the order of distance. It was discovered by W. H. Pickering in 1899 by photographs of the stars surrounding Saturn. It is remarkable in that its motion around the planet is retrograde. (See Saturn.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Phoebus

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​PHOEBUS (Gr. for “bright,” “pure,”), a common epithet of Apollo (q.v.). Artemis in like manner is called Phoebe, and in the Latin poets and their modern followers Phoebus and Phoebe are often used simply for the sun and moon respectively.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Phoenix (Arizona)

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​PHOENIX, the capital of Arizona, U S.A., and the county-seat of Maricopa county, situated on the Salt river, in the south central part of the state. Pop. (1890), 3152; (1900), 5544 (935 being foreign-born and 148 negroes); (1910) 11,134. It is served by the Arizona Eastern and the Santa Fé, Prescott & Phoenix railways, the former connecting at Maricopa (35 m. distant) with the Southern Pacific and the latter connecting at Ash Fork, near Prescott (194 m. distant), with the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé. The city is a popular winter and health resort, with a fine dry climate. The city is the see of a Protestant Episcopal bishopric. About 3 m. north of the city is the Phoenix (non-reservation) boarding-school for Indians, supported by the United States government, with an average attendance of about 700 pupils. The city lies in a great Plain, in the centre of a region of pastures, gardens and orchards, the largest and most beautiful farming district of Arizona, irrigated with water stored by the great Roosevelt dam (about 70 m. north-east of Phoenix). Local interests are almost entirely in agriculture, stock-raising and fruit-growing. In the surrounding region are several large ostrich farms and a small exhibition ranch. Phoenix was settled in 1870, became the county-seat on the organization of Maricopa county in 1871, was incorporated in 1881, and became the capital of Arizona in 1889.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Toledo (province)

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​TOLEDO, a province of central Spain, formed in 1833 from part of New Castile; bounded on the N. by Avila and Madrid, E. by Cuenca, S. by Ciudad Real and W. by Caceres. Pop. (1900), 376,814; area 5919 sq. m. The surface is throughout lofty, and in a great part of its extent mountainous. Towards the centre there are extensive plains or tablelands, but the whole of the south and east is occupied by the Montes de Toledo, and the hills which separate the waters of the Tagus on the north from those of the Guadiana on the south. These mountains are of no great height; until late in the 19th century they were densely covered with forests. Toledo is well watered by the Tagus (q.v.) and its numerous affluents, including the Guadarrama and Alberche on the north and the Algodor, Torcon, Pusa and Sangrera on the south. The Giguela waters the eastern districts. Gold, silver, lead, iron, quicksilver, copper, tin and other minerals have been discovered, but the mining industry does not prosper and there is little export trade in agricultural products. The number of sheep, goats, asses and mules is large; dairy-farming and the breeding of draught oxen and fighting bulls are also practised. Bees and silkworms are kept in considerable number. Manufactures once flourished, but now silk and woollen cloth, earthenware, soap, oil, chocolates, wine, rough spirit (aguardiente), guitar strings and arms are almost the only articles made. There is also a small trade in charcoal and timber. The province is traversed by three lines of railway—that of Madrid-Seville-Cadiz in the east, Madrid-Toledo-Ciudad Real through the centre, and Madrid-Cáceres-Lisbon in the north.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Toledo, Councils of

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​TOLEDO, COUNCILS OF (Concilia toletana). From the 5th to the 16th century about thirty synods, variously counted, were held at Toledo in Spain. The earliest, directed against Priscillianism, assembled in 400. The “third” synod of 589 marked the epoch-making conversion of King Reccared from Arianism to Roman Catholicism. The “fourth,” in 633, probably under the presidency of the noted Isidore of Seville, regulated many matters of discipline, decreed uniformity of liturgy throughout the kingdom and took stringent measures against baptized Jews who had relapsed into their former faith. The “twelfth” council in 681 assured to the archbishop of Toledo the primacy of Spain. As nearly one hundred early canons of Toledo found a place in the Decretum Gratiani, they exerted an important influence on the development of ecclesiastical law. The synod of 1565 and 1566 concerned itself with the execution of the decrees of Trent; and the last council of Toledo, that of 1582 and 1583, was so guided in detail by Philip II. that the pope ordered the name of the royal commissioner to be expunged from the acts.
See Canones apostolorum et conciliorum saeculorum, iv., v., vi., vii., rec. H. T. Bruns, pars prior (Berlin, 1839), critical text of seventeen councils of Toledo (A.D. 400-694); P. B. Gams, Die Kirchengeschichte von Spanien (Regensburg, 1862-1879); E. H. Landon, A Manual of the Councils of the Holy Catholic Church, revised ed. (London, 1893), 151-169. These two summarize the chief canons. Neher, in Wetzer and Welte's Kirchenlexicon (1855-1857), vol. xi. (2nd ed. Freiburg, 1899), gives a list of 29 synods. (W. W. R.*)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tolentino

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​TOLENTINO (anc. Tolentinum Picenum), a town of the Marches, Italy, in the province of Macerata, 11 m. by rail W. by S. of that town. Pop. (1901), 5111 (town), 13,197 (commune). It is situated on the Chienti, 735 ft. above sea-level, and was once a fortified town of great strength. The cathedral has a fine portal by the Florentine Giovanni Rosso (1435), and contains the remains of S Nicholas of Tolentino (d. 1309), whose Renaissance tomb and frescoes illustrating the life of the saint by Lorenzo and Jacopo da San Severino are preserved in a room adjoining the chapel north of the high altar. The church of San Catervo contains the early Christian sarcophagus of that saint, which is embellished with curious reliefs. The Museo Civico contains antiquities discovered during excavations near the town (in 1880-1884) in the Picene necropolis, dating from the 8th-4th centuries B.C. The town is the birthplace of the condottiere Niccolo Mauruzzi, and of the learned Francis Philelphus, one of the first disseminators of classical literature, who was born in 1398. At Tolentino the treaty was made between Bonaparte and the pope in 1797, by which the pope ceded Avignon; and here in 1815 a battle was fought in which the French under Murat were defeated by the Austrians.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Toleration

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​TOLERATION (from Lat. tolerare, to endure), the allowance of freedom of action or judgment to other people, the patient and unprejudiced endurance of dissent from one's own or the generally received course or view.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tolfa

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​TOLFA, a town of the province of Rome, Italy, 10 m. E.N.E. of Civitavecchia by road, 1558 ft. above sea-level. Pop. (1901), 3956. It is the chief place in the Tolfa Mountains, an extinct volcanic group between Civitavecchia and the Lake of Bracciano. Vapours are emitted which deposit sulphur and alum, and some mining is carried on. The output of alum averages 4000 to 5000 tons a year, and is mostly exported from Civitavecchia.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Token Money

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​TOKEN MONEY, the term employed originally to describe the counters or “tokens” issued by traders to meet the lack of small change. It has now been appropriated by economists and officials to denote the smaller currency that circulates at a nominal value higher than its cost. It is contrasted with “standard” money, and is limited in its amount by state authority. Its power of discharging debts is also limited: in England, e.g., silver is legal tender only up to 40s., copper to 12 pence. Various substances have been utilized for the manufacture of token coinage—silver at a lower degree of fineness, copper in different alloys, and nickel. The French term monnaie divisionnaire has much the same meaning; so has the German Scheidemünze. A currency, restricted in amount, but with full legal tender power—such as the Indian rupees and the French 5-franc pieces—is midway between token and standard money. Representative money also bears some analogy to token coinage. (See Money and Seigniorage.) (C. F. B.)