OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/York, Pa.

See also York, Pennsylvania on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
York, Pa., county-seat of York County, on Codcrus Creek, 100 miles west of Philadelphia and 52 from Baltimore. The Northern Central, Pennsylvania and Western Maryland afford railroad facilities. It manufactures safes, silk, ice-machines, paper, chains, carriages, agricultural implements, wire-cloth, turbine-wheels and other articles. York is noted for its diversified and extensive industries. In addition to public schools it contains an academy for boys, a coeducational institute and three parochial schools. The Continental Congress sat here during the British occupancy of Philadelphia (1777–8) in the Revolutionary War. Population 44,750.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Yosemite

See also Yosemite National Park on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Yosemite (yō-sĕm′ ī-tē), a valley in Mariposa County, Cal., on the western side of the Sierra Nevada, about 150 miles from San Francisco, unequaled for grandeur and magnificence of scenery. It is seven or eight miles long and about a mile wide, and is about a mile below the level of the surrounding region. Of its various waterfalls the Bridal Veil is particularly noted for beauty and also for its height, which is nearly 1,000 feet. This valley, which was first entered by white men in 1855, attracts visitors every year from all parts of the world. Perhaps nowhere else on earth is there so remarkable a combination of beauty and sublimity.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Yorktown, Va.

See also Yorktown, Virginia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
York′town, Va., county-seat of York County, is on York River, ten miles from its mouth and about 60 miles from Richmond. Yorktown is noted for the surrender of Lord Cornwallis (q. v.) and his army to Washington in 1781, which was the virtual close of the Revolutionary War, and for the unsuccessful siege by General McClellan in the spring of 1862. Yorktown contains the oldest custom-house in the country, and is one of the oldest towns in the United States. Population 150.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Yokohama

See also Yokohama on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Yokohama (yō' kō-hä' mä), a town of Japan on the island of Nippon. In 1854 it was a small fishing-village, but after it supplanted Kanagawa as the treaty-port of Yeddo in 1859 it rapidly increased. Since the recent changes in the policy of the Japanese government great improvements have been made; and broad and cleanly streets have taken the place of the former narrow and dirty thoroughfares. Population 394,303.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Yonge, Charlotte Mary

See also Charlotte Mary Yonge on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Yonge, Charlotte Mary, English novelist, was born at Otterbourne, Hampshire, on Aug. 11, 1823. The novel by which she is best known, although she has published several others, is The Heir of Redclyffe. She is said to have devoted large sums accumulated from the sale of her writings to the aid of religious missions in New Zealand. She died on March 24, 1901.
# The New Student's Reference Work/York, H. R. H., George

See also George V of the United Kingdom on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
York, H. R. H., George, Duke of, second son of King Edward VII, and now King George V, of Great Britain and Ireland, was born at Marlborough House, London, on June 3, 1865. With his older brother, the late Duke of Clarence, he entered the navy as a cadet in June, 1877, and spent a number of years in the service, his latest command being on H. M. S. Crescent. His royal highness has been in most parts of the world and done duty in various stations of the British fleet. In 1892 he became heir to the throne and in 1901 was created Prince of Wales. In 1893 he married Princess Victoria Mary of Teck. By her he has six children, the oldest, Prince Edward, being born in 1894. In 1901, accompanied by the duchess, the duke paid a visit of state to Australia, New Zealand and Canada, the visit to Australia being designed to commemorate the opening of the first parliament of the new Australian Federation or Commonwealth. In 1908 he visited Quebec at the celebration of its fourth centenary. See George V. and Wales, Prince of.
# The New Student's Reference Work/York (river)

See also York River (Virginia) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
York, a river of Virginia formed by the Pamunkey and Mattapony, flowing southeastward to Chesapeake Bay, nearly opposite Cape Charles. It is forty miles long and from one to three wide.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Nectar

See also Ambrosia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Nec′tar, the name given by most of the Greek and Roman poets to the drink of the gods. Homer describes it as of a red color, and says that continued use of it was supposed to insure immortality. The sprinkling with nectar was supposed to confer perpetual youth, and it was used, in figure of speech, as meaning everything delightful and pleasant to the taste.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Needle

See also Sewing needle on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Nee′dle. The sewing-needle must be one of the oldest implements used by man. Bone needles with eyes are found in the reindeer caves of France, and on the sites of the prehistoric lake dwellings of central Europe have been found many “eyed” needles of bone and of bronze, but only one of iron. Ancient bronze needles, 3½ inches long, have been found in Egypt, and there are surgeon’s needles and thimbles which have been used in sewing, with ordinary needles recovered from Pompeii in the Naples Museum. Savage races use needles of various materials, as bone, ivory, wood and metal.
* Fig. 1
* Fig. 2
* Fig. 3
Steel needles were first made in Nuremberg in 1370, but the manufacture was not of much importance until about 1650. The early made needles were all square-eyed. Redditch, near Birmingham, is the seat of the needle manufacture in Great Britain, and great improvements have been made by the use of automatic machines and other new mechanical appliances. There are about 22 processes now used in the making of needles. First, fine steel wire is cut into double lengths; these are raised to a dull-red heat and placed in loose bundles inside iron rings, to be straightened by rolling each bundle backward and forward on a face plate with a slightly curved bar (Fig. 1), through which the rings project. Next the wires are pointed at both ends and then stamped in the middle, so as to produce the flat part of the eyes and the mark for the holes (Fig. 2); two oval holes are then punched by a vertical, belt-driven, punching-machine. After being eyed the double needles, joined at the heads by thin fins, are “spitted” through their eyes on two wires flattened at one end so as to retain them. The burr made by the punch and die is now filed away, and after being broken in two between the heads and filed smooth, a row of single needles is left on each spit, as shown in Fig. 3. Next they are tempered by heating and dipping in oil, then polished, cleaned and sorted. It is estimated that 50,000,000 needles are made weekly in the Redditch district.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Nelson

See also Nelson, British Columbia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Nel'son, in the Kootenay district of British Columbia, is on the south bank of Kootenay River at the head of the rapids. It has 5,273 inhabitants, largely interested in the silver mines and smelters near by.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Necker, Jacques

See also Jacques Necker on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Neck′er, Jacques, a financier and minister of France, was born at Geneva, Sept. 30, 1732. At 15 he went to Paris as a bank-clerk, and in 1762 founded the London and Paris Bank of Thellusson and Necker. He entered public life as a syndic of the French East India Company and minister of the republic of Geneva at Paris, and about this time married. In 1773 he received the French Academy prize for a eulogy on Colbert, and won great recognition by his Essai sur le Commerce des Grains in 1775. This was an answer to the free-trade arguments of Turgot. After having loaned some money to the government, he was made director of the treasury in 1776 and director-general of finance in 1777. For five years he labored to improve the financial condition of France by readjusting the taxes, establishing state-guaranteed annuities and the present system of government pawnshops. His methods displeased the queen, however, and his publication of the Compte Rendu, a statement of the financial condition of France, in 1781, was made the cause of his dismissal. He thereupon withdrew to Geneva, but returned in 1787 and defended his Compte Rendu, for which he was banished from Paris. He was recalled to his office in September, 1788, but, while winning popularity through recommending the summoning of the states-general, he proved wholly incompetent during the storms of the Revolution. He declined the aid of Lafayette and Mirabeau, and on July 11, 1789, was ordered to leave France, but after the fall of the Bastille, three days later, he was recalled, only to resign voluntarily in September, 1790. He retired to his estate near Geneva, and died there on April 9, 1804. See The Private Life of M. Necker by Madame de Stael, his famous daughter.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Needle-Gun

See also Needle gun on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Nee′dle-Gun. See Rifle.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Nehemiah

See also Book of Nehemiah on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Nehemi′ah, a leader of the Jews after the exile, was a Jew holding the office of cupbearer to Artaxerxes when he heard of the unprosperous condition of Jerusalem. In the following year (444 B. C.) he obtained leave of absence and power to act as governor extraordinary of Judæa, and arriving at the city caused its walls to be rebuilt, enlarged the population by drafts upon surrounding districts and brought back the Levites who had been forced to leave. On his second visit, 12 years later, he began new reforms, notably the movement against mixed marriages, the cleansing of the temple, a strict law of Sabbath observance and a provision for the maintenance of the temple and priests. The Book of Nehemiah originally formed the closing chapters of the undivided work, Chronicles, Ezra and Nehemiah, containing the memoirs of Ezra and Nehemiah.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Nelson River

See also Nelson River on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Nel'son River, a river in Keewatin District of the Canadian Dominion, has its source in Lake Winnipeg, and flows 400 miles northeasterly into Hudson Bay, discharging an immense volume of water. It is navigable for 127 miles from its mouth, but only for 70 or 80 miles for large steamers. Its chief feeder is the Saskatchewan, which empties into Lake Winnipeg.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Clement

See also Pope Clement on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Clement (klĕm′ent), the name of 17 popes.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Claude Lorrain

See also Claude Lorrain on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Claude Lorrain (klõd-lŏr-rān′) (real name Claude Gelée), landscape painter, was born at Champagne in 1600. When a boy, he was carried to Rome by a relative who deserted him. But he soon obtained a place as servant to a painter, learning to paint as he ground his master's colors. After wandering about Europe, he painted for ten years at Rome before his pictures were sought after; but four landscapes painted by him for the pope gave him the fame he had been working for. He painted about 400 landscapes. Among the best are the series, Morning, Noon, Evening and Twilight. Claude himself liked best his Villa Madama, keeping it in his study and refusing to sell it, even when the pope offered for it as much gold as would cover the canvas. He also produced etchings, of which Le Bouvier is the finest. Claude's pictures brought such high prices, even during his lifetime, that many copies and imitations have been sold as his. He died at Rome in November, 1682.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Clarke, James Freeman

See also James Freeman Clarke on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Clarke, James Freeman, an American clergyman, was born at Hanover, N. H., April 4, 1810. He graduated at Harvard College and Cambridge Divinity School, becoming pastor of a Unitarian church at Louisville, Ky., and afterward of the Church of the Disciples in Boston. Dr. Clarke became widely known as a religious writer. His best known books are Ten Great Religions and Orthodoxy, Its Truths and Errors. He died June 8, 1888.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Clarksville, Tenn.

See also Clarksville, Tennessee on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Clarks′ville, Tenn., a city and county-seat of Montgomery County, located on the Cumberland River, about 40 miles from Nashville. The surrounding country is a tobacco-growing region, and the city has tobacco and snuff-factories and lumber and flour-mills. A Methodist school for girls and the Southwestern Presbyterian University are located here, and the city is served by the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. Population, 8,548.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Clemens, Samuel Langhorne

See also Mark Twain on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* SAMUEL L. CLEMENS
Clemens (klĕm′enz), Samuel Langhorne (Mark Twain), was born at Florida, Mo., Nov. 30, 1835. He was first a printer, and afterward a pilot on the Mississippi River. One of the commonest sounds heard on a Mississippi steamboat in shallow water is the call of the man sounding the depth of the water — “Mark Twain,” meaning mark two fathoms; and when Clemens wanted a pseudonym, he took this familiar call. After spending some time in the silver mines of Nevada, he became a journalist in San Francisco. He became widely known as a humorist through his first book, Innocents Abroad which he brought out in 1869. Tom Sawyer, perhaps his most popular work, was published in 1876. Other of his works are A Tramp Abroad (1880); The Prince and the Pauper (1882); Life on the Mississippi (1883); Huckelberry Finn (1885); Pudd'n-head Wilson (1895); Tom Sawyer Abroad (1894); Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc (1896); Following the Equator (1897); The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg (1900); Christian Science (1903); How to Tell a Story (1904); and Editorial Wild Oats (1905).
Through the failure, in 1894, of the publishing house of Charles L. Webster & Co., of which he was the founder, Mr. Clemens was left deeply in debt. To retrieve his fortune he entered upon a lecturing tour, which extended around the world and furnished material for Following the Equator. On the completion of this tour he resided for a time in Vienna. He returned to America in 1900, and actively resumed literary work. In 1907 he visited England, where he was most heartily received, and was honored with the degree of D.C.L. from the University of Oxford. Mark Twain's humor is simple and direct, never strained, and has been described as “a sort of good-natured satire in which the reader may see his own absurdities reflected.” He died April 21, 1910.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Clark, William Robinson

See also William Robinson Clark on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Clark, William Robinson, M.A., D.D., LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., of Canada, has been professor of philosophy in Trinity College, Toronto, since 1882. He was born in Inverurie, Scotland, March 26, 1829, the son of a clergyman. He was educated at King's College, Aberdeen, and Hertford College, Oxford, and was admitted to the priesthood of the church of England in 1858, becoming prebendary of Wells in 1870. He was Baldwin lecturer in the University of Michigan in 1887 and Slocum lecturer in 1899. In addition to several important works of a religious nature, including the lectures mentioned, he has edited and translated Hagenbach's History of Christian Doctrine and Haefele's History of the Councils.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Clark, Sir William Mortimer

See also William Mortimer Clark on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ SIR MORTIMER CLARKClark, Sir William Mortimer, was born and educated in Aberdeen, Scotland, and studied law at Edinburgh University, becoming a writer to the Signet. He removed to Canada at the age of 23. Appointed lieutenant-governor of the province of Ontario, he now holds this position.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Clement XIV

See also Pope Clement XIV on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Clement XIV was born in 1705, near Rimini, Italy. He studied and taught philosophy and theology, was a friend of Benedict XIV, became cardinal under Clement XIII, and was elevated to the papal chair on May 19, 1769. In 1773 he issued his famous brief, suppressing the Society of the Jesuits. He was remarkable for his high character and learning as well as for his liberal ideas. He died on Sept. 22, 1774.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Clark University

See also Clark University on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Clark University was founded by Jonas C. Clark in 1887, in the city of Worcester, Mass., for the purpose of promoting research by post-graduate students in scientific rather than in philosophical or literary subjects. An undergraduate department, was added (1902), of which the late Carroll D. Wright, the well-known statistician, was made president. In the university proper, courses are now offered in mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, anthropology, psychology, education, economics and sociology, history and modern languages. The president is G. Stanley Hall, the psychologist, father of child-study in America, and it is in the department of psychology and education that the university has secured the most notable results. The university is unique in offering a “degree of docent,” certifying to fitness, both in scholarship and teaching ability, for an academic chair or college professorship. There are 31 fellowships, worth from $200 to $600 a year. There are exceptional facilities to get in touch with the latest literature upon the subjects above mentioned. The library contains about 40,000 volumes, and receives over 200 journals, mostly technical in character.
# The Oriental World/Volume 7/Issue 3/Hast Thou Seen My Country?

Originally written in Armenian («Իմ հայրենիքը տեսե՞լ ես, ասա՛») in 1880 and first published in 1887. English translation published in the monthly The Oriental World in 1914.
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language

One of the well-known books on the Bengali language, published in two parts.
* Part I: Introduction, Phonology
* Part II: Morphology, Bengali Index
This work is in the public domain in India because it originates from India and its term of copyright has expired. According to The Indian Copyright Act, 1957, all documents enter the public domain after 60 years counted from the beginning of the following calendar year after the death of the author (i.e. as of 2024, prior to January 1, 1964). Film, sound recordings, government works, anonymous works, and works first published over 60 years after the death of the author are protected for 60 years after publication.
Works by authors who died before 1941 entered the public domain after 50 years (before 1991) and copyright has not been restored.
This work is also in the public domain in the United States because it was first published outside the United States (and not published in the U.S. within 30 days), and it was first published before 1989 without complying with U.S. copyright formalities (renewal and/or copyright notice) and it was in the public domain in India on the URAA date (January 1, 1996). This is the combined effect of India having joined the Berne Convention in 1928, and of 17 USC 104A with its critical date of January 1, 1996.
The critical date for copyright in the United States under the URAA is January 1, 1941.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Oriental Biographical Dictionary

THE
ORIENTAL
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
BY THE LATE
THOMAS WILLIAM BEALE
(AUTHOR OF THE MIFTAH-UL-TAWARIKH)
EDITED BY
THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
UNDER THE SUPERINTENDENCE OF
HENRY GEORGE KEENE, M. R. A. S.
A FELLOW OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALCUTTA; AUTHOR OF THE TURKS IN INDIA, ETC.
CALCUTTA:
PRINTED BY J. W. THOMAS, BAPTIST MISSION PRESS.
PUBLISHED BY THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY, 57 PARK STREET.
1881.

## A

* A'azz-uddin
* Alamayo
* Alamgir I
* Alamgir II
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Oriental Biographical Dictionary/Alamgir I

​'Alamgir I, عالمگیر پادشاه‎ emperor of Hindústán, surnamed Abul-Ẓafar Muḥi-uddín Muhammad Aurangzíb, took the title of 'Álamgir on his accession to the throne. He was the third son of the emperor Sháh Jahán, born on Sunday, 10th October, 1619 O. S., 11th Ẕil-ḳa'da, 1028 H. His mother's name was Arjmand Bánú, surnamed Mumtáz-Maḥall. In his youth, he put on the appearance of religious sanctity, but in June, 1668, Ramẕán, 1068 H., during his father's illness, he in conjunction with his brother Murád Bakhsh, seized Ágra, and made his father prisoner. Murád was soon after imprisoned by 'Álamgir, who marched to Dihlí, where he caused himself to be proclaimed emperor on the 21st July of the same year, 1st Ẕil-ḳa'da, 1068 H., but was not crowned till the first anniversary of his accession, a circumstance which has introduced some confusion in the chronology of his reign. Soon after, he put Murád Bakhsh and his eldest brother the heir-apparent Dárá Shikoh to death. He greatly enlarged his dominions, and became so formidable, that all Eastern princes sent ambassadors to him. He was an able prince, but a bigoted Sunní, and attempted to force the Hindús to adopt that faith, destroying their temples, and levying the capitation tax (jizya) from every Hindú. The feudatory chiefs of Rájpútáná successfully resisted the impost. He died after a reign of 50 lunar years at Ahmadábád in the Dakhin, on Friday, the 21st of February, 1707 O. S., 28th Ẕil-ḳa'da, 1118 H., aged 90 lunar years and 17 days, and was interred in the court of the mausoleum of Shaikh Zain-uddín, in Khuldábád, 8 kos from the city of Aurangábád. After his death, he received the title of "Ḥaẕrat Khuld-Makán", (i.e. He whose place is in paradise). He was married in the 19th year of his age to a daughter of Sháhnawáz Khán, the son of 'Ásaf Khán the prime minister of the emperor Jahángír, by whom he had 6 sons and 5 daughters. His eldest son, named Sulṭán Muhammad, died before his father; his second son was Muhammad Mu'azzam who succeeded him with the title of Sháh 'Álam Bahádur Sháh; the third A'zam Sháh was slain in battle fought against the latter; the fourth Muhammad Akbar, who revolted against his father, took refuge in Persia and died there; the fifth Kám Bakhsh who was also slain in battle. The names of his 4 daughters are,—Zeb-un-Nisá, Zínut-un-Nisá, Badr-un-Nisá, and Mihr-un-Nisá.
# The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language/Part 1

THE
ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF
THE BENGALI LANGUAGE
BY
SUNITI KUMAR CHATTERJI
M.A. (Calcutta), D.Lit. (London)
Khaira Professor of Indian Linguistics and Phonetics and Lecturer in English and Comparative Philology in the University of Calcutta
With a Foreword by
SIR GEORGE ABRAHAM GRIERSON, K.C.I.E.
In Two Parts
Part I: Introduction, Phonology
CALCUTTA UNIVERSITY PRESS
1926
PRINTED BY BHUPENDRALAL BANERJEE
AT THE CALCUTTA UNIVERSITY PRESS, SENATE HOUSE, CALCUTTA
CONTENTS