OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Hartvigson, Frits

​HARTVIGSON, Frits, born May 31, 1841, at Grenaae, Jylland, Denmark, received instruction in music and on the piano from his mother, and at Copenhagen from Gade, Gebauer, and Anton Rée. At the age of fourteen he played in concerts in Copenhagen, and made a tour through Norway in 1858, at Christiania being personally complimented by Kjerulf. By assistance from the Danish Government he studied at Berlin from 1859–61 under von Bülow, with whom he played there at a concert Liszt's A major Concerto and Hungarian Fantasia, arranged for two pianos. He next played Rubinstein's 3rd Concerto at the Gewandhaus Concerts in '61, and Schumann's Concerto at Copenhagen under Gade in '63. On the death of his father in the Prusso-Danish war, he came to England and played with great success Mendelssohn's 'Serenade and Allegro giojoso' at the Philharmonic, June 27, '64. From that time until the present Mr. Hartvigson has lived in England, with the exception of two years between 1873 and '75, when he resided at St. Petersburg. He has played at the Musical Union, and introduced there Schumann's Trio in F, April 24, '66. He introduced Liszt's music at the Philharmonic, where he played that composer's 1st Concerto on June 10, '72. At the Crystal Palace he introduced Schubert's Fantasia, op. 15 (arranged by Liszt for piano and orchestra), on Oct. 6, '66: also Rubinstein's 4th Concerto, Nov. 16, '72; and Bronsart's Concerto, Sept. 30, '76. He was officially appointed Pianist to the Princess of Wales in '73, Professor of Music at the Normal College for the Blind at Norwood in '75, and Professor at the Crystal Palace in '87. From '79 until last year, Mr. Hartvigson was prevented from appearing in public, owing to an injury to his left arm. He has, happily, recently recovered its use, and has appeared at Mr. Bache's concert, Feb. 21, '87, playing Liszt's 'Mazeppa' and 'Hungaria,' arranged by the composer for two pianos. He also played at the London Symphony Concerts on Jan. 10, '88 (and subsequently at a Richter concert) Liszt's 'Todtentanz,' which he had introduced to the English public in '78 under Bülow's direction. Mr. Hartvigson has played abroad, at Copenhagen in '72, at Munich (under Bülow), in aid of the Bayreuth building fund, Aug. 24, '72, and in concerts at St. Petersburg, Moscow and in Finland.
[ A. C. ]
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Verhaeren, Émile

See also Emile Verhaeren on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
VERHAEREN, ÉMILE (1855-1916), Belgian poet (see 27.1023), produced in 1912 a tragedy, Hélène de Sparte, which was performed in German and Russian, besides French. His later poems include Les Rythmes souverains (1910); Les Villes à pignons (1910); Les Fleurs du Soir (1911); Les Plaines (1911) and Les Blés Mouvants (1912). On the outbreak of the World War Verhaeren came to England, where he received hon. degrees from various universities. During his exile he published Les Ailes rouges de la Guerre. He was killed at Rouen while attempting to enter a moving train, Nov. 27 1916.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Verrall, Arthur Woollgar

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VERRALL, ARTHUR WOOLLGAR (1851-1912), English classical scholar, was born at Brighton Feb. 5 1851. He was the son of a solicitor, and was educated at Wellington and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated as second classic in 1873, becoming fellow and tutor of his college. He published editions of many classical plays, especially the Medea, Agamemnon and Choephoroe. In 1895 appeared Euripides the Rationalist, followed in 1905 and 1910 by editions of most of Euripides' plays. He was an original critic, with views of his own, often expounded in the Classical Review and other journals. In February 1911 he was appointed to fill the new King Edward VII. professorship of Literature at Cambridge, which had been endowed by Sir Harold Harmsworth, later Viscount Rothermere. He died at Cambridge June 18 1912.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Victor Emmanuel III.

See also Victor Emmanuel III of Italy on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
VICTOR EMMANUEL III. (1869-), King of Italy (see 28.28). When in 1915 Italy declared war on Austria, the King at once went to the war zone, remaining there until the Armistice, appointing his uncle Ferdinand, duke of Genoa, Royal Luogotenente of the kingdom to act in his stead. At the front he lived in a most unassuming manner at the “Villa Italia” near Udine, and after Caporetto near Padua, constantly visiting the trenches and the most exposed positions, as well as the military hospitals. He took the deepest interest in everything concerning the army and the welfare of the troops; but, although nominally commander-in-chief, he never interfered with the conduct of the operations nor in the matter of appointments, and he allowed himself only the same amount of leave as any other soldier. After the conclusion of the Armistice he returned to Rome on Nov. 14 1918 and had a triumphant reception. He visited Paris and the French front with the Crown Prince (Dec. 19-21), and subsequently London.
After the birth of his son and heir Umberto, Prince of Piedmont (Sept. 15 1904), the King's family was increased by two more daughters, Giovanna, born Nov. 13 1907, and Maria, born Dec. 26 1914. He was devoted to his wife and children, and to study; and he took a special interest in numismatics, having in 1910 and 1913 already published two volumes of his monumental work on the coins of Italy, the Corpus nummorum italicorum. After the war he made over to the nation a large number of royal residences in various parts of Italy, a heritage of the days when Italy was divided into a number of separate states, each with one or more royal or ducal palaces and villas. Among the most famous of these are the Pitti Palace in Florence, the villas of Castello, La Petraia and Poggio a Cajano in the neighbourhood of that town, the royal palaces of Milan, Venice, Genoa, Naples, the villa Capodimonte near Naples and the “Neapolitan Versailles” at Caserta. Some of these buildings were turned into hospitals and homes for war victims, and others into museums.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Villa, Francisco

See also Pancho Villa on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
VILLA, FRANCISCO (1872-), Mexican bandit and revolutionary, was born Dec. 4 1872 at Las Nieves, Zacatecas. He was outlawed for murder, and a price was put on his head by President Díaz. He joined Madero in 1910 for the sake of immunity, served under Huerta, and in 1914 joined Carranza, but quarrelled with him over military jealousies and presidential aspirations. He opposed Carranza in the Convention at Aguascalientes, led a campaign against him and occupied Mexico City in April and again in Nov. 1915, but was defeated by Obregon and driven to the border, where surrender under guarantee was denied him. On Jan. 12 1916 he led the Santa Ysabel massacre, in which a special train carrying a party of American mining
men was held up and 19 of the number shot, and also the raid on Columbus, Tex., in March 1916, when the city was fired and 17 of the inhabitants killed. A punitive expedition under Gen. Pershing crossed the border March 16, and operated in the border states for n months, but did not succeed in capturing Villa. After Obregon's seizure of the presidential power in 1920 Villa was eliminated from political and military activity, and settled in the hacienda La Canutilla, Durango. (H. I. P.)
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vachell, Horace Annesley

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​VACHELL, HORACE ANNESLEY (1861–), English novelist and playwright, was born at Sydenham, Kent, Oct. 30 1861. Educated at Harrow and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst,; he received a. commission in the Rifle Brigade in 1883. In 1894 he published his first novel, and in 1897 the first to make its mark, viz. A Drama in Sunshine. Subsequent novels included John Charity (1900); Brothers (1904) and The Hill (1905), both Harrow school stories; The Waters of Jordan (1908) and The Fourth Dimension (1920). He is the author of many plays, some, such as Searchlights (1915) and The Case of Lady Camber (1915) original; others, such as Her Son (1907) and Quinney’s (1915), dramatizations of his own novels, or like Fishpingle (1916), afterwards issued as novels; whilst others again, e.g. Who is He?, (1915) and The House of Peril (1919), were dramatized versions; of novels by other authors.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vail, Theodore Newton

See also Theodore Newton Vail on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
VAIL, THEODORE NEWTON (1845–1920), American capitalist, was born on a farm in Carroll county, O., July 16 1845. When a child, he moved with his parents to New Jersey, studied at the Morristown Academy, and for two years studied medicine with an uncle. Meanwhile he had become interested in telegraphy. In 1866 he went with his parents to a farm in Iowa, but two years later became station agent and telegraph operator on the Union Pacific at Pine Bluffs, Wyo. Then he was appointed clerk in the railway mail service and his efficiency led to his being called to Washington, D.C., in 1873, where he was made assistant-superintendent of railway mail service, rising in 1875 to general superintendent. In 1878 he was made general manager of the American Bell Telephone Co., and for the next seven years was actively engaged in the development of the telephone business, for which he foresaw a great future. In 1885 he resigned from the Bell Co., and was elected president of the newly organized American
Telephone and Telegraph Co., which in 1900 acquired the American Bell Telephone Co. In 1887 because of ill health Vail retired and spent the next nine years in travel and on his farm at Lyndonville, Vt. During a visit to S. America he became interested in traction problems and in 1896 installed an electric railway system in Buenos Ayres, and later introduced telephone systems in many S. American cities, enlisting British capital for these enterprises. In 1904 he retired to his farm but in 1907 was again induced to accept the presidency of the American Telephone and Telegraph Co. When this company in 1910 bought control of the Western Union Telegraph Co., Vail was made president of the latter also, and introduced many changes, including “night letters” at reduced rates. When in 1914, as the result of a threatened suit by the Government, the Western Union was again segregated, Vail remained president of his old company. After the taking over of the wires in Aug. 1918 by the Government as a war measure, he was appointed adviser by the Postmaster-General and urged unified control of all cables, telegraphs and telephones. When the wires were returned in 1919 to private ownership he was elected chairman of the board of directors of the American Telephone and Telegraph Co. In 1920 the gross earnings of the company were $103,946,988, net earnings $70,686,904, number of miles of wire owned 23,377,404. Vail died in Baltimore April 16 1920. The value of his estate was estimated at about $2,000,000. He left $100,000 each to Princeton and Dartmouth, and $200,000 to be divided equally among Phillips Exeter Academy, Middlebury College, Harvard, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. To the last named he left also his large collection of books on electricity.
See A. B. Paine, In One Man's Life (1921).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vienna

See also Vienna on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
VIENNA (see 28.50), the capital of the Austrian Republic, is situated in Lower Austria, but under the Constitution has in all matters which concern itself the status of an independent Territory. Under these special conditions, the Gemeinderat (or city council) exercises the rights of a Diet (or states assembly). In 1910, Vienna had a pop. of 2,031,498, but in 1920 only 1,842,005. In 1910 86.9% of the inhabitants were Roman Catholics; 3.7% Evangelicals; 8.6% Jews and 0.7% of other faiths. The proportion of males to females was in 1910 1,000 to 1,086; in 1920, 1,000 to 1,163. The non-German minority shown by the census of 1910 (98,430 Czechs and 8,954 others) greatly decreased after 1918.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Tʽu
### Tʽu.
#### 儲$^{-1}$

    To provide; collect and assist; to be second to.

#### 躇$^{-1}$

    Embarrassed; perplexed; at a loss how to proceed.

#### 徒$^{-1}$

    To walk on foot; a footman; a disciple; pupil; a multitude; class; clan; only; futile; vain.

#### 茶$^{-1}$

    Bitter; name of a bitter herb.

#### 途$^{-1}$

    A path; road; way; means.

#### 圖$^{-1}$

    To covet; desire; seek after.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Tʽue
### Tʽue.
#### 瘣$^{-1}$

    Possessed with the devil; diseased; a swelling.

#### 𩲵$^{-1}$

    A divine animal resembling a boar.

#### 㿗$^{-1}$

    A boil; disease of the genital organs.

#### 頽$^1$

    Rushing down; falling; yielding; to be ruined.

#### 駾$^{-3}$

    A horse bolting forth suddenly.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Tʽuan
### Tʽuan.
#### 傳$^{-1}$

    To deliver to in succession; hand down; promulgate.

#### 團$^{-1}$

    Collected together; a mass of; forming one whole.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Tʽun
### Tʽun.
#### 屯$^{-1}$

    To collect and station, as soldiers; beginning; sparing.

#### 沌$^{-1}$

    Confused; rushing in confusion, as a torrent.

#### 囤$^{-1}$

    A bamboo basket or wooden receptacle for grain; a granary.

#### 肫$^{-1}$

    Earnest; honest; dried flesh; bones of the face.

#### 豚$^{-1}$

    A pig; a fat hog for sacrifice.

#### 遁$^{-1}$遯$^{-1}$

    To skulk away; conceal one's self; withdraw.

#### 呑$^1$

    To swallow; swallow whole; to engross; seize upon.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Tʽák
### Tʽák.
#### 讀$^{-4}$

    To read; study; recite.

#### 漯$^4$

    Name of a river; waters rushing together.

#### 宕$^4$

    Eminent; to exceed; excess; profligate.

#### 拓$^4$

    To take up; lift or receive with the hand; push; break.

#### 柝$^4$

    A knocker; that on which a watchman strikes.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Tʽá
### Tʽá.
#### 他$^1$

    He; she; it; him; her; that; other; another.

#### 叠$^{-4}$

    To pile one above another. ​

#### 塔$^4$

    A tall spire, tower or pagoda.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Tʽám
### Tʽám.
#### 痰$^{-1}$

    Phlegm; mucous.

#### 談$^{-1}$譚$^{-1}$

    Free conversation; chitchat; to converse; dispute.

#### 覃$^{-1}$

    Extending to; spreading out far and wide.

#### 潭$^{-1}$

    Name of a river; deep.

#### 澹$^{-1}$

    Appearance of water, tranquil and sometimes agitated.

#### 譫$^{-1}$

    Verbose; loquacity.

#### 貪$^1$

    To covet; desire; encroach upon the property of another; avaricious.

#### 剡$^2$

    Sharp; pointed; to sharpen; cut off.

#### 探$^{3-}$

    To feel or search for; to spy; to visit and make enquiries about.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Tʽong
### Tʽong.
#### 童$^{-1}$

    A boy; lad; young girl; a virgin; chaste.

#### 僮$^{-1}$

    A youth; silly; a slave girl or concubine.

#### 幢$^{-1}$

    A kind of standard; screen; curtain; feathers attached.

#### 曈$^{-1}$

    The sun sbout to shine forth; desire to shine.

#### 潼$^{-1}$

    Name of several rivers; damp, wet appearance.

#### 瞳$^{-1}$

    Pupil of the eye; to stare; a silly appearance.

#### 艟$^{-1}$

    A kind of short boat. ​

#### 蹱$^{-1}$

    To tread or walk upon; walking crooked as a child.

#### 侗$^{-1}$

    Ignorant; rude; want of talent; plain; sincere.

#### 恫$^{-1}$

    Pain; acute feeling; to sigh; grieved.

#### 桐$^{-1}$

    Name of a wood.

#### 洞$^{-1}$

    A ravine; deep; profound; to see through clearly; understand.

#### 彤$^{-1}$

    Red; a red pencil.

#### 通$^1$

    To go through; penetrable; to comprehend; to succeed; all.

#### 冡$^2$

    A mound; summit of a hill; a grave.

#### 塚$^2$

    A grave; sepulchre.

#### 統$^2$

    The origin; clue; the whole; entire; general.

#### 寵$^2$

    Affection; tender regard; love; kindness.

#### 撞$^3$

    To pound; beat; strike suddenly; abrupt; to seize.

#### 痛$^{3-}$

    Acute pain; disease; painful; wounded; sick.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Tʽui
### Tʽui.
#### 槌$^{-1}$

    To strike; beat; a beater; pestle; drum-stick; club.

#### 鎚$^{-1}$

    A mallet; hammer; club; to beat; to hammer.

#### 梯$^1$

    Wooden steps; a ladder; steps or means to an end.

#### 腿$^2$

    The back part of the hip; the thigh.

#### 褪$^2$

    To put off one's clothes; undress; flowers fading.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Tʽán
### Tʽán.
#### 彈$^{-1}$

    A bullet; ball; to draw the string of a bow; to play on a stringed instrument.

#### 檀$^{-1}$

    Sandle-wood.

#### 癱$^1$

    Palsy; constriction of the mustles and tendons.

#### 亶$^2$

    Truth; to trust; sincere; abundant; plenty.

#### 亘$^2$

    To revolve; go round and return; extend to; promulge.

#### 垣$^2$

    Level; a plain; wide; composed; lightsome.

#### 怛$^2$

    Labor; fatigue; grief; commiseration; oppressed.

#### 袒$^2$

    To expose part of the naked body; to make bare.

#### 嘆$^{3-}$歎$^{3-}$

    A tone expressing strong feeling either of grief or admiration; to sigh; to praise.

#### 贃$^{3-}$

    To gain, earn or acquire wealth.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pretoria

See also Pretoria on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Pretoria (see 22.309).—Pop. (1911), whites 35,942, coloured 18,732, total 54,674; in 1918, whites 41,690. About a mile from the centre of the town on a commanding position on the slopes of Meintjes Kop are the Union Government Buildings, the finest public offices in South Africa. They were built 1910–3, from the designs of Herbert Baker, at a cost of £1,800,000, and consist of three main portions; a large central semi-circular colonnaded building flanked east and west by rectangular blocks. At the junction of each wing with the central section is a domed tower 180 ft. high, and at the end of each wing is a projecting pillared pavilion. A feature of the building is the long low roof, with projecting eaves. The space enclosed by the building is laid out in terraces culminating in an open amphitheatre, in the centre of which is a stone rostrum. The buildings are of South African freestone, on a foundation of Transvaal granite. The laying out and planting of the terraced gardens was not completed until 1920. The principal approach lies 12 ft. below the main terrace, is 80 ft. wide and is planted with trees. Another road leads to the suburb of Bryntirion, where are Government House and the residences of ministers.
The foundation stone of Government Buildings was laid in Nov. 1910 by the Duke of Connaught, and the first public ceremony in the amphitheatre of the building was held in 1915 to celebrate General Botha’s conquest of South-West Africa. In 1913 a statue of President Kruger was unveiled in the town. In April 1918 Pretoria became the headquarters of the newly created university of South Africa. One of its constituent colleges, the Transvaal University College (incorporated 1910), is situated in Pretoria.
The State Library and Museum (built 1913) are in Market Street. The former Transvaal Government Buildings, facing Church Square, which is the business centre of the city, are used by the Provincial Council. The Law Courts (completed 1914) are on the north side of the square; the Post Office (completed 1912) faces Church Square and Church St.
The municipality, which owns the sanitary, water, electric and tramway services, spent between 1902 and 1919 a sum of £1,675,000 on improvements, including the provision of a water sewerage system, electric tramways, parks, an open air swimming-bath and a golf course, reputed one of the best in South Africa. The rateable value of Pretoria in 1918 was £7,438,000, its revenue £366,000, and its indebtedness £1,716,000.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Prothero, Sir George Walter

See also George Walter Prothero on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​PROTHERO, SIR GEORGE WALTER (1848–), English man of letters, was born in Wilts. Oct. 14 1848. Educated at Eton, King's College, Cambridge, and the university of Bonn, he became fellow of King's College, Cambridge, and was history lecturer there from 1876 to 1894, when he became professor of history at the university of Edinburgh 1894–9. He was a member of the Royal Commission for Ecclesiastical Discipline 1904–6. In 1899 he succeeded his brother Rowland (afterwards Lord Ernie) as editor of the Quarterly Review. He was also editor of the Cambridge Historical Series and co-editor of the Cambridge Modern History. During the World War he was head of the historical section of the British Foreign Office, and in that capacity attended the Peace Conference in Paris (1919). He was created K.B.E. in 1920. Amongst his publications are Life and Times of Simon de Montfort (1877), Memoir of Henry Bradshaw (1889), and various volumes of historical papers, as well as the British History Reader (1898).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Peters, Karl

See also Karl Peters on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
PETERS, KARL (1856-1918), German traveller (see 21.300). In 1907-8 Peters, who had again taken up residence in Germany brought actions for libel against a Munich journal and the Cologne Gazette, seeking to clear his character in regard to his administration in E. Africa. These actions wrought no change in public opinion in Germany and Peters remained on the retired list. However, in April 1914, at the instance of the Imperial Colonial Office he was granted a pension. During the World War he supported the extreme pan-German programme. In Feb. 1918 he published an autobiography, and he died at Woltorf, Brunswick, on Sept. 10 of the same year. He had lived to see German E. Africa, which he founded, conquered by British and Belgian troops.