OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Montevideo (Minnesota)

Edition of 1905. See also Montevideo, Minnesota on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MON′TEVID′EO. A village and the county-seat of Chippewa County, Minn., 130 miles west of Minneapolis; at the confluence of the Minnesota and Chippewa rivers, and on the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul Railroad (Map: Minnesota, C 6) . It has a public library, a State high school, and Windom Institute (Congregational), and a public hall building that cost $20,000. The industrial establishments include several grain elevators, flouring mills, cheese factories, and a creamery. There is in the vicinity a fine monument which marks the surrender of the Sioux chief Little Crow in the Indian outbreak of 1862. Population, in 1890, 1437; in 1900, 2146.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Montez, Lola

Edition of 1905. See also Lola Montez on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MONTEZ, mṓn'tĕs, Lola. The assumed name of Maria Dolores Eliza Rosanna Gilbert, an adventuress, born probably in Ireland, in 1818 according to some, in 1824 according to her own statement. When very young she married a Captain James, followed him to India, grew weary of him and came back to Europe. She appeared as a danseuse in all the Continental capitals, and attracted a fair amount of notoriety by her beauty and escapades. In 1847 she became the mistress of King Louis I., of Bavaria, who made her Countess of Landsfeld and allowed her to have considerable influence in the government. An insurrection in 1848 drove the King from his throne, and Lola from Munich. She went to London, married Stafford Heald, a guardsman, was divorced from him quickly, and came to America in 1851. She traveled over the country, acting in a play entitled Lola Montez in Bavaria, married a number of times, lectured, published books, and finally settled in New York, devoting herself to rescue work. She died at Astoria, Long Island, January 17, 1861. Her writings comprise The Arts of Beauty, and Lectures (1858), the latter containing an autobiography.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Montezuma (Iowa)

Edition of 1905. See also Montezuma, Iowa on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MON′TEZU′MA. A town and the county-seat of Poweshiek County, Ia., 24 miles north by east of Uskaloosa; on the Iowa Central and the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific railroads (Map: Iowa, E 3). It has a foundry and machine shop, a creamery, and manufactories of buggies, pearl buttons, and screens. There are deposits of coal in the adjacent region, which is engaged chiefly in agriculture, stock-raising, and dairying. Population, in 1890, 1062; in 1900, 1210.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Montgolfier, Joseph Michel

Edition of 1905. See also Montgolfier brothers on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ MONTGOLFIER, môN′gŏl′fyắ′, Joseph Michel (1740-1810), and Jacques Etienne (1745-99). Two French inventors, born at Vidalon-lez-Annonay in Ardèche. They were the sons of a paper manufacturer, and though Etienne studied architecture, he gave up his profession to take charge of his father's factory, as Joseph had gone into business for himself. The two brothers became interested in aëronautics (q.v.), and their fame rests upon their achievement in making the first successful balloons. For this work Louis XVI. decorated Etienne with the Order of Saint Michel, gave Joseph a pension of 1000 livres, raised their father to the nobility, and later granted the brothers 40,000 francs that they might devote their whole attention to aërial navigation. Their work was interrupted by the Revolution, and during the Reign of Terror Etienne, who had been administrator of his department, was denounced and escaped only through the devotion of his workmen. Napoleon decorated Joseph and appointed him to various offices, and the Institute in 1807 elected him a member of its section of general physics. He made several other inventions of considerable value, among them the parachute, and published Discours sur l'aérostat (1783); Les voyageurs aériens (1784); and, in collaboration with his brother, Mémoire sur la machine aérostatique (1784). Consult Turgan, Les ballons (Paris, 1851).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Montalvo, Garcia Ordoñez de

Edition of 1905. See also Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ MONTALVO, mō̇n-täl′vō̇, Garcia Ordoñez de. A Spanish author, who flourished in the latter part of the fifteenth century. To him is due the first Spanish version now extant of the famous romance of Amadis. Utilizing the material of previous writers, he prepared his version after 1492. The greater part of his work may have been mere translation from the Portuguese, but he also added matter of his own. In his own composition, the Sergas de Esplandian, he tells of Amadis's son. We know of Montalvo only that he was Governor of the city of Medina del Campo. Both the Amadis and the Sergas de Esplandian are published in vol. xl. of the Biblioteca de autores españoles. Consult: Baist on the Spanish Amadis, and K. M. de Vasconcellos on the Portuguese Amadis in their articles on Spanish and Portuguese literature in Groeber's Grundriss der romanischen Philologie, vol, ii. (Strassburg, 1900).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Montalván, Juan Perez de

Edition of 1905. See also Juan Pérez de Montalbán on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ MONTALVÁN, mōn′tȧl-vän′, Juan Perez de (1602-38). A Spanish dramatist. With the degree of doctor of theology, he joined the priestly Congregation of Saint Peter at Madrid. Already a successful dramatist at seventeen, he passed under the influence of Lope de Vega, who urged him to the composition of his Orfeo (1624), a work produced in competition with Jauregui's Orfeo. In the same year he produced some eight tales, which were translated into French and published at Paris as early as 1644. A prose work, the Vida y purgatorio de San Patricio (1627), deals with the familiar legend of Saint Patrick's Purgatory, and afforded the material whence Calderon was to derive his play on the subject. A collection containing tales and other compositions more or less dramatic in form is the Paratodos (1632). It is as a playwright that Montalván stands highest, ranking as one of the more important of the dramatists next in consequence to Lope and Calderon. He himself prepared two editions of his pieces, published in 1638 and 1639 and reprinted in 1652. The favorite among the dramas is the Amantes de Teruel. Selected plays of Montalván may be found in vol. xlv. of the Biblioteca de autores españoles.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Montana, University of

Edition of 1905. See also University of Montana on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ MONTANA, University of. A coeducational State institution at Missoula, Mont., founded in 1895. It maintains a preparatory department and a department of literature, science, and the arts, and offers graduate courses, leading respectively to the degrees of B.A., B.S., M.A., and M.S. There is also a summer school of science and a biological station. Tuition is free. The university had in 1902 a student enrollment of 347 and 13 instructors. The library contained 10,000 volumes. The endowment consists of 72 sections of land given by Congress in 1892. The income fund arises from the rental of lands unsold, from licenses to cut trees, and from the interest on the proceeds of the sales of lands invested in the permanent university fund, which is applied to the payment of the bonds issued in 1897 for the construction and equipment of buildings. The income for maintenance amounted in 1902 to $37,000. The total value of the university property was $200,000, including a campus of 40 acres and buildings valued at $140,000.
# The New Student's Reference Work/George, St.

See also Saint George on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ George, St., the especial patron of chivalry and the protecting saint of England. His history is surrounded by legends. The most probable story is that he was born of noble Christian parents in Cappadocia, became distinguished as a soldier, and, after testifying to his faith before the Emperor Diocletian, was tortured and put to death at Nicomedia, April 23, 303. Reverence for the sufferer spread through Phœnicia, Palestine and the whole east. Churches were built in his honor, and the Hellespont was called St. George's Arm. A legend describes St. George as slaying a dragon. In 1350 Edward III made him the patron of the Order of the Garter, and in the next century Frederick of Austria founded an order of knighthood called after him. He was much worshiped during the crusades, and was adopted as the soldier-saint who led his votaries to victory. He is also the patron saint of Russia. See Baring-Gould's Curious Myths of the Middle Ages.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Georgia, University of

See also University of Georgia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Georgia, University of, which received its charter in 1785, in certain respects is an instance of French influence upon American universities. The French idea of a university from the time of Diderot to the present has been that of a comprehensive national institution including primary schools, secondary schools and the university proper. The best example of an attempt at a university of this type in America, next to Jefferson's original scheme for a University of Virginia, is the University of the State of New York. Georgia University, in the French spirit, includes not only the university proper, known as Franklin College, but the following attached institutions: The State College of Agriculture, The Law School, The Graduate School, The Medical College, The North-Georgia Agricultural College, The State Normal School, The Normal and Industrial School for Girls, The School of Technology and the Industrial College for Colored People. These institutions, though centralized in the organization known as the University of Georgia, are situated in several different towns. The state makes an annual appropriation for the support of the university, whose students number nearly 3,000.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Georgian Bay

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​ Georgian Bay. A large bay south of Algoma district, Ontario, and west of Parry Sound and Muskoka district. Bruce Peninsula forms part of its western shore. The C. P. R. steamers westward bound (for Port Arthur) leave Collingwood, which is at the southern angle of the bay. Manitoulin Island forms part of its western boundary.
# The New Student's Reference Work/George, Lake

See also Lake George (New York) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ George, Lake, also called Horicon, a beautiful lake, 32 miles long, near the eastern border of New York state. It forms the headwaters of Lake Champlain, is studded with hundreds of picturesque islands, and its shores contain several favorite summer-resorts, especially the village of Caldwell or Lake George. It was the scene of important military operations during the French and Indian Wars of 1755 to 1759.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Gerard, Baron François Pascal

See also François Gérard on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Gerard (zhắ′rär′), Baron François Pascal, a noted painter, was born of French parents at Rome, March 11, 1770, and when young was brought to France and became a pupil of the celebrated painter, David. His work soon brought him into notice, and he became known as the painter of kings. Among the famous people whose portraits he painted are Napoleon, the Queen of Naples and Talleyrand. He was made first court-painter and raised to the rank of baron by Louis XVI11. The grandest of his works are historical pictures, as the Battle of Austerlitz. He died at Paris, Jan. 11, 1837.
# The New Student's Reference Work/George Junior-Republic, The

See also George Junior Republic on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ George Junior-Republic, The, is a republic of boys and girls founded in 1895 by William R. George of New York City, near Freeville, N. Y. Its purpose is to afford a home, with means of work and education, for homeless or unfortunate children. It is a little community by itself, electing its own officers, legislative assembly etc. after the United States model. At first Mr. George acted as its president, and other adults filled some of the more important offices, but since 1896 all positions have been held by citizens of the republic themselves. The age of entrance is from 12 to 18, and children from any part of the United States may be admitted. The trustees control a farm of 240 acres, and the citizens carry on farming, carpentry, printing, dressmaking, domestic science, etc. Children under 16 must attend the republic's school. Every one of the citizens of this busy little nation is required to do some kind of work. Pay is given in aluminum coin, with which alone can the goods of the community be purchased. At the end of the summer this coin is exchangeable for United States money and the young citizens usually show much judgment and self-control both in saving and spending.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Georgetown

See also Georgetown, Guyana on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Georgetown, capital of British Guiana, in South America, is situated on the right bank of Demerara River, not far from its mouth. Some of the streets are traversed by canals, with bridges at the cross-streets. The principal public edifices are the government-building, the cathedral, Queen's College and a museum and library. There are a short railway to Mahaica and a telephone and telegraph system. There is a good harbor, with a lighthouse and defences built within recent years. Population 53,167.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Geotropism

See also Gravitropism on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Geotropism (jḗ-ŏt′rṓ-pĭz’m) is the sensitiveness of plants to the action of the earth's gravitation, to which they respond by changing the rate of growth or the turgor (which see) of certain regions. This produces a curvature which alters the position of attached parts with reference to the direction of gravitation. Most plant-parts assume a position, fixed by the time they are mature, which is a resultant of the effect of various external factors, especially of light and gravity. But parts still capable of growth and motor-organs (which see), when put in a new position (as when an erect stem is put horizontal), curve so as to bring the parts into the normal position. The parts may be directed toward the earth (primary roots); or away from it (erect stems); or transverse to gravitation at any angle (creeping and underground stems and lateral roots).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Gerhardt, Paul

See also Paul Gerhardt on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Gerhardt (gĕr′härt), Paul, one of the best writers of hymns in the German Lutheran church, was born in Saxony, March 12, 1607. He wrote 123 hymns, all excellent. Many of them are well-known by translations. Now all the Woods are Sleeping is one of his most tender lyrics. He died on June 6, 1676.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Railway Conductors of America, Brotherhood of

See also the disclaimer.
​ RAILWAY CONDUCTORS OF AMERICA, Brotherhood of. See Railway Brotherhoods.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Railway Employees, United Brotherhood of

See also the disclaimer.
​ RAILWAY EMPLOYEES, United Brotherhood of. See Railway Brotherhoods.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Raimondi, Antonio

See also Antonio Raimondi on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ RAIMONDI, rī-mō̇n′dē̇, Antonio (1826-90). An Italian geographer and naturalist, born in Milan. In 1850 he went to Peru, and was professor of botany in the University of Lima from 1862 to 1871. During this time he explored the country and gathered material for his proposed exhaustive work on the geography, botany, zoölogy, and ethnology of Peru. Three volumes on geography were published (1874-76-80) and called El Perú, but a part of the work was destroyed when Lima was captured in the Chilean War, and Raimondi died before completing it. His manuscripts became the property of the Lima Geographical Society.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Raleigh, Walter

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​RALEIGH, Sir Walter. See Ralegh.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Raleigh

Edition of 1905. See also Raleigh, North Carolina on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​RALEIGH, ra̤′lĭ. A city, the county-seat of Wake County, and the capital of North Carolina, 148 miles north-northwest of Wilmington; on the Southern and the Seaboard Air Line railroads (Map: North Carolina, D 2). It is situated at an elevation of about 320 feet, and has a number of fine buildings, the State Capitol occupying a prominent site in a small square near the centre of the city. Other noteworthy structures are the post-office, the Governor's mansion, State Insane Asylum, State Institution for the Blind with separate departments for white and colored, the State Penitentiary, and the State Geological Museum. Raleigh is noted for its educational institutions, which include the State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, opened in 1889, Peace Institute (Presbyterian), Saint Mary's School (Protestant Episcopal), Raleigh Male Academy, and the Baptist Female University; and for colored students, Shaw University (Baptist), opened in 1865, and Saint Augustine's Normal School and Collegiate Institute (Protestant Episcopal). Among the libraries in the city are the Olivia Raney (public), with 6000 volumes; the State, having 35,000 volumes; and the Supreme Court, with more than 13,000 volumes. Pullen Park, and the Confederate and National cemeteries, the latter having 1207 graves, 572 of unknown dead, are also of interest.
Raleigh is a large cotton and tobacco market, and industrially is of considerable importance, its manufactures in the census year of 1900 representing an invested capital of $1,611,000, and having products valued at $2,204,000. The principal establishments include cotton mills, car and wheel works, phosphate works, foundries and machine shops, cottonseed-oil mills, flouring mills, wood-working mills, etc. The government is administered under a charter of 1899, which provides for a mayor, elected biennially, and a unicameral council that controls elections of subordinate officials, excepting the tax collector and city clerk, who are chosen by popular vote. Population, in 1890, 12,678; in 1900, 13,643. The site of Raleigh was selected as a location of the permanent capital of the State in 1792, and in the same year the city was laid out and named in honor of Sir Walter Ralegh. In 1794 the Legislature met here for the first time, and by acts of 1795 and 1803 Raleigh was incorporated. General Sherman occupied the city during a part of 1865. Consult Battle, The Early History of Raleigh (Raleigh, 1893).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Rallentando

Edition of 1905. See also Tempo#Terms for change in tempo on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​RAL′LENTAN′DO (It., slackening). A musical term, abbreviated rallent., or rall., indicating a gradual relaxing or diminution of time.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Railway Mail Service

See also the disclaimer.
​ RAILWAY MAIL SERVICE. See Railways.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Railway Trainmen, Brotherhood of

See also the disclaimer.
​ RAILWAY TRAINMEN, Brotherhood of. See Railway Brotherhoods.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Raleigh, Alexander

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​RALEIGH, Alexander (1817-80). An English Congregational minister. He was born in Scotland; educated at the Lancashire Independent College, Manchester; and after holding charges at different places became a pastor in London (1858), and so continued till his death. He was highly honored by his brethren, being chairman of the Congregational Union of England and Wales in 1868 and 1879, and their representative at the National Council of the American Congregational Churches (1865). He published numerous sermons and expositions, noted for their spiritual fervor and elevated diction. Consult his Life by his wife (London, 1881).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Yonkers, N. Y.

See also Yonkers, New York on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Yon'kers, N. Y., a city of Westchester County, on the Hudson River, immediately north of New York City. It was incorporated as a village in 1855; and in 1872 the town was divided, the northern portion becoming the city of Yonkers and the southern portion becoming Kingsbridge, and in 1874 a part of the city of New York. Yonkers is built on terraces rising from the Hudson 426 feet above tidewater and commanding a view of the Hudson and its Palisades. The buildings of note are the government building, three hospitals. Leake and Watts Orphan Home, the Hebrew Home for the Aged and Infirm and St. Joseph's Training School for Nurses. Yonkers has 30 churches, an admirable system of public and parochial schools, a public high school and, near the city-limits, St. Joseph's Seminary and Mount Saint Vincent Academy. The city also possesses a Carnegie Library, Woman's Institute Library and Hollywood Inn for Workingmen, with its library of 6,000 volumes. Population 79,803.
# The New Student's Reference Work/York

See also York on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
York, a city of England, situated at the junction of Ouse and Foss Rivers, nearly equidistant from London and Edinburgh. York is the most ancient of British cities. Before the Roman invasion it was Caer Ebroc, one of the chief towns of the Brigantes, the most numerous and powerful of the British tribes; and during the Roman dominion it was Eboracum, a city of the first importance. Here Hadrian lived and Severus died. Here, too, died Constantine Chlorus. Many mistakenly suppose that Constantine the Great was born here. When the Roman emperors visited Britain, Eboracum was their chosen residence, as it was the residence of the imperial legates when the emperors were absent. Alcuin, tutor of Charlemagne's children; Etty the painter; and Flaxman the sculptor were natives of York. The first English parliament was held at York in 1160 by Henry II and in the immediate neighborhood of the city Fairfax conquered Prince Rupert on Marston Moor during the Civil War. The city and castle, already besieged, surrendered to the parliamentary forces a few weeks after. The educational institutions are both numerous and useful. Notable among them are St. Peter's School, founded in 1557; Archbishop Holgate's free school, dating from Henry VIII; the Blue Coat School for boys and the Gray Coat School for girls; and Yorkshire School for the Blind, conducted in a palace originally built for the lord president of the council of the north. The cathedral of York Minster is one of the glories of architecture. Population 84,730.
# The New Student's Reference Work/York, House of

See also House of York on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
York, House of, was founded by Edmund Langley, fifth son of Edward III, being made Duke of York in 1385. Richard, the third duke, claimed the throne of England in opposition to Henry VI, but never succeeded to it himself. After seeking for many years to correct the weaknesses of Henry's government, Richard first took arms against the ill-advisers who were his personal enemies, and at length claimed the crown in Parliament as his right. A compromise was proposed that Henry should retain his crown during his life, and the duke and his heirs succeed after Henry's death. This was accepted both by Henry and by Richard, but the act was repudiated by Queen Margaret and her followers, and the duke was slain at the battle of Wakefield soon after. In little more than two months, however, Richard's son was proclaimed king in London as Edward IV, and the bloody victory of Towton soon after drove his enemies into exile and prepared the way for his coronation. Edward reigned from 1461 to 1483, when Edward V, his oldest son, after a nominal reign of two months and a half, was put aside and murdered by Richard III, his uncle. Richard then became king; but in a little more than two years was defeated and slain at Bosworth (Aug. 22, 1485) by Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, who was crowned as Henry VII. His marriage with the daughter of Edward IV (1486) united the houses of York and Lancaster. See Roses, Wars of.