OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Eildon Hills

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​EILDON HILLS, a group of three conical hills, of volcanic origin, in Roxburghshire, Scotland, 1 m. S. by E. of Melrose, about equidistant from Melrose and St Boswells stations on the North British railway. They were once known as Eldune—the Eldunum of Simeon of Durham (fl. 1130)—probably derived from the Gaelic aill, “rock,” and dun, “hill”; but the name is also said to be a corruption of the Cymric moeldun, “bald hill.” The northern peak is 1327 ft. high, the central 1385 ft. and the southern 1216 ft. Whether or not the Roman station of Trimontium was situated here is matter of controversy. According to General William Roy (1726–1790) Trimontium—so called, according to this theory, from the triple Eildon heights—was Old Melrose; other authorities incline to place the station on the northern shore of the Solway Firth. The Eildons have been the subject of much legendary lore. Michael Scot (1175–1234), acting as a confederate of the Evil One (so the fable runs) cleft Eildon Hill, then a single cone, into the three existing peaks. Another legend states that Arthur and his knights sleep in a vault beneath the Eildons. A third legend centres in Thomas of Erceldoune. The Eildon Tree Stone, a large moss-covered boulder, lying on the high road as it bends towards the west within 2 m. of Melrose, marks the spot where the Fairy Queen led him into her realms in the heart of the hills. Other places associated with this legend may still be identified. Huntly Banks, where “true Thomas” lay and watched the queen’s approach, is half a mile west of the Eildon Tree Stone, and on the ​west side of the hills is Bogle Burn, a streamlet that feeds the Tweed and probably derives its name from his ghostly visitor. Here, too, is Rhymer’s glen, although the name was invented by Sir Walter Scott, who added the dell to his Abbotsford estate. Bowden, to the south of the hills, was the birthplace of the poets Thomas Aird (1802–1876) and James Thomson, and its parish church contains the burial-place of the dukes of Roxburghe. Eildon Hall is a seat of the duke of Buccleuch.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Eindhoven

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​EINDHOVEN, a town in the province of North Brabant, Holland, and a railway junction 8 m. by rail W. by S. of Helmond. Pop. (1900) 4730. Like Tilburg and Helmond it has developed in modern times into a flourishing industrial centre, having linen, woollen, cotton, tobacco and cigar, matches, &c., factories and several breweries.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Panache

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​PANACHE, a French word adapted from Ital. pennachio, Lat. penna, feather, for a plume of feathers on a helmet or hat; the “panache” should be properly distinguished from the “plume,” as being a large cluster of feathers fixed on the top of the helmet and flowing over it, the “plume” being a single feather at the side or front. The word “panache” is often used figuratively in French of a flamboyant piece of ornamentation, a “purple patch” in literature, or any exaggerated form of decoration.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Panacea

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​PANACEA (Gr. πανάκεια, all-healing, from πᾶς, all, and ἁκεῖσθαι, to heal), a universal remedy, or cure for all diseases, a term applied in the middle ages to a mythical herb supposed to possess this quality. Many herbs have had the power of curing all diseases attributed to them, and have hence had the name of “all-heal”; such have been, among others, the mistletoe, the woundwort (Stachys palustris), the yarrow or milfoil, and the great valerian.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Panaenus

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​PANAENUS, brother of Pheidias, a Greek painter who worked in conjunction with Polygnotus and Micon at Athens. He also painted the marble sides of the throne of the statue of Zeus erected by his brother at Olympia.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Panaetius

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​PANAETIUS (c. 185–180 to 110–108 B.C.), Greek Stoic philosopher, belonged to a Rhodian family, but was probably educated partly in Pergamum under Crates of Mallus and afterwards in Athens, where he attended the lectures of Diogenes the Babylonian, Critolaus and Carneades. He subsequently went to Rome, where he became the friend of Laelius and of Scipio the Younger. He lived as a guest in the house of the latter, and accompanied him on his mission to Egypt and Asia (143 or 141). He returned with Scipio to Rome, where he did much to introduce Stoic doctrines and Greek philosophy. He had a number of distinguished Romans as pupils, amongst them Q. Mucius Scaevola the augur and Q. Aelius Tubero. After the murder of Scipio in 129, he resided by turns in Athens and Rome, but chiefly in Athens, where he succeeded Antipater of Tarsus as head of the Stoic school. The right of citizenship was offered him by the Athenians, but he refused it. His chief pupil in philosophy was Posidonius of Apamea. In his teaching he laid stress on ethics; and his most important works, of which only insignificant fragments are preserved, were on this subject. They are as follow: Περὶ τοῦ καθήκοντος (On Duty), in three books, the original of the first two books of Cicero’s De officiis; Περὶ προνοίας (On Providence), used by Cicero in his De divinatione (ii.) and probably in part of the second book of the De Deorum natura; a political treatise (perhaps called Περὶ πολιτικῆς), used by Cicero in his De republica; Περὶ εὐθυμίας (On Cheerfulness); Περὶ αἱρέσεων (On Philosophical Schools); a letter to Q. Aelius Tubero, De dolore patiendo (Cicero, De finibus, iv. 9, 23).
Edition of the fragments by H. N. Fowler (Bonn, 1885), and in F. van Lynden’s monograph (Leiden, 1802). See also A. Schmekel, Die Philosophie der mittleren Stoa (1892); F. Susemihl, Geschichte der griechischen Litteratur in der Alexandrinerzeit (1892), ii. 63–80; E. Zeller, “Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Stoikers Panätius” in Commentationes philologae in honorem Th. Mommseni (1877); on the use ​made of him by Cicero, R. Hirzel, Untersuchungen zu Ciceros philosophischen Schriften (1877–1883). For his importance in the Stoic succession and his philosophy generally, see Stoics.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pana

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​PANA, a city of Christian county, Illinois, U.S.A., in the central part of the state. Pop. (1900) 5530 (727 being foreign born); (1910) 6055. It is served by the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern, the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St Louis, the Illinois Central and the Chicago & Eastern Illinois railways. It is in the Illinois coal region, and coal-mining is the most important industry; the city is also a shipping point for hay and grain grown in the vicinity. Pana was incorporated in 1857, and was reincorporated in 1877. Its name is said to be a corrupted form of “Pani” (Pawnee), the name of a tribe of Indians.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nervi

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​NERVI, a coast town of Liguria, Italy, in the province of Genoa from which it is 71/2 m. S.E. by rail (also electric tramway), 82 ft. above sea-level. Pop. (1901) 3480 (town); 6317 (commune). It is much frequented as a winter resort. It is surrounded with groves of olives, oranges and lemons, and its villas have beautiful gardens. It is moister and less dusty than the western Riviera, and is especially in favour with those who suffer from lung complaints. At Quarto, 21/2 m. N.W., 1000 Garibaldians (1 mille) embarked for Marsala in 1860.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nesle

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​NESLE, the name of a place in France (dep. of Somme), which gave its name to an old feudal family. This family became extinct at the beginning of the 13th century, and the heiress brought the lordship to the family of Clermont in Beauvaisis. Simon de Clermont, seigneur de Nesle, was regent of the kingdom of France during the second crusade of St Louis. Raoul de Clermont, constable of France, and Guy I. (d. 1302) and Guy II. (d. 1352) de Clermont, both marshals of France, were members of the family. The lordship of Nesle was erected into a countship for Charles de Sainte-Maure in 1467 and into a marquisate for Louis de Sainte-Maure in 1546. It was acquired in 1666 by Louis Charles de Mailly. His grandson, Louis de Mailly, had five daughters, of whom four (the countess of Mailly, the duchess of Lauragais, the countess of Vintimille, and the marquise de la Tournelle, afterwards duchess of Châteauroux) were successively, or simultaneously, mistresses of Louis XV.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nest

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​NEST, the place where a bird lays its eggs, hatches them out, and shelters them until they are fledged. The word is used by analogy of other animals than birds, insects, &c. It appears in much the same form in Teutonic languages; related to it are Irish nead, and Lat. nidus, whence Fr. nid. It has been referred to the Gr. νόστος, return home, but it is now established that it represents a form nizdo- for nisido-, from ni-, down; cf. “nether,” and sed-, to sit. Sanskrit has nīda. The Lat. nidus has given the scientific term for nest-building, nidification (q.v.).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Quatrefoil

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QUATREFOIL, in Gothic architecture, the piercing of tracery in a window or balustrade with small semicircular openings known as "foils"; the intersection of these foils is termed the cusp.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Quebec Act

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​QUEBEC ACT, the title usually given to a bill introduced into the House of Lords on May 2, 1774, entitled “An Act for making more Effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec, in North America.” It passed the House of Lords on May 17, was discussed in the Commons from May 26 to June 13, and finally passed with some amendments. These were accepted by the Lords, in spite of the opposition of Lord Chatham, and the bill received the royal assent on June 22. The debates in the House of Commons are not found in the Parliamentary History, but were published separately by J. Wright in 1839. The speech of Lord Chatham is given in the Chatham Correspondence (iv. 351–353).
By this act the boundaries of the Canadian province of Quebec were extended so as to include much of the country between the Ohio and the Mississippi. The French inhabitants of the province were granted the liberty to profess “the religion of the Church of Rome”; the French civil law was established, though in criminal law the English code was introduced. Government was vested in a governor and council, a representative assembly not being granted till the Constitutional Act of 1791.
The granting of part of the Western territory to Quebec, and the recognition of the Roman Catholic religion, greatly angered the American colonies. On the other hand, it did much to keep the French Canadians from joining the Americans in the coming struggle. The act is still looked back to by the French in Canada as their great charter of liberty.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Quatrain

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​QUATRAIN, sometimes spelt Quartain (from Fr. quatre, four), a piece of verse complete in four rhymed lines. The length or measure of the verse is immaterial, but they must be bound together by a rhyme-arrangement. This form has always been popular for use in the composition of epigrams, on account of its brevity and neatness, and may be considered as a modification of the Greek or Latin epigram at its concisest.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Quatremère, Étienne Marc

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​QUATREMERE, ETIENNE MARC (1782–1857), French Orientalist, the son of a Parisian merchant, was born in Paris on the 12th of July 1782. Employed in 1807 in the manuscript department of the imperial library, he passed to the chair of Greek in Rouen in 1809, entered the Academy of Inscriptions in 1815, taught Hebrew and Aramaic in the College de France from 1819, and finally in 1827 became professor of Persian in the School of Living Oriental Languages.
Quatremere’s first work was Recherches . . . sur la langue et la littérature de l’Egypte (1808), showing that the language of ancient Egypt must be sought in Coptic. His translation of Makrizi’s Arabic history of the Mameluke sultans (2 vols., 1837–41) shows his erudition at the best. He published among other works Mémoires sur les Nabaléens (1835); a translation of Rashid al-Din’s Hist. des Mongols de la Perse (1836); Mém. géog. et hist. sur l’Egypte (1810); the text of Ibn Khaldun’s Prolegomena; and a vast number of useful memoirs in the Journal asiatique. His numerous reviews in the Journal des savants should also be mentioned. Quatremere made great lexicographic collections in Oriental languages, fragments of which appear in the notes to his various works. His MS. material for Syriac has been utilized in Payne Smith’s Thesaurus; of the slips he collected for a projected Arabic, Persian and Turkish lexicon some account is given in the preface to Dozy, Supp. aux dictt. arabes. They are now in the Munich library.
A biographical notice by M. Barthélemy Sainte-Hilaire is prefixed to Quatremére’s Mélanges d’histoire et de philologie orientale (1861).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Quay

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​QUAY, a wharf or landing-place for the loading and unloading of water-borne cargo. The word, now pronounced like “key,” takes the form of Fr. quai, older cay or caye, cf. Spanish cayo, a bar, barrier or reef. The earlier form in English is “kay,” and it was so pronounced. “Key” was also earlier pronounced “kay,” and the change in pronunciation in the one was followed also in the other. In spelling also the word was assimilated to “key,” in the sense of a reef, or, especially, of the low range of reefs or islets on the coasts of Spanish America, e.g. on the coast of Florida, the chain of islets known as Florida Keys.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Quay, Matthew Stanley

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QUAY, MATTHEW STANLEY (1833-1904), American political “boss,” was born in Dillsburg, York county, Pennsylvania, on the 30th of September 1833. He graduated at Jefferson College (now Washington and Jefferson College) in 1850 and was admitted to the bar in 1854. He served in various capacities in the Civil War, and in 1865-1867 was a member of the state House of Representatives, becoming secretary of the commonwealth in 1873-1878 and again in 1879-1882, recorder of Philadelphia in 1878-1879, and state treasurer in 1886-1887. He was chairman of the Republican national executive campaign committee in 1888, and was a member of the United States Senate in 1887-1899 and again in 1901-1904. For nearly twenty years he dominated the government of Pennsylvania, and also played a very prominent part in national affairs. In 1899 he was brought to trial on a charge of misappropriating state funds, and, although he was acquitted, the feeling among the reform element in his own party was so bitter against him that the legislature was deadlocked and his re-election was postponed for two years. He died on the 28th of May 1904.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mödling

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​MÖDLING, an old town of Austria, in Lower Austria, 10 m. S. of Vienna by rail. Pop. (1900), 15,304. It is situated at the entrance of the Brühl valley and is a popular summer resort, possessing iron and sulphur baths. It possesses a Gothic church, with a crypt dating from the 15th century, and a still older Romanesque burial chapel. It has a considerable iron and metal industry, and manufactures of shoes, varnish, &c.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Möllendorf, Richard Joachim Heinrich von

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​MÖLLENDORF, RICHARD JOACHIM HEINRICH VON (1724–1816), Prussian soldier, began his career as a page of Frederick the Great in 1740. The outbreak of the Silesian wars gave him his first opportunity of seeing active service, and the end of the second war saw him a captain. In the Seven Years’ War his brilliant conduct at the churchyard of Leuthen (1757) and at Hochkirch won him his majority. In 1760 his exertions retrieved the almost lost battle of Torgau, and the last success of the great king was won by the brigades of Prince Wied and Möllendorf (now major-general) at the Burkersdorf heights. Seventeen years later, as lieutenant-general, he won at Brix one of the few successes of the Bavarian Succession (or “Potato”) War. In the years of peace he occupied considerable posts, being made governor of Berlin in 1783. Promoted general of infantry in 1787, and general field marshal in 1793, he commanded the Prussian army on the Rhine in 1794. In the disastrous campaign of Jena (1806) Möllendorf played a considerable part, though he did not actually command a corps. He was present with the king at Auerstädt, falling into the hands of the French in the débâcle which followed. After his release he passed the remainder of his life in retirement. He died in 1816.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mörike, Eduard Friedrich

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​MÖRIKE, EDUARD FRIEDRICH (1804–1875), German poet, was born at Ludwigsburg on the 8th of September 1804. In 1834 he was appointed pastor of Kleversulzbach near Weinsberg, and in 1851 became professor of literature at the Katharinenstift in Stuttgart. This office he held until his retirement in 1866; but he continued to live at Stuttgart until his death on the 4th of June 1875. Mörike is the most lyrically gifted of all the poets belonging to the so-called Swabian school which gathered round Uhland. His poems, Gedichte (1838; 22nd ed., 1905), are mostly lyrics, graceful in style, original in conception, often humorous, but expressed in simple and natural language. He also wrote a somewhat fantastic Idylle vom Bodensee, oder Fischer Martin und die Glockendiebe (1846; 2nd ed., 1856), and published a collection of hymns, odes, elegies and idylls of the Greeks and Romans, entitled Klassische Blumenlese (1840), and several novels and narratives, among the former Maler Nolten (1832; 6th ed., 1901), which enjoyed great popularity.
Mörike’s Gesammelte Schriften were first published in 4 vols. (in 1878); the most recent editions are those edited by R. Krauss (6 vols., 1905), and the Volksausgabe, published by Göschen (4 vols., 1905). Selections from his literary remains were published by R. Krauss in Eduard Mörike als Gelegenheitsdichter (1895), and his correspondence with Hermann Kurz, Moritz von Schwind, and Theodor Storm, by J. Bachtold (1885–1891); an edition of Mörike’s Ausgewählte Briefe, in 2 vols., appeared 1903–1904. See F. Notter, Eduard Mörike (1875); and H. Fischer, Eduard Mörike (1881); K. Fischer, E. Mörike (1901); H. Maync, E. Mörike (1902); K. Fischer, Mörikes künstlerisches Schaffen und dichterische Schöpfungen (1903).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Möbius, August Ferdinand

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​MÖBIUS, AUGUST FERDINAND (1790–1868), German astronomer and mathematician, was born at Schulpforta on the 17th of November 1790. At Leipzig, Göttingen and Halle he studied for four years, ultimately devoting himself to mathematics and astronomy. In 1815 he settled at Leipzig as privatdocent, and the next year became extraordinary professor of astronomy in connexion with the university. Later he was chosen director of the university observatory, which was erected (1818–1821) under his superintendence. In 1844 he was elected ordinary professor of higher mechanics and astronomy, a position ​which he held till his death on the 26th of September 1868. His doctor’s dissertation, De computandis occultationibus fixarum per planetas (Leipzig, 1815), established his reputation as a theoretical astronomer. Die Hauptsätze der Astronomie (1836), Die Elemente der Mechanik des Himmels (1843), may be noted amongst his other purely astronomical publications. Of more general interest, however, are his labours in pure mathematics, which appear for the most part in Crelle’s Journal from 1828 to 1858. These papers are chiefly geometrical, many of them being developments and applications of the methods laid down in his great work, Der barycentrische Calcul (Leipzig, 1827), which, as the name implies, is based upon the properties of the mean point or centre of mass (see Algebra: Universal). This work abounds in suggestions and foreshadowings of some of the most striking discoveries in more recent times—such, for example, as are contained in H. Grassmann’s Ausdehnungslehre and Sir W. R. Hamilton’s Quaternions. Möbius must be regarded as one of the leaders in the introduction of the powerful methods of modern projective geometry.
His Gesammelten Werke have been published in four volumes at Leipzig (1885–1887).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mézières

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​MÉZIÈRES, a town of northern France, capital of the department of Ardennes, 55 m. N.E. of Reims by the Eastern railway. Pop. (1906), town, 7007; commune, 9393. The town itself, the streets of which are narrow and irregular, is situated on the neck of a peninsula formed by a loop of the Meuse. The river separates it from its suburb of Arches and the town of Charleville on the north and from the suburb of Pierre on the south. Adjoining Pierre is Mohon (pop. 5874), with metallurgical works. The fortifications of Mézières, as well as the citadel still dominating the town on the east, were built under Vauban’s direction, but were dismantled in 1885 and 1886. Immediately to the east of the citadel runs a canal, which provides river-traffic with a short cut across the isthmus. The parish church (16th cent.) contains inscriptions commemorating the raising of the siege of Mézières in 1521 and the marriage of Charles IX. with the daughter of the emperor Maximilian II. (1570). The north and south portals, the Renaissance tower at the west end, and the lofty vaultings, are worthy of remark. The church, which suffered severely in 1870–71, has since been restored. The prefecture and the hôtel de ville, which contains several interesting pictures relating to the history of the town, belong to the 18th century. Mézières is the seat of a prefect and of a court of assizes, and there are manufactures of bicycles, and iron and steel castings for motors, railway-carriages, &c.
Founded in the 9th century, Mézières was at first only a stronghold belonging to the bishops of Reims, which afterwards became the property of the counts of Rethel. The town was increased by successive immigrations of the people of Liége, flying first from the emperor Otto, and afterwards from Charles the Bold; and also by concessions from the counts of Rethel. Walls were built in the 13th century, and in 1521 it was defended against the Imperialists by the Chevalier Bayard, to whom a statue was erected in 1893. The anniversary of the deliverance is still observed yearly on the 27th of September. In 1815 the Germans were kept at bay for six weeks, and in 1871 the town only capitulated after a bombardment during which the greater part of it was destroyed.