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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schiefner, Franz Anton

See also Franz Anton Schiefner on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SCHIEFNER, FRANZ ANTON (1817–1879), Russian linguist, was born at Reval, in Russia, on the 18th of July 1817., His father was a merchant who had emigrated from Bohemia. He was educated first at the Reval grammar school, matriculated at St Petersburg as a law student in 1836, and subsequently devoted himself at Berlin, from 1840 to 1842, exclusively to Eastern languages. On his return to St Petersburg in 1843 he was employed in teaching the classics in the First Grammar School, and soon afterwards received a post in the Imperial Academy, where in 1852 the cultivation of the Tibetan language and literature was assigned to him as his special function. Simultaneously he held from 1860 to 1873 the professorship of classical languages in-the Roman Catholic theological seminary. From 1854 till his death he was an extraordinary member of the Imperial Academy. He visited England three times for purposes of research—in 1863, 1867 and 1878. He died on the 16th of November 1879.
Schiefner made his mark in literary research in three directions. First, he contributed to the M emoirs and Bulletin of the St Petersburg Academy, and brought out independently a number of valuable articles and larger publications on the language and literature of Tibet. He possessed also a remarkable acquaintance with Mongolian, and when death overtook him had just finished a revision of the New Testament in that language with which the British and Foreign Bible Society had entrusted him. Further, he was one of the greatest authorities on the philology and ethnology of the Finnic tribes. He edited and translated the great Finnic epic Kalevala; he arranged, completed and brought out in twelve volumes the literary remains of Alexander Castrén, bearing on the languages of the Samoyedic tribes, the Koibal, Karagass, Tungusian, Buryat, Ostiak and Kottic tongues, and prepared several valuable papers on F innic mythology for the Imperial Academy. Inthe third place, he made himself the exponent of investigations into the languages of the Caucasus, which his lucid analyses placed within reach of European philologists. Thus he gave a full analysis of the Tush language, and in quick succession, from Baron P. Uslar’s investigations, comprehensive papers on the Awar, Ude, Abkhasian, Tchetchenz, Kasi-Kumiik, Hiirkanian and Kiirinian languages. He had also mastered Ossetic, and brought out a number of translations from that language, several of them accompanied by the original text.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 10:10

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| Fonseca, Bay of Font Fontaine, Pierre François Léonard Fontainebleau Fontan, Louis Marie Fontana, Domenico Fontana, Lavinia Fontana, Prospero Fontane, Theodor Fontanes, Louis, Marquis de Fontenay-le-Comte Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier de Fontenoy Fontevrault Food Food Preservation Fool Fools, Feast of Foolscap Fool's Parsley Foot Foot-and-Mouth Disease Football Foote, Andrew Hull Foote, Mary Hallock | Foote, Samuel Footman Footscray Foot-stall Foppa, Vincenzo Forage Forain, J. L. Foraker, Joseph Benson Foraminifera Forbach Forbes, Alexander Penrose Forbes, Archibald Forbes, David Forbes, Duncan Forbes, Edward Forbes, James David Forbes, Sir John Forbes Forbes-Robertson, Johnston Forbin, Claude de Forcellini, Egidio Forchhammer, Johann Georg Forchhammer, Peter Wilhelm Forchheim Ford, Edward Onslow | Ford, John Ford, Richard Ford, Thomas Forde, Francis Fordham Fordun, John of Foreclosure Foreign Office Foreland, North and South Foreshore Forestalling Forest Laws Forests and Forestry Forey, Élie Frédéric Forfar Forfarshire Forfeiture Forgery Forget-me-not Forging Fork Forkel, Johann Nikolaus Forlì Forlimpopoli Forlorn Hope | Form Formalin Forman, Andrew Forman, Simon Formeret Formey, Johann Heinrich Samuel Formia Formic Acid Formosa (Argentine) Formosa (China) Formosus Formula Forner, Juan Bautista Pablo Forres Forrest, Edwin Forrest, Sir John Forrest, Nathan Bedford Forskål, Peter Forssell, Hans Ludvig Forst Forster, François Förster, Friedrich Christoph Forster, Johann Georg Adam Forster, John Forster, John Cooper |
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 10:11

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| Forster — Fort Wayne | Fort William — Fostoria | Fothergill — Fourier | Fourier's Series — Foxglove |
| Forster, William Edward Forsyth, Peter Taylor Fortaleza Fort Augustus Fort Dodge Fort Edward Fortescue, Sir John (lawyer) Fortescue, Sir John (statesman) Forteviot Fort George Forth Fortification and Siegecraft Fortlage, Karl Fort Lee Fort Madison Fortrose Fort Scott Fort Smith Fortuna Fortunatianus, Atilius Fortunatus Fortunatus, Venantius Honorius Clementianus Fortune, Robert Fortuny, Mariano Jose Maria Bernardo Fort Wayne | Fort William (Ontario) Fort William (Scotland) Fort Worth Forty Forum Forum Appii Forum Clodii Forum Traiani Fosbroke, Thomas Dudley Foscari, Francesco Foscolo, Ugo Foss, Edward Fossano Fossanuova Fosse Way Fossick Fossombrone Fossombroni, Vittorio, Count Foster, Sir Clement le Neve Foster, George Eulas Foster, John Foster, Sir Michael Foster, Myles Birket Foster, Stephen Collins Fostoria | Fothergill, John Fotheringhay Foucault, Jean Bernard Léon Fouché, Joseph, Duke of Otranto Foucher, Simon Foucquet, Jean Fougères Fouillée, Alfred Jules Emile Fould, Achille Foulis, Andrew and Robert Foullon, Joseph François Foundation Foundations Founding Foundling Hospitals Fountain Fountains Abbey Fouqué, Ferdinand André Fouqué, Friedrich Heinrich Karl de la Motte Fouquet, Nicolas Fouquier-Tinville, Antoine Quentin Fourchambault Fourcroy, Antoine François Fourier, François Charles Marie Fourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph | Fourier's Series Fourmies Fourmont, Étienne Fournet, Joseph Jean Baptiste Xavier Fournier, Pierre Simon Fournier l'Héritier, Claude Fourtou, Marie François Oscar Bardy de Foussa Fowey Fowl Fowler, Charles Fowler, Edward Fowler, John Fowler, Sir John Fowler, William Fox, Charles James Fox, Edward Fox, George Fox, Richard Fox, Robert Were Fox, Sir Stephen Fox, Sir William Fox Foxe, John Foxglove |
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 10:3

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| Falkland Islands — Fano | Fanshawe — Farina | Farinato — Farren | Farren — Fatimites |
| Falkland Islands Fallacy Fallières, Clément Armand Fall-line Fallmerayer, Jakob Philipp Fallopius, Gabriello Falloux, Frédéric Alfred Pierre Fallow Fallow-deer Fall River Falmouth False Point False Pretences Falticheni Falun Fama Famagusta Familiar Familists Family Famine Fan Fancy Fang Fano | Fanshawe, Sir Richard Fantan Fantasia Fanti, Manfredo Fanti Fantin-Latour, Ignace Henri Jean Théodore Fanum Fortunae Fan Vault Fārābī Faraday, Michael Farah (River) Farah (Town) Farazdaq Farce Fareham Farel, Guillaume Farey, John Fargo, William George Fargo Faria y Sousa, Manuel de Faribault Faridkot Faridpur Farīd Ud-dīn 'Attār Farina, Salvatore | Farinato, Paolo Farinelli Faringdon Farini, Luigi Carlo Farm Farm Buildings Farmer, Richard Farmers' Movement Farnaby, Thomas Farnborough, Thomas Erskine May, Baron Farnborough Farne Islands Farnese Farnese, Alexander Farnese, Elizabeth Farnham Farnworth Faro (town) Faro (game) Farquhar, George Farr, William Farragut, David Glasgow Farrant, Richard Farrar, Frederic William Farren, Elizabeth | Farren, William Farrer, Thomas Henry Farrer, 1st Baron Farrier and Farriery Fars Farthing Farthingale Farukhabad Fasces Fascia Fascination Fascine Fashion Fashoda Fast and Loose Fasti Fasting Fastolf, Sir John Fat Fatalism Fate Fatehpur Fatehpur Sikri Father Fathers of the Church Fathom Fatimites |
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 10:1

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| Evangelical — Evergreen | Everlasting — Execution | Executors — Express | Expropriation — Ezra |
| Evangelical Church Conference Evangelical Union Evans, Christmas Evans, Evan Herbert Evans, Sir George de Lacy Evans, Sir John Evans, Oliver Evanson, Edward Evanston Evansville Evaristus Evarts, William Maxwell Eve Evection Eveleth Evelyn, John Everdingen, Allart van Everest, Sir George Everest, Mount Everett, Alexander Hill Everett, Charles Carroll Everett, Edward Everett, Massachusetts Everett, Washington Everglades Evergreen | Everlasting Eversley, Charles Shaw Lefevre, Viscount Evesham Evidence Evil Eye Evolution Evora Évreux Ewald, Georg Heinrich August von Ewald, Johannes Ewart, William Eẃe Ewell, Richard Stoddert Ewing, Alexander Ewing, Juliana Horatia Orr Ewing, Thomas Examinations Exarch Excambion Excellency Exchange Exchequer Excise Excommunication Excretion Execution | Executors and Administrators Exedra Exelmans, René Joseph Isidore, Count Exequatur Exeter, Earl, Marquess and Duke of Exeter (England) Exeter (New Hampshire) Exeter Book Exhibition Exhumation Exilarch Exile Exili Exmoor Forest Exmouth, Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth Exodus, Book of Exodus, The Exogamy Exorcism Exorcist Exotic Expatriation Expert Explosives Express | Expropriation Expulsion Extension Extenuating Circumstances Exterritoriality Extortion Extract Extradition Extrados Extreme Unction Eybeschütz, Jonathan Eyck, Van Eye (Municipality) Eye Eyemouth Eylau Eyra Eyre, Edward John Eyre, Sir James Eyrie Ezekiel Ezra Ezra, Third Book of |
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 10:2

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| Ezra — Fabricius | Fabricius — Fahrenheit | Faidherbe — Fajardo | Fakhr ud-Dīn Rāzi — Falkland |
| Ezra, Fourth Book of Ezra and Nehemiah, Books of Ezzo Ezzolied F Fabbroni, Angelo Faber Faber, Basil Faber, Frederick William Faber, Jacobus Faber, Johann Fabert, Abraham de Fabian, Saint Fabius Fabius Pictor, Quintus Fable Fabliau Fabre, Ferdinand Fabre d'Églantine, Philippe François Nazaire Fabretti, Raphael Fabriani, Severino Fabriano Fabricius, Gaius Luscinus Fabricius, Georg Fabricius, Hieronymus | Fabricius, Johann Albert Fabricius, Johann Christian Fabrizi, Nicola Fabrot, Charles Annibal Fabyan, Robert Façade Facciolati, Jacopo Face Faction Factor Factory Acts Facula Faculty Faed, Thomas Faenza Faeroe Faesulae Fafnir Fagging Faggot Fagniez, Gustave Charles Faguet, Émile Fa-Hien Fahlcrantz, Christian Erik Fahrenheit, Gabriel Daniel | Faidherbe, Louis Léon César Faience Failly, Pierre Louis Charles de Fain, Agathon Jean François Fair Fairbairn, Andrew Martin Fairbairn, Sir William Fairbanks, Erastus Fairfax, Edward Fairfax of Cameron, Ferdinando Fairfax, 2nd Baron Fairfax of Cameron, Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Baron Fairfield (Connecticut) Fairfield (Iowa) Fairhaven Fairholt, Frederick William Fairmont Fair Oaks Fairūzābādī Fairy Fairy Ring Faithfull, Emily Faith healing Faithorne, William Faizabad Fajardo | Fakhr ud-Dīn Rāzi Fakir Falaise Falashas Falcão, Christovão de Sousa Falck, Anton Reinhard Falcón Falcon Falcone, Aniello Falconer, Hugh Falconer, William Falconet, Étienne Maurice Falconry Faldstool Falerii Falerio Falguière, Jean Alexandre Joseph Faliero, Marino Falisci Falk, Johann Daniel Falk, Paul Ludwig Adalbert Falke, Johann Friedrich Gottlieb Falkirk Falkland, Lucius Cary, 2nd Viscount Falkland |
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 10:5

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| Fennel — Ferdinand III. of Castile | Ferdinand IV. of Castile — Fermanagh | Fermat — Ferrari | Ferrari — Fessenden |
| Fennel Fenner, Dudley Fenny Stratford Fenrir Fens Fenton, Edward Fenton, Elijah Fenton, Sir Geoffrey Fenton, Lavinia Fenton Fenugreek Fenwick, Sir John Feoffment Ferdinand Ferdinand I. (emperor) Ferdinand II. (emperor) Ferdinand III. (emperor) Ferdinand I. of Austria Ferdinand I. of Naples Ferdinand II. of Naples Ferdinand IV. of Naples Ferdinand I. of Portugal Ferdinand I. of Castile Ferdinand II. of Leon Ferdinand III. of Castile | Ferdinand IV. of Castile Ferdinand I. of Aragon Ferdinand V. of Castile and Leon and II. of Aragon Ferdinand VI. of Spain Ferdinand VII. of Spain Ferdinand II. of the Two Sicilies Ferdinand III. of Austria Ferdinand, Maximilian Karl Leopold Maria Ferdinand of Brunswick Ferdinand of Cologne Ferentino Ferentum Feretory Ferghana Fergus Falls Ferguson, Adam Ferguson, James Ferguson, Robert Ferguson, Sir Samuel Fergusson, James Fergusson, Robert Fergusson, Sir William Feringhi Ferishta, Mahommed Kasim Fermanagh | Fermat, Pierre de Fermentation Fermo Fermoy Fern Fernandez, Alvaro Fernandez, Diego Fernandez, John Fernandez, Juan Fernandez, Lucas Fernandina Fernando de Noronha Fernando Po Fernel, Jean François Fernie Fernow, Karl Ludwig Ferozepur Ferozeshah Ferrand, Antoine François Claude Ferrar, Nicholas Ferrar, Robert Ferrara Ferrara-Florence, Council of Ferrari, Gaudenzio Ferrari, Giuseppe | Ferrari, Paolo Ferreira, Antonio Ferrel's Law Ferrers Ferrers, Laurence Shirley Ferret Ferri, Ciro Ferri, Luigi Ferrier, Arnaud du Ferrier, James Frederick Ferrier, Paul Ferrier, Susan Edmonstone Ferrol Ferruccio, Francesco Ferrule Ferry, Jules François Camille Ferry Fersen, Fredrik Axel, Count von Fersen, Hans Axel, Count von Fesca, Frederic Ernest Fescennia Fescennine Verses Fesch, Joseph Fessa Fessenden, William Pitt |
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 10:12

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| Fox Indians — Framlingham | Franc — Franceschini | Franche-Comté — Francis | Francis — Francis Joseph |
| Fox Indians Fox Morcillo, Sebastian Foy, Maximilien Sébastien Fraas, Karl Nikolas Fracastoro, Girolamo Fragonard, Jean-Honoré Frahn, Christian Martin Frame Framingham Framlingham | Franc Français, Antoine, Count Français, François Louis Francatelli, Charles Elmé Francavilla Fontana France, Anatole France Franceschi, Jean Baptiste Franceschi, Piero de' Franceschini, Baldassare | Franche-Comté Franchise Francia Francia, José Gaspar Rodriguez Franciabigio Francis Francis I. (emperor) Francis II. (emperor) Francis I. of France Francis II. of France | Francis I. of the Two Sicilies Francis II. of the Two Sicilies Francis IV. of Modena Francis V. of Modena Francis of Assisi, St Francis of Mayrone Francis of Paola, St Francis of Sales, St Francis, Sir Philip Francis Joseph I. |
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 10:4

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| Faubourg — Fawcett | Fawcett — Federal Government | Federalist Party — Feller | Felling — Fenians |
| Faubourg Fauces Faucher, Léonard Joseph Fauchet, Claude (historian) Fauchet, Claude (bishop) Faucit, Helena Saville Faujas de Saint-Fond, Barthélemy Fault Fauna Fauntleroy, Henry Faunus Faure, François Félix Fauré, Gabriel Fauriel, Claude Charles Faust Faustina, Annia Galeria Favara Favart, Charles Simon Faversham Favorinus Favras, Thomas de Mahy, Marquis de Favre, Jean Alphonse Favre, Jules Claude Gabriel Favus Fawcett, Henry | Fawcett, John Fawkes, Francis Fawkes, Guy Fáy, András Fayal Fayetteville (Arkansas) Fayetteville (North Carolina) Fayrer, Sir Joseph Fayum Fazogli Fea, Carlo Fearne, Charles Feasts and Festivals Feather Featherstone Featley, Daniel Febronianism February Febvre, Alexandre Frédéric Fécamp Fechner, Gustav Theodor Fechter, Charles Albert Feckenham, John Fedchenko, Alexis Pavlovich Federal Government | Federalist Party Federici, Camillo Fee Fehling, Hermann von Fehmarn Fehmic Courts Fehrbellin Feijóo y Montenegro, Benito Jerónimo Feith, Rhijnvis Fejér, Gyorgy Felanitx Feldkirch Félibien, André Felix (Popes) Felix of Burgundy Felix of Urgella Felix of Valois Felix, Antonius Félix, Lia Felixstowe Fell, John Fell Fellah Fellenberg, Philipp Emanuel von Feller, François Xavier de | Felling Felloe Fellow Fellows, Sir Charles Felo de Se Felony Felsite Felspar Felsted Felt Feltham, Owen Felton, Cornelius Conway Felton, John Feltre, Morto da Feltre Felucca Female Femerell Fencing Fender Fénelon, Bertrand de Salignac Fénelon, François de Salignac de la Mothe Fenestella Fenestration Fenians |
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 10:6

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| Fessler — Feydeau | Fez — Field | Field — Figurate Numbers | Fiji — Finance |
| Fessler, Ignaz Aurelius Festa, Constanzo Festiniog Festoon Festus Festus, Sextus Pompeius Fétis, François Joseph Fetishism Fettercairn Fetters and Handcuffs Feu Feuchères, Sophie, Baronne de Feuchtersleben, Ernst, Freiherr von Feud Feudalism Feuerbach, Anselm Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach, Paul Johann Anselm Feuillants, Club of the Feuillet, Octave Feuilleton Feuquières, Isaac Manassès de Pas, Marquis de Féval, Paul Henri Corentin Fever Feydeau, Ernest-Aimé | Fez Fezzan Fiacre, Saint Fiars Prices Fibres Fibrin Fichte, Immanuel Hermann von Fichte, Johann Gottlieb Fichtelgebirge Ficino, Marsilio Ficksburg Fictions Fiddes, Richard Fiddle Fidenae Fiduciary Fief Field, Cyrus West Field, David Dudley Field, Eugene Field, Frederick Field, Henry Martyn Field, John Field, Marshall Field, Nathan | Field, Stephen Johnson Field, William Ventris Field, Baron Field Fieldfare Fielding, Anthony Vandyke Copley Fielding, Henry Fielding, William Stevens Field-mouse Field of the Cloth of Gold Fields, James Thomas Fiennes, Nathaniel Fieri Facias Fieschi, Giuseppe Marco Fiesco, Giovanni Luigi Fiesole Fife (Scotland) Fife (military flute) Fifth Monarchy Men Fig Figaro Figeac Figueira da Foz Figueras Figulus, Publius Nigidius Figurate Numbers | Fiji Filander Filangieri, Carlo Filangieri, Gaetano Filariasis Fildes, Sir Luke File File-fish Filelfo, Francesco Filey Filibuster Filicaja, Vincenzo da Filigree Fillan, Saint Fillet Fillmore, Millard Filmer, Sir Robert Filmy Ferns Filon, Pierre Marie Augustin Filosa Filter Fimbria, Gaius Flavius Fimbriate Finale Finance |
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 10:7

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| Finch — Finn mac Cool | Finno-Ugrian — First-foot | First of June — Fitch | Fitch — Fitzwalter |
| Finch, Finch-Hatton Finch of Fordwich, John Finch, Baron Finch Finchley Finck, Friedrich August von Finck, Heinrich Finck, Hermann Finden, William Findlater, Andrew Findlay, Sir George Findlay, John Ritchie Findlay Fine Fine Arts Finger Finger-and-Toe Finger-prints Fingo Finial Finiguerra, Maso Finishing Finistère Finland Finlay, George Finn mac Cool | Finno-Ugrian Finsbury Finsterwalde Fiorenzo di Lorenzo Fiorenzuola d'Arda Fiorillo, Johann Dominicus Fir Firdousī Fire Fire and Fire Extinction Fireback Fire Brat Firebrick Firefly Fire-irons Firenzuola, Agnolo Fireship Fire-walking Fireworks Firm Firmament Firman Firmicus, Maternus Julius Firminy First-foot | First of June, Battle of the Firth, Charles Harding Firth, Mark Firūzabad Firūzkūh Fischart, Johann Fischer, Emil Fischer, Ernst Kuno Berthold Fish, Hamilton Fish Fisher, Alvan Fisher, George Park Fisher, John Fisher, John Arbuthnot Fisher, 1st Baron Fisheries Fishery, Law of Fishguard Fishkill Landing Fisk, James Fisk, Wilbur Fiske, John Fiske, Minnie Maddern Fistula Fit Fitch, John | Fitch, Sir Joshua Girling Fitch, Ralph Fitchburg Fittig, Rudolf Fitton, Mary Fitton, William Henry Fitzball, Edward Fitzgerald FitzGerald, Edward Fitzgerald, Lord Edward Fitzgerald, Raymond Fitzgerald, Lord Thomas Fitzherbert, Sir Anthony Fitzherbert, Thomas Fitz Neal, Richard Fitz-Osbern, Roger Fitz-Osbern, William Fitz Osbert, William Fitz Peter, Geoffrey Fitzroy, Robert Fitzroy Fitz Stephen, Robert Fitz Stephen, William Fitz Thedmar, Arnold Fitzwalter, Robert |
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wicklow (town)

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​WICKLOW, a seaport, market town, and the county town of county Wicklow, Ireland, picturesquely situated at the mouth of a lagoon which receives the river Vartry and other streams, 28¼ m. S. of Dublin by the Dublin & South-Eastern railway. Pop. (1901) 3288. The harbour, which is governed by commissioners and can accommodate vessels of 1500 tons, has two piers, with quayage. There is a considerable import trade in coal, timber, iron and slate; and some exports of grain and metallic ore, but the latter suffers by competition with the imports to Britain of sulphur ore from Spain. The town has county buildings, a parish church embodying a good Norman door from a previous structure, some ruins of a Franciscan abbey of the 13th century, and remains of Black Castle, on a commanding situation above the sea, founded in Norman times and rebuilt by William Fitzwilliam after capture by the Irish in 1301. The name shows the town to have been a settlement of the Norsemen. The cliff scenery to the S. towards Wicklow Head is fine, and the town has some claims as a seaside resort. It is governed by an urban district council.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wickram, Jörg

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​WICKRAM, JÖRG, or Georg (d. c. 1560), German poet and novelist, was a native of Colmar in Alsace; the date of his birth is unknown. He passed the latter part of his life as town clerk of Burgheim on the Rhine, and died before 1562. Wickram was a many-sided writer. He founded a Meistersinger school in Colmar in 1549, and has left a number of Meistersingerlieder. He edited Albrecht von Halberstadt's Middle High German version of Ovid's Metamorphoses (1545), and in 1555 he published Das Rollwagenbüchlein, one of the best of the many German collections of tales and anecdotes which appeared in the 16th century. The title of the book implies its object, namely, to ​supply reading for the traveller in the “Rollwagen” or diligences. As a dramatist, Wickram wrote Fastnachtsspiele (Das Narrengiessen, 1537; Der treue Eckart, 1538) and two dramas on biblical subjects, Der verlorene Sohn (1540) and Tobias (1551). A moralizing poem, Der irrereitende Pilger (1556), is half-satiric half-didactic. It is, however, as a novelist that Wickram has left the deepest mark on his time, his chief romances being Ritter Galmy aus Schottland (1539), Gabriotto und Reinhard (1554), Der Knabenspiegel (1554), Von guten und bösen Nachbarn (1556) and Der Goldfaden (1557). These may be regarded as the earliest attempts in German literature to create that modern type of middle-class fiction which ultimately took the place of the decadent medieval romance of chivalry.
Wickram’s works have been edited by J. Bolte and W. Scheel for the Stuttgart Literarischer Verein (vols., 222, 223, 229, 230, 1900–1903); Der Ritter Galmy was republished by F. de la Motte Fouqué in 1806; Der Goldfaden by K. Brentano in 1809; the Rollwagenbüchlein was edited by H. Kurz in 1865, and there is also a reprint of it in Reclam’s Universalbibliothek. See A. Stober, J. Wickram (1866); W. Scherer, Die Anfange des deutschen Prosaromans (1877).