OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# CMS Contact Information

CMS Contact Information
To submit a question to CMS:
1) Access the Medicare Electronic Application Request Information System™ (MEARIS™) at: https://mearis.cms.gov/public/login
2) At the top right-hand corner, select "Resources"
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This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Zimbabwe

This page was last updated on 1 January 2003
This is a snapshot of the CIA World Fact Book as it existed on 26 March 2005
# CIA torture memos

Produced by the OLC, these memos formed part of the Bush administration's use of legally-sanctioned torture of prisoners in the War on Terror.
* First memo
* Second memo
* Third memo
* Fourth Memo: Bradbury Memo, 2005 May 30, Application of United States Obligations Under Article 16 of the Convention Against Torture
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# CMH 60-11: Field Artillery

U.S. Army Center for Military History publication

## Notes

___________________________________________________________________
* Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
* McKenney, Janice e., 1942–
* Field artillery / compiled by Janice e. McKenney.
* p. cm. — (army lineage series)
* 1. United States. army. Field artillery--History. 2. United States. army. Field artillery—insignia.
* 3. artillery, Field and mountain—United States—History. i. title. Ua32.M353 2008
* 358’.120973—dc22
* Revised Edition—First Printed 1985—CMH Pub 60–11–1 (Part 1)
______________________________________________________________
* Forward
* Preface
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# CMCR rules email exchange

* related portals: Guantanamo.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
Transcribed from pages 17, 18 of http://www.defenselink.mil/news/jul2007/Khadr%20Defense%20Motions%20for%20Delay%20&%20PHV%20(July%2011).pdf on March 10th, 2008.

# CMCR Ruels.txt

| From: | Foreman, Leroy Mr DoD OGC |
| Sent: | Monday, July 09, 2007 11:18 |
| To: | Sullivan, Dwight, Col, ~ DoD OGC |
| Subject: | RE: APPROVAL/ PROMULGATXON OF RULES OF PRACTICE FOR THE COURT OF MILITARY COMMISSION REVIEW (CMCR) |
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Sōliyan

​Sōliyan.-— Sōliyan or Sōliya is a territorial name, meaning an inhabitant of the Chōla country, recorded as a sub-division of Karnam, Idaiyan, Pallan, and Vellāla. The equivalent Sōangal occurs as an exogamous sept of Vallamban, and Sōliya illam (Malayālam, house) as ​an exogamous sept of Panikkans In the Tamil country. Some Pallis style themselves Sōlakanar (descendants of Chōla kings), or Sōlakula Kshatriya. (See Sōzhia.)
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Sōnagan

​Sōnagan.— See Jōnagan.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Sōzhia

​Sōzhia.—A territorial name of sub-divisions of various Tamil classes who are settled in what was formerly the Chōla country, e.g., Brāhman, Chetti, Kaikōlan, Kammālan, Pallan, and Vellāla.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Sūdra

​Sūdra. — The fourth of the traditional castes of Manu. The Sūdra Nāyars supply the female servants in the houses of Nambūtiris.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Sōma Vārada

​Sōma Vārada (Sunday). — The name of Kurubas who worship their god on Sundays.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Sōmara

​Sōmara. — Recorded, in the Madras Census Report, 1901, as a small class of potters in the Vizagapatam hills.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Sōmakshatri

​Sōmakshatri.-— A name sometimes adopted by Canarese Gānigas in South Canara.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Sōmari

​Sōmari (idler). — A division of Yānādis, who do scavenging work, and eat the refuse food thrown away by people from the leaf plate after a meal.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Sōlaga

​Sōlaga.— See Shōlaga.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Sūdra Kāvutiyān

​Sūdra Kāvutiyān. — A name adopted by barbers who shave Nāyars, to distinguish them from other barbers.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Elakayan

​Elakayan. — A sub-division of Nāyar. It is recorded, in the Madras Census Report, 1901, that "its hereditary occupation is to get plantain leaves for the use of the Cherukunnu temple, where travellers are fed daily by the Chirakkal Rāja."
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Ella

​Ella (boundary). — An exogamous sept of Mutrācha.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Elugoti

​Elugoti (assembly). — An exogamous sept of Dēvānga.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Elugu

​Elugu (bear). — An exogamous sept of Yānādi.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Emān

​Emān.— A corruption of Yajamānan, lord, recorded, in the Travancore Census Report, 1901, as a title of Nāyar.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Eluttacchan

​Eluttacchan. — Eluttacchan or Ezhuttacchan, meaning teacher or master of learning, is the name for educated Kadupattans of Malabar employed as school-masters.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Embrāntiri

​Embrāntiri. — Embrāntiri or Embrān is "a Malayalam name for Tulu Brāhmans settled in Malabar. They speak both Tulu and Malayalam. Some of them call themselves Nambūdris, but they never intermarry with that class."* By Wigram they are defined † as "a class of sacrificing Brāhmans, chiefly Tulu, who officiate at Sūdra ceremonies." It is a name for the Tulu Shivalli Brāhmans.
* ↑ * Madras Census Report, 19OI.
* ↑ † Malabar Law and Custom.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Emme

​Emme (buffalo). — See Yemmē.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Ena Korava

​Ena Korava. — See Korava.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Antoine-Augustin Touttée

From volume 15 of the work.
A French Benedictine of the Maurist Congregation, b. at Riom, Department of Puy-de-Dôme, 13 Dec., 1677; d. at the Abbey of St. Germain-des-Prés, 25 Dec., 1718. He studied the humanities with the Oratorians at Riom, made vows at the Abbey of Vendôme, 29 Oct., 1698, and was ordained priest in December, 1702. He taught philosophy at Vendôme from 1702 to 1704 and theology at St-Benoît-sur-Loire from 1704-1708 and at St-Denis from 1708 to 1712. He then withdrew to St-Germain-des-Prés to prepare a new Greek edition and Latin translation of the works of St. Cyril of Jerusalem. This was issued after his death by Prudent Maran under the title: "S. Cyrilli Hiersolymit. opera quae extant omnia et ejus nomine circumferunter; ad mss. codd. castigata" (Paris, 1720; also in P.G., XXXIII). It is preceded by three learned dissertations on the life, writings, and doctrine of St. Cyril, and was at the time the standard edition.
TASSIN, Hist. litteraire de la congreg. de Saint-Maur (Brussels and Paris, 1770); German tr. (Frankfort, 1773-4), s.v.; LE CERF, Bibliotheque historique et critique des auteurs de la congreg. de Saint-Maur (The Hague, 1720), s.v.
MICHAEL OTT
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Antipope

From volume 1 of the work.
A false claimant of the Holy See in opposition to a pontiff canonically elected. At various times in the history of the Church illegal pretenders to the Papal Chair have arisen, and frequently exercised pontifical functions in defiance of the true occupant. According to Hergenröther, the last antipope was Felix V (1439-49). The same authority enumerates twenty-nine in the following order:-
| Hippolytus (?), III century. Novatian, 251. Felix II, 355-365. Ursicinus, 366-367. Eulalius, 418-419. Laurentius, 498-501. Constantine II, 767. Philip, VIII century. Anastasius, 855. Leo VIII, 956-963. Boniface VII, 974. John XVI, X century. Gregory, 1012. Sylvester III, 1044. Benedict X, 1058. Honorius II, 1061-72. | Guibert or Clement III, 1080-1100. Theodoric, 1100. Aleric, 1102. Maginulf, 1105. Burdin (Gregory VIII), 1118. Anacletus II, 1130-38. Victor IV, 1159-64. Pascal III, 1164-68. Calixtus III, 1168-77. Innocent III, 1178-80. Nicholas V, 1328-30. Robert of Geneva (Clement VII), 20 September, 1378 to 16 September, 1394. Amadeus of Savoy (Felix V), November, 1439 to April, 1449. |
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Antoine-Augustin Parmentier

From volume 11 of the work.
An agriculturist, born at Montdidier, 17 August, 1737; died in Paris, 13 Dec., 1813. Left an orphan at an early age, he was compelled before taking a college course to become a pharmacist, in which capacity he joined the army of Hanover in 1757. Taken prisoner several times in the course of this service, he profited by his captivity in Prussia to gain knowledge which he later put to valuable use. He resumed his studies, on his return to Paris in 1774, and was appointed pharmacist at the Hôtel-des-Invalides. At this time, he introduced the use of potatoes as food in France. He also promoted the improved cultivation of maize and chestnuts, and tried to reform the methods of baking. During the Revolution he had charge of the preparation of salted provisions, and manufactured a sea-biscuit. He wrote a number of books on horticultural and agricultural topics, which betray his lack of early education. André Parmentier (1780-1830), who attained distinction as a horticulturist in the United States, was a collateral relative.
SILVESTRE, Notice biog. sur Parmentier (Paris, 1815); MUTEL, Vie de Parmentier (Paris, 1819); MOUCHON, Notice hist. sur Parmentier (Lyons, 1843).
THOMAS F. MEEHAN
# Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent/Session XXIII/Indiction of the next Session

INDICTION OF THE NEXT SESSION.
Yet further, the same sacred and holy Synod of Trent indicts the next ensuing session for the sixteenth day of the month of September; in which it will treat of the sacrament of Matrimony, and of such other matters, if there be any, relative to the doctrine of faith, as can be expedited, as also touching provisions for bishoprics, dignities, and other ecclesiastical benefices, and divers articles of Reformation.
The session was prorogued until the eleventh day of November, mdlxiii.
# Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent/Session XXIV/Indiction of the next Session

INDICTION OF THE NEXT SESSION.
Yet further, the same sacred and holy synod ordains and decrees, that the next ensuing session be held on the Thursday after the Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, which will be the ninth day of the month of December next, with the power also of abridging that term. . In which ​session the sixth chapter will be treated of, which is now deferred till then, and the remaining chapters on Reformation, which have been already set forth, and other matters pertaining thereunto. But if it shall seem opportune, and the time will permit, certain dogmas may also be treated of, as in their proper season they shall be proposed in the congregations.
The term of the session was abridged
# Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent/Session XXV/Books

ON THE INDEX OF BOOKS, AND THE CATEHISM, BREVIARY, AND MISSAL.
The sacred and holy synod, in the second session celebrated under our most holy lord Pius IV., gave commission to certain chosen fathers, that they should consider what ought to be done touching various censures, and books either suspected or pernicious, and to make a report thereon to the said holy synod. Hearing now that the finishing hand has been put to that labour by those fathers; which, however, by reason of the variety and multitude of books ​cannot be distinctly and conveniently judged of by the holy-synod; it enjoins that whatsoever has been by them done shall be laid before the most holy Roman Pontiff, that it may by his judgment and authority be terminated and made public. And it commands that the same be done in regard of the Catechism, by the fathers to whom that work was consigned, and as regards the Missal and Breviary.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Pantala

​Pantala.— Recorded, in Travancore, as a sub- division of Sāmantan. The name is said to be derived from Bhandārattil, or belonging to the royal treasury.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Pantāri

​Pantāri.— Recorded, in the Travancore Census Report, as synonymous with the Idacheri sub-division ​of Nāyar. Pantrantu Vītan is also there recorded as a sub-division of Nāyar.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Pappini

​Pappini.— A name for Brāhmanis, a class of Ambalavāsi.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Paraiya Tāda

​Paraiya Tāda. — Recorded, in the North Arcot Manual, as a name for those who are considered impure Valluvans. The name literally means Paraiya Tādan or Dāsari.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Parava

​Parava.— The Tulu-speaking Paravas of South Canaraare, like the Nalkes and Pombadas, devil-dancers. ​and are further employed in the manufacture of baskets and umbrellas. Socially, they occupy a higher position than the Nalkes, but rank below the Pombadas. The bhūthas (devils) whose disguise they assume are Kodamanitaya and the Baiderukalu, who may not be represented by Nalkes; and they have no objection to putting on the disguise of other bhūthas. Paravas are engaged for all kinds of devil-dances when Nalkes are not available. (See Nalke.)
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Pappadam

​Pappadam. — People calling themselves Pappadam Chetti are largely found in Malabar, living by the manufacture and sale of cakes called pappadam, which are purchased by all classes, including Nambūtiri Brāhmans.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Panta

​Panta (a crop). — A sub-division of Kāpu and Yānādi. In the Gazetteer of South Arcot, Pan Reddi is recorded as a caste of Telugu-speaking ryots (Kāpus).
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Pappu

​Pappu (split pulse). — An exogamous sept of Balija.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Paradēsi

​Paradēsi. — Recorded, in the Madras Census Report, 1901, as a class of Malayālam beggars. The name indicates strangers (paradēsa, a foreign country), and is applied to the White Jews of Cochin, in connection with whom it occurs in Sirkar (State) accounts and royal writs granted to them.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Colonnade

From volume 4 of the work.
A number of columns symmetrically arranged in one or more rows. It is termed monostyle when of one row, polystyle when of many. If surrounding a building or court, it is called a peristyle; when projecting beyond the line of the building a portico. Sometimes it supports a building, sometimes a roof only. For ecclesiastical architecture the most famous specimen is the colonnade of St. Peter's, erected 1665-67 by Bernini, with 284 columns and 162 statues of saints on balustrades (see THE CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA, II, s. v. BERNINI).
ANDERSON AND SPIERS. The Architecture of Greece and Rome (London, 1903); GWILT, Encyclopedia of Architecture (London, 1881).
THOMAS H. POOLE.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Colossæ

From volume 4 of the work.
A titular see of Phrygia in Asia Minor, suppressed in 1894. Little is known about its history. The later name, Colassæ, is probably the old Phrygian form. Colossæ was at one time the chief city of South-Western Phrygia, lying on the trade-route from Sardis to Celænæ; it produced fine wool, the colour of which was called colossinus. The ruin of the city was brought about by the change of road system, the foundation of Laodicea, eleven miles distant, and severe earthquakes. It retained municipal independence, but at the time of Strabo (XII, viii, 4) it was "a small town". It had its own coinage under the empire. St. Paul (probably about 61) addressed an epistle from Rome to the inhabitants of Colossæ, who had perhaps been evangelized by him. Colossæ was the home of his companions, Archippus and Philemon of his very dear sister, Appia, and of Onesimus and Epaphras, who probably founded the Church of Colossæ. The ruins of the city are visible near Chonæ, in the vilayet of Smyrna, on the left bank of the Lycus (Tehuruk Su); they include the acropolis, an aqueduct, theatre, etc. There is also a curious petrifying river, the Ak Su. Under the Byzantine Empire the territory of Colossæ rose again to importance, and a strong fortress was built (perhaps by Justinian) at Chonæ, three miles south-south-east of Colossæ. The centre of population long remained at the old site, but about the eighth century it was moved to a shelf of land beneath the castle. Chonæ (vulgar Greek Khonés, Turk. Honas) is still a little village, twelve miles east of Denizli; it has been rendered famous by its miraculous church of St. Michael. Colossæ was a suffragan of Laodicea in Phrygia Pacatiana. Besides St. Epaphras, two bishops are mentioned: Epiphanius in 451 and Cosmas in 692; Archippus and Philemon, especially the latter, are very doubtful. Chonæ was made an archbishopric about 858-60, and in some later "Notitiæ episcopatuum" appears as a metropolis without suffragans. Many titulars are known: Dositheus at Nicæ, in 787; Samuel, a friend of Photius, who sent him to Rome, was present at the Council of Constantinople in 866; Constantine, in 1028; Nicholas, in 1066 and 1080; in 1143 Nicetas, the godfather of the historian Nicetas Acominatus, who was born at Chonæ, as was his brother Michael, the famous Metropolitan of Athens.
LEQUIEN, I. 813; HAMILTON, Researches in Asia Minor (London, 1842), I, 507-14; RAMSAY, The Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia, 208-34; IDEM, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia (London and New York, 1905); LE CAMUS, Voyage aux sept Eglises; BONNET, Narratio de miraculo a Michaele archangelo Chonis patrato (Paris, 1880).
S. Pétridès.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Colonia

From volume 16 of the work.
A titular see in Armenia Prima. Colonia should be identified with Kara Hissar, chief town of a sanjak of the vilayet of Sivas. It has about 10,000 inhabitants, all Mussulmans, excepting 700 Greeks, and 2500 Armenians (1500 Gregorian, 700 Protestant, and 300 Catholic). It trades in agricultural products and alum from the neighbouring mines. Colonia retained its importance under the Seljukian Turks and even under the Ottomans, who captured it in 1473. In the present city there are the curious ruins of the citadel built by Justinian, and rebuilt and enlarged during the Middle Ages. Colonia was one of the centres of the Paulician heresy.
For the identification of Colonia see RAMSEY, Asia Minor, 57, 267; F. AND E. CUMONT, Studia Pontica (Brussels, 1906), 296-302. For the modern city see CUINET, La Turquie d' Asie, I, 779.
S. Pétridès.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Colonia (1)

From volume 4 of the work.
A titular see of Armenia. Procopius (De Ædif., III, iv) informs us that Justinian restored a fortress which had been captured by Pompey, then fortified it and called it Colonia. This city figures in the "Syneedemus" of Hierocles and in the "Notitiæ episcopatuum" as a suffragan of Sebaste, metropolis of Armenia Prima. Lequien (I, 429) mentions five bishops: Euphronius, later transferred to Nieopolis, a friend and correspondent of St. Basil; Eustathius in 458; St. John the Silent, who died a monk at St. Sabas, near Jerusalem, in 557; Proclus, exiled by the Emperor Justin in 518 as a Severian; Callinicus in 680 and 692. Bénay published in "Echos d'Orient" (IV, 93) a curious Byzantine inscription concerning a drungarius of Colonia. In the ninth century the city was the capital of a Byzantine theme. Its modern name is Koilu Hissar; it is the chief town of a caza in the vilayet of Sivas, and has about 1800 inhabitants, among them 600 Greeks, 200 Armenians, and a few Protestant and Catholic Armenians (Cuinet, Turquie d'Asie, I, 792). Another Colonia, later Taxara, situated in Cappadocia Tertia, was a suffragan of Mocessus; seven bishops are mentioned by Lequien (I, 413).
S. Pétridès.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Column

From volume 4 of the work.
In architecture a round pillar, a cylindrical solid body, or a many-sided prism, the body of which is sometimes reeded or fluted, but practically cylindrical in shape, and which supports another body in a vertical direction. A column has, as its most essential portion, a long solid body, called the shaft, set vertically on a stylobate, or on a congeries of mouldings which forms its base, the shaft being surmounted by a more or less bulky mass, which forms its capital. Columns are distinguished by the names of the styles of architecture to which they belong; thus there are Hindu, Egyptian, Grecian, Roman, and Gothic columns. In classic architecture they are further distinguished by the name of the order to which they belong, as Doric, Ionic, Composite, or Tuscan columns. They may also be characterized by some pecularity of position, of construction, of form, or of ornament, as attached, twisted, cabled, etc. Columns are either insulated or attached. They are said to be attached or engaged when they form part of a wall, projecting one-half or more, but not the whole of their substance. Cabled or rudented columns are such as have their flutings filled with cables or astragals to about the third of the height. Carolitic columns have their shafts foliated. In the earliest columnar architecture, that of the Egyptians, and in the Greek Doric, there were no bases. Capitals, however, are universal, but are mainly decorative in character. In Grecian and Roman architecture the proportions are settled, and vary according to the order. The term is sometimes applied to the pillars or piers in Norman and Gothic architecture. In modern usage the term is applied to supports of iron or wood.
THOMAS H. POOLE
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Colophon

From volume 4 of the work.
A titular see of Asia Minor. It was one of the twelve Ionian cities, between Lebedos (ruins near Hypsili-Hissar) and Ephesus (Aya-Solouk). In Greek antiquity two sons of Codrus, King of Athens, established a colony there. It was the birthplace of the philosopher Xenophanes and the poet Mimnermus. It was destroyed by Lysimachus, one of the successors of Alexander. Notium served as the port, and in the neighbourhood was the village of Clarus, with its famous temple and oracle of Apollo Clarius, where Calchas vied with Mopsus in divinatory science. The cavalry of Colophon was renowned. Its pine-trees supplied a rosin or colophony highly valued for the strings of musical instruments. In Roman times Colophon lost its importance; the name was transferred to the site of Notium, and the latter name disappeared between the Peloponnesian War and the time of Cicero. The "Notitiæ episcopatuum" mentions Colophon or Colophone, as late as the twelfth or thirteenth century, as a suffragan of Ephesus. Lequien (I, 723) gives the names of only four Bishops: St. Sosthenes (I Cor., i, 1) and St. Tychicus (Tit., iii, 12) are merely legendary; Euthalius was present at the Council of Ephesus in 431, and Alexander was alive in 451. The ruins of the city are at the Castro of Ghiaour-Keui, an insignificant village in the vilayet or Smyrna, caza of Koush-Adasi.
CHANDLER, Travels in Asia Minor, XXXI; ARRUNDEL, Seven Churches in Asia, 303; TEXIER, Asie Mineure, 356; FONTRIER, in Musœon and Library of the Evangelical School at Smyrna (Greek), III, 187; SCHUCHHARDT, in Athen. Mitteil. (1886), 398.
S. Pétridès.