# Illustrations of Exotic Entomology Vol. II

ILLUSTRATIONS
OF
EXOTIC ENTOMOLOGY,
CONTAINING
UPWARDS OF SIX HUNDRED AND FIFTY
FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS
OF
FOREIGN INSECTS,
INTERSPERSED WITH
REMARKS AND REFLECTIONS ON THEIR NATURE AND PROPERTIES.
BY DRU DRURY.
A NEW EDITION,
BROUGHT DOWN TO THE PRESENT STATE OF THE SCIENCE, WITH THE SYSTEMATIC CHARACTERS OF EACH SPECIES, SYNONYMS, INDEXES, AND OTHER ADDITIONAL MATTER.
BY J. O. WESTWOOD, F.L.S.
SOC. CÆS. NAT. CUR. MOSQ. SOC. ETC. ETC.
VOL. II.
LONDON:
HENRY G. BOHN, 4, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN.
MDCCCXXXVII.
MR. DRURY'S PREFACE
TO THE FIRST EDITION.
VOL. II.
To gratify a laudable curiosity, and lead the mind to the exercise of one of its noblest faculties, was the motive that first encouraged me to publish a work of this kind. How far it has answered these ends, what pleasure it has produced, of what benefit or advantage it has been to mankind, by inducing them to contemplate the admirable works of Providence, and trace its wisdom and goodness through the medium of this branch of the history of nature, are circumstances, the confined sphere of life in which I have hitherto moved, has not given me those opportunities of knowing that I could wish. But the kind reception the first volume of this work has met with, seems to justify the opinion that it has not been written in vain.
In the Preface to my former volume, I told my readers, that my design of giving an addition to that work, would entirely depend on the reception the public should be pleased to give it. I was willing to have some proof of the public approbation, before I ventured rashly to engage further in so considerable an expense as the engraving and colouring the plates, &c. which was too great for me to incur without a prospect of a reimbursement.
It is now with the utmost pleasure I can declare, that I have the greatest reason to be satisfied on that head; the world has generously encouraged my first attempt, and it is to that cause the present volume owes its appearance. The quick sale of a great number of copies, on the first publication, was a proof of the great progress natural history had made; and gave me the utmost hopes a continuation might be equally as acceptable, if conducted on the same plan, and rendered as agreeable by the exertion of the artist's abilities. I have now the satisfaction of offering a volume to the public not inferior to the first.
It is a pleasing reflection to consider the great strides natural history is making in this kingdom, as well as in other parts of the world; and the many publications on the various subjects of nature, that have made their appearance within these last three or four years, is a circumstance that must give every man of a liberal mind the greatest satisfaction. We ​see persons, skilled in natural history, receiving encouragements and reward from men of rank and property, according to their respective abilities. Some are encouraged to pursue their studies in foreign parts, and investigate the secrets of nature among the trees and plants; others are employed in discovering countries, and searching the shores of coasts, hitherto unknown, for subjects that will afford either profit or speculative pleasure; while the artist at home is not neglected and abandoned, but meets the reward his merit entitles him to.
Natural history has, certainly, less reason to court the favour of mankind than many other branches of knowlege; as the pursuit of it, either as a science or amusement, is so replete with pleasure, that it is hardly possible to refuse it our approbation and encouragement, so soon as we give ourselves the least time to enquire into its merits; and we are often stimulated to pursue it from the appearance of that inexhaustible store of entertainment it is sure to afford. It is therefore less to be wondered at that publications on these subjects are more numerous than formerly; as the desire of communicating knowledge and happiness is irresistible, and men, for their own sakes, will be induced to follow the tracks, where the enjoyment of unallayed pleasure lies within their grasp.
I shall not dwell any longer on this part of the subject, but inform the reader, that the same plan, of giving just and accurate figures, that was followed in the first volume, is continued in this. The utmost care and nicety has been observed, both in the outlines and engraving. Nothing is strained or carried beyond the bounds nature has set; and whoever will compare the engravings with the originals, I flatter myself will allow, that nothing is borrowed from fancy, or any colour given to an insect that does not really exist in the subject intended to be represented.
It is true, the want of those remarks and observations on their natural history, similar to those inserted in my first volume, is a circumstance I have great reason to lament. I mentioned my opinion of the cause in my former address, in which I have since been confirmed by repeated proofs; and notwithstanding the great labour and trouble I have been at, not only in procuring the subjects of the present volume, but in endeavouring also to get the natural history of some of the most extraordinary of them, I have not been able to obtain one single piece of information proper to be laid before the public.
It is to little or no purpose to make further enquiry into the reasons of this want of curiosity, among all ranks of people, situated in distant climates, more than I have already done. I find it is so; and whether it proceeds from an ill-judged pride, in thinking such minute animals below their notice, or whether it arises from that languor of mind, as well as of body, that generally prevails in warm climates, is a matter of no consequence to mankind: the world is not benefited by their situations, and we must be content to remain in our present ignorance, till Providence shall think proper to give us a second Swammerdam, or Reaumur, &c. and place him in a distant part of the globe, for the advantage of the human race.
​It is necessary to mention, that both the descriptions, and engravings, were finished about the beginning of the year 1771, and as some of the insects are mentioned as non-descripts, that since that time have appeared in other works, I hope I shall not be considered as guilty of an imposition on that account.
The present age has made great improvements in entomology, as well as other parts of natural history. The many publications that have appeared on that subject within these two years, are proofs how well works of this kind are received; and as all iconographers aim at giving representations of unfigured subjects, it is no wonder if some contained in this volume should be presented to the world by those who happened to have got the start of me. The plates were actually engraved, and great part of the prints coloured, before I discovered that any of the subjects had been figured by other authors; and to have suppressed them on account of the very few that are found in other works, would have incurred an expense greater than the nature of the case would allow.
The objection made of the want of names to the insects contained in my first volume, the reader will here find removed; and trivial as well as generical ones, given to every insect in the whole work: and likewise a few errors of the press corrected, that have almost imperceptibly got in. I was, indeed, truly sensible of the defect and incompleteness of that volume, occasioned by the above circumstance, and would gladly have named every insect then delineated; but the different opinions subsisting at that time among entomologists, some preferring one author and some another, made me exceeding cautious of entering on that business: and I rather chose to defer it to the present opportunity, than give occasion for any reflections against me, for my attachment to an author, whose method I should certainly have pursued, and whose works have deservedly entitled him to the appellation of father of natural history. I mean the excellent Linneus, whose system seems now to be generally approved and followed; and I must here mention, the opportunity that the present work affords of giving an explanation of the terms, &c. in his work, I should certainly have availed myself of, for the benefit of the young beginner; but as my friend, Mr. Curtis, has published a good translation of the "Fundamenta Entomologiæ" of that author, wherein the young student, as well as the adept, who are not versed in the Latin tongue, may receive great improvement; I must refer them to that work for the properly understanding the plan and design of that great author.
The reader will observe, that in giving trivial names I have strictly followed the method of Linneus. The Butterflies entitled to be ranked among the Equites, are named after some great personage found among the Greeks and Trojans; as in Plate iii. Fig. 1. where I have named the insect Antenor, from a Trojan prince; and Plate ix. Fig. 1, 2. Menestheus from a Grecian one; one belonging to the Eq. Trojanes, the other to Eq. Achivi. I have likewise followed his rule in naming the insects belonging to other classes; and given such as I concluded to be the most easily retained in the memory. To this end also I have used the Latin language in preference to the English, for the great liberty it allows ​of compounding and decompounding words and names; a circumstance of the greatest consequence in a business of this sort.
I should think myself totally unpardonable, if I finished this address without acknowledging the obligation I am under to several friends, whose assistance in this work claim the utmost return of gratitude; among these, in a most particular manner I must mention Dr. Fothergill, whose readiness to encourage and promote every part of natural history, must endear him to every man who wishes well to so useful and beneficial a branch of knowledge; and it is to the kindness of that gentleman the reader will perceive I am indebted for a great number of figures that form a considerable part of this work; many of which are so very rare, as not to be met with in any other cabinet.
ILLUSTRATIONS
OF
EXOTIC ENTOMOLOGY.
PLATE I.
HÆTERA PHILOCTETES.
Plate I. fig. 1, 2.
Genus. Hætera, Fabr. (Syst. Gloss. in Illig. Mag.) Satyrus, Latr. & God. Papilio p. Linn.
Hætera Philoctetes. Alis suprà violaceo-fuscis; posticis ad angulum ani maculis tribus cœruleis, externis duabus puncto nigro, punctisque tribus albis, subtus fasciâ latâ communi purpureo-fuscâ utrinque albomarginatâ. (Expans. Alar. 4 unc. fere.)
Syn. Papilio (Equ. Achiv. Philoctetes), Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 750. No. 29. Cramer, tab. 20. fig. A. B. C. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 83. p. 259. (Nymphalis Ph.) Herbst. tab. 55. fig. 2. 3. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 481. (Satyrus Ph.)
Drury's figure represents an individual in which the posterior wings have no appearance of the short tail, which the species ordinarily exhibits. It may, perhaps, originate in the figure being taken from a mutilated specimen. The Papilio Morna of Fabricius, appears nearly allied to this insect.
THECLA FAUNUS ♀.
Plate I. fig. 4, 5.
Genus. Thecla, Fabr. Polyommatus p. Latr. Hesperia p. Fabr. olim. Papilio (Pleb. ruric.) Drury.
Thecla Faunus. Alis supra fuscescenti-violaceis apice atro, subtus albis strigâ communi mediâ fulvâ; posticis tricaudatis, lineâ marginali nigricante maculisque duabus nigro viridique mixtis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. ♀ Papilio (Pleb. ruric.) Faunus, Drury, App. vol. 2. Cramer, pl. 39. B. C. ♂. 96. F. G. ♀. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 161. No. 11. (Hesperia F.) Encycl. Méth. ix. p. 618. 1. (Polyommatus F.)
♂ Hesperia R. Hesiodus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 260. 8. Pal. Bauv. Ins. d'Afr. et d'Amer. Lep. Pl. 7. f. 5. 6. 7. ♂. ♀.
Fabricius gives the sexes of this insect as distinct species, under the names cited above, stating India to be the habitat of Hesiodus (or the male). Palisot de Bauvois has, however, satisfactorily cleared up the error, by figuring both sexes from Africa. The male has the disc of the wings, on the upper side, of a rich blue colour.
PLATE II.
EREBUS HIEROGLYPHICUS.
Plate II. fig. 1.
Genus. Erebus, Latr. Thysania, Dalm. Noctua, Fabr.
Erebus Hieroglyphicus. Alis dentatis atris; anticis fasciâ abbreviatâ albidâ maculâque subocellari, posticarum margine bisinuato. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 7 lin.)
Syn. Phalæna (Noctua) hieroglyphica, Drury, App. vol. 2. Donovan Ins. India, pl. 54. fig. 3. Oliv. Enc. Méth. 8. 253. 11.
Noctua hieroglyphica, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 2. p. 11. No. 10.
Phalæna Magdonia, Cram. Ins. 2. t. 174. f. F.
DEIOPEIA? PUELLA.
Plate II. fig. 2.
Genus. Deiopeia? Steph. Phalæna (Noctua), Drury.
Deiopeia? Puella. Alis anticis albis, maculâ parvâ discoidali nigrâ, fasciisque 4 transversis rubris, posticis abdomineque carneis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Phalæna (Noctua) Puella, Drury, App. vol. 2.
NOCTUA MYRTÆA.
Plate II. fig. 3.
Genus. Noctua, Auct.
Noctua Myrtæa. Testacea, alis strigis nonnullis undatis fuscis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Phalæna (Noctua) Myrtæa, Drury, App. vol. 2.
I do not know to which of the modern genera of Noctuidæ this insect belongs.
HELEONA PAPILIONARIS.
Plate II. fig. 4.
Genus. Heleona, Swains. (Zool. Illust. N. Ser. 116.) Gymnautocera? Guérin. (Mag. d'Entomol. t. 12)
Heleona Papilionaris. Alis albido-flavis; margine venisque dilatatis, ramosis, nigris et versus medium coalitis, maculas albas efformantibus. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Phalæna (Noctua) Papilionaris, Drury, App. vol. 2. Cramer, t. 29. fig. A.
Phalæna venaria, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 2. p. 156. No. 96. Gmel. Linn. S. N. 2470. No. 701.
PLATE III.
PAPILIO ANTENOR.
Plate III. fig. 1.
Genus. Papilio, Auct. Papilio (Eq. Troj.) Drury.
Papilio Antenor. Alis dentatis concoloribus albo maculatis; posticis caudatis; disco atomis viridibus lunulisque marginalibus rubris. (Expans. Alar. 6 unc. 6 lin.)
Syn. Papilio (Eq. Troj.) Antenor, Drury, App. vol. 2. Donovan Ins. of India, pl. 15. f. 1. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 40. No. 9. Boisd. Hist. Nat. Lep. 1. p. 189. No. 2.
Drury states that he was ignorant from what part of the world his specimen (which was given to him by Mr. Leman) came from. No other individual of this species is recorded to exist in the modern collections, and it is from the figure and description of Drury that all subsequent writers have derived their knowledge of this splendid and unique insect.
Donovan, however, figured this butterfly, or rather copied Drury's figure in his beautiful work upon the Insects of India, observing merely that it might be "mentioned with much propriety amongst the rarest of the Papilio tribe found in India," without giving any account of the source from whence his figure and information had been obtained.
At the sale of Mr. Drury's collection, this butterfly composed lot 4 of the first day's sale, May 23, 1805, and was purchased by Mr. Latham at the price of £2. 12s. 6d.
The Rev. F. W. Hope, however, possesses a specimen, which he has informed me, that he obtained in a small collection of rare insects from tropical Africa, collected by the late Mr. Ritchie.
THECLA SYLVANUS.
Plate III. fig. 2, 3.
Genus. Thecla, Fabr. Polyommatus p. Latr. & God. Hesperia p. Fabr. olim. Papilio (Pleb. ruric.) Linn. Drury.
Thecla Sylvanus. Alis suprà maris obscurè violaceis, feminæ albido cœrulescentibus; subtus fuscis, annulis numerosis albis seu albidis; posticis ocellis duobus anguli ani argenteis rufo cinctis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Papilio (Pleb. rur.) Sylvanus, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Pap. Larydas, Cramer, pl. 282. fig. H. Herbst. tab. 290. f. 1. Latr. & God. Enc. Méth. ix. 619. (Polyommatus Larydas.)
POLYOMMATUS ISIS.
Plate III. fig. 4, 5.
Genus. Polyommatus, Latr. & God. Hesperia (rur.), Fabr. Argus p. Scop.
Polyommatus Isis. Alis supra violaceo-cœrulescentibus, disco anticarum maculâ, posticarum fasciâ albis; subtus albis; posticis fasciis duabus repandis, et macularum serie nigris, harum duabus internis argentatis ♂. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Papilio (Dan. Festiv.) Isis, Drury, App. vol. 1.
Hesperia Isarchus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 316. 198. Herbst. Pap. 320. f. 8, 9. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 679. No. 194. (Pol. Isarchus.)
Papilio Camillus, Cramer, pl. 300. fig. A. B.
PLATE IV.
PAPILIO NIREUS.
Plate IV. fig. 1, 2.
Genus. Papilio, Linn. &c. (Section Equit. Achiv.)
Papilio Nireus. Alis dentatis, nigris, fasciâ communi maculisque viridibus; posticis breviter caudatis; his subtus fasciâ subargenteâ, marginali, nervis divisâ. (Expans. Alar. unc. 4. lin. 8.)
Syn. Papilio Nireus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. p. 750. No. 28. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 36. No. 106. God. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 48. No. 67. Cram. 187. A. B. & 378. F. G. Herbst. Pap. tab. 37. f. 1. 2. Boisduval. Hist. Nat. Lepid. 1. 224.
The female differs from the male in being somewhat larger in size, with the spots on the upper side of a brighter green colour, and with the marginal row of spots on the under side of the posterior wings of a pearly greyish hue, and with a tinge of this colour upon the disk of the wings. Cramer has figured the male as the female, and vice versa. Mr. Smeathman informed Mr. Drury that this insect feeds upon the orange and lime trees, about which the butterfly is always seen flying, considering it as remarkable that most of the insects which feed upon the orange or citron tribes, have some tinge of green upon them; in like manner the beautiful green snake, so common about Sierra Leone, is always to be found about these kind of trees. These circumstances led our author into a series of observations which, though upwards of half a century old, may still be read not only with pleasure, but with the hope of beneficial results.
"The particular qualities, dispositions, and uses of by far the greater part of insects, as well as of plants, are at present totally unknown to us, nor are the methods by which we are to acquire that knowledge at present ascertained.
"Their colours have hitherto been of no further use to us than merely to discriminate one genus or species from another; and yet it is possible that, by a combination of observations even on the colours of insects, we may form some ideas of their natures and properties.
"The observation of Mr. Smeathman, if well founded, supposing it did not lead to a discovery of the nature and properties of an insect itself, might at least indicate those of the plant on which it feeds. The various species of the Danai Candidi, among which are included the different white butterflies of Europe, feed chiefly on such plants as are reckoned not only nourishing, but salutary to the human body, such as the various species of cabbages, coleworts, turnips, &c. Every foreign country produces butterflies of that family; some of them so very like those of Europe, that it is a fair inference they feed on plants of a similar property. This is countenanced by many corroborating circumstances. The Papilio Iris, and the various Fritillary butterflies fly exceedingly swift; and it appears from Mr. Smeathman's observations, that foreign butterflies that bear a resemblance to them, also fly exceedingly swift. The green and golden Scarabei of this country are found to delight in flowers; those of the hot climates are also found on flowers; while the black, ​purple, and darker coloured Scarabei, are generally found frequenting the excrements of animals, and are, in every quarter of the globe, called Tumble dung-beetles, from their making balls of those substances, and rolling them to their holes. The locust tribes feed here chiefly on grasses and roots; so it appears they do in the torrid zone. Those of the torrid zone are found to be wholesome food. The inference is plain, that those of this climate, in case of necessity, or perhaps even as an article of luxury, might be found the same.
"The caterpillars of certain beetles, from his account, are the greatest delicacies of the hot regions. They might, in some degree, be found to be so here. The palm-worm of the West Indies, which is sought at a monstrous expense, is the caterpillar or maggot of a beetle, of the same genus with that small beetle, which is produced from the maggot or caterpillar in a hazel-nut or filberd. This is often eaten here, and esteemed by those who do so as more delicate than the nut itself.
"The Cantharides is a green beetle. A green beetle of our own, Cerambyx Moschatus, is found capable of raising blisters; and other green beetles may probably have the same effect.
"The butterflies that are found in the cultivated spots of Africa, have in shape and appearance a strong resemblance to many of ours, particularly the white ones. These seldom visit the thick woods; but, when seen in any number, are certain indications of neighbouring plantations. This observation might save the lives of bewildered travellers: as in some instances it might be dangerous to enter into a very large wood, or a thick part of it; in others again, immediate safety might be the consequence of leaving a forest, by following the indications of an open or cultivated spot. The analogy between the colours, the dispositions, and the qualities of insects, may yet be greater, and between insects, and the plants on which they feed, still more useful; for if an insect is found in one part of the world to feed on a plant useful in food, medicine, or manufactures, an insect of a similar appearance, in another part of the world, will in all probability be found to feed on a plant of similar virtues. We do not know but insects may affect, when perfect, to frequent different soils; or to visit the recesses, where valuable drugs remain hid from human search, and useless to mankind.
"As, however, observation and experience have demonstrated, through length of time, that useful hints may be drawn from very trivial properties in the smallest insects, it seems that none are unworthy of being noted. Future travellers may draw useful inferences from those now given, and may add to the number, for the benefit of those who follow after them. There can be no doubt that every species of insect has its use in the creation, and probably there are few from which mankind might not derive some advantage, if their nature and properties were ascertained. We know of a few direct methods, and must therefore in general wait with patience, till a variety of observations, such as Mr. Smeathman has given us, by being frequently compared, strike out new lights upon this part of ​science, and elucidate matters at this time buried in obscurity. The uses of many insects in the creation are obvious at the first sight: such, for instance, are those which feed on putrid animal or vegetable substances; while others promote the general good by such remote means, that we cannot immediately see to what end their operations verge. We are not therefore, however, to suppose them mere expletives in the great system of beings; neither are we rashly to attribute an importance to them which they do not deserve, or ridiculously affect to admire circumstances in them of little moment, and praise the Creator for dispositions of a secondary nature.
"When I recommend observations to be made on the most trivial circumstances, it will readily be conceived I do not wish to derogate from experiment, from which alone solid hopes are to be formed, and those which have been hitherto made give great encouragement. Mr. Reaumur has found that the moth, which feeds on clothes, refines the colour with which they are dyed in a wonderful manner; for the excrement of the animal is the colour of the cloth on which it is fed; and therefore, for miniature paintings, infinitely surpasses all others. How far this kind of experiment can be refined on, must be left to the curiosity and diligence of travellers and experimental philosophers, who may perhaps, in some part of the world, realize and improve this reasoning upon a large and useful scale."
MELITÆA CYTHERIS.
Plate IV. fig. 3, 4.
Genus. Melitæa, Fabr. Argynnis p. Ochs. Latr. & God. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Drury.
Melitæa Cytheris. Alis supra fulvis nigro maculatis, subtus anticis fulvis apice fusco, strigâ albâ, posticis fuscis strigâ discoidali maculâque marginali albis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Papilio (Nymph. Ph.) Cytheris, Drury, App. vol. 2.
PLATE V.
SATURNIA MYLITTA.
Plate V. fig. 1.
Genus. Saturnia, Schrank. Attacus, Germar. Phalæna (Attacus), Linn.
Saturnia Mylitta. Alis cervino-fulvis, strigâ ferrugineâ submarginali ocelloque fenestrato, in medio lineâ diviso. (Expans. Alar. 6 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Phalæna (Attacus) Mylitta, Drury, App. vol. 2. Oliv. Enc. Méth. 5. 26. 9. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. 411. No. 11. Gmel. Linn. S. N. 2403. 463.
Phalæna Paphia, Cramer, t. 146. f. A.
NOCTUA? SPECIOSA.
Plate V. fig. 2.
Genus. Noctua? Auct.
Noctua? Speciosa. Fulva, alis anticis medio, posticisque albidis, illarum basi fulvo, maculis 6 parvis nigris, dimidio apicali obscuriori. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 9 lin.)
Syn. Phalæna (Noctua) Speciosa, Drury, App. vol. 2.
This and several nearly allied species of tropical moths constitute a very distinct subgenus characterized by the prevailing colour, the spots at the base of the wings, the elongated palpi, and the peculiar neuration of the anterior wings. I have not, however, ventured to propose the establishment of a subgenus for them. They appear in some respects to be allied to the genus Leucania.
CALLIMORPHA? PYLOTIS.
Plate V. fig. 3.
Genus. Callimorpha? Latr. Setina p. Schr. Phalæna (Bombyx), Drury.
Callimorpha? Pylotis. Alis atro-cœruleis, anticis fasciâ latâ mediâ albâ. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 6 lin.)
Syn. Phalæna (Bombyx) Pylotis, Drury, App. vol. 2. Oliv. Enc. Méth. 5. 99. No. 255. Fabr. Sp. Ins. No. 263. Syst. Ent. 585.
Phalæna cribraria, Clerck. Ins. 54. f. 4.
PLATE VI.
BOTYS (DESMIA?) SERICEA.
Plate VI. fig. 1.
Genus. Botys, Latr. Subgenus: Desmia? Westw. in Guer. Mag. d'Ent.
Botys (Desmia?) Sericea. Alis sericeis viridi-margaritaceis, anticarum margine antico luteo. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Phalæna (Pyralis) Sericea, Drury, App. vol. 2.
The curious structure of the antennæ of this insect (which is, doubtless, peculiar to the males alone) is very similar to that of Desmia maculalis, (Westw. in Mag. Zool.) but the larger size, pearly wings, and different quarters of the globe in which these two species are found, make it doubtful whether the two insects belong strictly to the same subgenus. It is evidently nearly allied to the British genus Margaritia. Mr. Smeathman informed Drury that this is one of the Phalænæ which fly during the day. A little noise or rustling disturbs it, when it takes rapid flights of twenty or thirty yards, hiding itself with great ingenuity, which makes it difficult to catch.
SATURNIA CYNTHIA.
Plate VI. fig. 2.
Genus. Saturnia, Schrank. Attacus, Germar. Bombyx p. Fabr.
Saturnia Cynthia. Alis falcatis luteo-fuscis, fasciâ communi albidâ strigâ basali lunulâque discoidali; anticis ocello parvo apicali. (Expans. Alar. 5 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Phalæna (Attacus) Cynthia, Drury, App. vol. 2. Oliv. Enc. Méth. 5. 30. 26.
​From Dr. Roxburgh's interesting memoir upon the silk-producing moths of the East Indies, it appears that this species is named the Arundi or Arrindy silk-worm, the caterpillars feeding upon the Arrindi, Ricinus, or Palma Christi. It is capable of being reared in the same way as the common silk-worm, the eggs are hatched in about ten or fifteen days; in about a month the caterpillars attain their full size, during which period they cast their skins three or four times. The caterpillar is from two and a half to three inches in length, each segment being furnished with several small soft conical tubercles, the prevailing colour being pale green. In this state they are very voracious, devouring daily many times their own weight of food. The cocoons are white or yellowish, of a very soft and delicate texture; in general about two or three inches in length, and three in circumference, and pointed at both ends. In this cocoon the chrysalis remains from ten to twenty days, the moth appearing at one end, the period of its final state not extending beyond from four to eight days. The moths are quiet, seldom attempting to fly from the apartment in which they are reared. The silk is so exceedingly delicate and flossy, that it is impracticable to wind it off; it is, therefore, spun like cotton, and the thread thus manufactured is woven into a coarse kind of white cloth, of a loose texture, but of surprising durability, the life of one person seldom being sufficient to wear out a garment made from it, the same piece descending from mother to daughter. It is used not only for clothing, but also for packing light clothes, &c. Some manufacturers in England to whom it was shewn seemed to think that it could be made here into shawls equal to any received from India.
DEIOPEIA ASTREA.
Plate VI. fig. 3.
Genus. Deiopeia, Steph. Phalæna (Noctua), Drury.
Deiopeia Astrea. Alis fulvis; anticis fasciis septem albidis nigro-punctatis, posticis fulvis nigro-punctatis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 7 lin.)
Syn. Phalæna (Noctua) Astrea, Drury, App. vol. 2. Oliv. Enc. Méth. 8. 261. (Noctua A.)
Phalæna (Bomb.) Pylotis? Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. 479. Gmel. Linn. S. N. 2440. 575.
Phal. Geometra cribrata, Gmel. Linn. S. N. 2482. 751.
CALLIMORPHA? GLAUCOPIS.
Plate VI. fig. 4.
Genus. Callimorpha? Latr. Zygæna p. Fabr. Phalæna (Bombyx), Drury.
Callimorpha? Glaucopis. Collari sanguineo, alis nigricantibus, anticis fasciâ obliquâ niveâ. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Phalæna (Bombyx Spiriling.) Glaucopis, Drury, App. vol. 2. Cramer, tab. 322. f. D. Zygæna Glaucopis, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 400. No. 47. Gmel. Linn. S. N. 2397. 140. (Sphinx.)
PLATE VII.
IDÆA LYNCEA.
Plate VII. fig. 1.
Genus. Idæa, Fabr. God. Papilio (Dan. Fest. or Eq. Hel.), Drury.
Idæa Lyncea. Alis elongatis integerrimis cinerascentibus, venis maculisque permultis nigris; anticis subfalcatis. (Expans. Alar. 6 unc. 9 lin.)
Syn. Papilio Lynceus, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Papilio Idea, Stoll. Suppl. Cramer, pl. 42. f. 1.
Idea Lyncea, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 195.
​The Linnæan specific name of the type of the present genus was Papilio Idea, a name admirably expressive of the delicate transparent structure of these butterflies. As several closely-allied species were discovered in addition to the original type, all partaking of the same appearance, Fabricius transposed the original specific name into that of the genus; a new specific name, Agelia, being given to the original species, which is beautifully figured by Donovan, in his Insects of India, Pl. 24, and is by him considered identical with the insect figured by Drury. I have adopted the opinion of the authors of the Encyclopédie Méthodique, who consider the two insects as distinct.
ACRÆA CAMŒNA.
Plate VII. fig. 2.
Genus. Acræa, Fabr. Latr. God. Papilio (Helicon.), Fabr. &c.
Acræa Camœna. Alis oblongis fuscis, posticis basi nigro-punctatis ad extimum fasciâ flavescente transversâ extus nigro-marginatâ. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 9 lin.)
Syn. Papilio (Eq. Helic.) Camœna, Drury, App. vol. 2. Herbst. Pap. t. 81. f. 3. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 173. No. 539. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 234. (Acræa C.)
HELICONIA DIAPHANA.
Plate VII. fig. 3.
Genus. Heliconia, Fabr. Latr. God. Papilio (Eq. Helicon.), Drury, &c.
Heliconia Diaphana. Alis oblongis integerrimis hyalinis, margine omni fasciâque transversâ abbreviatâ anticarum fusco-nigris, posticis subtus costâ baseos sulphureâ. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Papilio (Eq. Helic.) Diaphanus, Drury, App. vol. 2. Cramer, pl. 231. C. and pl. 315. D. E. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 184. No. 570.
PLATE VIII.
NYMPHALIS SALMACIS.
Plate VIII. fig. 1, 2.
Genus. Nymphalis, Latr. God. Papilio (Nymphalis Phal.), Drury, &c.
Nymphalis Salmacis. Alis dentatis, supra nigris disco cœruleo-radiatis, subtus fuscis; fasciâ strigâque maculari albidis (♀). (Expans. Alar. 4 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Papilio (Nymph. Ph.) Salmacis, Drury, App. vol. 2. Herbst. tab. 166. f. 5. 6. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 132. No. 408.
Papilio Omphale, Stoll. Suppl. Cram. pl. 26. f. 1. 1. A.
PIERIS PASITHOE.
Plate VIII. fig. 3, 4.
Genus. Pieris, Schrank. Latr. God. Boisduval. Pontia p. Ochs. Papilio (Dan. Cand. or Heliconii), Linn. Drury, &c.
Pieris Pasithoe. Alis suboblongis nigris, suprà cœrulescenti-albo-maculatis, posticis subtùs disco flavo, nigro venoso, fasciâque baseos ferrugineâ incurvâ. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 6 lin.)
Syn. Papilio (Helicon.) Pasithoe, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 755. No. 53. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 179.
Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Dione, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Papilio Porsenna, Cramer, pl. 43. fig. D. E. & pl. 352. fig. A. B.
Pieris Pasithoe, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 148. Boisduval Hist. Nat. Lep. 1. p. 451.
PLATE IX.
PAPILIO MENESTHEUS.
Plate IX. fig. 1, 2.
Genus. Papilio, Auct. Papilio (Eq. Ach.) Drury.
Papilio Menestheus. Alis dentatis, caudatis, nigris, fasciâ maculari maculisque marginalibus flavis, omnibus subtus basi albido striatis, posticis lunulis rufis cœrulescentibusque. (Expans. Alar. 5 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Papilio (Eq. Ach.) Menestheus, Drury, App. vol. 2. Cram. pl. 142. fig. A. B. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 31. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 59. Boisd. Hist. Nat. Lep. 1. p. 236.
THECLA THETIS ♀.
Plate IX. fig. 3, 4.
Genus. Thecla, Fabr. Polyommatus p. Latr. God. Hesperia p. Fabr. Linn. Papilio (Dan. Cand.), Drury.
Thecla Thetis. Alis integris; maris supra fulvis margine exteriori nigro; fœminæ fuscis disco albo: subtus albis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 9 lin.)
Syn. Papilio Thetis, Drury, App. vol. 2. Cramer, pl. 238. fig. D. ♀.
Hesperia Phædrus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 307. ♂.
Hesperia Æsopus, Fabr. op. cit. p. 307. ♀.
Papilio Cinyra, Cram. pl. 238. C. ♂.
Polyommatus Phædrus, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 675. No. 181.
I have reverted to the original name first proposed by Drury.
PLATE X.
BIBLIS UNDULARIS.
Plate X. fig. 1, 2.
Genus. Biblis, Fabr. Latr. God. Papilio (Nymphalis), Fab. olim. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.), Drury.
Biblis Undularis. Alis dentatis nigris aut fuscis; anticis suprà fasciâ apicali cyaneâ, posticis externe ferrugineis, omnibus subtus ferrugineo undulatis, punctoque costali posticarum albo. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 7 lin.)
Syn. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Undularis, Drury, App. vol. 2. Cramer, pl. 256. fig. A. B. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 127. No. 389. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 326. (Biblis Und.)
NYMPHALIS (LIMENITIS) ARTHEMIS.
Plate X. fig. 3, 4.
Genus. Nymphalis, Latr. Papilio (Nymphal. Phal.), Linn. Drury, &c. Subgenus: Limenitis, Fabr. Steph.
Nymphalis (Limenitis) Arthemis. Alis dentatis fuscis; utrinque fasciâ communi albâ strigisque duabus lunularum cœrulescentium, subtus rufo-maculatis. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 6 lin.—3 unc.)
Syn. Papilio (Nymphal. Phal.) Arthemis, Drury, Append. vol.. 2 Say. Amer. Entomol. 2. pl. 23.
Papilio Lamina, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 118. 361. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 380. (Nymphalis L.)
Mr. Say observes of this beautiful species that it occurred sparingly in the Northwestern territory, during the advance of Major Long's expedition toward Lake Winnepec. He also found it at that lake as well as at the Lake of the Woods, and in other parts of Upper Canada. He procured specimens likewise from Arkansaw, in the expedition to the Rocky Mountains, and received it from Cambridge (Massachusetts).
PIERIS EUCHARIS.
Plate X. fig. 5, 6.
Genus. Pieris, Schrank. Latr. God. Boisduval. Pontia p. Ochs. Papilio (Dan. Cand. or Heliconii), Linn. Drury, &c.
Pieris Eucharis. Alis suboblongis integerrimis, supra albis, omnibus utrinque venis limboque nigris: posticis subtùs flavis, maculis marginalibus coccineis alboque cinctis. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 2 lin.)
Syn. Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Eucharis, Drury, App. vol. 2. Cramer, pl. 201. B. C. ♂. 202. C. ♀.
Papilio (D.C.) Hyparete, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 176. (Exclus. Syn. Linn.)
Pieris Epicharis, God. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 153. No. 122. Boisd. Hist. N. Lepid. 1. p. 456.
Drury correctly considered this species as distinct from the Linnæan Hyparete, and accordingly named it Eucharis. Fabricius, notwithstanding, united the two species, and applied the name Eucharis to another Indian species (Anthocaris Eucharis of Boisduval, but which it would be more correct to name Aurora after Cramer). Godart, in order to obviate the confusion arising from two distinct species having the same specific name, altered the oldest name (Eucharis, Drury), instead of the incorrectly imposed name of Fabricius. I have therefore reverted to the name proposed by Drury, the other species being now removed to the genus Anthocaris.
PLATE XI.
SATURNIA PROMETHEA.
Plate XI. fig. 1, 2. ♂.—Plate XII. fig. 1, 2. ♀.
Genus. Saturnia, Schrank. Attacus, Germar. Phalæna (Attacus), Linn.
Saturnia Promethea. Alis subfalcatis, maris fuscis, fœminæ ferrugineis, fasciâ tenui undatâ communi pallidâ margine griseo, anticis utrinque ocello atro. (Expans. Alar. 4 unc. ♂. 4 unc. 3 lin. ♀.)
Syn. Phalæna (Attacus) Promethea, Drury, App. vol. 2. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. 411. No. 12. Gmel. Linn. S. N. 2403. 464. Cram. Ins. tab. 75. A. B. ♂. 76. A. B. ♀. Abbot & Smith Ins. Georgia, 1. tab. 46. Oliv. Enc. Méth. 5. 27. 12. Pal. Bauv. Ins. d'Afr. et d'Amer. Lep. pl. 21.
Under Side. Breast, legs, and abdomen of a beautiful dark chocolate colour. Anterior wings at the base dark chocolate, with a small single spot in the middle of each; about a third part of these wings, next the external edges, is hair-coloured, appearing next the chocolate part to be thickly powdered with grey, so as to form a margin along the chocolate part of that colour. The black eye, and hair-coloured margin, as on the upper side. The middle of the posterior wings fine chocolate, surrounded, except at the abdominal edges, with hair colour, and like the superior finely powdered and verged with grey; about the middle of the chocolate field is a small transverse white streak; the hair-coloured margin less distinct. Margins of all the wings entire.
​Female.—Upper Side. Antennæ brown and pectinated. Thorax and abdomen red brown. Anterior wings dark red next the body, from whence a narrow light-coloured bar begins at the anterior edge, and running towards the posterior suddenly turns off and ends at the body, forming an obtuse angle; another light-coloured waved bar crosses the wings, ending on the abdominal edges a little below the body; the inner side of this bar is a dark chocolate, and between it and the angle of the first bar is placed a light-coloured triangular mark; near the tips is placed a small black eye, partly surrounded by a blue iris; along the external margins of all the wings runs a dark buff edge, through the middle of which runs a small narrow line; the space between this margin and the waved bar is of a dark red, finely powdered next the bar with grey. Posterior wings, within the waved bar, dark brown chocolate; the hairs along the abdominal edges greyish; and on the middle of the chocolate ground is a light-coloured triangular mark; several submarginal red spots of different sizes, with a small narrow irregular line running between them and the cilia; the space between this margin and the waved bar is dark red, that next the bar is powdered as it were very thickly with small grey spots like dust.
The transformations to which Lepidopterous insects are subject are amongst the most remarkable phenomena of insect life. In the different states to which each is liable, a series of changes is exhibited which has been compared, by an admired writer, to what might be supposed to be undergone by an animal which for the first five years of its life, exhibited the form of a serpent, which then penetrated into the earth, spun for itself a silken coffin, contracting itself into a limbless form resembling, more than any thing else, an Egyptian mummy; and which, lastly, after remaining in this state for a length of time, burst into the air a winged bird. Of these states, it may well be conceived, that the second requires, from its inactivity and helplessness, a secure retreat, where, removed and secure from the attack of its enemies, it can rest its appointed period during which the organs of flight acquire their full development. We accordingly find that the varied manner in which the caterpillars of the different species prepare their retreats, affords one of the most interesting branches of investigation in the natural history of the Lepidoptera. And in this respect, the species now under consideration certainly exhibits one of the most interesting manœuvres hitherto recorded amongst the insect tribes, and which is described by Mr. Peale in his beautiful "Lepidoptera Americana." This moth is very abundant in the vicinity of Philadelphia, at least, judging from the number of cocoons seen hanging from the branches of the Sassafras (Laurus Sassafras), and Spice-wood (L. Benzoin); and which, by an ordinary observer, would be readily mistaken for withered leaves which had withstood the blasts of winter. After the caterpillar has attained its full size, and lost the voracious ​appetite which had hitherto been its predominant character, it begins its preparation for the great transformation it has to undergo, by selecting a perfect leaf, the upper surface of which it covers with a fine light yellowish brown silk, extending this coating with great skill and foresight, over the footstalk of the leaf, and attaching it firmly to the branch, so as to secure the leaf from being separated by any accident. This preliminary operation having been accomplished, the caterpillar next draws the edges of the leaf together, thus forming a perfect external covering or mantle, in which it spins a fine strong and durable cocoon of fine silk. In this habitation the little architect passes the winter secure from birds and other enemies. As soon as the cocoon has been completed, the caterpillar sheds its skin, and is transformed into a chrysalis. At first the leaf enveloping the cocoon remains green, but soon changes to a red or brown, when it becomes brittle, and is gradually carried away by the winds and storms of winter, until, finally, nothing remains except the cocoon itself, which is firmly suspended by the silk which once covered the footstalk of the leaf.
Mr. Abbot states that the caterpillar also feeds upon the Snowdrop-tree (Halesia tetraptera, Linn.) Poplar, Bay, &c. Some individuals spin up in May, and the moth appears in June; others, as above described, pass the winter in the chrysalis state.
CALLIMORPHA? FAMULA.
Plate XI. fig. 3.
Genus. Callimorpha? Latr. Zygæna p. Fabr. Phalæna (Bombyx), Drury.
Callimorpha Famula. Alis albis, dimidio apicali margineque externo nigris, anticarum maculâ ovali obliquâ albâ, collo fulvo. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc.)
Syn. Phalæna (Bombyx spiriling.) Famula, Drury, App. vol. 2.
ODONESTIS? SERVULA.
Plate XI. fig. 4.
Genus. Odonestis? Germar. Phalæna (Noctua), Drury.
Odonestis? Servula. Alis luteis, maculâ parva discoidali marginibusque externis tenuè fuscis. (Expans. Alar. 4 unc.)
Syn. Phalæna (Noctua) Servula. Drury, Append. vol. 2.
PLATE XII.
NOCTUA ANILIS.
Plate XII. fig. 3.
Genus. Noctua, Auct. Subgenus. ——?
Noctua Anilis. Alis badio-fuscis; strigis duabus obliquis, externâ abbreviatâ, albis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 6 lin.)
Syn. Phalæna (Noctua) Anilis, Drury, App. vol. 2.
NEMEOPHILA FIGURATA.
Plate XII. fig. 4.
Genus. Nemeophila, Stephens. Eyprepia p. Ochs. Chelonia p. God.
Nemeophila Figurata. Alis anticis nigris, fasciâ longitudinali duabus alteris convergentibus connexâ, albis, posticis sanguineis margine maculâque externâ nigris. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 6 lin.)
Syn. Phalæna (Bombyx) figurata, Drury, App. vol. 2. Pal. Bauv. Ins. d'Afr. et d'Amer. Lep. pl. 24. f. 4. ♀. (Alis posticis nigris puncto rufo.)
PLATE XIII.
SATURNIA EPIMETHEA.
Plate XIII. fig. 1.
Genus. Saturnia, Schrank. Attacus, Germar. Phalæna (Attacus), Linn.
Saturnia Epimethea. Alis subfuscis strigâ communi subapicali albâ, posticis acutè angulatis, ocello disci fulvo margine nigro.
Syn. Phalæna (Attacus) Epimethea, Drury, Append. vol. 2. Fab. Ent. Syst. III. 1. 414. No. 23. Gmel. Linn. S. N. 2404. 472. Cramer, Ins. 15. tab. 176. f. A. Oliv. Enc. Méth. 5. 29. 21.
DRYOCAMPA VIRGINIENSIS.
Plate XIII. fig. 2.
Genus. Dryocampa, Harris in Hitchcock's Report on the Geology, &c. of Massachusets (Amherst Mass. 1834. roy. 8vo.)
Dryocampa Virginiensis. Alis cervinis, anticis puncto parvo discoidali albo, fasciâque obliquâ pallidiori. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 7 lin.)
Syn. Phalæna (Bombyx) Virginiensis, Drury, Append. vol. 2.
Phalæna pellucida, Abbot & Smith Ins. Georg. t. 58?
Phalæna Astynome? Oliv. Enc. Méth. 5. 43. 73.
It is questionable whether this figure represents the Phalæna senatoria or pellucida of Abbot and Smith, by whom the transformations of both species have been illustrated; Smith citing Drury's figure with doubt, as belonging to pellucida. I have much pleasure in adopting the present well-marked genus proposed by Dr. Thaddeus W. Harris, one of the most distinguished American entomologists, in the appendix to the work above referred to; and respecting which I am indebted to that gentleman for the following communications:—"The male of Dryocampa senatoria, of Abbot and Smith, has the basal half of the antennæ pectinated on both sides, and the apex simple, as in Bombyx (Cerocampa, Kirby; Ceratocampa, Harris's Cat.) regalis and imperialis; and as they are described to be in the genus Zeuzera. The larvæ are naked, striped, rigid, with acute tubercles, and two thread-like horns on the second segment. They devour the leaves of forest trees, particularly oaks, and enter the earth to become pupæ. The edges of the segments of the pupæ are denticulated. On account of these peculiar characters, I have ventured to assign to this a new generical name; under which will be included also Bombyces pellucida, and Stigma, Fabr., figured in Abbot and Smith's Lepidopterous insects of Georgia; together with B. rubicunda, F. all of which are now found to inhabit Massachusets."
In addition to the characters mentioned by Dr. Harris, the peculiar form of the posterior wings of the males of these moths may also be noticed, and which are of a triangular form, somewhat like those of Erycina menetas (see vol. 3. pl. 8. fig. 3.), but extending to the extremity of the abdomen. This genus is not far removed, in its natural affinities, from that of Ceratocampa, (see vol. 1. pl. 9.)
ÆGOCERA AMABILIS.
Plate XIII. fig. 3.
Genus. Ægocera, Latr. Boisduval.
Ægocera Amabilis. Alis anticis rufis, maculis (nigro marginatis) margineque interno, albidis; posticis fulvis maculâ discoidali margineque postico nigris. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 6 lin.)
Syn. Phalæna (Noctua) Amabilis, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Ægocera Amabilis, Boisduval Hist. Nat. Lepid. pl. 10. B. f. 6.
TRIPHÆNA MATERNA.
Plate XIII. fig. 4.
Genus. Triphæna, Ochs. Treit. Steph. Phalæna (Noctua), Linn. Drury.
Triphæna Materna. Alis anticis grisescentibus aut luteis, fusco irroratis et undulatis, posticis fulvis, maculâ margineque (albo punctato) atris.
Syn. Phalæna (Noctua) Materna, Linn. Syst. Nat. II. 840. 117. Drury, App. vol. 2.
Noctua Materna, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 2. p. 16. No. 27. Gmel. Linn. S. N. 2533. 117. Oliv. Enc. Méth. 8. 259. 39.
Noctua hybrida, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 593. 11.
PLATE XIV.
EREBUS FLUCTUOSUS.
Plate XIV. fig. 1.
Genus. Erebus, Latr. Thysania, Dalm. Noctua, Fabr.
Erebus Fluctuosus. Alis fuscis, fasciâ communi pallidâ, marginibus latè nigris internè dentatis, anticis ocello magno auriformi. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 1½ lin.)
Syn. Phalæna (Noctua) fluctuosa, Drury, App. vol. 2.
According to Mr. Smeathman this species is easily disturbed during the day. It flies exceedingly rapid, and has a method of striking a leaf or bough at two or three feet distance from the place where it really settles. Whether this be done to break the violence of its motion, and enable it to settle without injury to its body; or for the purpose of deceiving its pursuers, is not easily ascertained; it has, however, the latter, and probably both effects; most of the locusts do this, for they certainly strike some branch with a good deal of violence just before they alight, the motion of which deceives the eyes and baffles the pursuer.
GEOMETRA ARGENTATA.
Plate XIV. fig. 2.
Genus. Geometra, Auct. Subgenus. ——?
Geometra Argentata. Alis pallidè griseis, anticis fasciis duabus, posticis unicâ flavis, utrinque argenteo-marginatis his ocello marginali obscuro. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 9 lin.)
Syn. Phalæna (Geometra) Argentata, Drury, App. vol. 2.
PETASIA? MINISTRA.
Plate XIV. fig. 3.
Genus. Petasia? Stephens. Phalæna (Noctua), Drury.
Petasia? Ministra. Alis anticis rufescenti-fulvis, strigis quinque transversis, posticis pallidioribus ♀. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc.)
Syn. Phalæna Noctua Ministra, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Phalæna Ministra, Abbot & Smith Ins. Georg. t. 81. Oliv. Enc. Méth. 5. 69. 155.
The larva of this insect is long, smooth, and shining, of a black colour, with eight longitudinal continuous yellow lines, with the base of the legs and a spot on the neck red. When alarmed it throws up its head and tail into the air. From the structure of the larva it is therefore nearly allied to Ptilophora and Petasia, Steph., and not to the buff tip-moth (Pygæra bucephala). Its food, according to Abbot, consists of the Andromeda mariana, vulgarly called the male hackleberry, which grows round ponds and on the margins of running streams; it eats also several species of walnut and oak. One went into the ground on the 31st of July, and the moth came out the 23rd of August; another went in the 8th of June, and came forth the 3rd of July. They likewise sometimes go into the ground in autumn, and come out in the spring. The whole brood of caterpillars feed together in society. Abbot also states, that when they eat walnut leaves they are always black, with white hairs; when their food is the oak, they are more yellow.
HYDROCAMPA? NIVALIS.
Plate XIV. fig. 4.
Genus. Hydrocampa? Latr. Cataclysta, Hübn. Steph. Phalæna (Pyralis), Drury.
Hydrocampa? Nivalis. Alis margaritaceo-albis, ciliâ anticarum fuscâ.
Syn. Phalæna (Pyralis) Nivalis, Drury, App. vol. 2.
LIPARIS? RIVULOSA.
Plate XIV. fig. 5.
Genus. Liparis? Ochs. Phalæna (bombyx), Drury.
Liparis? Rivulosa. Alis fuscis, strigis transversis undulatis pallidioribus et obscurioribus, anticis fasciâ latâ centrali alterâque basali badiis. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc.)
Syn. Phalæna (Bombyx) rivulosa, Drury, App. vol. 2. Oliv. Enc. Méth. 5. 38. 54. (Bombyx r.)
PLATE XV.
NYMPHALIS ERITHONIUS.
Plate XV. fig. 1, 2.
Genus. Nymphalis, Latr. God. Papilio (Dan. Festivi), Linn. Drury.
Nymphalis Medon. Alis dentatis, supra fuscis; anticis utrinque fasciâ obliquâ luteâ, apice albo; posticis fasciâ violaceo-cœrulescenti, singulis subtùs punctis tribus. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 7 lin.)
Syn. Papilio (Nymph.) Erithonius, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 82. No. 255. Latr. & God. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 390. No. 142. (Nymphalis Er.)
Papilio (Dan. Festivi) Eupalus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 48. No. 148.
Papilio Harpalyce, Cram. pl. 145. fig. D. E.
Papilio (Equ. Achiv.) Medon, Drury, App. vol. 2. (Exclus. Syn. Linn. & Fabr.)
There are several African species closely allied to the present insect, which was regarded by Drury as the Medon of Linnæus. I have followed the Encyclopédie Méthodique in rejecting this reference; although it will be seen that the Linnæan description of that insect, "alis supra nigris primoribus fascia lutea apiceque albo; posticis disco cœrulescentibus," does not disagree with the character of this insect.
According to Mr. Smeathman this species was taken at some distance inland upon the continent of Africa; adding, "there are several Papiliones nearly of this colour, that is to say, with the upper sides of the wings having a changeable purple, and the under sides being inclinable to green, sometimes with marks of the most beautiful crimson. The differences between them arise so gradually, that he thinks them varieties of the same species, some, apparently very different, being found coupled together. They are all found congregating in the paths, and in the thick shade of a forest, ten or a dozen in a circle round a little puddle or moist spot, and seem to like the most gloomy places."
HESPERIA IPHIS.
Plate XV. fig. 3, 4.
Genus. Hesperia, Latr. God. Papilio (Pleb. Urbic.) Linn. &c.
Hesperia Iphis. Alis supra viridi-atris; infra aureo-virescentibus venis margineque postico nigris, capite sanguineo. (Expans. Alar. 4 unc.)
Syn. Papilio (Pleb. Urb.) Iphis, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Hesperia (Urb.) Jupiter, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 336. No. 279. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 733. (Hesperia J.)
Papilio Phidias, Cram. pl. 244. A. B.
Under Side. Palpi scarlet and hairy, the extremities being small and black. Breast, legs, sides, and abdomen black. Anus scarlet. Wings of a yellower brassy hue than on the upper side. Superior wings tipped with orange, but next the body greenish black; the same colour occupying the external edges of the posterior wings.
Drury states, that when this insect is at rest it sits with its wings erect; and Mr. Smeathman considers it "very remarkable that this insect, which seems an intermediate species between Papilio and Phalæna, associates with the little assemblages of Nymphalis Erithonius, and is frequently seen sipping water with them."
PLATE XVI.
NYMPHALIS (LIMENITIS) SIBILLA.
Plate XVI. fig. 1, 2.
Genus. Nymphalis, Latr. God. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.), Linn. Drury. Subgenus: Limenitis, Fabr. Steph. Naiades, Hübn.
Nymphalis (Limenitis) Sibilla. Alis subdentatis supra atro-cœruleis; fasciâ maculari albâ; posticis subtus basi cinereo-cœrulescente immaculatis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 9 lin.)
Syn. Papilio Sibilla, Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. 781.
N. Camilla, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 408. and of the German Lepidopterists.
Papilio (Nymph.) Sibilla var. Drury.
There is a diversity of opinion amongst the German and English Lepidopterists, relative to the names of this species and the English White Admiral, to which latter Haworth, Stephens, &c. give the name of Camilla, but which Illiger, Hubner, &c. term Sibilla. I have adopted the former nomenclature, although it will be seen that the figure of Drury, which is the Sibilla of the English nomenclature, exhibits a red spot at the anal angle, which Curtis considers as the most satisfactory mark of distinction between the two species. (Brit. Ent. p. 124.)
PAMPHILA METIS.
Plate XVI. fig. 3, 4.
Genus. Pamphila, Fabr. Hesperia p. Latr. & God. Papilio (Pleb. rur.), Linn.
Pamphila Metis. Alis anticis utrinquè posticisque suprà nigro-fuscis, maculis fulvis, plurisque punctiformibus; alis posticis subtùs brunneo-fuscis immaculatis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 1 lin.)
Syn. Papilio (Pleb. rur.) Metis, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 792. 245. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 329. No. 249. (Hesperia Th.)
Pap. Metis, Cramer, pl. 162. f. G.
NYMPHALIS OPIS, VAR. γ.
Plate XVI. fig. 5, 6.
Genus. Nymphalis, Latr. God. Papilio (Nymphalis), Linn.
Nymphalis Opis. Alis supra fuscis, fasciâ communi caracteribusque ochraceis; anticis strigâ punctorum alborum. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 6 lin.)
Syn. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Crithea, Drury, App. vol. 2. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 132. No. 406. Cramer, pl. 16. f. 5. 6.
Nymphalis Opis, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 381. No. 104. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 131. No. 405.
The authors of the Encyclopédie Méthodique consider the insect here figured, and that represented in Pl. XVII. fig. 5, 6, as varieties of the same species. Mr. Smeathman states, that this species is found in the same gloomy recesses, and often congregated together in the same manner as Nymphalis Erithonius, figured in Pl. XV.
PLATE XVII.
BIBLIS ILITHYIA.
Plate XVII. fig. 1, 2.
Genus. Biblis, Fabricius, Latr. § God. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.), Drury.
Biblis Ilithyia. Alis rotundatis denticulatis fulvis fasciâ baseos margineque fulvo maculato nigris; posticis subtus fasciis duabus albis transversis nigro-punctatis. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Ilithyia, Drury, App. vol. 2. Fabricius Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 131. No. 403. Cramer, pl. 213. fig. A. B. ♂.—214. C. D. ♀.
Pap. Polinice, Cramer, pl. 375. fig. G. H. (var.)
Biblis Ilithyia, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 327.
PIERIS CALYPSO.
Plate XVII. fig. 3, 4.
Genus. Pieris, Schrank. Latr. God. Papilio (Dan. Cand.), Linn. Drury.
Pieris Calypso. Alis rotundatis subintegris albis extimo nigro; posticis subtus flavis seu nitenti-grisescentibus, limbo punctorum nigrorum serie duplici, maculis flavis interjectis. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 6 lin.)
Syn. Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Calypso, Drury, App. vol. 2. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 191. No. 592. Cramer, pl. 154. C. D. (♂) E. F. (♀) Enc. Méthod. ix. p. 130. (Pieris C.) Boisduval Hist. Nat. Lep. 1. 504.
Mr. Smeathman states that this insect loves chiefly to sport in the sunshine. It is therefore very difficult to catch at that time of the day when the sun is powerful; but towards sunset it is more easily caught, when it congregates in great numbers, in particular spots most sheltered from the breeze.
NYMPHALIS LAURE.
Plate XVII. fig. 5, 6.
Genus. Nymphalis, Latr. God. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.), Drury.
Nymphalis Laure. Alis suprà nigris; fasciâ mediâ anticarum fulvâ interruptâ; posticarum albâ, et a latere cœruleo nitidâ. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 6 lin.)
Syn. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Laure, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Papilio (Nymph.) Laura, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 134. No. 415.
Nymphalis Laure, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 376.
Latreille and Godart question whether this be not the female of Nymphalis Laurentia, of which they had only seen the males.
PLATE XVIII.
NYMPHALIS CADMA.
Plate XVIII. fig. 1, 2.
Genus. Nymphalis, Latr. God. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.), Drury.
Nymphalis Cadma. Alis denticulatis luteis, anticis utrinque areâ apicis nigrâ, maculis duabus flavescentibus; posticis subtùs ocellis duobus cœruleis. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc.)
Syn. Papilio (Nymph. Gemm.) Cadma, Drury, App. vol. 2. Fabricius Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 241. No. 751. (Papilio Sat. C.) Enc. Méth. ix. p. 421. (Nymphalis C.)
VANESSA TEREA.
Plate XVIII. fig. 3, 4.
Genus. Vanessa, Fabr. Latr. God. Steph. &c. Papilio (Nymph. Gemm.), Drury, &c.
Vanessa Terea. Alis dentatis supra fuscis, fasciâ communi fulvâ lineâ nigrâ divisâ; anticis subfalcatis punctis apicalibus albis, posticis intus subcaudatis, ocello anali gemino. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Papilio (Nymph. Gemm.) Terea, Drury, App. vol. 1, 2. Fab. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 92. No. 288. Cramer, pl. 138. fig. E. F. Encyl. Méth. ix. p. 314. (Vanessa T.)
This butterfly, according to Mr. Smeathman, delights to sport in the sunshine, and is frequently found in company with Pieris Calypso about cultivated spots, as old rice plantations and cassava grounds.
NYMPHALIS OPIS.
Plate XVIII. fig. 5, 6.
Genus. Nymphalis, Latr. God. Papilio (Nymphalis), Linn.
Nymphalis Opis. Alis supra fuscis, fasciâ communi caracteribusque ochraceis; anticis strigâ punctorum alborum. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 6 lin.)
Syn. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Opis. Drury, App. vol. 2. Cramer, pl. 138. fig. A. B. Encyl. Méth. ix. p. 381. No. 104. (Nymphalis O.)
PLATE XIX.
NYMPHALIS CÆNIS ♂.
Plate XIX. fig. 1, 2.
Genus. Nymphalis, Schrank. Latr. God. Boisd. Papilio (Dan. Cand.), Linn, &c.
Nymphalis Cænis. Alis subrotundatis albis, margine postico et ante hunc marginem lineâ angulatâ maculisque nigris; subtus omnibus strigâ communi brunneâ. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 9 lin.)
Syn. Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Cænis, Drury, App. vol. 2. Encycl. Méth. ix. p. 142. No. 85. (Pieris C.)
Nymphalis amphiceda, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. 113. No. 348. ♀. Cramer, pl. 146. D. E. Enc. Méth. ix. 384. 113.
NYMPHALIS MELICERTA.
Plate XIX. fig. 3, 4.
Genus. Nymphalis, Latr. God. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.), Linn. Drury.
Nymphalis Melicerta. Alis denticulatis utrinque fusco-nigris, fasciâ latâ strigisque albis, anticarum basi maculâ cuneiformi albâ. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Melicerta, Drury, App. vol. 2. Herbst. Pap. tab. 238. f. 5. 6.
Nymphalis Melinoe, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 432. No. 261.
Papilio Blandina, Cramer, pl. 237. fig. E. F.
The Melicerta of Fabricius and the Encyclopédie Méthodique appears to be a distinct species, having the base of the anterior wings spotted with white. I have restored Drury's name to the present insect, as it has the priority.
ANTHOCARIS ARETHUSA.
Plate XIX. fig. 5, 6.
Genus. Anthocaris, Boisduval. Pieris, Latr. &. God. Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Drury.
Anthocaris Arethusa. Alis rotundatis integerrimis albidis; supra anticis apice maculâque, posticis strigâ incurvâ punctisque marginalibus fuscis; anticarum subtus apice fulvo. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 10 lin.)
Syn. Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Arethusa, Drury, Append. vol. 2. Boisduval Hist. Nat. Lepidopt. 1. p. 582. (Anthocaris A.)
Pieris Amytis, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 123. (Exclus. Syn. Crameri.)
Pieris Evippe, ♀. Enc. Méth. Sup. p. 805.
PLATE XX.
CALLIMORPHA? SANGUIFLUA.
Plate XX. fig. 1, 2.
Genus. Callimorpha? Latr. Subgenus: ——? Phalæna (——?), Drury.
Callimorpha? Sanguiflua. Alis nigris, anticis albo et flavo punctatis nervisque posticis sanguineis; posticis nigris margine cœruleo 4 albo-punctatis. (Expans. Alar. 4 unc. 1½ lin.)
Syn. Phalæna (——) Sanguiflua, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Notwithstanding the imperfect state of this insect, it is evident that it is nearly allied to many other species figured by Drury (including those represented in Pl. 11. fig. 4., Pl. 6. fig. 4., Pl. 11. fig. 3.), and which appear to form the connecting links between the aberrant Sphingidæ (Zygænidæ) and the Arctiidæ. The singular neuration of the upper wings of this insect is nearly similar to that of a remarkable Indian species, which I have described and figured in Mr. Royle's work on the Natural History of the Himalaya.
SPILOSOMA EGLE.
Plate XX. fig. 3.
Genus. Spilosoma, Steph. Arctia, Latr. Eyprepia p. Ochs. Phalæna (Noctua), Drury.
Spilosoma Egle. Alis griseis immaculatis; abdomine luteo, maculis dorsalibus nigris. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 10 lin.)
Syn. Phalæna (Bombyx) Egle, Drury, App. vol. 2.
NOCTUA CHERA.
Plate XX. fig. 4.
Genus. Noctua. Subgenus. ——
Noctua Chera. Alis griseo-badiis, anticis fasciâ irregulari longitudinali (cum marginibus externis et posticis) parallelâ fusca. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 5 lin.)
Syn. Phalæna (Noctua) Chera, Drury, App. vol. 2.
I have placed this insect in the family Noctuidæ with doubt, as it seems to have some resemblance with Galleria Mellonella.
PLATE XXI.
NYMPHALIS JACINTHA.
Plate XXI. fig. 1, 2.
Genus. Nymphalis, Latr. God. Papilio (Nymphalis Phal.), Drury.
Nymphalis Jacintha. Alis dentatis fuscis, anticis maculis albo-cœruleis omnibusque strigâ punctorum, fasciâ intùs crenatâ, lunulisque apicalibus albidis. (Expans. Alar. 4 unc. 6 lin.)
Syn. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Jacintha, Drury, App. vol. 2. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 111. No. 342. ♀?
Papilio N. Liria, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 126. 385. ♂? Enc. Méth. ix. p. 395. (Nymphalis Liria).
Papilio Perimale, Cramer, pl. 65. fig. C. D. pl. 67. fig. B.
NYMPHALIS PERSEIS.
Plate XXI. fig. 3, 4.
Genus. Nymphalis, Latr. God. Papilio (Nymphalis Phal.), Drury.
Nymphalis Perseis. Alis dentatis, utrinque nigris disco communi testaceo; anticis maculis duabus fasciâque, posticis punctis marginalibus ochraceis. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Papilio (Nymphalis Phal.) Perseis, Drury, App. vol. 2. Herbst. tab. 137. fig. 5. 6.
Papilio (Nymph.) Persea, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 137. No. 423. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 391.
PLATE XXII.
ALCIS SCOLOPACEA.
Plate XXII. fig. 1.
Genus. Alcis, Curtis. Boarmia, Treit. Phalæna (Noctua), Drury.
Alcis Scolopacea. Alis dentatis griseis, fusco atomosis, strigisque dentatis et undulatis communibus albidis et fuscis. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 5 lin.)
Syn. Phalæna (Noctua) Scolopacea, Drury, App. vol. 2.
CALLIMORPHA? MARGINATA.
Plate XXII. fig. 2.
Genus. Callimorpha? Latr. Phalæna (Bombyx), Drury.
Callimorpha? Marginata. Alis anticis fusco-nigris, margine antico baseos luteo, posticis atris basi maculâ discoidali, punctisque marginalibus, cœrulescenti albis. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 5 lin.)
Syn. Phalæna (Bombyx) marginata, Drury, App. vol. 2.
VENILIA? SOSPETA.
Plate XXII. fig. 3.
Genus. Venilia? Duponchel, Stephens. Macaria p., Curtis.
Venilia? Sospeta. Alis flavis; anticis punctis duobus parvis discoidalibus maculisque tribus marginalibus; posticis maculâ unicâ versus angulum ani, brunneis. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 5 lin.)
Syn. Phalæna (Noctua) Sospeta, Drury, App. vol. 2.
EREBUS? OPIGENA.
Plate XXII. fig. 4.
Genus. Erebus? Latr. Phalæna (Noctua), Drury.
Erebus? Opigena. Alis angulatis badio-fuscis, strigis nonnullis undulatis et dentatis communibus obscurioribus. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 6 lin.)
Syn. Phalæna (Noctua) Opigena, Drury, App. vol. 2.
PLATE XXIII.
URANIA RHIPHEUS.
Plate XXIII. fig. 1, 2.
Genus. Urania, Fabr. (Syst. Gloss.) Latr. Cydimon, Dalm. (Prodr. Mon. Castniæ.) Leilus & Rhipheus, Swainson Zool. Illustr.
Urania Rhipheus. Alis nigris, anticis utrinque lineolis transversis fasciâque mediâ bifidâ aureo viridibus, posticis areâ anali cupreâ violaceo micanti nigroque maculatâ. (Expans. Alar. 4 unc. 9 lin.)
Syn. Papilio (Eq.Troj.) Rhipheus, Drury, App. vol. 2. Esper. Pap. Exot. t. 21. f. 1. 2.
Rhipheus dasycephalus, Swainson Zool. Illust. N. Ser. pl. 131.
The splendid insect, from which these figures were taken, has been considered by most Lepidopterists to have been in a mutilated and mended state; having the head, concealed palpi, and clavate antennæ of a true Papilio, and the posterior wings nearly truncated at the lower part. These authors have supposed that the insect was a specimen of the Papilio Rhipheus of Cramer (pl. 385. fig. A. B. Leilus orientalis, Swainson Zool. Illustr. N. Ser. pl. 130.), in which the head and antennæ are similar to those of Nyctalemon Orontes, figured in the first volume of this work, and the posterior wings are terminated by three tails. Mr. Swainson has however adopted a different opinion, figuring Drury's insect under the name of Rhipheus Dasycephalus, and Cramer's under that of Leilus Orientalis; considering that this view of the subject "will clear up one of the most intricate and perplexing questions that has hitherto impeded the natural arrangement of the Linnæan Papiliones and even the entire Lepidoptera." Drury's insect exhibiting the nervures of Urania, and the head, &c. of Papilio, is thus considered as establishing as close an affinity as can possibly be imagined between Papilio and Leilus (i. e. the Rhipheus of Cramer). It is true that there are many Lepidopterous insects which, on a ​casual glance, appear identical, but which belong to distinct groups, especially distinguished by the neuration of their wings, but when we consider the almost perfect identity, in the very peculiar markings and colours, of these two supposed distinct insects, the identity in the nerves of their wings; the slight scruple which the old collectors had in patching up their insects, and the truncation of the hind wings in Drury's figure, which may be exactly imitated by placing a slip of paper over the tails of perfect tailed specimens of Rhipheus, I think we are authorised in rejecting, without hesitation, the views of Mr. Swainson.
That this group of insects is one of the most interesting amongst the Lepidoptera, and at the same time exceedingly difficult, with respect to its natural relations, cannot be denied. Modern authors, Mr. Swainson observes, have been unfortunate in their location of this group, of course alluding to its being placed by Latreille in the family Hesperiidæ. Mr. Swainson, however, is not less unfortunate in his introduction of it into the family Papilionidæ, with which the structure of the fore legs is said peculiarly to rank it. This character, nevertheless, together with its day-flying habits and brilliant colours, are the only points in which an affinity can be traced between the Papilionidæ and Uraniidæ. But the structure of the hind legs (having spurs in the middle, as well as at the tips of the tibiæ), and of the nerves of the wings, antennæ, and palpi, all exhibit a very slight degree of relationship with Papilio. Mr. Swainson has, indeed, endeavoured to make the affinity more evident by introducing Papilio Curius, Fabr. as a subgenus (Leptocircus) in the genus Leilus (or Urania), but the relationship between these is of the slightest and most unsatisfactory kind. Mr. Newman has suggested another view of the affinities of this group. In his sketch of the circular distribution of the Lepidoptera, he has introduced into the Butterfly circle, the genera Coronis and Urania, the last forming the connecting link with the Geometridæ, by Leach's genus Ourapteryx, or the Swallow-tail Moth. The whole structure of the latter insect indicates, however, most clearly that the relation is but an analogical one. Had, indeed, the observations of M. Sganzin, relative to the transformations of Urania Rhipheus been confirmed, this would certainly have been its more appropriate locality, its caterpillar being said by him to be a semi-looper, and its chrysalis to be naked, suspended by the tail, and girt round the centre. But the elaborate memoir of Mr. MacLeay, upon the habits and changes of Urania Fernandinæ, prove most clearly that the larva closely resembles that of Agarista; and that the pupa, as in that genus, is inclosed in a cocoon. Now this latter character exists in some species of Hesperia. In these, however, the chrysalis is still attached by its tail. Mr. MacLeay does not mention whether such is the case in Urania; but since his return from Cuba he has had the kindness to shew me the cocoon, and to inform me that the chrysalis is loose. This character, ​therefore, with the entire structure of the imago, removes it from the Diurnal Lepidoptera, and associates it most satisfactorily with the Hesperi-sphinges of Latreille, especially Agarista and Coronis, which last is very near Urania Lunus. Thus the situation proposed for these insects by Latreille, between Hesperia and Agarista, &c. is found to be most fortunate; Mr. Swainson himself admitting a relationship with the Hesperiidæ, by calling them the "Hesperian" type of the Papilionidæ. They also appear to have some relation with Erebus. The original specimen here figured is stated by Mr. Drury to have been in the possession of Captain May, of Hammersmith, when the drawing was made. It is now in all probability destroyed, and cannot be traced.
THECLA PAN.
Plate XXIII. fig. 3, 4.
Genus. Thecla, Fabr. (Syst. Gloss.) Polyommatus p. Latr. Papilio (Pleb. rural.), Linn. &c.
Thecla Pan. Alis fuscis bicaudatis; subtus fuscescentibus, ocellis duobus anguli ani, externo nigro iride rufâ. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Papilio (Pleb. rur.) Pan, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Fabricius, without referring to this figure of Drury, described an Indian species of the same genus from Drury's collection, under the same specific name, which must of course be rejected. The French encyclopedists consider the latter as identical with the Fabrician Hesperia Isocrates.
PLATE XXIV.
EREBUS HERCYNA.
Plate XXIV. fig. 1, 2.
Genus. Erebus, Latr. Thysania, Dalm. Phalæna (Noctua), Drury.
Erebus Hercyna. Alis dentatis fuscis obscurè undulatis, anticarum disco (puncto nigro) posticarum strigâ mediâ undulatâ pallidè cinereis. (Expans. Alar. 4 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Phalæna (Noctua) Hercyna, Drury, App. vol. 2.
SATURNIA MAIA.
Plate XXIV. fig. 3.
Genus. Saturnia, Schrank. Attacus, Germar. Phalæna (attacus), Drury.
Saturnia Maia. Alis rotundatis nigris; fasciâ albâ, maculâ subocellari nigrâ, ano rufescenti. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Phalæna (Bombyx) Maia, Drury, App. vol. 2. Cramer, Ins. 2. tab. 98. fig. A.
Bombyx Proserpina, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 419. No. 40. Gmel. Linn. S. N. 2407. 480. Abbot & Smith Ins. Georg. pl. 50. Oliv. Enc. Méth. 5. 37. 48. Pal. Bauv. Ins. d'Afr. et d'Amer. Lep. pl. 24. f. 2. 3.
The caterpillar of this very conspicuous moth feeds upon the red oak (Quercus rubra, Linn.), and other species of the same genus. The caterpillars represented by Abbot are considerably different in colour; one being dark-coloured, but covered over with minute yellow spots; and the other yellow, with a slender, dorsal, and two broader lateral black lines. The head is red, and each segment is furnished with a transverse series of tubercles, ​emitting spinose setæ. It is, I presume, by the assistance of these setæ that "the caterpillar stings very sharply," as stated by Abbot. When small the whole brood lives together, but they disperse as they grow larger. One of these larvæ, in Virginia, went into the ground on the 1st of July, and the moth came out on the 20th of October; whilst in Georgia another buried itself on the 14th of June, and the fly did not appear until the 8th of December; after which other individuals kept coming out from time to time until the 16th of February. The male appears by day, and flies very swiftly, mounting and descending. The moth is called in America the Buck-fly, from an erroneous idea that its caterpillars are bred in the heads of the buck, which blow them out of their nostrils. This opinion originates from the fly coming out in the rutting season whilst the bucks are pursuing the does; the hunters therefore take notice of the insect in order to know the proper season for their sport, which is later in Georgia than in Virginia, as is also the appearance of the moth. They are much more plentiful in the last-mentioned country. (Abbot, loc. cit.)
The specific name of Drury having the priority, I have retained it; although that subsequently proposed by Fabricius is far more expressive, recalling, as Sir J. E. Smith observes, the idea of a fair flower which had
"by gloomy Dis been gathered,"
now become as grizly as the grim monarch of the infernal regions himself.
EREBUS EDUSA.
Plate XXIV. fig. 4.
Genus. Erebus, Latr. Thysania, Dalm. Phalæna (noctua), Drury.
Erebus Edusa. Alis castaneis fusco irroratis, anticis maculis nonnullis baseos alterisque duabus majoribus apicalibus; apiceque posticarum (nigro punctato) albis. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 2 lin.)
Syn. Phalæna (Noctua) Edusa, Drury, App. vol. 2.
PLATE XXV.
SPHINX ANTÆUS.
Plate XXV. fig. 1.
Genus. Sphinx, Auct.
Sphinx Antæus. Alis anticis cinereis nigro undatis, posticis nigris basi rufis fasciâque fenestratâ, capite bicorni. (Expans. Alar. ♂. 6 unc.—♀. 7 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Sphinx Antæus, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Sphinx Hydaspes, Cram. Ins. tab. 118. fig. A.
Sphinx Jatrophæ, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. 362. No. 22. Gmel. Linn. S. N. 2376. 63. Merian Ins. Surinam, tab. 38.
SMERINTHUS JAMAICENSIS.
Plate XXV. fig. 2.
Genus. Smerinthus, Latr. Laothoë, Fabr. (Syst. Gloss.) Sphinx, Linn.
Smerinthus Jamaicensis. Alis anticis fusco, griseo, olivaceoque variis, posticis roseis ocello cœruleo nigro marginato. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 5 lin.)
Syn. Sphinx ocellatus Jamaicensis, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Sphinx ocellatus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. 355. No. 1. Gmel. Linn. Syst. N. 2371. 1.
​Fabricius cites the present figure amongst his synonyms of the common English Eyed-hawk moth (Smerinthus ocellatus), notwithstanding its very different habitat. It is evident, however, from the diversity in the outline of the wings of this insect and other English species, and from the circumstance of several species very closely allied to this being found in America (two of which are figured by Abbot and Smith in "the Insects of Georgia," pl. 25. and 26.), that Fabricius overlooked the minute characters which distinguish these species, and confounded them under the name of Ocellatus. Drury's insect very nearly approaches Sphinx Myops of Smith, but differs in the markings, especially of the posterior edge of the wings, and the colour of the posterior pair.
Sir J. E. Smith notices the very slight difference which exists between the caterpillars of nearly allied species of Sphingidæ, compared with the diversity in the larvæ of the genus Papilio of Linnæus.
PLATE XXVI.
SPHINX FICUS.
Plate XXVI. fig. 1.
Genus. Sphinx, Auct.
Sphinx Ficus. Alis anticis cinereo fuscoque nebulosis, maculâ apicali albidâ; posticis nigris basi fasciâque mediâ luteis angulo ani albo. (Expans. Alar. ♂. 5 unc.—♀. 6 unc.)
Syn. Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 800. 15. Cramer, tab. 246. fig. E. Merian Ins. Surin. t. 33. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. 366. No. 31. Gmel. Linn. S. N. 2380. 15.
SMERINTHUS ASTYLUS.
Plate XXVI. fig. 2.
Genus. Smerinthus, Latr. Laothoë, Fabr. (Syst. Gloss.) Sphinx, Linn.
Smerinthus Astylus. Alis subangulatis cinnamoneo-roseis, anticarum apice strigisque subapicalibus fuscis, posticarum ocello cœrulescenti. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 10 lin.)
Syn. Sphinx Astylus, Drury, App. vol. 2.
SPHINX HYLÆUS.
Plate XXVI. fig. 3.
Genus. Sphinx, Auct.
Sphinx Hylæus. Alis anticis fuscis margine interno apiceque variegatis; posticis nigris maculâ basali fasciâque mediâ transversâ cinereis. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 6 lin.)
Syn. Sphinx Hylæus, Drury, App. vol. 2. Cramer Ins. pl. 107. fig. C? Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. 373. No. 53. Gmel. Linn. S. N. 2383. 81.
Sphinx Prini, Abbott & Smith Ins. Georg. tab. 35.
The caterpillar of this insect, observed by Abbot, feeds upon the evergreen winter-berry, or gall-berry (Prinos glaber, Linn.), whence Sir J. E. Smith altered the name of the species from Hylæus to Prini. It is of a pale green colour, with six lateral oblique pink lines, the last of which extends to the base of the nearly straight tail, which is of the same colour; the chrysalis is chesnut, without any porrected tongue-case. One of these caterpillars, observed by Abbot, went into the ground on the 17th of May, and appeared as a moth on the 19th of June; whilst another buried itself on the 25th of August, and remained in the earth until the 26th of April. The caterpillar is subject to the attacks of a small Ichneumon, the larvæ of which, when full grown, eat their way out of its body and spin themselves up on the outside. The moth is occasionally seen sucking the blossoms of gourds in the twilight, but is not common.
PLATE XXVII.
DEILEPHILA NESSUS.
Plate XXVII. fig. 1.
Genus. Deilephila, Ochs. Spectrum P. Scop. Sphinx P. Linn.
Deilephila Nessus. Alis anticis cinerascentibus apice externo albido, posticis nigris fasciâ fulvâ, abdominis lateribus fulvis. (Expans. Alar. fere 5 unc.)
Syn. Sphinx Nessus, Drury, App. vol. 2. Cramer Ins. tab. 226. fig. D.
Sphinx equestris, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. 365. No. 29.
GLAUCOPIS COARCTATA ♀.
Plate XXVII. fig. 2.
Genus. Glaucopis, Fabricius. (syst. Gloss.) Zygæna, Fabr. Olim. Sphinx P. Drury.
Glaucopis Coarctata. Alis flavo-hyalinis, marginibus maculâque anticarum fuscis, abdomine basi coarctato, maculis aureo-cœrulescentibus. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 9 lin.)
Syn. Sphinx coarctata, Drury, App. vol. 2. Cramer Ins. tab. 4. f. F. G.
Zygæna caudata, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 403. No. 58. Gmel. Linn. S. N. 2398. 147. Pallas Spicel. Zool. 1. tab. 2. fig. 8. ♂.
The extremity of the body of the male is furnished with a villose tail, as long as the body.
AGLAOPE PLUMIPES.
Plate XXVII. fig. 3.
Genus. Aglaope, Latr. Sphinx, Drury.
Aglaope Plumipes. Nigricans, thorace maculis abdomineque fasciis albis, alis immaculatis, tibiis posticis plumosis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 9 lin.)
Syn. Sphinx plumipes, Drury, App. vol. 2.
DEILEPHILA ALECTO.
Plate XXVII. fig. 4.
Genus. Deilephila, Ochs. Spectrum P. Scop. Sphinx P. Linn.
Deilephila Alecto. Alis anticis griseis, strigis nonnullis obliquis apicalibus obscurioribus; posticis rubris basi margineque atris. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 9 lin.)
Syn. Sphinx Alecto, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 802. No. 20. Cramer, tab. 137. fig. D. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. 376. No. 59. Gmel. Linn. S. N. 2384. 20.
PLATE XXVIII.
DEILEPHILA CLOTHO.
Plate XXVIII. fig. 1.
Genus. Deilephila, Ochs. Spectrum P. Scop. Sphinx P. Linn.
Deilephila Clotho. Alis cinereo-olivaceis, lineâ rectâ e margine postico ad apicem ductâ nigrâ; posticis nigris externè fuscis, angulo ani pallidiori. (Expans. Alar. 4 unc.)
Syn. Sphinx Clotho. Drury, App. vol. 2.
Sphinx Butus, Cram. tab. 152. A.
Sphinx Gnoma, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. 376. No. 61. (nec Clotho, Fabr. loc. cit. No. 60.)
ÆGERIA TIBIALIS.
Plate XXVIII. fig. 2.
Genus. Ægeria, Fabr. Sesia, Latr. Sphinx, Drury. Zygæna, Fabr.
Ægeria Tibialis. Alis anticis fuscis immaculatis, posticis hyalinis; tibiis posticis plumosis testaceis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 1½ lin.)
Syn. Sphinx tibialis, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Zygæna tibialis, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. 404. No. 62. Gmel. Linn. S. N. 2399. 151.
GLAUCOPIS PHOLUS.
Plate XXVIII. fig. 3.
Genus. Glaucopis, Fabr. Ent. Syst. (Zygæna, Fabr. olim.)
Glaucopis Pholus. Atra, alis omnibus basi fulvis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Sphinx Pholus, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Zygæna Pholus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. 406. No. 27. Gmel. Linn. S. N. 2399. 155. (Sphinx).
GLAUCOPIS? ASTREAS.
Plate XXVIII. fig. 4.
Genus. Glaucopis, Fabr. Ent. Syst. (Zygæna, Fabr. olim.)
Glaucopis? Astreas. Alis subhyalinis albidis, maculâ mediâ apiceque fuscis, thorace nigro maculato, abdomine roseo. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc.)
Syn. Sphinx Astreas, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Noctua Astrea, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 2. p. 19. No. 35. Gmel. Linn. S. N. 2534. 593.
This insect is evidently the type of a subgenus, sufficiently distinct from any of the preceding.
SYNTOMIS FENESTRATA.
Plate XXVIII. fig. 5.
Genus. Syntomis, Illig. Latr. Zygæna, Fabr. Sphinx, Drury.
Syntomis Fenestrata. Alis fuscis, anticarum maculis quatuor, posticarum unicâ hyalinis, abdomine fulvo nigroque annulato. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 2 lin.)
Syn. Sphinx fenestrata, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Zygæna fenestrata, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 392. No. 21. Gmel. Linn. S. N. 2394. 119. (Sphinx).
GLAUCOPIS? PHALÆNOIDES.
Plate XXVIII. fig. 6.
Genus. Glaucopis, Fabr. Ent. Syst. (zygæna, Fabr. Olim.)
Glaucopis? Phalænoides. Alis anticis cinereis apicem versus subpellucidis, posticis parvis truncatis maculâ basali obscurâ. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 9 lin.)
Syn. Sphinx Phalænoides, Drury, App. vol. 2.
PLATE XXIX.
SPHINX ACHEMON.
Plate XXIX. fig. 1.
Genus. Sphinx, Auct.
Sphinx Achemon. Alis anticis griseo-fuscis maculis tribus marginalibus et apicalibus brunneis, posticis roseis externe fuscis, maculis nigris submarginalibus. (Expans. Alar. 4 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Sphinx Achemon, Drury, Append. vol. 2.
Sphinx Crantor? Cramer, tab. 104. fig. A. Fabr. Ent. Syst. 375. 58.
MACROGLOSSA PASSALUS.
Plate XXIX. fig. 2.
Genus. Macroglossa, Ochs. Sesia P. Fabr. Sphinx P. Drury.
Macroglossa Passalus. Alis anticis badio fuscis, in medio fasciâ latâ pallidiori, posticis luteis margine lato fusco. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc.)
Syn. Sphinx Passalus, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Sphinx Pandora, Fab. Ent. Syst. III. 1. 380. No. 6.
GLAUCOPIS? PULCHRA.
Plate XXIX. fig. 3.
Genus. Glaucopis, Fabr. Latr. Sphinx, Drury.
Glaucopis Pulchra. Alis anticis nigris, strigis sex fulvis; posticis nigris basi fulvis; abdomine fulvo annulato. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc.)
Syn. Sphinx Pulchra, Drury, App. vol. 2.
SPHINX BRONTES.
Plate XXIX. fig. 4.
Genus. Sphinx, Auct.
Sphinx Brontes. Alis griseis puncto discoidali albido, strigisque transversis undatis fuscis, posticis nigricantibus margine interno et ad angulum ani pallidioribus. (Expans. Alar. 4 unc.)
Syn. Sphinx Brontes, Drury, App. vol. 2.
PLATE XXX.
TRICHIUS (ARCHIMEDIUS) DELTA.
Plate XXX. fig. 1, natural size—fig. 2, magnified.
Genus. Trichius, Fabr. Scarabæus P. Drury. Subgenus: Archimedius, Kirby in Zool. Journ. No. 10.
Trichius (Archimedius) Delta. Thorace nigro, triangulo albo, elytris testaceis puncto fusco. (Long. Corp. 5 lin.)
Syn. Scarabæus Delta, Drury, App. vol. 2. Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 41. 7. Syst. El. II. p. 133. 14. (Trichius D.) Oliv. Ent. 1. 6. p. 64. t. 11. fig. 107.
CHASMODIA? VIRENS.
Plate XXX. fig. 3.
Genus. Chasmodia? Mac Leay. Cetonia P. Fabr. Scarabæus P. Drury.
Chasmodia? Virens. Ferrugineo-flavescens, elytris virescentibus, sterno cornuto. (Long. Corp. 1 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Scarabæus virens, Drury, App. vol. 2. Herbst. Col. III. p. 162. t. 27. f. 2. (Melolontha v.)
Cetonia smaragdula, Fabr. Syst. Eleuth. II. p. 143. 44. Syst. Ent. p. 45. No. 11. Schon. Syn. Ins. 3. 157. (Hoplia sm.)
CETONIA (GNATHOCERA) AFRICANA.
Plate XXX. fig. 4.
Genus. Cetonia, Fabricius. Scarabæus P. Drury. Subgenus: Gnathocera, Kirby, Gory & Percheron, (mon. Ceton.).
Cetonia (Gnathocera) Africana. Ænea nitens, capitis spinâ incumbente, sterno porrecto, elytris punctis nigris, striatis. (Long. Corp. 9 lin.)
Syn. Scarabæus Africanus, Drury, App. vol. 2. Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 48. 25. Syst. El. 2. p. 149. 73. (Cetonia Afr.) Oliv. Ent. 1. 6. p. 31. t. 8. f. 70.
Cetonia Smaragdina, Herbst. Col. III. p. 258. 47. t. 32. f. 5.
This species, according to Mr. Smeathman, frequents flowers; thus resembling in its habits the British species of the family to which it belongs.
DYNASTES ÆGEON.
Plate XXX. fig. 5.
Genus. Dynastes, Mac Leay. Geotrupes, Fabr. Scarabæus P. Linn. Scarabæus, Latreille.
Dynastes Ægeon. Rufus, thoracis cornu brevi incurvo subtus barbato, capitis recurvo subulato. (Long. Corp. 1 unc. 6 lin.)
Syn. Scarabæus Ægeon, Drury, App. vol. 2. Fabr. Ent. Syst. p. 4. No. 4. Syst. Eleuth. 1. p. 5. No. 8. (Geotrupes Æg.) Oliv. Ent. 1. 3. p. 26. No. 26. t. 1. f. 4. Jabl. Nat. Syst. 1. p. 228. No. 6. t. 1. f. 4. Sch. Syn. Ins. 1. p. 4. No. 13.
DYNASTES GERYON.
Plate XXX. fig. 6.
Genus. Dynastes, Mac Leay. Geotrupes, Fabr. Scarabæus P. Linn.
Dynastes Geryon. Thorace excavato tricorni; lateralibus compressis unidentatis; capitis recurvo sumplici. (Long. Corp. 1 unc. 7½ lin.)
Syn. Scarabæus Geryon, Drury, App. vol. 2. Fabr. Syst. Ent. 1. p. 9. No. 21. Syst. Eleuth. 1. p. 11. No. 31. (Geotrupes G.) Schonh. Syn. Ins. 1. p. 10. 41. Oliv. Ent. 1. 3. p. 30. t. 24. No. 208.
PLATE XXXI.
LAMIA (STERNOTOMIS) MIRABILIS.
Plate XXXI. fig. 1.
Genus. Lamia, Fabr. Cerambyx P. Linn. (Subgenus: Sternotomis, Perch.)
Lamia (Sternotomis) Mirabilis. Nigra, thorace spinoso, antice fasciis, elytris punctis viridibus, his basi mucronatis. (Long. Corp. 10½ lin.)
Syn. Cerambyx Mirabilis, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Lamia pulchra, Fabr. Syst. Eleuth. 2. 285. 25. Syst. Ent. 171. 6. (nec C. pulchra, Drury, vol. 1. t. 32. f. 6.) Oliv. Ent. 488. 115. t. 22. f. 167.
LAMIA (AGAPHANTIA) BIPUNCTATA.
Plate XXXI. fig. 2.
Genus. Lamia, Fabr. Cerambyx P. Linn. (Subgenus: Agaphantia, Serv.)
Lamia (Agaphantia) Bipunctata. Grisea; thorace spinoso, frontis cornu porrecto apice emarginato incurvo, elytris puncto nigro posticé flavo. (Long. Corp. fere 1 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Cerambyx bipunctatus. Drury, App. vol. 2.
Lamia fronticornis, Fabr. Sp. Ins. 1. 216. 2. Syst. Eleuth. 2. 281. 3. Oliv. Ent. 4. 67. 79. 163. t. 8. f. 54.
Cerambyx notatus, Voet. Col. Ed. Panz. 3. 32. 46. t. 11. f. 46.
LAMIA (ACANTHOCINUS) SPINOSA.
Plate XXXI. fig. 3.
Genus. Lamia, Fabr. Cerambyx P. Linn. (Subgenus: Acanthocinus, Meg.)
Lamia (Acanthocinus) Spinosa. Fusca, griseo-variegata; thorace spinis quatuor, elytrisque seriebus quatuor longitudinalibus spinarum. (Long. Corp. 1 unc. 1½ lin.)
Syn. Cerambyx spinosus, Drury, App. vol. 2. Sch. Syn. Ins. 3. 381. (Lamia s.)
LAMIA PUNCTATOR.
Plate XXXI. fig. 4.
Genus. Lamia, Fabr. Cerambyx P. Linn.
Lamia Punctator. Atra; elytris albo punctatis, antennis longis, thorace spinoso. (Long. Corp. 1 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Lamia punctator, Fabr. Sp. Ins. 1. 221. 30. Syst. Eleuth. 2. 298. 95. Oliv. Ent. 4. 69. 88. t. 8. 50. a. b.
Cerambyx chinensis, Forster Cent. Ins. 39.
Cerambyx farinosus, Drury, App. vol. 2. (nec Linn. S. Nat. 1. 2. 626.)
CERAMBYX (ROSALIA) ALPINA.
Plate XXXI. fig. 5.
Genus. Cerambyx, Linn. Drury. (Subgenus: Rosalia, Serville.)
Cerambyx (Rosalia) Alpina. Subcœrulescens, elytris fasciâ mediâ maculisque quatuor atris. (Long. Corp. 1 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Cerambyx alpinus, Linn. Fn. Su. 654. Syst. N. 1. 2. p. 628. 35. Fabr. Syst. Eleuth. 2. 272. 30. Panzer F. I. G. 2. 22. Serville Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, 2. 561. (Rosalia a.)
PLATE XXXII.
CETONIA MARGINATA.
Plate XXXII. fig. 1.
Genus. Cetonia, Fabricius. Scarabæus P. Drury.
Cetonia Marginata. Glabra, atra, thoracis elytrorumque marginibus rufis. (Long. Corp. 1 unc. 1½ lin.)
Syn. Scarabæus marginatus, Drury, App. vol. 2. Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 46. 15. Syst. El. II. p. 145. 50. (Cetonia m.) Oliv. Ent. 1. 6. p. 26. t. 5. f. 34. Palisot de Bauvois Ins. d'Afr. & d'Amer. 1. 11. p. 27. t. 5. f. 1. & 2 var. De Geer Ins. iv. t. 19. f. 10.
According to Mr. Smeathman, this beetle frequently settles on the thatch of houses, whence he is of opinion, that it is fond of dried palm leaves, "where it deposits its eggs." Afzelius however, who subsequently studied the Entomology and Botany of Sierra Leone with great attention, says, "Inveni hanc speciem in Sierra Leona mensibus Aprilis et præcipue Majo copiose in Cassia rugosa, mihi, et in foliis Ficus oblongæ, mihi. Eam in Jatropha Curcas (non autem Gorcas, ut ait Fabricius) nunquam observare licuit. Mas abdomine subtus medio sulcato, femina medio convexo." (Schonh. Syn. Ins. iii. p. 128.)
MELOLONTHA OCCIDENTALIS.
Plate XXXII. fig. 2.
Genus. Melolontha, Fabricius, &c. Scarabæus P. Linnæus.
Melolontha Occidentalis. Testaceus, thorace pubescente, elytris lineis quatuor parallelis, albis. (Long. Corp. 1 unc. 1½ lin.)
Syn. Scarabæus occidentalis, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 11. p. 555. 62. Herbst. Col. III. p. 72. 19. t. 23. f. 8. Sch. Syn. Ins. 3. 169. 16. (Melolontha occ.) (Excl. Syn. Fabricius.) De Jean Cat. Col. Ed. 2. p. 159.
GOLIATHUS MICANS.
Plate XXXII. fig. 3.
Genus. Goliathus, de Lamarck. Cetonia P. Fabr. Scarabæus P. Drury.
Goliathus Micans. Viridis nitens, clypeo porrecto recurvo bifido, tibiis anticis internè serratis. (Long. Corp. 1 unc. 9 lin.)
Syn. Scarabæus Micans, Drury, App. vol. 2. Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 42. No. 1. (Cetonia m.) Syst. El. II. p. 136. 6. Oliv. Ent. 1. 6. t. 1. f. 2. a. b. Herbst. Col. III. p. 201. 3. t. 28. f. 3. Guérin. Icon. R. An. Ins. pl. 26. f. 5. Gory & Percheron Mon. Ceton. pl. 25. f. 1.
HOPLIA CŒRULEA.
Plate XXXII. fig. 4.
Genus. Hoplia, Illiger. Melolontha p. Fabricius. Scarabæus p. Drury.
Hoplia Cœrulia. Supra cœruleo, subtus argenteo-squamosa nitens, clypeo integro. (Long. Corp. circ. 5 lin.)
Syn. Scarabæus cœruleus, Drury, App. vol. 2. Herbst. Col. III. p. 121. 73.
Scarabæus farinosus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 2. 555.
Melolontha farinosa, Fabr. Ent. Syst. p. 38. 31. Syst. Eleuth. II. 177. 29. Panzer Faun. Ins. Germ. 28. 16. Guérin Icon. R. An. Ins. t. 25. (Hoplia far.)
Melolontha squamosa, Olivier Ent. 1. 5. p. 66. 90. t. 2. f. 14. a. c. (nec. Fabr.)
Hoplia formosa, Latr. Gen. Cr. & Ins. 2. p. 116. 2. Schon. Syn. Ins. 3. 158. (errore typic. pro farinosa.)
Taken in the greatest profusion near Sevres by M. A. Gory.
CETONIA CORDATA.
Plate XXXII. fig. 5.
Genus. Cetonia, Fabricius, &c. Scarabæus p. Linn. &c.
Cetonia Cordata. Testacea, thorace lineis punctisque duobus, elytris maculis quatuor transversis nigris. (Long. Corp. 9 lin.)
Syn. Scarabæus cordatus, Drury, App. vol. 2. (1773).
Cetonia olivacea, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 47. 26. Syst. El. II. p. 147. 59. Oliv. Ent. 16. p. 37. 41. t. 8. f. 69. a.
Cetonia Tigris, Herbst. Col. III. p. 243. 30. t. 30. f. 8.
Mr. Smeathman informed Mr. Drury that this insect, in its natural state, is black and yellow, and not black and orange-brown, as described above; its yellow colour soon fading after death, so that it seldom arrives in Europe in its natural colours.
PLATE XXXIII.
BARIDIUS? OVALIS.
Plate XXXIII. fig. 1. natural size—2. magnified.
Genus. Baridius? Schonherr. Baris, Germar, Dejean. Curculio p. Drury.
Baridius? Ovalis. Fuscus, thoracis marginibus, elytrorumque basi et maculis quatuor lateralibus transversis albidis. (Long. Corp. lin. 5.)
Syn. Curculio ovalis, Drury, App. vol. 2. (Exclus. Syn. Linn.)
Drury has incorrectly given this West Indian insect as identical with the northern European species, Curculio ovalis of Linnæus. Not having seen the insect I place it in the genus Baridius with doubt; it seems also somewhat allied to Ameris Pavo.
CALANDRA SERRIROSTRIS ♀?
Plate XXXIII. fig. 3.
Genus. Calandra, Fabr. Rhyncophorus, Herbst. Curculio p. Linn.
Calandra Serrirostris ♀? Obscura rufa; thorace lineis duabus magnis dorsalibus, elytris substriatis. (Long. Corp. rostro incl. 2 unc. 6 lin.)
Syn. Calandra serrirostris ♂? Fabr. Syst. Eleuth. 2. 429. Oliv. Ins. 83. tab. 17. f. 211.
Curculio longipes, Drury, Append. vol. 2. (nec. Fabr. Syst. Ent. 2. 395.)
The insect described by Fabricius under the name adopted above is distinguished from that here figured, by having the "Rostrum porrectum, rectum, dorso apice serratum, dente elevato compresso." Its habitat is also distinct, being from Java. It may possibly be a male, and that figured by Drury a female.
PREPODES? CAMELEON var.
Plate XXXIII. fig. 4.
Genus. Prepodes, Sch.? Chlorima, Dej. Curculio p. Drury.
Prepodes? Cameleon, var. Obscure aureo-cupreus, elytris striatis. (Long. Corp. 1 unc. 1½ lin.)
Syn. Prepodes? Cameleon, Sch. Syn. Ins. Curc. 2. 18. 4. var. β. Fabr. Syst. El. 2. 532. 147. (Curcul. c.) Herbst. Col. vi. p. 115. No. 77. t. 67. f. 8.
Curculio rufescens, Drury, App. vol. 2. Herbst. Col. t. 67. f. 9.
PREPODES? CAMELEON var.
Plate XXXIII. fig. 5.
Genus. Prepodes, Sch.? Chlorima, Dej. Curculio p. Drury.
Prepodes? Cameleon Var. Capite thoraceque nigris, hoc subtus aureo-viridi, elytris nigris suturâ punctisque aureo-viridibus. (Long. Corp. 1 unc. 1 lin.)
Syn. Prepodes? Cameleon, Schon. loc. cit. supr. var. γ Fabr. Syst. El. 2. 532. 147. (Curcul. c.) Herbst. Col. vi. p. 115. No. 77. t. 67. f. 8.
Curculio similis, Drury, App. vol. 2. Herbst. Col. t. 67. f. 10.
PLATE XXXIV.
ENTIMUS IMPERIALIS (The Diamond Beetle).
Plate XXXIV. fig. 1.
Genus. Entimus, Germar. Curculio, Linn. Latr. &c.
Entimus Imperialis. Oblongo ovatus; niger, thorace lineâ dorsali viridi-argenteâ impresso; elytris regulariter sat rude punctato-striatis, punctis squamulis viridi-aureis repletis, interstitiis angustis, subcostatis denudatis. (Long. Corp. 1 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Curculio imperialis, Forster, Cent. Ins. p. 34. Drury, App. vol. 2. Fabr. Syst. El. 2 p. 508. 3. Oliv. Ent. 5. 83. p. 293. t. 1. f. a. b. c. Schon. Syn. Ins. Curcul. 1. 455. 2.
RHINA BARBIROSTRIS ♀.
Plate XXXIV. fig. 2.
Genus. Rhina, Latreille. Curculio, Drury.
Rhina Barbirostris. Nigricans; thorace rotundato tuberculato, elytris striatis et punctatis; tibiis anticis subtus 4-dentatis. (Long. Corp. 1 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Curculio barbirostris, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 2. 418. 105. Latreille Gen. Crust. &c. 2. 269. (Rhina barb.) ♂.
Curculio niger, Drury, App. vol. 2. ♀.
Rhina verrirostris, Illiger, ♀
The male has the rostrum more elongated and furnished with long hairs, somewhat like a bottle brush. It is figured by Olivier, Entomol. Vol. 5. Charans, pl. 4. f. 37. a. b.
BRACHYCERUS ORNATUS.
Plate XXXIV. fig. 3.
Genus. Brachycerus, Fabr. Curculio, Linn. &c.
Brachycerus Ornatus. Ovatus, niger thoracis dorso valde inæquali sculpturato, spinâ laterali obtusâ tuberculatâ, elytris seriatim tuberculatis, interjectis maculis subimpressis rotundatis ferrugineo squamosis, femoribus puncto rufo-squamoso. (Long. Corp. 1 unc. 9 lin.)
Syn. Curculio ornatus, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Brachycerus apterus, Herbst. Col. 7. p. 75. No. 1. t. 101. f. 1.
Brachycerus granosus, Schonherr Syn. Ins. Curcul. 1. p. 387. No. 2.?
HIPPORHINUS? MURICATUS.
Plate XXXIV. fig. 4.
Genus. Hipporhinus, Schonherr. Curculio p. Drury.
Hipporhinus? Muricatus. Fuscus; thorace cylindrico nigro-pustulato; elytris marginatis, striatis, interstitiis tuberculis elevatis rotundatis seriatim dispositis; femoribus ad apicem dente magno obtuso armatis. (Long. Corp. 9 lin.)
Syn. Curculio muricatus, Drury, App. vol. 2.
SAGRA FEMORATA.
Plate XXXIV. fig. 5.
Genus. Sagra, Fabricius. Tenebrio p. Drury.
Sagra Femorata. Viridi-ænea, femoribus tibiisque posticis dentatis. (Long. Corp. 1 unc.)
Syn. Tenebrio femoratus, Drury, App. vol. 2. Fabr. Mant. 1. p. 66. (Alurnus f.) Syst. Eleuth. 2. 26. 1. (Sagra f.) Herbst. Col. 7. 266. t. 112. f. 6. Weber Obs. Ent. p. 60. 1.
Tenebrio viridis, Sulzer Gesch. der Ins. t. 7. f. 8.
PLATE XXXV.
LAMIA (POLYRHAPHIS) CANCRIFORMIS.
Plate XXXV. fig. 1. (or the upper figure).
Genus. Lamia, Fabr. Cerambyx, Linn. (Subgenus: Polyrhaphis, Serv.)
Lamia (Polyrhaphis) Cancriformis. Thorace multidentato; dorso plano, elytris pustulatis, tibiisque anticis unidentatis. (Long. Corp. fere 1 unc.)
Syn. Cerambyx cancriformis, Fabr. Sp. Ins. 1. 209. 4. Syst. Ent. 165. 4. Syst. Eleuth. 2. 289. 40. (Lamia c.)
Cerambyx pustulatus, Drury, App. vol. 2.
LAMIA (MONOCHAMUS) DENTATOR?
Plate XXXV. fig. 2. (or the left-hand figure).
Genus. Lamia, Fabr. Cerambyx, Linn. &c. (Subgenus: Monochamus, Meg.)
Lamia (Monochamus) Dentator. Thorace spinoso, fusco cinereoque varia. (Long. Corp. 1 unc. 1½ lin.)
Syn. Lamia dentator, Fabr. Syst. El. 2. p. 294. 70. Haworth in Ent. Trans. 1. t. 1?
Cerambyx carolinensis, Oliv. Ent. 4. 67. p. 85. t. 12. f. 88.?
Cerambyx notatus, Drury, App. vol. 2.
The insect figured by Drury is stated to have been received from Norway. No Longicorn beetle, corresponding with Drury's insect has been ascertained to be a native of that country, or indeed of Europe. Hence, as this figure very nearly corresponds with the American Lamia dentator of Fabricius, I am inclined to believe that Drury's specimen had been imported from North America, in the same manner as the specimen described and figured by Mr. Haworth in the Transactions of the former Entomological Society, and which was taken near London. I have, however, marked the synonyms with doubt, this figure having been overlooked by all subsequent authors.
ELATER AURATUS.
Plate XXXV. fig. 3.
Genus. Elater, Linn. &c.
Elater Auratus. Cyaneo aut viridi-nitidus subtus cupreus, elytris acuminatis. (Long. Corp. 1 unc. 9 lin.)
Syn. Elater auratus, Drury, App. vol. 2. (1773). Linn. Syst. Nat. (Gmel.) 1. iv. 19. 14.
Elater fulgens, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 1. 11. p. 220. 22. 17. (1792.) Syst. Eleuth. II. 226. Oliv. Ent. 2. 31. 12. t. 4. f. 43. Herbst. Col. ix. p. 343. t. 158. f. 12.
This beautiful insect may be regarded as the most brilliant species belonging to the family, Elateridæ, the majority of which are of dull and uniform colours, thus affording a strong contrast to the splendid family of Buprestidæ, to which they are very nearly allied. The family Elateridæ are all, as Drury observes, provided with an instrument which extends along the breast, about the thickness of the thighs, to the abdomen, where the end of it is received into a groove, forming a spring, by which the creature, when laid on its back, can jump to a considerable height, from which circumstance it has received the name of Elater.
LAMIA (ACANTHODERES) ARANEIFORMIS.
Plate XXXV. fig. 4. (or the bottom figure).
Genus. Lamia, Fabr. Cerambyx p. Linn. (Subgenus: Acanthoderes, Serv.)
Lamia (Acanthoderes) Araneiformis. Thorace spinoso tuberculatoque elytris porosis, maculâ marginali fuscâ, antennis longis. (Long. Corp. fere 1 unc.)
Syn. Cerambyx araneiformis, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 2. 625. Oliv. Ent. 4. 67. 64. t. 5. f. 34. Fabricius Syst. Eleuth. 2. 288. 37. (Lamia a.) Sloane Hist. Jamaica, 2. 209. 19. 2. t. 237. f. 24. Serville Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1835. 30. (Acanthoderes a.)
PLATE XXXVI.
BLATTA NIVEA.
Plate XXXVI. fig. 1.
Genus. Blatta, Linn. &c.
Blatta Nivea. Alba, capite antennisque flavis thoracis dorso margineque interno elytrorum flavescentibus. (Long. Corp. lin. 12.)
Syn. Blatta Nivea, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 2. De Geer Ins. 3. t. 44. f. 10. Herbst. Arch. t. 49. f. 8. Fabr. Ent. Syst. 2. p. 8.
The family Blattidæ, corresponding with the Linnæan genus Blatta, may be regarded as containing one of the most obnoxious assemblages of our insect enemies. Of this family, this and the two following figures represent different species. The observations upon the economy of this family, published by our author in the preface to this work, present the most complete account of the ravages and obnoxious qualities of this tribe which has hitherto been published. They are as follows:—
"The cock-roaches are another race of pestiferous beings, equally noisome and mischievous to natives or strangers, but particularly to collectors. These nasty and voracious insects fly out in the evenings, and commit monstrous depredations; they plunder and erode all kinds of victuals, drest and undrest, and damage all sorts of clothing, especially those which are touched with powder, pomatum, and similar substances; every thing made of leather, books, paper, and various other articles, which, if they do not destroy, at least they soil, as they frequently deposit a drop of their excrement where they settle, and some way or other, by that means damage what they cannot devour. They fly into the flame of candles, and sometimes into the dishes; are very fond of ink and of oil, into which they are apt to fall and perish. In this case they soon turn most offensively putrid, so that a man might as well sit over the cadaverous body of a large animal, as write with the ink in which they have died. They often fly into persons' faces or bosoms, and their legs being armed with sharp spines, the pricking excites a sudden horror not easily described. In old houses they swarm by myriads, making every part filthy beyond description wherever they harbour, which in the day time is in dark corners, behind all sorts of clothes, in trunks, boxes, and, in short, every place where they can lie concealed. In old timber and deal houses, when the family is retired at night to sleep, this insect, among other disagreeable properties, has the power of making a noise which very much resembles a pretty smart knocking with the knuckle upon the wainscotting. The Blatta Gigantea of Linnæus in the West Indies are therefore frequently known by the name of Drummers. Three or four of these noisy creatures will sometimes be impelled to answer one another, and cause ​such a drumming noise, that none but those who are very good sleepers can rest for them. What is most disagreeable, those who have not gauze curtains are sometimes attacked by them in their sleep. The sick and dying have their extremities attacked, and the ends of the toes and fingers of the dead are frequently stripped of both skin and flesh."
BLATTA (BLABERUS) GIGANTEA.
Plate XXXVI. fig. 2.
Genus. Blatta, Linn. &c. (Subgenus: Blaberus, Serville.)
Blatta (Blaberus) Gigantea? Livida, thoracis clypeo maculâ quadratâ fuscâ, capite ferrugineo, elytris vittâ fuscâ longitudinali. (Long. Corp. cum elytris 2 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Blatta Gigantea? Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 2. p. 687. 1. Fabr. Ent. Syst. 2. 6. 1. Serville Revis. Orthopt. p. 11. 1. Oliv. Encyl. No. 1.
Fabricius, Serville, &c. have referred this figure to the Linnæan Blatta gigantea, with the description of which it indeed corresponds; although, as Drury observed, it is considerably smaller than that species. Drury states that this is one of the species which is very frequent in houses in the West Indies, and is called the Drummer, from the noise it makes by beating against the wainscot.
BLATTA (POLYPHAGA) ÆGYPTIACA?
Plate XXXVI. fig. 3.
Genus. Blatta, Linn. &c. (Subgenus: Polyphaga, Brullé.)
Blatta (Polyphaga) Ægyptiaca? Obscurè fusca,thoracis margine antico elytrorumque margine externo basali albidis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 9 lin. fere.)
Syn. Blatta Ægyptiaca? Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 2. 687. 2. Gronov. Zooph. 637. t. 15. f. 3. Ahrens Fauna Ins. Eur. f. 1. tab. 13. Fabr. Ent. Syst. 2. p. 6.
​I have added a mark of doubt to the specific denomination of this insect on account of the different habitats given by Drury and Linnæus, although it agrees with the description of Blatta Ægyptiaca given by the latter author.
PENTATOMA FLAVICOLLIS.
Plate XXXVI. fig. 4.
Genus. Pentatoma, Latr. Cimex, Fabr. Burm.
Pentatoma Flavicollis. Thorace spinoso dentatoque, supra viridis, capite thoracisque antico scutelloque basi flavis. (Long. Corp. 10½ lin.)
Syn. Cimex flavicollis, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Cimex albicollis, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 4. 98. 75. Syst. Rh. 160. 26.
RAPHIGASTER INCARNATUS.
Plate XXXVI. fig. 5.
Genus. Raphigaster, Laporte. Cimex, Drury.
Raphigaster Incarnatus. Supra sanguineus; capite scutelli maculis duabus, elytris unicâ, membranâque apicali nigris. (Long. Corp. 1 unc.)
Syn. Cimex incarnatus, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Cimex nigripes, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 4. 106. 101. Syst. Rh. 149. 17. (Edessa n.) Wolff. Cim. 1. 11. 11. t. 2. f. 11. Stoll. Cim. 2. 2. f. 10. Donovan Ins. India, pl. 14. fig. 1.
ARILUS SERRATUS.
Plate XXXVI. fig. 6.
Genus. Arilus, Hahn. Burm. Prionotus, Laporte. Reduvius, Fabr.
Arilus Serratus. Fuscus, elytris subferrugineis, rostro, antennis tibiisque fulvis, scutello cristato serrato. (Long. Corp. 1 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Cimex serratus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 722. 62. Fabr. Ent. Syst. 4. 205. 42. Syst. Rh. 266. 2. (Reduvius s.) Stoll. Cim. 2. t. 1. f. 6.
Cimex carinatus, Drury, App. vol. 2.
This large and remarkable species of winged bug is commonly known in the West Indies under the name of the Wheel-bug, and is stated by Messrs. Kirby and Spence to possess the power of communicating an electric shock to the person whose flesh it touches. "The late Major-General Davies, of the Royal Artillery, once informed me, that when abroad, having taken up this animal and placed it upon his hand, it gave him a considerable shock, as if from an electric jar, with its legs, which he felt as high as his shoulders; and dropping the creature, he observed six marks upon his hand where the six feet had stood." (Intr. to Ent. 1. 110.)
There appear to be several species confounded under the specific name of serratus. The one figured by our author is well distinguished by the colour of its rostrum and tibiæ, which are fulvous or orange-coloured. (Fabricius calls them yellow "flavis," and Burmeister red "rufis.") I have received this species from Valparaiso. Another species having brown tibiæ, of a narrower form, rather smaller than the preceding, and having fewer teeth upon the scutellar crest, is very abundant in Pennsylvania. It may be distinguished by the following character:—
The sting of these insects produced by the short and powerful proboscis is accompanied with very considerable pain. Mr. Smeathman informed Mr. Drury that he had been stung by the largest wasps of Africa, as well as by these bugs, and thought the pain inflicted by the latter much more severe, though the effect does not remain so long. The ​pain is doubtless caused by that pungent volatile fluid which affects our smell so much when we catch those insects, with which they are abundantly supplied, and which they emit with considerable force.
PLATE XXXVII.
CICADA MACULATA.
Plate XXXVII. fig. 1.
Genus. Cicada, Linn.
Cicada Maculata. Atra, thorace elytris alisque flavo maculatis. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 9 lin.)
Syn. Cicada maculata, Drury, App. vol. 2. Germar in Silberm. Rev. Ent. Donovan Ins. China.
Tettigonia maculata, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 20. 12. Syst. Rhyng. 37. 18.
The larger species of this family are often mistaken for locusts and grasshoppers, in consequence of the loud chirping noise which they make, and which is sometimes so strong that Mr. Smeathman had no doubt that it might be heard a mile. They are occasionally, he continues, very numerous in the woods, where they make the hills and vallies ring, continuing their noise for hours together; at other times, when they are more scarce, bursting forth only at intervals. This chirp or whistle is in general harsh and dissonant, though sometimes, like Thomson's Stock Dove, their note,
"Discordant heard alone, aids the full concert."
Amongst the planters and English settlers of the West Indies they are however called the razor-grinders, their noise being by these persons likened to that made in grinding knives and razors. Kalm evidently alludes to these insects in his Tour of North America, where he says in some places they make so much noise, that unless two persons meeting together can speak louder than the insect can chirp, they cannot hear each other.
CICADA STRIDULA.
Plate XXXVII. fig. 2.
Genus. Cicada, Linn.
Cicada Stridula. Villosa prasineo-fusca, nigro-maculata, abdomine nigro; elytris griseis, maculis ovatis ante marginem posticum 7, hyalinis; alis luteis versus apicem nigris, omnibus margine latiori hyalino. (Expans. Alar. fere 3 unc.)
Syn. Cicada stridula, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 2. 706. 12. Stoll. Cicada, fig. 15. Germ. in Thons. Arch. II. 2. 12. 19. Silb. Rev. Ent. II. 76. 54.
Cicada capensis, Linn. Syst. N. 1. 2. 706. 13.
Cicada Catenata, Drury, App. vol. 2.
APHANA LANATA.
Plate XXXVII. fig. 3.
Genus. Aphana, Burmeister. Aphæna, Guérin. Cicada, Drury.
Aphana Lanata. Fusca, capitis cornu tenui, ano farinoso, elytris nigris apice rubris undique albo irroratis, alis fuscis albo latè marginatis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Cicada lanata, Drury, App. vol. 2. (Exclus. Syn. Linn.)
This insect has a white substance issuing from the anus resembling the downy part of a feather, or that which joins the quill.—Add. vol. 2.
SCOLIA? MUTILLÆFORMIS.
Plate XXXVII. fig. 4.
Genus. Scolia? Fabr. Latr. Sphex, Linn. Drury.
Scolia? Mutillæformis. Nigra, capite thoraceque fulvo pilosis, alarum apicibus fuscis. (Long. Corp. 7½ lin.)
Syn. Sphex mutillæformis, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Mr. Kirby (Monographia Apum Angliæ, Vol. II. p. 377.) has given this figure as a synonym of Andrena thoracica. This can however scarcely be correct, for not only does the locality given by Drury seem sufficiently to indicate a species distinct from our English insect, but the colour of the head is also different. Moreover, it appears to me that the description given by Drury, united to the curved antennæ which appear to be faithfully represented in the figure, and especially the character of the legs, are evidently intended for a fossorial rather than a melliferous Hymenopterous insect.
LEPISMA COLLARIS.
Plate XXXVII. fig. 5.
Genus. Lepisma, Linn.
Lepisma Collaris. Obscure plumbea, fasciâ collaris apiceque abdominis argenteo-niveis, caudâ triplici villosâ. (Long. Corp. cum seta interm. 12 lin.)
Syn. Lepisma collaris, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 2. 64. No. 5.
Lepisma saccharia, Drury, App. vol. 2. (nec Linn.)
MILESIA VIRGINIENSIS.
Plate XXXVII. fig. 6.
Genus. Milesia, Latreille. Musca, (Drury).
Milesia Virginiensis. Fulva, thorace 2- abdomine 6-fasciato, hujus fasciis 1 et 2, 3 et 4, 5 et 6, lineâ longitudinali connexis. (Long. Corp. fere 1 unc.)
Syn. Musca Virginiensis, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Milesia ornata, Fabr. Syst. Antl. 188. Wiedemann Ausseur. Zw. Ins. 2. 106.
CÆLIOXYS? ANNULARIS.
Plate XXXVII. fig. 7.
Genus. Cælioxys? Latreille. Apis, Drury.
Cælioxys? Annularis. Atra, capite marginibusque posticis segmentorum abdominalium cinereis, antennis atris, pedibus fuscis. (Magn. Apis mellific.)
Syn. Apis Annularis, Drury, App. vol. 2.
PLATE XXXVIII.
STIZUS SPECIOSUS.
Plate XXXVIII. fig. 1.
Genus. Stizus, Latr. Jurine. Sphex, Drury. Vespa Et Larra p. Fabr.
Stizus Speciosus. Ferrugineus, abdomine atro fasciis tribus interruptis flavis. (Long. Corp. fere 1 unc. 6 lin.)
Syn. Sphex Speciosus, Drury, App. vol. 2. (1773.)
Vespa tricincta, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 2. 254. 5. (1793.) Syst. Piez. 254. 5.
This is the largest and finest species of the genus to which it belongs. Drury, contrary to his usual practice, is silent as to its habitat, and Fabricius states America generally. I have received it from Mr. Titian R. Peale of Philadelphia. That it is identical with the Vespa tricincta of Fabricius I am enabled to state by an examination of the individual contained in the Banksian Collection, now belonging to the Linnæan Society of London, which was described by Fabricius.
TREMEX COLUMBA.
Plate XXXVIII. fig. 2.
Genus. Tremex, Jurine. Sirex, Linn. Drury.
Tremex Columba. Fusca, abdomine nigro lateribus flavo-marginatis alis, nigris. (Long. Corp. 1 unc. 6 lin.)
Syn. Sirex Columba, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 929. 2. Fabr. Ent. Syst. 2. 105. 3. Syst. Piez. 49. 3.
Sirex cinctus, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Sirex pensylvanicus, De Geer Mem. 3. pl. 30. f. 13.
FORMICA RUBRIPES.
Plate XXXVIII. fig. 3.
Genus. Formica, Auct.
Formica Rubripes. Brunnea, capite nigro pedibusque brunneo-rubris. (Long. Corp. 9 lin.)
Syn. Formica rubripes, Latr. Hist. Nat. Fourn. p. 112.
Formica barbara, Drury, App. vol. 2. (nec Linn.)
Drury referred this species to the Formica barbara of Linnæus, which is not only distinct in the colour of the head, which is red, but also in having two knots at the base of the abdomen, whence it belongs to the genus Myrmica.
The reader will find some interesting general details relative to the habits of the exotic species of the family to which this insect belongs, in the following observations which were published in the preface to the third volume, in the former edition of this work.
"The various species of ants, cock-roaches, and other voracious vermin, are so numerous as to be one of the greatest plagues the collector abroad has to encounter, insomuch that it is barely possible to preserve dried insects, and other animals, with the utmost care and the closest boxes, much less living ones, which require light and air: for as soon as caterpillars are brought out of the woods, and placed within doors, with an intention of breeding them, they seem to be, as in fact they are, out of the order of nature, and quickly fall victims to the rapacity of those agents whose province it is to remove animal or vegetable bodies, which having arisen to maturity, or lost the principles of life, are on their progress toward a slow dissolution, a state of useless inanimation or noxious putrescence. Indeed among these none are more useful in this point of view than the ants; but, considered as noxious vermin, and capable of destroying animals, or, in many instances, of preventing and frustrating human industry, we know perhaps of none more formidable. These insects, whether considered as the efficient servants of nature, keeping clean and wholesome the face of the creation, or as the ministers of Almighty Power preserving a due equality between animals and vegetables, perform, without exemption or reserve, his high behests. Like the angel of heaven, they walk steadily forward in the line ordained them, and spare neither magnitude nor beauty, neither the living nor the dead, but sweep away all kinds of animal substances with undeviating rigour and rapacious perseverance.
"Sometimes they proceed, like those I have mentioned in the preface to my first volume, driving all the inhabitants out of a town in a few hours, to a scene of which Mr. Smeathman was an eye-witness; and in other instances, as within the last twenty years, in some of the Caribbee Islands, like a slow but irresistible fire, they gradually, in two or three years, take possession of the land, and carry death and destruction to every kind of animals; so that not only pigeons and fowls, lambs and kids, but even calves and foals, which have been brought forth in the night, have been destroyed before the rising of the sun; and the inhabitants themselves, though they placed the posts of their beds in troughs of water, were driven out of them by these inevitable disturbers. This slow but enormous increase of ants in some of the sugar islands was unknown before the conclusion of the last peace; since which time they seem, in conjunction with some other insects, to have taken possession of many valuable sugar estates, and, by sucking the canes, have rendered ​them incapable of yielding any of that rich juice from whence this vegetable salt is extracted.
"In consequence of this mischievous quality, estates which, by their usual produce, have cleared to the proprietors eight or ten thousand pounds a year, when overrun by these vermin, have not been able to pay the expense of cultivation, except the produce has been changed by planting cotton or indigo, which have been found to suffer much less from their depredations; but, unhappily, most of the planters were ruined before they could submit to give up the cultivation of sugar, which is by much the most profitable.
"It is not to be supposed, that hot countries are at all times infested to this degree. They never are, however, without an astonishing number of these insects, which no art, labour, or expense, can totally exclude from the dwellings of the inhabitants. The number of different species is not yet known, and is so great, added to the minuteness of most of them, that it probably never will be discovered with any degree of certainty. There are not less than fifteen or twenty species, which find their way into the houses. These are not only to be distinguished by their size, figure, and colour, but by their different properties. Some are near an inch long, from which, to that of being scarce visible to the naked eye, are various sizes. Some are long and slender, others short and thick; some are elegantly shaped and highly polished; while others are, according to vulgar apprehensions, deformed, armed with spines, and covered with bristly or coarse and rough skins. Some species also are black as the deepest jet; others of the deepest brown, or of different shades till they approach to yellow; and not a few are variegated, having some of the prismatic colours in full glow. They vary as much in their nature and dispositions: some destroy fresh collected plants; and, in spite of weights laid upon the books in which they are placed to dry, get in, cut the leaves and flowers in pieces, and carry them away. Others, of different species, attack all sorts of victuals, particularly sweet things, such as sugar and fruits. Mr. Smeathman has had large sugar-dishes emptied by these insects in one night, when the least opening has been left; and it is not easy to make any tin canister, or other vessel, close enough to exclude these insidious plunderers; so that the loss sustained in this article is often very great. Some of them will assail the side-boards, and cover every wine-glass that has had wine or punch left in it; nay, innumerable multitudes will even attack the liquors on your table, and, if you are not attentive, drown themselves in the very bowls and bottles before you. Some stragglers frequently disturb you by creeping over your skin, and interrupt your sleep or your meditations by biting, which, however, give pain but for a moment; while others, though of the smallest size, with a sort of malignant vengeance, creep under your clothes, and, by means of stings invisible to the unassisted eye, inject a most acrid venom, which causes a pain as sharp as a small spark of fire, lasting for some hours, and even a day or two after being stung, the pain of which is much increased by irritating the part. Some of the larger sorts also cause by their stings a pain which, for some moments, is scarcely less than that of a bee of the same size; but it ​ceases in a few minutes, without leaving any inflammation behind. The different manners of this large and sagacious tribe of insects are, according to my friend's account, exceedingly various and amusing, but much too long for this occasion; neither would it be proper for me to enter farther into an account of them, as that gentleman purposes to treat minutely on their various histories in his Voyages and Travels: a book which, he informs me, is in some forwardness, and will doubtless afford great entertainment and information to the curious part of mankind."
RAPHIGASTER VALIDUS.
Plate XXXVIII. fig. 4.
Genus. Raphigaster, Laporte.
Raphigaster Validus. Pallidus, capite, pustulis duabus pronoti et dentibus lateralibus obtusis, scutello (apice excepto) elytrisque chalybeis, abdominis lateribus nigro maculatis. (Long. Corp. 1 unc.)
Syn. Cimex variegatus, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Cimex validus, Drury, App. vol. 2. (pl. 45. fig. 6. eadem). Klug. Burm. vol. 2. p. 365.
Edessa Tarandus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 4. 93. Syst. Rhyng. 147.
This fine insect was noticed in the synoptical appendix to the second volume, under the name of Cimex variegatus, the same name having been also inadvertently applied to the insect figured in Vol. I. Pl. 45. Another figure of the same insect, but with the wings closed, is given in the third volume, Pl. 45. Fig. 6. in the synoptical appendix of which volume it is noticed, under the name of Cimex validus. It is therefore probable that our author was not aware of the specific identity of the two figures. To avoid the inconvenience arising from having two species bearing the same name, Cimex variegatus, I have adopted the name proposed in the third volume.
TETTIGONIA SANGUINEA.
Plate XXXVIII. fig. 5. Natural Size.—6. Magnified.
Genus. Tettigonia, Latr. Germ. (nec Fabr.) Cicada, Linn. Drury.
Tettigonia Sanguinea. Capite thoraceque luteo-fuscis, elytris sanguineis apice stramineis, alis fuscentibus. (Expans. Alar. 9 lin.)
Syn. Cicada sanguinea, Drury, App. vol. 2.
FORMICA BIHAMATA.
Plate XXXVIII. fig. 7. Natural Size.—8. Magnified.
Genus: Formica, Linn.
Formica Bihamata. Nigra, thorace ferrugineo antice quadrispinoso, squamâ altissimâ spinis duabus arcuatis. (Long. Corp. 6 lin.)
Syn. Formica bihamata, Drury, App. vol. 2. Fabr. Ent. Syst. 2. 361. 49. Syst. Piez. 411. 66. Latreille Hist. Nat. Fourm. 127. Oliv. Enc. Méth. Ins. 6. 499.
PLATE XXXIX.
VESPA ORIENTALIS.
Plate XXXIX. fig. 1.
Genus. Vespa, Linn. &c.
Vespa Orientalis. Ferruginea, abdomine fasciâ flavâ ante apicem utrinque bipunctatâ. (Long. Corp. 1 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Vespa orientalis, Linn. Mant. 540. Fabr. Syst. Piez. 254. 4.
Vespa turcica, Drury, App. vol. 3.
Drury observes of this and the next insect, that "they make nests like the mason-fly described in Vol. I. Pl. 44. Fig. 6." The correctness of this statement may however be questioned as regards both of the insects in question, which, from their evident relationship to the common English hornet (Vespa Crabro Linn.) must surely possess similar habits to those of that insect.
SCOLIA 4-MACULATA.
Plate XXXIX. fig. 2.
Genus. Scolia, Fabr. Latr. Sphex, Linn. Vespa, Drury.
Scolia 4-maculata. Hirta, nigra, fusco-pubescens, abdomine nigro maculis quatuor fulvis, alis obscuris. (Long. Corp. 1 unc.)
Syn. Scolia 4-maculata, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 2. 229. 4. Syst. Piez. 240. 5.
Vespa maculata, Drury, App. vol. 2.
I have employed the Fabrician specific name in preference to that precedently employed by Drury, as being more appropriate, there being other species of the genus named 6-maculata and 2-maculata.
BOMBYLIUS PLUMIPES.
Plate XXXIX. fig. 3.
Genus. Bombylius, Linn. &c.
Bombylius Plumipes. Flavido hirtus, alarum basi costâque brunneis, tarsis posticis basi lobatis. (Long. Corp. 5½ lin.)
Syn. Bombylius plumipes, Drury, App. vol. 2. Wiedemann Auss. Zw. Ins. 1. 351.
PEPSIS CŒRULEANA.
Plate XXXIX. fig. 4.
Genus. Pepsis, Fabr. Latr. Sphex, Linn. Drury.
Pepsis Cœruleana. Nigra, alis cœrulescenti-nitidis, pedibus aurantiis. (Long. Corp. lin. 12.)
Syn. Sphex cœruleana, Drury, App. vol. 2.
​This insect, according to Mr. Smeathman, makes a clicking noise when it flies, like a rocket, which may be heard at twenty yards distance. It is a very strong and rapacious insect, and is often seen flying from bush to bush with a grasshopper in its claws at least twice its own size, and which is evidently destined to be deposited in its nest, and to become the food of the future progeny of the Pepsis.
"There is a species like this found in the West Indies, with orange antennæ and black legs; also another that is entirely black."—Drury.
MANTIS (THESPIS) PARVA.
Plate XXXIX. fig. 5.
Genus. Mantis, Linn. Subgenus: Thespis, Serville.
Mantis (Thespis) Parva. Pallidè olivaceo-fusca, prothorace longo cylindrico, pedibus gracilibus simplicibus. (Long. Corp. 1 unc. 4½ lin.)
Syn. Mantis parva, Drury, App. vol. 2. Oliv. Encycl. No. 48. Serville Revis. Orthopt. p. 28. (Thespis p.)
Mantis minuta, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 2. 24.?
PEPSIS RUBRA.
Plate XXXIX. fig. 6.
Genus. Pepsis, Fabr. Latr. Sphex, Linn. Drury.
Pepsis Rubra. Corpore pedibusque nigro cyaneis, antennis nigris, alis rufis apice albis. (Long. Corp. 1 unc.)
Syn. Sphex rubra, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Pepsis Speciosa, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 2. 217. 83. Syst. Piez. 215. 45. Pal. Beauv. Ins. d'Afr. et d'Amer. Hym. Pl. 2. f. 5.
Fabricius (Syst. Piez. 214. 33.) refers this figure to the Sphex cœrulea of Linnæus, which differs in having the wings ferruginous but black at the base ("basi nigræ," Linn.) and ​white at the tips, and in the antennæ, being ferruginous at the tips. It is to be observed that Linnæus has described two species under the name of Sphex cœrulea, the first belonging to the genus Pelopæus, and being the Sphex cyanea of Fabricius; and the second, above noticed, and being the auripennis of De Geer, which latter name, in order to prevent all confusion arising from the employment of the name of cœrulea, it would be desirable to adopt.
PELOPÆUS PETIOLATUS.
Plate XXXIX. fig. 7.
Genus. Pelopæus, Latr. Fabr. Sphex, Drury.
Pelopæus Petiolatus. Fuscus, thorace abdomineque nitidis brunneis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc.)
Syn. Sphex petiolatus, Drury, App. vol. 2.
SPHEX PENSYLVANICA.
Plate XXXIX. fig. 8.
Genus. Sphex, Linn. Latr. &c. Pepsis, Fabr. Pal. Beauv.
Sphex Pensylvanica. Nigra, abdomine petiolato atro, alis subviolaceis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 6 lin.)
Syn. Sphex Pensylvanica, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 2. 941. Fabr. Syst. Piez. 211. 15. (Pepsis v.) Paul. Beauv. Ins. d'Afr. et d'Amer. Hym. pl. 3 fig. 4.
Sphex cœrulea, Drury, App. vol. 2. (nec Linn. Syst. N.)
PLATE XL.
TRUXALIS BRASILIENSIS.
Plate XL. fig. 1.
Genus. Truxalis, Fabr. Gryllus P. Drury.
Truxalis Brasiliensis. Elytris pallide fulvescentibus, vittâ longitudinali mediâ virescenti, nigro irregulariter marginatâ, alis hyalinis dimidio anali roseo. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 9 lin.)
Syn. Gryllus brasiliensis, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Fabricius refers this figure to the Truxalis nasutus Linn. which is found in Africa, and Mr. Smeathman also informed Mr. Drury that the species here figured is found in Africa, in the savannahs, and that its flight is very rapid. I have considered them on the contrary as specifically distinct.
PHLŒA CORTICATA.
Plate XL. fig. 2.
Genus. Phlœa, St. Farg. & Serv., Lap. Cimex, Drury. Phlœocoris, Burmeister.
Phlœa Corticata. Supra grisea, tuberculis multis rufo-fuscis subnitidis adspersa, subtus nigra appendiculis marginalibus griseis, laciniis capitis convergentibus. (Long. Corp. 11 lin.)
Syn. Cimex corticatus, Drury, App. vol. 2. Laporte Hemipt. p. 56. (Phlœa c.) Burmeister Rh. 2. 371. 1. (Phlœocoris c.) Guérin Icon. R. An. Ins. 55. f. 5.
Phlœa cassidoides, St. F. & Serv. Enc. Méth. 10. p. 111.
Aradus laminatus, Kirby & Spence Introd. to Ent. 3. 617. & 718.
SCOLIA FLAVIFRONS?
Plate XL. fig. 3.
Genus. Scolia, Fabr. Latr. &c.
Scolia Flavifrons? Atra, fronte flavâ, abdomine maculis quatuor flavis. (Long. Corp. fere 2 unc.)
Syn. Scolia flavifrons, Fabr. Syst. Piez. 229. No. 5.
Sphex maculata, Drury, App. vol. 2.
PELECINUS POLITURATOR.
Plate XL. fig. 4.
Genus. Pelecinus, Fabr. Latr. Ichneumon, Drury.
Pelecinus Politurator. Niger, antennis annulo medio albo, tibiis posticis sericeo-dilatatis. (Long. Corp. 2 unc. 6 lin.)
Syn. Ichneumon Polyturator (errore pro politurator), Drury, App. vol. 2.
Pelecinus Polycerator, Fabr. Syst. Piez. 111. 1. Say American Entomology, vol. 1. pl. XV.
The late lamented Mr. Say, who may justly be regarded as the Linnæus of America, says of this truly singular insect, that its flight is slow and awkward, and when taken it endeavours to force the point of the abdomen through the skin of the hand, but its strength is not adequate to the task. The whole abdomen resembles a much elongated pedicle, from which the abdomen itself, or dilated portion, has been accidentally removed.
PLATE XLI.
LOCUSTA OBSCURA.
Plate XLI. fig. 1.
Genus. Locusta. Gryllus (Locusta) Linn. Gryllus, Fabr. Subgenus: Locusta proper. Œdipoda, Serv.
Locusta Obscura. Thorace lævi; elytris fuscis; alis disco rubro, fasciâ nigrâ, apice hyalinâ. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Gryllus obscurus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 2. 701. 50. De Geer Ins. 3. 492. 8. t. 41. f. 4. Fabr. Ent. Syst. 2. 58. 47.
GRYLLUS (PHYLLOPTERUS) MYRTIFOLIUS.
Plate XLI. fig. 2.
Genus. Gryllus. Sect. Gryllus (Tettigonia), Linn. Locusta, Latr. Subgenus. Phylloptera, Serv.
Gryllus (Phyllopterus) Myrtifolius. Thorace subtetragono, lævi; alis deflexis elytris longioribus, oviductu brevissimo recurvo. (Expans. tegm. 1 unc. 6 lin. Alar. 2 unc.)
Syn. Gryllus Myrtifolius, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 2. 696. 18. Fabr. Ent. Syst. 2. p. 34. De Geer Mem. vol. 2. pl. 41. f. 2. Stoll. Sauter. pl. a. 5. fig. 16. Serville Revis. Orth. p. 45.
LOCUSTA (RUTIDODERES) CENTURIO.
Plate XLI. fig. 3.
Genus. Locusta. Gryllus (Locusta), Linn. Acrydium, Latr. Subgenus: Rutidoderes, Westw.
Locusta (Rutidoderes) Centurio. Pallidè olivaceo-fulvescens, elytris nigro numerosè punctatis, alis sanguineis margine nigro et interno nigro tesselatis. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Gryllus Centurio, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Gryllus reticulatus (Fabr. sp. Ins. 1. p. 362. No. 7.) figured by Donovan in his Insects of India, Pl. 12. Fig. 1., and said to be from Bengal, is very closely allied to, if indeed it be not identical with, the species here figured.
LOCUSTA (PHYMATEA) PUNCTATA.
Plate XLI. fig. 4.
Genus. Locusta. Gryllus (Locusta), Linn. Acrydium, Latr. Subgenus: Phymateus, Thunberg.
Locusta (Phymatea) Punctata. Thorace verrucoso atro, elytris atris flavo punctatis, alis atris, abdomine rufo annulato. (Long. Corp. cum alis claus. 2 unc. 9 lin.)
Syn. Gryllus punctatus, Drury, App. vol. 2. Fabr. Ent. Syst. 2. 51. 19. Thunberg Mem. Acad. Imp. St. Petersb. p. 258. Stoll. Sauter. pl. 7. b. f. 24. A. Donovan Ins. India, pl. 12. fig. 2.
PLATE XLII.
LOCUSTA CŒRULEA.
Plate XLII. fig. 1.
Genus. Locusta. Acrydium, Latr. Œdipoda, Serv.
Locusta Cœrulea. Obscurè viridis, alis posticis hyalinis cœruleis, angulo externo nigro, femoribus medio flavis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Gryllus cœruleus, Drury, App. vol. 2.
LOCUSTA (RUTIDODERES) MILES.
Plate XLII. fig. 2.
Genus. Locusta. Gryllus (Locusta), Linn. &c. Acrydium, Latr. Subgenus: Rutidoderes, Westw.
Locusta (Rutidoderes) Miles. Fusca, capitis lineis duabus marginalibus margineque postico thoracis flavis, elytris brunneis, alis nigris maculis duabus magnis sanguineis. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 9 lin.)
Syn. Gryllus Miles, Drury, App. vol. 2.
GRYLLUS (GRYLLACRIS) TESSELATUS.
Plate XLII. fig. 3.
Genus. Gryllus (Locusta), Latreille. Subgenus: Gryllacris, Serville.
Gryllus (Gryllacris) Tesselatus. Fusco-fulvescens, alis diaphanis nigro undique tesselatis. (Expans. elytr. 2 unc. 6 lin. Alar. 3 unc.)
Syn. Gryllus tesselatus, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Gryllacris maculicollis ♂? Serville Revis. Orthopt. p. 42.
The antennæ in this subgenus are of very great length, being many times longer than the whole body. The specimen, therefore, figured by Drury was evidently mutilated in these organs.
PLATE XLIII.
ACHETA (SCHIZODACTYLA) MONSTROSA.
Plate XLIII. fig. 1.
Genus. Acheta, Fabr. Gryllus, Latr. Subgenus: Schizodactylus, Brullé.
Acheta (Schizodactyla) Monstrosa. Elytris alisque caudatis convolutis, corpore luteo-fusco punctis nigris. (Long. Corp. 1 unc. 9 lin.)
Syn. Gryllus monstrosus, Drury, App. vol. 2. Fabr. Ent. Syst. 2. 29. 2. (Acheta m.)
Schizodactylus monstrosus, Aud. & Brullé Hist. Nat. Ins. tom. ix. s. g. 24. Donovan Ins. India, pl. 12. fig. 3.
ACHETA MEMBRANACEA.
Plate XLIII. fig. 2.
Genus. Acheta, Fabr. Gryllus Acheta, Linn. Gryllus, Latr.
Acheta Membranacea. Luteo-fusca, pronoti annulis duobus nigris, alis corpore longioribus, tarsis posticis quinque spinosis. (Long. Corp. 2 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Gryllus membranaceus, Drury, App. vol. 2.
From the information furnished to Mr. Drury by Mr. Smeathman we learn that the children in Africa are, at the proper season, very busily employed digging out of the ground the females, when full of eggs, of a species exactly the size and form of this, on which they make an agreeable repast, roasting generally the whole animal, but eating only the eggs, which are contained in a bag, and resemble part of the roe of a large fish, deeming it very delicate food. These, like the European crickets, make a continual and noisy chirping all day long; and the open parts of the country are never without this music, which ceases neither night nor day. Some sing only in the day, others only in the night, and others again are never silent. Of those which sing only in the night, one small species, about the size of the Gryllus Campestris of Linnæus, sallies out of its retreat early in the evening, making so loud and shrill a chirping that it may he said to pierce the ear; and, as certainly as it sings within doors, it silences a whole company. It fills a large room so completely with its note, which is something like the sound caused by rubbing a tobacco-pipe round the edge of a wine-glass, that those unaccustomed to it cannot tell how to direct their search after it. When they are looking for it, the noise will sometimes cease for half a minute, and begin again, when the searchers will be as much at a loss as ever. The black people, however, who have perhaps the most accurate ears in the world, readily find them, and generally without mercy put an end to their lives and their notes together. Different species sing their wild notes among the distant banks, and are heard in the rivers through the mangroves, though those trees often form a thick wood between the navigable ​parts of the river and the dry land of a quarter or half a mile deep. The mountains and the woods also echo with them all the night long, and the full concert is very distinctly heard on board the ships, during a calm night, as they lie at their usual anchorages in the bays and creeks on the sea coasts.
PLATE XLIV.
LOCUSTA (RUTIDODERES) DUX.
Plate XLIV.
Genus. Locusta. Gryllus (Locusta), Linn. Acrydium, Latr. Subgenus: Rutidoderes, Westw.
Locusta (Rutidoderes) Dux. Thorace carinato scabro; elytris viridibus, alis rufis fusco-maculatis. (Expans. 7 unc. 9 lin.)
Syn. Gryllus dux, Drury, App. vol. 2. Oliv. Encycl. Méth. No. 4. (Acrydium D.) Fabr. Ent. Syst. 2. 47. 4. Serville Revis. Orthopt. 92.
PLATE XLV.
LIBELLULA LUCIA.
Plate XLV. fig. 1.
Genus. Libellula, Auct.
Libellula Lucia. Thorace olivaceo lineis duabus lateralibus apiceque flavis, alis hyalino-subflavis, strigâ subcostali maculâque versus basin fasciâque triangulari mediâ fuscis, stigmate albo, nigro terminato. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc.)
Syn. Libellula Lucia, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Libellula variegata, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 2. 382. 40. (nec Linn. Syst. Nat. 904. 18. ex Indiis.) Pal. Beauv. Ins. d'Afr. et d'Amer. Neur. pl. 2. fig. 4.
AGRION CAIA.
Plate XLV. fig. 2.
Genus. Agrion, Fabr. Calepteryx, Leach. Libellula p. Drury.
Agrion Caia. Cuprea, abdomine nigro, alis hyalinis basi sanguineis, posticis etiam maculâ parvâ apicali sanguineâ. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Libellula Caia, Drury, App. vol. 2.
This insect is nearly allied to Agrion Brightwelli, Kirby (Linn. Trans. vol. 14. t. 3. fig. 5.) which is also an inhabitant of Brazil.
LIBELLULA MARCIA.
Plate XLV. fig. 3.
Genus. Libellula, Auct.
Libellula Marcia. Cœrulea aut ænea nitida, alis albido-flavis, anticis maculis duabus apiceque fuscis, posticis strigis duabus basalibus, fasciâ undatâ anali, maculis tribus apiceque fuscis, basi flavis. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 9 lin.)
Syn. Libellula Marcia, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Libellula Murcia, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 2. 376. 11.
LIBELLULA DOMITIA.
Plate XLV. fig. 4.
Genus. Libellula, Auct.
Libellula Domitia. Luteo-rufescens, abdomine maculis dorsalibus flavis, alis fulvis stigmate nigricanti. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 9 lin.)
Syn. Libellula Domitia, Drury, App. vol. 2.
AGRION TITIA.
Plate XLV. fig. 5.
Genus. Agrion, Fabr. Calepteryx, Leach. Libellula p. Drury.
Agrion Titia. Atra; dimidio basali alarum anticarum fusco, plagâ magnâ internâ sanguineâ, apice fusco; posticis fuscis maculâ hyalinâ subapicali. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 6 lin.)
Syn. Libellula Titia, Drury, App. vol. 2.
PLATE XLVI.
LIBELLULA VARIEGATA.
Plate XLVI. fig. 1.
Genus. Libellula, Linn. &c.
Libellula Variegata. Alis flavis fusco maculatis et undulatis, posticis versus apicem maculâ magnâ fuscâ, puncto flavo; apice albo. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc.)
Syn. Libellula variegata, Linn. Am. Acad. 6. 412. 86. Syst. Nat. 1. 2. 904. 18.
Libellula Histrio, Fabr. Mant. Ins. 1. 337. 24. 10.
Libellula Indica, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 2. 376. Guérin Icon. R. An. Ins. pl. 60. fig. 1.
Libellula Arria, Drury, App. vol. 2.
LIBELLULA FULVIA.
Plate XLVI. fig. 2.
Genus. Libellula, Linn. &c.
Libellula Fulvia. Luteo-testacea; alis fulvescentibus strigâ subcostali basali fuscâ stigmateque fusco. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 4½ lin.)
Syn. Libellula Fulvia, Drury, App. vol. 2.
LIBELLULA TULLIA.
Plate XLVI. fig. 3.
Genus. Libellula, Auct.
Libellula Tullia. Cœruleo-nigra, alarum dimidio basali fusco, apice cinerascenti-hyalino stigmate nigro. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 9 lin.)
Syn. Libellula Tullia, Drury, App. vol. 2.
LESTES PAULINA.
Plate XLVI. fig. 4.
Genus. Lestes, Leach. Libellula p. Drury.
Lestes Paulina. Thorace griseo, lineis nigris, abdomine nigro griseo annulato; alis hyalinis apice fuscis, stigmate nigro. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 6 lin.)
Syn. Libellula Paulina, Drury, App. vol. 2.
PLATE XLVII.
LIBELLULA AXILENA.
Plate XLVII. fig. 1.
Genus. Libellula, Auct.
Libellula Axilena. Capite maculis 5 albis, thoracis dorso lateribusque virescentibus, abdominè luteo dorso fusco; alis albis hyalinis strigâ parvâ subcostali basali, margineque tenui (pone medium) nigris stigmate albo. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 6 lin.)
Syn. Libellula Lydia, Drury, App. vol. 2. (nec vol. 1. pl. 47. fig. 1.)
Our author having inadvertently applied the same name to this handsome species which he had given to that figured in vol. 1. pl. 47. fig. 1, I have been compelled to give this a new specific denomination.
LIBELLULA EPONINA.
Plate XLVII. fig. 2.
Genus. Libellula, Auct.
Libellula Eponina. Alis flavescentibus fasciis subtribus nigris. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 6 lin.)
Syn. Libellula Eponina, Drury, App. vol. 2. Fabr. Syst. Ent. 2. 382. No. 39.
LIBELLULA PORTIA.
Plate XLVII. fig. 3.
Genus. Libellula, Auct.
Libellula Portia. Cœrulescenti-nigra, alarum dimidio antico fusco-cœrulescenti nitido, postice bi-emarginato. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 9 lin.)
Syn. Libellula Portia, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Libellula marginata, Pal. Beauv. d'Afr. et d'Amer. Neur. pl. 2. fig. 5. Fabr. Ent Syst. ii. p. 380.
LIBELLULA SOPHRONIA.
Plate XLVII. fig. 4.
Genus. Libellula, Auct.
Libellula Sophronia. Fusca-rufescens, alis fulvescentibus apice hyalinis. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 7½ lin.)
Syn. Libellula Sophronia, Drury, App. vol. 2.
PLATE XLVIII.
LESTES LUCRETIA.
Plate XLVIII. fig. 1.
Genus. Lestes, Leach. Libellula p. Drury, &c.
Lestes Lucretia. Thorace fusco vittis pallidis, abdomine cœruleo longissimo; alis reticulatis nubilâ apicali. (Long. Corp. 6 unc. Expans. Alar. 5 unc.)
Syn. Libellula Lucretia, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Agrion linearis, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 2. 388. 5. Sulzer Hist. Ins. t. 24. fig. 1.
"In the 4th volume of Seba's Museum, Tab. 68, are two figures somewhat like this (being the only ones I ever saw in any author) but are entirely different; the extremities of all the wings being tipped with black, and the bodies consisting of many more articulations than this; the eyes also are not so large and globular, and the feet are shorter."—Drury.
XYLOCOPA LATIPES.
Plate XLVIII. fig. 2.
Genus. Xylocopa, Fabr. Apis, Drury, Linn.
Apis Latipes. Hirsuta atra, tarsis anticis explanatis flavis, intus ciliatis. (Magn. Bomb. terrestr. major.)
Syn. Apis latipes, Drury, App. vol. 2. Fabr. Ent. Syst. 2. 314. 1. Syst. Piez. 337. 1.
According to Mr. Smeathman these bees are very injurious to wooden houses, the posts of which they bore and perforate in various directions, so as to weaken them very much. The holes they make are half an inch in diameter. Drury hazards the conjecture, that the curiously dilated anterior tarsi, and the long hairs with which it is furnished, appear to be useful to the creature for containing the substance of which these insects compose their nests. This, however, is but mere conjecture; since it is the males only which possess this curious construction; and this sex takes no share in the construction or provisioning of the nest in any species of bees with whose economy we are hitherto acquainted. There are certainly several distinct species confounded together under the common name of Xylocopa latipes.
SYNAGRIS CORNUTA ♂.
Plate XLVIII. fig. 3.
Genus. Synagris, Latr. Fabr. Vespa, Linn. Apis, Drury.
Synagris Cornuta. Ferruginea, abdomine alisque nigris, mandibulis porrectis capite longioribus. ♂. (Long. Corp. cum mand. 1 unc. 4½ lin.)
Syn. Vespa cornuta, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 2. 951. 20. Fabr. Syst. Piez. 252. 1. Latr. Hist. Nat. 3. 360. (Synagris c.) Griffith Animal Kingdom, Insects, pl. 106. & 107. fig. 1. Drury, App. vol. 2. (Apis c.)
PLATE XLIX.
PHASMA (PLATYCRANA) JAMAICENSIS.
Plate XLIX. fig. 1.
Genus. Phasma, Fabr. Mantis, Drury. Subgenus: Platycrana, Gray.
Phasma (Platycrana) Jamaicensis. Linearis viridis, alis pallidè roseis costâ tenui viridi. (Long. Corp. 3 unc. 6 lin.)
Syn. Mantis Jamaicensis, Drury, App. vol. 2. Fabr. Ent. Syst. 2. 15. 11. (Mantis J.) Gray Syn. Phasm. p. 38. (Platycrana J.)
MANTIS CINGULATA.
Plate XLIX. fig. 2.
Genus. Mantis, Linn. &c.
Mantis Cingulata. Luteo-fusca, elytris subolivaceis maculis duabus obliquis discoidalibus, alis fuscis basi et versus apicem pallidioribus, abdomine pallido nigro annulato. (Long. Corp. 2 unc. 9 lin.)
Syn.. Mantis Cingulata, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Mantis Domingensis, Pal. Beauv. Ins. d'Afr. et d'Amer. Orthopt. pl. 12. f. 2.?
PLATE L.
PHASMA (DIAPHERODES) GIGAS.
Plate L.
Genus: Phasma, Fabr. Mantis, Drury. Subgenus: Diapherodes, Gray. Cyphocrana, Serville.
Phasma (Diapherodes) Gigas. Aptera, capite thoraceque spinosis, hoc lateribus serratis, elytris brevissimis, femoribus subtus angulatis. (Long. Corp. 7 unc. 9 lin.)
Syn. Mantis gigas, Drury, App. vol. 2. (1773.) (nec Fabr. Ent. Syst. Suppl. No. 6. Oliv. Encyl. No. 2. Serv. Rev. Orthopt. p. 33.) Gray Syn. Phasm. p. 33. (Diapherodes G.)
Mantis angulata, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 2. 13. (1793.)
END OF VOL. II.
G. NORMAN, PRINTER. MAIDEN LANE, COVENT GARDEN.
* ↑ Trans. Linn. Soc. Vol. 7.
* ↑ Quoted in the British Cyclopædia of Natural History, Vol. 1. p. 748.
* ↑ Neither in Abbot's figure, nor in my specimens of this larva, is there any appearance of hair upon the body, and it cannot be supposed that a variation in the nature of the food could have the effect of clothing some specimens with hair whilst the rest are naked.
* ↑ Mr. Swainson's figure of Leilus orientalis is incorrect in this respect.
* ↑ Sphinx Vespiformis, an Essay, table opposite p. 31.
* ↑ Anomalie du Genre Urania par M. Boisduval. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1834, p. 248.
* ↑ Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. vol. i.
* ↑ Figured by Lewin in his Lepidopt. of New Holland, and republished by Guérin Icon. Règne. An. Ins. pl. 83. fig. 2.