OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Scott, Thomas (1808-1878)

​SCOTT, THOMAS (1808–1878), freethinker, was born on 28 April 1808. He was brought up in France as a Roman catholic, and became a page at the court of Charles X. Having an independent fortune, he travelled widely, and spent some time among North American Indians. About 1856 he grew dissatisfied with Christianity, and in 1862 he started issuing tracts advocating ‘free enquiry and the free expression of opinion.’ These were printed at his own expense, and given away mostly to the clergy and cultured classes. Between 1862 and 1877 he issued, first from Ramsgate, afterwards from Norwood, upwards of two hundred separate pamphlets and books, which were ultimately collected in sixteen volumes. Among the writers who contributed to the series were F. W. Newman, William Rathbone Greg [q. v.], Dr. Willis, Bishop Hinds, Rev. Charles Voysey, M. D. Conway, Sir Richard Davies Hanson [q. v.], Marcus Kalisch [q. v.], John Muir [q. v.], John Addington Symonds [q. v.], Thomas Lumisden Strange [q. v.], Edward Maitland, Edward Vansittart Neale [q. v.], Charles Bray, Dr. George Gustavus Zerffi [q. v.], and R. Suffield. Scott also reprinted such works as Bentham's ‘Church of England Catechism Examined’ and Hume's ‘Dialogues on Natural Religion.’ His own contributions to the series were slight, but he suggested subjects, revised them, discussed all points raised, and made his house a salon for freethinkers. He was a competent Hebrew scholar, and saw through the press Bishop Colenso's work on the Pentateuch and Book of Joshua in the absence of the bishop from England. He also revised the work on ‘Ancient Faiths embodied in Ancient Names,’ by Thomas Inman [q. v.] Scott put his name on ‘The English Life of Jesus,’ 1872, a work designed to do for English readers what Strauss and Renan had done for Frenchmen and Germans; but the work is said to have been written in part by the Rev. Sir George W. Cox. Scott also wrote ‘An Address to the Friends of Free Enquiry and Expression,’ 1865; ‘Questions, to which Answers are respectfully asked from the Orthodox,’ 1866; ‘A Letter to H. Alford, Dean of Canterbury,’ 1869; ‘A Challenge to the Members of the Christian Evidence Society,’ 1871; ‘The Tactics and Defeat of the Christian Evidence Society,’ 1871; ‘The Dean of Ripon on the Physical Resurrection,’ 1872; and ‘A Farewell Address,’ 1877, in which he stated his persuasion that ‘the only true orthodoxy is loyalty to reason, and the only infidelity which merits censure is disloyalty to reason.’ He died at Norwood on 30 Dec. 1878. He was married, and his widow survived him. A portrait is given in ‘Annie Besant, an Autobiography’ (p. 112).
[National Reformer, 5 Jan. 1879; Times, 15 Jan. 1879; Liberal, March 1879; Freethinker, 24 March 1895; Wheeler's Dict. of Freethinkers; Brit. Museum Cat.]
J. M. W.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Scott, Walter (1550?-1629?)

​SCOTT, WALTER (1550?–1629?), of Harden, freebooter, born about 1550, was descended from a branch of the Scotts of Buccleuch, known as the Scotts of Sinton. His father, William Scott, was first described as ‘in Todrig,’ a place near Sinton in Selkirkshire, but afterwards as ‘in Harden,’ an estate which he acquired about 1550, or later, from Alexander, lord Home (Hist. MSS. Comm. 12th Rep. App. viii. p. 144; cf. Registrum Magni Sigilli, vol. vii. No. 2114). Walter succeeded his father in 1563. In 1580 his lands at Hoscote were raided by the Elliots, a rival border clan then allied with England. In June 1592 he assisted Francis Stewart, earl of Bothwell, in his attack upon Falkland Palace [see Hepburn, Francis Stewart, fifth Earl of Bothwell; and, with his brother William and other Scotts, helped Bothwell in the winter of 1592–3 to plunder the lands of Drummelzier and Dreva on Tweedside; they carried off four thousand sheep, two hundred cattle, forty horses, and goods to the value of 2,000l. He also, with five hundred men, Scotts and Armstrongs, joined Sir Walter, first lord Scott of Buccleuch, in his famous rescue of William Armstrong of Kinmont [q. v.], ‘Kinmont Willie,’ from Carlisle Castle in 1596 (Calendar of Border Papers, ii. 120–2), and complaints of freebooting were made against him about the same time by the English wardens. In October 1602 he joined with other border leaders in a bond to keep good rule. In December 1605 he was threatened with outlawry for hunting and riding in Cheviot and Redesdale, spoiling the king's game and woods; while in 1611 he and his sons, Walter, Francis, and Hew, were bound in large sums to keep the peace with some of his neighbours.
‘Wat of Harden’ is said to have died in 1629; he was alive in April of that year (The Scotts of Buccleuch, i. 256). His residence is now one of the seats of his descendant, Lord Polwarth (Carre, Border Memories).
He married, first, about 21 March 1576, Mary, daughter of John Scott of Dryhope in Yarrow. The original contract is preserved in Lord Polwarth's charter chest (The Scotts of Buccleuch, vol. i. p. lxx); an incorrect account of it is given by Sir Walter Scott in his ‘Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border’ (i. 157, ed. 1812). By his first wife Walter had, with five daughters, four sons: Sir William, who succeeded to Harden; Walter; Francis, ancestor of the Scotts of Sinton; and Hew, ancestor of the Scotts of Gala. He married, secondly, in 1598, Margaret Edgar of Wedderlie, and had issue one daughter. Sir William Scott the younger, of Harden, who married Agnes Murray of Elibank, is the hero of the apocryphal traditional story of ‘Muckle-mouthed Meg.’ The second son, Walter, was fatally wounded in October 1616 in a quarrel about rights of fishing in the river Ettrick. A tradition connected with the incident, graphically told by Sir Walter Scott in his notes to the ‘Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border,’ is proved false by authentic record (Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, x. 667, xi. 20, 98–101).
J. A-n.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Scott, Walter (1614?-1694?)

​SCOTT, WALTER, of Satchells (1614?–1694?), captain and genealogist, born about 1614, was son of Robert Scott of Satchells, who was a grandson of Walter Scott of Sinton, by his second marriage with Margaret, daughter of James Riddell of that ilk. The captain's mother was Jean, daughter of Sir Robert Scott of Thirlestane. He spent his youth in herding cattle, but, running away in his sixteenth year, joined the regiment which his chief, Walter, first earl of Bucleuch, raised and transported to Holland in 1629. From that time he was, according to his own account, in active military service at home and abroad for fifty-seven years. He is said to have married and had a daughter, whom he named Gustava in honour of the famous king of Sweden. But what is more certain is that at the advanced age of seventy-five he began his rude metrical ‘True History of several honourable families of the right honourable name of Scot, in the shires of Roxburgh, Selkirk, and others adjacent, gathered out of ancient chronicles, histories, and traditions of our fathers.’ He describes himself on the title-page as
An old souldier and no scholler, And one that could write nane, But just the letters of his name.
He hired schoolboys to write to his dictation. His work was originally printed in 1688, and later editions appeared in 1776, 1786, 1892, and 1894.
[Preface to the 1894 edition of the ‘True History,’ by John G. Winning.]
H. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Scott, Thomas (1745-1842)

​SCOTT, THOMAS (1745–1842), general, born on 25 Dec. 1745, was the second son of John Scott of Malleny in Midlothian, by his wife Susan, daughter of Lord William Hay of Newhall, third son of John, second marquis of Tweeddale. The Scotts of Malleny were descended from John, eldest son of Sir William Scott of Clerkington, appointed senator of the court of justice in 1642, by his second wife, Barbara, daughter of Sir John Dalmahoy of that ilk.
Thomas Scott obtained an ensigncy in the 24th regiment of foot on 20 May 1761. In the following year he served in Hesse under Ferdinand, duke of Brunswick, and carried the regimental colours at the battle of Wilhelmsthal. In 1763, returning home, he was stationed in Ireland, and obtained his lieutenancy on 7 June 1765. In 1776 he went to America with his regiment, and served two campaigns under General Burgoyne with a company of marksmen attached to a large body of Indians. He acquitted himself so well that he was twice mentioned in the despatches, and received his company on 14 July 1777. On 17 Oct. he succeeded in penetrating the enemy's lines and carrying to Sir Henry Clinton the tidings of Burgoyne's critical position at Saratoga. In 1788 he returned to Europe, and in 1791 served for six months with a detachment of the 53rd foot on board his majesty's ship Hannibal. In 1793 he served in the Netherlands under Sir Ralph Abercromby, and took part in the sieges of Valenciennes and Dunkirk. He received the rank of major for his exertions in the defence of Nieuport. On 27 Oct. 1794 he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of one of the battalions of the 94th; in 1795 he accompanied his regiment to Gibraltar, and in 1796 to the Cape of Good Hope. In 1799 he took part in the campaign against ​Tipu Sultan, and was present at the capture of Seringapatam. In the following year ill health compelled him to leave India, but the Indiaman in which he took his passage was captured by a French privateer in the English Channel, and it was some weeks before he was exchanged. In 1801 he was appointed colonel by brevet, in 1802 inspecting officer of the Edinburgh recruiting district, in 1803 deputy inspector-general of the recruiting service in North Britain, and in 1804 brigadier-general. He attained the rank of major-general on 25 April 1808, and was nominated lieutenant-general on 4 June 1813. Until he retired at the close of fifty-two years' service he was never unemployed or on half-pay. He received the rank of general on 22 July 1830. After his retirement he resided chiefly at Malleny, and was a deputy-lieutenant for Midlothian. There he died, unmarried, on 29 April 1842, and was succeeded by his nephew, Carteret George Scott.
[Irving's Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen, p. 463; Burke's Commoners of Great Britain, iii. 170; Douglas's Baronage of Scotland, i. 218; Army Lists of the period.]
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Strong, William

​STRONG, WILLIAM (d. 1654), independent divine, was born in Durham. He was educated at Cambridge, graduating B. A. from St. Catharine Hall, of which he was elected a fellow on 30 Dec. 1631. In 1640 he became rector of Moore Critchell in Dorsetshire, but he was driven out in 1643, when the royalists obtained the ascendancy in the county. He fled to London, where he met a cordial reception, and frequently preached before parliament (Journal of House of Commons, v. vi. vii. passim). On 31 Dec. 1645 the commons appointed him as successor to Edward Peale in the Westminster assembly (ib. iv. 392, 395), and on 14 Oct. 1647 he became minister of St. Dunstan's-in-the-West, Fleet Street (ib. v. 454). On 9 Dec. 1650 he was chosen pastor to a congregation of independents, which comprised many members of parliament, and to which he preached in Westminster Abbey. On 29 July 1652 he was appointed to a committee for selecting 'godly persons to go into Ireland and preach the gospel' (Cal. State Papers, 1651-2, p. 351). A sermon preached at Westminster in July 1653 'against the liberty of the times as introducing popery,' attracted some attention (Cal. Clarendon Papers, iii. 236). He died in middle life in June 1654, and was buried in Westminster Abbey on 4 July; but on the Restoration his remains, with those of several others, were dug up and thrown into a pit in St. Margaret's churchyard. His widow Damaris survived him.
Strong was the author of: 1. 'Clavis Apocalyptica ad incudem revocata,' London, 1653, 8vo. 2. 'The Saints Communion with God, and Gods Communion with them in Ordinances,' ed. Hering, London, 1656, 12mo. 3. 'Heavenly Treasure, or Man's Chiefest Good,' ed. Howe, London 1656,12mo. 4. 'Thirty-one Select Sermons,' London, 1656, 4to. 5. 'A Treatise showing the Subordination of the Will of Man to the Will of God,' ed. Rowe, London, 1657, 8vo. 6. 'A Discourse on the Two Covenants,' published by Theophilus Gale [q. v.], London, 1678, fol. Strong also published several sermons, and wrote prefatory remarks to Dingley's 'Spiritual Taste Described,' London, 1649, 8vo.
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Strutt, William Goodday

​STRUTT, WILLIAM GOODDAY (1762–1848), governor of Quebec, baptised at Springfield, Essex, on 26 Feb. 1762, was second son of John Strutt, of Terling Place, Essex, by Anne, daughter of the Rev. William Goodday of Maldon. Entering the army in 1778, he joined his regiment, the 61st, at Minorca. Later he was appointed to a company in the 91st, and took part in the defence of St. Lucia. In 1782, having exchanged into the 97th, he served at the siege of Gibraltar. On the signing of the preliminaries of peace he purchased a majority in the 60th regiment, and, being placed on half-pay, visited several German courts. In 1787 he was sent with his regiment to the West Indies, where he took an active part in military affairs. Succeeding to a lieutenant-colonelcy by special command of George III, he was removed to the 54th, and went with the army of Lord Moira to Flanders. In 1794 he bore a very distinguished part against the French at Tiel, going through much hard fighting. On his return he was sent to St. Vincent, where he was raised to the rank of brigadier-general. In January 1796, with two hundred men, he attacked a force of twelve hundred, being himself thrice wounded, and losing his right leg. On his return to England he was received with marked favour by the king, and on 23 Feb. 1796 was made deputy governor of Stirling Castle, afterwards serving upon the staff in Ireland. On 23 June 1798 he was raised to the rank of major-general, and on 13 May 1800 he was, as a reward for his services, appointed to the sinecure office of governor of Quebec, and he held that post until his death. He died at Tofts, Little Baddow, Essex, on 5 Feb. 1848, having seen an exceptional amount of military service, both at home and abroad.
[Gent. Mag. 1848, i. 661; Essex Herald, 8 Feb. 1848; Ann. Reg. 1848, p. xc.]
M. C-y.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Strutt, Jacob George

​STRUTT, JACOB GEORGE (fl. 1820–1850), painter and etcher, studied in London, and was a contributor to the Royal Academy and British Institution at intervals between 1819 and 1858. For a few years he practised portrait-painting, but from 1824 to 1831 exhibited studies of forest scenery, and he is now best known by two sets of etchings which he published at this period—‘Sylva Britannica, or portraits of Forest Trees distinguished for their Antiquity,’ &c., 1822 (reissued in 1838), and ‘Deliciæ Sylvarum, or grand and romantic Forest Scenery in England and Scotland,’ 1828. About 1831 Strutt went abroad, and, after residing for a time at Lausanne, settled in Rome, whence he sent to the academy in 1845 ‘The Ancient Forum, Rome,’ and in 1851 ‘Tasso's Oak, Rome.’ In the latter year he returned to England, and in 1858 exhibited a view in the Roman Campagna; his name then disappears. Strutt's portraits of the Rev. William Marsh and Philander Chase, D.D., were engraved by J. Young and C. Turner.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Graves's Dict. of Artists, 1760–1893; Universal Cat. of Books on Art.]
F. M. O'D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Strother, Edward

1904 Errata appended.
​STROTHER, EDWARD (d. 1737), medical writer, born in Northumberland, was perhaps son of Edward Strother, who was admitted an extra-licentiate of the College of Physicians on 1 Oct. 1700, and afterwards practised at Alnwick. On 8 May 1720 he graduated M.D. at the university of Utrecht, and on 3 April 1721 he was admitted a licentiate of the College of Physicians. He died on 14 April 1737 at his house near Soho Square.
He was the author of: 1. ‘A Critical Essay on Fevers,’ London, 1716, 8vo. 2. ‘Evodia, or a Discourse of Causes and Cures,’ London, 1718, 8vo. 3. ‘Pharmacopœia Practica,’ London, 1719, 12mo. 4. ‘D. M. I. de Vi Cordis Motrice,’ Utrecht, 1720, 4to. 5. ‘Experienced Measures how to manage the Small-pox,’ London, 1721, 8vo. 6. ‘Syllabus ​Prælectionum Pharmaco-logicarum et Medico-practicarum,’ London, 1724, 4to. 7. ‘An Essay on Sickness and Health,’ London, 1725, 8vo. 8. ‘Practical Observations on the Epidemical Fever,’ London, 1729, 8vo. Some observations by Strother are also prefixed to Radcliffe's ‘Pharmacopœia,’ London, 1716, 12mo; and he translated Harman's ‘Materia Medica,’ London, 1727, 8vo.
[Munk's Roll of the Royal College of Physicians, i. 520, ii. 77; Gent. Mag. 1737, p. 253; Album Studiosorum Academiæ Rheno-Trajectanæ (Utrecht), col. 121; Political State of Great Britain, 1737, i. 432.]
E. I. C.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.261 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 62 | ii | 18 f.e. | Strother, Edward: for born in Northumberland, read born in 1675 at Alnwick, in Northumberland |
| | | 17 f.e. | omit perhaps |
| | | 14 f.e. | before On 8 May insert He was admitted a pensioner of Christ's College, Cambridge, 24 Aug. 1695, aged 20, but did not graduate. |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ulfcytel

​ULFCYTEL or ULFKETEL (d. 1016), earl of the East-Angles, probably, as his name suggests, of Danish descent, is perhaps the thegn Ulfcytel who witnesses a charter of 1004 (Kemble, Codex Dipl. No. 710); in that year he was earl of the East-Angles, and, Norwich having been taken and burnt by Sweyn [q. v.], king of Denmark, Ulfcytel gathered together the East-Anglian ‘witan’ and made a peace with the invaders. Shortly afterwards the Danes broke the peace and marched against Thetford. On this Ulfcytel sent to men whom he trusted to destroy the ships of the Danes in their absence, but they did not carry out his orders. Then, having gathered such force as he could muster, he met the Danes near Thetford on the day after ​they had burnt the town. The battle was fierce and the loss heavy on both sides, many of the chief men in the earl's army being slain. The result was indecisive, and it was said that, if the earl had had a larger force, the Danes would not have been able to return to their ships; indeed, as it was, they declared that ‘they had never met with a worse hand-play in England than Ulfcytel brought them.’ When the Danes invaded East-Anglia in 1010, Ulfcytel met them with the force of his earldom on 18 May at Ringmere, near Ipswich, where another battle took place. In the thick of the fight a thegn of Danish race named Thurcytel in the English army set the example of flight, and was followed by the army generally, though the men of Cambridgeshire stood their ground for some while longer. The Danes were completely victorious, and again slew many of the chief men of the earldom. After the battle they harried East-Anglia for three weeks. The earl was slain fighting against the Danes in the battle of Assandun in 1016 [see under Edmund or Eadmund, called ‘Ironside’].
[A.-S. Chron. ann. 1004, 1010, 1016, ed. Plummer; Flor. Wig. (Engl. Hist. Soc.); Henry of Huntingdon; Will. Malm.'s Gesta Regum, iii. c. 180 (both Rolls Ser.); Corpus Poet. Boreale, ii. 105, 107; Freeman's Norm. Conq. i. 350–2, 378, 431.]
W. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ullerston, Richard

1904 Errata appended.
​ULLERSTON, RICHARD (d. 1423), theological writer was born in the Duchy of Lancaster. He was taught by his relative, Richard Courtenay [q. v.], and on 19 Dec. 1383 he took orders. He took the degree of doctor of theology at Oxford. In 1407–8 he was chancellor of Oxford, and on 1 June 1407 he was made rector of Beford, Yorkshire. Anthony à Wood calls him a fellow of Queen's and canon of York (cf. Hennessy, Novum Repertorium, cixiv, 321).
He wrote in 1408 at the request of Hallam [q. v.], bishop of Salisbury, sixteen ‘Petitiones pro Ecclesiæ Militantis Reformatione,’ which have been printed in Von der Hardt's ‘Concilium Constantiense’ (i. 1126). In 1409 he wrote a work on the creed which was reissued with commentaries by John Stanbridge [q. v.] in 1463. His commentary on the Psalms, written in 1415, was dedicated to Henry Chichele or Chicheley [q. v.]; it is extant among Lord Mostyn's manuscripts (Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th Rep. App. p. 349). His ‘De Officio Militari,’ written at Courtenay's request to Henry, prince of Wales, is in the library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge (clxxvii. 26). In 1415 he wrote ‘Expositions on the Song of Songs,’ based on Nicholas de Lyra, of which there is a copy in the Magdalen MS. cxv. A copy of his ‘Defensorium Dotationis Ecclesiasticæ’ (per Constantinum) is in Exeter Cathedral library (No. 46, according to Oudin); it was seen there by Leland (Comm. iii. 151).
[Tanner's Bibliotheca; Wood's Hist. Antiq. Oxon. ii. 117; Le Neve's Fasti, iii. 466.]
M. B.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.269 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 21 | i | 16 | Ullerston, Richard : for (fl. 1415) read (d. 1423) |
| | | 20-21 | for He took the degree . . . Oxford, read He was fellow of Queen's College, Oxford, from 1391 to 1403, junior bursar 1391-2, and senior bursar 1396-7, graduating D.D. in 1394. On 25 March 1403 he became prebendary of Axford in Salisbury Cathedral. |
| | | 23 | for Beford read Beeford |
| | | 24-26 | for Anthony à Wood . . . cxxxiv. 321). read By his will, dated 15 Aug. and proved 12 Sept. 1423, he desired to be buried on the south side of the choir of Salisbury Cathedral. |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ulecot, Philip de

Sir Philip of Oldcoates in the ODNB.
​ULECOT, PHILIP de (d. 1220), judge, was in 1204–5 constable of Chinon (Patent Rolls, p. 40 b). He seems to have been taken prisoner in France, and he stood so high in the royal favour that on 7 May 1207 King John gave him two hundred marks for his ransom (Close Rolls, p. 82 b). He witnessed charters at Rockingham and Carlisle in July and August 1208 (Charter Rolls, pp. 181 b, 182), and is mentioned by Roger of Wendover (ii. 60) as among John's evil counsellors in 1211. On 11 May 1212 he was given the custody of the lands of Robert de Ros (Patent Rolls, p. 92 b). In 1213 he became forester of Northumberland, received several manors from the king, 12 Feb. 1213 (Charter Rolls, p. 190), and became sheriff of that county and custos of the bishopric of Durham during its vacancy in conjunction with the archdeacon of Durham and Earl Warenne (Patent Rolls, p. 94 b). On 3 Sept. 1212 he and Reiner de Clare seem to have been in charge of Richard, the king's son (ib. p. 104). He afterwards held the sheriffdom alone, and continued to hold it during the first four years of Henry III.
In 1216 Ulecot and Hugh de Balliol were put by John in command of the country between the River Tees and Scotland, and held the castles against the barons' ally, the king of Scots (Wendover, pp. 166, 191). The custody of the lands of the bishopric of Durham between Tyne and Tees had, however, been taken from him and given to Robert de Vieuxpont [q. v.] on 15 Aug. 1215 (Close Rolls, p. 225 b). Early in the reign of Henry III Ulecot had a quarrel with Roger Bertram, and was threatened with the seizure of his lands before he would restore Roger's castle of Midford on 4 April 1213 (Close Rolls, p. 357 b), while on 18 July he was ordered to destroy an adulterine castle he had built at Nafferton to the injury of the lands and castle of Prudhoe, belonging to Richard de Umfraville (ib. p. 379 b). He still held his offices in the north, though Pandulph had no confidence in him (ib. p. 434; Rymer, i. 162). In 3 Henry III he was one of the justices itinerant for the three northern counties, and on 16 Sept. 1220 Henry committed Gascony to his custody, in addition to his other commands. He died before 2 Nov. following (Close Rolls, p. 473 b). He married Johanna, sister of the wife of Sewel FitzHenry, and was fined 100l. and a complete horse for doing so.
W. E. R.