OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Townshend, Roger (1543?-1590)

​TOWNSHEND, Sir ROGER (1543?–1590), courtier, of East Rainham, Norfolk, born about 1543, was son and heir of Richard Townshend, of Brampton, Norfolk, by Catherine, daughter and coheiress of Sir Humphrey Browne, justice of the common pleas [see under Townshend, Sir Roger, (d. 1493)]. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, but did not graduate. Both he and his wife held court offices under Elizabeth, and they and the queen exchanged presents on New Year's day of various years between 1576 and 1581. In the latter year Philip, earl of Arundel, made a deed of gift to Townshend and William Dyx of all his goods, jewels, and other property, in consideration of the payment of certain sums of money (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1547–80 p. 469, 1581–90, p. 117). Besides his Norfolk property Townshend purchased from Thomas Sutton (1532–1611) [q. v.] an estate at Stoke Newington, Middlesex, and also acquired property in Essex. He served with the fleet against the Spanish armada, and on 26 July 1588 was knighted at sea by Lord Howard of Effingham. His portrait was to be seen on the margin of the tapestry in the House of Lords (destroyed by fire in 1834) depicting the defeat of the Armada [see Pine, John]. He died two years later, in June 1590, at Stoke Newington, and was buried on the 30th in the church of St. Giles, Cripplegate. He married, about 1564, Jane, youngest daughter of Sir Michael Stanhope [q. v.] of Shelford, Nottinghamshire, who in 1597 was remarried to Henry, lord Berkeley.
His eldest son, Sir John Townshend (1564–1603), sat in parliament from 1593 to 1601, served in the Low Countries under Sir Francis Vere in 1592, and four years later accompanied Essex in his expedition against Cadiz, and was knighted for his services. He was mortally wounded in 1603 in a duel on Hounslow Heath with Sir Matthew Browne, who was killed on the spot. Townshend died of his wounds on 2 Aug. His son, Sir Roger (1588–1637), who was created a baronet on 16 April 1617, was father of Horatio, first viscount Townshend [q. v.] ​
G. Le G. N.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Townson, Thomas

1904 Errata appended.
​TOWNSON, THOMAS (1715–1792), divine, born at Much Lees, Essex, in 1715, was the eldest son of John Townson, rector of that parish, by his wife Lucretia, daughter of Edward Wiltshire, rector of Kirk Andrews, Cumberland. He was educated first under the care of Henry Nott, vicar of Terling, and next in the grammar school at Felsted. He matriculated from Christ Church, Oxford, on 13 March 1732–3, and was elected a demy of Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1733, and probationary fellow in 1737. He graduated B.A. on 20 Oct. 1736, M.A. on 20 June 1739, B.D. on 13 June 1750, and D.D., by diploma, on 23 Feb. 1779. He was ordained priest in 1742, and, after making a tour on the continent, resumed tutorial work at Oxford.
In 1746 he was instituted to the vicarage of Hatfield Peverel, Essex, and in 1749 he was senior proctor of the university. Resigning Hatfield in the latter year, he was presented to the rectory of Blithfield, Staffordshire, and on 2 Jan. 1751–2 he was instituted to the lower mediety of Malpas, Cheshire, where he thenceforth resided. In 1758, when he received a bequest of 8,000l. from William Barcroft, rector of Fairstead and vicar of Kelvedon in Essex, he resigned Blithfield and applied himself more especially to literary pursuits. On 30 Oct. 1781 he was collated to the archdeaconry of Richmond, and in 1783 was offered by Lord North the regius professorship of divinity at Oxford, which he declined on account of his advanced age. He died at Malpas on 15 April 1792.
His works are: 1. ‘Doubts concerning the Authenticity of the last Publication of “The Confessional”’ … [by Francis Blackburne, q. v.], London, 1767, 8vo; and also a ‘Defence’ of these ‘Doubts,’ London, 1768, 8vo. 2. ‘A Dialogue between Isaac Walton and Homologistes, concerning Bishop Sanderson,’ London, 1768. 3. ‘Discourses on the Four Gospels,’ Oxford, 1778, 4to; 2nd edit. 1788, 8vo; two parts of a German translation by D. J. S. Semler were published at Leipzig, 1783–4, 8vo. 4. ‘A Discourse on the ​Evangelical History, from the Interment to the Ascension of our Lord Jesus Christ,’ Oxford, 1793, 8vo. The editor of this work was the Rev. Thomas Bagshaw, M.A. (Boswell, Life of Johnson, ed. Hill, ii. 259). 5. ‘Babylon in the Revelation of St. John, as signifying the City of Rome’ [edited by Ralph Churton], Oxford, 1797, 8vo.
There subsequently appeared ‘The Works of Thomas Townson; to which is prefixed an Account of the Author, by R. Churton,’ 2 vols. London, 1810, 8vo; and ‘Practical Discourses: a Selection from the unpublished manuscripts of the late Venerable Thomas Townson, D.D.,’ privately printed, London, 1828, 8vo, with the biographical memoir by Churton. These ‘Discourses’ were edited by John Jebb, D.D., bishop of Limerick; they were reprinted in 1830.
T. C.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.267 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 133 | ii | 20 f.e. | Townson, Thomas: for Blithefield read Blithfield |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Townshend, Roger (d.1493)

​TOWNSHEND, Sir ROGER (d. 1493), judge and founder of the Townshend family, was son and heir of John Townshend (d. 1465) of Rainham, Norfolk, by his wife Joan, daughter and heir of Sir Robert Lunford of Romford in Essex and Battle in Sussex. The family had long been settled in Norfolk, and in ancient charters the name was latinised as ‘ad Exitum Villæ’ (‘at town's end’). Roger was in September 1454 admitted student at Lincoln's Inn, of which ​he was governor in 1461, and again in 1463, 1465, and 1466. His name occurs in the year-books from Hilary term 1465 onwards. On 24 July 1466 he was placed on the commission of the peace in Norfolk (Cal. Patent Rolls, Edw. IV, p. 568), and in April 1467 he was returned, probably through the influence of his mother's family, to parliament for Bramber, Sussex. His legal practice was evidently considerable, and on 9 Nov. 1469 he bought from Sir John Paston (1442–1479) [q. v.], for 66l. 13s. 4d., his manor of East Beckham, with all his lands in West Beckham, Bodham, Sheringham, Beeston Regis, Runton, Shipden, Felbrigg, Aylmerton, Sustead, and Gresham, all near Cromer in Norfolk (Paston Letters, ii. 391). He seems to have acted as legal adviser to the Paston family; in June 1470 he was counsel for John Paston who was tried on a charge of felony at the Norwich sessions for shooting two men. Sir John borrowed money of Townshend, and by 1477 owed him four hundred marks (ib. ii. 397–9, iii. 199, 255). On 15 Sept. 1472 Townshend was returned to parliament for Calne in Wiltshire. He was double reader at Lincoln's Inn in 1468, and again in 1474, and in October 1477 was made serjeant-at-law, becoming king's serjeant in 1483 (Rymer, xii. 186). Richard III appointed him justice of the common pleas about January 1484, and Henry VII not only retained him in this position, but knighted him on Whitsunday 1486. On 14 July following he was placed on the commission of oyer and terminer for London and its suburbs, and on 7 April 1487 was made commissioner of array for Norfolk. In 1489 he was appointed on the commissions for the peace in Sussex, Essex, and Hertfordshire, and on commissions for gaol delivery at Hertford, Colchester, and Guildford (Campbell, Materials, i. 428, ii. 135, 325, 477–83). According to Dugdale, the last fine acknowledged before him was at midsummer 1493. He died on 9 Nov. following, his will being dated 14 Aug. (Cal. Inquis. post mortem, 1898, vol. i. Nos. 1028, 1136, 1143; Blomefield, Norfolk, vii. 131). Foss erroneously states that Townshend continued sitting in court until Michaelmas 1500.
Townshend's first wife was Anne, daughter and heir of Sir William Brews or Braose, who brought him the manor of Stinton, Norfolk. By her, who died on 31 Oct. 1489, he had six sons and six daughters; the eldest son, Sir Roger (1477–1551), was thrice sheriff of Norfolk, which he also represented in parliament in 1529 and 1541–2. Dying without issue, on 30 Nov. 1551, he was succeeded by his great-nephew, Sir Roger (1543?–1590) [q. v.] The judge's second wife's name was Eleanor, who was his executrix, and died in 1500.
A. F. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Townson, Robert (1575-1621)

​TOWNSON, TOUNSON, or TOULSON, ROBERT (1575–1621), bishop of Salisbury, son of 'Renold Toulnesonn,' and uncle of Thomas Fuller (1608-1661) [q. v.], was baptised on 8 Jan. 1575-6 in the parish of St. Botolph, Cambridge. He was admitted a sizar of Queens' College, Cambridge, on 28 Dec. 1587. He graduated M.A. in 1595, was elected a fellow on 2 Sept. 1597, and was incorporated at Oxford on 10 July 1599, proceeding B.D. in 1602, and D.D. in 1613. On 13 April 1604 he was presented to the vicarage of Wellingborough in Northamptonshire, and on 16 Feb. 1606-7 by William Tate to the rectory of Old in the same county, which he retained till 1620. He was also appointed a royal chaplain, and on 16 Dec. 1617 was installed dean of Westminster. In this capacity he attended Sir Walter Ralegh both in prison and on the scaffold, and described his 'last behaviour' in a letter to Sir John Isham (Walteri Hemingford Historia de rebus gestis Edwardi, &c., ed. Hearne, 1731, vol. i. p. clxxxiv). On 9 July 1620 he was consecrated bishop of Salisbury, died 'in a mean condition' on 15 May 1621, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. On 17 June 1604 he married Margaret, daughter of John Davenant, citizen and merchant of London, sister of John Davenant [q. v.], who succeeded him as bishop of Salisbury, and widow of William Townley. By her, who died on 29 Oct. 1634 and was buried in Salisbury Cathedral, he had a large family. Two sons, Robert and John, afterwards received preferment in their uncle Davenant's diocese. His daughter Gertrude married James Harris (1605-1679) of Salisbury, ancestor of the earls of Malmesbury.
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Townson, Robert (fl.1792-1799)

​TOWNSON, ROBERT (fl. 1792–1799), traveller and mineralogist, was probably a native of Yorkshire. In 1793 he made a journey through Hungary, an account of which he published in 1797 under the title ‘Travels in Hungary’ (London, 8vo). In 1795 he graduated M.D. at Göttingen University. He was a member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
Besides the work mentioned, he wrote: 1. ‘Observationes physiologicæ de Amphibiis,’ Göttingen, 1794, 4to. 2. ‘The Philosophy of Mineralogy,’ London, 1798, 8vo. 3. ‘Tracts and Observations in Natural History and Physiology,’ London, 1799, 8vo. He also contributed a paper on the ‘Perceptivity of Plants’ to the ‘Transactions’ of the Linnean Society (ii. 267).
E. I. C.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Balm, Reddish Bastard

Edition of 1802.
​BALM (Reddish Bastard), or Melittis melissophyllum, L. is an indigenous plant, growing wild in the West ol England, in woods and about hedges; it produces purple, reddish, and spotted flowers from May to July. See Withering, 539, and Curtis, pl. 6.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Bank-Bill

Edition of 1802.
​Bank-Bill, is an obligation signed on behalf of a company of bankers, by one of their cashiers, ​for value received, and payable on demand.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Ballota

Edition of 1802.
​Ballota. See Horehound.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Balm, Common

Edition of 1802.
​BALM (Common), or Melissa officinalis, L. is an exotic plant, though much cultivated by our gardeners, on account of its pleasant aromatic smell, resembling that of the lemon, and its fragrant, though roughish taste. It grows wild in the souhern parts of Europe, and flowers with us in the months of June and July. See Woodville's Med. Bot. pl. 147.
Formerly, the balm was held in very high estimation: Paracelsus, Hoffmann, and Boerhaave, probably biassed by the opinions of the Arabian physicians, believed to find in it a medicine of uncommon efficacy; nay, the first of these, with his fanatical followers, supposed it to possess virtues, by which human life could be prolonged beyond the usual period, and they vainly promised themselves a complete renovation of man. In modern times, however, the properties of this agreeable plant are better understood: it yields, by distillation, a small proportion of an essential oil, of a yellowish colour, and a very grateful smell. A few drops of this oil, diluted in a glass of simple water; or strong infusions of the young shoots, drank as tea, and continued for several weeks, or months, have proved of service to nervous and hypochondriacal patients, of a lax and debilitated habit.—Either of these liquid preparations, when slightly acidulated with lemon juice, acquire a fine reddish colour, and may be taken with advantage in dry, parching fevers, as well as in cases of distressing flatulency, attended with eructations, where the first passages have previously been opened.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Balls

Edition of 1802.
​BALLS, in the polished circles of society, are those nocturnal assemblies devoted chiefly to the entertainment of dancing. Whether public or private, the institution of balls appears to have been originally intended for the conjoint purposes of promoting health, by the exercise there mingled with mirth and social conversation, as well as for the refinement of manners, or what is more properly termed good breeding.—(See that article.)
In large and populous cities, however, these excellent purposes are often in a great measure defeated; partly by a deviation from the genuine principle on which balls were first introduced, under the sanction of wise governments, and partly by connecting this amusement with collateral objects, such as suppers, masquerades, card-parties, &c.
Consistently with our plan, we beg leave to observe only, that morality and health would be better consulted, if all public balls and masquerades were limitted to a certain number of visitors—excluding every female who ventures to appear without a proper friend or relation; and, upon the whole, by adopting those excellent regulations which already subsist in the city of Bath, where decorum or good breeding is the "order of the night."
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Balls (fuel)

Edition of 1802.
​Balls (fuel). See Coal-balls.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Ball

Edition of 1802.
​BALL, in a general sense, is a round or spherical body, whether formed by nature or art. Thus the terraqueous globe which we inhabit, appears to have assumed that form, in consequence of the revolutions round its own axis, not unlike a mass of clay, when turned in a circular direction.
But as the term "Ball" is used in a great variety of significations, we can here introduce only those few, where it is applied to economical purposes: hence we shall take no notice of fire-balls, light-balls, smoke-balls, stink-balls, sky-balls, water-bails, land-balls, &c.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Avena

Edition of 1802.
​Avena. See Oats.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Agony

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Agony Contest; wrestling; severe struggling with pain and suffering. Anguish is the reflection on evil that is already past, while agony is a struggle with evil at the time present. It is only used in the New Testament by Luke (22:44) to describe our Lord's fearful struggle in Gethsemane.
The verb from which the noun "agony" is derived is used to denote an earnest endeavour or striving, as "Strive [agonize] to enter" (Luke 13:24); "Then would my servants fight" [agonize] (John 18:36). Comp. 1 Cor. 9:25; Col. 1:29; 4:12; 1 Tim. 6:12; 2 Tim. 4:7, where the words "striveth," "labour," "conflict," "fight," are the renderings of the same Greek verb.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Agrippa I

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Agrippa I The grandson of Herod the Great, and son of Aristobulus and Bernice. The Roman emperor Caligula made him governor first of the territories of Philip, then of the tetrarchy of Lysanias, with the title of king ("king Herod"), and finally of that of Antipas, who was banished, and of Samaria and Judea. Thus he became ruler over the whole of Palestine. He was a persecutor of the early Christians. He slew James, and imprisoned Peter (Acts 12:1-4). He died at Caesarea, being "eaten of worms" (Acts 12:23), A.D. 44. (Comp. Josephus, Ant. xix. 8.)
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Agrippa II

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Agrippa II Son of the foregoing, was born at Rome, A.D. 27. He was the brother of Bernice and Drusilla. The Emperor Claudius (A.D. 48) invested him with the office of superintendent of the Temple of Jerusalem, and made him governor (A.D. 50) of Chalcis. He was afterwards raised to the rank of king, and made governor over the tetrarchy of Philip and Lysanias (Acts 25:13; 26:2, 7). It was before him that Paul delivered (A.D. 59) his speech recorded in Acts 26. His private life was very profligate. He died (the last of his race) at Rome, at the age of about seventy years, A.D. 100.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Ague

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Ague The translation in Lev. 26:16 (R.V., "fever") of the Hebrew word kaddah'ath, meaning "kindling", i.e., an inflammatory or burning fever. In Deut. 28:22 the word is rendered "fever."
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Aha!

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Aha! An exclamation of ridicule (Ps. 35:21; 40:15; 70:3). In Isa. 44:16 it signifies joyful surprise, as also in Job 39:25, R.V.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Ah!

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Ah! An exclamation of sorrow or regret (Ps. 35:25; Isa. 1:4, 24; Jer. 1:6; 22:18; Mark 15:29).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Ahab

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Ahab Father's brother. (1.) The son of Omri, whom he succeeded as the seventh king of Israel. His history is recorded in 1 Kings 16-22. His wife was Jezebel (q.v.), who exercised a very evil influence over him. To the calf-worship introduced by Jeroboam he added the worship of Baal. He was severely admonished by Elijah (q.v.) for his wickedness. His anger was on this account kindled against the prophet, and he sought to kill him. He undertook three campaigns against Ben-hadad II., king of Damascus. In the first two, which were defensive, he gained a complete victory over Ben-hadad, who fell into his hands, and was afterwards released on the condition of his restoring all the cities of Israel he then held, and granting certain other concessions to Ahab. After three years of peace, for some cause Ahab renewed war (1 Kings 22:3) with Ben-hadad by assaulting the city of Ramoth-gilead, although the prophet Micaiah warned him that he would not succeed, and that the 400 false prophets who encouraged him were only leading him to his ruin. Micaiah was imprisoned for thus venturing to dissuade Ahab from his purpose. Ahab went into the battle disguised, that he might if possible escape the notice of his enemies; but an arrow from a bow "drawn at a venture" pierced him, and though stayed up in his chariot for a time he died towards evening, and Elijah's prophecy (1 Kings 21:19) was fulfilled. He reigned twenty-three years. Because of his idolatry, lust, and covetousness, Ahab is referred to as pre-eminently the type of a wicked king (2 Kings 8:18; 2 Chr. 22:3; Micah 6:16).
(2.) A false prophet referred to by Jeremiah (Jer. 29:21), of whom nothing further is known.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Agee

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* Dt
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* 1-2 Sam
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* 1-2 Chr
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* Neh
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* Ecc
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* Joel
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* Jnh
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* Habk
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* Hag
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* Mt
* Mk
* Lk
* Jn
* Act
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* 1Cor
* 2Cor
* Gal
* Eph
* Philp
* Col
* 1-2Thes
* 1Tim
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* Titus
* Phim
* Hebr
* Jam
* 1Pet
* 2Pet
* 1Jn
* 2Jn
* 3Jn
* Ju
* Rev
Agee Fugitive, the father of Shammah, who was one of David's mighty men (2 Sam. 23:11)
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Agur

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* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* W
* Y
* Z
* Gen
* Ex
* Lev
* Num
* Dt
* Jos
* Jdg
* Ru
* 1-2 Sam
* 1-2 Ki
* 1-2 Chr
* Ezra
* Neh
* Est
* Psm
* Prv
* Job
* Song
* Ecc
* Isa
* Jer
* Lam
* Ezek
* Dan
* Hos
* Joel
* Am
* Ob
* Jnh
* Mic
* Nah
* Habk
* Zeph
* Hag
* Zech
* Mal
* Mt
* Mk
* Lk
* Jn
* Act
* Rom
* 1Cor
* 2Cor
* Gal
* Eph
* Philp
* Col
* 1-2Thes
* 1Tim
* 2Tim
* Titus
* Phim
* Hebr
* Jam
* 1Pet
* 2Pet
* 1Jn
* 2Jn
* 3Jn
* Ju
* Rev
Agur Gatherer; the collector, mentioned as author of the sayings in Prov. 30. Nothing is known of him beyond what is there recorded.