OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Teraphim

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Teraphim: givers of prosperity, idols in human shape, large or small, analogous to the images of ancestors which were revered by the Romans. In order to deceive the guards sent by Saul to seize David, Michal his wife prepared one of the household teraphim, putting on it the goat's-hair cap worn by sleepers and invalids, and laid it in a bed, covering it with a mantle. She pointed it out to the soldiers, and alleged that David was confined to his bed by a sudden illness (1 Samuel 19:13-16). Thus she gained time for David's escape. It seems strange to read of teraphim, images of ancestors, preserved for superstitious purposes, being in the house of David. Probably they had been stealthily brought by Michal from her father's house. "Perhaps," says Bishop Wordsworth, "Saul, forsaken by God and possessed by the evil spirit, had resorted to teraphim (as he afterwards resorted to witchcraft); and God overruled evil for good, and made his very teraphim (by the hand of his own daughter) to be an instrument for David's escape.", Deane's David, p. 32. Josiah attempted to suppress this form of idolatry (2 Kings 23:24). The ephod and teraphim are mentioned together in Hosea 3:4. It has been supposed by some (Cheyne's Hosea) that the "ephod" here mentioned, and also in Judges 8:24-27, was not the part of the sacerdotal dress so called (Exodus 28:6-14), but an image of Jehovah overlaid with gold or silver (comp. Judges 17,18; 1 Samuel 21:9; 23:6,9; 30:7,8), and is thus associated with the teraphim. (See THUMMIM.)
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Thessalonica

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Thessalonica A large and populous city on the Thermaic bay. It was the capital of one of the four Roman districts of Macedonia, and was ruled by a praetor. It was named after Thessalonica, the wife of Cassander, who built the city. She was so called by her father, Philip, because he first heard of her birth on the day of his gaining a victory over the Thessalians. On his second missionary journey, Paul preached in the synagogue here, the chief synagogue of the Jews in that part of Macedonia, and laid the foundations of a church (Acts 17:1-4; 1 Thes. 1:9). The violence of the Jews drove him from the city, when he fled to Berea (Acts 17:5-10). The "rulers of the city" before whom the Jews "drew Jason," with whom Paul and Silas lodged, are in the original called politarchai, an unusual word, which was found, however, inscribed on an arch in Thessalonica. This discovery confirms the accuracy of the historian. Paul visited the church here on a subsequent occasion (20:1-3). This city long retained its importance. It is the most important town of European Turkey, under the name of Saloniki, with a mixed population of about 85,000.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Tent

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​Tent. (1.) Heb. ‘ohĕl (Gen. 9:21, 27). This word is used also of a dwelling or habitation (1 Kings 8:66; Isa. 16:5; Jer. 4:20), and of the temple (Ezek. 41:1). When used of the tabernacle, as in 1 Kings 1:39, it denotes the covering of goat's hair which was placed over the mishcân.
(2.) Heb. mishcân (Cant. 1:8), used also of a dwelling (Job 18:21; Ps. 87:2), the grave (Isa. 22:16; comp. 14:18), the temple (Ps. 46:4; 84:2; 132:5), and of the tabernacle (Ex. 25:9; 26:1; 40:9; Num. 1:50, 53; 10:11). When distinguished from ‘ohĕl, it denotes the twelve interior curtains which lay upon the framework of the tabernacle (q.v.).
(3.) Heb. kŭbbâh (Num. 25:8), a dome-like tent devoted to the impure worship of Baal-peor.
(4.) Heb. ṣuccâh (2 Sam. 11:11), a tent or booth made of green boughs or branches (see Gen. 33:17; Lev. 23:34, 42; Ps. 18:11; Jonah 4:5; Isa. 4:6; Neh. 8:15–17, where the word is variously rendered).
Jubal was "the father of such as dwell in tents" (Gen. 4:20). The patriarchs were "dwellers in tents" (Gen. 9:21, 27; 12:8; 13:12; 26:17); and during their wilderness wanderings all Israel dwelt in tents (Ex. 16:16; Deut. 33:18; Josh. 7:24). Tents have always occupied a prominent place in Eastern life (1 Sam. 17:54; 2 Kings 7:7; Ps. 120:5; Cant. 1:5). Paul the apostle's occupation was that of a tent-maker (Acts 18:3); i.e., perhaps a maker of tent cloth.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Terah

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​Te′rah—the wanderer; loiterer—for some unknown reason emigrated with his family from his native mountains in the north to the plains of Mesopotamia. He had three sons—Haran, Nahor, and Abraham—and one daughter, Sarah. He settled in "Ur of the Chaldees," where his son Haran died, leaving behind him his son Lot. Nahor settled at Haran, a place on the way to Ur. Terah afterwards migrated with Abraham (probably his youngest son) and Lot (his grandson), together with their families, from Ur, intending to go with them to Canaan; but he tarried at Haran, where he spent the remainder of his days, and died at the age of two hundred and five years (Gen. 11:24–32; Josh. 24:2). What a wonderful part the descendants of this Chaldean shepherd have played in the history of the world!
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Theophilus

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Theophilus Lover of God, a Christian, probably a Roman, to whom Luke dedicated both his Gospel (Luke 1:3) and the Acts of the Apostles (1:1). Nothing beyond this is known of him. From the fact that Luke applies to him the title "most excellent", the same title Paul uses in addressing Felix (Acts 23:26; 24:3) and Festus (26:25), it has been concluded that Theophilus was a person of rank, perhaps a Roman officer.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Thorn in the flesh

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Thorn in the Flesh
2Co 12:7-10 Many interpretations have been given of this passage.
1. Roman Catholic writers think that it denotes suggestions to impiety.
2. Luther, Calvin, and other Reformers interpret the expression as denoting temptation to unbelief.
3. Others suppose the expression refers to "a pain in the ear or head," epileptic fits, or, in general, to some severe physical infirmity, which was a hindrance to the apostle in his work (comp.) 1Co 2:3 2Co 10:10 11:30 Ga 4:13,14 6:17 With a great amount of probability, it has been alleged that his malady was defect of sight, consequent on the dazzling light which shone around him at his conversion, acute opthalmia. This would account for the statements in Ga 4:14 2Co 10:10 also Ac 23:5 and for his generally making use of the help of an amanuensis (comp.) Ro 16:22 etc.
4. Another view which has been maintained is that this "thorn" consisted in an infirmity of temper, to which he occasionally gave way, and which interfered with his success (comp.) Ac 15:39 23:2-5 If we consider the fact, "which the experience of God’s saints in all ages has conclusively established, of the difficulty of subduing an infirmity of temper, as well as the pain, remorse, and humiliation such an infirmity is wont to cause to those who groan under it, we may be inclined to believe that not the least probable hypothesis concerning the ‘thorn’ or ‘stake’ in the flesh is that the loving heart of the apostle bewailed as his sorest trial the misfortune that, by impatience in word, he had often wounded those for whom he would willingly have given his life" (Lias’s Second Cor., Introd.).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Tenth deal

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​Tenth deal—i.e., the tenth part of an ephah (as in the R.V.), equal to an omer or six pints. The recovered leper, to complete his purification, was required to bring a trespass, a sin, and a burnt offering, and to present a meal offering, a tenth deal or an omer of flour for each, with oil to make it into bread or cakes (Lev. 14:10, 21; comp. Ex. 16:36; 29:40).
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Ionides, Constantine Alexander

​IONIDES, CONSTANTINE ALEXANDER (1833–1900), public benefactor, born in Manchester on 14 May 1833, was the eldest son of Alexander Constantine Ionides by Euterpe, daughter of Lucas Sgonta. He commenced a business career in Manchester in 1850, and, some five years later, went out to Bucharest in the wheat trade. Subsequently he returned to England, and in 1864 entered the London Stock Exchange, realising a considerable fortune, and accumulating many superb pictures and articles of vertu at his residence, 8 Holland Villas Road, Kensington. In 1882 he retired from active business, and nine years later he transferred the whole of his collection to his house, 23 Second Avenue, Brighton, which he had bought in 1884. He died at Brighton on 29 June 1900, and was buried on 2 July at the Hove cemetery. He married in 1860 Agathonike, daughter of Constantine Fenerli at Constantinople, and left issue three daughters and five sons. There are two portraits of Ionides as a boy in a group by Mr. G. F. Watts, a miniature by Ross dated 1853, a later portrait (1880) by Mr. Watts, and a bronze portrait medal designed in 1882 by A. Legros.
Ionides bequeathed his pictures, pastels, etchings, drawings, and engravings to the Victoria and Albert (South Kensington) Museum, on condition that they should be kept together and in no way concealed from the public view. The pictures include examples of Botticelli, Poussin, Rembrandt, Ostade, Paul Potter, Ruysdael, Terborch, Le Nain, Delacroix, Millet, Corot, Degas, Lhermitte, Rossetti, and a number of portraits by Mr. G. F. Watts.
T. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Hungerford, Margaret Wolfe

​HUNGERFORD, Mrs. MARGARET WOLFE (1855?–1897), novelist, eldest daughter of Canon Fitzjohn Stannus Hamilton, vicar-choral of Ross Cathedral and rector of Ross, co. Cork, was born about 1855, and educated in Ireland. Her early home was at St. Brenda's, co. Cork. She married, first, Edward Argles, a Dublin solicitor, by whom she had three daughters; and, secondly, Mr. Thomas H. Hungerford, by whom she had two sons and one daughter. She died of typhoid fever at Bandon on 24 Jan. 1897.
Mrs. Hungerford wrote over thirty novels dealing with the more frivolous aspects of modern society. They had a great vogue in their day. The first, 'Phyllis,' appeared in 1877; the most popular of all was perhaps 'Molly Bawn' (1878). Most of the books appeared anonymously, but a few bore the pseudonym 'The Duchess.' Her plots are poor and conventional, but she possessed the faculty of reproducing faithfully the tone of contemporary society.
[Allibone's Dict., Suppl. ii. 872; Times, 25 Jan. 1897.]
E. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Ingelow, Jean

​INGELOW, JEAN (1820–1897), poetess, born on 17 March 1820 at Boston, Lincolnshire, was the eldest child of William Ingelow, a banker, and his wife, Jean Kilgour, a member of an Aberdeenshire family. The early years of her life were spent in Lincolnshire, and the effect of the fen scenery is apparent in her verse. She then lived at Ipswich, and before 1863 came to London, where she spent the rest of her life. She was educated at home.
Her first volume, 'A Rhyming Chronicle of Incidents and Feelings,' published in 1850, attracted little attention, although Tennyson found some charming things in it (cf. Life of Tennyson, i. 286-7). It was not until the publication of the first series of 'Poems' in 1863 that the public recognised in Miss Ingelow a poet of high merit. It contained the verses entitled 'High Tide on the Coast of Lincolnshire, 1571,' which for earnestness and technical excellence is one of the finest of modern ballads. The volume reached a fourth edition in the year of publication. In 1867 an illustrated edition, with drawings by various artists, among them Poynter, Pinwell, A. B. Houghton, and J. W. North, was brought out. By 1879 it was in a twenty-third edition. A second series of poems appeared in 1876, and both series were reprinted in 1879. A third series was added in 1885. She wrote much under the influence of Wordsworth and Tennyson. Her verse is mainly characterised by lyrical charm, graceful fancy, pathos, close and accurate observation of nature, and sympathy with the common interests of life. The language is invariably clear and simple. She is particularly successful in handling anapsestic measures. Her poetry is very popular in America, where some 200,000 copies of her various works have been sold.
As a novelist she does not rank so high. Her best long novel, 'Off the Skelligs,' appeared in 1872 in four volumes. The 'Studies for Stories,' published in 1864, are admirable short stories. She depicted child life with great effect, and her best work in that line will be found in 'Stories told to a Child,' published in 1865. Between that date and 1871 she wrote numerous children's stories. Her books brought her comparatively large sums of money, but her fame rests on two or three poems in the volume of 1863. She was acquainted with Tennyson, Ruskin, Froude, Browning, Christina Rossetti, and with most of the poets, painters, and writers of her time. She died at Kensington on 20 July 1897, and was buried at Brompton cemetery on the 24th.
​A portrait of her when a child is in the possession of her brother, Mr. B. Ingelow.
Other works by Miss Ingelow are: 1. 'Allerton and Dreux; or the War of Opinion,' 2 vols. 1851. 2. 'Tales of Orris,' 1860. 3. 'Mopsa, the Fairy,' 1869. 4. 'Fated to be Free,' 3 vols. 1875; new edit. 1876. 6. 'Sarah de Berenger,' 3 vols. 1879; new edit. 1886. 6. 'Don John : a Story,' 3 vols. 1881. 7. 'John Jerome,' 1886. 8. 'The little Wonder-box,' 1887. 9. 'Very Young and Quite another Story,' 1890. A volume of selections from her poems appeared in 1886, and a complete edition in one volume in 1898.
E. L.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Akerman, John Yonge

See also John Yonge Akerman on Wikipedia; John Yonge Akerman in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​AKERMAN, John Yonge, an antiquarian, distinguished chiefly in the department of numismatics, was born in Wiltshire on the 12th June 1806. He became early known in connection with his favourite study, having initiated the Numismatic Journal in 1836. In the following year he became the secretary of the newly-established Numismatic Society. In 1848 he was elected secretary to the Society of Antiquaries, an office which he was compelled to resign in 1860 on account of failing health. He died on 18th November 1873. Akerman published a considerable number of works on his special subject, the more important being a Catalogue of Roman Coins (1839); a Numismatic Manual (1840); Roman Coins relating to Britain (1844), for which he received the medal of the French Institute; Ancient Coins—Hispania, Gallia, Britannia (1846); and Numismatic Illustrations of the New Testament (1846). He wrote also a Glossary of Words used in Wiltshire (1842); Wiltshire Tales, illustrative of the Dialect (1853); and Remains of Pagan Saxondom (1855).
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Akhissar

See also Akhisar on Wikipedia; Ak-Hissar in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​AKHISSAR, the ancient Thyatira, a town of Turkey in Asia, in Anatolia, 58 miles N.E. of Smyrna. The inhabitants are Greeks, Armenians, and Turks. The houses are built of earth or turf dried in the sun, and are very low and ill-constructed; but there are six or seven mosques, which are all of marble. Remarkable inscriptions are to be seen in several parts of the town on portions of the ruins of the ancient city. Cotton of excellent quality is grown in the neighbourhood, and the place is celebrated for its scarlet dyes. Population, about 6000.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Akron

See also Akron, Ohio, on Wikipedia; Akron in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
AKRON, a town of the United States, capital of Summit county, Ohio, situated on the Atlantic and Great Western Railway, and on the Ohio and Erie Canal, at its junction with the Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal, 36 miles S. of Cleveland. By means of the canal and the Little Cuyahoga river the town is amply supplied with water-power, which is employed in a variety of manufactures; and its mercantile business is extensive. It has several flour mills, woollen factories, and manufactories of iron goods. Mineral fire-proof paint, immense beds of which are found in the vicinity, and wheat are important articles of export. Akron was founded in 1825, and was made the capital of the county in 1841. Population in 1870, 10,006.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Ala-Shehr

See also Alaşehir on Wikipedia; Ala-Shehr in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
ALA-SHEHR, a city of Asiatic Turkey, in the pashalic of Anatolia, 83 miles E. of Smyrna. It is dirty and ill-built; but, standing on elevated ground, and commanding the prospect of the extensive and fertile plain of the Hermus, presents at a distance an imposing appearance. It is the seat of a Greek archbishop, and has five Christian churches and fifteen mosques. The city occupies the site of the ancient Philadelphia, one of the “seven churches in Asia” of the Apocalypse. The ancient city, founded two centuries b.c., was subject to frequent earthquakes. In more modern times it was celebrated for its prolonged resistance to the Turks, who took it in 1390, after all the other cities of Asia Minor had surrendered. Ala-Shehr has an active trade, and the population is about 18,000.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Akhalzikh

See also Akhaltsikhe on Wikipedia; Akhaltsikh in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​AKHALZIKH, a city of Georgia, in Asiatic Russia, on an affluent of the Kur, 110 miles west of Tiflis, in 41° 40′ N. lat., 43° 1′ E. long. It contains a strong castle, a college and library, and a fine mosque, and has a considerable trade in silk, honey, and wax. Population (1867), 15,977.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Akerblad, Jan David

See also Johan David Åkerblad on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AKERBLAD, Jan David (1760-1819), a learned Swede, distinguished for his researches in Runic, Coptic, Phœnician, and ancient Egyptian literature. He entered the diplomatic service as secretary to the Swedish embassy at Constantinople, and utilised the leisure which the situation afforded by visiting Jerusalem (1792) and the Troad (1797). After an interval spent at Göttingen, he was appointed ambassador to Paris. His last years were passed at Rome, where he enjoyed a pension from the Duchess of Devonshire. Akerblad was a diligent student of hieroglyphics; and though he failed to decipher the Rosetta stone, he arrived at certain conjectural conclusions with regard to the true method of interpretation, which were afterwards confirmed by Dr Young. His works include letters on the Coptish cursive writing and on the Rosetta inscription, both addressed to M. de Sacy; and a number of pamphlets on the interpretation of various Runic and Phœnician inscriptions.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Akerman

See also Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi on Wikipedia; Akkerman in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​AKERMAN (perhaps the ancient Tyras or Julia Alba), a town of Russia in Europe, in the province of Bessarabia, on a tongue of land projecting into the estuary of the Dniester. Its harbour is too shallow to admit vessels of large size; but the trade of the town is, notwithstanding, very considerable. Large quantities of salt are obtained from the saline lakes in the neighbourhood; and corn, wine, wool, and leather are among the other exports. The town, which is ill-built, contains several mosques and Greek and Armenian churches; it is guarded by ramparts, and is commanded by a citadel placed on an eminence. Akerman derives some historical celebrity from the treaty concluded there in 1826 between Russia and the Porte, securing considerable advantages to the former. It was the non-observance of this treaty by Turkey that led to the war of 1828. Population (1867), 29,609.