# Report on the Historical Record of U.S. Government Involvement with Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena/Volume 1/Section 9

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​SECTION IX: Conclusion
To date, AARO has not discovered any empirical evidence that any sighting of a UAP represented off-world technology or the existence a classified program that had not been properly reported to Congress. Investigative efforts determined that most sightings were the result of misidentification of ordinary objects and phenomena. Although many UAP reports remain unsolved, AARO assesses that if additional, quality data were available, most of these cases also could be identified and resolved as ordinary objects or phenomena.
This report represents Volume I of AARO's HR2. Volume II will be published in accordance with the date established in Section 6802 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023 (FY23) and will provide additional analysis on information not yet secured and analyzed, interviews not yet conducted, and additional avenues of investigation not yet completed by the date of the publication of Volume I.
​$^1$ ↑ Anjali Nandan, "Eyewitness Testimony: A Psychological and Legal Perspective," Journal of Positive School of Psychology, 2022; Biswa Prakesh Nayak & H. Khajuria, "Eyewitness Testimony: Probative Value in the Criminal Justice System," Egyptian Journal of Forensic Science, 2019; Stephen L. Chew, "Myth: Eyewitness Testimony is the Best Kind of Evidence," Association for Psychological Science, 2018; Fangting Liu, "The Reliability of Eyewitness Testimony," from the Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Public Relations and Social Sciences, Atlantis Press, 2021.
$^2$ ↑ Daniel Khaneman, "Thinking Fast and Slow," Farrar, Strauss, and Giroux, 2013; Helen Lee, "Don't Let Anchoring Bias Weigh Down Your Judgment," Harvard Business Review, August 30, 2022; Richard J, Heuer, Jr., "Psychology of Intelligence Analysis," Novinka Books, 1999; Drake Baer, "Kahneman: Your Confirmation Bias Acts Like an Optical Illusion," The Cut, January 13, 2017; Ben Yagoda, "The Cognitive Bias Tricking Your Brain," The Atlantic, September 2018.
$^3$ ↑ https://military-history.fandom.com/wikiProject-Sign; Connors, Wendy, Project Blue Book
$^4$ ↑ Edward J. Ruppelt, The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects (Doubleday, 1956), https://ia801304.us.archive.org/22/items/FritjofCapraTheTurningPoint/Edward%20J%20Ruppelt%20-%20The%20Report%20on%20Unidentified%20Flying%20Objects.pdf
$^5$ ↑ Gerald K. Haines, "CIA's Role in the Study of UFOs, 1947-90," Studies in Intelligence, Vol 1, No. 1, (1997), pp. 67–84.
$^6$ ↑ Russell Lee, "1947: Year of the Flying Saucer," June 24, 2022, https://www.airandsapce.si.edu/stories/editorial/1947-year-flying-saucer
$^7$ ↑ Hector Quintanilla, Jr., "The Investigation of UFOs," Studies in Intelligence, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Fall 1966), pp. 95–110, https://catalog.archives.gov/id/7282832
$^8$ ↑ Edward J. Ruppelt, The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects (Doubleday, 1956), https://ia801304.us.archive.org/22/items/FritjofCapraTheTurningPoint/Edward%20J%20Ruppelt%20-%20The%20Report%20on%20Unidentified%20Flying%20Objects.pdf; USAF https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/FOID/Reading%20Room/UFOsandUAPs/2d_a_1.pdf
$^9$ ↑ J. Marker, "Public Interest in UFOs Persists 50 Years after Project Blue Book Termination," 2019; Hector Quintanilla, Jr., "The Investigation of UFOs," Studies in Intelligence, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Fall 1966), 95–110.
​$^{10}$ ↑ Hector Quintanilla, Jr., "UFOs: An Air Force Dilemma" (unpublished manuscript, 1974), https://ia902205.us.archive.org/28/items/ufos-an-air-force-dilemma/quintanilla.pdf; Edward J. Ruppelt, The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects (Doubleday, 1956), https://ia801304.us.archive.org/22/items/FritjofCapraTheTurningPoint/Edward%20J%20Ruppelt%20-%20The%20Report%20on%20Unidentified%20Flying%20Objects.pdf
$^{11}$ ↑ National Archives and Records Administration, https://www.archives.gov/news/articles/project-blue-book-50th-anniversary; Edward J. Ruppelt, The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects (Doubleday, 1956), https://ia801304.us.archive.org/22/items/FritjofCapraTheTurningPoint/Edward%20J%20Ruppelt%20-%20The%20Report%20on%20Unidentified%20Flying%20Objects.pdf
$^{12}$ ↑ Edward J. Ruppelt, The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects (Doubleday, 1956), https://ia801304.us.archive.org/22/items/FritjofCapraTheTurningPoint/Edward%20J%20Ruppelt%20-%20The%20Report%20on%20Unidentified%20Flying%20Objects.pdf
$^{13}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{14}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{15}$ ↑ Gerald K. Haines, "CIA's Role in the Study of UFOs, 1947-90," Studies in Intelligence, Vol 1, No. 1, (1997), pp. 67–84; USAF https://www.secretsdeclassified.af.mil/Portals/67/documents/AFD-110719-005.pdf?ver=201607-19-142520-690; Project Grudge Report, https://www.academia.edu/43389931/Project_GRUDGE_Report_1949USA
$^{16}$ ↑ Gerald K. Haines, "CIA's Role in the Study of UFOs, 1947-90," Studies in Intelligence, Vol 1, No. 1, (1997), pp. 67–84; Mihm, S., "US Government Has Been Dancing Around UFOs for 75 Years." The Washington Post. 2023, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/us-government-has-been-dancing-around-ufos-for-75-years/2023/02/22/7ce50280-b2c4-11ed-94a0-512954d75716_story.html
$^{17}$ ↑ https://www.archives.gov/news/articles/project-blue-book-50th-anniversary
$^{18}$ ↑ Edward J. Ruppelt, The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects (Doubleday, 1956), https://ia801304.us.archive.org/22/items/FritjofCapraTheTurningPoint/Edward%20J%20Ruppelt%20-%20The%20Report%20on%20Unidentified%20Flying%20Objects.pdf.
$^{19}$ ↑ Ibid.
​$^{20}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{21}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{22}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{23}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{24}$ ↑ Hector Quintanilla Jr., "The Investigation of UFOs," Studies in Intelligence, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Fall 1966), pp. 95–110, https://catalog.archives.gov/id/7282832; U.S. Congress, House of Representatives; https://history.house.gov/Blog/Detail/15032395730
$^{25}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{26}$ ↑ Gerald K. Haines, "CIA's Role in the Study of UFOs, 1947-90," Studies in Intelligence, Vol. 1, No. 1, (1997), pp. 67–84; https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000838058.pdf
$^{27}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{28}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{29}$ ↑ "The Robertson Panel Report," https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp81r00100030027-0
$^{30}$ ↑ Hector Quintanilla, Jr., "The Investigation of UFOs," Studies in Intelligence, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Fall 1966), pp. 95–110, https://catalog.archives.gov/id/7282832; Gerald K. Haines, "CIA's Role in the Study of UFOs, 1947-90," Studies in Intelligence, Vol. 1, No. 1, (1997), pp. 67–84; https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000838058.pdf
$^{31}$ ↑ "The Robertson Panel Report", https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp81r00100030027-0; Gerald K. Haines, "CIA's Role in the Study of UFOs, 1947-90," Studies in Intelligence, Vol. 1, No. 1, (1997), pp. 67–84; https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000838058.pdf
$^{32}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{33}$ ↑ The Durant Report, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp81r00100030027-0; Gerald K. Haines, "CIA's Role in the Study of UFOs, 1947-90," Studies in Intelligence, Vol. 1, No. 1, (1997), pp. 67–84; https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000838058.pdf
​$^{34}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{35}$ ↑ National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), https://www.archives.gov/research/military/air-force/ufos#bluebk; NARA, https://www.archives.gov/news/articles/project-blue-book-50th-anniversary; Department of the Air Force, Project Blue Book, (February 1, 1966); USAF, https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/FOID/Reading%20Room/UFOsandUAPs/2d_af1.pdf; Hector Quintanilla, Jr., "The Investigation of UFOs," Studies in Intelligence, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Fall 1966), pp. 95–110., https://catalog.archives.gov/id/7282832; Hector Quintanilla, Jr., "UFOs: An Air Force Dilemma" (unpublished manuscript, 1974); https://ia902205.us.archive.org/28/items/ufos-an-air-force-dilemma/quintanilla.pdf; Edward J. Ruppelt, The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects (Doubleday, 1956), https://ia801304.us.archive.org/22/items/FritjofCapraTheTurningPoint/Edward%20J%20Ruppelt%20-%20The%20Report%20on%20Unidentified%20Flying%20Objects.pdf; Gerald K. Haines, "CIA's Role in the Study of UFOs, 1947-90," Studies in Intelligence, Vol. 1, No. 1.
$^{36}$ ↑ National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), https://www.archives.gov/research/military/air-force/ufos#bluebk; NARA, https://www.archives.gov/news/articles/project-blue-book-50th-anniversary; Department of the Air Force, Project Blue Book, (February 1, 1966), USAF, https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/FOID/Reading%20Room/UFOsandUAPs/2d_af1.pdf; Hector Quintanilla, Jr., "The Investigation of UFOs," Studies in Intelligence, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Fall 1966), pp. 95–110., https://catalog.archives.gov/id/7282832; Hector Quintanilla, Jr., "UFOs: An Air Force Dilemma" (unpublished manuscript, 1974); https://ia902205.us.archive.org/28/items/ufos-an-air-force-dilemma/quintanilla.pdf.
$^{37}$ ↑ Department of Defense, Press Release, 17 December 1969.
$^{38}$ ↑ National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), https://www.archives.gov/research/military/air-force/ufos#bluebk; NARA, https://www.archives.gov/news/articles/project-blue-book-50th-anniversary.
$^{39}$ ↑ National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), https://www.archives.gov/research/military/air-force/ufos#bluebk; NARA, https://www.archives.gov/news/articles/project-blue-book-50th-anniversary; Department of the Air Force, Project Blue Book, (February 1, 1966), USAF, https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/FOID/Reading%20Room/UFOsandUAPs/2d_af1.pdf; Hector Quintanilla, Jr., "The Investigation of UFOs," Studies in Intelligence, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Fall 1966), pp. 95–110., https://catalog.archives.gov/id/7282832; Hector Quintanilla, Jr., "UFOs: An Air Force Dilemma" (unpublished manuscript, 1974); ​https://ia902205.us.archive.org/28/items/ufos-an-air-force-dilemma/quintanilla.pdf; Edward J. Ruppelt, The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects (Doubleday, 1956), https://ia801304.us.archive.org/22/items/FritjofCapraTheTurningPoint/Edward%20J%20Ruppelt%20-%20The%20Report%20on%20Unidentified%20Flying%20Objects.pdf; Gerald K. Haines, "CIA's Role in the Study of UFOs, 1947-90," Studies in Intelligence, Vol. 1, No. 1.
$^{40}$ ↑ Gerald K. Haines, "CIA's Role in the Study of UFOs, 1947-90," Studies in Intelligence, Vol. 1, No. 1, (1997), pp. 67–84, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000838058.pdf
$^{41}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{42}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{43}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{44}$ ↑ "The Condon Report," https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD0680976.pdf, https://files.ncas.org/condon; Dr. Edward U. Condon, Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects (Bantam, 1968)., University of Colorado, Boulder, https://www.colorado.edu/coloradan/2021/11/05/condon-report-cu-boulders-historic-ufo-stu
$^{45}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{46}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{47}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{48}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{49}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{50}$ ↑ The National Academy of Sciences Panel Assessment of the Condon Report; https://www.apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADO688541.pdf
$^{51}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{52}$ ↑ Richard C. Henry, "UFOs and NASA," Journal of Scientific Exploration, Vol. 2, No. 2, (1988), https://henry.pha.jhu.edu/ufosNASA.pdf; The Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1977/04/30/ufo-over-georgia-jimmy-loggedone/080ef1c3-6ff3-41a9-a1e4-a37c54b5cbca/
​$^{53}$ ↑ Presidential Papers of the United States, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PPP-1995-book2/html/PPP-1995-book2-doc-pg1813-2.htm; "Bill Clinton Phones Home on Aliens," Politico, Tal Kopan, April 3, 2014; The Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/04/08/the-long-strange-history-ofjohnpodestas-space-alien-obsession/; New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/11/us/politics/hillary-clinton-aliens.html
$^{54}$ ↑ Government Accountability Office, https://www.gao.gov/assets/nsiad-95-187.pdf
$^{55}$ ↑ U.S. Air Force, The Roswell Report: Fact versus Fiction in the New Mexico Desert (Government Printing Office, 1995), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA326148.pdf
$^{56}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{57}$ ↑ U.S. Air Force, https://www.af.mil/The-Roswell-Report; USAF, The Roswell Report: Case Closed (Government Printing Office, 1994), https://media.defense.gov/2010/Oct/27/2001330219/-1/-1/0/AFD-101027-030.pdf
$^{58}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{59}$ ↑ U.S. Air Force, https://www.af.mil/The-Roswell-Report; USAF, The Roswell Report: Case Closed (Government Printing Office, 1994), https://media.defense.gov/2010/Oct/27/2001330219/-1/-1/0/AFD-101027-030.pdf; U.S. Air Force, The Roswell Report: Fact versus Fiction in the New Mexico Desert (Government Printing Office, 1995), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA326148.pdf
$^{60}$ ↑ Government Accountability Office, https://www.gao.gov/assets/nsiad-95-187.pdf
$^{61}$ ↑ Info Memo, From Former Defense Intelligence Agency Director to the Undersecretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics, December 1, 2010.
$^{62}$ ↑ Info Memo, From Former Defense Intelligence Agency Director to the Undersecretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics, December 1, 2010.
$^{63}$ ↑ Review of Report from a private sector organization 1, July 30, 2009.
$^{64}$ ↑ Ibid.
​$^{65}$ ↑ Defense Intelligence Agency, https://www.dia.mil/FOIA/FOIA-Electronic-Reading-Room; New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/16/us/politics/pentagon-program-ufo-harry-reid.html.
$^{66}$ ↑ Memorandum, from the Under Secretary of Defense James Clapper to the Deputy Secretary of Defense, 17 November 2009.
$^{67}$ ↑ Review of Report from a private sector organization, July 30 2009.
$^{68}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{69}$ ↑ Department of Defense, https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2314065/establishment-of-unidentifiedaerial-phenomena-task-force/
$^{70}$ ↑ AARO discussions with UAPTF leadership.
$^{71}$ ↑ Office of the Director of National Intelligence, Preliminary Assessment: Unidentified Aerial Phenomena, Preliminary Assessment: Unidentified Aerial Phenomena
$^{72}$ ↑ Department of Defense, https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2853121/dod-announces-theestablishment-of-the-airborne-object-identification-and-manag/; DoD, https://media.defense.gov/2021/Nov/23/2002898596/-1/-1/0/ESTABLISHMENT-OF-THEAIRBORNE-OBJECT-IDENTIFICATION-AND-MANAGEMENT-SYNCHRONIZATIONGROUP PDF
$^{73}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{74}$ ↑ National Aeronautics and Space Administration, https://science.nasa.gov/uap; National Aeronautics and Space Administration, https://science.nasa.gov/sciencered/s3fspublic/atoms/files/UAPIST%20Terms%20of%20Reference%20-%20Signed.pdf; National Aeronautics and Space Administration, https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-announces-unidentified-anomalous-phenomena-study-teammembers/
$^{75}$ ↑ Department of Defense, https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3100053/dod-announces-theestablishment-of-the-all-domain-anomaly-resolution-office/
​$^{76}$ ↑ Office of the Director of National Intelligence, 2022 Annual Report on Unidentified Aerial Phenomena.
$^{77}$ ↑ P.A. Sturrock, et. al., "Physical Evidence Related to UFO Reports: The Proceedings of a Workshop Held at the Pocantico Conference Center, Tarrytown, New York, September 29–October 4, 1997," Journal of Scientific Exploration, Vol. 12, No. 2, (1998), http://www.jse.com/ufo_reports/Sturrock/toc.html; Stanford University https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1998/07/980701082300.htm
$^{78}$ ↑ United Kingdom National Archives, https://cdn.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/briefingguide-12-07-12.pdf; Gerald K. Haines, "CIA's Role in the Study of UFOs, 1947-90," Studies in Intelligence, Vol. 1, No. 1, (1997), pp. 67–84; https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000838058.pdf
$^{79}$ ↑ Department of National Defense, https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/21885184/documents-obtained-through-access-toinformation-ufo-files.pdf; CTV News; https://www.ctvnews.ca/sci-tech/document-reveals-first-known-canadian-ufo-study-in-nearly-30-years-now-underway-1.6293124
$^{80}$ ↑ University of Ottawa, https://biblio.uottawa.ca/atom/index.php/project-second-story https://biblio.uottawa.ca/atom/index.php/project-second-story-defence-research-board-meetingminutes; Mathew Hayes, "A History of Canada's UFO Investigation, 1950-1995," Dissertation Submitted to the Committee on Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Arts and Science.
$^{81}$ ↑ Rod Tennyson, University of Toronto Institute for Aerophysics Studies, "1960s: Dr. Gordon Peterson Establishes the UTIAS UFO Project; https://www.utias.utoronto.ca/2018/08/15/1960s-dr-gordon-patterson-establishes-the-utias-ufo-project; Timothy Good, "Above Top Secret," William Morrow & Company, 1988; Matthew Hayes, "Then the Saucers Do Exist?": UFOs, the Practice of Conspiracy, and the Case of Wilbert Smith," Journal of Canadian Studies, University of Toronto Press, Volume 52, Number 3, Fall 2017, pp. 665–696
$^{82}$ ↑ CNES, https://cnes.fr/en/web/CNES-en/5866-geipan-uap-investigation-opens-its-files.php; https://cnes-geipan.fr.en.node/5891
$^{83}$ ↑ National Archives and Records Administration, https://www.archives.gov/news/articles/project-blue-book-50th-anniversary; Edward J. Ruppelt, The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects (Doubleday, 1956), https://ia801304.us.archive.org/22/items/FritjofCapraTheTurningPoint/Edward%20J%20Ruppelt%20-%20The%20Report%20on%20Unidentified%20Flying%20Objects.pdf
​$^{84}$ ↑ AARO case files
$^{85}$ ↑ AARO case files
$^{86}$ ↑ AARO case files
$^{87}$ ↑ AARO case files
$^{88}$ ↑ AARO case files
$^{89}$ ↑ AARO case files
$^{90}$ ↑ AARO case files
$^{91}$ ↑ AARO case files
$^{92}$ ↑ AARO case files
$^{93}$ ↑ AARO case files
$^{94}$ ↑ AARO case files
$^{95}$ ↑ AARO case files
$^{96}$ ↑ AARO case files
$^{97}$ ↑ AARO case files
$^{98}$ ↑ AARO case files
$^{99}$ ↑ AARO case files
$^{100}$ ↑ AARO case files
$^{101}$ ↑ AARO case files
$^{102}$ ↑ AARO case files
$^{103}$ ↑ AARO case files
​$^{104}$ ↑ AARO case files
$^{105}$ ↑ AARO case files
$^{106}$ ↑ AARO case files
$^{107}$ ↑ AARO case files
$^{108}$ ↑ AARO case files
$^{109}$ ↑ AARO case files
$^{110}$ ↑ AARO case files
$^{111}$ ↑ AARO case files
$^{112}$ ↑ AARO case files
$^{113}$ ↑ AARO case files
$^{114}$ ↑ AARO case files
$^{115}$ ↑ AARO case files
$^{116}$ ↑ Senator Harry Reid Letter to Deputy Secretary of Defense, William Lynn III; Memorandum, from the Under Secretary of Defense James Clapper to the Deputy Secretary of Defense, 17 November 2009; program documentation from ARRO case files
$^{117}$ ↑ AARO case files
$^{118}$ ↑ Program documentation, from AARO case files
$^{119}$ ↑ Senator Harry Reid Letter to Deputy Secretary of Defense, William Lynn III; Memorandum, from the Under Secretary of Defense James Clapper to the Deputy Secretary of Defense, 17 November 2009.
$^{120}$ ↑ AARO case files
$^{121}$ ↑ AARO case files
​$^{122}$ ↑ AARO case files
$^{123}$ ↑ AARO case files
$^{124}$ ↑ Edward J. Ruppelt, The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects (Doubleday, 1956), https://ia801304.us.archive.org/22/items/FritjofCapraTheTurningPoint/Edward%20J%20Ruppelt%20-%20The%20Report%20on%20Unidentified%20Flying%20Objects.pdf. Page 93.
$^{125}$ ↑ Ibid, page 91.
$^{126}$ ↑ J. Allen Hyneck, "The UFO Experience," Da Capo Press, 1977; Edward J. Ruppelt, The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects (Doubleday, 1956),
$^{127}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{128}$ ↑ Pew Research Center, "Public Trust in Government: 1958-2022," June 6, 2022, https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2022/06/06/public-trust-in-government-1958-2022/
$^{129}$ ↑ "Do Americans Believe in UFOs," Gallup, https://www.news/gallup/com/poll/350096/americans-beleive-ufos.aspx
$^{130}$ ↑ National Archives and Records Administration, https://www.archives.gov/research/military/air-force/ufos#bluebk; National Archives and Records Administration, https://www.archives.gov/news/articles/project-blue-book-50th-anniversary; National Archives and Records Administration, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UlmwakUTo3M; Department of the Air Force, Project Blue Book, (February 1, 1966), USAF, https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/FOID/Reading%20Room/UFOsandUAPs/2d_af1.pdf; Hector Quintanilla, Jr., "The Investigation of UFOs," Studies in Intelligence, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Fall 1966), pp. 95–110., https://catalog.archives.gov/id/7282832; Hector Quintanilla, Jr., "UFOs: An Air Force Dilemma" (unpublished manuscript, 1974); https://ia902205.us.archive.org/28/items/ufos-an-air-force-dilemma/quintanilla.pdf; Hector Quintanilla, Jr., "UFOs: An Air Force Dilemma" (unpublished manuscript, 1974); https://ia902205.us.archive.org/28/items/ufos-an-air-force-dilemma/quintanilla.pdf; Edward J. Ruppelt, The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects (Doubleday, 1956), https://ia801304.us.archive.org/22/items/FritjofCapraTheTurningPoint/Edward%20J%20Ruppelt%20-%20The%20Report%20on%20Unidentified%20Flying%20Objects.pdf; Gerald K. Haines, "CIA's Role in the Study of UFOs, 1947-90," Studies in Intelligence, Vol. 1, No. 1
​$^{131}$ ↑ Department of Energy (DoE), https://www.osti.gov/opennet/manhattan-project-history/Events/1945/trinity.htm, Leslie Groves, Now It Can Be Told (Harper, 1962). Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb (Simon and Shuster, 1986), Kai Bird and Martin J. Sherwin
$^{132}$ ↑ Department of Energy (DoE) https://www.osti.gov/opennet/manhattan-project-history/Events/1945/trinity.htm; Leslie Groves, Now It Can Be Told (Harper, 1962); Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb (Simon and Shuster, 1986).
$^{133}$ ↑ Norman Polmar, "The Pancake that Didn't Fly," Naval History Magazine, Volume 33, Number 3, (June 2019); https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2019/june/pancake-didnt-fly
$^{134}$ ↑ National Air and Space Museum, https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/vought-v-173-flying-pancake/nasm_A19610120000; Norman Polmar, "The Pancake that Didn't Fly," Naval History Magazine, Volume 33, Number 3, (June 2019); https://www.usni.org/magazines/navalhistory-magazine/2019/june/pancake-didnt-fly
$^{135}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{136}$ ↑ U.S. Air Force, The Roswell Report: Fact versus Fiction in the New Mexico Desert (Government Printing Office, 1995); https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA326148.pdf; U.S. Air Force, The Roswell Report: Case Closed (Government Printing Office, 1995), https://media.defense.gov/2010/Oct/27/2001330219/-1/-1/0/AFD-101027-030.pdf
$^{137}$ ↑ National Aeronautics and Space Administration, https://history.nasa.gov/afspbio/part4-4.htm; U.S. Air Force, The Roswell Report: Case Closed (Government Printing Office, 1995), https://media.defense.gov/2010/Oct/27/2001330219/-1/-1/0/AFD-101027-030.pdf; U.S. Air Force, https://www.secretsdeclassified.af.mil/News/Photos/igphoto/2000345085/
$^{138}$ ↑ Gregory W. Pedlow and Donald E. Welzenbach, The CIA and the U-2 Program, 1954-1974 (CIA Center for the Study of Intelligence, 1998), https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/books-monographs/the-cia-and-the-u-2-program-1954-1974/; Gregory W. Pedlow and Donald E. Welzenbach, The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead; Reconnaissance Program, The U2 and Oxcart Programs 1954-1974 (CIA History Staff, 1992), https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-004-doc01.pdf; Central Intelligence Agency, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP62B00844R000200070131-1.pdf; Central Intelligence Agency, ​https://irp.fas.org/program/collect/u2.pdf; National Security Agency, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB54/docs/doc_40.PDF
$^{139}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{140}$ ↑ Bruce Berkowitz, A Brief History of the NRO (NRO Center for the Study of National Reconnaissance, 2018, https://www.nro.gov/Portals/65/documents/history/csnr/programs/NRO_Brief_History.pdf; National Reconnaissance Office, https://www.nro.gov/History-and-Studies/Center-for-the-Study-of-National-Reconnaissance/The-CORONA-Program/; Dwayne Day, et, al., eds., Eye in the Sky: The Story of the Corona Spy Satellites (Smithsonian, 1998)
$^{141}$ ↑ U.S. Air Force, https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/195801/avro-canada-vz-9av-avrocar/
$^{142}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{143}$ ↑ American Heritage Center, "Flying Saucers—For Real! The Papers of Jack D. Pickett," https://ahcwyo.org/2022/04/04/flying-saucers-for-real-the-papers-of-jack-d-pickett/
$^{144}$ ↑ U.S. Air Force, https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/195801/avro-canada-vz-9av-avrocar/
$^{145}$ ↑ American Heritage Center, "Flying Saucers—For Real! The Papers of Jack D, Pickett," https://ahcwyo.org/2022/04/04/flying-saucers-for-real-the-papers-of-jack-d-pickett/
$^{146}$ ↑ National Aeronautics and Space Administration, https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/explorer-1
$^{147}$ ↑ National Security Archive, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB74/
$^{148}$ ↑ Central Intelligence Agency, https://www.cia.gov/legacy/museum/exhibit/a-12-oxcart/
$^{149}$ ↑ Central Intelligence Agency, https://www.cia.gov/legacy/museum/exhibit/a-12-oxcart/; National Security Agency Archive, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB74/
$^{150}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{151}$ ↑ National Air and Space Museum, https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/what-was-mercury-program
​$^{152}$ ↑ Robert A. McDonald and Sharon K. Moreno, Raising the Periscope: Grab and Poppy: America's Early ELINT Satellites (NRO History Office, 2005), https://www.nro.gov/Portals/65/documents/history/csnr/programs/docs/prog-hist-03.pdf
$^{153}$ ↑ Robert A. McDonald and Sharon K. Moreno, Raising the Periscope: Grab and Poppy: America's Early ELINT Satellites (NRO History Office, 2005), https://www.nro.gov/Portals/65/documents/history/csnr/programs/docs/prog-hist-03.pdf; U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, https://www.nrl.navy.mil/Media/News/Article/3074375/grab-i-first-operational-intelligence-satellite/
$^{154}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{155}$ ↑ National Air and Space Museum, https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/what-was-gemini-program
$^{156}$ ↑ National Aeronautics and Space Administration, https://www.nasa.gov/gemini/; National Air and Space Museum, https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/what-was-gemini-program
$^{157}$ ↑ National Archives and Records Administration, Kennedy Library, https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/historic-speeches/address-to-joint-session-of-congress-may-25-1961
$^{158}$ ↑ National Air and Space Museum, https://airandspace.si.edu/explore/topics/space/apollo-program; National Aeronautics and Space Administration, https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/for-kids-and-students/what-was-the-apollo-program-grades-5-8/; National Aeronautics and Space Administration, https://www.nasa.gov/specials/apollo50th/missions.html
$^{159}$ ↑ Robert A. McDonald and Sharon K. Moreno, Raising the Periscope: Grab and Poppy: America's Early ELINT Satellites (NRO History Office, 2005), https://www.nro.gov/Portals/65/documents/history/csnr/programs/docs/prog-hist-03.pdf
$^{160}$ ↑ Bruce Berkowitz, "A Brief History of the NRO" (NRO Center for the Study of National https://www.nro.gov/Portals/65/documents/history/csnr/programs/NRO_Brief_History.pdf
$^{161}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{162}$ ↑ National Reconnaissance Office, https://www.nro.gov/Portals/65/documents/history/csnr/gambhex/Docs/GAM_1_Fact_sheet.pdf
​$^{163}$ ↑ National Reconnaissance Office, https://www.nro.gov/About-NRO/history/more-historical-programs/
$^{164}$ ↑ National Museum of the United States Air Force, https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/195925/gambit-1-kh-7-film-recovery-vehicle/
$^{165}$ ↑ National Reconnaissance Office, https://www.nro.gov/About-NRO/history/more-historical-programs/
$^{166}$ ↑ National Museum of the United States Air Force, https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/195921/hexagon-kh-9-reconnaissance-satellite/
$^{167}$ ↑ National Reconnaissance Office, https://www.nro.gov/Portals/65/documents/history/csnr/gambhex/Docs/GAM_1_Fact_sheet.pdf
$^{168}$ ↑ The National Reconnaissance Office, https://www.nro.gov/About-nro/history/more-historical-programs
$^{169}$ ↑ National Air and Space Museum, https://airandspace.si.edu/explore/topics/space/space-shuttle-program
$^{170}$ ↑ Gamillo, E. (2023). "From Space to Museum Showcase: the Shuttles' Final Mission." Astronomy, https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/from-space-to-museum-showcase-the-space-shuttles-final-mission/
$^{171}$ ↑ National Aeronautics and Space Administration, https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/nasa-day-of-remembrance-pays-tribute-to-fallen-astronauts/
$^{172}$ ↑ Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), https://www.darpa.mil/about-us/timeline/have-blue
$^{173}$ ↑ U.S. Air Force, https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104482/b-2-spirit/
$^{174}$ ↑ Department of Defense, https://www.mda.mil/about/history.html; Department of State, http::2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/rd/104253.htm
$^{175}$ ↑ Frank Strickland, "The Early Evolution of the Predator Drone," Studies in Intelligence 57, no. 1 (2013): 1–6. https://www.cia.gov/static/Early-Evolution-of-Predator.pdf; Defense Advanced ​Research Projects Agency (DARPA), "Predator." https://www.darpa.mil/about-us/timeline/predator
$^{176}$ ↑ Roger Connor, "The Predator, a Drone That Transformed Military Combat," National Air and Space Museum, March 9, 2018, https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/predator-drone-transformed-military-combat
$^{177}$ ↑ Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, "Predator." https://www.darpa.mil/about-us/timeline/predator; Strickland, "The Early Evolution of the Predator Drone," 1–6; Roger Connor, "The Predator, a Drone That Transformed Military Combat," National Air and Space Museum, March 9, 2018, https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/predator-drone-transformed-military-combat
$^{178}$ ↑ Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, "Predator." https://www.darpa.mil/about-us/timeline/predator
$^{179}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{180}$ ↑ Predator RQ-1/MQ-1/MQ-9 Reaper, Air Force Technology, https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/predator-uav/; Christian Clausen, "The evolution of the combat RPA," Air Force, December 17, 2016, https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/1032544/the-evolution-of-the-combat-rpa/
$^{181}$ ↑ DARPA, https://www.darpa.mil/About-Us/timeline/predator; U.S. Air Force, https://af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104469/mq-1b-predator
$^{182}$ ↑ Predator RQ-1/MQ-1/MQ-9 Reaper, Air Force Technology, https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/predator-uav/; Strickland, "The Early Evolution of the Predator Drone," 1–6.
$^{183}$ ↑ Christian Clausen, "The evolution of the combat RPA," Air Force, December 17, 2016, https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/1032544/the-evolution-of-the-combat-rpa/
$^{184}$ ↑ John R. Hoehn and Paul R. Kerr, "Unmanned Aircraft Systems: Current and Potential Programs," Congressional Research Service, Report R47067, https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R47067
$^{185}$ ↑ U.S. Air Force, "MQ-9 Reaper." https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104470/mq-9-reaper/; John R. Hoehn and Paul R. Kerr, "Unmanned Aircraft Systems: Current and Potential Programs," Congressional Research Service, Report R47067, https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R47067
​$^{186}$ ↑ U.S. Air Force, "MQ-9 Reaper," https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104470/mq-9-reaper/
$^{187}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{188}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{189}$ ↑ U.S. Air Force, "MQ-9 Reaper," https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104470/mq-9-reaper/; Predator RQ-1/MQ-1/MQ-9 Reaper UAV, Air Force Technology, https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/predator-uav/
$^{190}$ ↑ U.S. Department of Defense, "Air Force to Retire MQ-1 Predator Drone, Transition to MQ-9 Reaper," https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/1095612/air-force-to-retire-mq-1-predator-drone-transition-to-mq-9-reaper/; Predator RQ-1/MQ-1/MQ-9 Reaper UAV, Air Force Technology, https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/predator-uav/
$^{191}$ ↑ U.S. Air Force, https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/195774/lockehhed-martin-rq-3-darkstar/; https://www.airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/lockheed-martin-boeing-rq-3a-darkstar/nasm_A20070230000; https://www.armypress.army.mil/Portals/7/combat-studiesinstitute/csi-books/OP37.pdf
$^{192}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{193}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{194}$ ↑ Lockheed Martin, "Popular Science Awards Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II and Polecat UAV Best of What's New for 2006." https://investors.lockheedmartin.com/node/17136/pdf; "From the Skunk Works, a New Polecat Emerges," Air & Space Forces Magazine, https://www.airandspaceforces.com/1005polecat/
$^{195}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{196}$ ↑ U.S. Air Force, "RQ-170 Sentinel." https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/2796993/rq-170-sentinel/
$^{197}$ ↑ Ibid.
​$^{198}$ ↑ John R. Hoehn and Paul R. Kerr, "Unmanned Aircraft Systems: Current and Potential Programs," Congressional Research Service, Report R47067. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R47067
$^{199}$ ↑ Ibid.
$^{200}$ ↑ John R. Hoehn and Paul R. Kerr, "Unmanned Aircraft Systems: Current and Potential Programs," Congressional Research Service, Report R47067. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R47067; U.S. Air Force, "RQ-4 Global Hawk." https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104516/rq-4-global-hawk/; U.S. Army https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/combat-studies-institute/csi-books/OP37.pdf