OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Promotor Fidei

From volume 12 of the work.
(PROMOTER OF THE FAITH).
An official of the Roman Congregation of Rites. The office was created by Clement XI, 7 April, 1708. In earlier times the work now undertaken by the Promotor Fidei was entrusted to the Promotor Fiscalis or some consistorial advocate. The Promotor Fidei is also an official of the Congregation of Indulgences and Sacred Relics, but his main duty is performed in the processes of beatification and canonization, which are conducted by the Congregation of Rites. It is the special care of the Promoter of the Faith to prevent any rash decisions concerning miracles or virtues of the candidates for the honours of the altar. All documents of beatification and canonization processes must be submitted to his examination, and the difficulties and doubts he raises over the virtues and miracles are laid before th congregation and must be satisfactorily answered before any further steps can be taken in the processes. It is his duty to suggest natural explanations for alleged miracles, and even to bring forward human and selfish motives for deeds that have been accounted heroic virtues. For the examination of witnesses outside of Rome, the promoter formulates the questions and he has the power to appoint sub- promoters to assist him. All the processes for beatification and canonization must be submitted to the promoter under pain of nullity. Owing to his peculiar duty of antagonizing the proofs put forward on behalf of persons proposed for saintly honours, the Promoter of the Faith is commonly referred to, half jocosely, as the devil's advocate.
HILLING, Procedure at the Roman Curia (New York, 1907); BAART, The Roman Court (New York, 1895).
WILLIAM H.W. FANNING
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Proprium

From volume 12 of the work.
The Proprium de tempore and the Proprium Sanctorum form in the present liturgy the two principal portions of our Breviary and Missals; the first comprises the parts appointed for the days of the year having special Masses or Offices (introits, prayers, lessons, responses, versicles, antiphons, etc.); the second is devoted to the Offices of the Saints.
The Proprium de tempore begins with the first Sunday of Advent and ends with the last Sunday after Pentecost. It includes, after Advent, the parts assigned for the Christmas season (six Sundays); Septuagesima, three weeks; Lent, six weeks; Paschal time, fifty days; Pentecost, and the twenty-four Sundays after. Most of the Sundays comprising this cycle, and often weekdays, have special Offices which composed the Proprium de tempore.
The Proprium Sanctorum comprises all the saints' days with special Offices, from St. Andrew on 30 November. The Offices of the saints, like those de tempore, are composed of lessons, antiphons, responses, hymns, or other liturgical passages special to these saints' feasts. It is unnecessary to remark that this arrangement is not primitive. Ages passed before the present liturgical cycle was evolved. In the Liturgical Books before the ninth or eighth century, the Sundays after Pentecost form groups, called after some solemn festival, St. John the Baptist, the Apostles, or St. Michael; the season of Septuagesima did not yet exist, at least in its entirety. A century or two later the Christmas season had not been evolved, even the weeks of Advent had practically no special Offices. In the first ages of the Church, except for the feast of Easter, Christmas Day, and Sundays, the liturgical cycle did not exist. The Divine Office and the Liturgy of the Mass were performed with the help of the books of the old and the New Testaments, and consisted in the chanting of psalms or canticles, readings, exhortations, and impromptu prayers. The liturgical cycle, that is, the feasts of the year or of the martyrs exerted hardly any influence on the Liturgy, and in this sense it may be said that in the beginning there was neither a Proprium de tempore nor a Proprium Sanctorum. Probst (op. cit. infra) thinks that it was at Rome, in the fourth century under Pope Damasus, that this liturgical "reform" took place, especially in arranging the liturgical prayers to suit the season and the feasts of the saints. This may be accepted with some reservations, as it is indisputable that even then the cycle had exerted its influence on the liturgy, in certain special circumstances. It seems certain that the origin of the Common of the Saints is the same as that of the Propria, and that it was at first a Proprium; for instance, the Common of the Apostles was originally the Proprium of the Apostles St. Peter and St. Paul; and the Common of a Martyr was originally the Proprium of St. Stephen and St. Lawrence.
F. Cabrol.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Procurator

From volume 12 of the work.
A person who manages the affairs of another by virtue of a charge received from him. There are different kinds of procurators: general, or particular, according as he is authorized to manage all the affairs of another, or only some of them; again a procurator may represent another in judicial matters (ad lites), or in matters not requiring court proceedings (ad negotia); special procurators are the syndicus, a general agent of a university or corporation and the fiscal procurator, appointed by public authority as guardian of the law in civil, and especially in criminal proceedings.
Everybody, unless expressly forbidden by the law, has the right to appoint a procurator in affairs of which he has the free management. In selecting a procurator, a person is free, provided the choice does not fall on someone debarred by law, as excommunicated persons, notorious criminals, regulars without the consent of their superiors, clerics in cases for which they cannot act as lawyers, and finally, for judicial cases, persons under twenty-five, for non-judicial cases, persons under seventeen years of age.
A procurator has the right and duty to act according to the terms of the charge committed, but a general mandate does not include cases for which the law requires a special commission. He is also allowed to elect a substitute, except in cases of marriages, and in general whenever, owing to the serious character of the affair, the procurator is supposed to have been chosen with the understanding that he should transact the business in person.
The power to act as procurator ceases: (a) as soon as he has fulfilled his office; (b) if with a sufficient reason he resigns; (c) if the principal or appointer revokes his mandate; but he must do this in due time, that is, while the affair still remains untouched (re integra); this revocation must be brought to the notice of the procurator before the latter completes the transaction; one of the chief exceptions to these rules is when there is question of a procuration to contract a marriage, in which case the revocation holds good, as long as it was made before the procurator contracted in the principal's name.
Unless the procurator acted beyond his powers, the principal must accept whatever the latter did in his name.
FERRARIS-BUCCERONI, Bibliotheca Canonica, VI (Rome, 1885-1902), 454; HERGENRÖTHER-HOLLWECK, Lehrbuch des kanonischen Kirchenrechts (Freiburg im Br., 1905), n. 643; DROSTEMESSMER, Canonical Procedure in Disciplinary and Criminal Cases of Clerics (New York), n. 41; SMITH, Elements of Ecclesiastical Law (New York), n. 756.
HECTOR PAPI
# College Songs/Oh My Darling Clementine

* related portals: Sheet music.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Commons category.
| Oh My Darling Clementine | Oh My Darling Clementine |
| | Words and Music by Percy Montrose |
# Collett v. Adams

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
249 U.S. 545
Collett v. Adams
Argued: March 21, 1919. --- Decided: April 28, 1919
Messrs. Wilmer S. Hunt, of Houston, Tex., and H. B. Seay, of Dallas, Tex., for appellant.
Mr. Justice VAN DEVANTER delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Collier's

"Collier's was an American magazine, founded in 1888 by Peter Fenelon Collier. It was initially launched as Collier's Once a Week, then changed in 1895 to Collier's Weekly: An Illustrated Journal, and finally shortened in 1905 to simply Collier's. The magazine ceased publication with the issue dated for the week ending January 4, 1957, though a brief, failed attempt was made to revive the Collier's name with a new magazine in 2012." Warning: template has been deprecated.
* Volume 42 (Sept 1908-March 1909)
# Collett Kitpatrick v. Texas and Pacific Railway Company

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
337 U.S. 55
Collett Kitpatrick v. Texas and Pacific Railway Company
Motion for Leave to File Petition for Writ of Mandamus and prohibition.
Motion for Leave to File Petition for Writ of Mandamus or Certiorari.
Motion for Leave to File Petition for Certiorari Under 28 U.S.C. § 1651, 28 U.S.C.A. § 1651.
Concurring opinion.
For majority opinions see 337 U.S. 55, 69 S.Ct. 944; 337 U.S. 75, 69 S.Ct. 953; 337 U.S. 78, 69 S.Ct. 955.
Mr. Lloyd T. Bailey, Chicago, Ill., for petitioner.
Mr. Robert P. Hobson, Louisville, Ky., for respondent.
Mr. Chief Justice VINSON delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# College Songs

NEW AND ENLARGED EDITION.
COLLEGE SONGS
A COLLECTION OF
New and Popular Songs
OF THE
AMERICAN COLLEGES
COMPILED BY
HENRY RANDALL WAITE
EDITOR OF
"CARMINA COLLEGENSIA," "THE UNIVERSITY SONGS," AND "STUDENT LIFE IN SONG."
BOSTON:
Copyright, 1887, by
OLIVER DITSON & CO.
INDEX.
| | PAGE |
| A-Roving | 80 |
| Alma Mater O | 46 |
| Angel Gabriel | 42 |
| Ba-Be-Bi-Bo-Ba | 19 |
| Bavarian Yodle | 85 |
| Bingo (As sung at Brown) | 38 |
| Bingo (Marching Song) | 39 |
| Bold Fisherman (The) | 74 |
| Bring back my Bessie to me | 6 |
| Bull-dog (The) | 70 |
| Carve dat Possum | 36 |
| Clementine | 16 |
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Collie v. Fergusson

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
281 U.S. 52
Collie v. Fergusson
Argued: and Submitted Jan. 13, 1930. --- Decided: Feb 24, 1930
Mr. Jacob L. Morewitz, of Newport News, Va., for petitioners.
Messrs. Leon T. Seawell and Henry Bowden, both of Norfolk, Va., for respondents.
Mr. Justice STONE delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Nawanagar

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​NAWANAGAR, one of the Bombay states of India. It has an area of 3,791 square miles. Pop. about 350,000.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Naxos

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​NAXOS, or NAXIA, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, the largest of the Cyclades; length 18 miles; breadth, 12 miles; area, 164 square miles; pop. about 15,000. It is hilly, but extremely productive. The chief products are fruits, wine, oil, cotton, silk, cheese, honey, and wax. Chief town is Naxia (or Naxos).
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Navigators' Islands

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​NAVIGATORS' ISLANDS. See Samoan Islands.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Navy Yards and Naval Stations, United States

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​NAVY YARDS AND NAVAL STATIONS, UNITED STATES, are located at Portsmouth, N. H., Boston, Mass., Newport, R. I., New London, Conn., Brooklyn, N. Y., Philadelphia, Pa., Norfolk, Va., Charleston, S. C, Key West, Fla., Pensacola, Fla., New Orleans, La., Panama Canal Zone, San Diego, Cal., San Francisco, Cal., Mare Island, Cal., Bremerton, Wash., Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, Cavite and Olongapo, Philippine Islands, and Guantanamo, Cuba.
The largest and most important of these stations are those at New York and Norfolk. At Newport is the Torpedo Station, where Torpedoes are manufactured and tested and new developments tried out. The station at New London is a base and training school for submarines and that at Pensacola a base and training school for aviation. Ship-building is carried on on a large scale at Brooklyn, Philadelphia, Norfolk, and Mare Island, and on a small scale at Portsmouth, N. H. Elaborate and well-equipped establishments for the training of recruits are maintained at Newport, Lake Forrest, (Great Lakes Training Station), and San Francisco. The educational facilities at these and other shore stations, as well as on shipboard, are remarkably complete and justify the boast of the Navy that it offers technical courses in a wide diversity of branches equal, if not superior, from a practical point of view, to those offered by any university in the country.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Navy Department, United States

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​NAVY DEPARTMENT, UNITED STATES. At the head of the Navy Department is the Secretary of the Navy, a civilian, with an Assistant Secretary, also a civilian. The military features of naval administration are in theory directed by a Naval Officer with the rank of Admiral, under the title "Chief of Naval Operations." The administrative details are handled by Bureaus, each of which is presided over by a "Chief of Bureau" with the rank of Rear-Admiral. The Bureaus are those of Navigation, Ordnance, Construction and Repair, Steam Engineering, Supply, Medicine and Surgery, and Yards and Docks. The titles of these Bureaus are in general descriptive of the matters coming under their cognizance, except in the case of the Bureau of Navigation, which as a matter of fact has nothing to do with navigation, its duties being connected exclusively with naval personnel.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Navy League of the United States

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​NAVY LEAGUE OF THE UNITED STATES, a society founded in 1903 which according to its charter of incorporation has for its purpose "to acquire and ​spread before the citizens of the United States, through branch organizations and otherwise, information as to the condition of the naval affairs and equipment, and to awaken public interest and co-operation in all matters tending to aid, improve, and develop their efficiency." At the outbreak of the war with Germany the League had a membership of 10,000. During the war Secretary Daniels of the Navy Department became angered by some of the actions of the head of the League and refused to recognize it or co-operate with it in anyway.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Natchez (city)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​NATCHEZ, a city and county-seat of Adams co., Miss.; on the Mississippi river, and the Yazoo and Mississippi Valley, the Mississippi Central, the Natchez and Southern, and the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern railroads; 100 miles S. W. of Jackson. It is the shipping port for a large cotton region, exporting annually many thousands of bales. Here are a State Hospital, Fisk Library, Carpenter Library, Natchez Institute, Memorial Park, street railroads, electric lights, and several banks. The city has cotton mills, cottonseed oil mills, cotton compress, artificial ice plant, saw and planing mills, etc. Natchez was settled by the French about 1713, and was a military and trade post till 1764. It then became a possession of Great Britain and later passed into that of Spain. In 1798, under a treaty between Spain and the United States, it was ceded to the latter. It was made the State capital and remained so till 1815. During the Civil War it was taken by Admiral Farragut. The name, Natchez, is derived from a noted tribe of Indians. Pop. (1900) 12,210; (1910) 11,791; (1920) 12,608.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Nazarenes

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​NAZARENES, a Jewish sect mentioned by Epiphanius. They aimed at a patriarchal religion in place of a Mosaic Judaism, and rejected the history of Genesis and the Mosaic Law. They were found in Galaaditis, Basanitis, and other parts beyond Jordan.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Laocoön

Edition of 1921; disclaimer. See also Laocoön and His Sons on Wikipedia.
LAOCOÖN (lā-ok'ō-on), according to classic legend, a priest of Apollo, afterward of Poseidon, in Troy, who married against the will of the former god, and who warned his countrymen against admitting the wooden horse into Troy. For one or both of these reasons he was destroyed along with his two sons by two enormous serpents which came up out of the sea. The subject is represented in one of the most famous works of ancient sculpture still in existence, a group discovered in 1506 at Rome, and purchased by Pope Julius II. for the Vatican. It was carried by Bonaparte to Paris in 1796, but recovered in 1814. According to Pliny, it was the work of the Rhodian artists, Agesander, Polydorus, and Athenodorus. The best authorities place its date at a little before 100 B. C.
THE LAOCOÖN GROUP
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Laramie

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
LARAMIE, a city and county-seat of Albany co., Wyo., on the Laramie river, the Union Pacific, and the Colorado, Wyoming and Eastern railroads; 58 miles N. W. of Cheyenne, the State capital. It is the trade center for a large stock-raising and mining section; and is also engaged in manufacturing; has large deposits of gold, silver, lead, graphite, antimony, cinnabar, and other minerals, and
rolling mills and machine shops. It is the seat of the State University, the State fish hatchery, and the State penitentiary; contains public and college libraries and St. Joseph's Hospital; and has electric light plants, waterworks, several newspapers. Pop. (1910) 8,237; (1920) 6,301.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Laramie Mountains

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
LARAMIE MOUNTAINS, a range which extends through Wyoming and Colorado, and bounds the Laramie Plains on the E. and N. E.; the highest point is Laramie Peak, 10,000 feet high.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Laon

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
LAON (lä-ong), the chief town of the French department of Aisne; 87 miles N. E. of Paris. Occupying a naturally
strong position, it has been a fortress since the 5th century; its citadel is surrounded with ruinous walls. From 515 to 1790 it was the seat of a bishop. The cathedral, a Gothic edifice of the 12th century, and the bishop's palace, now a law-court, still remain. The inhabitants are noted market-gardeners. In the 10th century the city was the place of residence of the Carlovingian kings, and capital of Francia. At Laon, March 9 and 10, 1814, Napoleon I. was repulsed by the allies under Blücher and Bülow; and it surrendered to a German force, Sept. 9, 1870. In the fall of 1914, German forces captured the town and held
it until the Allied offensive in the summer of 1918. Pop. about 15,000.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Laramie Plains

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
LARAMIE PLAINS, a plateau in Southern Wyoming, N. W. of Cheyenne, about 7,500 feet above sea-level.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Laodicea

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
LAODICEA (-sē'ä), in ancient geography, the name of several towns of Asia, the most important of which was a city of ancient Phrygia, near the river Lycos, so called after Laodice, Queen of Antiochus Theos, its founder, built on the site of an older town named Diospolis. It was destroyed by an earthquake during the reign of Tiberius, but rebuilt by the inhabitants, who were very wealthy. A severe rebuke is addressed to its inhabitants in the Apocalypse. It fell into the hands of the Turks in 1255, was again destroyed in 1402, and is now a heap of ruins, known by the name of Eski-Hissar. Art and science flourished
among the ancient Laodiceans, and it was the seat of a famous medical school. The number of Jews who were settled here at the rise of Christianity will account for its importance. An important ecclesiastical council, the First Council of Laodicea, was held here in 363, which adopted resolutions concerning the canon of the Old and New Testaments and referring to ecclesiastical discipline. A second council, 476, condemned the Eutychians.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Laos

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
LAOS (lä'ōs), a territory in the Indo-China peninsula, surrounded by the Shan states Annam, Tonking, and the Chinese province of Yunnan; area, estimated, 91,000 square miles; pop. est. 1,500,000; the soil is fertile, producing rice, cotton, tobacco, and fruits, and bearing teak forests; gold, tin, lead, and precious stones are found. Has been under French protectorate since 1892. Laos was the subject of four political agreements, the last in 1907 when the territory on the W. side of Nuking was partly restored to Siam.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Lawrence (Kansas)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
LAWRENCE, a city and county-seat of Douglas co., Kan,; on both sides of the Kansas river and on the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fé, and the Union Pacific railroads; 40 miles W. of Kansas City. It is the farming trade center for Douglas and parts of two other counties; and is principally engaged in manufacturing, which is greatly promoted by the excellent water power furnished by the river. It is the seat of the Kansas State University, Haskell Institute, and Indian Industrial School; contains a hospital, public library, and several public parks; and has flour and paper mills, barbed-wire, ice, shirt, sash and door factories, and foundry and machine shops. There are electric light plants, waterworks, several National and State banks, daily, weekly and monthly periodicals. The city was settled by an anti-slavery colony from the East in 1854 and during the Civil War was almost entirely destroyed by Confederate raiders. Pop. (1910) 12,374; (1920) 12,456.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Lantern

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
LANTERN, or LANTHORN (lan'turn), a common contrivance used for carrying a lamp or candle in, consisting
of a case or vessel made of tin, with sashes of some transparent substance, such as horn or glass. Lanterns are first spoken of by Theopompus, a Greek comic poet, and Empedocles of Agrigentum. Lanterns were used by the ancients in augury. The only representation of an Egyptian lantern that has come down to us probably did not differ sensibly from those spoken of in St. John xviii: 3, where the party of men which went out of Jerusalem to apprehend Jesus in the garden of Gethsemane is described as being provided “with lanterns and torches.”
In architecture, a small structure on the top of a dome, or in other similar situations, for the purpose of admitting light, promoting ventilation, or for ornament, of which that on the top of the Capitol at Washington may be referred to as an example. In Gothic architecture the term is sometimes applied to louvres on the roofs of halls, etc., but it usually signifies a tower which has the whole height, or a considerable portion of the interior, open to view from the ground, and is lighted by an upper tier of windows.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Laramie River

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
LARAMIE RIVER, a river rising in Northern Colorado and flowing into the North Platte at Fort Laramie in Eastern Wyoming; length about 200 miles.