OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diego Muñoz Camargo

From volume 3 of the work.
(According to Beristain de Souza, Muñoz should be the surname).
Born of a Spanish father and Indian mother soon after 1521; died at a very advanced age, the exact date unknown. He acquired the knowledge of letters and rudimentary acquaintance with other branches of learning from the Franciscans at Mexico in the first half of the sixteenth century, and diligently inquired into the traditions and antiquities of the Nahuatl Indians, chiefly of the tribe of Tlaxcala, in which investigations he was encouraged and sustained by the clergy and the higher Spanish officials. For many years he acted as official interpreter. He wrote the "historia de Tlaxcala", first published in a French translation in the "Annales des voyages" and but lately in the Spanish original. It is the only chronicle specially devoted to the past of the tribe Tlaxcala thus far accessible in print, except one, printed 1870, and which yet prove to be a fragment of Camargo's work. Torquemada's "Monarquia" is largely based on Camargo, and the history is of course partial, as all tribal chronicles are, extolling the Indians of Tlaxcala, and placing them above all others of Nahuatl stock. This does not, however, detract from its value. It presents a view differing from that of other Indian writers, and furnishes elements of useful criticism.
Torquemada, Monarquia Indiana (Madrid, 1613, and 1723); Boturini-Benaducci, Idea de una nueva Historia general de la América Setentrional (Madrid, 1746); Clavigero, Storia del Messico (Cesna, 1780); Beristain de Souza, Biblioteca hispano-americana setentrioonal (Amacameca, 1883); Brinton, Aboriginal Authors.
AD. F. BANDELIER
# Bridges v. California ex rel. Times-Mirror Company

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
314 U.S. 252
Bridges v. California ex rel. Times-Mirror Company
Argued: Oct. 13, 1941. --- Decided: Dec 8, 1941
Messrs. Osmond K. Fraenkel, of New York City, and A. L. Wirin, of Los Angeles, Cal., for petitioner Bridges.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 253-254 intentionally omitted]
Messrs. T. B. Cosgrove and John N. Cramer, both of Los Angeles, Cal., for petitioners Times Mirror Co. and another.
[Argument of Counsel from Page 255 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Allen W. Ashburn, of Los Angeles, Cal., for respondents Superior Court Los Angeles County.
Mr. Allen W. Ashburn, of Los Angeles, Cal., for respondent State of California.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 256-257 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Justice BLACK delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Bridgeport Music, Inc. v. Dimension Films

* related portals: United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article.
Bridgeport Music, Inc. v. Dimension Films, 410 F.3d 792 (6th Cir. 2005), is a court case that has proved important in defining American copyright law for recorded music.…The court, with this ruling, created a bright-line test resulting in any unlicensed sampling would be considered copyright infringement. Warning: template has been deprecated.
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
No. 02-6521 BRIDGEPORT MUSIC, INC.; WESTBOUND RECORDS, INC., Plaintiffs-Appellants, SOUTHFIELD MUSIC, INC.; NINE RECORDS, INC., Plaintiffs,
v.
DIMENSION FILMS; MIRAMAX FILM CORP., Defendants, NO LIMIT FILMS LLC, Defendant-Appellee.
No. 03-5738 BRIDGEPORT MUSIC, INC.; SOUTHFIELD MUSIC, INC.; NINE RECORDS, INC., Plaintiffs-Appellants, WESTBOUND RECORDS, INC., Plaintiff,
v.
DIMENSION FILMS, et al., Defendants, NO LIMIT FILMS LLC, Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee at Nashville. No. 01-00412—Thomas A. Higgins, District Judge.
Argued: March 28, 2005
Decided and Filed: June 3, 2005
[Citation: 410 F.3d 792 (6th Cir. 2005)]
ARGUED: Richard S. Busch, KING & BALLOW, Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellants. Robert L. Sullivan, LOEB & LOEB, Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Richard S. Busch, D’Lesli M. Davis, KING & BALLOW, Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellants. Robert L. Sullivan, John C. Beiter, LOEB & LOEB, Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellee. Marjorie Heins, BRENNAN CENTER FOR JUSTICE AT NYU SCHOOL OF LAW, New York, New York, Paul M. Smith, JENNER & BLOCK, Washington, D.C., Fred von Lohmann, ELECTRONIC FRONTIER FOUNDATION, San Francisco, California, Todd M. Gascon, LAW OFFICE OF TODD GASCON, San Francisco, California, for Amici Curiae.
Before: GUY and GILMAN, Circuit Judges; BARZILAY, Judge.
# Bridge v. Excelsior Company

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
105 U.S. 618
Bridge v. Excelsior Company
APPEAL from the Circuit Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Missouri.
The case is stated in the opinion of the court.
Mr. Robert H. Parkinson for the appellants.
Mr. Samuel S. Boyd for the appellees.
MR. JUSTICE BRADLEY delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Vallōdi

​Vallōdi.— The name denotes a settlement in the Valluvanād tāluk of Malabar, and has been returned as a sub-division of Nāyar and Sāmantan, to which the Rāja of Valluvanād belongs.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Valuvādi

​Valuvādi.— The Valuvādis are returned, in the Madras Census Report, 1901, as cultivators in the Pudukōttai State. I am informed that the Valuvādis are a section of the Valaiyan caste, to which the Zamindar of Nagaram belongs. The name Valuvādi was originally a title of respect, appended to the name of the Nagaram Zamindars. The name of the present Zamindar is Balasubramanya Valuvādiar. Thirty years ago there is said to have been no Valuvādi caste. Some Valaiyans in prosperous circumstances, and others who became relatives of the Nagaram Zamindar by marriage, have changed their caste name, to show that they are superior in social status to the rest of the community.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Vana Palli

​Vana Palli.— A name, meaning forest Palli, assumed by some Irulas in South Arcot.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Vandula or Vandi Rāja

​Vandula or Vandi Rāja. — A sub-division of Bhatrāzu, named after one Vandi, who is said to have been a herald at the marriage of Siva.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Vandikkāran

​Vandikkāran.— An occupational name for Nāyars who work as cartmen (vandi, cart) for carrying fuel.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Vangu

​Vangu (cave). — A sub-division of Irula.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Vankāyala

​Vankāyala (brinjal or egg plant: Solanum Melongena). — An exogamous sept of Golla. The fruit is eaten by Natives, and, stuffed with minced meat, is a common article of Anglo- Indian dietary.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Vamme

​Vamme.___A gōtra of Janappans, the members of which abstain from eating the fish called bombadai, because, when some of their ancestors went to fetch water in the marriage pot, they found a number of this fish in the water contained in the pot.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Vanki

​Vanki (armlet). — A gōtra of Kurni.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Inigo Jones

From volume 8 of the work.
A famous English architect, b. 15 July, 1573, in London; d. 21 June, 1652, and was buried in the chancel of St. Benet's, Paul's Wharf, London. His father was a clothworker in the neighbourhood of St. Paul's, and a Catholic; the son adhered to his father's faith throughout his fife. Little is known of the first thirty years of his life. Towards the end of the sixteenth century he went to Italy and lived there for many years, principally in Venice. Christian IV, King of Denmark, induced him to leave Italy and accept an appointment at the Danish Court. Buildings are named both in Italy and Denmark as having been designed by Jones, but seemingly without proof. He returned to England in 1601, and for some time was engaged in designing the costly scenery and machinery of the court masques. About 1614 I he again went to Italy, and his notes show that lie studied the writings of Serlio, Vignola, Fontana, Labacco, and Philibert de I'Orme, and was acquainted with the most famous architects then living in Rome He also studied the style of Renaissance architecture known as Palladian. On his return to England he was appointed surveyor to the king. Jones designed the queen's house, Greenwich, the banqueting house, Whitehall, St. Paul's church and the piazza of Covent Garden (burnt to the ground 1795), a portico to old St. Paul's cathedral, parts of Somerset House, the Barber Surgeon's Hall (almost entirely destroyed now), Lindsey House, Shaftesbury House, etc. The Grange, Hants, and other country mansions at Coleshill, Berks, Amesbury, Wilts, Wilton and Raynham Hall, Norfolk. Ile designed the garden front of St. John's College, Oxford, and laid out Lincoln's Inn (the first of the London squares). Jones's later days were filled with adversity, and he died worn out with grief and disappointment. Of his genius as an architect there can be no question, nor can there be any as to his vast influence on the course of architecture in England; but as to the quality of his work and the effect of his influence, opinions differ very widely. His theory of architecture was that "it should be solid, proportional according to the rules, masculine and unaffected". Much of his work, however, is classed as theatrical and his designs were never truly classical. At the request of the king, Jones wrote a book entitled "Stone-Heng Restored" in which he reaches the astonishing conclusion that Stonehenge is the remains of a Roman Temple of the Tuscan order.
BLOMFIELD, A Short History of Renaissance Architecture in England (London, 1900); MOORE, Character of Renaissance Architecture (New York, 1905); BELCHER-MACARTNEY, Later Renaissance Architecture in England (London); GOTCH, Architecture of the Renaissance in England (London, 1891-94).
THOMAS H. POOLE
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Infamy

From volume 8 of the work.
(Lat. in, not, and fama, fame.)
Infamy is loss of a good name. When this has been brought about by regular legal process, terminating in a conviction in a court of justice, no injury is done to the criminal by publishing the fact. The same thing can be said when the scandalous repute in which a person is held is matter of common knowledge. The canon law seems to require a pre-existing public opinion against an individual before the investigation in a judicial inquiry can be narrowed to any particular person. Infamy in the canonical sense is defined as the privation or lessening of one's good name as the result of the bad rating which he has, even among prudent men. It constitutes an irregularity, i.e. a canonical impediment which prevents one being ordained or exercising such orders as he may have already received.
It is twofold in species, infamy of law (infamia juris) and infamy of fact (infamia facti).
Infamy of law is contracted in one of three ways. Either the law itself attaches this juridical ineligibility and incapacity to the commission of certain crimes, or makes it contingent upon the decision of a judge, or finally connects it with the penalty imposed by him. This kind of infamy is incurred chiefly by those guilty of duelling (whether as principals or seconds), rape (as likewise those who co-operate in it), attempt to marry during the lifetime of the actual consort, heresy, real simony, etc. Infamy of law may be removed either by canonical purging or by application to the Holy See.
Infamy of fact is the result of a widespread opinion, by which the community attributes some unusually serious delinquency, such as adultery or the like, to a person. This is more of an unfitness than an irregularity properly so called, unless sentence in court has been pronounced. It ceases therefore when one has shown by a change of life extending over a period of two or probably three years that his repentance is sincere.
TAUNTON, The Law of the Church (London, 1906); SLATER, Manual of Moral Theology (New York, 1908); GASPARRI, De Sacra Ordinatione (Paris, 1893); WERNZ, Jus Decretalium (Rome, 1904).
JOSEPH F. DELANY
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Infralapsarians

From volume 8 of the work.
(Lat., infra lapsum, after the fall).
The name given to a party of Dutch Calvinists in the seventeenth century, who sought to mitigate the rigour of Calvin's doctrine concerning absolute predestination. As already explained (see CALVINISM), the system evolved by Calvin is essentially supralapsarian. The fundamental principle once admitted, that all events in this world proceed from the eternal decrees of God, it seems impossible to avoid the conclusion that the fall of man was not merely foreseen and permitted, as the Catholic doctrine teaches, but postivitely decreed, as a necessary means to the Divine end in creating Man, the manifestation of God's power in condemning, as well as of His mercy in saving, souls. It was this corollary of Calvinism, viz., that God created some men for the express purpose of showing His power through their eternal damnation, that brought on the troubles associated with the name of Arminius (see ARMINIANISM). In their controversies with opponents, within and without the pale of Calvinism, the Infralapsarians had the advantage of being able to use, or abuse, for the purpose of argument, the texts of Scripture and the Fathers which establish the dogma of original sin. But since, to remain Calvinists at all, they were obliged to retain, even if they did not insist upon, the principle that God's decrees can in no wise be influenced or conditioned by anything outside of Himself, the difference between them and the more outspoken Supralapsarians seem to have consisted simply in a divergent phrasing of the same mystery. To the sould which is foreordained to eternal misery without any prevision of its personal demerits, it matters little whether the decree of condemnation date from all eternity or —
   "Five thousand years 'fore its creation,
   Through Adam's cause.
JAMES F. LOUGHLIN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ingulf

From volume 8 of the work.
Abbot of Croyland, Lincolnshire; d. there 17 December 1109. he is first heard of as secretary to William the Conqueror, in which capacity he visited England in 1051. After making a pilgrimage to Jerusalem he entered the Norman monastery of Fontenelle, or Saint-Wandrille, under Abbot Gerbert, who appointed him prior. The English Abbey of Croyland falling vacant, owing to the deposition by Lanfranc of Abbot Ulfeytel, Ingulf was nominated to the office in 1087 at the special instance of King William. he was not only an able but a kindly man, as was shown by his successful efforts to obtain his predecessor's release from Glastonbury, where he was confined, and his return to Peterborough (the house of his profession), where he died. Ingulf governed Croyland for twenty-four years, and with success, though in the face of many difficulties, not the least being his own bad health, for he suffered greatly from gout. Another of his troubles was the partial destruction by fire of the abbey church, with the sacristies, vestments, and books. An event of his abbacy was the interment in Croyland church of the Saxon Earl Walthe of Northumbria, who was executed by William's orders, and was a martyr as well as a national hero in the popular estimation.
ORDERCIUS, VITALIS, Historia Ecclesiastica, pars II, lib. IV (ed. MIGNE, Paris, 1855), 364 [ORDERICUS is the onlly extant authority for the few fact known about Ingulf's life. the chronicle known as his Historia Anglicana, containing many autobiographical details, is a fourteenth-or fifteenth-century forgery]: see also FREEMAN, Conquest of England, IV (Oxford, 1871), 600, 601, 690.
D.O. HUNTER-BLAIR
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Painda

​Painda. — A synonym of Paidi.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Paki

​Paki. — Recorded by the Rev. J. Cain * as a sweeper caste in the Godāvari district, members of which have come from the neighbourhood of Vizagapatam, and are great sticklers for their caste rules.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Pakirithi

​Pakirithi. — Pakirithi or Parigiri, meaning Vaishnavite, is a sub-division of Besthas, who, on ceremonial occasions, wear the Vaishnava sect mark.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Pallavarāyan

​Pallavarāyan.— The title, meaning chief of the Pallavas, of the leader of the Krishnavakakkar in Travancore. Also a sub-division of Ōcchans.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Pakinādu

​Pakinādu.— A territorial sub-division of Kamsalas and other Telugu castes, corresponding to Pākanāti.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Palakala

​Palakala (planks). — An exogamous sept of Kamma.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Paligiri

​Paligiri.— A sub-division of Mutrācha.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Palissa Kollan

​Palissa (shield) Kollan. — A class of Kollans in Malabar, who make leather shields. It is recorded, in the Gazetteer of Malabar, that, at the tāli-kettu ceremony, "the girl and manavālan (bridegroom) go to the tank on the last day of the ceremony. The girl, standing in the tank, ducks her whole body under water thrice. As she does so for the third time, a pāndibali or triangular platter made of cocoanut fronds and pieces of plantain stem and leaf plaited together and adorned with five lighted wicks, is thrown over her into the water, and cut in half as it floats by an enangan, who sings a song called Kālikkakam. Lastly, the girl chops in two a cocoanut placed on the bank. She aims two blows at it, and failure to sever it with a third is considered inauspicious. Among Palissa Kollans and some other castes, the lucky dip ceremony is performed on the last day (called nālām kalyānam or fourth marriage). An enangan, drawing out the packets at random, distributes them to the manavālan, the girl, and himself in turn. It is lucky for the manavālan to get the gold, and the girl the silver. A significant finish to the ceremony in the form of a symbolical divorce is not infrequent in South Malabar at all events. Thus, among the Palissa Kollans the manavalan takes a piece of thread from his mundu (cloth), and gives it, saying 'Here is your sister's acchāram' to the girl's brother, who breaks it in two and puffs it towards him. In other cases, the manavālan gives the girl a cloth on the first day, and cuts it in two, giving her one half on the last; or the manavālan and an enangan of the girl hold opposite ends of a cloth, which the manavālan cuts and tears in two, and then gives both pieces to the girl."
# Carey v. Westinghouse Electric Corporation/Concurrence Harlan

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Concurring Opinion Harlan
* Dissenting Opinion Black
United States Supreme Court
375 U.S. 261
Carey v. Westinghouse Electric Corporation
Argued: Dec. 11 and 12, 1963. --- Decided: Jan 6, 1964
Mr. Justice HARLAN, concurring.
I join the Court's opinion with a brief comment. As is recognized by all, neither position in this case is without its difficulties. Lacking a clear-cut command in the statute itself, the choice in substance lies between a course which would altogether preclude any attempt at resolving disputes of this kind by arbitration, and one which at worst will expose those concerned to the hazard of duplicative proceedings. The undesirable consequences of the first alternative are inevitable, those of the second conjectural. As between the two, I think the Court at this early stage of experience in this area rightly chooses the latter.
Mr. Justice BLACK, with whom Mr. Justice CLARK joins, dissenting.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Carey v. Westinghouse Electric Corporation

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.

## Concurring Opinion

    Harlan

## Dissenting Opinion

    Black
United States Supreme Court
375 U.S. 261
Carey v. Westinghouse Electric Corporation
Argued: Dec. 11 and 12, 1963. --- Decided: Jan 6, 1964
Benjamin C. Sigal, Washington, D.C., argued the cause for petitioner. With him on the briefs were David S. Davidson, Washington, D.C., and Isadore Katz, New York City.
John F. Hunt, Jr., New York City, for respondent.
Archibald Cox, Sol. Gen., for the United States, as amicus curiae, by special leave of Court.
Mr. Justice DOUGLAS delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Carfer v. Caldwell

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
200 U.S. 293
Carfer v. Caldwell
Argued: January 8, 1906. --- Decided: January 22, 1906
Messrs. Lawrence Maxwell, Jr., and William E. Chilton for appellant.
[Argument of Counsel from page 294 intentionally omitted]
Mr. C. T. Caldwell, in propria persona, and Messrs. J. G. McClure, Reese Blizzard, and Caldwell & Watson for appellee.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 294-295 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Chief Justice Fuller delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Catharine Ogie (1815-1825)

CATHARINE OGIE.
To which are added,
DADDY NEPTUNE.
and the
Lincolnshire Knight
EDINBURGH.
RINTED FOR THE BOOKSELLERS.
* Catharine Ogie
* Daddy Neptune
* The Lincolnshire Knight
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse