OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Duncan, John (1721-1808)

​DUNCAN, JOHN, D.D. (1721–1808), miscellaneous writer, was a younger son of Dr. Daniel Duncan, author of some religious tracts, and grandson of Daniel Duncan, M.D. [q. v.], whose memoir (together with an account of the Duncan family) he contributed to the ‘Biographia Britannica.’ He was born 3 Nov. 1721 (School Reg.), entered Merchant Taylors' at the age of twelve, and proceeded thence (1739) to St. John's College, Oxford, as probationary fellow. After graduating (M.A. 1746), and taking holy orders, he became chaplain to the forces, and served with the king's own regiment during the Scots' rebellion in 1746, and afterwards at the siege of St. Philip's, Minorca. Made D.D. by decree of convocation in 1757, he was presented six years later to the college living of South Warnborough, Hampshire, which he retained until his death at Bath, 28 Dec. 1808. He published a sermon on ‘The Defects and Dangers of a Pharisaical Righteousness,’ Glasgow, 1751; ‘An Address to the Rational Advocates for the Church of England,’ by Phileleutherus Tyro (1759); ‘The Evidence of Reason in Proof of the Immortality of the Soul. Collected from the manuscripts of Mr. Baxter (by J. D.), to which is prefixed a letter from the editor to Dr. Priestley’ (1779); and a poetical ‘Essay on Happiness, in four books,’ which went through a second edition in 1772, besides tracts and other fugitive pieces.
C. J. R.
# Diary of the times of Charles II/Volume 1/Mr. Godolphin to Mr. Sidney, February 3, 1680

MR. GODOLPHIN TO MR. SIDNEY.
February 3rd, 1680.
I am very glad to be able to tell you that your quarter is paid, and I take it to be no small proof of my zeal to serve you, considering how hard it is with us; but you are such an Englishman, that one makes one's-self popular by soliciting for you, so that the merit is quite taken from me on that account. My Lord Sunderland will write to you of many things that I will not trouble you with. ​ I will only tell you that, in my opinion, such a letter as he desires the Prince should write to the Duke, to meet him at his arrival here, may be of great good effect; therefore, pray farther it; the King is very firm, and I don't doubt but he will continue so.
# Diary of the times of Charles II/Volume 1/Lady Sunderland to Mr. Sidney, December 26

LADY SUNDERLAND TO MR. SIDNEY.
December 26.
That you had no letter from me last post was not my fault, but my being sick, and taking ​physick. The same I have done to-day; but I cannot let another post go without writing, though I died for it. In the first place, never say more of those silly things, which I am sure you can't believe yourself, for I can never hear enough, nor often enough, from you. I think I need give you no answer to your last, for ere this you know the prorogation is over till the 11th November; yet it has no other effect but a general dissatisfaction, which, under the circumstances in which we lie, is not like to grow less. As for any alliance with France, be assured that nothing was ever more unlikely than that. I can say no more, but do conjure you speedily to come over, for you are more wanted now than you can imagine, not only for the account of friendship in my particular, but for the main; therefore pray ask leave quickly. But by the next tell me what seven extraordinary good black Dutch coach-horses will cost, for I have a mind to have a set.
Pray keep our friend right with the Prince; he will always deserve it, and, with your assistance, I hope he will be wise and not be undone. If my eyes would let me, I would say more: I am for ever yours.
# Diary of the times of Charles II/Volume 1/Lord Halifax to Mr. Sidney, August 18

LORD HALIFAX TO MR. SIDNEY.
London, August 18, 79.
I am to thank you for two of yours, the last of which was delivered first to me. I will say little to the kind part of either of them, my good ​opinion of you having been so long fixed, and being every day increased by your repeated marks of friendship, that all I can say of it is, that it is at its full growth, and I could wish no more for ​the good of the world than that the public friendships were as well established where we would place them. You will have it from better hands that the project you mention is not approved of ​here; and, presuming that you will he told the reasons at the same time, I do believe you will acquiesce in them. Other men may propose to themselves other hopes, but mine are all restrained to the person and character of the Prince, whose interest with the States and influence upon the country is that which must keep things firm and steady, and, without that, I look upon every thing there as floating and changeable, and their government would be as unsafe to build an alliance, as most of their ground is to build a house upon. But from the good sense and vigour of the Prince I hope every thing; and pray, as the best and kindest office you can do me, endeavour to represent me as I am towards him, and you shall not run any hazard of forfeiting your credit with him by engaging for me. You will remember to say something for roe to Monsieur Van Beuninghen: thus you see how little scruple I make to trouble you with my small commissions.
I go to Windsor to-morrow for some days, being forced to live between both, neither here nor there, which is not so pleasant a method as that I should make it my choice; but it must be submitted to. When the elections are all made, we shall be able to give some judgment of the complexion of the ​Parliament, and so give a near guess what we are to hope and fear from their meeting.
We dined the other day at Sheen, where you were remembered, as you shall ever be, with particular kindness, by
Your most faithful, humble servant,
Halifax.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Card, Henry

​CARD, HENRY (1779–1844), miscellaneous writer, born at Egham, Surrey, in 1779, was educated at Westminster School and Pembroke College, Oxford, where he entered in 1797. He proceeded B.A. 1800, M.A. 1805, B. and D.D. 1823 (Cat. of Oxford Graduates). In 1815 he was presented to the vicarage of Greet Malvern, Worcestershire, and in 1832 to that of Dormington, Herefordshire. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society 2 March 1820 (Royal Society Lists of Council, &c.), and was also fellow of the Society of Antiquaries and of the Royal Historical Society. He died at Great Malvern 4 Aug. 1844.
He wrote: l. ‘The History of the Revolutions of Russia,' 2nd ed. 1804. 2. ‘Historical Outlines of the Rise and Establishment of the Papal Power,’ Margate, 1804. 3. ‘Thoughts on Domestic or Private Education,' 1807. 4. ‘The Reign of Charlemagne, considered chiefly with reference to Religion, Laws, Literature, and Manners,' 1807. 5. ‘Literary Recreations,' Liverpool, 2nd ed. 1811. 6. ‘Beauford, or a Picture of High Life, a novel,' 2 vols. 1811. 7. ‘An Essay an the Holy Eucharist,' 1814. 8. ‘The Brother-in-Law, a comedy,’ Lee Priory Private Press, 1817. 9. ‘A Dissertation on the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper, or the futation of the Hoadlyan Scheme of it,’ 4th ed. 1821. 10. ‘The Uses of the Athanasian Creed explained and vindicated, a sermon’ 4th ed. Worester, 1825. 11. 'A Letter to the Duke of Wellington on the Reasonableness of a Church Reform,’ 1830. 12. ‘A Dissertation on the Antiquities of the Priory of Great Malvern,' 1834.
[Gent. Mag. 1844, xxii. 651-2; Brit. Mus. Cat.]
F. W-t.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cardon, Anthony

​CARDON, ANTHONY (1772–1813), engraver, was the son and pupil of Antoine Alexandre Joseph Cardon, a Flemish painter and engraver, who engraved a portrait of George, prince of Wales (1766), and was employed on plates for Hamilton's ‘Etruscan Antiquities.’ He was born in 1772 at Brussels and took many prizes at the Academy there. During the troubles in the Low Countries in 1792 he came to England, with a letter of introduction to Mr. Colnaghi, who gave him immediate employment, and he became known by his engravings for book illustration. He studied three years under his friend Schiavonetti, and in 1807 received the gold medal of the Society of Arts for his engraving of the ‘Battle of Alexandria,’ after De Loutherbourg. He also engraved the ‘Battle of Maida,’ after the same artist; plates of the ‘Campaign against Tippoo Sahib;’ the ‘Presentation of Catharine of France to Henry V of England,’ after Stothard; ‘Salvator Mundi,’ after Carlo Dolci; ‘The Woman taken in Adultery,’ after Rubens; ‘The Rustic Minstrel,’ ‘Innocent Captivation,’ and ‘The Storming of Seringapatam,’ after Singleton, and portraits of George III, Mr. Pitt, Madame Récamier, the Duchess of Beaufort, the Emperor Alexander, Napoleon, &c., after various artists. He engraved in stipple and had attained considerable reputation when he died from over-application on 17 Feb. 1813, in London Street, Fitzroy Square. His son, Philip Cardon, was educated as an engraver, drew beautifully in Indian work, and died about 1817.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists, 1878; Bryan's Dict. of Painters (Graves), Nagler's Künstler-Lexicon; Gent. Mag. 1808, 1813, and 1816.]
C. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cardmaker, John

1904 Errata appended.
​CARDMAKER (alias Taylor), JOHN (d. 1555), martyr, was originally an Observant friar, who, after the dissolution of his order under the persecution which Henry VIII specially directed against it, lapsed into the world, and became a married minister. His name is found in the list of licensed preachers of Edward VI (Dixon, Ch. of Engl. n. 486), He was vicar of St. Bridget's in Fleet Street, and one of the readers or lecturers at St. Paul's, where he read three timea a week. Some of his sayings against Gardiner and Bonner, and concerning the sacrament, are preserved (Grey Friars' Chron. 50, 67, 63), On Somerset's first fall, when a religious re- ​action was vainly expected, he spoke strongly in his lecture against the victorious faction of Warwick. ‘Cardmaker said in his lecture that, though he had a fall, he was not undone, and that men should not have their purposes; and also he said that men would have set up again their popish mass' (ib. 64). Soon after this he was made prebendary and chancellor of Wells, where he ejected a schoolmaster, preached and lectured often, and shared the troubles of the new appointed dean, Turner (Tytler, Edw. VI and Mary, i. 373). When the persecution broke out under Mary, Cardmaker and his bishop, William Barlow [q. v.] of Bath and Walls, came to London disguised as merchants, and vainly attempted to escape over sea, November 1554 (Machyn, Diary, 75). The were cast into the Fleet, where they lay till January, when the chancellor Gardiner, and others in commission, began to have the accumulated prisoners for religion, who amounted to about eighty, brought before them at St. Mary's Overy. Barlow submitted and escaped. Cardmaker, who was examined on the same day (28 Jan.) as Hooper and Crome, was understood also to have recanted (Machyn; Sampson's Letter to Calvin, 23 Feb., Orig. Lett. p. 171), and was remanded to the Counter in Bread Street, with the prospect of speedy deliverance. But his compliances were only, as he himself said, ‘by a policy' (Strype, Ann. v. 432). He was reanimated, it was thought, in his new prison by the zeal of Saunders, his fellow-captive, and a second inquiry was made into his opinions. He was brought before Bonner on 26 May 1556, examined in several articles, cast for heresy, and committed to Newgate, whence he was carried to Smithfield on 30 May and burnt alive in the company of one Warne, an upholsterer. Of the proceedings against Cardmaker, Foxe gives a full account, and Strype (ut supra) added some important particulars from the ‘Foxii MSS.'
[Foxe's Martyrs and authorities cited above.]
R. W. D.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.53 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 40 | i | 8 | Cardmaker, John: for Soon after this he was made read In 1547 he had been made |
| | | 16 f.e. | add to authorities Cooper's Athenæ Cantab. 126–7 |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gargrave, George

​GARGRAVE, GEORGE (1710–1785), mathematician, born at Leyburn, Yorkshire, in 1710, was educated by his uncle, John Crow, a schoolmaster in that place. Under him he acquired a considerable knowledge of the classics and mathematics. His natural bent was towards astronomy, and in after life he was reputed one of the best proficients in the less recondite branches of that science in the north of England. In 1745 he became associated with Joseph Randall in the management of the academy at Heath, near Wakefield. The academy, though of good repute, did not pay, and was given up in 1754. Gargrave then started at Wakefield a mathematical school, with such success that in 1768 he retired on a handsome competency. He died on 7 Dec. 1785, and was buried in the churchyard at Wensley. Gargrave was a musician of some skill, and his handwriting was remarkably clear and fine. He possessed a large and well-selected library, and a fine collection of astronomical and other scientific apparatus. He contributed to the ‘Gentleman's Magazine’ a translation of Dr. Halley's ‘Dissertation on the Transit of Venus’ (1760, p. 265); ‘Observations on the Transit of Venus’ (1761, p. 296); on the same subject (1769, pp. 278–9); ‘Observations of an Eclipse of the Moon’ (1776, p. 357); and ‘Memoirs of Mr. Abraham Sharp, mathematician, mechanic, and astronomer’ (1781, p. 461). He also left a manuscript treatise on the doctrine of the sphere.
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Garner, Thomas

​GARNER, THOMAS (1789–1868), engraver, born at Birmingham in 1789, received instruction in the art of engraving from Samuel Lines [q. v.] He resided in Birmingham nearly all his life, and was an active promoter of the study of art in that town. He was one of the founders of the Antique Academy there, subsequently known as the 'Royal Birmingham Society of Artists.' As an engraver he did some of his best work for the annuals then in vogue, and also in subjects of local interest and portraits of local celebrities. He was employed to engrave several plates for the 'Art Journal,' and it is by these that he is best known. They included the 'Mountaineer' after P. F. Poole, R.A.; the 'Grecian Vintage' after T. Stothard, R.A.; 'L'Allegro' after W. E. Frost, R.A.; 'Il Penseroso' after J. C. Horsley, R.A.; 'Chastity' after W. E. Frost, R.A.; 'H.R.H. Princess Charlotte' after Sir Thomas Lawrence, P.R.A.; and the 'Village Diorama' after T. Webster, R.A. Garner was of a modest and unassuming disposition and so was little known, but he was very much esteemed for his cultivated knowledge and artistic skill. He died at Birmingham, 14 July 1868.
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Garnett, Jeremiah

​GARNETT, JEREMIAH (1793–1870), journalist, younger brother of Richard Garnett [q. v.], was born at Otley in Yorkshire, 2 Oct. 1793. After being apprenticed to a printer at Barnsley, he entered the office of 'Wheeler's Manchester Chronicle' about 1814, and with a brief interruption continued there until 1821, when he joined John Edward Taylor [q. v.] in establishing the 'Manchester Guardian.' The first days of this now potent journal were days of struggle. Garnett was printer, business manager, and sole reporter. He took his notes in a rough shorthand extemporised by himself, and frequently composed them without the intervention of any written copy. As the paper gained ground his share in the literary management increased, and in January 1844 he became sole editor upon the death of his partner, a position which he held until his retirement in 1861. During these forty years he exerted very great influence on the public opinion of Manchester and Lancashire generally, the admirable management of the 'Guardian' causing it to be largely read, both by tories and leaguers, who had little sympathy with its moderate liberal politics. He was active as a police commissioner, and in obtaining a charter of incorporation for the city. His pen and his advice were highly influential behind the scenes; but his public appearances were infrequent. The most important was on the occasion of the expulsion of Thomas Milner Gibson and John Bright from the representation of Manchester in 1857, which was almost entirely due to his initiative. As a man he was upright and benevolent, but singularly averse to display; as a writer for the press his principal characteristics were strong common-sense and extreme clearness of style. After his retirement he lived in Scotland and at Sale in Cheshire, where he died on 27 Sept. 1870.
R. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Garnett, John

The ODNB pushes Garnett's birth a year or two earlier, and corrects the name of Philip Skelton's biographer; other sources dispute that John Garnett, Dean of Exeter was the Bishop's son. 1904 Errata appended.
​GARNETT, JOHN (1709–1782), bishop of Clogher, was born at Lambeth in 1709. His father, John Garnett, was rector of Sigglesthorne, in the East Riding of Yorkshire. His grandfather had been vicar of Kilham, and his great-grandfather a merchant in Newcastle. He graduated at Cambridge B.A. in 1728, and M.A. in 1732; was fellow of Sidney Sussex College, and Lady Margaret preacher to the university. In 1751 he went to Ireland as chaplain to the Duke of Dorset, lord-lieutenant, and in 1752 became bishop of Ferns, whence he was translated to Clogher in 1758. A very favourable account of his conduct in that see is given by Lynam, the biographer of Philip Skelton [q. v.], who calls him `a prelate of great humility, and a friend to literature and religion. Though he had but one eye he could discover men of merit.' Garnett's patronage of Skelton no doubt propitiated Skelton's biographer; but it is nevertheless evident that it would require an exceptional bishop to discern the claims of so exceptional a genius, a kind of Patrick Bronte plus great learning and first-rate abilities, who, says Lynam, `would have continued in a wild part of the country all his days had not Providence placed Dr. ​Garnett in the see of Clogher, who was remarkable for promoting men distinguished for literary qualifications.' Elsewhere Lynam calls him 'a pious, humble, good-natured man, a generous encourager of Literature, kind to his domestics, and justly esteemed by all those who had an opportunity of knowing his virtues.' Campbell, in his `Philosophical Tour,' confirms this account. The only work of Garnett, besides some occasional sermons, is his `Dissertation on the Book of Job,' 1749 (second edition 1752), a work now perhaps best remembered from Lord Morton's remark on seeing it at the Duke of Newcastle's, to whom it was dedicated, that it was `a very proper book for the ante-chamber of a prime minister.' In fact it possesses other merits than the inculcation of patience; the author's theory, by which the book of Job is referred to the period of the captivity, and the patriarch regarded as the type of the oppressed nation of Israel, being remarkably bold and original for a divine of the eighteenth century. The execution is unfortunately in striking contrast, being prolix to a degree which would have taxed all Job's patience, and surpasses ours. Garnett died in Dublin 1 March 1782. His son, John Garnett, was appointed dean of Exeter in February 1810, and died 11 March 1813, in the sixty-fifth year of his age.
R. G.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.133 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 5 6 | ii i | 14 f.e. 3 f.e. 3 33 | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ Garnett, John: for Lynam read Burdy |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Garland, Augustine

1904 Errata appended.
​GARLAND, AUGUSTINE (fl. 1660), regicide son of Augustine Garland, attorney, of Coleman Street, London, by his first wife, Ellen, daughter of Jasper Whitteridge of London, was baptised 13 Jan. 1602(Visitation of London, 1633-5, i. 301; Register of St. Antholin's, Budge Row, London, p. 41; Smyth, Obituary, p. 14). In 1618 Garland was admitted a pensioner of Emmanuel College, Cambridge (Brit. Mus. Addit. MS., Cole, 5870, f. 168), and on leaving the university became a member of Lincoln's Inn. By the death of his father, in 1637, he succeeded to property in Essex at Hornchurch and Waltham-holy-Cross, and at Queenborough in the island of Sheppey (will of Augustine Garland the Elder, P.C.C. 9, Lee). In his recount of himself at his trial Garland says: 'I lived in Essex at the beginning of these troubles, and I was enforced to forsake my habitation. I came from thence to London, where I behaved myself fairly in my way' (Trials of the Regicides, ed. 1660, p. 264). On 26 May 1648 Garland was elected member for Queenborough in place of Sir E. Hales, expelled (Return of Names of Members of Parliament p. 490). He signed the protest against acceptance of the king's concessions (20 Dec. 1648), was appointed one of his judges, and acted as chairman of the committee selected to consider the method of the king's trial (Walker, Hist. of Independency, ed. 1661, ii. 48; Nalson, Trial of Charles I, pp. 10, 14). 'I could not shrink for fear of my own destruction,' pleaded Garland on his own trial. 'I did not know which way to be safe in anything—without doors was misery, within doors mischief' (Trial of the Regicides, p. 265). He attended twelve out of the sixteen meetings of the court, was present when was given, and signed the death warrant. Garland continued to sit in the Long parliament until its expulsion by Cromwell, took no part in public affairs under the protectorate, and was recalled to his place in parliament in May 1659 (Old Parliamentary Hist. xxi. 375). On 9 May 1660 he appeared before the lord mayor of London and claimed the benefit of the king's declaration. Nevertheless he was put on his trial, and on 16 Oct. 1660 condemned to death. Besides his share
in the trial he was accused of spitting in the king's face as Charles was led away from
Westminster Hall after being sentenced. Garland strenuously denied the charge, saying, 'If I was guilty of this inhumanity I desire no favour from God Almighty' (Trial, p. 264). The death sentence was not put into execution, but Garland's property was confiscated, and he was kept prisoner in the Tower. A warrant for his conveyance to Tangiers was issued on 31 March 1664, but whether he was actually transported is uncertain (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1633-4, p. 536).
C. H. F.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.131 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 436 | ii | 14 | Garland, Augustine: for Tangiers read Tangier |
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Cletus or Anacletus

​Cletus or Anacletus, "le même que St. Clet, comme les savants en conviennent" (L’Art de vérif. les dates, i. 218). Eusebius calls him Anencletus, and says that he was succeeded in the see of Rome by Clement in the twelfth year of Domitian, having himself sat there twelve years. According to this, his own consecration would have fallen in the first year of Domitian, or A.D. 81; but it is variously dated by others (cf. Gieseler, E. H. § 32 with note 4, Eng. tr.). Eusebius indeed nowhere says that he succeeded Linus, or was the second bp. of Rome: yet he places him between Linus, whom he calls the first bishop, and Clement, whom he calls third. Other ancient authorities make Clement the first bishop (see Clinton, F. R. ii. 399). Rohrbacher, on the strength of a list attributed to pope Liberius, places Clement after Linus, Cletus after Clement, and another pope named Anencletus after Cletus (E. H. iv. 450). This Gieseler calls "the modern Roman view." [But for this question of the succession of the Roman bishops, see Lightfoot, Clement of Rome, part i. pp. 201‒345; of which Bp. Westcott says (Preface to Lightfoot), "Perhaps it is not too much to say that the question of the order of the first five bps. of Rome is now finally settled."] Three spurious epistles have the name of Anacletus affixed to them in the Pseudo-Isidorian collection (Migne, Patr. cxxx. 59 and seq.).
[E.S.FF.]