OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1906)/Munich, University of

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Munich, University of, an important German university, located m Munich, Bavaria. It had its beginning in the Studium Generale of Ingolstadt, founded by the Emperor Ludwig, with a special bull of approval by the Pope, Pius II., in 1459. The University of Ingolstadt opened its doors in 1472; and after more than three centuries of continuous struggle and growth, and during which time it remained in the faith and under the influence of the Church of Rome, it was removed by Ludwig Maximilian in 1800 to Landshut. In 1826 it was reorganized and transferred to Munich, where with increased facilities it has grown steadily in attendance and influence. The university has faculties of theology, law, medicine, philosophy, political science, etc., and numerous seminars and clinics, a botanical garden, museums, laboratories, and an observatory; and has access to the libraries, museums, and art treasures of the city. The University Library contains almost half a million volumes, besides many manuscripts, pamphlets and records. The professors and instructors number about 200 and more than 4,000 students are in average attendance. The annual income averages $250,000, in large part contributed by the government. Affiliated with the university are the Collegium Georgianum, for the education of Roman Catholic priests, founded in 1494, and the Maximilianum, a secondary school, founded 1852.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1906)/Mungo, Saint

* related portals: Kentigern.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
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Mun'go, Saint, or Kentigern, the patron saint of Glasgow: b. Culross about 518; d. Glasgow 13 Jan. 603. He was baptized and brought up by Saint Serf, the head of a monastery at Culross. His name, Kentigern or Cyndegyrn (from ken and tigearna), means head lord, and it is said that it was exchanged by the brethren of the monastery for Mungo, the beloved, on account of the affection they bore him. On leaving Culross Kentigern took up his abode as a missionary priest near the site of the present Glasgow. Here he was chosen bishop, but having troubles with the king of the Strathclyde Britons, afterward took refuge at Saint David's in Wales, and while in that region founded a religious establishment under a follower named Asaph, which afterward became the seat of the bishopric of Saint Asaph. Rederech, king of the Strathclyde Britons, recalled him to Glasgow, where he acquired a character of great sanctity. The city arms of Glasgow are associated with various legends concerning Saint Mungo, and the cathedral is supposed to be built on the site of his monastery. The parish of Saint Enoch, in Glasgow, is so called from a corruption of his mother's name (Theneu). A Life, written by Jocelyn of Furness about 1180, was published in Pinkerton's 'Vitæ Antiqua Sanctorum Scotiæ.' Consult: Skene, 'Celtic Scotland.'
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1906)/Municipal Art Societies

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Municipal Art Societies, organizations in the various large cities of the United States, devoted to the promotion of municipal art, and the making of the city beautiful. Among these organizations are the Municipal Art Societies of New York, Chicago, Cincinnati and Baltimore; the American Park and Out-Door Association; the Fairmount Park Association, etc. See Art, American; Park.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1906)/Mundt, Theodor

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Mundt, Theodor, German author: b. Potsdam, Prussia, 19 Sept. 1808; d. Berlin 30 Nov. 1861. He studied at the University of Berlin, and in 1842 became private docent there. In 1848 he was appointed professor of literature and history at the University of Breslau, and in 1850 was recalled to Berlin as University librarian and professor. He belonged to the "Young German" school, was a Radical in politics, and favored the emancipation of women. His writings include: 'Madonna, Unterhaltung mit einer Heiligen' (1840), a memoir of Charlotte Stieglitz; the novels, 'Thomas Münzer,' 'Carmela' (1844); 'Mendoza, der Vater der Schelme' (1847); 'Die Matadore' (1850); the critical and historical works, 'Kunst der Deutschen Prosa' (1837); 'Geschichte der Gesellschaft'; 'Geschichte der Weltlitteratur'; 'Geschichte der Litteratur der Gegenwart' (1852); and political sketches included in 'Parlser Kaiserskizzen' (1856); 'Paris nd Louis Napoleon' (1858); 'Italienlsche Zustãnde' (1859-60).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1906)/Mungoos

    See also 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ichneumon
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Mun'goos, or Mongoose, an ichneumon (Herpestes griseus), common in many parts of India, and closely akin to the Egyptian species ichneumon (q.v.). The mungoos is a burrowing, nocturnal, weasel-like animal tawny yellowish-gray, 16 or 17 inches long, and with a long thick terete tail. It kills numerous birds, sucking their blood and leaving the body uneaten. It also with great adroitness seizes and kills many snakes, the formidable cobra included, usually avoiding the serpent's stroke by its quickness. Its excitement and ferocity in these encounters is almost indescribable. It is, however, commonly domesticated as a mouser in the Orient, and has been colonized in various parts of the world to destroy vermin, usually with sad results; hence the bringing of a living one into the United States has been forbidden by law since 1902. This animal was introduced into Jamaica and some other islands of the West Indies about 1872, and later in Hawaii, in the expectation that it would overcome the plague of rats in the sugar plantations. It did so, but it multiplied excessively, killed off poultry and insect-eating birds, reptiles and mammals, which were useful. Many of these animals changed their habits somewhat to accommodule themselves to the novel enemy, and the mungoos does not now multiply so rapidly as at first, and does less damage. The same experience was had elsewhere, and has warned other countries to avoid a repetition of it. Consult: Blanford, 'Fauna of British India: Mammals' (1889); Morris, 'The Mungoos on Sugar Estates in the West Indies' (1884); and 'The Field' (London, 13 July 1895).
# The Danish Warrior’s Death Song

* The Danish Warrior’s Death Song from The Keepsake, 1828, unsigned.
* The Danish Warrior’s Death Song from The Vow of the Peacock and Other Poems, 1835.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Brownrigg, Major Henry Studholme

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​Brownrigg, Major Henry Studholme, second son of General John Studholme Brownrigg, C.B., by Katherine, second daughter of the Right Hon. Sir H. W. Williams Wynn, G.C.H., was born on March 18th, 1843, and married on April 26th, 1881, Alice, daughter of R. L. Waters, Dublin. He entered the army as ensign in the Rifle Brigade in April 1861, and became lieutenant in 1865, captain in 1873, and major in 1881. Major Brownrigg, who passed the final examination at the Staff College in 1875, distinguished himself in the Afghan campaign of 1878 and 1879, being mentioned in despatches and given brevet rank as major. He was employed with the local forces in Victoria from Sept. 1883 to Sept. 1888, when he succeeded Colonel Disney as commandant, with the local rank of lieutenant-colonel. This position he held till Nov. 1889, when he returned to England, and has since been employed in India.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Bryce, Hon. John

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​Bryce, Hon. John, is one of the oldest settlers in New Zealand, having been brought to the colony as a child in 1840. He came into prominence during the Maori war, and was lieutenant in a troop of yeomanry cavalry at the time of the Hauhau advance upon Wanganui. It was on this occasion that an incident occurred which was made the foundation of a grave charge against Mr. Bryce by Mr. G. W. Rusden (q.v.) in his History of New Zealand. While Lieutenant Bryce, with his cavalry, was patrolling to the north of Wanganui, a number of Maoris were observed looting farm-buildings, and a sortie was made upon them by the troops. It was asserted by Mr. Rusden, from information alleged to have been communicated through Bishop Hadfield and Sir Arthur Gordon, that Mr. Bryce dashed upon native women and children, "cutting them down gleefully and with ease." Subsequently, Mr. Bryce went to England, and brought an action for libel against Mr. Rusden, when the jury awarded him, £5000 damages, as it was proved in evidence that there were no women present, and that the charge against Mr. Bryce was completely baseless. The late Baron Huddleston presided at the trial, and Sir John Gorst appeared for Mr. Rusden. In 1871 Mr. Bryce entered Parliament as member for Wanganui, and on Oct. 8th, 1879, he accepted office under Sir John Hall as Minister for Native Affairs. About this time a tokunga ​(priest) named Te Whiti had began to give the Government some trouble by his resistance to settlement and claims to independent and supernatural power. As he had collected in his pa a large number of natives whose attitude was threatening, Mr. Bryce deemed the time had come for energetic action. Not being able to persuade his colleagues to agree with him, he retired from the Ministry, though continuing to give it a general support. Nine months afterwards he rejoined the Hall Government to carry out the native policy he had formerly unsuccessfully urged upon his colleagues. On Nov. 5th, 1881, he occupied Parihaka with a large force consisting of the armed constabulary and volunteers, and arrested Te Whiti and Tohu, one of his chief followers, as well as a notorious murderer named Hiroki, who was afterwards executed. The action was much criticised at the time. Mr. Bryce continued to hold office in the Atkinson and Whitaker Ministries till August 16th, 1884. In 1882 he carried through the House "The West Coast Peace Preservation Bill" by which Te Whiti and Tohu were imprisoned during Her Majesty's pleasure. He also passed the Amnesty Bill, which granted an amnesty to natives who had committed crimes during the war. By the provisions of this bill the notorious Te Kooti obtained a free pardon. Mr. Bryce was re-elected for Wanganui in 1890, and led the opposition to the Ballance Ministry. In Sept. 1891, however, he resigned his seat in the House, owing to a vote of censure having been passed upon certain expressions used by him in debate reflecting on the conduct of the Premier, and which he (Mr. Bryce) regarded as in no sense unparliamentary or objectionable.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Buckley, Hon. Sir Patrick Alphonsus

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​Buckley, Hon. Sir Patrick Alphonsus, K.C.M.G., M.L.C., Attorney-General, New Zealand, is the second son of the late C. Buckley, and was born near Castle Townsend, in county Cork, in 1841. He received his primary education in the well-known Mansion House in the city of Cork, and was afterward at college in Paris till he entered the University of Louvain in Belgium. While in Louvain Count Carlo Macdonell, Private Chamberlain to the Pope, in passing through, selected young Buckley to conduct the recruits for the Irish Papal Brigade from Ostend to Vienna. There he gave them over to the papal authorities, who were waiting to receive them. After the Piedmontese had taken possession of the Papal States, Mr. Buckley returned to his college, and after completing his studies, went home to Ireland. From thence he emigrated to Queensland, where shortly after his arrival he completed his legal studies under the supervision of the present Chief Justice, Sir Charles Lilley. Mr. Buckley was also admitted to the Victorian Bar. After a short residence in Queensland he settled in New Zealand, and commenced practice in Wellington in partnership with Mr. W. S. Reid, the present Solicitor-General; but he is now the head of the well-known legal firm of Buckley, Stafford and Treadwell. Shortly after his arrival in Wellington he entered the Provincial Council. He was Provincial Solicitor for the last administration under that régime until the abolition of the provinces. He was called to the Legislative Council of New Zealand in 1878, and in Sept. 1884 became Colonial Secretary in the Stout-Vogel administration, and leader of the Upper House. He retired with his colleagues in Oct. 1887. In Jan. 1891, on the return of the liberal party to power, Mr. Buckley joined the administration under Mr. Ballance as Attorney-General, and resumed the leadership in the Legislative Council, where he had to confront a decidedly hostile majority. Mr. Buckley has taken a warm interest in the volunteer movement, and was for six years captain of the present D Battery of Wellington (then known as ​No. 1), which was raised by himself. Mr. Buckley married Alice, the only daughter of the late Hon. Sir William Fitzherbert, K.C.M.G. (q.v.). On May 25th, 1892, he was gazetted K.C.M.G.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Brunton, William

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​Brunton, William, M.I.C.E., a highly ingenious inventor, was the third son of William Brunton, also a well-known inventor, and was born at Birmingham on April 3rd, 1817. In 1847 he was appointed Resident Engineer of the West Cornwall Railway, Chief Engineer of the Punjab Railway in 1865, and District Engineer of Railways in Southland, New Zealand, in 1871. Mr. Brunton, who died at Wellington, New Zealand, on June 13th, 1881, invented an apparatus for washing and separating ores from their matrix, known as "Brunton's Endless Cloth," and also a fuse-making machine, the secret of which has never been divulged, but which at once reduced the selling price of fuse by 75 per cent Mr. Brunton became M.I.C.E. in March 1854.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Buchanan, Hon. David

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​Buchanan, Hon. David, M.L.C., fifth son of William Buchanan, of Edinburgh, advocate, was born in that city in 1832, and educated at the High School there. He emigrated to Australia in 1852, and entered the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as member for Morpeth in 1860, and was elected twice for East Macquarie, which he represented from 1863 to 1866. He went to England in 1867, and entered at the Middle Temple in November of that year, being called to the bar in June 1869. He then returned to New South Wales, and practised his profession, being elected to the Legislative Assembly for East Sydney in 1870, and twice returned for the Goldfields. Though outvoted at Mudgee in 1879, he was ultimately declared duly elected. As a politician Mr. Buchanan gained prominence by his sturdy championship of fiscal protection. He revisited England in 1886, and published a selection from his orations and speeches. Having unsuccessfully contested Balmain at the general election in Jan. 1889, he was nominated to the Legislative Council. He died on April 3rd, 1890.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Budge, Alexander Campbell

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​Budge, Alexander Campbell, J.P., Clerk of the Executive Council, New South Wales, entered the Civil Service of that colony in Nov. 1858, and was appointed to his present office in Oct. 1863.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Brunker, Hon. James Nixon

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​Brunker, Hon. James Nixon, M.L.A., late Minister of Lands, New South Wales, has represented East Maitland in the Legislative Assembly of that colony for a number of years; and was Secretary for Lands under Sir Henry Parkes from July to August 1888. When the last Parkes Government was formed in March 1889 Mr. Brunker was reappointed to the Lands Department, and held a seat in the Cabinet until Oct 1891, when he retired with his colleagues.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Buckland, Rev. John Richard

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​Buckland, Rev. John Richard, son of the Rev. John Buckland, Rector of Templeton, Devonshire, and a nephew of Dr. William Buckland, Dean of Westminster, was born on August 3rd, 1819. He received his early education from his father at Laleham, and was then sent to Rugby, of which school his uncle, Dr. Arnold, was at the time head master. At the age of seventeen he went to Oxford, where he held a studentship at Christ Church. After taking his degree he determined to emigrate to the colonies, and sailed for New Zealand, but in consequence of the unsettled state of affairs in that colony he removed to Tasmania, arriving in Hobart in Feb, 1843. He was for a time second master of the Queen's School, of which the Rev. J. P. Gell was head master. On the closing of that school he opened a private school. In 1845 he was ordained. In 1846 the prospectus of a Church of England Grammar School was issued, and on August 3rd in that year the school, named "The Hutchins School" in memory of Archdeacon Hutchins, was opened at Hobart, with Mr. Buckland as head master. It soon became one of the leading schools of the colony, a position which it has ever since maintained, a large number of the most prominent men of Tasmania having received their education at the Hutchins School. Mr. Buckland held the post of head master for twenty-eight years, until his death, which took place at Hobart on Oct. 13th, 1874.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Bruce, Lieut.-Col. John

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​Bruce, Lieut.-Col. John, sometime Commandant, Western Australia, was born in 1808, and entering the army, was an officer in the 16th and 18th Regiments of Foot. He went to Western Australia with his regiment, and was for twenty years Staff-officer of Pensioners and Commandant of Western Australia. He was Acting Governor of the colony in Feb. 1862, and from Nov. 1868 to Sept. 1869, during the interim between the departure of Governor Hampton and the arrival of Governor Weld. He died on Nov. 5th, 1870, at the age of sixty-two.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Buckley, William

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​Buckley, William, known as the " Wild White Man," was a native of Macclesfield, England, where he was born about 1780. He was originally a bricklayer, but entered the Cheshire Militia, and subsequently the Fourth or King's Own Regiment of the Line. For some act of mutiny, or, as other authorities state, for receiving stolen goods, he was sentenced to transportation, and was sent to Australia by H.M.S. Calcutta, with the convict party which landed at Port Phillip (afterwards Victoria) under Collins in 1803. Whilst engaged in forming what proved an abortive settlement, Buckley and two convict comrades escaped into the bush, a third being shot in the attempt to do so. The escapees only mustered a trifling supply of rations—a gun, some tin pots and a kettle, and were soon worn out with fatigue and hunger, and the fear of being murdered by the Blacks. From Swan Island they took a view of the Calcutta, and so tired were they of their newly acquired freedom that they signalled their late taskmasters, with a view of returning to bondage rather than endure any longer the isolation and terrors of their lot. They could not, however, make themselves observed, and Buckley's two comrades decided to skirt along the shore with the view of regaining the Calcutta from the spot where they had made their escape. They both, however, perished, whether by hunger or otherwise is not known. Buckley, thus left alone, was, Blair states, preserved by a lucky accident working on the superstitions of the natives. A chief of one of the aboriginal tribes had been buried near Buckley's temporary hut, a piece of a spear being left by his sorrowing subjects to mark the grave. Buckley appropriated the fragment, and meeting some members ​of the tribe, whilst carrying it in his hand, they joyfully hailed him as their dead chief returned to life in a new guise. He was well cared for, learnt the language of his new associates, and married a black woman. He lived with the natives in all the freedom of bush life till July 12th, 1835, when he was discovered by Batman, the founder of Melbourne. He acted as interpreter and peacemaker between his fellow countrymen and his native associates. A free pardon being subsequently given him, he went to live in Hobart Town, Tasmania, where he married a white woman. When he grew old the Governments of Victoria and Tasmania gave him a modest allowance of a pound a week. He died at Hobart Town on Feb. 2nd, 1856. Buckley was a man of gigantic stature, and proportionately strong. He had nearly forgotten his own language when Batman discovered him, but he gradually recovered its full use after his return to English associations.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Legge, Colonel William Vincent

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​Legge, Colonel William Vincent, F.L.S., formerly major and honorary lieut.-colonel in the Royal Artillery, is the son of Captain W. V. Legge, of Cullenswood, St. Mary's, Tasmania. He was appointed Commandant and Inspecting Field Officer of the Tasmanian Defence Force in Dec. 1883, which office he held until 1890. During a residence of nearly nine years in Ceylon he collected the materials for his splendid "History of the Birds of Ceylon" (London, 1880), the standard authority on the subject. He is a Fellow of the Linnean Society of London, and also Fellow of the Zoological Society.
In appended Supplement, p. 534
​Legge, Col. William Vincent (p. 273), is the only son of Robert Vincent Legge and Elizabeth Graves his wife, daughter of Captain John de Lapenotiere, R.N. He was born on Sept. 2nd, 1841, and married on Dec. 1st, 1867, Frances Anne Talbot, only daughter of Major W. Gray, of the 94th Regiment, and widow of Alick Thompson.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Lefroy, Anthony O'Grady

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​Lefroy, Anthony O'Grady, C.M.G., eldest son of the late Rev. Henry Lefroy, M.A., Vicar of Santry, Dublin, by Dorothea, second daughter of the O'Grady, of Kilballyowen, co. Limerick, was born in 1818, and married in 1852, Mary, daughter of the late Col. John Bruce. Mr. Lefroy is a nephew of the late Right Hon. Thomas Lefroy, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland. He was secretary to Governor Fitzgerald of Western Australia from 1849 to 1855; Colonial Treasurer, and M.L.C. from 1856 to 1890; Acting Colonial Secretary from 1875 to 1877; and was created C.M.G. in 1878.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Lewis, Hon. Neil Elliott

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​Lewis, Hon. Neil Elliott, M.H.A., M.A., B.C.L., Attorney-General of Tasmania, is the eldest son of Neil Lewis, of Hobart, and was born on Oct. 27th, 1858. He was educated at the High School, Hobart, and took the degree of Associate in Arts under the Council of Education in 1875. Two years later he won the Tasmanian scholarship, and proceeded to Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1882, M.A. in 1885, and B.C.L. in 1885. Mr. Lewis entered at the Inner Temple in Oct. 1879, and was called to the English Bar in June 1883. Returning to Tasmania, he was admitted a barrister of the Supreme Court of that colony in Dec. 1885. Mr. Lewis, who is a member of the Council of the University of Tasmania and a lieutenant in the Tasmanian Defence Force, was elected to the House of Assembly for Richmond in July 1886. In August 1892, when the Dobson Ministry was formed, he accepted office as Attorney-General.