# Graiméar na Gaedhilge/Part II Chapter X

CHAPTER X.
WORD-BUILDING.
Prefixes.
455. The following is a list of the principal prefixes used in Irish. Some of them have double forms owing to the rule caol le caol.
​ais or éis, back, again; like the English re‑;
    íoc, payment; aisíoc, repayment, restitution.
| aṁ | or | aiṁ, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | Negative particles | $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | réiḋ, even; aiṁréiḋ, uneven. |
| an | „ | ain, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | Negative particles | $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | tráṫ, time; i n‑antráṫ, untimely. |
| dí | „ | dío, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | Negative particles | $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | ceann, a head; díċeannaḋ, to behead. |
| mí | „ | mío, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | Negative particles | $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | coṁairle, an advice; míoċoṁairle, an evil advice. |
| neaṁ | „ | neiṁ, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | Negative particles | $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | niḋ, a thing; neiṁniḋ, nothing, non-entity. |
| eas, | eas, | eas, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | Negative particles | $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | cáirdeas, friendship; easċáirdeas, enmity. |
| an, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | Intensifying particles | $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | mór, big; an-ṁór, very big. |
| il, iol, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | Intensifying particles | $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | daṫ, a colour; ioldaṫaċ, many-coloured. |
| ró, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | Intensifying particles | $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | mór, big; ró-ṁór, too big. |
| sár, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | Intensifying particles | $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | te, warm; sár-ṫe, excessively warm |
| lán, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | Intensifying particles | $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | aiḋḃéil, vast; lán-aiḋḃéil, awfully vast. |
| úr, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | Intensifying particles | $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | gránda, ugly; úr-ġránda, very ugly. |
| do-ḋeunta, hard to be done | so-ḋeunta, easy to be done |
| dólás, sorrow | sólás, comfort, joy |
| donas, bad-luck | sonas, good-luck |
| duḃaċ, sad | suḃaċ, merry |
| daiḋḃir, poor | saiḋḃir, rich |
| daoi, a fool | saoi a wise man |
| díṫ, want, misery | síṫ, peace, plenty |
| duḃailce, vice | suḃailce, virtue |
| daor, condemned, dear | saor, free, cheap |
| doċar, harm | soċar, profit |
| dona, unlucky, unhappy | sona, lucky, happy |
| doineann, bad weather | soineann, fine weather |
| docaṁail, inconvenient | socaṁail, convenient |
    N.B.—The termination ‑aċt is usually added to adjectives.
Diminutives.
457. In Irish there are three diminutive terminations, viz., ín, án, and óg. However, ín is practically the only diminutive termination in Modern Irish as án and óg have almost lost their diminutive force. A double diminutive is sometimes met with, as árdáinín, a very little height.
ÍN.
458. The termination ÍN, meaning “small” or “little,” may be added to almost every Irish noun. Whenever the final consonant is broad it must be made slender (as the ín always remains unaltered), the vowels undergoing the same changes as in the formation of the genitive singular, but Ċ is not changed into Ġ (see pars. 60 and 78).
| asal, an ass | asailín, | a | little | ass |
| fear, a man | firín, | a | „ | man |
| gort, a field | goirtín, | a | „ | field |
| cailleaċ, an old woman | cailliċín, | a | „ | old woman |
| sráid, a street | sráidín, | a | „ | street, a lane |
If the noun ends in E, drop the E and add ÍN; but if the noun ends in A, drop the A and attenuate the preceding consonant; then add ÍN.
páisde páisdín Nóra Nóirín mála máilín
| sruṫán, a brook, | from | sruṫ, a stream. |
| árdán, a hillock, | „ | árd, high. |
| dealgán, a knitting-needle, | „ | dealg, a thorn. |
| biorán, a pin, | „ | bior, a spit. |
| leaḃrán, a booklet, | „ | leaḃar, a book. |
| geugán, a twig, | „ | geug, a branch. |
| loċán, a little lake, | „ | loċ, a lake. |
| sgiaṫán, a wing, | „ | sgiaṫ, a shield. |
The above are examples of real diminutives, but such examples are not very numerous.
| piastóg (péisteog), | a worm, | from | piast, a reptile. |
| lasóg, | a match, | „ | las, a light. |
| gaḃlóg, | a little fork, | „ | gaḃal, a fork. |
These are examples of real diminutives in óg, but such real diminutives are not numerous, as most nouns in óg have practically the same meaning as the nouns from which they were derived (the latter being now generally obsolete): cuileog, a fly, from cuil, a fly; driseóg, a briar, from dris, a briar; fuinnseóg, an ash, from fuinnse, an ash.
In Craig’s Grammar we find luchóg, a rat (luch, a mouse). This example is a striking instance of the fact that the termination óg is losing (if it has not already lost) its diminutive force.
All derived nouns in óg are feminine.
Derived Nouns.
461. Words are of three classes—Simple, Derivative, and Compound. All simple words are, as a general rule, monosyllables; they are the roots from which derivative and compound words spring. Derivative words are made up of two or more parts. These parts undergo slight changes when they are united to form words, and thus the component parts are somewhat disguised. The difficulty which presents itself to a student in the spelling of Irish is more apparent than real. The principle of vowel-assimilation is the key to ​Irish spelling. Let a student once thoroughly grasp the rules for “caol le caol, &c,” “aspiration,” “eclipsis,” “attenuation,” and “syncope,” and immediately all difficulty vanishes.
Derivatives are formed of simple words and particles. The most important of the latter have been already given under the headings “Prefixes” and “Affixes.” We will here give some examples of derivative nouns, a careful study of which will enable the student to split up the longest words into their component parts, and thus arrive at their meanings.
462. trom means heavy; tromas, i.e., trom+as (the abstract termination) means heaviness or weight; éadtrom, light, from trom, and the negative particle éa, which eclipses c and t, hence the d; éadtromas, lightness, from éa, not; trom, heavy; as, ness; coṁṫrom, impartial, fair, or just; from coṁ, equal, and trom, heavy; coṁṫromas, impartiality, fairness, &c.; éagcoṁṫrom, partial, unjust; from éa+coṁ+trom; éagcoṁṫromas, partiality, injustice; from éa+coṁ+trom+as. Spealadóir, a reaper; from speal, a scythe, and dóir, an affix denoting an agent; the a is put in between the l and d to assist pronunciation: cáirde, friends; cáirdeas, friendliness, friendship; eugcáirdeas, unfriendliness, hostility: fearaṁlaċt, manliness; from fear + aṁail + aċt: neiṁ-ġeanaṁlaċt, unamiability; from neiṁ, not + gean, affection + aṁail + aċt: ríoġaċt, a ​kingdom, from ríoġ + aċt: comórtas, comparison, emulation, competition; from co (coṁ), equal, and mórtas, greatness, i.e., comparing the greatness of one thing with that of another.
463. Compound nouns are formed by the union of two or more simple nouns, or of a noun and an adjective.
(A.) A compound noun formed of two or more nouns, each in the nominative case, has its declension determined by the last noun. Its gender also is that of the last noun, unless the first noun-part be such as requires a different gender. The first word qualifies the second, and the initial consonant of the second is usually aspirated.
(B.) If the compound is formed of a noun in the nominative form followed by a genitive noun, the first is the principal noun, and determines the declension and gender; the second qualifies the first, and generally remains unaltered, and the aspiration of the initial consonant in this case depends on the gender of the first noun. See par. 21(f).
We will give here a few examples of the two chief kinds of compound nouns. It is usual to employ a hyphen between the nouns in Class A, but not in Class B.
| breug-rí, a pseudo king | breug-rí, a pseudo king | breug, a lie, and rí, a king |
| bun-sruṫ, a fountain | bun-sruṫ, a fountain | bun, a source, origin, and sruṫ, a stream |
| caṫ-ḃarr, a helmet | caṫ-ḃarr, a helmet | caṫ, a battle, and bárr, top, head |
| clap-ṡolas, twilight | clap-ṡolas, twilight | |
| cloig-ṫeaċ, a belfry | cloig-ṫeaċ, a belfry | clog, a clock, bell, and teaċ, a house |
| craoḃ-ḟleasg, a garland | craoḃ-ḟleasg, a garland | craoḃ, a branch, and fleasg, a wreath |
| cúl-ċaint, back-biting | cúl-ċaint, back-biting | cúl, the back of the head, and caint, talk |
| caoir-ḟeoil, mutton | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | feoil, flesh; caora, a sheep laoġ, a calf; muc, a pig mart, a beef |
| laoiġ-ḟeoil, veal | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | feoil, flesh; caora, a sheep laoġ, a calf; muc, a pig mart, a beef |
| muic-ḟeoil, pork, bacon | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | feoil, flesh; caora, a sheep laoġ, a calf; muc, a pig mart, a beef |
| mairt-ḟeoil, beef | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | feoil, flesh; caora, a sheep laoġ, a calf; muc, a pig mart, a beef |
| láṁ-ḋia, a household god | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | láṁ, a hand; Dia, God; eudaċ, a cloth; órd, a sledge |
| láṁ-eudaċ, a handkerchief, a napkin | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | láṁ, a hand; Dia, God; eudaċ, a cloth; órd, a sledge |
| láṁ-órd, a hand-sledge | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | láṁ, a hand; Dia, God; eudaċ, a cloth; órd, a sledge |
| leiṫ-sgeul, an excuse | leiṫ-sgeul, an excuse | leaṫ, a half, and sgeul, a story |
| dearḃráṫair (dearḃ-ḃráṫair), a brother by blood | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | dearḃ, real or true. |
| deirḃṡiúr, a sister by blood. | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | bráṫair and siúr, brother and sister (in religion). |
| sean-aṫair, a grandfather, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | sean, old; aṫair, a father. máṫair, a mother; aois, age. reaċt, law; dliġe is a more common word for law. |
| sean-sean-aṫair (sé-sean-aṫair), a great grandfather. | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | sean, old; aṫair, a father. máṫair, a mother; aois, age. reaċt, law; dliġe is a more common word for law. |
| sean-ṁáṫair, a grandmother. | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | sean, old; aṫair, a father. máṫair, a mother; aois, age. reaċt, law; dliġe is a more common word for law. |
| sean-aois, old age. | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | sean, old; aṫair, a father. máṫair, a mother; aois, age. reaċt, law; dliġe is a more common word for law. |
| sean-reaċt, the old law. | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | sean, old; aṫair, a father. máṫair, a mother; aois, age. reaċt, law; dliġe is a more common word for law. |
Formation of Adjectives.
467. (a) Adjectives may be formed from many nouns by the addition of AĊ or EAĊ, which signifies full of, abounding in. All these adjectives belong to the first declension, and are declined like díreaċ.
| NOUN. | ADJECTIVE. |
| fearg, anger | feargaċ, angry |
| fuil, blood | fuilteaċ, bloody |
| feur, grass | feuraċ, grassy |
| buaiḋ, victory | buaḋaċ, victorious |
| breug, a lie | breugaċ, false, lying |
| diċeall, one’s best endeavour | díċeallaċ, energetic |
| seasaṁ, standing | seasṁaċ, steadfast |
| gnó, work | gnóṫaċ, busy |
| clú, fame | clúiteaċ, famous |
| saoṫar, toil | saoṫraċ, industrious |
| lúb, a loop | lúbaċ, deceitful |
| saoġal, life | saoġlaċ, long-lived |
| sáiṫ, sufficiency | sáṫaċ, satiated |
| Alba, Scotland | Albanaċ, Scotch |
| Sacsain, England | Sacsanaċ, English |
| craoḃ, branch | craoḃaċ, branchy |
| carraig, a rock | cairgeaċ, rocky |
| brón, sorrow | brónaċ, sorrowful |
| sal, dirt | salaċ, dirty |
| fios, knowledge | fiosaċ, intelligent |
| áṫas, joy | áṫasaċ, joyous |
| doilġíos, sorrow | doilġíosaċ, sorrowful ​ |
| cleas, a trick | cleasaċ, tricky |
| tuirse, weariness | tuirseaċ, weary |
| uisge, water | uisgeaċ, watery |
| neul, a cloud | neulaċ, cloudy |
| leanḃ, a child | leanḃaċ, childish |
| gaoṫ, wind | gaoṫaċ, windy |
| imniḋe, anxiety | imniḋeaċ, anxious |
| cúṁaċt, power | cúṁaċtaċ, powerful |
| reult, a star | reultaċ, starry |
| aire, care | aireaċ, attentive |
| foiġid, patience | foiġideaċ, patient |
| eagla, fear | eaglaċ, timid |
| toil, a will | toilteanaċ, willing |
| cúram, heed | cúramaċ, careful |
| iomarca, too much | iomarcaċ, excessive, copious |
(b). Many adjectives are formed by adding ṀAR to nouns.
All these adjectives belong to the first declension and are declined like mór.
| NOUN. | ADJECTIVE. |
| áḋ, luck | áḋṁar, lucky. |
| ceol, music | ceolṁar, musical |
| ciall, sense | ciallṁar, sensible |
| feur, grass | feurṁar, grassy |
| feoil, flesh | feolṁar, fleshy |
| fonn, fancy | fonnṁar, desirous ​ |
| glóir, glory | glórṁar, glorious |
| greann, fun | greannṁar, funny |
| luaċ, price, value | luaċṁar, valuable |
| líon, number | líonṁar, numerous |
| neart, strength | neartṁar, powerful |
| sgáṫ, a shadow | sgáṫṁar, shy, startled |
| lúṫ, activity | lúṫṁar, active, nimble |
(c). Very many adjectives are formed from nouns by the addition of AṀAIL or EAṀAIL (both pronounced oo-il or u-wil). All these adjectives belong to the third declension.
| NOUN. | NOUN. | NOUN. | ADJECTIVE. |
| fear, a man | fear, a man | fear, a man | fearaṁail, manly |
| bean, a woman | bean, a woman | bean, a woman | beanaṁail, womanly |
| flaiṫ, a prince | flaiṫ, a prince | flaiṫ, a prince | flaiṫeaṁail, generous |
| ainm, a name | ainm, a name | ainm, a name | ainmeaṁail, renowned |
| meas, esteem | meas, esteem | meas, esteem | measaṁail, estimable |
| lá (pl. laeṫe), a day | lá (pl. laeṫe), a day | lá (pl. laeṫe), a day | laeṫeaṁail, daily |
| gráin, hatred | gráin, hatred | gráin, hatred | gráineaṁail, hateful |
| cara (pl. cáirde), a friend | cara (pl. cáirde), a friend | cara (pl. cáirde), a friend | cáirdeaṁail, friendly |
| naṁa (pl. náiṁde), an enemy | naṁa (pl. náiṁde), an enemy | naṁa (pl. náiṁde), an enemy | náiṁdeaṁail, hostile |
| croiḋe, a heart | croiḋe, a heart | croiḋe, a heart | croiḋeaṁail, hearty, gay |
| rí (gen. ríoġ), a king | rí (gen. ríoġ), a king | rí (gen. ríoġ), a king | ríoġaṁail, kingly, royal |
| caoi (pl. caoiṫe), a way | caoi (pl. caoiṫe), a way | caoi (pl. caoiṫe), a way | caoiṫeaṁail, opportune |
| riar, order | riar, order | riar, order | riaraṁail, subject, docile, obedient |
| gean, affection | gean, affection | gean, affection | geanaṁail, affectionate |
| moḋ, manner | moḋ, manner | moḋ, manner | moḋaṁail, mannerly ​ |
| tír (pl. tíorṫa), country | tír (pl. tíorṫa), country | tír (pl. tíorṫa), country | tíorṫaṁail, country-like, homely, social |
| meisneaċ, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | courage | misneaṁail, courageous |
| misneaċ, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | courage | misneaṁail, courageous |
| teine (pl. teinte), fire | teine (pl. teinte), fire | teine (pl. teinte), fire | teinteaṁail, fiery, igneous |
| sliaḃ, (pl. sléiḃte), a mountain | sliaḃ, (pl. sléiḃte), a mountain | sliaḃ, (pl. sléiḃte), a mountain | sléiḃteaṁail, mountainous |
| greann, fun | greann, fun | greann, fun | greannaṁail, funny, gay |
| eun, a bird | eun, a bird | eun, a bird | eunaṁail, bird-like, airy |
| coṁursa, a neighbour | coṁursa, a neighbour | coṁursa, a neighbour | coṁursaṁail, neighbourly |
| barántas, authority | barántas, authority | barántas, authority | barántaṁail, authentic |
(d). There is a fourth class of adjectives formed by the termination DA (ḊA); but it is not as large as the three preceding classes. The following are some of the principal ones:—
| diaḋa, godly, divine | daona (daonda) human |
| fearḋa, masculine | gránda, ugly |
| banda, feminine | cróḋa, brave |
| órḋa, golden, gilt | beoḋa, lively |
| laoċḋa, heroic | gallda, exotic or foreign |
| seanda, ancient | naoṁṫa (naoṁḋa), holy, saintly |
Compound adjectives are extremely common in Irish, being usually formed by the union of two or more simple adjectives (sometimes of a noun and an ​adjective); but these compound adjectives present no difficulty once the simple adjectives have been mastered.
FORMATION OF VERBS.
468. Verbs can be readily formed from nouns and adjectives by the addition of IĠ or UIĠ. The addition of this termination is sometimes accompanied by syncope, which often necessitates slight vowel changes in accordance with the rule “caol le caol.”
| NOUN. | VERB (Stem). |
| ainm, a name | ainmniġ, name |
| beaṫa, life | beaṫuiġ, nourish |
| cuiṁne, memory | cuiṁniġ, remember |
| cuid, a part | cuidiġ le, assist (take part with) |
| cúl, the back of the head | cúluiġ, retire |
| saoṫar, exertion | saoṫruiġ, exert |
| cuairt, a visit. | cuartuiġ, visit, search |
| leas, improvement | leasuiġ, improve |
| neart, strength | neartuiġ, strengthen |
| aċt, a decree | aċtuiġ, decree, enact |
| bás, death | básuiġ, put to death |
| caṫ, a battle | caṫuiġ, contend, fight |
| céim, a step | céimniġ, step, advance |
| críoċ, an end | críoċnuiġ, finish |
| criṫ, a trembling | criṫniġ, tremble ​ |
| gorta, hunger, injury | gortuiġ, injure |
| iomad, multitude | iomaduiġ, multiply |
| órd, an order | órduiġ, order, command |
| solus, a light | soillsiġ, enlighten |
| tus (tos), a beginning | tosuiġ, begin |
| treoir, a guide | treoruiġ, guide, lead |
| pian, pain | pianuiġ, cause pain |
| obair, work | oibriġ, work |
| ADJECTIVE. | VERB (Stem). |
| árd, high | árduiġ, raise |
| bán, white | bánuiġ, whiten |
| duḃ, black | duḃuiġ, blacken |
| boḋar, deaf | boḋruiġ deafen, bother |
| buan, lasting | buanuiġ preserve |
| follus, apparent | foillsiġ, reveal, show |
| fuar, cold | fuaruiġ, cool, chill |
| lag, weak | laguiġ, weaken |
| slán, well | slánuiġ, make well, cure |
| tirim, dry | tiormuiġ, or trimiġ, dry |
| boċt, poor | boċtuiġ, impoverish |
| ceart, right | ceartuiġ, correct |
| mín, fine | míniġ, make fine, explain |
| ísiol, low | ísliġ, lower |
| uṁal, humble | uṁluiġ, humble |
| saiḋḃir, rich | saiḋḃriġ, enrich |
The compound verbs are very few, and are therefore of little consequence to the beginner.
* ↑ dí, dío eclipse words beginning with b or f, díombuiḋeaċas, ingratitude.
* ↑ gaḃ mo leiṫ-sgeul I beg your pardon. (Lit. Accept my excuse).