OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Maximilian I

See also Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Maximilian (măks′ĭ-mĭl′yan) I, German emperor, the son of Frederick III, was born at Neustadt, near Vienna, March 22, 1459. When only 10 he married Mary, the heiress of Charles the Bold, by whom he gained Burgundy and Flanders. But this brought him into war with Louis XI of France, and Maximilian was forced to give Artois and Burgundy to Louis. In 1486 he was chosen king of the Romans. In 1490 he drove out the Hungarians, who, under Matthias Corvinus, had seized a great part of the Austrian territories on the Danube, and at Villach in 1492 he routed the Turks. The death of his father in 1493 made Maximilian emperor. His marriage with the daughter of the duke of Milan turned his ambition toward Italy; but after many changes of fortune he was driven to give up Milan to France and Verona to the Venetians. He, however, gained Tyrol by peaceful means; the houses of Spain and Hapsburg were joined by the marriage of their children; and the marriage of his grandson, Ferdinand, brought Hungary and Bohemia to Austria. Maximilian ended the feuds of his nobles, improved the courts, and divided the empire into six (afterward into ten) circles, each ruled by a governor. He also encouraged the Universities of Vienna and Ingoldstadt in learning and arts generally. He was well-educated, skilled in all bodily exercises, chivalrous and genial; so that he has been called the first knight of his age. Maximilian died emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, at Wels in Upper Austria, Jan. 12, 1519. See Coxe's History of the House of Austria.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Maury, Matthew F.

See also Matthew Fontaine Maury on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Maury (ma̤′rĭ), Matthew F., an American naval officer and scientist, was born near Fredericksburg, Va., Jan. 14, 1806. In 1825 he entered the navy as midshipman, and while still a passed-midshipman he began his Treatise on Navigation, which was used as a text-book in the navy. After 13 years' service he became lieutenant, in 1837, but two years later an accident lamed him for life and unfitted him for service afloat. In 1842 he was made superintendent of the hydrographical office at Washington and, two years later, of the observatory. Here he made careful observations on winds and currents, from the results of which he wrote his Physical Geography of the Sea, The Gulf Stream, Ocean Currents and Great-Circle Sailing. Maury was made a commander in 1855, but when his state seceded he joined the Confederate navy. After the war he was professor of physics in Virginia Military Institute, Lexington. He was a member of the scientific societies of Europe, and practically was the founder of the new and important science of oceanography. Professor Maury died at Lexington, Va., Feb. 1, 1873. See his Life by his daughter.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Maxim, Sir Hiram S.

See also Hiram Maxim on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Max′im, Sir Hiram S., American inventor, was born in Maine, Feb. 5, 1840, and became famous as the inventor of the automatic cannon (q. v.) known by his name. His first completed gun was exhibited in 1884. The principle of this gun was making the recoil of the weapon load and fire the weapon. He succeeded in making a gun that would fire 600 shots a minute. The gun was first used in warfare by the British in Matabeleland. It was soon adopted by the French navy, and now, under various names, is in use by many governments. He also invented a smokeless powder (q. v.), incandescent lamps and search-lights to be used on board of men-of-war. He received a number of decorations from European courts. He was also made a member of many scientific associations. He has resided in England many years, and having transferred his citizenship to that country was knighted in 1901.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Massachusetts Institute of Technology

See also Massachusetts Institute of Technology on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Massachusetts Institute of Technology was established in 1861 to further industrial science and, especially, manufacturing, commercial and agricultural science. Its expenses are met partly by original endowment, partly by fees, and partly by gifts from Massachusetts and from the United States. Its students number almost 2,000, and its staff of instructors about 200. The institute tries to combine liberal education in arts with technical education in the direction of a given
profession. This is one of the institutions which helps to maintain the pre-eminence of New England in the manufacturing processes and industries. The institute holds property to the value of some $10,000,000.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Masséna, André

See also André Masséna on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Masséna (mä'sâ'nȧ'), André, duke of Rivoli, prince of Essling and the greatest of Napoleon's marshals, was born at Nice, Italy, probably of Jewish parents, May 6, 1758. He served 14 years in the Sardinian army. Early in the French Revolution he joined a battalion of volunteers, becoming a general of division (1793). He distinguished himself greatly in the campaigns in upper Italy. After Jourdan's defeat at Stockach, in 1799, Masséna was given command of the army in Switzerland and by his crushing victory over Suvaroff's Russians at Zurich freed France from the danger of invasion. In 1804 he was made a marshal of the empire and commander of the army in Italy. He kept Archduke Charles, of Austria in check, crushed him at Caldiero, and overran Naples. In the campaign of 1809 against Austria he commanded on the right, bank of the Danube, and covered himself with glory at Landshut, Eckmühl and Ebersberg-on-Taun. In 1810 he was sent to Spain to drive out the English, and drove Wellington back upon his intrenchments at Torres Vedras. Finding it impossible to break the English lines and harassed by lack of supplies, he made a masterly retreat but was recalled in anger by Napoleon. He himself said his failure was owing to the disobedience of his captains Ney and Junot. He submitted to the Bourbons at their restoration, and was made a peer. In strategy and tactics Masséna was like Napoleon in quickness and ability, and was brave and unwearied on the battlefield. He died at Paris on April 4, 1817.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Theater

See also Theater (structure) and Theatre on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​The′ater. The first theater in Greece, the birthplace of the drama, is said to have been a wagon. The plays of Æschylus were represented on a wooden scaffold. About 500 B. C. one of these scaffolds gave way, and the inventive Athenians at once set about building the famous stone theater of Dionysus. Similar theaters were built in every Greek city, and the ruins of many may be seen to-day. The largest is at Ephesus, and was 660 feet across. These theaters were built with seats in semicircular rows rising one behind and above the other, and were often cut out of solid rock. In the center, at the lowest point, stood the orchestra, in front of the proscenium or stage, back of which was a solid wall, called the scene, ornamented with pillars and cornices. There was no roof, but an awning kept off the sun's rays, for the plays were always given in daytime. The Romans, who took the best of everything the Greeks had, built similar theaters of the greatest magnificence, besides their huge amphitheaters. Both in Athens and Rome the theaters were built large enough to seat almost all the citizens, who generally attended in a mass at the expense of the government, for from the time of Pericles plays were made free to all. To enable these audiences of 80,000, 100,000 or more to hear, the actors wore masks with mouthpieces which answered the purpose of speaking-trumpets. Female characters were represented by boys, and it was not till the 17th century that actresses were allowed on the French and English stages. In the middle ages the miracle-plays were played in cathedrals.
THEATER OF SEGESTA, SICILY — RESTORED
The modern theater dates from the 16th century, the first ones being built at Vicenza and Venice. The famous Palais Royal at Paris was built by Cardinal Richelieu in 1639. The first English playhouse was the London theater, built in 1576. About the same time were built the Curtain, Blackfriars and Whitefriars. The first theater in America was opened at Williamsburg, Va., in 1752. The largest and finest theater in the world is the Grand Opera-House of Paris. In China and Japan every little village has its theater. See Amphitheater, Drama and Miracle-Plays.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Thebes (Egypt)

See also Thebes, Egypt on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Thebes (thēbz), a celebrated Egyptian city, stands on the Nile, and anciently was the capital of upper Egypt. Its great ruins fill nine townships. The Nile flows through the city and divides it into four quarters. Thebes was at its height from 1500 to 1000 B. C., when it had supplanted Memphis, the ancient capital of the Pharaohs. This City-of-a-Hundred-Gates, as Homer called it, sent out 20,000 war-chariots, was filled with palaces and temples, and contained the cemeteries of the Theban monarchs. Later the capital was moved to Sais and then to Memphis, and Cambyses, the Persian plundered it of $10,000,000. Alexandria was founded, and so its splendor departed. There are now only a few Arab families of fellahin, who gain a living by guiding travelers about the ruins or by selling articles rifled from the tombs. The ruins are the most famous in Egypt. Among them are the temple of Karnak (q. v.), a mass of obelisks, courts and halls; the Ramesseum (q. v.), built by Rameses II, with a broken colossal statue, the largest in Egypt, of that king, weighing 887½ tons; the vocal statue of King Memnon, supposed in early times to make a sound at sunrise; the cemeteries of the sacred apes; and the Valley of the Tombs of the Queens. See Rawlinson's Story of Ancient Egypt.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Thermopylæ

See also Thermopylae on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Thermopylæ (thẽr-mŏp′ē̇-lē), a famous pass leading from northern to central Greece, between Mt. Œta and an impassable marsh on the edge of the Maliac Gulf. The pass narrows at each end to the width of a single wheel-track, forming the eastern and western gates. Here King Leonidas (q. v.) of Sparta made his famous stand against the mighty army of Xerxes in 480 B. C. Learning that a Thessalian had betrayed to the Persians a path over the mountains to his rear, he sent away all his troops, which numbered some 7,000, except 300 Spartans, 700 Thespians and 400 Thebans. This chosen band made a sally and perished to a man. But one Spartan who was too sick to fight, escaped, only to meet the scorn of his countrymen on his return home.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Thermotropism

See also Thermotropism on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Thermotropism (thẽr-mŏt′rō̇-pĭz’m), the sensitiveness of a plant to heat coming from one side, in response to which the rate of growth is so unequally affected as to cause the part to bend toward or away from the source of heat; e. g., corn-seedlings and hyacinth-leaves bend toward a warm iron-plate (30°C) placed near them; cress-seedlings turn away from it. See Growth and Irritability.
# The New Student's Reference Work/The Princess

See also The Princess (Tennyson poem) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ The Princess, a medley by Tennyson, is among his earlier productions and appeared in 1847. The story is a single one, told in blank verse in seven cantos with a prologue and a conclusion and with a lyrical song between each canto. A princess of the south has been betrothed to a prince of the north in early childhood. She, however, was not favorably inclined to the marriage when she had matured. She felt the call to something higher. Consequently she set up a women's college in entire isolation from the world, it being an inviolable rule that no man should ever enter. The outcome of the story is that the college fails, the princess weds and thus illustrates that knowledge and high intellectual and esthetic ideals apart from real social life are impotent. A child is one of the potent means of arousing and bringing the princess to her true self. The poem is a medley in that it unites in itself the medieval and the modern, the serious and the farcical, the congruous and the incongruous, the possibly real and the impossibly fanciful. The lyrics between the cantos are the most delightful parts of the poem, and critics are well-agreed that when The Princess has been forgotten these exquisitely beautiful songs will live. Aside from their own beauty, they assist in interpreting and predicting the meaning of the whole poem.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Thermostat, Electrical

See also Thermostat on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ther′mostat, Elec′trical, is an instrument for giving an alarm when the temperature rises to a point where the instrument completes the circuit, or when it falls to a point to produce a similar result. They are used in stoves, hothouses, dwellings and wherever uniform temperature is of vital importance. They are also used as maximum thermometers or fire-alarms. Various devices are employed, the simplest being the ordinary mercurial thermometer, the upper end of the tube not being hermetically sealed, but closed by an airtight cork of rubber, through which passes a metallic rod that can be raised or lowered in the tube. Whenever the expanding mercury reaches the tip of the rod, an electric current is closed and the alarm sounded. This alarm-current may be arranged so as to set off an electromagnet which will open or close a register or regulate the draft in the furnace. See Thermograph.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Thomson, James

See also James Thomson (poet) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Thom'son, James, a British poet, was born in Roxburghshire, Scotland, Sept. 11, 1700. He studied six years at Edinburgh. His fame rests upon his poem, The Seasons. Winter appeared in 1726, followed by Summer (1727), Spring (1728) and Autumn. He wrote several dramas, Agamemnon, Edward and Eleonora, and Tancred and Sigismunda. The Castle of Indolence, next to The Seasons his best-known work, was written in 1748. The song Rule! Britannia is found in a masque, Alfred, written by Thomson in connection with Mallet. He died near Richmond, England, Aug. 27, 1748.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Scott, Irving Murray

Edition of 1905. See also Irving Murray Scott on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SCOTT, Irving Murray (1837-1903). An American shipbuilder and iron-master, born in Hebron Mills, Baltimore County, Md. He entered the employ of the Union Iron Works of San Francisco as draughtsman in 1858. He designed much mining machinery, notably that for the Comstock mine. On his suggestion as general manager the Union Iron Works added in 1884 shipbuilding to the construction of mining machinery, and built for the United States Government the Charleston, Oregon. San Francisco, Olympia, Wisconsin, and Ohio. He was a trustee of Leland Stanford, .Jr., University, and a prominent figure in the Republican Party of the Pacific Coast, his name being urged for the Vice-Presidential nomination in 1900.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# The New International Encyclopædia/Scott, Robert

Edition of 1905. See also Robert Scott on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SCOTT, Robert (1811-87). An English clergyman and scholar. He was born at Bondleigh in Devonshire, and educated at Shrewsbury School and at Christ Church, Oxford, where he won the Craven and Ireland scholarships. He took his degree in 1833 and won a fellowship at Balliol two years later. Meantime, in 1834, he had taken holy orders. and held various ecclesiastical preferments until 1854, when he was elected master of Balliol in opposition to Jowett, who was to be his successor. In 1870 he accepted the deanery of Rochester and held it until his death. Scott's name is most widely known by his joint authorship, with H. G. Liddell, of the great Greek-English lexicon, whose appearance in 1843 was epoch-making for English scholarship. For the next forty years Liddell and Scott worked diligently at revision and addition, until the seventh edition (1883) was practically an original work, though the first had been based on the German lexicon of Passow.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# The New International Encyclopædia/Scott, Michael

Edition of 1905. See also Michael Scot on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SCOTT, or SCOT, Michael (c.1175-c.1234). A famous mediæval scholar, who probably belonged to a family on the Scottish border. He received his education at the universities of Oxford, Paris, Bologna, and Palermo, and spent most of his later life at the Court of the Emperor Frederick II. in Sicily, where he was one of the most famous of the group of scholars collected around that enlightened monarch. He was in high favor with both Honorius III. and Gregory IX., who gave him various benefices, probably in Italy. In 1230 he visited Oxford, taking with him works of Aristotle and various commentaries. There are very few other facts about his life which can be regarded as authentic. Of his printed works, the best known are Liber Physiognomiæ Magistri Michaelis Scoti and Mensa Philosophica, translated into English and frequently printed under the title of The Philosopher's Banquet. In addition he made various translations of Aristotle's works and the Arabic commentaries. He also wrote works on astronomy and alchemy. As was so often the case in the Middle Ages with famous scholars, Michael Scott became known soon after his death as a magician, and as such he has figured extensively in literature. Sir Walter Scott has caused the action of his Lay of the Last Minstrel to centre about the traditional grave of Michael at Melrose Abbey. Consult Brown, Life and Legend of Michael Scot (Edinburgh, 1897).
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# The New International Encyclopædia/Scott, John Morin

Edition of 1905. See also John Morin Scott on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SCOTT, John Morin (1730-84). An American patriot, soldier, and legislator, born in New York. He graduated at Yale in 1746, became prominent as a lawyer in New York, and was conspicuous as an early opponent of the British Ministry, being one of the organizers of the Sons of Liberty. In 1775 he became a member of the New York General Committee, served in the Provincial Congress in 1775-76. and, as brigadier-general, took part in the battle of Long Island. In 1777 he resigned his commission, and ​subsequently served as Secretary of State of New York in 1777-79, and as a member of the Continental Congress in 1780-83.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# The New International Encyclopædia/Scott, Julian

Edition of 1905. See also Julian Scott on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SCOTT, Julian (1846-1901). An American battle and figure painter, born in Johnson, Vt. He served in the Federal Army from 1861 until 1863, and afterwards studied art in the National Academy of Design, and under Leutze. He was elected an associate of the Academy in 1871. His works, mainly taken from Civil War subjects, include: "Rear Guard at White Oak Swamp" (Union League Club, New York City): "Capture of André" (1876); and "In the Cornfield at Antietam" (1879).
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# The New International Encyclopædia/Scott, Reginald

Edition of 1905. See also Reginald Scot on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SCOTT or SCOT, Reginald (c.1538-99). A writer against witchcraft, son of Richard Scot of Scots Hall at Smeeth, in Kent. In 1555 he entered Hart Hall, Oxford, but left without a degree. He passed his life in Kent as a country gentleman. His famous work, The Discoverie of Witchcraft (1584) was designed to demonstrate the absurdity of the prevalent belief in witchcraft. Besides being full of learning, it is marked by passages of sound sense and humane feeling, qualities that naturally excited the antipathy of King James, who replied in his Dæmonology (1597). On coming to the English throne, James ordered Scott's book to be burned. Scott also published a valuable book entitled A Perfect Platform of a Hop Garden (1574). The Discoverie was edited by Brinsley Nicholson (London, 1886).
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# The New International Encyclopædia/Scott, Richard William

Edition of 1905. See also Richard William Scott on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SCOTT, Richard William (1825— ). A Canadian statesman, born in Prescott. Ontario. He was admitted to the bar in 1848, and from 1857 to 1863 sat in the Canadian Assembly. In 1867-73 he was a member of the Ontario Assembly, of which he was elected Speaker in 1871. From 1872 to 1873 he was Commissioner of Crown Lands, and from 1873 to 1878 Secretary of State. He was acting Minister respectively of Finance in 1874, of Inland Revenue in 1875-76, and of Justice iu 1876. He carried through the separate Catholic school law of Ontario Province, and the Canada local option temperance act, generally styled the 'Scott act.' In 1874 he was elected to the Dominion Senate, and in 1896 became Secretary of State.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# The New International Encyclopædia/Scott, Robert Henry

Edition of 1905. See also Robert Henry Scott on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SCOTT, Robert Henry (1833— ). A British meteorologist, born in Dublin, Ireland, and educated there at Trinity College, and in Berlin and Munich. He was keeper of the mineralogical museum of the Royal Dublin Society from 1862 to 1867, when he became director of the British Meteorological Office, a post which he held until 1900. He wrote: Volumetric Analysis (1862); Weather Charts and Storm Warnings (1876; 2d ed. 1887); and Elementary Meteorology (1883).
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# The New International Encyclopædia/Scott, Hugh Lenox

Edition of 1905. See also Hugh Lenox Scott on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SCOTT, Hugh Lenox (1853— ). An American soldier, born at Danville, Ky. He graduated at West Point in 1876, and entered the cavalry. He saw service in Indian campaigns and was assigned to Western posts. In 1892 he enlisted an Indian troop in the Seventh Cavalry, and commanded it until all Indian troops were mustered out of service in 1897. In the war with Spain he was an adjutant-general in the First Army Corps, holding that office until February, 1899. He then served for fourteen months as adjutant general of the Department of Havana, after which he became successively assistant adjutant-general, and adjutant-general of the Department of Cuba. Besides reports on the Plains Indians, he wrote a monograph on the sign language of the Plains Indians, published in the Proceedings of the Folk Lore Congress of the World's Fair at Chicago in 1893.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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