OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Leys, Thomson Wilson

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​Leys, Thomson Wilson, was born of Scottish parentage in 1850 at Nottingham, where his father was Supervisor of Inland Revenue. He was five years a pupil at the People's College, Nottingham, and emigrated to New Zealand in 1863 with his parents, who joined the great Nonconformist movement to establish a special settlement at Albertland, north of Auckland. After arrival in New Zealand, he was apprenticed in the printing office of the Southern Cross, the oldest and most influential journal in the colony at that period. Three years later he obtained ​a transfer to the literary staff as shipping reporter, and in 1870, at the age of twenty, became sub-editor of the Daily Southern Cross and Weekly News, which were then owned by Mr. (now Sir Julius) Vogel, Colonial Treasurer. Compelled by ill-health to relinquish night work, he resigned and joined the editorial staff of the Auckland Star, assuming the chief editorship in Feb. 1875, a position which he still retains, having also acquired a partnership interest in that paper, the New Zealand Farmer, New Zealand Graphic, and the large printing and publishing business connected with those journals. In the scant leisure which falls to the lot of the editor of a daily newspaper, Mr. Leys has done much literary work. He contributed the Auckland section of Sir Julius Vogel's "New Zealand Handbook", edited the "Early History of New Zealand," covering the period from the earliest times to 1845, and also the "Colonist's Guide," a standard textbook for settlers in New Zealand. He has also edited for sixteen years the annual issues of the Auckland Almanack, a valuable compendium of statistical and descriptive matter relating to New Zealand. Being one of the party formed at Rotorua on the day after the Tarawera eruption to visit Rotomahana and ascertain the condition of the Terraces, he wrote a graphic description of that great volcanic outburst, which was published in separate form. Among his minor literary works are a brochure on "The Doctrine of Evolution," in reply to Professor Denton, and notes of a holiday excursion to the South Sea Islands, "The Cruise of the Wairarapa". In 1891 Mr. Leys represented a syndicate of New Zealand journals at the Federation Convention in Sydney.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Ligar, Charles Whybrow

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​Ligar, Charles Whybrow, sometime Surveyor-General of Victoria, was born in 1809 at Ceylon, where his father was stationed with his regiment. Educated at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, he received a commission in the Royal Engineers, which he shortly afterwards resigned. He was employed on the Ordnance Survey of Ireland until 1840, when he was appointed Surveyor-General of New Zealand by Lord John Russell. Being wrecked at the Cape of Good Hope, he did not arrive in New Zealand until the end of 1841. In the latter colony he purchased a vast quantity of land from the Maoris for the European settlers, and was appointed colonel and commandant of the New Zealand Militia, in which capacity he took part in the war at the Bay of Islands. He retired from the position of Surveyor-General of New Zealand in 1856, and after residing for a short time in the southern portion of that colony, went to Victoria in 1857 as land commissioner for the province of Otago. In 1858 he became Surveyor-General of Victoria, retiring on a pension in 1869. He then returned to Europe, but finally settled in Texas, where he embarked in stock-raising. Mr. Ligar married in 1839 Grace, daughter of Thomas Hanyngton, of Dungannon, Tyrone, and granddaughter of the Earl of Charlemont, and in 1869 Marie, daughter of the late Captain Williams, of Auckland, N.Z. He died in 1879.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Levien, Hon. Jonas Felix

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​Levien, Hon. Jonas Felix, M.L.A., J.P., is the son of B. G. Levien, who arrived in Victoria from England in 1839. He was born at Williamstown in March 1840, and at an early age embarked largely in pastoral and horticultural pursuits. In 1871 he was elected to the Legislative Assembly for South Grant, since subdivided into Grant and Barwon, for which latter electorate he now sits. He joined the Service-Berry Coalition Government in March 1883, as Minister of Mines and Agriculture, retiring in Feb. 1886, when the Gillies-Deakin Government was formed.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Leeper, Alexander

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​Leeper, Alexander, M.A., LL.D., Warden of Trinity College, Melbourne University, is the eldest surviving son of the Rev. Alexander Leeper, D.D., Incumbent of St. Audoen's, and Canon of St. Patrick's ​Cathedral, Dublin, by Catherine, eldest daughter of William Henry Porter, M.D., F.R.C.S., late President of the Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, and sister of Sir George H. Porter, Bart., D.L., Surgeon-in-Ordinary to the Queen. He was born on June 3rd, 1848, and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he took a first classical scholarship in his Junior Freshman year, the Berkeley Gold Medal, a Vice-Chancellor's prize, and several other distinctions in Classics. He graduated B.A. in 1871, and M.A. in 1875. He proceeded to Oxford in 1872, where he became Scholar, Exhibitioner, and Prizeman of St. John's College, and proxime accessit for a Gaisford university prize. He took also a first class in the School of Classical Honours in 1874. He arrived in Victoria in 1875, and was appointed Warden of Trinity College, Melbourne, in 1876. He married on Dec. 30th, 1879, Adeline Marian, daughter of the late Sir George Wigram Allen, K.C.M.G., of Toxteth Park, Sydney, N.S.W. He has had the degrees of M.A. and LL.D. conferred on him stip. con. by Dublin University. Dr. Leeper was elected in 1880 a member of the Council of Melbourne University, with a life-tenure, but resigned in 1887. He was appointed a trustee of the Public Library in 1887, and has twice been appointed Classical Examiner to the University of New Zealand, and twice Classical Examiner to the University of Adelaide, as well as Examiner-in-Chief to the Tasmanian Council of Education (1885). Dr. Leeper is author of "A Guide to Classical Reading," with the collaboration of Professor H. A. Strong (G. Robertson, Melbourne), and of "A Translation of Juvenal" (Macmillan & Co., London. Second edition, 1890).
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Lefroy, Lieut.-General Sir John Henry

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​Lefroy, Lieut.-General Sir John Henry, K.C.M.G., C.B., F.R.S., sometime Governor of Tasmania, fourth son of the late Rev. John Henry George Lefroy, of Ewshot House, Hants (younger brother of the late Lord Chief Justice of Ireland), by his marriage with Sophia, youngest daughter of the late Rev. Charles Jeffreys Cotterell, was born on Jan. 28th, 1817. He entered the Royal Artillery in Dec 1834, and acted as director of the magnetical observations at St. Helena and Toronto from 1839 to 1852. In 1840 and 1841 he made a magnetic survey of the interior of the continent of North America from Montreal to the Arctic Circle, and was appointed scientific adviser to the Duke of Newcastle at the War Office, on artillery and inventions, in Dec. 1854. In October of the next year he was sent on a special mission to the seat of war, and to the Mediterranean fortresses in March 1859. Sir John was Inspector-General of Army Schools, 1857-9; Secretary Ordnance Select Committee 1859-63, President 1864-8; Director-General of Ordnance, 1868-70; honorary secretary Royal Commission of the Patriotic Fund, 1854-68; Commissioner, 1868; and was also a member of the Royal Commission on National Defences in 1859, and on Military Education in 1868. In 1871 he was appointed Governor of Bermuda, from which post he retired in 1877, and administered the Government of Tasmania from Oct. 1880 to Dec. 1881, when he was appointed Colonel-Commandant Royal Artillery. Sir John, who was created C.B. in 1870 and K.C.M.G. in 1877, attained the rank of lieut.-general in the latter year, and was placed on the retired list, with the honorary rank of general, in 1882. He married, first, in 1846, Emily ​Merry, eldest daughter of Sir J. Beverley Robinson, Bart., C.B., Chief Justice of Upper Canada, who died in 1859; and, secondly, in 1860, Charlotte Anna, eldest daughter of Lieut.-Colonel Thos. Dundas, of Fingask, and widow of Colonel Armine Mountain, C.B. He died on April 11th, 1890.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Lette, Hon. Henry Elms

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​Lette, Hon. Henry Elms, M.H.A., J.P., Chairman of Committees of the House of Assembly, Tasmania, has represented North Launceston in the House of Assembly since Nov. 1862, and has been Chairman of Committees since July 1877.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Levey, George Collins

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​Levey, George Collins, C.M.G., son of George Levey, of Camberwell Grove, Surrey, and Great New Street, E.C., was born in 1835, and educated at University College, London. He arrived in Australia in 1851, and was for a short time in the Government service of Victoria as clerk to the Gold Receiver, but subsequently embarked in mining pursuits, and was the first to employ machinery for quartz crushing. He afterwards wrote for the Melbourne press, and travelled over the, continent of Europe from 1859 to 1861, contributing to English newspapers. He sat for Normanby in the Legislative Assembly of Victoria from 1866 to 1867, and was editor and proprietor of the Herald from 1863 to 1868. This paper he issued at a penny, and thus founded cheap journalism in Australia. Since 1868 he has been connected as editor or contributor with the Melbourne Age. He was Secretary to the Commissioners of Victoria at the Exhibitions of New South Wales (1870), Melbourne (1872, 1875, and 1880-81), London and Vienna (1873), and Philadelphia (1876), and Acting Executive Commissioner at the Paris Exhibition in 1878 (C.M.G. and Legion of Honour), and Executive Commissioner at Amsterdam Exhibition in 1883, also Executive Commissioner at the International Exhibition held at the Crystal Palace in 1884. Mr. Levey successfully visited the European countries and the United States of America, with the view to induce their Governments to send representatives to the Melbourne International Exhibition. He was Secretary of the London Committee for the Adelaide Jubilee Exhibition, and has contributed largely to the Melbourne, London, Philadelphia, New York and Paris press, and written various important official reports. He visited South America in 1889, and on his return wrote a Handy Guide to the River Plate, and has recently published a Handy Guide to Australia. He also edited Hutchinson's "Australasian Encyclopædia" (1892). He married first, in 1863, Euphemia Dalton, daughter of Charles Whybrow Ligar, Surveyor-General of Victoria; and, secondly, in 1877, Mary Elizabeth, daughter of George Parker, of Washington, U.S.A., and widow of the Hon. J. E. Bouligny, member of Congress for New Orleans, Louisiana.
# The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma/Birds

This is a multi-volume work under the series The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma, published under the authority of the Secretary of State for India in Council and general editorship of William Thomas Blanford (1st ed) and Arthur Everett Shipley (2nd ed).

## First Edition

* Vol 1 (1889) by Eugene William Oates IA
* Vol 2 (1890) by Eugene William Oates (transcription project)
* Vol 3 (1895) by William Thomas Blanford (transcription project)
* Vol 4 (1898) by William Thomas Blanford (transcription project)

## Second Edition

* Volume 1 (1922) by Edward Charles Stuart Baker (transcription project)
* Volume 2 (1924) by Edward Charles Stuart Baker (external scan)
* Volume 3 (1926) by Edward Charles Stuart Baker (external scan)
* Volume 4 (1927) by Edward Charles Stuart Baker (external scan)
* Volume 5 (1928) by Edward Charles Stuart Baker (external scan)
* Volume 6 (1929) by Edward Charles Stuart Baker (external scan)
* Volume 7 (1930) by Edward Charles Stuart Baker (external scan)
* Volume 8 (1930) by Edward Charles Stuart Baker (external scan)
# The Father of a Family

English-language translations of Отец семейства include:
* The Father of a Family, translated by Marian Fell
* The Head of the Family, translated by Constance Garnett, 1917
# The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma

This is a multi-part series published under the authority of the Secretary of State for India in Council and general editorship of William Thomas Blanford (1st ed) and Arthur Everett Shipley (2nd ed).

## Series
### Birds

* Vol 1 (1922) by Edward Charles Stuart Baker (transcription project)
* Vol 2 (1890) by Eugene William Oates (transcription project)
* Vol 3 (1895) by William Thomas Blanford (transcription project)
* Vol 4 (1898) by William Thomas Blanford (transcription project)

### Reptilia and Batrachia

* The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma (Reptilia and Batrachia) (1890) by George Albert Boulenger (transcription project)

### Butterflies

* Vol 1 (1905) by Charles Thomas Bingham (transcription project)
* Vol 2 (1907) by Charles Thomas Bingham (transcription project)

### Mammalia

* The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma (Mammalia) (1888) by William Thomas Blanford (transcription project)

### Fishes

* Vol 1 (1889) by Francis Day (transcription project)
* Vol 2 (1889) by Francis Day (transcription project)

### Moths

* Vol 1 (1892) by George Francis Hampson (transcription project)
* Vol 2 (1894) by George Francis Hampson (transcription project)
* Vol 3 (1895) by George Francis Hampson (transcription project)
* Vol 4 (1896) by George Francis Hampson (transcription project)
* Vol 5 (Sphingidæ) (1937) by Thomas Reid Davys Bell and Francis Burgess Scott IA

### Coleoptera (Beetles)

* Vol 1 (Cerambycidæ) (transcription project)
# The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma/Birds/Order Passeres/Family Corvidæ

Fig. 1. — Urocissa m. occipitalis.
Family CORVIDÆ.
The intrinsic muscles of the syrinx fixed to the ends of the bronchial semi-rings. The edges of both mandibles smooth, or the upper one simply notched; hinder aspect of tarsus smooth, composed of two entire longitudinal laminæ; wing with ten primaries; tongue non-tubular; nostrils clear of the line of forehead, the lower edge of the nostril generally nearer to the commissure than the upper edge is to the culmen; plumage of the nestling like that of the adult but paler; nostrils hidden by feathers and bristles; rectrices twelve; sexes absolutely alike; an autumn moult only.
In this family the first primary is long, exceeding half the length of the second, whilst the bill exceeds its depth in length.
It contains the Crows, Magpies, Jays, Nutcrackers, and ​Choughs. All species are resident within the limits of this work except the Rook and the Hooded Crow, which are winter visitors to the North and North-West. Their summer quarters are, however, not far off and their migrations are only partial and local. The members of the genera Corvus, or the true Crows, Pica, the Magpies, Nucifraga, the Nutcrackers, and Pyrrhocorax, the Choughs, are birds of wide distribution but the members of the other genera are nearly all restricted to small areas.
The Corvidæ vary a good deal inter se in structure and habit. In one or two genera the nostrils are not so completely hidden by bristles as in the typical Crow. The majority feed completely on the ground, others are strictly arboreal. They all agree in laying four or five spotted eggs except certain species of the genus Podoces, which lay white eggs in burrows. The mode of nidification of the remaining genera varies greatly, some species breeding in holes of trees and cliffs, the others, the majority, constructing large nests of sticks and twigs. Most of them are omnivorous, but some of the smaller tropical species appear to confine their diet to insects.
The Corvidæ, as a family, have few characters in common, and yet there is no group of birds which is more easily recognized.
Key to Genera.
| A. | Nostrils distant from forehead about one-third length of bill; narial bristles rigid and straight, reaching to about middle of bill; or rictal bristles and feathers of face absent. |
| B. | Nostrils distant from forehead less than one-quarter length of bill; narial bristles or plumes short, never reaching to middle of bill. |
| c. | Tail greatly graduated, outer feathers less than half length of tail. |
| a’. | Middle tail-feathers uniformly wide throughout or widening gradually towards tip. |
| a’’. | Bill red or yellow. |
| d. | Tail not much graduated, outer feathers more than half length of tail. |
| d’. | Graduation of tail more than length of tarsus; rictal bristles moderate or obsolete. |
| c’’. | Nostrils nearer edge of culmen than to lower edge of upper mandible. |
| d’’. | Nostrils nearer lower edge of upper mandible than to culmen. |
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Mosquera y Arboleda, Tomás Cipriano de

Edition of 1920. See also Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MOSQUERA Y ARBOLEDA, mōs-kā'rä ē är-bō-lā'dä, Tomás Cipriano de, Colombian politician and President: b. Popayan, 20 Sept. 1798; d. Coconuco, 7 Oct. 1878. After three years of service in the patriot army he was captured by the Spaniards, when he was only 18, but he escaped at Jamaica, returned to the army and in 1829 was made general by Bolivar, who made him also envoy to Peru. After Bolivar's death Mosquera traveled in North America and Europe. He became a senator in 1833; was President of New Granada 1845-49; in 1859 led the federalist revolt against Ospina, adopted a federal constitution by which the name of the country was changed from New Granada to the United States of Colombia, and became dictator of the new federation. His power was checked by a revolt led by Canal, with whom Mosquera in 1862 came to terms. Under the constitution then adopted Mosquera was elected President in 1863 and in 1866; the latter term was cut short by a successful revolution due to the President's arbitrary use of power. He was banished to Lima for four years, but upon his return again entered politics, was governor of Cauca and became a member of Congress. He was strongly anti-clerical; and wrote on the geography of New Granada, and a valuable life of Bolivar (1853).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Mosher, Eliza Maria

Edition of 1920. See also Eliza Maria Mosher on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MOSHER, mō'zhėr, Eliza Maria, American physician: b. Cayuga County, N. Y., 1846. She was graduated from the University of Michigan in 1875, and studied at the School of Medicine in Paris from 1879-80. She was resident physician at the Massachusetts Reformatory for Women in 1880-81 and director of the institution in 1881-83. In 1883 she went to Vassar College as professor of physiology and resident physician; from 1886-96, she was engaged in general medical practice in Brooklyn, N. Y., and then became professor of hygiene in the department of literature, science and arts, and women's dean at the University of Michigan. Holding this position till 1902 when she returned to her practice in Brooklyn. She has been lecturer at the Chautauqua Summer School of Physical Education since 1888. She is the author of ‘Health and Happiness’ (1911).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Moskva

Edition of 1920. See also Moskva River on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MOSKVA, mŏsk-vä, Russia, an affluent of the Oka, a tributary of the Volga, which rises in a marsh in the east of Smolensk, flows east to the city of Moscow and thence 112 miles
southeast to the Oka, which it joins near Kolomna after a total course of 305 miles. It is connected with the Volga by the Moskva Canal. It is navigable from its mouth to Moscow except between November and April when it is frozen. The battle of Borodino or Moskva, between the French under Napoleon and the Russians under Kutusoff, was fought on its banks (7 Sept. 1812.)
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Moslem

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
MOSLEM, or MUSLIM. See Mohammedanism.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Mosler, Henry

Edition of 1920. See also Henry Mosler on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MOSLER, mōz'lėr, Henry, American artist: b. New York, 6 June 1841. A diligent student of wood-engraving, he was draughtsman on a Cincinnati comic weekly (1855), studied with James H. Beard (1859-61), and was art correspondent for Harper's Weekly with the Army of the West 1862-63. Realizirig the need of study he followed art at Düsseldorf and Paris (1863-66), returning to Europe in 1874. He resided for many years in France, was appointed a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor in 1892 and has been a successful exhibitor and prize winner at many exhibitions at home and abroad. His specialties are portraits, figure paintings and groups of figures.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Morton, William James

Edition of 1920. See also William J. Morton on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MORTON, William James, American physician: b. Boston, 3 July 1845. He is a son of W. T. G. Morton (q.v.), whose name is connected with the first anæsthetic use of ether. He was educated at the Boston Latin School, Harvard University and Vienna. On his graduation there, in 1872, his thesis on “Anæsthetics,” gained him the Boylston prize. He practised medicine at Bar Harbor, Me., and in Boston; went to Kimberley, South Africa, where, besides practising his profession, he engaged in diamond-mining. Settling in New York he became editor of the Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases; from 1882-85 was adjunct professor of nervous diseases at the New York Post-Graduate Medical School; served as neurologist to the New York Infant Asylum, 1887-90; and was afterward professor of nervous diseases and electrotherapeutics at the New York Post-Graduate School. As an authority in electrotherapeutics he has won wide recognition, and by his mechanical device for establishing the “static induced current” of
electricity — the “Morton current” of the scientific world — has supplied a means for producing the X-ray, and rendered a service of great practical value to medicine and surgery. Indicted in January 1912, in association with Julian Hawthorne and others, on a charge of fraudulent use of the mails in the promotion of bogus mining companies, conviction followed nearly a year after; he was sentenced to 12 months' imprisonment, but was released in October 1913, pardoned by the President and reinstated in his profession.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Morton, William Thomas Green

Edition of 1920. See also William T. G. Morton on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MORTON, William Thomas Green, American dental surgeon: b. Charlton, Mass., 19 Aug. 1819; d. New York, 15 July 1868. He established himself in the practice of dentistry in Boston, and there in March 1844 became a student of medicine in the office of Dr. C. T. Jackson (q.v.), the scientist. In November 1846 he obtained a patent for the process of anæsthesia by what he called “letheon,” now known as ether. Jackson claimed the discovery of etherization previous to the winter of 1841-42, and Morton's patent was contested by both Jackson and Horace Wells, another of Jackson's pupils. Morton communicated his knowledge of the process to Dr. J. C. Warren, and anæsthesia by ether was made public through an operation performed by Warren at the Massachusetts General Hospital 16 Oct. 1846. The French Academy of Sciences investigated the matter and decreed a Montyon prize of 2,500 francs to Jackson for the discovery, and another of like amount to Morton for the application of the discovery to surgical operations. In 1852 a bill appropriating $100,000 as a national testimonial to Morton was introduced in Congress, but failed, as it did also in 1853 and 1854. Testimonials accrediting to him the application of ether as an anæsthetic were signed by the medical profession in Boston (1856), New York (1858) and Philadelphia (1860). Consult Weyman, ‘Trials of a Public Benefactor’ (1859).