OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New York Times/1916/11/22/Coal Inquiry by Grand Jury

COAL INQUIRY BY GRAND JURY.
The Grand Jury announced its intention yesterday of immediately starting an investigation into the coal and food situation with an idea of fixing the responsibility for the present inflated prices. The jurymen expressed a willingness to sit all next month if District Attorney Swann thought it necessary.
District Attorney Swann and Assistant District Attorney Markewich will go before the jury this morning with evidence obtained from a score or more dealers in the city, but Mr. Swann refused to divulge the nature of this evidence, though he said he expected to get one or more indictments.
Michael Burns, President of Burns Brothers, coal distributors, conferred with Mr. Markewich for several hours yesterday. He charged present high prices to speculators, who, he declared, had brought up quantities of coal from the so-called independent mines when coal was selling at a low figure and were now reaping enormous profits.
“Mr. Burns told me,” said the District Attorney, “that these scalpers purchased the coal for as low as $5 a ton and hoarded it in the neighborhood until the present scarcity arose.”
Mr. Burns said he had recently been compelled to purchase several thousand tons of coal from speculators, which he had sold to his customers at a loss. When asked by Mr. Swann to divulge the names of these men Mr. Burns refused. “I do not want to be an informer,” was his comment. Mr. Swann immediately caused a mandatory subpoena to be served on the coal merchant requiring him to appear before the Grand Jury tomorrow. Subpoenas have been sent to a score of other dealers.
Leonard M. Walstein, Commissioner of Accounts, came out yesterday in favor of a municipally operated coal market such as are maintained in Terre Haute, Ind., and other Western cities.
Assistant District Attorney Markewich, who has also been investigating the unprecedented rise in prices of live poultry, examined several representatives of that business yesterday, as the result of which he said he learned that the producers and Western shippers have not been demanding any higher prices than they did six months ago. From this it was apparent, Mr. Markewich said, that the law was being violated by the local distributers. He said he probably would call several dealers before the Grant Jury today.
Joseph Hartigan, Commissioner of Weights and Measures, increased yesterday his force of Inspectors investigating the alleged practice of small dealers in selling short-weight coal. Three dealers were arrested yesterday, all charged with selling coal of short weight. The Inspectors also arrested a grocery, charged with selling a basket of potatoes for $2.50, representing the weight to be 60 pounds, when it was really only 54 pounds.
Investigations had shown, the Commissioner said, that some dealers were using two scales, one honest and the other not. Where there was any question or where the customer looked like a person who would “kick,” the honest scale was used. In a majority of sales, however, the crooked scale was used, he said.
# The New York Times/1916/11/22/Defends Pasteurization

DEFENDS PASTEURIZATION.
The Wicks Legislative Committee, which began yesterday its New York City investigation of the distribution of farm products to determine whether money was wasted in handling them, was told by the Department of Health that the city would not countenance any attempt to lessen the restrictions it throws around its milk supply. In reply to a question as to whether pasteurization would not purify milk at present branded impure under the standards of the department, Dr. Lucius P. Brown, Director of the Bureau of Food and Drugs, said:
“Pasteurization kills the tuberculosis germs, but we must not pasteurize an impure milk supply.”
After the session yesterday Senator Wicks, Chairman of the committee, said he was not trying to show that pasteurization was not necessary, but that the people of the city had the best milk supply in the world, and should not mind paying for it.
Mr. Brown told the committee the powers of the Health Department were very broad, that it practically made its own laws as to the importation and sale of food in the city, and enforced them. He said the department had little trouble with the adulteration of milk by the addition of water, but that consumers are sometimes fooled with cream that has been treated with sucrate of lime.
In reply to questions, he said that pasteurization could never be given up. He told of the reduction in the death rate since pasteurization was inaugurated in 1914. In 1913 the maximum number of typhoid cases reported in one week was 340. In 1914 after pasteurization went into effect, the number fell to 130. In 1915, the largest number of cases in a week was 145. New York got milk from five or six states, Mr. Brown said, and Michigan was planning to send cream to New York. He said 40,000 to 50,000 farms supplied milk to this city.
The shortage of Milk Inspectors was emphasized by Mr. Brown. He said the whole milk inspection of the city was done by thirty-two inspectors, whereas there should be 140 or more. The hearing will continue at 10 o’clock this morning.
# The New York Times/1916/11/22/Deplores Punitive Laws

DEPLORES PUNITIVE LAWS.
Railroad Spokesman Urges Encouragement of Transportation Industry
WASHINGTON, Nov. 21.—At a long conference today the railroad executives now in Washington arranged the order in which the testimony of the companies should be presented to the Joint Committee on Interstate Commerce, which yesterday began an investigation of the transportation situation. The committee decided that the representatives of the railroads should appear first.
It was decided by the railroad executives that the presentation of their side should be begun by A. P. Thom, counsel to the Railway Executives’ Advisory Committee. He will address the Newlands Committee on Thursday Morning.
Frank Trumbull, Chairman of the Railway Executives’ Advisory Committee, and other executives returned home tonight to await their turn to appear before the committee. Prior to his departure Mr. Trumbull, in answer to a request to define the position of the railroads to the inquiry, said:
“The railways naturally desired to co-operate in this inquiry in whatever way the Joint Congressional Committee considers most helpful. We regard the inquiry as one in which all those whose study or experience may throw light on the problems involved should participate, to the end that a plan may finally be adopted which will, in the President’s phrase, make the railroads ‘more useful servants to the public as a whole.’
“The representatives of the railroads have no completed plan or program to submit at this time and do not wish to appear as the advocates or opponents of any special plan. It is natural, however, that men who have been in daily contact with State and Federal regulation in the operation of the roads should have formed some conclusions as to particulars in which existing methods of regulation are unduly burdensome to the commerce of the country. In doing this the railroads do not oppose public regulation. That is not now a question for debate. But if, as we feel, some features of the existing system are defective, wasteful, and uneconomic, it is a matter of public duty to call attention to this fact.
“Many of the existing laws relating to railway regulation, especially State laws, are primarily punitive and restrictive. They were enacted to punish the railroads for actual or alleged past wrongdoing. The difference in spirit and purpose between our railway laws and, for example, those governing our banking system, which are designed to serve the public by encouraging and facilitating banking operations, is obvious. The railways hold that it is to the public interest as well as to their interest that the system of regulation be framed with the purpose of encouraging railway development and efficient service along legitimate lines.
“By far the greater part of the railway business of the country consists of the transportation of interstate commerce, and the regulation of this is properly a Federal and not a State function.”
# The New York Times/1916/11/22/Discuss Prison Camps

DISCUSS PRISON CAMPS.
LONDON, Nov. 21.—Washington’s refusal to permit the publication of American officials on prison camps in Germany was the subject of a question today in the House of Commons. Lord Robert Cecil, Minister of War Trade, replying to the interrogation, said he had some reason to believe that, while the United States Government objected in principle to the publication of such reports, its consent might be obtained to the publication of individual reports.
The expenses incurred by the American officials in visiting the camps, Lord Robert said, would be refunded to the American Government in due course, and concluded:
“We are obliged, however reluctantly, to defer to the wishes of the United States Government as to the publication of reports drawn up by United States officials.”
The Minister of War Trade told another questioner that the American Ambassador at Constantinople was well aware of the great importance Great Britain attached to the inspection of prison camps in Turkey.
# The New York Times/1916/11/22/Diet Squad Loses Flesh

DIET SQUAD LOSES FLESH.
CHICAGO, Nov. 21.—The suspicion of Dr. John Dill Robertson, City Health Commissioner, that his diet squad had gorged themselves in preparation for the experiment of feeding them on 40 cents a day was verified today when the twelve subjects of the experiment were placed on the scales.
The experiment, designed to inform the public how to beat the high cost of living by eating only what is necessary to maintain the best of health, was to have begun yesterday, but the Commissioner suspected the squad had made undue preparations and postponed the start until tomorrow.
Today he placed them on the scales and observed that a mere reduction to normal eating had cost most of them some flesh.
Dr. Robertson has received letters from all parts of the country making suggestions as to the diet. One writer said his daily diet for years had not cost more than 40 cents.
“I eat entire wheat bread, cereals, and cocoa; never taste vegetables, fish, or meat; am 32 years old and weigh close to 200 pounds,” he wrote.
# The New York Times/1916/11/22/Divergent Peace Plans

DIVERGENT PEACE PLANS.
Professor Samuel T. Dutton of Columbia University, Secretary of the World’s Court League, of which John Hays Hammond is President, issued a statement yesterday setting forth the difference between this organization and the League to Enforce Peace, of which ex-President Taft is the head. In the main the two organizations are working toward the same end, and Mr. Taft is honorary President of the World’s Court League and interested in both organizations.
“The platform of the World’s Court League differs in several essential particulars from the plan of the League to Enforce Peace, each difference representing an attempt to develop more completely the idea of international agreement,” Professor Dutton said in his statement. “The main points of difference are these: that the World’s Court League recognizes the institutions already in existence that grew out of the first and second Hague Conferences; sees the need ot continuing the Hague Conferences, not depending on the initiative of any one power, but meeting at fixed periods automatically, and looks to the establishment of a permanent administrative committee representing all the nations to keep in touch with the various Governments.”
Ex-President Taft is to speak tonight at a meeting of the Canadian Club at which Sir Robert Baird Borden, the Premier of Canada, is to be a guest of honor. Advocates of the League to Enforce Peace plan are looking forward to this meeting with great interest in view of the comments favorable to the plan which the Premier made in his speech on Saturday before the members of the Lawyers’ Club.
# The New York Times/1916/11/22/Dyewood Speculators Hit

DYEWOOD SPECULATORS HIT
Dyewood speculators have been hard hit by the collapse of the boom in buying logwood in the West Indies at top prices under the impression that the American coaltar dye and natural dye industry would be unable to meet the requirements of textile and other users, thereby compelling the latter to have recourse to natural dyes at prices to be named by the speculators.
Storehouses, piers, and even back yards along the South Brooklyn water front are piled high with logwood bought by men who at the beginning of the European war, with German coaltar dyes shut out of the American market, saw logwood selling at around $110 a ton. The speculators, with views of fortunes made over night, rushed to the West Indies and bought logwood wherever offered.
The supplies were brought to New York, and for the most part stored in Brooklyn awaiting the expected demand from the consuming industries. It did not materialize. Storage charges accumulated, and with no market for their wood most of the speculators went to the wall.
W. W. Skiddy, President and Treasurer of the Stamford Manufacturing Company, with offices at 82 Wall Street, and a large plant at Stamford, Conn., said yesterday that the legitimate trade employed its own facilities in getting logwood supplies, and had been able to satisfy requirements, notwithstanding the big expansion taking place in the natural dyestuff business as a result of the war. Logwood is bringing now about $40 a ton, he said, although soon after the war started it ranged between $75 and $80 a ton. “The legitimate trade,” said Mr. Skiddy, “has no sympathy with the losers.”
# The New Northwest

Newspaper published by Abigail Scott Duniway from 1871 to 1887; championed women's suffrage in the northwestern United States.
Content exists for this periodical, though at this stage it is not specifically organised beyond a basic hierarchy.
The pages listed below are an automatically generated listing.
Special:PrefixIndex/The New Northwest/
# The New Monthly Magazine and Universal Register/Volume 11/Number 64/Letter from Dr. Polidori

Response from John Polidori to the "Extract of a Letter from Geneva" and the short story "The Vampyre" printed in the previous number of The New Monthly Magazine
​MR. EDITOR,
As the person referred to in the Letter from Geneva, prefixed to the Tale of the Vampyre, in your last Number, I beg leave to state, that your correspondent has been mistaken in attributing that tale, in its present form, to Lord Byron. The fact is, that though the ground-work is certainly Lord Byron’s, its developement is mine, produced at the request of a lady, who denied the possibility of any thing being drawn from the materials which Lord Byron had said he intended to have employed in the formation of his Ghost story. I am, &c.John W. Polidori.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New Student's Reference Work/Achæan League

See also Achaean League on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Achæan League (ä-kē′ȧn lēg), originally a confederacy of ten cities of Achaia, which grew into power after the fall of the greater Greek powers. Later it included nearly all the Greek cities, and for fifty years resisted the attacks of Rome.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Acid

See also Acid on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ac′id, a term used in chemistry to denote a class of substances whose union with an alkali, or other base, forms salts. Strictly speaking, all acids contain hydrogen, and are, in fact, salts of hydrogen. Most of them have the following properties: they can be dissolved in water; they have a sour taste; they turn vegetable blues to red. The most common and useful inorganic or “mineral” acids are sulphuric, nitric and hydrochloric acids, which are manufactured on a very large scale. Among the organic acids are acetic acid, which gives vinegar its sour taste: citric acid, which produces the sourness in lemons; oxalic acid, which is found in sorrel and some other plants, and which in large quantities acts as a poison; malic acid, found in apples and also currants and gooseberries; tartaric acid, found in grapes and used in the manufacture of baking powder; prussic or hydrocyanic acid, a deadly poison, a small quantity of which is found in bitter almonds and in the leaves and stones of peaches. Many hundred acids are known to chemists, the greater part of which are artificial.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Acre

See also Acre, Israel on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Acre (ä-ker or ā-ker), a seaport of Syria. Its harbor is the best on the neighboring coast. It is very old, and famous for the attacks and sieges it has sustained, particularly the assault of Richard Cœur de Lion in 1191, and the sixty days’ siege of Napoleon in 1799. Population, 10,000.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Actinomorphic Flowers

See also Floral symmetry on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ac′tinomor′phic (ak′tĭn-o-môr′fĭk) Flowers. Those whose parts are repeated uniformly about a center, like the parts of a radiate animal. Such flowers are often called “regular.” Although the name applies to all parts of the flower it is most commonly used in connection with the petals. When the petals are all about alike and equally spaced about the center, as in the buttercup and the rose, the flower is actinomorphic. The contrasting phrase is “zygomorphic flowers.” The noun form of the word is “actinomorphy.”
# The New Student's Reference Work/Acorn

See also Acorn on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​A′corn, fruit of the oak, a nut once considered an important article of food. The ancients thought eating “oaken mast” gave length of years and strength to man. The Indians of New England and farther south ate the acorns of white oaks of several species. The sweet acorn of the California white oak, Indians of the Pacific Coast bake, shell and grind into a coarse meal from which they make bread. Chinese and Japanese use certain acorns for food. Today in some English villages the people hold to the old “right of pannage,” and in autumn turn their hogs into the royal forests to fatten on the fallen acorns.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Acropolis

See also Acropolis on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Acropolis. See Athens.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Actium

See also Actium on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Actium (ak′shĭ-ŭm), in Acarnania, the scene of the naval battle in which Octavius, afterward called Augustus Cæsar, conquered Mark Antony and Cleopatra and became, in consequence, emperor of Rome. The number of ships on each side was about the same, but the battle was lost by the cowardice of Cleopatra, who fled with her triremes (ships propelled by oars) as soon as attacked, followed by Antony, who would not be separated from her even to win an empire. The Actian games, occurring every four years, were established here by Augustus in honor of his victory.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Aconcagua

See also Aconcagua on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Aconcagua (ä-kŏn-kä′ḡwä), a central province of the Republic of Chile, bounded on the north by the province of Coquimbo, on the south by Santiago and on the southwest by Valparaiso, flanked on the east by the Andes and the Argentine Republic, and on the west by the South Pacific Ocean. Its area is 5,485 square miles, with a population (1910) of 131,331. Its capital is Felipe. On the range of the Andes, within the Argentine boundary, is the extinct volcano of Aconcagua, deemed the loftiest elevation in the New World, with an estimated height of 23,000 feet. The Aconcagua River flows seaward through the province and gives the latter its chief fertility in grain, hemp and a variety of fruits. Copper deposits are found in the province.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Actinism

See also Actinism on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ac′tinism (Gr. aktin, a ray), the chemical property of light, solar or other radiant energy, as the sun’s rays in photography, and by which chemical changes are produced. The sun-recording instrument which measures and records the quantity of actinism present is called the actinograph; while the actinometer is the instrument or apparatus for measuring the chemical effects of radiation from any source, as in measuring the intensity of the rays on a photographic plate, or piece of sensitized paper, when exposed to the sunlight.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Dairy

See also the disclaimer.
​Dairy. See Dairy-Factory, Milk and Butter.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Dakotas

See also Dakota people on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Dakotas (dȧ-kō′tȧs), a tribe of Indians residing between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi. Their language is thought to be nearer the Mongolian than that of any other Indian family. It is said that they came eastward from the Pacific till they met the Algonquins, and were held in check by them at the Mississippi. One tribe, the Winnebagoes, fought their way through to Lake Michigan. Another tribe, the Arkansas, settled on the Ohio, but were driven down the Mississippi to the region that now bears their name. The other tribes of the family are the Assiniboin or Stone Sioux, the Dakotas proper or Sioux, the Missouris, Omahas, Poncas, Iowas, Osages, Kansas, Ottoes, Minnetarees and Crows. It is now asserted that the Sioux followed the buffalo westward from the Atlantic across the Mississippi. There are some 30,000 Dakotas.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Dalhousie, James Andrew Broun-Ramsay, Marquis of

See also James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Dalhousie (dăl-hou′zĭ), James Andrew Broun-Ramsay, Marquis of, was born at Midlothian, April 22, 1812. By the death of his elder brother he became Lord Ramsay, and on the death of his father he entered the house of peers as Earl of Dalhousie. He distinguished himself in Parliament, holding with credit many important posts, and in 1847 proceeded to India as the youngest governor-general ever appointed to that country. His course there was marked by energy and ability, and earned him the title of the greatest of Indian proconsuls. He carried out many reforms, opened the country by railroads, telegraphs, roads and canals, and added four kingdoms to the British possessions. At the end of eight years his health gave way and he returned to England. He died on December 19, 1860.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Dalmatia

See also Dalmatia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Dalma′tia, a province of Austria, running along the Mediterranean and bounded by Croatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina and Montenegro. Its area is 4,940 square miles. The country is mountainous, with numerous small lakes and rivers. The highest mountain is Orjen, with an elevation of 6,235 feet. About one ninth of the land is arable; nearly half is in pasture; and woods occupy about one third. Cattle-rearing, seafaring and fisheries are the chief industries. Besides Dalmatians, the people are made up of Italians, Albanians, Germans and Jews. The Dalmatians are a fine race of men, bold and brave as seamen and soldiers, and formerly were the main support of the military power of Venice. The cities are almost all on the coast. Dalmatia once was a considerable kingdom; but after various attempts it was conquered by Rome in the time of Augustus. After the fall of the western empire, it passed successively into the hands of Goths, Slavonians, Venetians, French and Italians, and since 1814 it has formed part of Austria. In 1869-70 and again in 1881 Dalmatia was the scene of insurrections. The chief towns of the province are Zara, Spalato and Ragusa. Population, 593,784.