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# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Crichton, Andrew

​CRICHTON, ANDREW, LL.D. (1790–1855), biographer and historian, youngest son of a small landed proprietor, was born in the parish of Kirkmahoe, Dumfriesshire, December 1790, and educated at Dumfries academy and at the university of Edinburgh. After becoming a licensed preacher he was for some time engaged in teaching in Edinburgh and North Berwick. In 1823 he published his first work, the ‘Life of the Rev. John Blackadder,’ which was followed by the ‘Life of Colonel J. Blackadder,’ 1824, and ‘Memoirs of the Rev. Thomas Scott,’ 1825. To ‘Constable's Miscellany’ he contributed five volumes, viz. ‘Converts from Infidelity,’ 2 vols. 1827, and a translation of Koch's ‘Revolutions in Europe,’ 3 vols. 1828. In the ‘Edinburgh Cabinet Library’ he wrote the ‘History of Arabia,’ 2 vols. 1833, and ‘Scandinavia, Ancient and Modern,’ 2 vols. 1838. He commenced his connection with the newspaper press in 1828 by editing (at first in conjunction with De Quincey) the ‘Edinburgh Evening Post.’ In 1830 he conducted the ‘North Briton,’ and in 1832 he undertook the editorship of the ‘Edinburgh Advertiser,’ in which employment he continued till June 1851. He contributed extensively to periodicals, among others to the ‘Westminster Review,’ ‘Tait's Edinburgh Magazine,’ the ‘Dublin University,’ ‘Fraser's Magazine,’ the ‘Church Review,’ and the ‘Church of Scotland Magazine and Review.’ In 1837 the university of St. Andrews conferred on him the degree of doctor of laws. He was a member of the presbytery of Edinburgh, being ruling elder of the congregation of Trinity College Church, and sat in the general assembly of the church of Scotland as elder for the burgh of Cullen for three years previous to his decease. He died at 33 St. Bernard's Crescent, Edinburgh, 9 Jan. 1855.
He married first, in July 1835, Isabella Calvert, daughter of James Calvert, LL.D.of Montrose, she died in November 1837; and secondly, December 1844, Jane, daughter of the Rev. John Duguid, minister of Erie and Kendall.
[Gent. Mag. June 1855, p. 654; Hardwicke's Annual Biog. for 1856, p. 198.]
G. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Crichton, James (d.1650)

​CRICHTON, JAMES, Viscount Frendraught (d. 1650), was eldest son of James Crichton of Frendraught, by Elizabeth, eldest daughter of John Gordon, twelfth earl of Sutherland. He was descended from William Crichton, Lord Crichton [q. v.] His father was of very turbulent disposition, and in October 1630 several friends whom he had urged to stay in his house to protect him from the threatened assault of his enemies were burnt to death there under circumstances that threw suspicion on himself. His chief enemies were the Gordons of Rothemay, who repeatedly plundered Frendraught. The son was created baron of Frendraught in 1641 and Viscount Frendraught in 1642. He took part in Montrose's last expedition, and was present at the battle of Invercharran (1650). In the rout Montrose's horse was disabled, and Frendraught gave him his own, which enabled him to make good his escape for a time. Frendraught died by his own hand on the field of battle.
[Douglas's Peerage of Scotland, i. 611.]
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dickson, William (1745-1804)

​DICKSON, WILLIAM (1745–1804), bishop of Down and Connor, son of an English clergyman, James Dickson, who was dean of Down from 1768 till 1787, was born in 1745, and educated at Eton, where he formed a lifelong friendship with Charles James Fox and several of Fox's nearest friends, one of whom, Lord Robert Spencer, became his executor. He entered Hertford College, Oxford, graduating B.A. 1767, M.A. 1770, and D.D. by diploma 1784. He was first chaplain to Lord Northington, who became lord-lieutenant of Ireland 3 June 1783, and was promoted to the bishopric of Down and Connor by patent dated 12 Dec. following. He was indebted to Fox for this rapid promotion, and Bishop Mant says the intelligence was communicated to him in a letter to this effect: ‘I have ceased to be minister, and you are bishop of Down’ (History of the Church of Ireland, ii. 686). He was thus the official superior of his father, who was still dean of Down. He was too modest to push himself forward in public life; but his manners were charming, his domestic life blameless, and he was admired by men of all parties. He married a Miss Symmes, and by her had six children, of whom one son, John, was archdeacon of Down 1796–1814; another, William, prebendary of Rathsarkan or Rasharkin, in the diocese of Connor, 1800–50; and a third, Stephen, prebendary of Carncastle, in the same diocese, 1802–49. Dickson died at the house of his old friend Fox, in Arlington Street, London, 19 Sept. 1804, and was buried in the cemetery of St. James's Chapel, Hampstead Road, where a monument has been erected to his memory.
[Gent. Mag. (1804), lxxiv. 890; Annual Register (1804), xlvi. 501; Cat. of Oxford Graduates (1851), 186; Cotton's Fasti Ecclesiæ Hibernicæ, iii. 212, 228; Bishop Mant's History of the Church of Ireland, ii. 686, 760, 762.]
B. H. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dickson, William Gillespie

​DICKSON, WILLIAM GILLESPIE (1823–1876), legal writer, born 9 April 1823, was the second son of Henry Gordon Dickson, writer to the signet in Edinburgh. He was educated at the Edinburgh Academy and University, and destined for the legal profession. On 9 March 1847 he was admitted a member of the Faculty of Advocates, and practised at the bar of the supreme court of Scotland in Edinburgh for some years. His success as an advocate was moderate, and he employed the leisure of his first years of practice in preparing the work upon which his fame mainly depends—‘A Treatise on the Law of Evidence in Scotland,’ the first edition of which was published in July 1855. The work had immediate success. A second edition was published in 1864, but by this time the sphere of the author's labours was changed. In July 1856 he accepted the office of procureur and advocate-general of the Mauritius, where he remained for the next ten years. In 1867, ​on account of the failing health of his wife, he obtained leave of absence, and while in this country in 1868 he was offered by Sheriff Glassford Bell, then sheriff-principal of Lanarkshire, the office of sheriff-substitute in Glasgow. This he accepted, much to the regret of his friends in the Mauritius, by whom his labours were cordially appreciated, and where he was greatly liked, and on Sheriff Bell's death in 1874, he succeeded him as sheriff-depute (or principal sheriff) of the county. He was installed on 21 Jan. 1874, and shortly afterwards (in April 1874) he received from his alma mater the honorary degree of LL.D. He died suddenly on 19 Oct. 1876. In Glasgow as in the Mauritius Dickson made himself a general favourite. His great legal attainments and his extreme industry gained him the respect of the members of his profession. As a judge he was conscientious and painstaking in the highest degree. It is, however, by his legal writings, where his attainments as a scientific jurist had freer scope, that he will always be best known. His work on evidence is distinguished by thorough investigation, comprehensive grasp of the subject, and logical arrangement of its various branches. It rapidly became and still is the standard authority for the practising lawyer in Scotland, and a third edition, which, considering the age of the work, is now much needed, is understood to be at present in course of preparation. Dickson's amiability and geniality made him popular in private life.
G. W. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fitzhubert, Robert

​FITZHUBERT, ROBERT (fl. 1140) freebooter, is first mentioned in 1139. His origin is not known, but he is spoken of as a kinsman of William of Ypres [q. v.], and as one of those Flemish mercenaries who had flocked to England at Stephen's call. On 7 Oct. 1139 he surprised by night the castle of Malmesbury, which the king had seized from the Bishop of Salisbury a few months before, and burnt the village. The royal garrison of the castle fled for refuge to the abbey, but Robert soon pursued them thither, and, entering the chapter-house at the head of his followers, demanded that the fugitives should be handed over. The terrified monks with difficulty induced him to be content ​with the surrender of their horses. He was already plundering far and wide, when Stephen, on his way to attack Trowbridge, heard of his deeds, and, turning aside, laid siege to the castle. At the close of a week William of Ypres prevailed on Robert to surrender, and within a fortnight of his surprising the castle he had lost it and had set out to join the Earl of Gloucester.
After five months in the earl's service he left him secretly, and on the night of 26 March (1140) surprised and captured by escalade the famous castle of Devizes, then held for the king. The keep resisted for four days, but then fell into his hands. On the Earl of Gloucester sending his son to receive the castle from Robert, he scornfully turned him away from the gate, exclaiming that he had captured the castle for himself. He now boasted that he would be master by its means of all the country from Winchester to London, and would send for troops from Flanders. Rashly inviting John Fitzgilbert [see Marshal, John], castellan of Marlborough, to join him in his schemes, he was decoyed by him to Marlborough Castle and there entrapped. The Earl of Gloucester, on hearing of this, hastened at once to Marlborough, and at length by bribes and promises obtained possession of Robert. The prisoner was then taken to Devizes, and the garrison, according to the practice of the time, warned that he would be hanged unless they surrendered the castle. They pleaded the oath they had sworn to him that they would never do so, and declined. Two of his nephews were then hanged, and at last Robert himself. The castle was subsequently sold by the garrison to the king.
This episode is dwelt on at some length by the chroniclers, who were greatly impressed by the savage cruelty, the impious blasphemy, and the transcendent wickedness of this daring adventurer.
J. H. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fortescue, Henry

​FORTESCUE, Sir HENRY (fl. 1426), lord chief justice of the common pleas in Ireland, was the eldest son of Sir John Fortescue, governor of Meaux, and brother to Sir John, lord chief justice of England [q. v.] It is probable that he was a student of Lincoln's Inn, and almost certain that he was elected member of parliament for Devon on 11 Nov. 1421 (Return of Members of the House of Commons, 1878, pt. i. p. 299). His appointment as chief justice of the common pleas in Ireland is dated 25 June 1426, and for a short period his name occurs several times in the ‘Calendar of the Irish Chancery Rolls.’ From these entries, which contain all that is known of his career, it appears that a salary was assigned to him of forty pounds per annum, which was soon afterwards altered to forty pence per diem, in addition to the custody of certain manors. Fortescue held his appointment only for seventeen months, and was ‘relieved’ from it by the king's writ on 8 Nov. 1427. Almost immediately afterwards he was commissioned by the Irish parliament to accompany Sir James Alleyn on a mission to England, to lay before the king the grievances of his Irish subjects. Again, in 1428, he was sent with Sir Thomas Strange by the lords and commons assembled in Dublin, with the concurrence of Sir John Sutton, the lord-lieutenant, with a number of articles of complaint to be laid again before the king. One of the grievances which he was instructed to represent related to the insults and assaults made upon himself and Sir James Alleyn during their former mission, from which it may be concluded that their first visit to the court had not met with much success. The other griefs for which the parliament prayed redress related to the frequent changes of governors and justices, to the debts left behind them by each successive lord-lieutenant, to the exclusion of Irish law students from the English inns of court, and to the treatment of Irishmen travelling in England. There is no further mention of Fortescue in the ‘Patent Rolls,’ nor is anything known as to his after life, beyond the record of an action brought against him to recover certain lands in Nethercombe, Devonshire. He was twice married, each time to an heiress, the first being Joan, daughter of Edmund Boyun and heiress of the estate of Wood, South Devonshire; and the second the daughter and heiress of Nicholas de Fallapit. He left sons by each wife, who each inherited their respective mothers' properties, and founded two branches of the Devonshire family of Fortescue.
[Lord Clermont's Hist. of the Family of Fortescue; Rotulorum Patentium et Clausorum Cancellariæ Hib. Calendarium, pp. 241, 243, 244 b, 246, 248, 248 b, 249.]
G. K. F.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Forsyth, William (1737-1804)

​FORSYTH, WILLIAM (1737–1804), gardener, was born at Old Meldrum, Aberdeenshire, in 1737. In 1763 he came to London, and was employed in the Apothecaries' Garden at Chelsea under Philip Miller, whom he succeeded in 1771. Thirteen years later he was appointed superintendent of the royal gardens of St. James and Kensington. Soon after coming to London he gave much attention to the growth of trees, and brought out a plaister, the application of which he asserted would cause new growth in place of previously diseased or perished wood. For this he was accorded a vote of thanks in both houses of parliament and a pecuniary reward; but the efficacy of the plaister was disputed by Thomas Andrew Knight and others, its composition differing but slightly from similar preparations commonly in use in nurseries and plantations. Several letters on this topic will be found in the volumes of the ‘Gentleman's Magazine’ cited below.
In 1791 he published his ‘Observations on the Diseases, Defects, and Injuries of Fruit and Forest Trees,’ and in 1802 his ‘Treatise on the Culture and Management of Fruit Trees,’ which reached a seventh edition in 1824. He also contributed a paper on gathering apples and pears to Hunter's ‘Georgical Essays,’ and a ‘Botanical Nomenclature’ in 1794, 8vo. He was a fellow of the Linnean and Antiquaries Societies. He died 25 July 1804, at his official residence, Kensington. The plant named Forsythia after Forsyth in Thomas Walter's ‘Flora Caroliniana,’ 1788, p. 153, is now designated Decumaria (cf. Bentham and Hooker, Genera Plantarum, i. 642).
B. D. J.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fortescue, George

​FORTESCUE, GEORGE (1578?–1659), essayist and poet, born in London in or about 1578, was the only son of John Fortescue, by Ellen, daughter of Ralph Henslow of Barrald, Kent. His father was the second son of Sir Anthony Fortescue [q. v.] (third son of Sir Adrian [q. v.]), by Katharine, daughter of Sir Geoffrey Pole. His father resided for many years in London, but in his old age he retired to St. Omer to avoid persecution as a catholic. George probably received part of his education in the English College of Douay, was in October 1609 admitted as a boarder in the English College at Rome, and was recalled by his parents to Flanders 30 April 1614. He was in London secretary to his cousin Anthony Fortescue, the resident for the Duke of Lorraine at the time of his dismissal by the houses of parliament in 1647. He was arrested, and, after an imprisonment of sixteen weeks, was ordered to quit the kingdom with his principal. His reputation for learning was so great that Edmund Bolton [q. v.] placed his name in the original list of the members of the projected royal academy, or senate of honour. He died in 1659, his will being dated on 17 July in that year.
His principal work is entitled ‘Feriæ Academicæ, auctore Georgio de Forti Scuto Nobili Anglo,’ Douay, 1630, 12mo, pp. 347. A full description of this curious volume of Latin essays was contributed by the Rev. John Mitford to the ‘Gentleman's Magazine’ in 1847 (new ser. xxviii. 382). Lord Clermont states that Fortescue was also the author of the scarce anonymous poem entitled ‘The Sovles Pilgrimage to heavenly Hierusalem. In three severall Dayes Journeyes: by three severall Wayes: purgative, illuminative, unitive. Expressed in the Life and Death of Saint Mary Magdalen,’ 1650, 4to (Bibl. Anglo-Poetica, p. 669; Lowndes, Bibl. Man. ed. Bohn, p. 2456). Fortescue wrote commendatory verses prefixed to (a) the Poems of Sir John Beaumont, his brother-in-law; (b) Sir Thomas Hawkins's translation of the ‘Odes of Horace,’ 1625; (c) Rivers's ‘Devout Rhapsodies,’ 1628; (d) ‘The Tongues Virtuis.’ Several of his Latin letters to eminent men, with their replies, are preserved in manuscript by the Roman catholic dean and chapter of the midland district. Among his correspondents were Galileo Galilei, Cardinal Francesco Barberini, nephew of Urban VIII, Famiano Strada, the historian of ​the Spanish wars in Flanders, Thomas Farnaby [q. v.], the critic and grammarian, and Gregorio Panzani, who was sent by Urban VIII on a mission to the English catholics.
[Addit. MS. 24489, f. 15; Archæologia, xxxii. 144; Lord Clermont's Hist. of the Fortescue Family, 2nd edit. pp. 436–44; Foley's Records, v. 961, vi. 255; Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. iii. 174; Nichols's Leicestershire, vol. iii. pt. ii. p. 656; Lowndes's Bibl. Man. (Bohn), p. 822; Duthillœul, Bibliographie Douaisienne (1842), p. 382.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Forsyth, William (1722-1800)

​FORSYTH, WILLIAM (1722–1800), merchant, was born in 1722 at Cromarty, where his father, a native of Morayshire, had settled as a shopkeeper. He made good progress at the town school, then taught by David Macculloch, not only in the ordinary branches, but in the classics. Forsyth spent some time in a London counting-house, but, his father dying suddenly, he was called home, and had to take the place of head of the family at the early age of seventeen. Cromarty was then in a low state. The herring had deserted the coast, and there was no trade. Forsyth, however, saw that ​the old town had some special advantages. There was a fine harbour, and ready access to the surrounding districts, not only by the roads, but by the firths of Dornoch, Dingwall, and Inverness. He therefore formed the bold and original idea of making it a depôt of supplies for all the country round, and this plan he carried out with energy and success for many years. He brought flax and other commodities from Holland. He traded with Leith and London, and was the first to introduce coal (about 1770), called by the country people ‘black stones.’ On the suggestion of his old schoolfellow, Dr. Hossack of Greenwich, he started the manufacture of kelp. He also employed many of the people in their own homes in spinning and weaving in connection with the British Linen Company, of which he was the first agent in the north, and encouraged fishing and farming industries. For more than thirty years he was the only magistrate in the place, and such was the confidence in his judgment and integrity that during all that time no appeal was taken against any of his decisions. The general respect of the neighbourhood was shown by his popular title as ‘the maister.’ Forsyth not only did much to revive the old glory of the town, but helped many young men to make their way in the world; one of these was the well-known Charles Grant, chairman of the East India Company, and M.P. for Inverness. Forsyth died at Cromarty 30 Jan. 1800. He was twice married, first to Margaret Russell, who died within a year in childbed, and next, after eleven years, to Elizabeth Grant, daughter of the Rev. Patrick Grant of Nigg, Ross-shire. He had nine children, three only surviving him. He and his family were large benefactors to Cromarty. Hugh Miller, himself a native of Cromarty, says: ‘He was one of nature's noblemen; and the sincere homage of the better feelings is an honour reserved exclusively to the order to which he belonged.’ He also says of the inscription on his gravestone in Cromarty churchyard, that its ‘rare merit is to be at once highly eulogistic and strictly true.’
W. F.
# Copyright Amendment Act, 1984/Front matter

van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika
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| Vol. 226 | Kaapstad, 18 April 1984 Cape Town, 18 April 1984 | No. 9185 |
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| No. 753. | 18 April 1984 |
# Copyright Amendment Act, 1980/Front matter

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| Vol. 179] | Cape Town, 23 May 1980 Kaapstad, 23 Mei 1980 | [No. 7010 |
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# Copyright Amendment Act, 1983/Front matter

Republic of South Africa
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| Vol. 216 | Cape Town, 1 June 1983 Kaapstad, 1 Junie 1983 | No. 8735 |
| No. 1163. | 1 June 1983 |
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# Copyright Amendment Act, 1986

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The Copyright Amendment Act, 1986 (Act No. 39 of 1986), is a South African Act of Parliament that amended the Copyright Act, 1978. It was published on 23 April 1986 in Government Gazette No. 10201, and came into force upon publication.
Note that [words in bold type in square brackets] indicate omissions from existing enactments, while words underlined with a solid line indicate insertions in existing enactments.
Act
To amend the Copyright Act, 1978, so as to provide that the exclusive licensee and the exclusive sub-licensee shall have the same rights of action and be entitled to the same legal remedies as the owner of the copyright; and to provide that their rights of action and legal remedies shall be concurrent with those of such owner.
(Afrikaans text signed by the State President.) (Assented to 9 April 1986.)
Be it enacted by the State President and the Parliament of the Republic of South Africa, as follows:―
1. The following section is hereby substituted for section 25 of the Copyright Act, 1978:
| “Rights of action and remedies of exclusive licensee and exclusive sub-licensee. | 25. [The exclusive licensee shall have the same rights of action and be entitled to the same remedies as if the license had been an assignment.] An exclusive licensee and an exclusive sub-licensee shall have the same rights of action and be entitled to the same remedies as if the license were an assignment, and those rights and remedies shall be concurrent with the rights and remedies of the owner of the copyright under which the licence and sub-licence were granted.”. |
2. This Act shall be called the Copyright Amendment Act, 1986.
This work is in the public domain because it was created and first published in South Africa and it is an official text of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, or an official translation of such a text.
According to the Copyright Act, 1978, § 12 (8) (a), "No copyright shall subsist in official texts of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, or in official translations of such texts."
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