OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Dunphie, Charles James

​DUNPHIE, CHARLES JAMES (1820–1908), art critic and essayist, born at Rathdowney on 4 Nov. 1820, was elder son of Michael Dunphy of Rathdowney House, Rathdowney, Queen's County, Ireland, and of Fleet Street, Dublin, merchant, by his wife Kate Woodroffe. His younger brother, Henry Michael Dunphy (d. 1889), who retained the early spelling of the name, was called to the bar at the Middle Temple on 26 Jan. 1861, but became a journalist and critic, being for many years chief of the 'Morning Post's' reporting staff in the House of Commons. Charles Dunphie was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, Coming to London, he studied medicine at King's College Hospital, where he was a favourite pupil of Sir William Fergusson, but soon took to literature and journalism. For some years he was on 'The Times' staff, and when the Crimean war broke out in 1853 he was offered (according to family tradition) the post of its special correspondent. But having lately married he persuaded his colleague and countryman, (Sir) William Howard Russell [q. v. Suppl. II], to go in his stead.
During the war he was one of the founders of the 'Patriotic Fund Journal' (1854-55), a weekly miscellany of general literature, to which he contributed prose and verse under the pseudonym of 'Melopoyn,' the profits being devoted to the Patriotic Fund. In 1856 he left 'The Times' to become art and dramatic critic to the 'Morning Post.' Those offices he continued to combine till 1895. From that date until near his death he only wrote in the paper on art. He thus spent over fifty years in the service of the 'Morning Post.' As a dramatic critic he belonged to the school of John Oxenford and E. L. Blanchard. His knowledge of art was wide and he had much literary power. A graceful writer of Latin, Greek, and English verse, and a semi-cynical essayist, Dunphie had something of the metrical dexterity of Father Prout and the egotistic fluency of Leigh Hunt. While serving the 'Morning Post' he contributed poems to 'Cornhill' and 'Belgravia,' and wrote essays for the 'Observer' (signed Rambler') and the 'Sunday Times.' Collected volumes of his essays appeared under the titles: 'Wildfire: a Collection of Erratic Essays' (1876), 'Sweet Sleep' (1879), 'The Chameleon: Fugitive Fancies on Many-Coloured Matters' (1888). In 'Freelance: Tiltings in many Lists' (1880) he collaborated with Albert King. Of handsome presence and polished manners, Dunphie died at his house, 54 Finchley Road, on 7 July 1908, and was buried at Putney Vale cemetery. He married on 31 March 1853 Jane, daughter of Luke Miller, governor of Ilford gaol. Besides two sons, he left a daughter, Agnes Anne, wife of Sir George Anderson Critchett, first baronet.
[Private information; Foster's Men at the Bar, 1885; The Times, and Morning Post, 10 July 1908.]
A. F. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Rousseau, Jacques

​ROUSSEAU, JACQUES (1626–1694), painter, born in Paris in 1626, was instructed in landscape-painting by Herman van Swanevelt, the famous Dutch painter, then resident in Paris, who was connected with him by marriage. At an early age he went to Rome and acquired great skill in the fashionable style of combining classic architecture and landscape. On his return he was elected a member of the French academy, and employed by Louis XIV at Marly; but on the revocation of the edict of Nantes, being a protestant, he left France for Switzerland, and declined the overtures of Louvois to return and complete his work. He then went to Holland, and thence to England, at the invitation of Ralph, duke of Montagu, for whom, in conjunction with De la Fosse and Monnoyer, he decorated Montagu House, Bloomsbury (afterwards the British Museum). For this work he received an annuity from the duke. Rousseau was employed by William III at Hampton Court, where some of his decorative panels still remain. He was a prominent member of the French refugee settlement in London, and on his death, which ​took place in Soho Square, London, in 1694, he left many charitable benefactions for the benefit of his fellow-refugees. He etched some of his own landscapes in a spirited fashion. A portrait of Rousseau, by Claude Lefebre, was formerly in the possession of the Earl of Burlington.
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Routh, Randolph Isham

​ROUTH, Sir RANDOLPH ISHAM (1785?–1858), commissary-general in the army, son of Richard Routh, chief justice of Newfoundland, was born at Poole, Dorset, apparently in 1785, and educated at Eton. He had intended to go up to Cambridge, but on the sudden death of his father entered the commissariat department of the army in November 1805, being stationed first in Jamaica. He was engaged in the Walcheren expedition in 1809. He served afterwards through the Peninsular war; became deputy commissary-general on 9 March 1812, and was senior commissariat officer at Waterloo in 1815. After the peace he was on the Mediterranean station, and from 1822 in the West Indies, spending some time in Jamaica. On 15 Aug. 1826 he was made commissary-general, and was at once sent to Canada, where he did good service in the rising of 1837–8; he was a member of the executive council, and was knighted for his general services in March 1841. He returned to England on half-pay in February 1843. From November 1845 to October 1848 he was employed in Ireland in superintending the distribution of relief during the famine; for this service he was created K.C.B. on 29 April 1848. He died in London, at 19 Dorset Square, on 29 Nov. 1858.
Routh married, first, on 26 Dec. 1815, at Paris, Adèle Joséphine Laminière, daughter of one of Bonaparte's civil officers; secondly, in 1830, at Quebec, Marie Louise (1810–1891), daughter of Judge Taschereau and sister of Cardinal Taschereau (Times, 5 Jan. 1892).
He was the author of ‘Observations on the Commissariat Field Service and Home Defences’ (1845, and 2nd ed. London, 1852), which has been described as a vade mecum for the commissariat officer, and is quoted as an authority by Kinglake in his ‘Invasion of the Crimea.’
C. A. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Routh, Martha

​ROUTH, Mrs. MARTHA (1743–1817), quakeress, youngest child of Henry and Jane Winter of Stourbridge, Worcestershire, was born there on 25 June 1743, and early adopted the dress and bearing of the quakers. At seventeen she became teacher in a Friends' boarding-school at Nottingham, and at the age of twenty-four succeeded to the post of principal. After a mental struggle she first preached four years later, and was ‘acknowledged a minister’ in 1773. She married Richard Routh of Manchester on 7 Aug. 1776 at Nottingham, relinquished her school, and devoted herself to the ministry. Before 1787 she travelled through Wales, Scotland, the north of England, and to the Land's End. Two years after she passed six months in Ireland. On 21 July 1794 she embarked from London on a protracted missionary tour to America. Not content with visiting all places inhabited by Friends in the New England states, she travelled through Virginia and North Carolina, crossed the Alleghany mountains, and traversed parts of Ohio and Kansas. In little over three years, she says, she travelled eleven thousand miles, and never failed at a single appointed meeting, although the difficulties of crossing rivers and driving over rough unbroken country severely tried her strength.
On the voyage home in the winter of 1797, the ship was boarded by French privateers. In 1804, after sixty-six days' passage, she again reached New York with her husband. The latter died there shortly afterwards, and at the end of a year Mrs. Routh returned to England. Her last journeys were made in 1808 and 1809, through Wales, Somerset, and the northern counties of England. She still preached with power. After attending the yearly meeting in London, she died at Simon Bailey's house in Spitalfields on 18 July 1817, and was buried at Bunhill Fields.
Martha Routh edited ‘Some Account of a Divine Manifestation’ in Christopher Taylor's school at Waltham Abbey, Essex; Philadelphia, 1797, 8vo (reprinted, London, 1799, 12mo). In her seventy-first year she commenced to write her journal, portions of which, with a memoir, were published at York in 1822, 12mo (2nd ed. 1824; reprinted in vol. xii. of the ‘Friends' Library,’ Philadelphia, 1848).
C. F. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Rousseau, Samuel

​ROUSSEAU, SAMUEL (1763–1820), printer and orientalist, born in London in 1763, was the eldest son of Philip Rousseau, at one time a fellow-workman with John Nichols at Bowyer's press. At the end of his life Philip was a Bowyer annuitant of the Company of Stationers (Nichols, Lit. Anecdotes, iii. 288). He was a cousin of Jean Jacques Rousseau, who refers to him as being ‘connu pour bon parent et pour honnête homme’ (Correspondance, 1826, iii. 317). Samuel Rousseau served his apprenticeship in Nichols's printing office, and taught himself Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Syriac, Persian, and Arabic, as well as several modern languages. A few years after the expiration of his apprenticeship he started a printing office in Leather Lane, Holborn, and afterwards removed to the ‘Arabic and Persian Press,’ Wood Street, Spa Fields, where most of his oriental books were printed. For a short time he was master of Joy's charity school in Blackfriars. He taught Persian. As a printer he was unsuccessful, and towards the end of his life did literary hack-work for the booksellers. Rousseau died in Ray Street, Clerkenwell, on 4 Dec. 1820, aged 57.
His chief publications were: 1. ‘The Flowers of Persian Literature, containing extracts from the most celebrated authors,’ London, 1801, 4to. 2. ‘Dictionary of Mohammedan Law, Bengal Revenue Terms, Shanscrit, Hindoo, and other Words used in the East Indies,’ 1802, 8vo. 3. ‘Vocabulary of the Persian Language,’ 1802, 8vo; issued in 1803 with a new title-page, ‘of use to those who cannot obtain the larger work of Richardson’ (see A. Clarke, Bibl. Misc. i. 283). 4. ‘The Book of Knowledge or Grammar of the Persian,’ 1805, 4to (‘contains a great variety of useful information,’ Clarke, i. 281). 5. ‘Punctuation, or an Attempt to facilitate the Art of Pointing,’ 1813, sm. 8vo; said to be taken without acknowledgment from Robertson's work on the same subject (see Biogr. Dict. of Living Authors, 1816, p. 301). 6. ‘Essay on Punctuation,’ 1815, sm. 8vo. 7. ‘Principles of Punctuation,’ 1818, 8vo. 8. ‘Principles of Elocution,’ 1819, 8vo.
H. R. T.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Routh, Bernard

​ROUTH, BERNARD (1695–1768), Irish jesuit, son of Captain William Rothe (d. 1710) by Margaret O'Dogherty, was born at Kilkenny on 11 Feb. 1694–5. His father was great-grandson of Robert Rothe [q. v.], the antiquary. Bernard entered the Society of Jesus on 1 Oct. 1716, and was professed of the four vows on 2 Feb. 1733–4. He devoted himself to the career of teaching, and for many years he was a professor in the Irish College at Poitiers, where he composed several works which prove his erudition and critical discernment. His superiors afterwards summoned him to Paris, and from 1739 to 1743 he was on the editorial staff of the ‘Journal de Trévoux.’ With the assistance of Father Castel, one of his religious brethren, he administered to Montesquieu the consolations of religion, but the charge that he attempted, after the death of Montesquieu, to obtain possession of his manuscripts is baseless. Suard, who was present on the occasion, directly contradicted this story. On the suppression of the Society of Jesus in France in 1764, Routh withdrew to Mons in Belgium, where he became confessor of the Princess Charlotte de Lorraine. He died at Mons on 18 Jan. 1768.
His works are: 1. ‘Ode à la Reine,’ 4to. This is in the collection of poems published by the Collège Louis le Grand on the occasion of the marriage of Louis XV in 1725. 2. ‘Lettres Critiques sur “les Voyages de Cyrus”’ of Andrew Michael Ramsay [q. v.], Paris, 1728, 12mo. 3. ‘Suite de la nouvelle Cyropédie, ou Réflexions de Cyrus sur ses Voyages,’ Amsterdam, 1728, 8vo. 4. ‘Lettres critiques à Mr le comte * * * sur le Paradis Perdu et Reconquis de Milton par R. * *,’ Paris, 1731; this work is reprinted at the end of the French translation of ‘Paradise Lost’ by Dupré de Saint-Maur, 3 vols. 1775. 5. ‘Relation fidèle des troubles arrivés dans l'empire de Pluton, au sujet de l'histoire de Sethos, en quatre lettres écrites des Champs élisées à M. l'abbé * * [Terrasson], auteur de cette histoire,’ Amsterdam, 1731, 8vo, Paris [1743?]. 6. ‘Recherches sur la manière d'inhumer des Anciens à l'occasion des Tombeaux de Civaux en Poitou,’ Poitiers, 1738, 12mo, a rare and interesting dissertation. 7. ‘Noticia de la muerte de Monteschiu’ manuscript (Fe. 75) in the library at Madrid. 8. ‘Lettre sur la tragédie d'Osarphis,’ in the collected works of the Abbé Nadal, vol. iii. ​Routh was entrusted with the task of continuing Catrou and Rouillé's ‘Histoire Romaine,’ but he wrote only vol. xxi. (Paris, 1748, 4to).
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Sandham, Henry

​SANDHAM, HENRY (1842–1910), painter and illustrator, born in Montreal on 24 May 1842, was son of John Sandham by his wife, Elizabeth Tait. The father had emigrated from England to Canada as a house decorator.
Sandham taught himself art in youth, with some aid from Vogt, Way, Jacobi, and other Canadian painters. He early entered the photographic studio, in Montreal, of W. Notman, whose partner he became. Here he executed his first public artistic work for the 'Century Magazine' of New York. Recognising his ability, Mr. Notman recommended him to the notice of J. A. Fraser, R.C.A., under whose tuition Sandham quickly came to the front. He then travelled in Europe to study the classical works and settled in Boston on his return in 1880. In this year the Royal Canadian Academy was founded by the Marquis of Lorne and Princess Louise, and Sandham was chosen as a charter member.
In the United States Sandham had great success as a painter of battle and historical scenes. He also painted many portraits of distinguished persons, and continued to work at illustrations. His best-known pictures are 'The March of Time,' to commemorate the grand army of the republic, now in the National Gallery, Washington; 'The Dawn of Liberty,' in the town hall, Lexington, U.S.; portrait of Sir John A. Macdonald, in the Parliament Buildings, Ottawa. Others are hung in the Parliament Buildings, Halifax, N.S., in the Smithsonian Institute, Washington, and the State House, Boston, 'Some of his figure groups are most skilfully handled. He was an excellent draughtsman' (Edmund Morris). His greatest success was in the medium of water colours. He excelled also in colour work for book and magazine illustrations, often contributing to the 'Century,' 'Scribner's,' and 'Harper's' magazines. Besides the various American galleries, he exhibited at the Royal Canadian Academy and the Salon of Paris, and was awarded medals at the Philadelphia centennial exhibition, 1876, and at the Indian colonial exhibition. South Kensington, London, 1886.
He died in London on 21 June 1910, and was buried in Kensal Green. A memorial exhibition of his chief paintings was held in the Imperial Institute, London, in June 1911.
Sandham married on 23 May 1865 Agnes, daughter of John Fraser, a Canadian journalist. Mrs. Sandham was a contributor to the various American magazines. Of six children, two reached maturity — ​Arthur, a wood-engraver, and Gwendoline.
[Art in Canada: the Early Painters, by Edmund Morris, Canada, July 1910 (an Illustrated article); Morgan, Canadian Men and Women of the Time; Cat. Exhibition of Sandham's work in London, 1911; information from his daughter.]
W. S. J.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Sanderson, Edgar

​SANDERSON, EDGAR (1838–1907), historical writer, born at Nottingham on 25 Jan. 1838, was son of Edgar Sanderson ​by his wife Eliza Rumsey. The father, who was a direct descendant of Bishop Robert Sanderson [q. v.], had at first a lace-factory at Nottingham, but afterwards kept private schools at Stockwell and Streatham Common. The younger Sanderson was educated at the City of London School and at Clare College, Cambridge, where he won a scholarship. He graduated in 1860 as fourth in the 2nd class of the classical tripos, proceeding M.A. in 1865. After holding a mastership in King's Lynn grammar school he was ordained deacon in 1862 and priest in 1863. At first curate of St. Dunstan's, Stepney, and second master of Stepney grammar school, he held successively curacies at Burcombe-cum-Broadway, Dorsetshire (with a mastership at Weymouth school), and at Chieveley, Berkshire. From 1870 to 1873 Sanderson was headmaster of Stockwell grammar school; from 1873 to 1877 of Macclesfield; and from 1877 to 1881 of Huntingdon grammar school. Thenceforth he lived at Streatham Common, and occupied himself in writing educational manuals and popular historical works. He died at 23 Barrow Road, Streatham Common, on 31 Dec. 1907, and was buried at Norwood cemetery. He married in 1864 Laetitia Jane, elder daughter of Matthew Denycloe, surgeon, of Bridport. She died in October 1894, leaving two sons and four daughters.
Sanderson had a retentive memory and a faculty for lucid exposition. His chief works, all of which were on a comprehensive scale and enjoyed a large circulation, were: 1. 'History of the British Empire,' 1882; 20th edit. 1906: a well-arranged handbook. 2. 'Outlines of the World's History, Ancient, Mediaeval and Modern,' 1885, issued both in four parts and in one volume; revised edit. 1910. 3. 'History of the World from the Earliest Historical Time to 1898,' 1898. 4. 'The British Empire in the 19th Century: its Progress and Expansion at Home and Abroad,' 6 vols. 1898-9 (with engravings and maps); reissued in 1901 as 'The British Empire at Home and Abroad.'
[Private information; The Times, 1 Jan. 1908; Guardian, 8 Jan. 1908; Crockford's Clerical Directory; Introduction by Mr. Roger Ingpen to Sanderson's abridgment of Carlyle's Frederick; note in Mrs. Valentine's Cameos of Engl. Literature, 1894; Sanderson's works.]
G. Le G. N.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Monsell, John Samuel Bewley

​MONSELL, JOHN SAMUEL BEWLEY (1811–1875), hymn-writer, son of Thomas Bewley Monsell, archdeacon of Derry and precentor of Christ Church Cathedral, was born at St. Columb's, Derry, on 2 March 1811. He entered Trinity College, Dublin, and graduated B.A. in 1832, and LL.B. and LL.D. in 1856. He was ordained deacon in 1834, and priest in 1835, and was successively chaplain to Bishop Mant [q. v.], chancellor of the diocese of Connor, rector of Ramoan, co. Antrim, vicar of Egham, ​Surrey, and rector of St. Nicholas, Guildford. He died on 9 April 1875, at Guildford, from injuries received in a fall from the roof of his church, then in course of reconstruction.
Monsell was a popular hymn-writer, and not a few of his books ran through several editions. Julian's 'Dictionary of Hymnology' (p. 762) gives a list of seventy-two of his better-known hymns. He has a place in nearly all anthologies of religious verse, eight of his pieces being included in M'Ilwaine's 'Lyra Hibernica Sacra,' 1869. Besides leaflets and occasional sermons, he published: 1. 'Hymns and Miscellaneous Poems,' 12mo, Dublin, 1837. 2. 'Cottage Controversy, or Dialogues between Thomas and Andrew on the Errors of the Church of Rome,' 8vo, Limerick, 1839. 3. 'Parish Musings, or Devotional Poems,' 12mo, London, 1850; 7th edition, 12mo, 1863. 4. 'Daughter of Christian England,' a poem on Miss Nightingale's mission to Scutari, 12mo, London, 1854. 5. 'His Presence, not his Memory,' poems, 1855; 2nd edition, 1858; 3rd edition, 8vo, London, 1860; 8th edition, London, 1881. 6. 'Spiritual Songs for the Sundays and Holidays throughout the Year,' 8vo, London, 1857; 2nd edition, 1859. 7. 'Hymns of Love and Praise for the Church's Year,' 8vo, London, 1863; 2nd edition, London, 1866. 8. 'The Passing Bell, and other Poems,' 1867; 2nd edition, 16mo, London, 1869. 9. 'Our New Vicar, or Plain Words on Ritual and Parish Work,' 8vo, London, 1867. 10. 'Lights and Shadows,' 'by the Old Vicar,' 16mo, 1868. 11. 'Litany Hymns,' 1869. 12. 'Teachings of the Epiphany,' 8vo, London, 1871. 13. 'The Winton Church Catechist,' in 4 parts, 16mo, London, 1871. 14. 'Nursery Carols,' 8vo, London, 1873. 15. 'The Parish Hymnal,' a collection edited by him, 16mo, London, 1873. 16. 'Simon the Cyrenian, and other Poems,' 16mo, London, 1876. 17. 'Near Home at Last,' verse, 16mo, London, 1876.
[Wilson's Singers and Songs of the Church, 1869, p. 515; Julian's Dict. of Hymnology, p. 762; Brit. Mus. Cat.; Todd's List of Dublin Graduates; O'Donoghue's Poets of Ireland, p, 164.]
D. J. O'D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Monson, John (1693-1748)

​MONSON, Sir JOHN, first Baron Monson (1693–1748), son of George Monson of Broxbourne, Hertfordshire, by Anne, daughter of Charles Wren of the Isle of Ely, was born in 1693. He matriculated from Christ Church, Oxford, on 26 Jan. 1708. On 4 April ​1722 he was returned to parliament for the city of Lincoln, and was re-elected on 30 Aug. 1727. Created a knight of the Bath (17 June 1725), when that order was reconstituted by George I, he succeeded to the family baronetcy, in March 1727, on the death of his uncle Sir William. On 28 May of the following year he was created a peer, with the title of Baron Monson of Burton, Lincolnshire. Lord Hervey in mentioning him among the new creations calls him wrongly Sir William (Mem. i. 89). In June 1733 Monson was named captain of the band of gentlemen pensioners, and in June 1737 was appointed first commissioner of trade and plantations. In this office he was confirmed when the board was reconstituted in 1745, and he continued to hold it till his death. He was also, on 31 July 1737, made a privy councillor.
Monson died on 20 July 1748, and the Duke of Newcastle, in a letter to the Duke of Bedford, dated 12 Aug. 1748, condoles with him upon 'the loss of so valuable a man and so amiable a friend,' and Bedford in reply uses similar expressions of regret (Bedford Corr. i. 440-1). By his wife, Lady Margaret Watson, youngest daughter of Lewis, first earl of Rockingham, whom he married on S April 1725, he had three sons, viz. John, second baron Monson (see below) ; Lewis Thomas, who assumed the name of Watson, and was created Baron Sondes in 1760 ; and George Monson [q. v.]
John Monson, second baron (1727-1774), born 23 July 1727, was created LL.D. of Cambridge University in 1749. On 5 Nov. 1765 he was appointed warden and chief justice in eyre of the forests south of Trent (Gent. Mag. 1765, p. 539). On the fall of the first Rockingham ministry he was offered an earldom on the condition that he would relinquish the place ; he declined the proposal (Rockingham, Mem. ii. 17, 18 ; and Walpole, Mem. George III, ii. 368). He ultimately resigned with Portland and other whigs on 27 Nov. (Rockingham, Mem. ii. 25); but is mentioned by Walpole (Mem. of George III, ii. 454) as subsequently voting with the court on Bedford's motion that the privy council should take notice of the action of the Massachusetts assembly in pardoning the late insurrection. In 1768 he signed a protest against the bill to limit the dividends of the East India Company (Protests of the Lords, ii. 98). Monson died at his house in Albemarle Street on 23 July 1774 (Gent. Mag. p. 334). He married, 23 June 1752, Theodosia, daughter of John Maddison, esq., of Harpswell, Lincolnshire, by whom he had five sons and two daughters. His fourth son, William (1760-1807), is separately noticed.
[Lodge's Genealogy of the Peerage ; Foster's Peerage and Alumni Oxon. 1500-1714; Hist. Reg. 1725 p. 25, 1728 p. 30, 1733 p. 30, 1737 p. 8 ; Gent. Mag. 1733, p. 328; Return of Members of Parl.; authorities cited above.]
G. Le G. N.