OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Baptiste-Honoré-Raymond Capefigue

From volume 3 of the work.
Historian, b. at Marseilles, 1802; d. at Paris, 22 December, 1872. In 1821 he was a law student at Paris; at a later date he became a contributor to the "Quotidienne", and in 1827 he was made editor of the Legitimist journal, "Messager des Chambres". On account of his journalistic activity in behalf of the government, Capefigue soon received a position in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, but lost it in consequence of the Revolution of July. A strong Royalist, he was after this an active supporter of the Orleanists in his writings and later of Napoleon. Capefigue was a prolific writer; his works are, consequently, somewhat superficial and of no great historical value, but in them he always maintained his convictions as a devout Catholic. His first work was entitled: "Recueil des opérations de l'armée française en Espagne sous les ordres du Duc d'Angoulême" (Paris, 1823). His principal work, "Histoire de Philippe-Auguste" (Paris, 1827-1829), 4 vols., passed through several editions. The best of his publications is: "Histoire de la Restauration et des causes qui ont amené la chute de la branche aînée des Bourbons" (Paris, 1831, 10 vols; 3d ed., Paris, 1842, 4 vols.). Of less importance was the work, on a more ambitious scale, "L'Europe depuis l'avènement de Louis-Philippe" (Paris, 1845-1846, 16 vols.; 2d ed., 1847-1849, 10 vols.), and the publication entitled, "L'Europe depuis la chute de Louis-Philippe jusqu'à la présidence de Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte" (Paris, 1849), 3 vols. Mention should also be made of: "Les reines de la main gauche" (Paris 1858-1864), 15 vols., which includes sketches of Agnes Sorel, Pompadour, du Barry, etc., and "Les reines de la main droite" (Paris, 1856-1864), 6 vols., sketches of Catherine de' Medici, Elizabeth of England, and Maria Theresa, etc. Among his writings which belong to the department of church history are: "Vie de saint Vincent de Paul" (Paris, 1827; 2nd ed., 1840); "Quatre premiers siècles de l'Eglise chrétienne" (Paris, 1850), 4 vols. Capefigue also produced a historical novel called: "Jacques II à Saint-Germain" (Paris, 1833), 2 vols.
PATRICIUS SCHLAGER
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Banaias

From volume 2 of the work.
(A. V. Benaiah; Kenrick, Banaiah; Heb. bnyhw, also bnyh, "Jehovah hath built up"-Gesenius; Gr. Banaías, Banaía; Lat. Banaias, Banaia).
The name of several men mentioned in the Bible. The orthography varies, but the component elements of the various forms are the same.
The most famous of all who bore the name was "the son of Joiada, the priest"-"the most valiant among the thirty"-"captain of the third company for the third month" (I Par., xxvii, 5, 6). The meaning of the text is not clear; he seems to have been a priest and one of the principal officers at court. "Joiada, the son of Banaias" (I Par., xxvii, 34) may be a false reading, in which the names have been interchanged. Banaias is credited with three notable exploits that required strength and courage: (a) He killed two lions, or perhaps brave warriors of Moab ("two lion-like champions of Moab"-Gesenius, s. v. aryal; in Gr. and Lat. the Heb. word is merely transliterated, leaving the meaning doubtful; (b) he descended into a pit and there killed a lion; (c) he also vanquished and put to death an Egyptian hero of extraordinary size and great strength (II K., xxiii, 20, 21=I Par., xi, 22, 23). He commanded the "Cerethi and Phelethi", or "the king's guards"-D. V. footnote (II K., viii, 18; I Par., xviii, 17), or "Cerethites" and "Phelethites" (II K., xx, 23). The D. V. describes him as "the first among the thirty, but yet to the first three he attained not, and David made him of his council" (I Par., xi, 25). In II K., xxiii, 23, the Heb. text gives the same history, but the Gr. and the Lat. versions cause confusion by notable variations. The A. V. reads: "Behold, he was honourable among the thirty, but attained not to the first three: and David set him over his guard" (I Chron., xi, 25). This is from the Heb., but "guard" may be questioned (Gesenius renders the word by "a hearing, audience"). "The first among the thirty" (D. V.) is far from being exact (Jos., Ant., vii, 12).
Banaias supported Solomon's title to the throne against the ambitious intrigues of Adonias (III K., i, 32-38, 44), whom, by Solomon's command, he afterwards put to death (III K., ii, 46). For some Rabbinic literature, see Jew. Encycl s. v.
John J. Tierney
# CIA Adds Four Stars to Memorial Wall

2007 press release
    May 21, 2007
At a ceremony this morning in front of the Memorial Wall in its headquarters lobby, the Central Intelligence Agency honored the 87 Americans who have died while performing its mission of national security. That includes four whose service to our nation is represented by stars engraved earlier this spring.
Speaking at this annual event to hundreds of employees, as well as family and friends of fallen officers, the Agency’s Director, General Michael V. Hayden, said: “For the men and women of CIA, this constellation is more than a memorial, more than a quiet tribute. Each star holds memories of a brave intelligence officer whose example we follow, a treasured colleague whose wisdom we keep, or a lost friend whose laughter we miss.
“Our enduring aspiration as an Agency is to honor their memory. We do so by continuing the mission they served so faithfully.”
Two of the new stars honor communications officers who worked for CIA in the early days of the Cold War. James J. McGrath, of Middletown, Conn., died in January 1957, while servicing a high-power transmitter in Germany. Stephen Kasarda, Jr., of McKees Rocks, Pa., was killed in May 1960, while on temporary duty in Southeast Asia in support of an Agency air supply mission to Tibet. Both deaths were accidental.
“Stephen and James served with distinction a half century ago, as our nation worked to confine communism and strengthen the resolve of free peoples across four continents,” Hayden said. “Their contributions can now be recognized and proper homage paid to their sacrifice.”
Rachel A. Dean, of Stanardsville, Va., was also remembered. A support officer who joined CIA in January 2005, she died last September in a car accident while on temporary duty in Kazakhstan. “Rachel was a warm and compassionate young woman, and an officer of unbounded potential,” Hayden said. “We miss her still and will remember her always. She is our 87th star.”
Director Hayden also told the story behind the fourth new star, which honors a patriot whose work with CIA remains classified.
“To stand before these stars is to be reminded that the mission of intelligence is unlike any other,” Hayden said. “Of those remembered here, there are 33 whose lives with CIA we mention only within these walls. They showed unmatched devotion to duty, working to protect Americans with no expectation of public recognition or acclaim.”
This year’s ceremony had the largest-ever number of guests, including family and friends of more than 30 of the fallen, and dozens of retired CIA communications officers. The retired officers were instrumental in researching the McGrath and Kasarda cases and nominating the two men for recognition on the Memorial Wall.
# CIA Cable on Coup Plotting

* related portals: Chile.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
From:CNN cold war and the National Security Archives
In a secret October 16, 1970 cable, the CIA deputy director of plans conveys Kissinger's orders to CIA station chief in Santiago, Henry Hecksher
       Restricted Handling
       Classified Message
       CITE Headquarters
       Immediate Santiago (Eyes Only)
       1. [unintelligible] policy, objectives, and actions were reviewed at high USG level afternoon 15 October. Conclusions, which are to be your operational guide, follow:
       2. It is firm and continuing policy that Allende be overthrown by a coup. It would be much preferable to have this transpire prior to 24 October but efforts in this regard will continue vigorously beyond this date. We are to continue to generate maximum pressure toward this end utilizing appropriate resource. It is imperative that these actions be implemented clandestinely and securely so that the USG and American hand will be well hidden. While this imposes on us a high degree of selectivity in making military contacts and dictates that these contacts be made in the most secure manner it definitely does not preclude contacts such as reported in Santiago 544 which was a masterful piece of work.
       3. After the most careful consideration it was determined that a Viaux coup attempt carried out by him alone with the forces now at his disposal would fail. Thus, it would be counterproductive to our [blacked out] objectives. It was decided that CIA get a message to Viaux warning him against precipitate action. In essence our message is to state, "We have reviewed your plans, and based on your information and ours, we come to the conclusion that your plans for a coup at this time cannot succeed. Failing, they may reduce your capabilities for the future. Preserve your assets. We will stay in touch. The time will come when you together with all your other friends can do something. You will continue to have our support." You are requested to deliver the message to Viaux essentially as noted above. Our objectives are as follows: (A) To advise him of our opinion and discourage him from acting alone; (B) Continue to encourage him to amplify his planning; (C) Encourage him to join forces with other coup planners so that they may act in concert either before or after 24 October. (N.B. six gas masks and six CS canisters are being carried to Santiago by special courier ETD Washington 1100 hours 16 October)
       4. There is great and continuing interest in the activities of Tirado, Canales, Valenzuela et al and we wish them optimum good fortune.
       5. The above is your operating guidance. No other policy guidance you may receive from or its maximum exponent in Santiago, on his return, are to sway you from your course.
       6. Please review all your present and possibly new activities to include propaganda, black operations, surfacing of intelligence or disinformation, personal contacts, or anything else your imagination can conjure which will permit you to continue to press forward toward our objective in a secure manner.
       End of message
# CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Afghanistan

This page was last updated on 1 January 2003
This is a snapshot of the CIA World Fact Book as it existed on 26 March 2005
# CEQ Welcomes Brenda Mallory as New Chair

Published 2021-04-14, link in the original
WASHINGTON – Today, in a bipartisan vote, the United States Senate confirmed President Biden’s choice to lead the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), Brenda Mallory. Mallory will serve as the 12th Chair of the White House CEQ. She will be the first African American to serve as CEQ Chair, a role that involves serving as the principal environmental policy advisor to the president.
Mallory will work to coordinate and advance the Administration’s environmental policy agenda, including its efforts to combat climate change; pursue environmental justice; conserve the nation’s lands, waters, and wildlife; ensure that environmental reviews are conducted fairly, effectively, and efficiently; and improve sustainability efforts across the federal government. She will work with all stakeholders to advance efficient permitting approaches that examine environmental consequences and engage affected communities.
“President Biden has not wasted a moment in setting our nation on a path to a cleaner, healthier, and more just future, and I am thrilled and honored to have the chance to advance this work as CEQ Chair,” said Mallory. “By helping forge unity of purpose – across communities, across the country, and across government – CEQ will help our nation rise to the environmental challenges of our time, from climate change and the nature crisis to the environmental injustices that have plagued our country for too long.”
Mallory brings to the job nearly 4 decades of experience in environmental law and policy, including public service in four presidential administrations.
She began her environmental law career in private practice, where she gained early experience in the application of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), a bedrock in federal environmental law, which CEQ administers.
After rising to chair the law firm’s Natural Resources Practice Group, Mallory turned to public service. In 2000, she joined the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in its Office of Wetlands Oceans and Watersheds. Her career at EPA included serving as the senior career official and chief operating officer of the Office of General Counsel, leading the legal team supporting the agency’s pesticides and toxics programs, and other senior roles counseling EPA’s water, waste, and environmental justice programs.
During the Obama administration, Mallory served as the General Counsel for CEQ, where she played an integral role in many of President Obama’s signature environmental policy initiatives, including his efforts to combat climate change, conserve public lands, reduce toxic pollution, and protect streams and watersheds.
CEQ was created in 1969 by the NEPA for the purpose of coordinating efforts to improve, preserve, and protect America’s public health and environment.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kaluthai

​Kaluthai (possessors of donkeys). — A sub-division of Oddē.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kallātakurup

​Kallātakurup.— A sub-division of Ambalavāsis, who sing in Bhagavati temples. They play on a stringed instrument, called nandurini, with two strings and a number of wooden stops glued on to the long handle, and a wooden plectrum.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kallūri

​Kallūri (stone village). — An exogamous sept of Mēdara.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kalugunādu

​Kalugunādu (eagle's country). — An exogamous sept of Tamil goldsmiths in the Madura district.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kallūr

​Kallūr.— Recorded, in the Travancore Census Report, 1901, as a name for the Pulikkappanikkan sub-division of Nāyar.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kallādi

​Kallādi.— The title of a Cheruman who performs important duties, and becomes possessed by the spirit of the deceased, at a Cheruman funeral.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kallu

​Kallu (stone). — A sub-division of Gāniga and Oddē. Kallukoti (stone-mason) is a sub-division of Malabar Kammālans, who work in stone.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kallādi Mangan

​Kallādi Mangan. — A synonym of Mondi.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kalti

​Kalti (expunged). — A degraded Paraiyan is known as a Kalti. Amongst the Paraiyans of Madras, Chingleput and North Arcot, the rule is that a man who does not abide by the customs of the caste is formally excommunicated by a caste council. He then joins "those at Vinnamangalam " near Vellore, i.e., those who have, like himself, been driven out of the caste.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kallukatti

​Kallukatti.— It is noted, in the Gazetteer of the South Canara district, that " a grinding stone made of granite is an article peculiar to South Canara. It is a semicircular, oval-shaped block with a flat bottom, and a round hole in the middle of the surface. It has another oval-shaped block, thin and long, with one end so shaped as to fit into the hole in the larger block. These two together make what is known as the grinding-stone of the district, which is used for grinding curry-stuff, rice, wheat, etc. Mill-stones for pounding grain are also made of granite. Formerly, a class of people called Kallukattis used to make such articles, but the industry is now taken up by other castes as well. Mile-stones, slabs for temple door-frames, idols and other figures for temple purposes are also made of granite."
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Malchus

From volume 9 of the work.
(Málchos).
Greek form of Malluch (i.e. counsellor), a name common in the Semitic languages and of special interest as being that borne by the Jewish servant whose ear was struck off by St. Peter.
The incident is described by all the Evangelists (Matthew 26:51; Mark 14:47; Luke 22:50; John 18:10), though St. John alone furnishes us the names of the servant and the disciple, and only St. Luke mentions the miraculous healing of the injury. According to the Fourth Gospel, Judas, accompanied by a band of soldiers and servants sent out by the high-priests and Pharisees, set out from the city to apprehend Jesus. After the meeting, when the soldiers were about to seize Jesus, St. Peter drew his sword and cut off the right ear of a servant of the high-priest. We may conclude that Malchus was in the van of the hostile party and showing particular zeal, for St. Peter would hardly have singled him out without reason. Christ at once healed the wound and took occasion to teach His followers a lesson of peace.
Later in the evening a servant, related to Malchus, wrung the second denial from St. Peter (John 18:26-7). Since St. John alone gives the name of the servant, we may conclude that he himself was the disciple known to the high priest (John 18:15). The silence of the other sacred writers with regard to Peter's identity may be ascribed to a motive of prudence, for at the time they wrote the Jews might have punished the disciple, had they known his name.
Joseph V. Molloy.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Malling Abbey

From volume 16 of the work.
An abbey of Benedictine nuns, at West Malling in the County of Kent, England. The earliest mention of the nunnery occurs in Doomsday book (1080). The church land of Malling having fallen to the share of Bishop Odo of Bayeux at the time of the Norman Conquest, Lanfranc, then Archbishop of Canterbury, succeeded in making him restore them to him in 1076. In the next year Gundulf was appointed Bishop of Rochester; it was he who built the Abbey of Malling. The date of Gundulf's foundation is doubtful; it is given as early as 1078 and as late as 1106. In recognition of its subjection to the See of Rochester the abbey paid the annual tithe of ten pounds of wax and one boar. In the year 1190 a fire broke out which destroyed both the abbey and village, but they were very soon rebuilt. At the dissolution the abbess, Dame Vernon, and her community of eleven nuns, signed the surrender and the abbey with its land fell into the hands of Cranmer. Little of the original building is now standing; the tower is Norman up to the first two stories and Early English above. Attached to the tower are some remnants of the church, one of the transepts and a wall of the nave; the refectory is also standing. The cloisters were re- erected in the fourteenth century. Since the dissolution in 1538 it had been in the hands of private owners until 1893 when it was bought for an Anglican community founded by "Father Ignatius" of Llantony.
DUGDALE, Monasticon, III (1846), 381; Downside Review, XVII, 222.
PAUL BROOKFIELD
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Mallus

From volume 9 of the work.
A titular see of Cilicia Prima, suffragan of Tarsus. According to legend, Mallus founded by the soothsayers Amphilochus and Mopsus, sons of Apollo. It was situated at the mouth of the Pyramus, on a hill opposite Magarsus which served as its port. It is to-day the place known as Kara Tash, in the vilayet of Adana. The district was called from it, Mallotis. Alexander built a bridge there and exempted the town from paying taxes. It allied itself with Tarsus against Antiochus IV Epiphanies, who had presented both cities to his concubine Antiochis (II Mach., iv, 30, 31). Numerous coins from Mallus have been preserved, and those of the third century bear the inscription Mallus Colonia or Colonia Metropolis Mallus. The city is mentioned by numerous ancient authors, and in the Middle Ages by Arabian, Armenian, and Italian writers. It must have disappeared with the Armenian kingdom of Cilicia. It figures in the various revisals of the Antiochene "Notititae Episcopatuum" as suffragan of Tarsus. Six bishops are recorded. Bematius, present at the Council of Antioch (377); Valentine, at Ephesus (431) and at Tarsus (434); Chrysippus at Chalcedon (451). Le Quien (Oriens Christianus. II, 883) confounds Mallus with another bishopric, Mallus or Malus, situated in Pisidia.
SMITH, Dict. of Gr. and Rom. Geogr., s. v,; BEURLIER in VIGOUROUX, Dict. de la Bible, s. v. Mallotes; ALISHAN, Sissouan (Venice., 1899), 420 sq.; VAILHE in Echos d'Orient, X (1907). 90, 139, 363.
S. Pétridès.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Bartolommeo Spina

From volume 14 of the work.
Scholastic theologian, born at Pisa about 1475; died at Rome, 1546. He joined the Dominican Order at Pisa about 1494. Having taught for many years in the schools of his order, he was appointed (1536) by the Venetian Senate to the chair of theology at Padua. He was also for a time socius of the master-general of his order, and prior provincial of the Holy Land. In July, 1542, he was made Master of the Sacred Palace by Paul III, and during the four years that he discharged the duties of that office he rendered great services to the Holy See and to the Fathers of the Council of Trent, regarding many difficult and mooted questions. From the year 1518 Spina was engaged in a heated controversy with his famous confrère, Cardinal Cajetan. Still more harsh was his opposition to Ambrose Catharinus, whom he denounced as guilty of heresy to Paul III about the beginning of the year 1546. The most important of Spina's works are: "Tutela Veritatis de Immortalitate Animæ contra Petrum Pomponatium" and "Flagellum in Tres Libros Apologiæ Pomponatii de Immortalitate Animæ", both published in 1518. Of special interest are also "Tractatus de Stringibus et Lamiis" (Venice, 1523), and "Apologiæ Tres adversus Joann. Franc. Ponzinibium Jurisperitum" (Venice, 1525). These last two works were also published at Rome in 1576. In his treatise "De Conceptione B. Mariæ Virg." (Venice, 1533), Spina opposed the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception.
ALVA Y ASTORGA, Monumenta Dominicana: pro immac. concept. (Louvain, 1666), 4 sq.; ECHARD, Script. Ord. Prœd., II, 126 sq.; HURTER, Nomenclator.
Chas. J. Callan.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Bartolommeo Fumo

From volume 6 of the work.
A theologian, b. at Villon near Piacenza; d. 1545. At an early age he entered the the Dominican Order and made great progress in all the ecclesiastical sciences, but especially in canon law. He was distinguished as an inquisitor at Piacenza, but is best known for his work, "Summa casuum conscientiae, aurea armilla dicta". This work, which was dedicated to Bishop Catelan of Piacenza, went through many editions, the two most important and best known being those of Antwerp (1591) and Lyons (1594). It was held in high esteem by all the canonists of the time, especially because it contained, in brief and compendious form, a digest of all similar explanations since the thirteenth century. In one or two places, by a series of clean cut sentences, he refutes all the errors of probabilism. The authorship of the work has been disputed by one or two, but without reason. He is also the author of "Expositio compendiosa in epistolas in Pauli et canonicas", and book entitled, "Poemata qaedam". His first work, "Philothea, opus immortalis animi dignitatem continens", was dedicated to Catalan before he became bishop.
H. I. Smith.