OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Westerly

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​WESTERLY, a township of Washington county, Rhode Island, U.S.A., in the extreme S.W. part of the state, about 44 m. S.S.W. of Providence, separated from Connecticut on the W. by the Pawcatuck river, which forms the northern boundary ​of the township also. Pop. (1890) 6813, (1900) 7341, (1788 being foreign-born and 185 negroes), (1903, state census) 8381, (1910) 8696. Area, about 31 sq. m. Westerly is served by the New York, New Haven & Hartford railway, and by interurban electric lines connecting with Norwich and New London, Conn. The township includes several small villages, connected by electric railways, the best known being Watch Hill, which has fine sea-bathing. Larger villages are Westerly, in the western part of the township and at the head of navigation (for small vessels) on the Pawcatuck river, and Niantic, in the north-eastern part of the township. In Westerly there is a public library (1894), with 23,323 volumes in 1909. Beyond Watch Hill Point on the S.W. point of an L-shaped peninsula, running first W. and then N., is Napatree Point, on which is Fort !Mansfield, commanding the N.E. entrance to Long Island Sound. The township is the centre of the granite industry of the state; the quarries are near the villages of Westerly and Niantic. The granite is of three kinds: white statuary granite, a quartz monzonite, with a fine even-grained texture, used extensively for monuments; blue granite, also a quartz monzonite and also much used for monuments; and red granite, a biotite granite, reddish grey in colour and rather coarse in texture, used for buildings. Among the manufactures are cotton and woollen goods, thread and printing presses. The water supply is from artesian wells. The first settlement here was made in 1661, and the township was organized in 1669, when the present name was adopted instead of the Indian Misquamicut (meaning “salmon”) by which it had been called. In 1686 the name was changed to Haversham, but in 1689 the present name was restored.
See Frederic Denison, Westerly and its Witnesses, for Two Hundred and Fifty Years, 1626–1876 (Providence, R. I., 1878).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Westall, Richard

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​WESTALL, RICHARD (1765–1836), English subject painter, was born in Hertford in 1765, of a Norwich family. In 1779 he went to London, and was apprenticed to an engraver on silver, and in 1785 he began to study in the schools of the Royal Academy. He painted “Esau seeking Jacob’s Blessing,” “Mary Queen of Scots going to Execution” and other historical subjects in water-colour, and some good portraits in the same medium, but he is mainly known as a book-illustrator. He produced five subjects for the Shakespeare Gallery, illustrated an edition of Milton, executed a very popular series of illustrations to the Bible and the prayer-book, and designed plates for numerous other works. In 1808 he published a poem, A Day in Spring, illustrated by his own pencil. His designs are rather tame, mannered and effeminate. He became an associate of the Royal Academy in 1792, and a full member in 1794; and during his later years he was a pensioner of the Academy. He died on the 4th of December 1836. His brother, William Westall, A.R.A. (1781–1850), landscape painter, is mainly known by his illustrations to works of travel.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Westbury

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​WESTBURY, an urban district in the Westbury parliamentary division of Wiltshire, England, on the river Biss, a small tributary of the Lower Avon. Pop. (1901) 3305. It is 955 m. W. by S. of London by the Great Western railway, and lies within 3 m. of the Somerset border, sheltered on the east by the high tableland of Salisbury Plain. All Saints' church is Norman and later, with a magnificent nave. In the south transept stands a monument to Sir James Ley, earl of Marlborough and president of the council in 1629; the " good earl " addressed in a sonnet by Milton. A chained black-letter copy of Erasmus “Paraphrase of the New Testament” is preserved in the south chapel. In the suburb of Westbury Leigh is the " Palace Garden," a moated site said to have been a royal residence in Saxon times. Westbury (Westberie, Westburi) figures in Domesday as a manor held by the king. The manor was granted by Henry II. to Reginald de Pavely in 1172–1173, and from then onwards passed through various families until in 1810 it was purchased by Sir M. M. Lopez from the earl of Abingdon. A post mote was held for Westbury in 1361–1362, but the earliest mention of the town as a borough occurs in 1442–1443. The charter of incorporation is lost (tradition says it was burnt), and the town possesses no other charter. The title of the corporation was " Mayor and Burgesses of Westbury," and it consisted of a mayor, recorder and 13 capital burgesses. The borough returned two members to parliament from 1448. In 1832 the number was reduced to one, and in 1885 the representation was merged in that of the county. In 1252 Henry III. granted to Walter de Pavely a yearly fair for three days from October 31, and a weekly market on Friday. Henry VI. in 1460 granted three fairs yeariy for three days from April 22, Whit Monday and September 13 respectively, and a market on Thursdays. In 1835 the mayor's fair was held at Whitsuntide, and the lord of the manor's at Easter. In 1875 a yearly sheep fair took place on the first Tuesday in September and a pleasure fair on Easter and Whit Monday; in 1888 on the first Tuesday in September and on the 24th of that month; the former still exists. In 1673 there was a market on Friday, in 1835 a nominal one on Tuesday and after 1875 it ceased. During the 18th and 19th centuries there was a considerable trade in malt, bricks, tiles and cloth. The last, once the most extensive, has now sunk into insignificance, while the others exist also only on a small scale.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Westermann, François Joseph

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​WESTERMANN, FRANCOIS JOSEPH (d. 1794), French general, was born at Molsheim in Alsace. At an early age he entered a cavalry regiment, but soon left the service and went to Paris. He embraced enthusiastically the ideas of the Revolution, and in 1790 became greffier of the municipality of Haguenau. After a short imprisonment on a charge of inciting emeutes at Haguenau, he returned to Paris, where he joined Danton and played an important part in the attack on the Tuileries on the 10th of August 1792. He accompanied Dumouriez on his campaigns and assisted him in his negotiations with the Austrians, being arrested as an accomplice after the general's defection. He succeeded, however, in proving his innocence, and was sent with the rank of general of brigade into La Vendee, where he distinguished himself by his extraordinary courage, by the audacity of his manoeuvres, and by his severe treatment of the insurgents. After suffering a defeat at Chatillon, he vanquished the Vendeans at Beaupreau, Laval, Granville and Bauge, and in December 1793 annihilated their army at Le Mans and Savenay. He was then summoned to Paris, where he was proscribed with the Dantonist party and executed on the 5th of April 1794.
See P. Roll, Nos généraux alsaciens Westermann (Strassburg, 1900).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Westfield

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​WESTFIELD, a township of Hampden county, Massachusetts, U.S.A., on the Westfield river, about 10 m. W. of Springfield. Pop. (1890) 9805; (1900) 12,310 (2441 being foreign-born); (1905, state census) 13,611; (1910) 16,044. It is served by the New York, New Haven & Hartford and the Boston & Albany railways, and is connected with Springfield, Holyoke and Huntington by electric lines. The township lies in and on either side of a deep alluvial valley, 6-7 m. long from east to west and 2-3 m. wide, and includes the large village of Westfield and the small villages of East Farms, Mundale, Middle Farms, Little River, West Farms and Wyben. In the township are the Westfield State Normal School (1844), the Westfield Atheneum (incorporated in 1864), which in 1910 had a library of 25,000 volumes, and the Noble hospital (1893). Westfield Academy, a famous secondary school, chartered in 1793 and opened in 1800, was closed in 1866 and its building and grounds were sold in 1877 to the township for a public high school. Woronoco Park (200 acres), in the western part of the township, is a tract of great natural beauty. Westfield manufactures more whips than any other place in the United States, the factory of the United States Whip Company being one of the largest in the world; this industry was begun here early in the 19th century. Other important manufactures are foundry and machine-shop products, paper, thread and bicycles. In 1905 the value of the factory product was $5,818,130, an increase of 31% since 1900. A trading post, known by the Indian name Woronoco (or Woronoko), was established here about 1640. In 1669 the township, which had previously been part of Springfield, was erected under its present name—it was then the westernmost township in Massachusetts. Land was added to it in 1713, and parts were taken. from it to add to Southwick (1770 and 1779), to Montgomery (1780), to Russell (1792), and to West Springfield (1802).
See James C. Greenough, “The Town of Westfield,” in vol. ii. (pp. 317–456) of A History of Hampden County, Massachusetts (3 vols., 1902), edited by Alfred M. Copeland; and John Alden, History of Westfield (Springfield, 1851).
# 1977 Books and Pamphlets July-Dec

* 1977 Books and Pamphlets July-Dec
* 1977 Books and Pamphlets July-Dec/A
* 1977 Books and Pamphlets July-Dec/AF
* 1977 Books and Pamphlets July-Dec/AFO
* 1977 Books and Pamphlets July-Dec/AI
* 1977 Books and Pamphlets July-Dec/AIO
* 1977 Books and Pamphlets July-Dec/BB
* 1977 Books and Pamphlets July-Dec/R
* 1977 Books and Pamphlets July-Dec/Title
# 1977 Books and Pamphlets July-Dec/A

* Series A (part 1) 200 pages
* Series A (part 2)
* Series A (part 3)
* Series A (part 4)
* Series A (part 5)
* Series A (part 6)
# 1977 Books and Pamphlets July-Dec/AIO

index
AIO
AIO-10580. Longman Thinkstrips. Strips written by Gillian Crampton-Smith, notes written by Sarah Curtis. Great Britain. 3 v. & 3 folders. Sarah Curtis e Gillian Crampton-Smith; 184pr77; 410-10580.
410-10581. Early farming cultures on the lower Nile: the predynastic period in Egypt. By Lech Krzyzaniak. Poland. 168 p. (Prace Zakladu Archeologii Srodziemnomorskiej Polskiej Akademii Nauk, t. 21. Bedaktor: Kazimierz Hichalowski) Add. ti: Kultury wczesnorolnicze nad dolnym Nilem: okres predynastyczny w Egipcie. Appl. au: Zaklad Archeologii srodziemnomorkie j PAN. O Panstwowe Bydawnictwo Naukowe; 1Har77; 410- 10581.
410- 10 582. Images, perception, and knowledge; papers deriving from S related to the Philosophy of science Borkshop at Ontario, Canada, Hay 1971. Edited by John H. Nicholas. Holland. 309 p. (The Qniversity of Bestern Ontario series in philosophy of science, vol. 8) 4ppl. au: ​AIO-10582 (con.)
B. R. Buqelski & Steven Rosenberq. Appl. states copyright not claimed for articles by Natsoulas (p. 221-250), Aiston (p. 251-2891 C D. Eeidel Publishing Company; 2Jun77; AIO-10582.
AIO-10583. Remember you are an Englishman: a biography of Sir Harry Smith, 1787-1860. By Joseph Herbert Lehmann. England. 384 p. O Joseph H. Lehmann; 8Sep77 ; AIO-10583.
AIO-10584. Catullo: Le Poesie. A cura di Francesco Delia Corte. Italy. 1 v. Add. ti: Le Poesie di Catullo. NM: introd., critical Latin text & notes. © Pondazione Lorenzo Valla ; 30Apr77 ; AIO-10584.
AIO-10585. The Journals of the Reyerend T. L. Hodgson: missionary to the Seleka-Bolong and the Griguas, 1821-1831. Edited & annotated by Richard Lidbrook Cope. South Africa. 434 p. Witwatersrand University Press; 22Jul77; AIO-10585.
AIO-10586. Logical self-defense. By Ralph Henry Johnson & John Anthony Blair. Canada. 236 p. McGraw-Hill Ryerson, Ltd.; 10Jun77; AIO-10586.
AIO-10587. Jetwritinq: shorthand to success. Books 1-5. By Jose Q. Tabora, with Esther a. Tabora. 5th ed. Philippines. NM: foreword, revision of book & abridgment of books 2 6 3. © Jose Q. Tabora; 1May77: AIO-10587.
AIO-10588. Dictionary of Oriental rugs; with a sonograph on identification by weave. By Ivan Curlewis Neff S Carol Virginia Maggs. South Africa. 237 p. © Ivan Curlewis Neff & Carol Virginia Maggs; 130ct77; AIO-10588.
AIO-10589. Structure reports; 60-year structure indei. Suppl. for 1974-1975, A: Metals and inorganic compounds. Edited by J. Trotter. The Netherlands. 47 p. © International Onion of crystallography; 15Apr77 ; AIO-10589.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wolowski, Louis François Michel Raymond

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​WOLOWSKI, LOUIS FRANÇOIS MICHEL RAYMOND (1810–1876), French economist and politician, was born in Warsaw and educated in Paris, but returned to Warsaw and took part in the revolution of 1830. Sent to Paris as secretary to the legation by the provisional government, he settled there on the suppression of the Polish rebellion and was naturalized in 1834. In 1833 he founded the Revue de legislation el de jurisprudence, and wrote voluminously on economic and financial subjects. He established the first Crédit Foncier in France in 1852, and in 1864 became professor of political economy at the Conservatoire in succession to J. A. Blanqui. He was a member of the national assembly from 1848 to 1851, and again from 1871 till his election as a senator in 1876. He was a strong free-trader and an ardent bimetallist.
Of his works the following are the more important: Mobilisation du credit foncier (1839), De l’organisation industrielle de la France avant Colbert (1842), Les Finances de la Russie (1864), La Question des banques (1864), La Liberti commercial (1869), L’Or et l’argent (1870).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wombwell

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​WOMBWELL, an urban district in the Bamsley parliamentary division of the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, 4 m. S.E. of Bamsley, on the Great Central and Midland railways. The inhabitants are chiefly employed in the extensive collieries. Pop. (1901) 13,252.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wolverhampton, Henry Hartley Fowler, Viscount

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​WOLVERHAMPTON, HENRY HARTLEY FOWLER, Viscount (1830-), English statesman, was born at Durham on the 16th of May 1830. He became a prosperous solicitor in Wolverhampton, and coming of a Liberal nonconformist family took a prominent part in politics. In 1880 he was elected Liberal member of parliament for Wolverhampton, and was re-elected for the east division at successive contests. In 1884-1885 he was under-secretary for the Home Office, and in 1886 financial secretary to the treasury. In Mr Gladstone's 1892-1894 ministry he was president of the local government board, and in Lord Rosebery's cabinet, 1894-1895, secretary of state for India. In these and the succeeding years of opposition he was recognized as a sound economist and a sober administrator, as well as a universally respected representative of nonconformist views. In Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman's cabinet, 1905-1908, he was chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, and he retained this office in Mr Asquith's ministry, but was transferred to the House of Lords with a viscountcy (April 1908). He retired in 1910. His daughter, Ellen Thorneycroft Fowler, who married Mr A. L. Felkin in 1903, became well known as a novelist with her Concerning Isabel Carnaby (1898) and other books.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wolter, Charlotte

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​WOLTER, CHARLOTTE (1834-1897), Austrian actress, was born at Cologne on the 1st of March 1834, and began her artistic career at Budapest in 1857. She played minor parts at the Karl ​theatre in Vienna, and soon obtained an engagement at the Victoria theatre in Berlin, where she remained until 1861. Her performance of Hermione in the Winter's Tale took the playgoing world by storm, and she was given in 1862 an appointment at the Vienna Hofburg theatre, to which she remained faithful until her death on the 14th of June 1897. According to her wish, she was buried in the costume of Iphigenia, in which rôle she had achieved her most brilliant success. Charlotte Wolter was one of the great tragic actresses of modern times. Her repertory included Medea, Sappho, Lady Macbeth, Mary Stuart, Preciosa, Phèdre, Adrienne Lecouvreur, Jane Eyre and Messalina, in which character she was immortalized by the painter Hans Makart. She was also an inimitable exponent of the heroines in plays by Grillparzer, Hebbel, Dumas and Sardon.
See Ehrenfeld, Charlotte Wolter (Vienna, 1887); Hirschfeld, Charlotte Wolter, ein Erinnerungsblatt (1897).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wolverton

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​WOLVERTON, a town in the Buckingham parliamentary division of Buckinghamshire, England, near the river Ouse, 52½ m. N.W. by N. of London by the London & North-Western railway. Pop. (1901) 5323. Its modern growth and importance are the result of the establishment of carriage works by the railway company. There are also printing works. A steam tramway connects the town with the old market town of Stony Stratford on the Ouse, 2 m. W.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wombat

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​WOMBAT, the title of the typical representatives of the marsupial family Phascolomyidae (see Marsupialia). They have the dental formula: i. 1/1, c. 0/0, p. 2/2, m. 3/3, = 24. All the teeth are of continuous growth, having persistent pulps. The incisors are large and chisel-like, much as in rodents. The body is broad and depressed, the neck short, the head large and flat, the eyes small and the tail rudimentary and hidden in the fur. The ​limbs are equal, stout and short. The feet have broad, naked, tuberculated soles; the forefeet with five distinct toes, each furnished with a long, strong and slightly curved nail, the first and fifth considerably shorter than the other three. The hindfeet have a very short nailless first toe; the second, third and fourth toes partially united by integument, of nearly equal length; the fifth distinct and rather shorter; these four are provided with long and curved nails. In the typical group of the genus Phascolomys we find the following characters:— Fur rough and coarse; ears short and rounded; muzzle naked; post orbital process of the frontal bone obsolete; ribs fifteen pairs. Vertebrae: C. $_7$, D. $_{15}$, L. $_4$, S. $_4$, Ca. $_{10-12}$. The wombat of Tasmania and the islands of Bass's Straits (P. ursinus) and the closely similar but larger P. platyrhinus of the southern portion of the mainland of Australia, belong to this group. On the other hand, in the hairy-nosed wombat (P. latifrons) of Southern Australia, the fur is smooth and silky; the ears are large and more pointed; the muzzle is hairy; the frontal region of the skull is broader than in the other section, with well-marked post orbital processes; and there are thirteen ribs. Vertebrae: C. $_7$, D. $_{13}$, L. $_6$, S. $_4$, Ca. $_{15-16}$.
Fig. 1.—Tasmanian Wombat (Phascolomys ursinus).
​ In general form and action wombats resemble small bears, having a somewhat similar shuffling manner of walking, but they are still shorter in the legs, and have a broader and flatter back. They live entirely on the ground, or in burrows or holes among rocks, and feed on grass, roots and other vegetable substances. They sleep during the day, but wander forth at night in search of food, and are shy and gentle, though they can bite strongly when provoked. The only noise the Tasmanian wombat makes is a low hissing, but the hairy-nosed wombat is said to emit a short quick grunt when annoyed. The prevailing colour of the last-named species, as well as P. ursinus of Tasmania, is brownish grey. The large wombat of the mainland is variable in colour, some individuals being pale yellowish brown, others dark grey and some black. The length of the head and body is about 3 ft. Fossil remains of wombats, some of larger size than any now existing, have been found in caves and Pleistocene deposits in Australia.  (R. L.*)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Shoa

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SHOA, the southern of the three principal provinces of the Abyssinian empire. Shoa from about the middle of the 10th century till nearly the close of the 13th century was the residence of the Abyssinian sovereigns, who had been driven out of Axum, their former capital. About 1528 Shoa was conquered by Mahommedan invaders and was for over a century afterwards a prey to Galla raiders. In 1682 it was reconquered by an Abyssinian chief, but remained independent of northern Abyssinia until 1855 when the emperor Theodore reduced it to submission. In 1889 Menelek II., king of Shoa, on the death of the emperor John, made himself master of the whole of Abyssinia. The capital, Adis Ababa (q.v.), is the seat of government for the whole empire (see Abyssinia).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Shoe-bill

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​SHOE-BILL, a huge African bird from the White Nile, the Balaeniceps rex of ornithology, now regarded as a giant heron. It was first brought to Europe by M. Parkyns and described by J. Gould in the Zoological Proceedings (1851, pp. 1, 2, pl. xxxv.) as an abnormal pelican. This view was disputed by Reinhardt (op. cit. 1860, p. 377), and wholly dispelled by W. K. Parker in the Zoological Transactions (iv. pp. 269-351), though these two authors disagreed as to its affinities, the first placing it with the storks, the last assigning it to the herons. In singularity of aspect few birds surpass Balaeniceps, with its gaunt grey figure, some 5 ft. in height, its large head surmounted by a little curled tuft, the scowling expression of its eyes and its huge bill in form ​not unlike a whale's head—this last suggesting its generic name—but tipped with a formidable hook. The shape of the bill has also prompted the Arabs to call it, according to their idiom, the “father of a shoe.” It forms large flocks and frequents dense swamps. The flight is heron-like, and the birds settle on trees. The food consists of any small animals or carrion. The nest is a hole in dry ground, roughly limed with herbage, and from two to twelve chalky white eggs are laid. (A. N.)
* After J. Wolf in Trans. Zool. Soc.
Shoe-Bill or Whale-headed Heron.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Shoeburyness

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​SHOEBURYNESS, a promontory on the coast of Essex, England, the point at which the coast-line trends north-eastward from the estuary of the Thames; It gives name to a school of gunnery, where officers are instructed and experiments carried out. The railway station (39 m. E. from London, the terminus of the London, Tilbury and Southend railway) bears the same name, but the parish is South Shoebury; North Shoebury is a parish situated nearer to Southend-on-Sea. The church of St Andrew retains some ornate Norman work, but is mainly a Perpendicular reconstruction. On the seaward side of the Ness there is a large ancient earthwork which is attributed to the Norsemen through a. reference in the Saxon Chronicle (894) under the name Sceobrig. The parish is in the S.E. parliamentary division of the country. Pop. (1901) 4081.