OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Low, Seth

See also Seth Low on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
LOW, SETH (1850-1916), American administrator and educationist (see 17.72), died at Bedford Hills, N.Y., Sept. 17 1916. In 1914 he was appointed by President Wilson as one of the arbitrators in the Colorado coal strike. He was delegate-at-large to the New York State constitutional convention in 1915, and was chairman of the committee on City government.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Arabaci

ARABACI. They sprung up in the year 207, denied the immortality of the soul, and believed that it perishes with the body; but maintained, at the same time, that it was to be again recalled to life with the body, by the power of God.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Mosheim, vol. i. p. 294.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Archontics

ARCHONTICS, a denomination which appeared about the year 175; who held that archangels created the world, denied the resurrection of the body, and maintained that the Goed of sabaoth exercised a cruel tyranny in heaven. They defended their doctrines by books of their own composing, styled " The Revelation of the Prophets," and the Harmony.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Arnoldists

ARNOLDISTS, the followers of Arnold of Brescia, in the twelfth century,who maintained publicly, that the treasures and revenues of popes, bishops, and monasteries, ought to be solemnly transferred to the rulers of each state; and that nothing was to be left to the ministers of the gospel but a spiritual authority, and a subsistence drawn from tithes, and from the voluntary oblations of the people.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Mosheim, vol. ii. p. 450.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Aquarians

AQUARIANS, a denomination in the second century, who, under pretence of abstinence, made use of water instead of wine in the eucharist. See Encratites.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Aristotelians

ARISTOTELIANS, the disciples of Aristotle, a famous Grecian philosopher, who flourished about 485 years before Christ. He taught that the universe existed from eternity, but admitted the existence of a Deity, whom he styled the first Mover; and whose nature he represented as somewhat similar to a principle of power, giving motion to a machine. In producing motion, he taught, that the Deity acts not voluntarily ,but necessarily;—not for the sake of other beings, but for his own pleasure; and that happy in the contemplation of himself, he is entirely regardless of human affairs. Nothing occurs in his writings, which decisively determines whether he supposed the soul of man mortal or immortal.
Respecting ethics, he taught, that happiness consists in the virtuous exercise of the mind; and that virtue consists in preserving that mean in all things, which reason and prudence prescribe. It is the middle path between two extremes, one of which is vicious through excess, the other through defect.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Enfield's Philosophy, vol. i
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Artemonites

ARTEMONITES, a denomination in the second century, so called from Artemon, who taught that at the birth of the man Christ, a certain divine energy, or portion of the divine nature, united itself to him.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Armenians

ARMENIANS, a division of Eastern Christians, so called from Armenia in Asia, a country they originally inhabited. Their sentiments are similar to those of the Greek Church. Sec that article.
In the rites and ceremonies of the Armenian church, there is so great a resemblance to those of the Greeks, that a particular detail might be superfluous. Their liturgies also are either essentially the same, or at least ascribed to the same author. See Syrian Christians.
The Armenian was considered as a branch of the Greek Church, professing the same faith, and acknowledging the same subjection to the See of Constantinople, till near the middle of the sixth century. At that time the doctrine of the Monophysites spread far and wide through the regions of Africa and Asia, comprehending the Armenians also among its votaries. When they receded from holding communion with the Greeks, they made no change in their ancient Episcopal form of church government; but only claimed the privilege of choosing their own spiritual rulers.
The Armenians are scattered all over Asia, and have formed settlements, wherever they have found an opening for trade. They have churches at Calcutta, Madras, Bombay, and in all the principal trading countries in that part of the globe, and extend to Jerusalem, Constantinople, and Russia.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Broughton's Hist. Lib, vol. ii. p. 229. Dallaway's Hist, of Constantinople, p. 383.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wyse, Sir Thomas

See also Thomas Wyse on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WYSE, SIR THOMAS (1791-1862), Irish politician, belonged to a family claiming descent from a Devon man, Andrew Wyse, who is said to have crossed over to Ireland during the reign of Henry II. and obtained lands near Waterford, of which city thirty-three members of the family are said to have been mayors or other municipal officers. From the Reformation the family had been consistently attached to the Roman Catholic Church. Thomas Wyse was educated at Stonyhurst College and at Trinity College, Dublin, where he distinguished himself as a scholar. After 1815 he passed some years in travel, visiting Italy, Greece, Egypt and Palestine. In 1821 he married Laetitia (d. 1872), daughter of Lucien Buonaparte, and after residing for a time at Viterbo he returned to Ireland in 1825, having by this time inherited the family estates. He now devoted his great oratorical and other talents to forwarding the cause of Roman Catholic emancipation, and his influence was specially marked in his own county of Waterford, while his standing among his associates was shown by his being chosen to write the address to the people of England. In 1830, after the passing of the Roman Catholic Relief Act, he was returned to parliament for county Tipperary, and he attached himself to the Liberal party and voted for the great measures of the reform era. But he was specially anxious to secure some improvement in the education of the Irish people, and some of his proposals were accepted by Mr E. G. Stanley, afterwards 14th earl of Derby, and the government. He was chairman of a committee which inquired into the condition of education in Ireland, and it was partly owing to his efforts that provincial colleges were established at Cork, Galway and Belfast. His work as an educational pioneer also bore fruit in England, v/here the principles of state control and inspection, for which he had fought, were adopted, and where a training college for teachers at Battersea was established on lines suggested by him. From 1835 to 1847 he was M.P. for the city of Waterford and from 1839 to 1841 he was a lord of the treasury; from 1846 to 1849 he was secretary to the board of control, and in 1849 he was sent as British minister to Greece. He was very successful in his diplomacy, and he showed a great interest in the educational and other internal affairs of Greece. In 1857 he was made a K.C .B., and he died at Athens on the 16th of April 1862. Wyse wrote Historical Sketch of the late Catholic Association of Ireland {1829); An Excursion in the Peloponnesus (1858, new ed. 1865); and Impressions of Greece (1871). His two sons shared his literary tastes. They were Napoleon Alfred Bonaparte Wyse (1822-1895); and William Charles Bonaparte Wyse (1826-1892), a student of the dialect of Provence.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wymondham

See also Wymondham on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WYMONDHAM (pronounced Windham), a market town in the mid-parliamentary division of Norfolk, England, 10 m. S.W. of Norwich by the Great Eastern railway. Pop. (1901) 4764. The church of St Mary the Virgin rises on an eminence on the outskirts of the town. It was attached to a Benedictine priory, founded about the beginning of the 12th century as a cell of St Albans abbey by William de Albini. In 1448 this foundation became an abbey. The nave is of ornate Norman work, with a massive triforium, surmounted by a Perpendicular clerestory and a beautiful wooden roof. The broad N. aisle is Perpendicular, and has also a very fine rood screen. At the W. end there is a lofty and graceful Perpendicular tower. The choir, which was used as the conventual church, has left only slight traces, and one arch is standing of a large chapel which adjoined it on the S. In the centre of the town is a picturesque half-timbered market cross (1616), with an octagonal upper chamber raised on massive pillars of wood. A chapel, dedicated to St Thomas of Canterbury, is used as a grammar school. At Wymondham on the 7th of July a festival was formerly held in honour of the saint. It was at this festival in 1549 that the rebellion of Robert Ket or Kett came to a head.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wyndham, Sir Charles

See also Charles Wyndham (actor) on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WYNDHAM, SIR CHARLES (1837–), English actor, was born in Liverpool on the 23rd of March 1837, the son of a doctor. He was educated abroad, at King's College, London and at the College of Surgeons and the Peter Street Anatomical School, Dublin, but his taste for the stage was too strong for him to take up either the clerical or the medical career, suggested for him, and early in 1862 he made a first appearance in London as an actor. Later in the year, being in America, he volunteered during the Civil War, and became brigade surgeon in the Federal army, resigning in 1864 to appear on the stage in New York with John Wilkes Booth. Returning to England, he played at Manchester and Dublin in Her Ladyship's Guardian, his own adaptation of Edward B. Hamley's novel Lady Lee's Widowhood. He reappeared in London in 1866 as Sir Arthur Lascelles in Morton's All that Glitters is not Gold, but his great success at that time was in F. C. Burnand's, burlesque of Black-eyed Susan, as Hatchett, “with dance.” This brought him to the St James's theatre, where he played with Henry Irving in Idalia; then with Ellen Terry in Charles Reade's Double Marriage, and Tom Taylor's Still Waters Run Deep. As Charles Surface, his best part for many years, and in a breezy three-act farce. Pink Dominoes, by James Albery, and in Brighton, an anglicized version of Saratoga by Bronson Howard (1842–1908), who married his sister, he added greatly to his popularity both at home and abroad. In 1876 he took control of the Criterion theatre. Here he produced a long succession of plays, in which he took the leading part, notably a number of old English comedies, and in such modern plays as The Liars, The Case of Rebellious Susan and others by Henry Arthur Jones, and he became famous for his acting in David Garrick. In 1899 he opened his new theatre, called Wyndham's. In 1902 he was knighted. From 1885 onwards his leading actress was Miss Mary Moore (Mrs Albery), who became his partner in the proprietorship of the Criterion and Wyndham's theatres, and of his New Theatre, opened in 1903; and her delightful acting in comedy made their long association memorable on the London stage.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wyntoun, Andrew of

See also Andrew of Wyntoun on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WYNTOUN, ANDREW OF (?1350–?1420), author of a long metrical history of Scotland, called the Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland, was a canon regular of St Andrews, and prior of St Serf’s in Lochleven. He wrote the Chronicle at the request of his patron, Sir John of Wemyss, whose representative, Mr Erskine Wemyss of Wemyss Castle, Fifeshire, possesses the oldest extant MS. of the work. The subject is the history of Scotland from the mythical period (hence the epithet “original”) down to the accession of James I. in 1406. The earlier books are of no historical value, but the later have in all outstanding matters stood the test of comparison with contemporary records. The philological interest is great, for few works of this date, and no other of like magnitude, are extant in the vernacular.
The text is preserved in eight MSS., of which three are in the British Museum, the Royal (17 D xx.), the Cottonian (Nero D. xi.) and the Lansdowne (197); two in the Advocates' library, Edinburgh (19, 2, 3 and 19, 2, 4), one at Wemyss Castle (u.s.); one in the university library at St Andrews, and one, formerly in the possession of the Boswells of Auchinleck, now the property of Mr John Ferguson, Duns, Berwickshire. The first edition of the Chronicle (based on the Royal MS.) was published by David Macpherson in 1795; the second by David Laing, in the series of “Scottish Historians” (Edin., 1872). Both are superseded by the elaborate edition by Mr Amours for the Scottish Text Society (1906).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wyon, Thomas

See also Thomas Wyon on Wikipedia; Thomas and William Wyon in the 9th Edition; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WYON, THOMAS (1792-1817), English medallist, was born at Birmingham. He was apprenticed to his father, the chief engraver of the king's seals, and studied in the schools of the Royal Academy, London, where he gained silver medals in both the. antique and the life class; he also obtained a gold medal from the Society of Arts. He was appointed probationary engraver to the mint in 1811, and soon after engraved his medal commemorative of the peace, and his Manchester Pitt medal. In 1815 he was appointed chief engraver to the mint. His younger brother, Benjamin Wyon (1802-1858), his nephews, Joseph Shepherd Wyon (1836-1873) and Alfred Benjamin Wyon (1837-1884), and his cousin, William Wyon (1795-1851), were also distinguished medallists.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wynaad

See also Wynaad on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WYNAAD, or Wainad, a highland tract in S. India, forming part of Malabar district, Madras. It consists of a table-land amid the W. Ghats, 60 m. long by 30 m. broad, with an average elevation of 3000 ft.; pop. (1901) 75,149. It is best known as the district where a large amount of British capital was sunk during the decade 1876–1886 in gold mines. It had yet earlier been a coffee-planting district, but this industry has recently declined. Tea, pepper and cardamoms are produced in increasing quantities. There are also valuable forest reserves.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wynn, Sir John

See also Sir John Wynn, 1st Baronet on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WYNN, SIR JOHN (1553–1627), Welsh antiquary, was the son of Morris Wynn and descended from the princes of Wales. He was educated at Oxford, succeeded to his father’s estate of Gwydir in Carnarvonshire in 1580, and was member of parliament for this county in 1586. In 1606 he was made a knight and in 1611 a baronet. He was interested in several mining ventures and also found time for antiquarian studies. He died on the 1st of March 1627. At Llanrwst Wynn founded an hospital and endowed a school. His History of the Gwydir Family, which had a great reputation in North Wales, was first published by Daines Barrington in 1770, and in 1878 an edition was published at Oswestry. It is valuable as the only work which describes the state of society in North Wales in the 15th and the earlier part of the 16th century. His son Richard (d. 1649) was in attendance on Prince Charles, afterwards Charles I., when he visited Spain in 1623, and was afterwards treasurer to Queen Henrietta Maria; he wrote an account of the journey to Spain, published by T. Hearne in 1729 with the Historia vitae et regni Ricardi II. He built the bridge over the Conway at Llanrwst. The baronetcy became extinct in 1719, when Wynnstay, near Ruabon, passed to Sir Watkin Williams, who took the name of Williams-Wynn and founded the family of that name.
Sir John Wynn’s estate of Gwydir came to the 1st duke of Ancaster in the 17th century by his marriage with the heiress of the Wynns. On the death of the last duke in 1779, Gwydir was inherited by his sister Priscilla, Lady Willoughby de Eresby in her own right, whose husband was created Baron Gwydir. On the death of Alberic, Lord Willoughby de Eresby (1870), this title (now merged in that of earl of Ancaster) fell into abeyance between his two daughters, while that of Baron Gwydir passed to his cousin and heir male. Gwydir itself was sold by the earl of Ancaster in 1895, the house and part of the estate being bought by Earl Carrington, who also claimed descent from Sir John Wynn.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Col Arco

From volume 1 of the work.
​COL ARCO, Ital. 'with the bow.' See Arco.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Col Legno

From volume 1 of the work.
[ P. D. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Cogan, Philip

[ G. A. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Colla

​COLLA. See Agujari.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Colla Parte

From volume 1 of the work.
​COLLA PARTE or COLLA VOCE, 'with the part,' denoting that the tempo of the accompaniment is to be accommodated to that of the solo instrument or voice.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Collard

From volume 1 of the work.
[ A. J. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Cocks and Co., Robert

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Codetta

From volume 1 of the work.
[ C. H. H. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Colbran, Isabella

From volume 1 of the work.
[ J. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Devil's Opera, The

From volume 1 of the work.
​DEVIL'S OPERA, THE, in two acts, words by G. Macfarren, music by G. A. Macfarren; produced at the English Opera House Aug. 13, 1838.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Devrient, Wilhelmine

From volume 1 of the work.
​DEVRIENT, Wilhelmine Schröder. See Schröder.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Di Giovanni

From volume 1 of the work.
[ J. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Diabelli, Anton

From volume 1 of the work.
[ C. F. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Deus Misereatur

From volume 1 of the work.
​DEUS MISEREATUR is the psalm (lxvii.) used in the evening service of the Anglican church after the lessons, alternatively with the Nunc Dimittis. It is considered as a 'responsory psalm' in conformity with the 17th canon of the Council of Laodicea, which appointed lessons and psalms to be read alternately.
In the ancient church the psalm was used at Lauds, and in the Sarum use it was coupled with the bidding prayer on Sundays. Nevertheless it is not in Cranmer's Prayer-Book of 1549, and consequently has no special chant given for it in Marbecks 'Book of Common Prayer Noted,' of 1550. It was appointed as an alternative to the Nunc Dimittis in the revised edition of the Prayer-Book, 1552. Like its fellow, the 98th Psalm, it is not so often used as the 'Nunc Dimittis,' partly because it seems less appropriate than that canticle, and partly because it is longer.
[ C. H. H. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Deux Journées, Les

From volume 1 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Devin du Village, Le

From volume 1 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Development

From volume 1 of the work.
​DEVELOPMENT. A word used in two somewhat different senses; on the one hand of a whole movement, in a sense analogous to its use with reference to an organism; and on the other of a subject or phrase, with reference to the manner in which its conspicuous features of rhythm or melody are employed by reiteration, variation, or any other devices which the genius or ingenuity of the composer suggests, with the object of showing the various elements of interest it contains.
The term is very apt and legitimate when used in the above senses, which are in reality no more than the converse of one another; for the development of a movement is rightly the development of the ideas contained in its subjects; otherwise in instrumental music neither purpose nor unity of design could be perceived. It must however be borne in mind that the mere statement of a transformed version of a subject is not development. A thing is not necessarily developed when it is merely changed, but it is so generally when the progressive steps between the original and its final condition can be clearly followed.
[ C. H. H. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Diadeste

From volume 1 of the work.
​DIADESTE. A buffo Italian opera, words by Fitzball, music by Balfe; produced at Drury Lane May 17, 1838.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Diamants de la Couronne, Les

From volume 1 of the work.
​DIAMANTS DE LA COURONNE, LES. Opera comique in 3 acts, words by Scribe and St. George, music by Auber; produced at the Opéra Comique March 6, 1841; at the Princess's Theatre, London, May 2, 44, as Crown Diamonds.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Abos, Geronimo

From volume 1 of the work.
[ M. C. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Abu Hassan

From volume 4 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Abell, John

From volume 1 of the work.
​ABELL, John, a celebrated alto singer and performer on the lute, was born about 1660, and probably educated in the choir of the Chapel Royal, of which establishment he was sworn a 'gentleman extraordinary' in 1679. He was greatly patronised by royalty, and between the years 1679 and 1688 received 'bounty money' amounting to no less than £740. (See 'Moneys received and paid for secret services of Charles II and James II'—Camd. Soc.). Charles II sent him to Italy to study, and after his return Evelyn thus describes meeting him: 'Jan. 24, 1682–3 [App. p.517 "Jan. 27, 1681–2"]. After supper came in the famous treble, Mr. Abel, newly returned from Italy. I never heard a more excellent voice, and would have sworn it had been a woman's, it was so high and so well and skilfully managed, being accompanied by Signor Francisco on the harpsichord.' He remained in the service of the chapel until the Revolution of 1688, when he was dismissed for his supposed leaning to the Romish religion. After this he travelled abroad, visiting France, Germany, Holland, and Poland, leading a vagrant sort of life, and depending for his support upon his voice and lute. [App. p.517 "It is said that when Abell was at Warsaw he refused to sing before the court, but his objections were overcome by the somewhat summary method of suspending him in a chair in the middle of a large hall, while some bears were admitted below him. He was asked whether he preferred singing to the king and the court, who were in a gallery opposite to him, or being lowered to the bears; he not unnaturally chose the former alternative. He was Intendant at Cassel in 1698 and 1699. (Dict. of Nat. Biog.)"] About the latter end of the reign of Queen Anne [App. p.517 "William and Mary"], Abell returned to England, and occupied a prominent position on the stage. Congreve, in a letter dated 'Lond. Decem. 10, 1700,' says 'Abell is here: has a cold at present, and is always whimsical, so that when he will sing or not upon the stage are things very disputable, but he certainly sings beyond all creatures upon earth, and I have heard him very often both abroad and since he came over.' (Literary Relics, 1792, p. 322).
E. F. R.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Abrams, Misses

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]