# A General History for Colleges and High Schools (Myers)

A
GENERAL HISTORY
FOR
COLLEGES AND HIGH SCHOOLS.
BY
P. V. N. MYERS, A.M.,
Author of "Ancient History," and "Mediæval and Modern History."
Boston, U.S.A., and London: GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS. 1890.
Entered at Stationers' Hall.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1889, by P. V. N. MYERS, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
All Rights Reserved.
Typography by J. S. Cushing & Co., Boston, U.S.A.
Presswork by Ginn & Co., Boston, U.S.A.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
* PAGE
* Preface................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iii
* List of Maps................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................x
* General Introduction: The Races and their Early Migrations.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1
* Part I.
* ANCIENT HISTORY.
* Section I.—The Eastern Nations.
* CHAPTER
* I.India and China.
* 1.India................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................8
* 2.China................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................12
* II.Egypt.
* 1.Political History................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................18
* 2.Religion, Arts, and General Culture................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................27
* III.Chaldæa.
* 1.Political History................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................40
* 2.Arts and General Culture................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................43
* IV.Assyria.
* 1.Political History................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................48
* 2.Religion, Arts, and General Culture................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................52
* V.Babylonia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................58
* VI.The Hebrews................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................63
* VII.The Phœnicians................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................70
* VIII.The Persian Empire.
* 1.Political History................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................74
* 2.Government, Religion, and Arts................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................82
* Section II.—Grecian History.
* IX.The Land and the People................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................87
* X.The legendary Heroic Age................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................93
* Part II.
* MEDIÆVAL, AND MODERN HISTORY.
* PAGE
* Introduction................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................366
* Section I.—Mediæval History.
* FIRST PERIOD.—THE DARK AGES.
* (From the Fall of Rome, A.D. 476, to the Eleventh Century.)
* CHAPTER
* XXXII.Migrations and Settlements of the Teutonic Tribes................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................371
* XXXIII.The Conversion of the Barbarians................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................377
* XXXIV.Fusion of the Latin and Teutonic Peoples................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................385
* XXXV.The Roman Empire in the East................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................389
* XXXVI.Mohammed and the Saracens................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................392
* XXXVII.Charlemagne and the Restoration of the Empire in the West................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................403
* XXXVIII.The Northmen................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................410
* XXXIX.Rise of the Papal Power................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................414
* SECOND PERIOD.—THE AGE OF REVIVAL.
* (From the opening of the Eleventh Century to the Discovery of America by Columbus, in 1492.)
* XL.Feudalism and Chivalry.
* 1.Feudalism................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................421
* 2.Chivalry................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................429
* XLI.The Norman Conquest of England................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................433
* XLII.The Crusades.
* 1.Introductory : Causes of the Crusades................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................438
* 2.The First Crusade................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................441
* 3.The Second Crusade................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................443
* 4.The Third Crusade................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................444
* 5.The Fourth Crusade................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................446
* 6.Close of the Crusades : Their Results................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................447
* XLIII.Supremacy of the Papacy: Decline of its Temporal Power................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................452
* XLIV.Conquests of the Turanian Tribes................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................460
* XLV.Growth of the Towns: The Italian City-Republics................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................464
* XLVI.The Revival of Learning................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................471
* XLVII.Growth of the Nations: Formation of National Governments and Literatures.
* 1.England................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................479
* 2.France................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................491
* 3.Spain................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................498
* 4.Germany................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................501
* 5.Russia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................508
* 6.Italy................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................509
* 7.The Northern Countries................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................512
* Section II.—Modern History.
* Introduction................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................513
* THIRD PERIOD.—THE ERA OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION.
* (From the Discovery of America to the Peace of Westphalia, in 1648.)
* XLVIII.The Beginnings of the Reformation under Luther................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................519
* XLIX.The Ascendency of Spain.
* 1.Reign of the Emperor Charles V.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................530
* 2.Spain under Philip II................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................535
* L.The Tudors and the English Reformation.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
* 1.Introductory................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................539
* 2.The Reign of Henry VII................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................541
* 3.England severed from the Papacy by Henry VIII................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................543
* 4.Changes in the Creed and Ritual under Edward VI................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................550
* 5.Reaction under Mary................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................552
* 6.Final Establishment of Protestantism under Elizabeth................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................554
* LI.The Revolt of the Netherlands: Rise of the Dutch Republic................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................563
* LII.The Huguenot Wars in France................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................572
* LIII.The Thirty Years' War................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................582
* FOURTH PERIOD.—THE ERA OF THE POLITICAL REVOLUTION.
* (From the Peace of Westphalia, in 1648, to the present time.)
* LIVThe Ascendency of France under the Absolute Government of Louis XIV................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................590
* LV.England under the Stuarts: The English Revolution.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
* 1.The first Two Stuarts................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................601
* 2.The Commonwealth................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................613
* 3.The Restored Stuarts................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................618
* 4.The Orange-Stuarts................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................626
* 5.England under the Earlier Hanoverians................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................630
* LVI.The Rise of Russia: Peter the Great................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................633
* LVII.The Rise of Prussia: Frederick the Great................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................642
* LVIII.The French Revolution.
* 1.Causes of the Revolution: The States-General of 1789................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................647
* 2.The National, or Constituent Assembly................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................651
* 3.The Legislative Assembly................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................655
* 4.The National Convention................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................657
* 5.The Directory................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................667
* LIX.The Consulate and the First Empire: France since the Second Restoration.
* 1.The Consulate and the Empire................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................673
* 2.France since the Second Restoration................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................688
* LX.Russia since the Congress of Vienna................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................692
* LXI.German Freedom and Unity................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................700
* LXII.Liberation and Unification of Italy................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................708
* LXIII.England since the Congress of Vienna.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
* 1.Progress towards Democracy................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................715
* 2.Expansion of the Principle of Religious Equality................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................720
* 3.Growth of the British Empire in the East................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................723
* Conclusion: The New Age................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................729
* Index, Pronouncing Vocabulary, and Glossary................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................733
LIST OF COLORED MAPS.
* PAGE
* 1.Ancient Egypt................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................18
* 2.The Tigris and the Euphrates................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................42
* 3.Greece and the Greek Colonies................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................111
* 4.Greece in the Fifth Century B.C.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................147
* 5.Dominions and Dependencies of Alexander, c. B.C. 323 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................163
* 6.Kingdoms of Successors to Alexander, c. B.C. 300................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................171
* 7.Italy before the Growth of the Roman Power................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................222
* 8.Mediterranean Lands at the Beginning of Second Punic War................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................254
* 9.Roman Dominions at the End of the Mithridatic War................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................282
* 10.The Roman Empire under Trajan, A.D. 117................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................318
* 11.Roman Empire divided into Prefectures................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................333
* 12.Europe in the Reign of Theodoric, c. A.D. 500................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................371
* 13.Europe in the Time of Charles the Great, 814................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................408
* 14.Central Europe, 1360................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................506
* 15.The Spanish Kingdom and its European Dependencies under Charles V................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................530
* 16.Central Europe, 1801................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................674
* 17.Central Europe, 1810................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................681
* 18.Central Europe, 1815................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................684
* 19.South-Eastern Europe under the Treaty of Berlin, 1878................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................696
* 20.Europe in 1880................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................705
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1937, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 86 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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