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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Apotactics

From volume 1 of the work.
(From Gr., apotassomai, to renounce).
The adherents of a heresy which sprang up in the third century and spread through the western and southern parts of Asia Minor. What little we know of this obscure sect we owe to the writings of St. Epiphanius. He tells us that they called themselves Apotactics (i.e. renunciators) because they scrupulously renounced all private property; they also affected the name of Apostolics, because they pretended to follow the manner of life of the Apostles. The saint regards them as a branch of the Tatians, akin to the Encratites and the Cathari. "Their sacraments and mysteries are different from ours; they pride themselves upon extreme poverty, bring divisions into Holy Church by their foolish superstitions, and depart from the divine mercy by refusing to admit to reconciliation those who have once fallen, and like those from whom they have sprung, condemn marriage. In place of the Holy Scriptures, which they reject, they base their heresy on the apocryphal Acts of Andrew and Thomas. They are altogether alien from the rule of the Church". At the time when St. Epiphanius wrote, in the fourth century, they had become an insignificant sect, for in refuting them he says: "They are found in small groups in Phrygia, Cilicia, and Pamphylia, whereas the Church of God, according to Christ's promise, has spread to the ends of the earth, and if marriage is an unholy thing, then they are doomed to speedy extinction, or else they must be born out of wedlock. If they are born out of wedlock, then they themselves are impure. And if they are not impure, although born in wedlock, then marriage is not impure.... The Church praises renouncement, but does not condemn marriage; she preaches poverty, but does not intolerantly inveigh against those who possess property inherited from their parents with which they support themselves and assist the poor; many in the church abstain from certain kinds of food, but do not look with contempt upon those who do not so abstain." St. Basil mentions these heretics in his Epistles. He gives them the name of Apotaktitai (Apotactites) and says that they declared God's creatures defiled (inquinatam). They are also briefly mentioned by St. Augustine and by St. John Damascene. They were condemned in the Code of Theodosius the Great as a branch of the Manicheans.
St. EPIPHANIUS, Hær., in P. G., XLI, 1040 sqq.
B. GULDNER
# Cambridge Medieval History

A history of medieval Europe in eight volumes published by Cambridge University Press and Macmillan between 1911 and 1936
* index Volume 1: The Christian Roman Empire and the Foundation of the Teutonic Kingdoms (1911)
* index Volume 2: The Rise of the Saracens and the Foundation of the Western Empire (1913
* Volume 3: Germany and the Western Empire (1922)
* index Volume 4: The Eastern Roman Empire 717–1453 (1923)
* Volume 5: Contest of Empire and Papacy (1926)
* Volume 6: Victory of the Papacy (1929)
* Volume 7: Decline of Empire and Papacy (1932)
* Volume 8: The close of the Middle Ages (1936)
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Rayan

​Rayan.—A title assumed by some Pallis or Vanniyans, who wear the sacred thread, and claim to be Kshatriyas.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Reddi Bhūmi

​Reddi Bhūmi (Reddi earth).—A sub-division of Māla, Mangala, and Tsakāla.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Ronguni

​Ronguni.— The Rongunis are Oriya dyers and weavers. The caste name is derived from rangu, dye. A noticeable fact is that they do not eat flesh of any kind, but are vegetarians, pure and simple. They have various titles, e.g., Bēhara, Dāso, Prushti, and Sāhu, of which some practically constitute exogamous septs.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Rendeddu

​Rendeddu.— A sub-division of Gānigas or Gāndlas, who use two bullocks for their oil-pressing mill.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Reddi

​Reddi.— See Kāpu.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Rottala

​Rottala (bread). — An exogamous sept of Bōya.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Relli

​Relli.— See Haddi.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Rokkam

​Rokkam (ready money).—An exogamous sept of Kōmati.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Rowthan

​Rowthan.— See Rāvutan.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Charles de Bouvens

From volume 2 of the work.
French pulpit orator, b. at Bourg in 1750; d. in 1830. At an early age he embraced the ecclesiastical state and became vicar general to his fellow-townsman, Monseigneur de Conzié, Archbishop of Tours. When the Revolution broke out, he refused to take the required oaths, and followed his archbishop to Germany. The latter having died in the vicinity of Frankfort, de Bouvens went to London, where the Bishop of Arras, brother of Archbishop Conzié was minister to the Comte d'Artois, later Charles X. Here he delivered, either in the church of St. Patrick or in the chapel built by the Sulpician Bourret in King Street, several funeral orations in the presence of Louis XVIII and the Comte d'Artois. The best known of these orations are: the one on Marie-Josephine-Louise of Savoy, wife of Louis XVIII; that on the Duc d'Enghien (1804), and the one on the Abbé Henry Allen Edgeworth de Firmont, confessor of Louis XVI. These eulogies were printed at Paris for the first time in 1814, being issued separately. A complete edition in one volume appeared at Paris in 1824 under the title: "Oraisons funèbres". The volume contains, besides the addresses mentioned above, a funeral oration on Louis XVIII. At the time of the Restoration (1815), he returned to France and was named chaplain to Louis XVIII. In 1828 the infirmities of age forced him to resign, but he retained the title of Honorary Chaplain. The Revolution of 1830 drove him from Paris, and he died shortly afterwards.
QUÉRARD, La France littéraire (Paris, 1827), I; MICHAUD, Biog. Univ., s.v.
A. FOURNET
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Charles de La Fosse

From volume 8 of the work.
La Fosse, Charles de, painter, b. in Paris, 15 June, 1636; d. in Paris, 13 December, 1716, and buried in the church of Saint Eustache. His father was a jeweler, his mother Marguerite Langlois, and he was the seventh of sixteen children. He was educated under under Francois Chauveau, and then in the studio of Lebrun. In 1663 he was in Venice, and attracted the attention of Pierre de Bonzy. He was employed (1969) in decorating the Tuileries, and the churches of Saint Eustache and the Assumption. On 23 June, 1673, he became a member of the academy, and five months afterwards married Elizabeth Beguin, at the church of Saint Sulpice, but had no family. Lord Montagu, when ambassador to Paris in 1688, came into contact with La Fosse, and so much admired his work that he called him to England, and employed him to decorate Montagu House, on the site now occupied by the British Museum.
William III begged La Fosse to remain in England and decorate Hampton Court, but Mansart the architect recalled him to Paris, that he might carry out the decoration in the dome of the Invalides. He decorated the dome in fresco with an immense scene representing S. Louis placing his crown and sword in the hands of Christ. The ceiling of the Galerie d'Apollon in the Louvre is also by La Fosse, and he executed a good deal of work at Versailles, including the Salle de Diane and the roof of the chapel, and there are five of his panel pictures in the Louvre. He painted several works for the Trianon which were commissioned in May, 1688. He was one of the finest colourists France ever produced, and had a fine sense of decoration and extraordinary power in composition, but his drawing was inaccurate, and to compare his work with that of Titian and Veronese is to do it far too great honor. La Fosse was intimate with Crozat, and executed some decoration for him at his country house. He exhibited at the Salon in 1699, and in 1704, and his works have been engraved by various artists, especially Audrin, Picart, Thomassin, and Simonneau.
JALS, Dictionnaire Critique (Paris, 1872), to which book critics are indebted for almost all the definite information respecting the painter; VILLOT, Notice des Tableaux du Louvre (Paris, 1878); KINGSLEY, History of French Art (London, 1899); also various numbers of the Gentleman's Magazine, with descriptions of the paintings at Montagu House.
GEORGE CHARLES WILLIAMSON
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Charles William Russell

From volume 13 of the work.
Born at Killough, Co. Down, 14 May, 1812; died at Dublin 26 Feb., 1880. He was descended from the Russells who held the barony of Killough of Quoniamstown and Ballystrew. He received his early education at Drogheda grammar school and Downpatrick, after which he entered Maynooth in 1826. After a brilliant course he was ordained on 13 June, 1835, and became one of the professors of humanities at the college. In 1842 he was chosen by Gregory XVI to be the first Vicar Apostolic of Ceylon, but he refused the dignity as also the Bishopric of Down and the Archbishopric of Armagh. Three years later he returned to Maynooth as professor of ecclesiastical history. Having published his translation of Leibnitz's "System of Theology" in 1850, he was occupied on his "Life of Cardinal Mezzofanti" which appeared in 1858. In 1857 he succeeded Dr. Renehan as President of Maynooth. His profound antiquarian learning caused him to be appointed a member of the Historical Manuscripts Commission in 1869, and in that capacity he acted as joint editor (with John Prendergast) of the eight-volume "Report on the Carte Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library" (1871) and the "Calendar of Irish State Papers during the reign of James I" (4 vols., 1872-77). He was also a frequent contributor to the "Dublin Review" which for thirty years he enriched by various papers, often writing more than one for the same number. The last of these were the two masterly articles on the sonnet (1876-77). He wrote many articles for "Chambers's Encyclopedia", and two-"Palimpsests" and "Papyrus"-for the "Encyclopedia Britannica". He contributed also to many other magazines such as the "Edinburgh Review", the "Month", and "Irish Monthly". A humbler but very popular work has been his translation of Canon Schmid's " Tales for the Young" first published in 1846. Besides his literary work and all that he accomplished for Maynooth, he exercised a very powerful influence on the leading men of his age by the charm and force of his personality. Wiseman and Newman alike counted him as an intimate friend, and the latter wrote of him: "He had perhaps more to do with my conversion than any one else". Dr. Russell lived to witness the early success of his nephew Charles who subsequently became Lord Chief Justice of England.
HEALY, Centenary History of Maynooth College (Dublin, 1895); CARLYLE in Dict. Nat. Biog.; WARD, Life and Times of Cardinal Wiseman (London, 1897).
EDWIN BURTON
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Charles de La Rue

From volume 9 of the work.
La Rue, Charles de, one of the great orators of the Society of Jesus in France in the seventeenth century, b. at Paris, 3 August, 1643; d. there, 27 May, 1725. He entered the novitiate on 7 September, 1659, and being afterwards professor of the humanities and rhetoric, he attracted attention while still young by a poem on the victories of Louis XIV. Corneille translated it and offered it to the king, saying that his work did not equal the original of the young Jesuit. He wrote several tragedies, brought out an edition of Virgil, and wrote several Latin poems. After having several times refused to permit him to go to Canada, his superiors assigned him to preaching; as an orator he was much admired by the court and the king. His funeral orations on the Dukes of Burgundy and Luxemburg, and that on Bossuet, his sermons on "Les Calamités publiques" and "The Dying Sinner" have been regarded as masterpieces by the greatest masters. He preached missions among the Protestants of Languedoc for three years. He was a most virtuous religious, and during his last years endured courageously great infirmities.
P. Vergilii Maronis opera, interpretatione et notia illustravit Carolua Ruæus Soc. Jesu, jussu Christianissimi Regis, ad usum Serenisnmi Delphini (Paris, 1675), frequently reprinted in France, England, Italy, Germany (latest Paris. 1864. 3 vols.). All the oratorical works in Migne, Coll. intégrale et univ. des Orateurs sacrés (1844-66), XXVIII, col. 199-1570; XXXIII, 1120-1214; Quaresimale del P. Carlo Della Rue (Milan, 1858); Conferenze tenute nell' avento (Milan, 1853); Nettement, Oraisons Funèbres de Bossuet, Bourdaloue, de La Rue (Paris, 1842); Eloge du P. de La Rue in Mercure de France, June, 1725, 1324-1332; Feller, Dict. hist., V (1839), 350; Sommervogel, Bibl. de la Compagnie de Jésus, VII, col. 290-307, contains a complete list of his works.
Abel Champon.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Charles Sainte-Claire Deville

From volume 13 of the work.
Geologist, b. at St. Thomas, West Indies, 26 February, 1814; d. in Paris 10 October, 1876. Going to Paris at an early age, he entered the Ecole des Mines and studied there. His first work in the scientific field included a series of explorations in the Antilles, in which he gave special attention to seismic and volcanic phenomena. He returned in 1855, and three years later visited Vesuvius and Stromboli in pursuit of his volcanic studies. He evolved the theory that volcanic eruptions are due to the entrance of sea water into the fissures of the earth's crust; coming in contact with hot rocks, it produces the explosive and eruptive manifestations. This was confirmed in his mind by the fact that so many volcanoes are near the sea-coast. In 1857 he became a member of the Académie des Sciences of Paris. He was an assistant to Elie de Beaumont in the Collége de France, and succeeded him as professor in 1875. Previous to this (in 1872) he had been made Inspector General of the Meteorological Service. He established a chain of meteorologic stations through France and Algiers, and was first president of the observatory in Mountsouris, one of this chain. He replaced Dufrémy in the Académie des Sciences. He also did much work in chemistry, notably in the analysis of minerals and also in molecular physics. Since 1862 he had been an officer of the Legion of Honour. His works, including papers and notes in "Comptes Rendus" and in the "Annales de Chimie" are very numerous; the most important are the following: "Etudes géologiques sur les Iles de Ténériffe et de Fogo" (1846), not completed; "Voyage géoIogique aux Antilles et aux Iles de Ténériffe et de, Fogo" (1847); "Lettres à M. Elie de Baumont sur l'éruption du Vésuve"; "Comptes Rendus d l'Académie des Sciences" (1855); "Eruptions actuelles du volcan de Stromboli"; "Recherches sur les principaux phénomènes de metéorologie et de physique terrestre aux Antilles" (1861).
POGGFENDORFF, Biograph. lliterar. Handwörterbuch, III (1898), 2; VAPEREAU, Dict. univ. des contemporains, V (1st ed.); KNELLER, Das Christentum u. die Vertreter der neueren Naturwissenchaften (Freiburg, 1904), tr. KETTLE (St. Louis, 1911).
T. O'CONOR SLOANE
# Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent/Session X/Prorogation of the Session

SESSION THE TENTH,
Celebrated at Bologna, on the second day of the month of June, 1547.
DECREE FOR THE PROROGATION OF THE SESSION.
Although this sacred and holy, œcumenical and general synod hath decreed, that the session which was to have been celebrated in this illustrious city of Bologna, on the 21st day of the month of April just past, on the subject of the ​sacraments and of reformation, according to the decree promulgated in public session in the city of Trent, should be deferred and prorogued to this present day, for certain causes, and especially on account or the absence of some of the fathers, who it was hoped would in a short time be present; wishing, however, even yet, to deal kindly with those who have not come, the same sacred and holy synod, lawfully assembled in the Holy Ghost, the same cardinals of the holy Roman Church, and legates of the Apostolic See, presiding therein, ordains and decrees, that the said session, which it had decreed to celebrate on this the 2nd day of the month of June of this present year, 1547, be deferred and prorogued, as it doth hereby defer and prorogue it, unto the Thursday after the feast of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, which will be the 16th of September next, for the expediting of the aforesaid and other matters; so, however, that the prosecution of the discussion and examination, both of those things which [appertain] to dogmas, and of those which appertain to reformation, shall not meanwhile be suspended; and that the said holy synod freely may and can, at its will and pleasure, even in a private congregation, abridge or prorogue the said term.
On the 14th day of September, 1547, in a general Congrgation held at Bologna, the Session, which was to have taken place on the following dag, was prorogued during the good pleasure of the sacred Council.
# Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent/Session VIII/Translation of the Council

SESSION THE EIGHTH,
Celebrated on the eleventh day of the month of March, 1547.
DECREE CONCERNING THE TRANSLATION OF THE COUNCIL.
Doth it please you to decree and declare that, from the aforesaid and other allegations, it is so plainly and notoriously certain, respecting a disease of the kind stated, that the prelates cannot without danger of their lives remain in this city, and that therefore they cannot and ought not against their wills to be detained therein. And considering also the withdrawal of many prelates since the session last held, and considering the protests made in the general congregations by very many other prelates, wishing by all means to depart hence through fear of the said disease, who cannot justly be detained, and by whose departure the council would either be dissolved, or, from the small number of the prelates, its beneficial progress would be hindered; and, considering also ​the imminent danger to life, and the other notoriously true and lawful reasons alleged in the said congregations by certain of the fathers ; doth it please you, in like manner, to decree and declare, that, for the preservation and prosecution of the said council, and for the safety of the lives of the said prelates, this council be transferred, for a season, to the city of Bologna, as being a place more ready, healthy, and suitable, and that the translation have effect from this day forth, and that the session, already indicted for the 21st day of April ought to be celebrated, and be celebrated, there, on that appointed day; and that the further matters be proceeded with in order, until it shall seem expedient to our most holy lord and to the sacred council, that the said council may, and ought, to be brought back to this, or to some other place, thereupon taking counsel also with the most invincible emperor, the most Christian king, and with the other Christian kings and princes?
They answered: It pleaseth.
# Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent/Session VII/Indiction of the next Session

INDICTION OF THE NEXT SESSION.
This sacred and holy synod hath also resolved and decreed that the next ensuing session be held and celebrated on Thursday, the fifth day after the coming Sunday in Albis, which will be the 21st of the month of April of the present year, 1547.
# Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent/Session VI/Indiction of the next Session

INDICTION OF THE NEXT SESSION.
Doth it please you, that the next ensuing session be celebrated on Thursday, the fifth day after the first Sunday of the approaching Lent, which will be the third day of the month of March?
They answered: It pleaseth.
# Campbell v. City of Olney

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
262 U.S. 352
Campbell v. City of Olney
Argued: April 20, 1923. --- Decided: May 21, 1923
Mr. A. H. Carrigan, of Wichita Falls, Tex., for plaintiff in error.
Mr. W. B. Jaynes, of Washington, D. C., for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice BUTLER delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Campbell v. Boyreau

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* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
62 U.S. 223
Campbell v. Boyreau
THIS case was brought up by writ of error from the Circuit Court of the United States for the northern district of California.
The case having been decided by this court upon a point of practice, it is necessary to state only so much of its as to show how the point of practice arose.
It was a suit in the nature of an ejectment, brought by Boyreau to recover all the undivided half of an undivided eighteenth part of that certain tract of land, rancho, or farm, known as the 'Rancho San Leandro,' situate in the county of Alameda, State aforesaid, bounded as follows: on the north by the San Leandro creek; on the west by the bay of San Francisco; on the south by the San Lorenzo creek; and on the east by a line commencing on the southern bank of the San Leandro creek, at a point on said bank, from whence a line bearing south, 29 degrees east, will strike the eastern bank of a lagoon, situated about six or seven chains south of said creek, thence running on said line about two hundred and sixty-two (262) chains, parallel with a ridge of hills running from the San Leandro creek to the San Lorenzo creek, at a point at the base of the foot hills on the said creek.
Upon the trial, the whole case was submitted to the court, a jury being expressly waived by agreement of parties; and the evidence and arguments of counsel being heard, the court proceeded to find a long history of facts, which is set forth in the record. The copy of the grant offered in evidence excluded land on the east occupied by the Indians, and the court, in its finding, ran the east line in such a way as to exclude two of the defendants, who were pronounced not guilty. All the evidence necessary for the court to make up its opinion upon this point, and also upon other facts in the case, would seem to belong more appropriately to a jury. The second bill of exceptions contained the elaborate opinion of the court, in which questions of fact and questions of law were all decided.
The case was argued for the defendant in error in this court by Mr. Brent and Mr. Crittenden, who, upon the point in question, contended that the finding by the court of the facts was as binding on the plaintiffs in error as if the facts were stated in a special verdict.
Mr. Chief Justice TANEY delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Campbell v. District of Columbia

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
117 U.S. 615
Campbell v. District of Columbia
Argued: April 12, 1886. ---
[Statement of Case from pages 615-616 intentionally omitted]
Enoch Totten, for plaintiff in error.
A. G. Riddle and H. E. Davis, for defendant in error.
WAITE, C. J.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse