OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Flickinger, Daniel Kumler

Edition of 1900. Supplement.
FLICKINGER, Daniel Kumler, bishop of the United Brethren, b. in Sevenmile, Ohio, 25 May, 1824. He received an academic education, became corresponding secretary of the United Brethren church missionary society in 1857, and held office by re-election till 1885, when he was chosen foreign missionary bishop. He has made eight missionary tours to Africa, and done work on the frontiers of the United States and among Chinese emigrants. Otterbein university, Ohio, gave him the degree of D. D. in 1875. Dr. Flickinger has published “Off-Hand Sketches in Africa” (Dayton, Ohio, 1857); “Sermons,” with Rev. William J. Shuey (1859); “Ethiopia, or Twenty-six Years of Missionary Life in Western Africa” (1877); and “The Church's Marching Orders” (1879).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Floersheim, Otto

Edition of 1900. Supplement.
FLOERSHEIM, Otto, German musician, b. in Aix-la-Chapelle, 2 March, 1853. He received his musical education under Ferdinand Hiller, removed to this country in 1875, and became a composer, critic, and editor of the “Musical Courier.” His compositions include a “Prelude and Fugue,” which was played in New York city under the direction of Theodore Thomas; “Alla Marcia,” which was produced under Frank van der Stucken; a symphonic poem called “Consolation,” which was successfully performed by the principal musical societies in the United States; and a piano composition with orchestra and organ accompaniment entitled “Elevation,” which was produced in Brooklyn under the direction of Anton Seidl.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Fiske, John (author)

Edition of 1900.
​FISKE, John, author, b. in Hartford, Conn., 30 March, 1842. He is the only child of Edmund Brewster Green, of Smyrna, Del., and Mary Fiske Bound, of Middletown, Conn. The father was editor of newspapers in Hartford, New York, and Panama, where he died in 1852, and his widow married Edwin W. Stoughton, of New York, in 1855. The son's name was originally Edmund Fiske Green; in 1855 he took the name of his maternal great-grandfather, John Fiske. He lived at Middletown during childhood and until he entered Harvard, where he was graduated in 1863. He was graduated at the Harvard law-school in 1865, having been already admitted to the Suffolk bar in 1864, but has never practised law. His career as author began in 1861, with an article on “Mr. Buckle's Fallacies,” published in the “National Quarterly Review.” Since that time he has been a frequent contributor to American and British periodicals. In 1869-'71 he was university lecturer on philosophy at Harvard, in 1870 instructor in history there, and in 1872-'9 assistant librarian. On resigning the latter place in 1879 he was elected a member of the board of overseers, and at the expiration of the six-years' term was re-elected in 1885. Since 1881 he has lectured annually on American history at Washington university, St. Louis, Mo., and since 1884 has held a professorship of American history at that institution, but continues to make his home in Cambridge. He lectured on American history at University college, London, in 1879, and at the Royal institution of Great Britain in 1880. Since 1871 he has given many hundred lectures, chiefly upon American history, in the principal cities of the United States and Great Britain. The largest part of his life has been devoted to the study of history; but at an early age inquiries into the nature of human progress led him to a careful study of the doctrine of evolution, and it was as an expounder of this doctrine that he first became known to the public. In 1871 he arrived at the discovery of the causes of the prolonged infancy of mankind, and the part played by it in determining human development; and the importance of this contribution to the Darwinian theory, now generally admitted, was immediately recognized by Darwin and Spencer. His published books are: “Tobacco and Alcohol” (New York, 1868); “Myths and Myth-Makers” (Boston, 1872); “Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy, based on the Doctrine of Evolution” (2 vols., London, 1874; republished in Boston); “The Unseen World” (Boston, 1876); “Darwinism, and Other Essays” (London, 1879; new and enlarged edition, Boston, 1885); “Excursions of an Evolutionist” (Boston, 1883); “The Destiny of Man viewed in the Light of his Origin” (Boston, 1884); “The Idea of God as affected by Modern Knowledge” (Boston, 1885); “American Political Ideas viewed from the Standpoint of Universal History” (New York, 1885); and “The Critical Period of American History” (Boston, 1888).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Fitz, Henry

Edition of 1900.
​FITZ, Henry, telescope-maker, b. in Newburyport, Mass., in 1808; d. in New York city, 6 Nov., 1863. He began life as a printer, but, being of an inventive turn, learned the trade of locksmith, at which he worked for many years. In 1835 he made his first reflecting telescope, and in the winter of 1844 invented a method of perfecting object-glasses for refracting telescopes, constructing the first one out of the bottom of an ordinary tumbler. In 1845 he exhibited at the American institute fair an instrument that brought him the favorable notice of eminent astronomers, and he thenceforth devoted himself to making telescopes as a business with remarkable success. He finally succeeded in producing instruments of sixteen-inch aperture, and also made two of thirteen inches — one for the Dudley observatory at Albany, and the other for an association of gentlemen at Alleghany City, Pa. There is one of his manufacture, of twelve inches aperture, at Ann Arbor, and he completed another for the Vassar female college. Mr. Fitz's methods were entirely his own devising. When seized with his final illness, he was about to sail for Europe to select a glass for a twenty-four-inch telescope, and to procure patents for a camera, involving a new form of lens.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Fitzgerald, Edward (patriot)

Edition of 1900.
​FITZGERALD, Lord Edward, Irish patriot, b. near Dublin, Ireland, 15 Oct., 1763; d. there, 4 June, 1798. He was a younger son of the first Duke of Leinster, and lost his father at the age of ten. His mother married again, and removed to the Continent, where Edward was carefully educated by his step-father. He entered the army on his return to England in 1779, and in 1781 sailed with his regiment for America, where he soon obtained the appointment of aide-de-camp on the staff of Lord Rawdon. He gained in the Revolutionary war no little reputation for personal courage, readiness of resource, and humane feeling, and was severely wounded in the battle of Eutaw Springs, S. C. After the surrender of Yorktown, he joined the staff of Gen. O'Hara in the island of St. Lucia, in 1783, but returned in the same year to Ireland. He was elected as member for Athy to the Irish parliament, and afterward rejoined his regiment at Halifax. He subsequently travelled through the United States, going down the Mississippi river to New Orleans. In 1790 he returned to Ireland, and was again returned to parliament. Having at a public meeting avowed his sympathy with the republicans, and renounced his title, in common with several other English officers, he was dismissed from the army. In 1790 he joined the “United Irishmen,” was afterward elected their president, and was sent to France to negotiate a treaty with the Directory for a French invasion of Ireland. The scheme was betrayed to the English ministry, and several of the leaders were arrested, but Fitzgerald, having concealed himself in a house in Dublin, still continued to direct the movement. A price was set on his head, the place of his retreat discovered, and, after a severe struggle in which he was mortally wounded, he was captured by police officers and committed to prison, 19 May, 1798, where he died in June. See “The Life and Death of Lord Edward Fitzgerald,” by Thomas Moore (2 vols., London, 1831).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Fletcher, Alice Cunningham

Edition of 1900. Supplement.
FLETCHER, Alice Cunningham, ethnologist, b. in Boston, Mass., about 1845. She was carefully educated, and, after study among the archæological remains of the Ohio and Mississippi valleys, went to reside among the Omaha Indians, investigating their customs and traditions under the auspices of the Peabody museum of American archæology and ethnology of Harvard. In 1883 she was appointed by the secretary of the interior to allot the Omahas their lands in severalty, and brought to the Indian schools at Carlisle and Hampton a large party of their children and two married couples. Under the care of the Woman's national Indian association Miss Fletcher established a system by which small sums of money were lent to such Indians as wished to buy tracts of land and build houses. At the request of the Indian bureau she prepared an exhibit for the New Orleans exposition showing the progress of
Indian civilization for the last twenty-five years. In 1886 she was sent by the commissioner of education to visit Alaskan and Aleutian Indians; in 1887 was appointed special agent, and assigned to the Winnebago tribe. She has published numerous papers, and in 1888 completed a report on “Indian Education and Civilization,” in which is a synopsis of all Indian treaties, their laws and regulations, and statistics concerning population, schools, etc. (Washington, 1888).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Fiske, John (naval officer)

Edition of 1900.
​FISKE, John, naval officer, b. in Salem, Mass., 10 April, 1744; d. there, 28 Sept., 1797. He was a son of the Rev. Samuel Fiske, of the first church, Salem. In 1775 he was a master mariner, and became captain of the “Tyrannicide,” the first war-vessel commissioned by the state of Massachusetts, 8 July, 1776. He made many successful cruises in her, and was engaged in several sanguinary combats. On 10 Dec, 1777, he took command of the state ship “Massachusetts,” a larger and a better vessel. After the war he engaged in commerce, and became wealthy. He was commissioned major-general of militia in 1792.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Fitton, James

Edition of 1900.
​FITTON, James, clergyman, b. in Boston, Mass., in 1803; d. there, 15 Sept., 1881. He was ordained by Bishop Fenwick in 1827, and in 1828 was sent as a missionary to the Passamaquoddy Indians. He subsequently labored among the scattered Roman Catholics of New Hampshire and Vermont, and soon the territory between Boston and Long Island was placed under his charge, with Hartford as the centre of his district. In 1855 he removed to East Boston, where he ministered until his death. He was instrumental in establishing the College of the holy cross at Worcester, and the first Roman Catholic newspaper.
# Ben King's Verse/Under Obligations

A Negro Parson's Christmas Sermon
I notice dat de weddah's rathah chilsome, mo' or less,
An' I notice dat de back-log so't o' crackles, Lor' bress?— Ole Crimp is on de tuhnpike an' de fross is on de faince An' Sant' Glaus 'll soon be hyah, so chillun, hab saince.
I seed Mm on Ole Massa's ruff; twar jais de oddah night,
Wid a span ob balky reindyahs, bofe um dapple gray an' white.
Dey war hitched to a monsus lookin' alligatah sleigh,
An' filled wid gifts fo' de chillun, piled ebery which un way.
Hab any ob yo' chillun bin a-sinnin'? Or a-sassin' yo' suppearyahs, or a-grinnin'?
Yo' bettah read yo' Bible 'bout ole Moses an' delaws,
Foh yo's undah obligashuns to Ole Santa Claus.
How many ob yo' chillun bin a-tendin' to de church?
An' done made up yo' minds to leabe de debbil in de lurch,
Hab yo' tended up to Sunday-school, an' listen'd to yo' teachah ?
Does yo' always drap a nickel to try an' spote yo' preachah ?
Am yo' wilful to yo' faddah or yo' muddah?
Does yuh pestervate yo' sistah or yo' bruddah?
Yo' bettah change yo' tacticks cause, well, jess because
Yo's undah obligashuns now to Ole Santa Claus.   Kin yo' ansuah all dese questions dat yo' pastah has perferd?
Ef yo' kaint, yo' bettah hang yo' haids en nevah say a word ;
Foh yo' pastah sort ob reckons dat de debbil's bin bo'n in yuh
An' when ole Santa Claus comes roun' he 'll surely be agin yo'.
So, ef any ob yo' chillun bin a-sinnin',
Or a-sassin' yo' suppearyahs, or a-grinnin',
Yo' bettah read yo' Bible, don't yo' hesitate or pause,
Kase yo's undah obligashuns to Ole Santa Claus.
# Benanti v. United States

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
355 U.S. 96
Benanti v. United States
Argued: Oct. 29, 1957. --- Decided: Dec 9, 1957
Messrs. George J. Todaro, New York City, Jacob Kossman, Philadelphia, pa.,
Mr. John F. Davis, Washington, D.C., for respondent.
Mr. Chief Justice WARREN delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Benbow v. Iowa City

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
74 U.S. 313
Benbow v. Iowa City
ERROR to the Circuit Court for the District of Iowa.
Benbow recovered judgment on the coupons attached to certain bonds which Iowa City issued to pay its subscription to the stock of the Mississippi and Missouri Railroad Company, and having failed by the ordinary process at law to obtain satisfaction of his judgment, he applied to the Circuit Court for a mandamus to compel the mayor and aldermen, in obedience to the provisions of the ordinance authorizing the issue of these bonds, to levy and collect the requisite tax to pay the judgment.
The court awarded the writ, and commanded the mayor and aldermen forthwith to levy a specific tax upon the taxable property of the city, for the year 1865, sufficient to pay the judgment, interest, and costs; collect the tax and pay the same, or show cause to the contrary by the next term of the court.
The defendants made return to the writ, that 'in obedience to the order of the court, they did proceed to levy a tax of one per cent. upon the taxable property of the said city, for the purpose of paying the judgment named in the information, and other claims, and that the said tax is sufficient in amount to pay the said judgment and other claims for the payment of which it was levied.'
To this return the relator demurred as insufficient. The court overruled the demurrer and gave judgment accordingly; and the relator brought the case here.
It was submitted on the record and the brief of Mr. Grant, for the relator, plaintiff in error.
Mr. Justice DAVIS delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Benbow v. Iowa City/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
74 U.S. 313
Benbow v. Iowa City
The sufficiency of the return is the sole question in the case. The return does not deny the obligation of the writ, nor offer an excuse for not obeying it, but states to the court that its command has been obeyed.
Is this true? The writ commanded that the taxes should not only be levied, but collected and paid to the relator, before the return day of the writ, yet, there is no averment of their collection and payment, nor an excuse furnished for non-performance. If it was impossible to collect and pay the taxes in the time allowed, the return should have stated facts from which the court could have inferred a legal excuse for not doing it. On this point the return is wholly silent.
But the defect in this return reaches much further. In so far as it avers performance, it does it only in the words of the writ, which, if nothing more were required, would put the defendants in place of the court. To make the return properly responsive to the writ, it was necessary to disclose the whole act constituting the levy, so as to enable the court to determine whether it was sufficient to pay the judgment of the relator.
How could the court decide on the sufficiency of the levy to accomplish the purpose of the writ, without knowing the value of the taxable property of the city? The court should not only have been advised of the amount on which the levy was formed, but as the writ commanded, the year in which the valuation was made. The return is also defective in another important point. The mandate was to levy a specific tax to pay the relator's judgment; the return is, that the tax was levied to pay the judgment and other claims. The nature and extent of these claims were not given, and the court had, therefore, no means of ascertaining whether the fund to be raised would be sufficient for their discharge, and the satisfaction of the relator's demand. But, apart from this, there was no authority to import outside claims into this levy.
The relator had been deprived of his annual interest, because these defendants had neglected to provide for it, as they were required to do by the ordinance which authorized the creation of the debt. To compel the performance of this omitted duty the mandamus was issued, and it did not empower the mayor and aldermen to embarrass the levy which it directed, by joining with it other obligations against the city, with which this relator had no concern.
Without pursuing the subject further, enough has been said to show that the demurrer to the return should have been sustained.
The judgment of the Circuit Court is REVERSED, and the cause remanded with directions to proceed
IN CONFORMITY WITH THIS OPINION.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Bench and bar of Colorado (1917)

Contents
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book VII/Hymn 52 (54)

52 (54). For harmony.
[Atharvan.—dvyṛcam. sāmmanasyam; āçvinam. 1. kakummaty anuṣṭubh; 2. jagatī.]
Not found in Pāipp. Kāuç. reckons it (9. 2) to the bṛhachānti gaṇa, and also (12. 5), with iii. 30 etc., to the sāmmattasyāni or harmony-hymns.
Translated: Ludwig, p. 428; Grill, 31, 181; Henry, 19, 79; Griffith, i. 351; Bloomfield, 136, 550.
1. Harmony for us with our own men, harmony with strangers—harmony, O Açvins, do ye here confirm in us.
The verse is found in TB. ii. 4. 4$^6$ and MS. ii. 2. 6, and in a khila to RV. x. 191; TB. reads svāís and áraṇāis in a, b; MS. and the khila have svébhyas and áraṇebhyas, and MS. also asmábhyam in d. The verse is also uṣṇiggarbhā.
2. May we be harmonious with mind, with knowledge (cikitú); may we not fight (?) with the mind of the gods; let not noises arise in case of much destruction (?); let not Indra's arrow fall, the day being come.
Or (as the other translators), 'let not the arrow fly, Indra's day being come'; the comm. understands 'Indra's arrow,' i.e. the thunderbolt.* The comm., in c, reads vinihrute (= kāuṭilye nimitte or stāinyādikāuṭilyanimitte). Yutsmahi in b is doubtful; SPP. reads yuṣmahi, with the comm. (= viyuktā bhūma) and the minority of his mss. (also our K.Kp.); the rest have either yutsmahi or yuchmahi (the latter also our O.s.m.D.R.s.m., which seems to be only an awkwardness of the scribes for yutsmahi); on the whole, yutsmahi is better supported, and either gives an acceptable sense. SPP. strangely reads, with the comm. and the majority of his authorities, and with part of ours (P.?O.R.), út sthur in c, against both general grammar and the Prātiçākhya (ii. 18; its commentary quotes this passage as an illustration of the rule). With a Grill compares RV. x. 30. 6 c, sáṁ jānate mánasā sáṁ cikitre. Pāda b is triṣṭubh, if not a also: ⌊is the second sám an intrusion?⌋. *⌊Alternatively, and as açanirūpā parakīyā vāk.⌋
# Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book VII/Hymn 55 (57. 2)

55 (57. 2). To Indra (?).
[Bhṛgu.—āindram . virāṭ paroṣṇih.]
For the true position of this verse, see the introduction to the preceding hymn. It is not found in Pāipp. This verse (separate from its predecessor) is used in Kāuç. (50. 1-3) for welfare on setting out upon a road, etc. (so at least the comm. determines: he pratīka is doubtful, being identical with that of xii. i. 47).
Translated: Henry, 21, 82; Griffith, i. 353.
1 (57. 2). The paths which are thine, downward from the sky, by which thou didst send the all—by those, O Vasu, do thou set us in what is pleasant.
The first two pādas nearly correspond to SV. i. 172 a, b: yé te pánthā adhó divó yébhir vyàçvam āírayaḥ; with the wholly different close utá çroṣantu no bhúvaḥ. The comm. (as also the Anukr.) regards the verse as addressed to Indra; 'O Vasu' may be 'O good one.' The construction seems so decidedly to call for a locative in c that sumnayā́ (p. sumna॰yā́, by Prāt. iv. 30) is rendered as if it were for -yāú, from -yú; the comm. glosses it with sumne sukhe. The irregular verse (8 + 7: 10 = 25) is but ill defined by the Anukr.
# Atharva-Veda Samhita/Book VII/Hymn 57 (59)

57 (59). Prayer to Sarasvati etc.
[Vāmadeva.—dvyṛcam. sārasvatam. jāgatam.]
The two verses are both found in Pāipp. xx., but in different places. In Kāuç. (46. 6) it is joined with v. 7. 5 in a rite for success when asking for something (the schol. and comm. specify both verses as employed).
Translated: Ludwig, p. 446; Henry, 22, 84; Griffith, i. 354.
1. What has gone wrong (vi-kṣubh) on the part of me speaking with expectation, what of [me] going about among people begging, what in myself of my body is torn apart—that may Sarasvatī fill up with ghee.
Ppp. arranges differently the matter in a, b: yad açasā me carato janāṅ anu yad yācamānasya vadato vicukṣubhe; and it has a different c: yan me tanvo rajasi praviṣṭam; further, it reads pṛṇād in d. The authorities are divided between tád and yád at beginning of c; our Bp.W.I.O.s.m.T.K. and the comm. have tád; both editions give yád. Some of our mss. (Bp.E.D.O.p.m.) have sárasvati in d, and one (E.) has correspondingly pṛṇa. Both verses are irregular jagatī.
2. Seven flow for the Marut-accompanied young one (çíçu); for the father the sons have made to understand righteous things; both indeed bear rule over this of both kinds; both strive, both prosper (puṣ) of it.
The verse is RV. x. 13. 5; but RV. reads ṛtám at end of b, and twice (in c, d) ubháyasya for ubhé asya. The translation follows the RV. reading in c. "Both," it is to be noticed (in c, d), is neuter (or fem.), not masculine. The sense is intended to be mystic, and is very obscure. SPP. reads in b, with all his authorities (at least, he reports nothing to the contrary), and with the comm., avīvṛtann (the comm. glosses it with vartayanti anutiṣṭhanti); the same is given by our M.W.I. Ppp. has a text that is partly different and partly corrupt: sapta sravanti çiçavo marutvate pitā pitrebhyo apy avīvat padvataḥ: ubhaye piprati ubhaye ‘sya rājahi ubhe ubhe ubhaye ‘sya piṣyakaḥ.