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# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IV/Origen/Origen Against Celsus/Book VI/Chapter LXVII

Chapter LXVII.
The remark, indeed, was true which Celsus made, that any one, on hearing his words, would answer, seeing that his words are words of darkness, “You pour darkness before my eyes.” Celsus verily, and those like him, do desire to pour darkness before our eyes: we, however, by means of the light of the Word, disperse the darkness of their impious opinions. The Christian, indeed, could retort on Celsus, who says nothing that is distinct or true, “I see nothing that is distinct among all your statements.” It is not, therefore, “out of darkness” into “the brightness of light” that Celsus leads us forth: he wishes, on the contrary, to transport us from light into darkness, making the darkness light and the light darkness, and exposing himself to the woe well described by the prophet Isaiah in the following manner: “Woe unto them that put darkness for light, and light for darkness.” But we, the eyes of whose soul have been opened by the Word, and who see the difference between light and darkness, prefer by all means to take our stand “in the light,” and will have nothing to do with darkness at all.  The true light, moreover, being endued with life, knows to whom his full splendours are to be manifested, and to whom his light; for he does not display his brilliancy on account of the still existing weakness in the eyes of the recipient. And if we must speak at all of “sight being affected and injured,” what other eyes shall we say are in this condition, than his who is involved in ignorance of God, and who is prevented by his passions from seeing the truth? Christians, however, by no means consider that they are blinded by the words of Celsus, or any other who is opposed to the worship of God. But let those who perceive that they are blinded by following multitudes who are in error, and tribes of those who keep festivals to demons, draw near to the Word, who can bestow the gift of sight, in order that, like those poor and blind who had thrown themselves down by the wayside, and who were healed by Jesus because they said to Him, “Son of David, have mercy upon me,” they too may receive mercy and recover their eyesight, fresh and beautiful, as the Word of God can create it.
* ↑ Cf. Isa. v. 20.
* ↑ ὀφθαλμούς.
* ↑ ὀφθαλμούς.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IV/Origen/Origen Against Celsus/Book VI/Chapter LXXI

Chapter LXXI.
Celsus accordingly, as not understanding the doctrine relating to the Spirit of God (“for the natural man receiveth not the things of the Spirit of God, for they are foolishness unto him; neither can he know them, because they are spiritually discerned”), weaves together (such a web) as pleases himself, imagining that we, in calling God a Spirit, differ in no respect in this particular from the Stoics among the Greeks, who maintain that “God is a Spirit, diffused through all things, and containing all things within Himself.” Now the superintendence and providence of God does extend through all things, but not in the way that spirit does, according to the Stoics. Providence indeed contains all things that are its objects, and comprehends them all, but not as a containing body includes its contents, because they also are “body,” but as a divine power does it comprehend what it contains.  According to the philosophers of the Porch, indeed, who assert that principles are “corporeal,” and who on that account make all things perishable, and who venture even to make the God of all things capable of perishing, the very Word of God, who descends even to the lowest of mankind, would be—did it not appear to them to be too gross an incongruity—nothing else than a “corporeal” spirit; whereas, in our opinion,—who endeavour to demonstrate that the rational soul is superior to all “corporeal” nature, and that it is an invisible substance, and incorporeal,—God the Word, by whom all things were made, who came, in order that all things might be made by the Word, not to men only, but to what are deemed the very lowest of things, under the dominion of nature alone, would be no body. The Stoics, then, may consign all things to destruction by fire; we, however, know of no incorporeal substance that is destructible by fire, nor (do we believe) that the soul of man, or the substance of “angels,” or of “thrones,” or dominions,” or “principalities,” or “powers,” can be dissolved by fire.
* ↑ Cf. 1 Cor. ii. 14.
* ↑ ἑαυτῷ συνάπτει.
* ↑ οὐχ ὡς σῶμα δὲ περιέχον περιέχει, ὅτι καὶ σῶμά ἐστι τὸ περιεχόμενον.
* ↑ πάνυ ἀπεμφαῖνον.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Rasch

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​ Rasch, m., ‘arras, serge,’ ModHG. only, from the equiv. Du. ras (E. arras). In late MidHG. arraȥ, arras, ‘light woollen fabric, serge,’ which was named from Arras, a town in the north of France.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Raspe

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​ Raspe, f., ‘rasp,’ ModHG. only, from Fr. raspe (now râpe), hence prop. identical with Rappe (3).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Rasen

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Rasen | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Rasen, m., from the equiv. late MidHG. rase, m., ‘turf, sward’; comp. MidLG. wrase, LG. frasen. The word is wanting in the other dials. (Goth. *wrasa may perhaps be assumed); in UpG. Wasen, which is primit. cognate with the primary form wrasa.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Rapunzel

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​ Rapunzel, m., ‘rampion, corn-salad,’ ModHG. only, not from Lat. rapunculus, but rather an extended form from MidLat. rapunciun (Fr. raiponce, comp. Du. rapunsje), whence also Ital. ramponzolo; comp. further E. rampion. Allied to Lat. rapa (see Rübe).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Raspel

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​ Raspel, f., ‘large rough file, rasp,’ ModHG. only, a derivative of the preceding; comp. E. rasp, rasper. As to the ultimate connection of the cognates with OHG. raspôn, ‘to scrape together,’ comp. Rappe (3).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Rasse

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​ Rasse, f., ‘race, breed,’ borrowed in the 18th cent. from Fr. race, which is recorded as early as the 16th cent., at which period the E. word race was also borrowed; the Fr. term and its Rom. cognates (Ital. razza is met with even in the 14th cent.) are derived from OHG. reitza, reiȥȥa, f., ‘line.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Rast

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​ Rast, f., ‘rest, repose,’ from MidHG. rast, raste, f., OHG. rasta, f., ‘repose, rest, permanence,’ also in OHG. and MidHG. ​‘stage of a journey,’ which is the only sense borne by Goth. rasta and OIc. rǫst. Comp. AS. rœst, E. rest, OSax. rasta, ręsta, ‘couch, deathbed,’ Du. rust (see Rüste), ‘rest, repose.’ The common Teut. word is based on a root ras, ‘to remain, dwell,’ which may also be inferred from Goth. razn and OIc. rann, ‘house.’ Rast, in the sense of ‘stage,’ comes from the period when the Western Aryans were migrating to Europe; only a wandering tribe could adopt the intervals of reposing and encamping as a measure of distances. Moreover, the older language preserves a few other words as relics of the migratory period; comp. MidHG. tageweide, f., ‘day's journey, the distance traversed in a day’ (prop. said of nomadic marches, ‘the length of pasture grazed by cattle in one day’); see Hanf. Whether the assumed root ras, ‘to remain, dwell,’ is connected with the root rô in Ruhe is doubtful.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Rat

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​ Rat, m., ‘counsel, advice, deliberation, council,’ from MidHG. and OHG. rât (gen. râtes), m., ‘counsel, means at hand, store of provisions’; these meanings are still partly preserved by ModHG. Gerät, Vorrat, Hausrat, Unrat. A verbal abstract of ModHG. raten, MidHG. râten, OHG. râtan, ‘to advise’; comp. the equiv. Goth. rêdan, OIc. râða, AS. rœ̂dan (to which E. to read is akin?), OSax. râdan. Some etymologists have connected the common Teut. rêdan, ‘to advise,’ with Lat. reor, ‘to suppose’; in that case the dental of the Teut. verb is prop. only part of the pres. stem, which was afterwards joined to the root. Others with equal reason have referred to the Sans. root râdh, ‘to carry out a project, put to rights, obtain; to appease,’ and to Sans. raditi, ‘to feel solicitous, trouble oneself about.’ —
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Ratsche

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​ Ratsche, f., ‘rattle, clapper,’ ModHG. only, allied to MidHG. ratzen, ‘to clatter’; see rasseln.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Ratte

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​ Ratte, f., from the equiv. MidHG. ratte, rate, f., rat, rate, m., OHG. rato, m., ratta, f., ‘rat’ (in MidHG. there also appears another variant ratz, ratze, m., whence Bav. and Swiss Ratze). It corresponds to OLG. ratta, f., Du. rat, rot, m., AS. rœtt (?), E. rat, Dan. rotte. Besides these are found the Rom. words Fr. rat, Ital. ratto, and also Gael. radan. The origin of all these cognates is unknown. The Rom. class has been derived from Lat. raptus, rapidus; in that case Ital. ratto, ‘quick, nimble,’ would be the primary meaning. The phonetic relations of the Teut. words are not sufficiently clear to pronounce a decided opinion (comp. Katze).
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume V/Cyprian/The Treatises of Cyprian/Exhortation to Martyrdom/Part 10

9. That afflictions and persecutions arise for the sake of our being proved.
In Deuteronomy, “The Lord your God proveth you, that He may know if ye love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your strength.” And again, Solomon: “The furnace proveth the potter’s vessel, and righteous men the trial of tribulation.” Paul also testifies similar things, and speaks, saying: “We glory in the hope of the glory of God. And not only so, but we glory in tribulations also; knowing that tribulation worketh patience, and patience experience, and experience hope; and hope maketh not ashamed, because the love of God is shed abroad in our hearts by the Holy Spirit who is given unto us.” And Peter, in his epistle, lays it down, and says: “Beloved, be not surprised at the fiery heat which falleth upon you, which happens for your trial; and fail not, as if some new thing were happening unto you. But as often as ye communicate with the sufferings of Christ, rejoice in all things, that also in the revelation made of His glory you may rejoice with gladness. If ye be reproached in the name of Christ, happy are ye; because the name of the majesty and power of the Lord resteth upon you; which indeed according to them is blasphemed, but according to us is honoured.”

## Footnotes

* ↑ Deut. xiii. 3.
* ↑ Ecclus. xxvii. 5.
* ↑ Rom. v. 2–5.
* ↑ 1 Pet. iv. 12–14.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume V/Cyprian/The Treatises of Cyprian
## Contents

* On the Unity of the Church
* On the Dress of Virgins
* On the Lapsed
* On the Lord's Prayer
* An Address to Demetrianus
* On the Vanity of Idols
* On the Mortality
* On Works and Alms
* On the Advantage of Patience
* On Jealousy and Envy
* Exhortation to Martyrdom
* Three Books of Testimonies Against the Jews
* Elucidations
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume V/Cyprian/The Treatises of Cyprian/Exhortation to Martyrdom
## Contents

* Preface
* Part 1
* Part 2
* Part 3
* Part 4
* Part 5
* Part 6
* Part 7
* Part 8
* Part 9
* Part 10
* Part 11
* Part 12
* Part 13
* Part 14
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/edel

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/edel | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ edel, adj., ‘of noble birth or qualities, excellent, generous,’ from MidHG. ędel, ędele, OHG. ędili (adal-), adj., ‘of a good family, noble, high-minded’; a deriv. of Adel, OHG. adal. Comp. OSax. ęðili (aðal-), ‘of a good family, noble,’ from aðali, ‘noble family,’ AS. œðele, ‘noble, distinguished.’ For details see Adel.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/eichen

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/eichen | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ eichen, aichen, vb., ‘to gauge,’ from MidHG. îchen (ähten), ‘to survey, gauge, inspect’; akin to MidHG. îche, îch, f., ‘measure, official standard, office of weights and measures’; corresponds to Du. ijk, ‘gauge, stamp,’ ijken, ‘to gauge, stamp.’ In LG. and MidLG. ike, f., means ‘gauge mark, instrument for gauging,’ generally ‘a pointed instrument, lance,’ for which reason the cognates have been derived from a Teut. root îk, ‘to prick.’ Yet MidHG. ähten points to a connection with ahten. In UpG. pfechten (see Pegel) has a parallel form pfechen. The solution of the difficulty with regard to aichen has not yet been found. The spelling of the word with OBav. ai is also remarkable, since in Suab. and Bav. ei corresponds to the MidHG. î.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/dürr

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/dürr | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ dürr, adj., ‘dry, meagre, barren,’ from MidHG. dürre, OHG. durri, ‘withered, dry, lean’; corresponds to Du. dor, OLG. thurri, AS. þyrre, Goth. þaúrsus, ‘dry’ (with regard to HG. rr, from Goth. rs, comp. irre, Farre). From a pre-Teut. adj. þurzu-, ‘dry, withered,’ which belongs to a root þurs, from pre-Teut. tṛs. As a result of the restriction of the word — probably in primit. times — to denote the dryness of the throat, we have the OInd. tṛšús, ‘greedy, panting,’ and ModHG. dürsten; as applied to the voice, or rather speech, tṛs appears in Gr. τραυλός, ‘lisping,’ for *τρασυλός (comp. δαυλός, ‘dense,’ for *δασυλός, Lat. densus), and OInd. tṛšṭá-s, ‘hoarse, rough (of the voice).’ With the general meaning ‘dry,’ ModHG. Darre, dörren, and their cognates are connected.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/dürfen

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/dürfen | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ dürfen, anom. vb., ‘to be allowed, venture, need,’ from MidHG. dürfen, durfen, a preterite pres., ‘to have reason, cause, be permitted, need, require’; OHG. durfan, preterite pres., ‘to lack, be destitute of, require, be in need of’; comp. Goth. þaúrban, Du. durven, AS. þurfan, ‘to be in need of.’ In addition to the Teut. root þurf, þurb, Swiss points to an old parallel form þurp. In the ModHG. deriv. darben, ​Bedürfnis, Notdurft, bieder, &c., the primary sense of the root þrf, from tṛp, ‘to be destitute of, lack,’ still appears.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/echt

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​ echt, adj., ‘genuine, real, legitimate,’ simply ModHG. adopted from MidG. and LG., where echt is the normal corresponding of MidHG. and OHG. êhaft, ‘lawful’; comp. Du. echt; akin to OFris. âft, ‘lawful’; from Ehe, compared with which the adj. has retained the old meaning of Ehe, ‘law.’ By means of the law-books based on the Saxon Code the LG. adj. found its way into HG. but not until after Luther; yet the word does not occur in the UpG. dialects.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/ehe

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/ehe | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ ehe, adv., ‘before,’ from MidHG. ê, a parallel form to ModHG. ehr, MidHG. êr, like ModHG. da from dar, wo from war. See eher.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/eher

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/eher | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ eher, ehr, adv., ‘sooner, earlier, rather,’ from MidHG. and OHG. êr (ê), ‘formerly, previously,’ compar. adv.; comp. Goth. airis, ‘formerly,’ from air, ‘early,’ also AS. œ̂r, E. ere. See ehe, erst.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/ehern

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​ ehern, see Erz.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/düster

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/düster | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ düster, adj. (unknown to UpG.?), ‘gloomy, dismal, sad,’ from the equiv. LG. düster, dûster; comp. OSax. thiustri, AS. þeóstre, þŷstre, ‘dark,’ MidHG. dinster, OHG. dinstar, OHG. finstar, OSax. finistar are remarkable parallel forms expressing the same idea; so too AS. þeóstru, ‘darkness.’ The primary form may be seen in the stem of dämmern, Goth. *þimis, ‘twilight,’ OInd. támas, ‘darkness’; Lat. tenebrae (for *temebrae) comes nearest perhaps to MidHG. dinster. f is interchanged with þ in Fackel, AS. þœcele; in the same way finster might be related to dinstar (from þinstar). These guesses are, however, too uncertain.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/eben

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/eben | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ eben, adj., ‘even, level, plain, smooth,’ from MidHG. ëben, OHG. ëban, adj., ‘level, flat, straight’; common to Teut. under these meanings, but it is not found in any other Aryan group; comp. OSax. eƀan, Du. even, AS. ëfn, E. even, OIc. jafn, Goth. ibns, ‘level.’ Akin perhaps to Goth. ibuks, adj., ‘backward’ (see Ebbe). Apart from Teut. the stem ib in the form ep or ebh has not yet been authenticated; Lat. œ̂quus (Sans. êka), cannot, on account of phonetic differences, be regarded as a cognate. —
eben, adv., ‘even, just,’ from MidHG. ëbene, OHG. ëbano; comp. OSax. ëfno, AS. ëfne (whence E. even); the old adv. form of the adj. (Comp. neben.)
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Quast

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​ Quast, m., ‘tuft, tassel,’ from MidHG. quast (queste, koste), m. and f., ‘cluster of leaves, bath-brush’ (OHG. questa, ‘apron of leaves’); comp. Du. kwast, ‘brush for sprinkling holy water, brush’ (Dan. kost, ‘besom,’ akin to OIc. kvistr, ‘branch’).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Quelle

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​ Quelle, f., ‘spring, source,’ first occurs in early ModHG. (naturalised by Luther); a late derivative of the ModHG. str. vb. quellen, MidHG. quëllen, OHG. quëllan. From the variant kal (by gradation qel), derived from OIc. kelda, ‘spring’ (whence Finn. kaltio), and Goth. *kaldiggs, which is implied by OSlov. kladęzĭ, ‘spring’; likewise AS. collen, ‘swollen.’ The prehistoric root gel (gol) is related to Sans. jala, ‘water,’ gal, ‘to curl.’ — quellen, ‘to soak, cause to swell,’ is a factitive of OHG. quëllan, ‘to swell.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Quetsche

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​ Quetsche, f., see Zwetsche.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Quecksilber

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​ Quecksilber, n., ‘quicksilver,’ from the equiv. MidHG. quëcsilber, OHG. quëcsilbar; an imitation, like Du. kwikzilver, E. quicksilver (AS. cwicseolfor), of the common Rom. argentum vivum; comp. Ital. argento vivo, Fr. vif-argent.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Quendel

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​ Quendel, m., ‘wild thyme,’ from the equiv. MidHG. quëndel, most frequently quënel (konel), OHG. quënala (chonala), f.; comp. Du. kwendel, AS. cunele. It is hardly probable that this is an early loan-word from Lat. conîla (Gr. κονίλη), ‘thyme,’ since the Rom. languages have not preserved the word.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Quentchen

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​ Quentchen, n., ‘drachm, dram,’ from MidHG. quëntîn (quintîn), ‘fourth (orig. perhaps fifth?) part of a Lot (half-an-ounce)’; from MidLat. quintînus, which is wanting in Rom.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Quarz

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​ Quarz, m., ‘quartz,’ from the equiv. MidHG. quarz; its relation to Du. kwarts, ​E. quartz, Ital. quarzo, and Fr. quartz has not yet been explained.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Quecke

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​ Quecke, f., ‘quick-grass,’ ModHG. only, from LG.; comp. Du. kweek, AS. cwiče, E. quitch-, couch-grass; these words seem to be connected with queck, ‘living,’ as a term for a luxuriant weed. “No plant has more vitality than this species of grass, which is propagated by its root, and therefore is very difficult to extirpate.”