OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Historic Highways of America/Volume 5/Preface

PREFACE
WHEN General Edward Braddock landed in Virginia in 1755, one of his first acts in his campaign upon the Ohio was to urge Governor Morris to have a road opened westward through Pennsylvania. His reason for wishing another road, parallel to the one his own army was to cut, was that there might be a shorter route than his own to the northern colonies, over which his expresses might pass speedily, and over which wagons might come more quickly from Pennsylvania—then the "granary of America."
It was inevitable that the shortest route from the center of the colonies to the Ohio would become the most important. The road Braddock asked Morris to open was completed only three miles beyond the present town of Bedford, Pennsylvania, when the road choppers hurried home on ​receipt of the news of Braddock's defeat.
Braddock made a death-bed prophecy; it was that the British would do better next time. In 1758 Pitt placed Braddock's unfulfilled task on the shoulders of Brigadier-general John Forbes, who marched to Bedford on the new road opened by Morris; thence he opened, along the general alignment of the prehistoric "Trading Path," a new road to the Ohio. It was a desperate undertaking; but Forbes completed his campaign in November, 1758 triumphantly—at the price of his life.
This road, fortified at Carlisle, Shippensburg, Chambersburg, Loudon, Littleton, Bedford, Ligonier, and Pittsburg became the great military route from the Atlantic seaboard to the trans-Allegheny empire. By it Fort Pitt was relieved during Pontiac's rebellion and the Ohio Indians were brought to terms. Throughout the Revolutionary War this road was the main thoroughfare over which the western forts received ammunition and supplies. In the dark days of the last decade of the eighteenth century, when the Kentucky and Ohio pioneers were fighting for the foot​hold they had obtained in the West, this road played a vital part.
When the need for it passed, Forbes's Road, too, passed away. Two great railways, on either side, run westward following waterways which the old road assiduously avoided—keeping to the high ground between them. Between these new and fast courses of human traffic the old Glade Road lies along the hills, and, in the dust or in the snow, marks the course of armies which won a way through the mountains and made possible our westward expansion.
The "Old Glade Road," the old-time name of the Youghiogheny division (Burd's or the "Turkey Foot" Road) of this thoroughfare, has been selected as the title of this volume, as more distinctive than the "Pennsylvania Road," which would apply to numerous highways.
A. B. H.
Marietta, Ohio, December 30, 1902.
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# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/William W. Chapman

​ WILLIAM W. CHAPMAN, the first Delegate in Congress from Iowa, was born in Marion County, Virginia on the 11th of August, 1808. He received but a common school education and read law while serving as ​clerk of the court. After his admission to the bar he opened an office at Middleton. In 1835 he removed to Burlington in the “Black Hawk Purchase” and was soon after appointed Prosecuting Attorney by the Governor of Michigan Territory. In 1836, when the Territory of Iowa was established, there were four candidates at the September election for Delegate in Congress. Mr. Chapman was chosen by a plurality of thirty-six votes. While in Congress he secured for Iowa the land grant of 500,000 acres for the support of common schools. He also obtained a report from the committee on Territories which finally secured to the State a decision in its favor in the controversy with Missouri over the boundary. In 1844 Mr. Chapman was a member of the First Constitutional Convention and took a prominent part in its deliberations. As chairman of the committee on boundaries, he reported in favor of the boundaries as finally established. In 1847 he removed to Oregon and became one of the proprietors of the city of Portland. He was elected to the Oregon Legislature; was one of the founders of the first newspaper established in the Territory. In 1858 he was appointed Surveyor-General of Oregon. Mr. Chapman died October 9, 1892.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/William W. Hamilton

​WILLIAM W. HAMILTON was a native of England and located at Dubuque, upon his arrival in America, in 1845. He was a good lawyer and took a deep interest in all public affairs, including education and politics. In 1849 he was elected probate judge of Dubuque County, serving in that capacity until 1852, when the probate business was, by the new Code, turned over to the county judges of the several counties. In 1854 Judge Hamilton was elected to the State Senate from the northeastern district which consisted of the counties of Dubuque, Delaware, Buchanan, Black Hawk, Grundy, Butler, Bremer, Clayton, Fayette, Allamakee, Winneshiek, Howard, Mitchell, Floyd and Chickasaw. Before the meeting of the Sixth General Assembly, the senatorial district had been divided and the counties of Dubuque and Delaware made the Thirty-first District, from which Judge Hamilton was chosen to the Senate for four years. At the convening of the Sixth General Assembly, the Democrats were in a minority in the Senate and Judge Hamilton, who was a Whig, was elected president. He was a popular and able presiding officer and when the General Assembly was organizing many new counties and deciding upon their names, the rare compliment was extended to the presiding officer, of giving his name to the new county taken from the old county of Webster. In the meantime, before the next General Assembly was chosen, the new Constitution of 1857 was framed and adopted and new districts arranged, so that Judge Hamilton, with others, was thrown out, having served but half the time for which he had been chosen.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/William Williams

​ WILLIAM WILLIAMS was born at Huntington, Pennsylvania, December 6, 1796. He was the eldest son and for many years after the death of his father devoted himself to supporting and educating the ​younger children. In 1849 he came to Iowa, stopping at Muscatine. In 1850 he joined the expedition sent to establish Fort Dodge on the upper Des Moines River. He was sutler of the post until it was abandoned by the troops when he purchased the ground for a company of which he with Bernhart Henn and others were members. They laid out the town of Fort Dodge and secured the establishment of a United States Land Office there. For many years Major Williams devoted his energies to building up the town he had founded and of which he was the first permanent settler. When the Sioux Indians threatened hostilities in northern Iowa, after the removal of the troops, Major Williams was authorized by Governor Grimes to take such action as was necessary to protect the frontier. Under this authority he organized a little army of three companies immediately after the massacre at the lakes in March, 1857, and marched to the scene of the slaughter. A full account of the sufferings, achievements and heroism of this expedition is given elsewhere. Major Williams was nearly sixty-two years of age when he led this little army on its terrible march. In 1865 he wrote a history of the early settlements in northwestern Iowa, which was published in the North West, then the only newspaper in Fort Dodge. In this he gave to the public a full and authentic account of the Relief Expedition of 1857. He died at Fort Dodge on the 26th of February, 1874. As the founder of Fort Dodge and the commander of the Spirit Lake Expedition. Major Williams will have an enduring place in Iowa history.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Wilson G. Williams

​ NELSON G. WILLIAMS was born in Bainbridge, Chenango County, New York, in 1823. He was educated at Utica and began business for himself in the city of New York where he became an importing merchant. In 1855 he removed to Iowa, locating in Dubuque, where he engaged in the mercantile business for several years. Later he made his home on a farm in Dubuque County where he was living when the Civil War began. He immediately tendered his services to Governor Kirkwood and was commissioned colonel of the Third Iowa Infantry, serving but a short time when he was placed under arrest by order of General Hurlbut. The charges against him were manifestly unjust and he was never brought to trial. He commanded his regiment in the Battle of Shiloh where it made a heroic fight. Colonel Williams was severely wounded and sent in his resignation on the 27th of November, 1862, retiring from the service.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Willis H. Barris

​WILLIS H. BARRIS, clergyman and scientist, was a native of Beaver County, Pennsylvania, where he was born July 9, 1821. He entered Alleghany College at Meadville in 1835 and graduating, took a course of civil engineering, which he completed in 1841. From his youth Mr. Harris was a student of natural science, especially geology, in which later he prosecuted original studies. At the age of twenty-one he entered the General Theological Seminary in New York City from which he was graduated in 1850, being ordained in 1852. Upon the advice of Bishop Lee, Mr. Barris came to Iowa in 1855, becoming rector of Trinity church at Iowa City. While there he continued his work in geology and became a member of the Board of Regents of the University in 1858. The following year he became rector of Christ's church at Burlington and “contributed largely to the creation of that scientific interest with which Burlington limestone is now regarded.” Portions of his collection went to the British Museum, but a larger part went to the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, and a large number of crinoid forms described by Wachsmuth, Springer and others were first discovered by Dr. Barris. In 1866 he became professor of ecclesiastical history (including Greek and Hebrew) in the Theological Department of Griswold College at Davenport, the chair having been created and endowed for his occupancy. Dr. Barris occupied the chair for twenty-five years, being above all else a churchman. He was, however, a leading spirit in all scientific research and while at Davenport published many valuable articles, mainly in the Geological Reports of Illinois. He was largely instrumental in founding the Davenport Academy of Sciences, served on its board of trustees and was its president, 1876, and later was curator and corresponding secretary for many years. He was a member of many scientific societies and in 1869 Griswold College conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Divinity. Dr. Barris died at his home in Davenport June 10, 1901, having been a citizen of Iowa for forty-six years.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/William W. Dodge

​ WILLIAM W. DODGE, son of Senator Augustus C. Dodge, was born in Burlington, Iowa, April 25, 1854. He pursued his education in Notre Dame University, taking a scientific course and graduating in 1874, then entering the State University he graduated from the Law Department in 1870, and began practice in his native city. Mr. Dodge is an earnest Democrat, inheriting a taste for politics. He has been a delegate to many State Conventions and was a delegate at large to the National Democratic Convention at St. Louis at which Grover Cleveland was nominated a second time. Mr. Dodge was elected to the State Senate in 1885, serving by reëlection in the Twenty-first, Twenty-second, Twenty-third and Twenty-fourth General Assemblies. Among the important acts of tho Legislatures of which he was the author during his term of service may be mentioned—one to prohibit the employment of children under fifteen in factories, workshops and mines; one making the first Monday in September a holiday known as Labor Day; and one to protect working people in the use of their labels and trade marks. Senator Dodge was one of the two members selected by the Senate to investigate charges made against the State University. In 1890 he was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel on the staff of Governor Boies.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/William W. Junkin

​ WILLIAM W. JUNKIN, veteran journalist, was born at Wheeling, Virginia, January 25, 1831. He attended the common schools in boyhood and at eleven years of age set type in the office of the Wheeling Argus. In 1843 he came with his father's family to Iowa Territory, locating on a farm in Lee County. In 1845 on removing to Fairfield in Jefferson County, he became an apprentice in the office of the Iowa Sentinel, a weekly paper established that year by A. R. Sparks. In the summer of 1849 he went to Fort Des Moines where Barlow Granger was about to issue the first number of the Iowa Star, the first newspaper published at the future capital of the State. He procured work in the office and assisted on the first issue of the paper, continuing in the office for some months. Returning to Fairfield, on the 26th of May, 1853, he became the half owner and publisher of the Fairfield Ledger which had been established about a year before. Mr. Junkin in August, 1854, purchased Mr. Fulton's interest ​and became sole editor and proprietor. He was a Whig and then a Republican. Few men have worked more intelligently for the development of a town and State that this pioneer journalist. Mr. Junkin held many local offices but never sought higher positions, preferring to give his best energies to his chosen profession. During General Harrison's administration he served as United States Indian Inspector. Mr. Junkin died at his home in Fairfield on the 21st of February, 1903, at the age of seventy-three, after service as a journalist continuously for more than half a century on the Fairfield Ledger.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/Correction of Errors

These errors have been corrected in the Wikisource text.
​Volume I, page xv, The title of illustration, “Breaking Prairie,” &c., the cut was lost and does not appear.
Volume I, page 267, fourth line from the bottom, October, 1863, should be October, 1853.
Volume II, page 39, line 25 from the top, the word fourteen should be eight; and in line 26 the words ten and twenty-two should be three and thirteen.
Volume II, page 77, line 17 from top, F. H. Pierpont should be Frederick Holbrook.
Volume III, page ix, “List of Illustrations,” after “Frontispiece” should be Frederick E. Bissell, page 12.
Volume III, page 274, 9th line from the bottom. Sixth General Assembly should be Sixteenth General Assembly.
Volume III, page x, “List of Illustrations,” “Lead Mining near Dubuque” should be page 438, instead of page 443.
Some of the cuts used in this work were made from old and faded photographs and are imperfect, but the best attainable.
In the case of Colonel Asbury B. Porter, Vol. II, page 387, and Vol. IV, page 214, appears the statement that he was dismissed from the service. This statement made in the published official reports of the Adjutant-General’s office was incorrect.
Colonel Porter resigned for disability, and his resignation was accepted by General Grant, then department commander, March 19, 1863, and he was honorably discharged from the service. Some person reported him absent without leave, and under a misapprehension of the facts, the President ordered his dismissal, April 30.
Instead of entering his honorable discharge on the records, dating from March 8, 1863, the Adjutant-General’s Department erroneously made the entry “Dismissed.” This error has never been corrected in the public Reports of that office: hence writers of war history have been misled and great injustice done a gallant Iowa officer.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/William W. Belknap

​ WILLIAM W. BELKNAP was born in Newburg, New York, in 1829. He graduated at Princeton College in 1848, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1851. He came to Iowa in 1853, locating at Keokuk where he entered upon the practice of law in partnership with Ralph P. Lowe, afterwards Governor of the State. He was elected to the House of the Seventh General Assembly in 1857 on the Democratic ticket. When the War of the Rebellion began he was commissioned major of the Fifteenth Iowa Infantry. He was in command of the regiment at the Battle of Corinth and was soon after placed on the staff of General McPherson. After the Battle of Atlanta he was promoted to Brigadier-General and at the close of the war was brevetted Major-General. He was offered a commission in the regular army but preferred to return to civil life. General Belknap had become a Republican, supporting Lincoln for President in 1864 and in 1866 was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue for the First District. When General Grant became President, General Belknap was invited into his Cabinet as Secretary of War, where he served seven years, resigning in March, 1876. Charges of official misconduct had been preferred against him by the House of Representatives in a time of great political bitterness, but in the trial by the Senate he was acquitted. Judge ​George G. Wright, who was a member of the Senate from Iowa, pronounced his acquittal just and his opinion was heartily indorsed by the people of Iowa who never lost confidence in the gallant officer. General Belknap died at Washington, October 13, 1890, and was buried in the National Cemetery at Arlington. Hugh J., a son of General Belknap, became a member of Congress from Chicago.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/William W. Walker

​ WILLIAM W. WALKER, one of the pioneer railroad builders of Iowa, was born in Cooperstown, New York, in 1834, receiving the education of civil engineers. He came to Iowa in 1855 and was soon chosen chief engineer of the Chicago, Iowa & Nebraska Railroad Company with charge of the location of the trunk line of what is now the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad from Clinton to Council Bluffs. After the completion of that line he was one of the leading promoters and chief engineer of the Sioux City & Pacific and Elkhorn Valley railroads. He was an active member of the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Railroad Company, and for many years its superintendent. He was afterwards engaged in building railroads in Missouri and Arizona. Mr. Walker was the first president of the First National Bank of Cedar Rapids and was for many years one of the proprietors of the Cedar Rapids Republican. His life was one of great usefulness and he will long be remembered as one of the pioneer railroad builders of the State. He died in Chicago on the 22d of September, 1893.
# History of India

HISTORY of INDIA Edited by A. V. WILLIAMS JACKSON, Ph. D., Ll. D. Professor of Indo–Iranian Languages in Columbia University
LONDON THE GROLIER SOCIETY PUBLISHERS
* Volume 1—From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century, B. C.
* Volume 2—From the Sixth Century B. C. to the Mohammedan Conquest, Including the Invasion of Alexander the Great
* Volume 3—Mediæval India from the Mohammedan Conquest to the Reign of Akbar the Great
* Volume 4—From the Reign of Akbar the Great to the Fall of the Moghul Empire
* Volume 5—The Mohammedan Period as Described by its Own Historians
* Volume 6—From the first European Settlements to the Founding of the English East India Company
* Volume 7—The European Struggle for Indian Supremacy in the Seventeenth Century
* Volume 8—From the Close of the Seventeenth Century to the Present Time
* Volume 9—Historic Accounts of India by Foreign Travellers Classic, Oriental, and Occidental
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Reuben Noble

​ REUBEN NOBLE was born on the 14th of April, 1821, in Adanw County, Mississippi, where his father was a planter. The father was opposed to human slavery and in 1833 removed to Illinois to rear his family in a free State. When the son was eighteen years of age he began to study law and was admitted to the bar at twenty-one. In 1843 he came to Iowa, making his home at Garnavillo, in Clayton County. In 1854 he was elected as a free soil Whig to the Legislature and upon the organization of the House was chosen Speaker, serving in the regular and extra sessions of 1854-5-6. At the first Republican State Convention of 1856 Reuben Noble was placed at the head of the ticket for presidential elector. Four years later he was a delegate to the National Convention which nominated Abraham Lincoln for President. Up to the time of the attempt of the Republicans to remove President Johnson by impeachment, Mr. Noble had been a prominent leader of that party. But approving of the policy of the President he left the Republicans and from that time became a Democrat. In 1866 he was nominated by the Democrats for Representative in Congress, but was defeated by William B. Allison. In 1870 he was the Democratic candidate for Judge of the Supreme Court but was defeated by Judge Day. In 1874 he was elected judge of the District Court and in 1878 was reëlected. In 1879 he was again the Democratic candidate for Supreme Judge, but was again defeated. In 1886 he was one of the organizers of the Pioneer Lawmakers' Association and was its first president, never missing a session during the remainder of his life. Judge Noble was the leader of the bar of northeastern Iowa from 1850 to the time of his death which occurred August 8, 1896.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Robert C. Reiniger

​ ROBERT G. REINIGER is a native of Seneca County, Ohio, where he was born April 12, 1835. He was reared on his father's farm and attended district school. At the age of seventeen he began the study of law at Tiffin, at the same time taking a college course. He was admitted to the bar in 1856 and the following year came west and located at Charles City in Floyd County, Iowa, where he formed a partnership with his brother in the practice of law. In 1861 Mr. Reiniger enlisted in Company B, Seventh Iowa Volunteers and became first lieutenant. He participated in the battles of Belmont, Forts Henry and Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth, Iuka and was in the campaign against Atlanta. He was promoted to captain in 1862. He was appointed by Governor Merrjll in 1870 judge of the Twelfth Judicial Circuit and served by reëlections until 1884. In 1885 he was elected to the State Senate for the district composed of the counties of Floyd and Chickasaw, serving in the Twenty-first, Twenty-second and by reëlection in the Twenty-third and Twenty-fourth General Assemblies where he was one of the most influential members. Mr. Reiniger was one of the few public officials who refused to compromise himself by the acceptance of railroad passes during his continuance in the public service.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Robert G. Cousins

​ ROBERT G. COUSINS was born in Cedar County, Iowa, in 1859, graduated from Cornell College, Mount Vernon, having finished his course in 1881 and was admitted to the bar the following year. In the fall of 1885 he was elected to the House of the Twenty-first General Assembly and at the session of the Senate held in 1887 to try the impeachment charges preferred against J. L. Brown, Auditor of State, Mr. Cousins was chosen by the House to act as one of the prosecutors. The Senate acquitted the auditor; but it was conceded that the prosecution was ably conducted and Mr. Cousins' argument was an eloquent presentation of the case and brought the young lawyer into prominence. In 1888 he was chosen Prosecuting Attorney and Presidential elector in the Fifth District. In 1892 he was nominated by the Republicans of the Fifth District for Representative in Congress and elected by a plurality of 1,098. He has been repeatedly reëlected, serving in the Fifty-fourth, Fifty-fifth, Fifty-sixth and Fifty-seventh Congresses and has won the reputation of being ​one of the most eloquent public speakers in the House of Representatives.