OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Quelpart

See also Quelpart on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​QUELPART (Chai-Ju), an island to the south of Korea, used as a Korean penal settlement. In measures 40 m. from E. to W. and 17 from N. to S. It rises gradually from the seaboard, is heavily wooded and is cleared for cultivation to a height of 2000 ft. There are several crateriform hills, and Hali San (Mount Auckland) has an altitude of 6558 ft. The island is entirely volcanic, and the soil is finely disintegrated lava. Broken black lava forms the beach, and blocks of it are the universal building material. There is no good drinking water. The flora and fauna are scarcely investigated. Pines of three species, junipers, larches, oaks, maples, willows and the Thuja Orientalis have been identified. The known fauna comprise boars, bears, deer, swans, geese, pheasants and quail. The roads are scarcely passable bridle tracks. Quelpart was introduced to European notice by the Dutchman, Hendrik Hamil, who was shipwrecked there in 1653.
The estimated population is 100,000, Korean by race, language and costume. There are about ninety villages. The valleys and slopes are carefully cultivated in fields divided by stone walls, and produce beans, peas, sweet potatoes, “ Russian turnip radish,” barley, a little rice and millet, the last being the staple article of diet. Nuts, oranges, limes and plums are grown. Small but strong ponies are bred for export, and small cattle and pigs for home use. Apart from agriculture, the industries consist in the manufacture of fine bamboo hats and mats, and wooden combs for export and local use. For hshing the islanders use double-decked raft boats, similar to those of southern Formosa. Their lucrative pearl fisheries have been practically monopolized by the Japanese, who use proper diving apparatus. A valuable product is a species of clam, the shell of which furnishes a specially iridescent mother-o'-pearl, which the natives barter with the Japanese for inlaying lacquer. European goods are not imported, but Japanese articles find ready barter. There are no markets, and only a few poor shops.
Chu-sung, the capital and seat of government, a few miles from Port Pelto, has a black lava wall 25 ft. high, with three gates and towers; an imposing audience-hall in Chinese style; and a great bell tower, with a fine bronze bell, sounded to drive off “evil dragons” Its population is estimated at 16,000. The governor has a hereditary army for coercive purposes. The uniform is a complete suit of mail, with a helmet, from which leather curtains fall over the shoulders. The weapons are equally antique.
There are no good harbours, and the only anchorage for large vessels is Tai-chung, or Yung-su, at the east end, with 9 to 13 fathoms of water. Pelto has ancient breakwaters for the protection of small boats, erected, as many believe, by the Mongol conqueror, Kublai Khan, who in 1273 built on Quelpart one hundred ships for the invasion of Japan.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Quercitron

See also Quercitron and Quercus velutina on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​QUERCITRON, a yellow dyestuff obtained from the bark of the quercitron oak, Quercus tinctoria, a fine forest tree indigenous in North America. The name is a shortened form of “quercicitron,” from Lat. quercus, oak, and “citron,” and was invented by Dr Edward Bancroft (1744–1821), who by act of parliament in 1785 was granted special privileges in regard to the importation and use of the substance. The dyestuff is prepared by grinding the bark in mills after it has been freed from its black epidermal layer, and sifting the product to separate the fibrous matter, the fine yellow powder which remains forming the quercitron of commerce. The ruddy-orange decoction of quercitron contains quercitannic acid, whence its use in tanning, and an active dyeing principle, quercitrin, C$_{21}$H$_{22}$O$_{12}$. The latter substance is a glucoside, and in aqueous solution under the influence of mineral acids it yields quercetin, C$_{15}$H$_{40}$O$_7$, which is precipitated, and the pentoside rhamnose. Quercetin is a crystalline powder of a brilliant citron yellow colour, entirely insoluble in cold and dissolving only sparingly in hot water, but quite soluble in alcohol. Either by itself or in some form of its glucoside quercitrin, quercetin is found in several vegetable substances, among others in cutch, in Persian berries (Rhamnus catharticus), buckwheat leaves (Polygonum Fagopyrum), Zante fustic wood (Rhus Cotinus), and in rose petals, &c. Quercitron was first introduced as a yellow dye in 1775, but it is principally used in the form of fiavin, which is the precipitate thrown down from a boiling decoction of quercitron by sulphuric acid. Chemically, quercetin is a member of a fairly extensive class of natural colouring matters derived from β phenyl benzo-γ-pyrone or flavone, the constitution of which followed on the researches of St von Kostanecki, A. G. Perkin, Herzig, Goldschmidt and others. Among the related colouring matters are: chrysin from poplar buds, apigenin from parsley, luteolin from weld and dyers' broom, fisetin from young fustic and yellow cedar, galangin from galanga root, and myricetin from Myrica Nagi.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Quercy

See also Quercy on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​QUERCY (Lat. pagus Caturcinus, Fr. Cahorsin), a county in France before the Revolution. The name is taken from that of a Gallic tribe, the Cadurci, and was applied to a small district watered by the Dordogne, the Lot and the Tarn. It was bordered by Limousin, Rouergue, Armagnac, Périgord and Agenais. In the middle ages it was divided into upper, or black, Quercy, and lower, or white, Quercy, the capital of the former being Cahors and of the latter Montauban. Its two other chief towns were Figeac and Moissac. Ecclesiastically it was included almost entirely in the diocese of Cahors until 1317, when a bishopric for lower Quercy was established at Montauban. Iudicially it was under the authority of-the parlement of Bordeaux; for financial purposes it was part of the généralité of Montauban. The estates of the county had the bishop of Cahors for president; other members were the bishop of Montauban and other ecclesiastics, four viscounts, four barons and some other lords and representatives of eighteen towns.
Under the Romans Quercy was part of Aquitania prima, and Christianity was introduced therein during the 4th century. Early in the 6th century it passed under the authority of the Franks, and in the 9th century was part of the Frankish kingdom of Aquitaine. At the end of the 10th century its rulers were the powerful counts of Toulouse. During the wars between England and France in the reign of Henry II., the English placed garrisons in the county, and by the treaty of Paris in 1259 lower Quercy was ceded to England. Both the king of England and the king of France confirmed and added to the privileges of the towns and the district, each thus hoping to attach the inhabitants to his own interest. In 1360, by the treaty of Brétigny, the whole county passed to England, but in 1440 the English were finally expelled. In the 16th century Quercy was a stronghold of the Protestants, and the scene of a savage religious warfare. The civil wars of the reign of Louis XIII. centred around Montauban. Quercy was early an industrial district. It gave its name to cadurcum, a kind of light linen, and the bankers of Cahors were famous.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Querfurt

See also Querfurt on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​QUERFURT, a town of Germany, in the province of Prussian Saxony, situated in a fertile country on the Querne, 18 m. W. from Merseburg, on a branch line from Oberröblingen. Pop. (1905) 4884. Its chief industries are sugar-refining, lime-burning and brewing. Querfurt was for some time the capital of a principality which had an area of nearly 200 sq. m. and a population of about 20,000. The ruling family having become extinct in 1496, it passed to that of Mansfeld. In 1635, by the peace of Prague, it was ceded to the elector of Saxony, John George I., who handed it over to his son Augustus of Saxe-Weissenfels; but in 1746 it was again united with electoral Saxony. It was incorporated with Prussia in 1815.
See Schneider, Querfurter Stadt- und Kreischronik (Querfurt, 1902).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Querétaro

See also Querétaro on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​QUERÉTARO, a city of Mexico, capital of the state of Querétaro-Arteaga, 152 m. by rail N.W. of the national capital. Pop. (1900) 33,152, including a large Indian element. Querétaro is served by the Mexican Central railway. The city stands on a plain at the foot of the Cerro de las Campanas, 6168 ft. above sea-level. Among the important buildings are the Cathedral (said to have been built originally about 1535, and subsequently restored at various times), the Iturbide theatre (in which occurred the trial of Maximilian), the government offices, the federal palace and the churches of Santa Rosa, Santa Clara and San Augustin. The federal palace and the church of Santa Rosa are examples of the work of the celebrated Mexican architect, Francisco Eduardo de Tresguerras (1765–1833), who restored the church of Santa Clara also. The gilded wood carvings of Santa Clara are noteworthy; and in the courtyard of the federal palace there are other specimens of the same work. The water-supply is brought over a fine aqueduct 5 m. long, dating from 18th century. Among manufactures are cottons, woollens, pottery and iron wares. Querétaro has one of the oldest and largest cotton factories in Mexico, employing about 2000 operatives, and maintaining a small private military force for protection. It was built in the days when brigandage held the whole country in terror, and was strongly fortified and provided with artillery and garrison. The latter was also used to escort pack trains of goods and supplies before the building of the railway. This old factory has also played its part in the civil wars of the country since 1840, becoming a fortress whenever Querétaro became involved in military operations.
Querétaro occupies the site of an Otomie Indian town dating from about 1400. It was captured by the Spaniards in 1531 and was raised to the rank of a city in 1655. It was the scene of a revolutionary outbreak against Spain in 1810. In 1848 a Mexican congress met here to ratify the treaty of peace with the United States, and in 1867 Querétaro was the scene of Maximilian's last stand against the republicans'(under Escobedo), which resulted in his capture and subsequent execution on the Cerro de las Campanas just N. of the city.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Quenstedt, Friedrich August von

See also Friedrich August von Quenstedt on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​QUENSTEDT, FRIEDRICH AUGUST VON (1809–1889), German geologist and palaeontologist, was born at Eisleben in Saxony on the 9th of July 1809. He was educated at Berlin, and after having acted as assistant in the mineralogical museum he was appointed professor of mineralogy and geognosy in the university of Tübingen in 1837, a post which he occupied until his death. His earlier work related chiefly to crystallography and mineralogy, on which subjects he published text-books that were widely used. He became distinguished for his researches on palaeontology, and especially for those on the fossils of the Jurassic system. The museum at Tübingen owed its establishment to his exertions. He died at Tübingen on the 21st of December 1889.
His chief publications were: Method der Krystallographie (1840); Das Flözgebirge Württembergs (1843); Petrefactenkunde Deutschlands (7 vols. and atlases, 1846–84); Die Cephalopoden (1846–49); Handbuch der Petrefactenkunde (2 vols., 1852, 3rd ed. 1882–85); Der Jura (2 vols., 1858); Handbuch der Mineralogie (1855, 3rd ed. 1877); Die Ammoniten des Schwäbischen Jura (1883–84). Obituary by W. T. Blanford, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xlvi., 1890.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Queenstown (South Africa)

See also Queenstown, Eastern Cape on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​QUEENSTOWN, a town of the Cape province, South Africa, in the upper valley of the Great Kei river, 155 m. by rail N.W. of East London. Pop. (1904) 9616, of whom 4157 were white. Founded in 1853 and named after Queen Victoria, it was laid out in an unusual form. From each angle of a central hexagonal-shaped open space there runs one of the main thoroughfares. This arrangement was adopted to facilitate defence in case of an attack by Kaffirs, Queenstown at the time of its foundation being a border settlement. Up to 1868 the burghers held their lands on a military tenure. It contains several fine buildings, including the town hall, court-house and public offices and the Anglican church of St Michael. Many of the streets are lined with oaks and blue gums. Situated on the Karroo, at an elevation of 3500 ft., between the Stormberg and Amatola Mountains, it is the centre of a wheat and sheep-rearing district, and is a busy commercial town. The climate is healthy, and Queenstown has a reputation as a sanatorium.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Queenstown (Tasmania)

See also Queenstown, Tasmania on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​QUEENSTOWN, a town of Montagu county, Tasmania, on the Queen river, 23 m. by rail by Strahan, and 353 m. W. of Hobart. It is the centre of the Mount Lyell mining district and has numerous smelting works, brick-works, and sawmills. The county is mountainous and finely wooded. Pop. (1901) 5051; of the district, 10,451.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Quern

See also Quern-stone on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​QUERN, the primitive form of hand-mill for grinding corn, consisting of two flat circular stones; the lower stone, often shaped with a rim, has a wooden or metal pin in the centre which passes through a hole in the upper stone; the worker pours the grain through the hole with one hand, revolving the upper stone with the other by means of a peg fixed to one side. The Old English word is cweorn; it is a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Du. kweern, Swed. qvarn and various forms in Old German; cognate words are found in Slavonic languages pointing to a pre-Aryan root. It is not related to “churn.” (See Flour.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Piloña

See also Piloña on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PILONA, a town of northern Spain, in the province of Oviedo; between the right bank of the river Pilofia, a left-hand tributary of the Sella, and the Sierra de Abes (3268 ft) Pop. (1900), 18,228 Though officially classed as a town, Pilofia is rather a densely populated mining and agricultural district. It is served by the railway from Infiesto, on the river Pilona, to Oviedo and Giién
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pillory

See also Pillory on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PILLORY (O. Fr. pilori, Prov. espitlori, from Lat. speculatorium, a place of observation or “peep-hole”), an instrument of punishment which consisted of a wooden post and frame fixed on a platform raised several feet from the ground, behind which the culprit stood, his head and his hands being thrust through holes in the frame (as are the feet in the stocks) so as to be held fast, exposed in front of it. This frame in the more complicated forms of the instrument consisted of a perforated iron circle, which secured the heads and hands of several persons at the same time, but it was commonly capable of holding only one. In the statutes of Edward I. it is enacted that every pillory or “stretch-neck” should be made of convenient strength so that execution might be done on offenders without peril of their bodies. It was customary to shave the heads wholly or partially, and the beards of men, and to cut off the hair and even in extreme cases to shave the heads of female culprits. Some of the offences punished in England by the pillory will be found enumerated in ​a statute of Henry III (1266). By this “Statute of the Pillory " it was ordered as the penalty for “forestallers and regrators, users of deceitful weights, perjurers and forgers." Stow, describing Cornhill pillory, says. “ On the top of the cage (a strong prison of timber) was placed a pillory for the punishment of bakers offending in the assize of bread, for millers stealing corn at the mill, for bawds, scoids and other offenders.” Until 16 37 the pillory was reserved for such offenders. In that year an attack was made on the Press, and the pillory became the recognized punishment of those who published books without a licence or libelled the government. Alexander Leighton, John Lilburn, Prynne and Daniel Defoe were among those who suffered. These were popular favourites, and their exposures in the pillory were converted into public triumphs. Titus Oates, however, was put in the pillory in 1685 and nearly killed. In 1816 the pillory Was abolished except for perjury and subornation, and the perjurer Peter James Bossy was the last to stand in the pillory at the Old Bailey for one hour on the 22nd of June 1830. It was finally abolished in 1837 at the end of William IV 's reign. cIn Germany it was known as pranger. The pillory was used in the American colonies, and provisions as to its infection existed in the United States statute books until 1839; it survived in the state of Delaware until 1905. Finger-pillories were at one time in common use as instruments of domestic punishment. Two stout pieces of oak, the top being hinged to the bottom or fixed piece, formed when closed a number of holes sufficiently deep to admit the finger to the second joint, holding the hand imprisoned. A finger pillory is preserved in the parish church of Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire, and there is one, still in its original situation against the wall, at Littlecote Hall, Wilts
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pilot-fish

See also Pilot fish on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PILOT-FISH (Naucrates ductor), a pelagic fish of the family of horse-mackerels or Carangidae, well known to sailors from its peculiar habit of keeping company with ships and large fishes, especially sharks. It occurs in all tropical and sub-tropical seas, and is common in the Mediterranean, but becomes scarcer in higher latitudes. In summer pilots will accompany ships as far north as the south coast of England into port.
Pilot-fish.
This habit was known to the ancients, who describe the Pompilus as a fish which points out the way to dubious or embarrassed sailors, and by its sudden disappearance indicates to them the vicinity of land; the ancient seamen of the Mediterranean regarded it, therefore, as a sacred fish. That the pilot accompanies sharks is an observation which first appears in works of travel of the 17th century, the writers asserting that it is of great use to its big companion in conducting it and showing it the way to its food. It is, however, extremely doubtful whether the pilot’s connexion with a shark serves a more special purpose than its temporary attachment to a ship. It accompanies both on account of the supply of food which it derives from them. The pilot, therefore, stands to both in the relation of a so-called “commensal,” like the Echeneis or sucking-fish. All observers, however, agree that neither the pilot nor the sucker is ever attacked by the shark. The pilot attains to a length of about 12 in. In the shape of its body it resembles a mackerel, but is rather shorter, especially in the head, and covered with small scales. A sharp keel runs along the middle of each side of the tail. The first dorsal in consists of a few short spines not connected by a membrane; the second dorsal and the anal are composed of numerous rays. The teeth, which occupy the jaws, vomer and palatine bones, are all small, in villiform bands. The coloration of the pilot renders it conspicuous at a distance; on a bluish ground-colour from five to seven dark-blue or violet cross-bands traverse the body from the back to the belly. The pilot-fish spawns in the open sea, and its fry is constantly caught in the tow-net. But young pilot-fish differ considerably from the adult, having the spines of the first dorsal connected by a membrane, and some bones of the head armed with projecting spines. These little fishes were therefore long considered to be a distinct genus, Nauclerus.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pillow

See also Pillow on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
PILLOW (O. Eng. pylu; Lat. pulvinus, a cushion), - a support for the head during sleep or rest. The pillow of Western nations is a cushion of linen or other material, stuffed with feathers, down, hair or wool. In the East it is a framework made of bamboo or rattan with a depression in the top to receive the neck; similarly blocks of wood with a concave-shaped top are used by the natives of other countries. The word is found in various technical uses for a block or support, as for a brass bearing for the journal of a shaft, and the like. In architecture the term "pillowed," or "pulvinated," is given to the frieze of an order which bulges out in the centre arid is convex in section. It is found in friezes of some of the later works of the Roman school and is common in Italian practice.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pilocarpine

See also Pilocarpine on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PILOCARPINE, CuH16N2O2, an alkaloid found, together with isopilocarpine and other related compounds, in the leaves of jaborandi (Pzlocarpus pennatzfolzus). It was first isolated by E. Hardy in 1875 (Ben, 8, p 1594), and is a crystalline, very hygroscopic solid It is a strong poison. It has the properties of a monacid base and contains the methyl amino group, -NCH3 when heated with hydrochloric acid it gives isopilocarpine Isopilocarpine was isolated in 1900 by H A. D. ]owett (J own. Chem Soc 77, p. 473), and is a colourless oil which boils at 261° C (10 mm) It is a monacid base which is readily soluble in solutions of the causi ic alkalis ]owett is of the opinion that pilocarpine and isopilocarpine are stereo-isomers of the structure - /CH.jF1.CH3C, H5.(fH.CQO
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pimento

See also Pimento and Eugenol on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PIMENTO, also called Allspice (from a supposed combination of various flavours) and Jamaica Pepper, the dried immature fruit of Eugenia pimenta or Pimento officinalis, an evergreen tree about 30 ft. high, belonging to the natural order Myrtaceae. It is indigenous in the West India Islands, growing on limestone hills near the sea, and is especially grown in Jamaica. The spice derives its name from the Portuguese pimenta, Spanish pimienta, pepper, which was given to it from its resemblance to ​pepper-corns. The berries are gathered in July and August, when of full size, but still unripe—the small branches bearing fruit being broken off and dried in the sun and air for some days, when the stalks are removed and the berries are ready for packing. These owe their aromatic properties to an essential oil present to the extent of 3 to 4½% and consisting largely of eugenol or allyl guaiacol, HO(CH$_3$O)C$_6$H$_3$·C$_3$H$_5$. The chief use of pimento is as a spice. The oil, the action of which resembles that of cloves, is occasionally used in medicine, and is also employed in perfuming soaps. The “ bay rum ” used as a toilet article is a tincture scented with the oil of the leaves of an allied species, Pimenta acris, commonly known as the bayberry tree.