OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Nevada (Missouri)

See also Nevada, Missouri on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NEVADA. A city and the county-seat of Vernon County, Mo., 100 miles south of Kansas City; on the Missouri Pacific and the Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroads (Map: Missouri, B 4) . It has a Roman Catholic convent school, and is the seat of a State lunatic asylum and of Cottey College for Young Ladies (Methodist Episcopal, South), opened in 1884. A prominent feature of the city is Lake Park, named from a beautiful lake within the municipal limits. Nevada controls considerable trade in the products of the agricultural and stock-raising district of which it is the centre, and has large zinc smelters, a foundry and iron works, and saw, planing, flour, and feed mills. Nevada became the county-seat in 1858, and was incorporated in 1870. It is governed, under a charter of 1880, by a mayor, elected every two years, and a unicameral council. Population, in 1890, 7262; in 1900, 7461.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Nevers

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​ NEVERS, ne-vār′. The capital of the Department of Nièvre, France, and formerly of the Province of Nivernais, situated on a hill in the midst of fertile plains at the confluence of the Loire and the Nièvre, 140 miles southeast of Paris (Map: France, K 5). It is an important railway junction. The old portion of the town is ill-built, with narrow, crooked streets, but the modern portion has wide streets and a fine park. A gateway containing a Gallo-Roman museum, and two towers, are preserved remains of the mediæval fortifications. The feudal ducal castle is utilized for the Palace of Justice and also contains a museum. The chief ecclesiastical buildings are the Romanesque eleventh century Church of Saint Etienne, and the recently restored Cathedral of Saint Cyr, built in the thirteenth century on the site of a prior church, the west portion of which is incorporated in the present building; the cathedral is noted for its double apse and fine sculptures and paintings. The town possesses a public library, and numerous educational, scientific, and benevolent institutions. It has manufactures of iron and copper ware, chemicals, porcelain and cloth, an engine-fitting factory, formerly a famous naval cannon foundry, and oil mills. Nevers is the ancient Noviodunum, an important town of the Ædui. It has been an episcopal see since the sixth century, when it was called Nivernum. The town became the seat of the counts of Nevers in the tenth century and was created a dukedom by Francis I. in 1538. The dukedom of Nevers passed by marriage to a member of the family of Gonzaga, the ducal house of Mantua. On the extinction of the Gonzaga line in Mantua in 1627, Charles, Duke of Nevers, claimed the duchy. He was supported by France, and opposed by Spain and Austria. The War of the Mantuan Succession which ensued ended in the recognition of the claim of Charles of Nevers in 1630. The population of Nevers in 1900 was 27,673.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Neuwied

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​ NEUWIED, noi′vḗt. The capital of a circle in the Rhine Province, Prussia, on the Rhine, seven miles northwest of Coblenz (Map: Prussia, B 3). The castle, residence of the Prince of Wied, stands in a beautiful park, and has collections of Roman antiquities. The town has many educational institutions, including a gymnasium and two seminaries for teachers. Wool and cotton goods, soap, tobacco, starch, chicory, and ironware are manufactured. Population, in 1900, 11,003. Neuwied was founded in 1653 by the Prince of Wied, as a refuge for religious exiles, and many religious denominations are represented by its present inhabitants.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Nevada, Emma

See also Emma Nevada on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NEVADA, Emma (Emma Wixom) (1861—). An American dramatic soprano, born in Austin, Nev. She studied under Marchesi in Vienna and afterwards in Italy. She first appeared in opera in London (1880) with Marie Van Zandt and subsequently sustained leading parts in Triest, Pesth, Prague, Milan, Rome, Naples, and Paris, making her first professional tour of the United States in 1884-85. She had a wide repertoire, but perhaps her most successful rôle was Mignon, which part she sang for an entire year in Paris.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Nevada (Iowa)

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​ NEVADA. A city and the county-seat of Story County, Iowa, 32 miles north by east of Des Moines; on the Chicago and Northwestern and other railroads (Map: Iowa, D 3). It is the centre of a farming and cattle-raising district, and has a large cold storage plant for butter and eggs, and some manufactures, the chief products being tile and flour. There is a public library of 5000 volumes. Population, in 1890, 1662; in 1900, 2472.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Nevada State University

See also University of Nevada, Reno on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NEVADA STATE UNIVERSITY. The head of the educational system of the State of Nevada and the only institution of collegiate grade within the State. It was founded at Elko in 1873 and was removed to Reno in 1885 and formally reopened in 1886. The university comprises the college of agriculture, including departments of dairying and domestic arts and sciences, the college of arts and science, the college of applied science, with departments of mining and metallurgy and mechanical and civil engineering, a normal department, and the University High School. Military instruction forms part of the curriculum and a uniform is worn by the students. The degrees conferred are those of B.A., B.S., M.A., M.S., and mining, mechanical, and civil engineer. In 1902 the faculty numbered 18 and the attendance was 310, including 90 preparatory students. The library contained 4000 volumes. The university campus covers about 40 acres and with its buildings was valued at $200,000. The value of the college property was $225,000, and the income $62,000.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Tucumán (province)

Edition of 1905. See also Tucumán Province on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ TUCUMÁN, tōō′kōō-män′. The smallest and most densely populated province of Argentina, bounded by the Province of Salta on the north, Santiago del Estero on the east, and Catamarca on the south and west (Map: Argentina, D 9). Area, 8926 square miles. The eastern portion is rolling, but the western portion becomes quite mountainous. The mountains, offshoots of the Andes, afford extensive forests in the valleys and some mines of gold, silver, and copper, but these are not extensively worked. Sugar and rum are the chief products, but cereals, rice, tobacco, and fruits are raised. The soil generally is fertile, but in some portions use must be made of irrigation. The population, which is largely mestizo, in 1895 numbered 215,742. Tucumán (q.v.) is the capital. Tucumán was originally a portion of the dominions of the Incas. After the conquest the Gobernación of Tucumán included many of the surrounding provinces and was first subject to the Audiencia of Chareas, and after 1776 to the Viceroyalty of La Plata.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Turkey (bird)

Edition of 1905. See also Turkey (bird) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ TURKEY (abbreviation of Turkey-cock, Turkey-hen, so called as being supposed to come from Turkey, vaguely applied to Tartary or Asia in general). The turkeys are natives of North and Central America, and the only two species known are the common wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) with three subspecies and the beautiful Yucatan turkey (Meleagris ocellatus). They were once regarded as a distinct family, but are now considered the sole American representatives of the Phasianidæ. The wild turkey is like the domesticated one, but more brightly colored. The ocellated turkey of Central America is a smaller ​and more beautiful species; the plumage is lustrous, and parts of it are ocellated, like the peacock's feathers: the bare head is blue with orange caruncles. This fine species is confined to Yucatan and Central America. The common wild turkey is still found in Mexico, Texas, and Arizona, and in other parts of the West and South, but is scarce east of the Mississippi and north of Virginia or Kentucky, though it formerly ranged well up into New England.
The domestic turkey, the largest of gallinaceous birds, appears to have been introduced into Europe by the Spaniards early in the sixteenth century. The domestic birds vary greatly in plumage from the tints of the wild species to buff, or brown, or pure white, and occasionally produce a crest. On account of its size, and the excellence of its flesh and eggs, the turkey is one of the most valued kinds of poultry. The management of turkeys differs little from that of the common fowl. The young are tender for the first few weeks, and require care, particularly to keep them from getting wet by running among the wet grass, or the like; but afterwards they are sufficiently hardy. See Colored Plate of Peacock, Turkey, and Guinea-Fowl.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Turkey Buzzard

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ TURKEY BUZZARD. See Vulture.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Turkey Red

Edition of 1905. See also Turkey red on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ TURKEY RED. A name applied to one of the most durable and beautiful colors which have been produced on cotton. The process of dyeing cotton Turkey red is said to have been practiced in India from time immemorial; at present, the main seat of the industry is in the neighborhood of Glasgow. The operations are long and tedious, and their effect could scarcely be explained theoretically. Thus no reason could be given for the part of the process which consists in soaking the cloth in olive oil for a considerable length of time; yet this is well known to be one of the most essential operations in the dyeing process and is believed to be the cause of the rich appearance of the dye. Turkey red is one of the colors of alizarin which can be obtained either from madder (Rubia tinctorum) or by an artificial process of manufacture from coal-tar. See Alizarin.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Turkey Stone

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ TURKEY STONE. A honestone found in Turkey. See Hones.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Töpffer, Rodolphe

Edition of 1905. See also Rodolphe Töpffer on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ TÖPFFER, tẽpf′ẽr, Rodolphe (1799-1846). A Swiss novelist and draughtsman, born in Geneva, son of the landscape and genre painter Adam Töpffer (1766-1847), under whose instruction he devoted himself to art. His eyesight failing, be took up teaching, in 1825, established a boarding school, and in 1832 became professor of æsthetics at the Academy of Geneva. His novel Le presbytère (1839) attracted universal attention. The Nouvelles genevoises (1838), Nouvelles et mélanges (1840), La bibliothèque de mon oncle (1843), and Rose et Gertrude (1845) are hardly less delightful than the humorous sketches of travel Voyages en zigzag (1848) and Nouveaux voyages en zigzag (1853), illustrated by himself. A little archaic in style, his work is simple, artistic, sound, and witty, with a childlike fancy and sentiment. Among his best productions are the seven little novels in pictures: Mr. Jabot, Mr. Crepin, Mr. Pencil, Le docteur Festus, Histoire d'Albert, Les amours de Mr. Vieux Bois, and Mr. Cryptogame, published together in Collection des histoires en estampes (Geneva, 1846-47). For his biography consult Relave (Paris, 1886); Blondel and Mirabaud (ib., 1887); and Glöckner (Zerbst, 1891).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Tucuna

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ TUCUNA, tōō-kōō′nȧ. A wild tribe of the Upper Amazon. See Ticuna.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Turkey Gnat

Edition of 1905. See also Black fly on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ TURKEY GNAT. An insect (Simulium pictipes) of the dipterous family Simuliidæ, identical with the Southern buffalo-gnat, which usually makes its appearance about the time turkeys are setting, and sometimes causes great mortality among those birds. See Black Fly; Buffalo-Gnat.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Tweed, William Marcy

Edition of 1905. See also William M. Tweed on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
TWEED, William Marcy (1823-78). A notorious American politician, leader of the so-called ‘Tweed Ring,’ born in New York City. He was the son of a chair-maker, was prepared for the same occupation, receiving slight education, and early entered politics, becoming an alderman of New York City, and taking a seat in Congress in 1853. Subsequently he was a School Commissioner; became a member of the Board of Supervisors of New York County, and was president of the board for four successive terms. From 1867 to 1871 he was a State Senator. A member of the Tammany Society for many years,
he was grand sachem in 1869-71. He was appointed Deputy Street Commissioner in 1861, and when in 1870 that department was changed to the Department of Public Works, he was the Commissioner at its head, a position which enabled him to initiate, as is generally believed, the formation of the combination known as the ‘Tammany Ring,’ or the ‘Tweed Ring.’ The ‘ring,’ having placated the Mozart Hall faction of Fernando Wood (q.v.), elected its candidate for Mayor in 1865, and its candidate for Governor in 1868, and so controlled the Legislature as to secure such a modification of the city's charter as greatly to increase the power of the offices held by the ‘ring.’ Legislators and judges were bribed, and bills were passed and decisions rendered in favor of the members of the ‘ring.’ Gigantic schemes of city improvement were organized and carried out successfully, though accompanied generally with much peculation. Fraudulent bills were audited, and their sum divided among the thieves. Probably no other such complete plan of public spoliation was ever devised and executed in any country. The exposure of this vast system of peculation was made largely by the New York Times, through the intervention of a disappointed enemy of the ‘ring,’ in July, 1871; a vigorous investigation and prosecution was undertaken by a committee of seventy citizens, under the lead of Samuel J. Tilden (q.v.); and Tweed was indicted in 1872 for forgery and grand larceny. Two trials were held, and in 1873 Tweed was convicted, and sentenced to twelve years' confinement in the penitentiary, and to pay a fine of $12,300.18. He was confined on Blacknell's Island from November, 1873, until June, 1875, when he was released by a decision of the Court of Appeals, on a legal technicality. He was immediately rearrested on a warrant issued in a civil suit for $6,198,957.85, and sent to Ludlow Street Jail. Being permitted to go out to drive with an officer, he made his escape, and fled to Spain. He was returned in November, 1876, and again incarcerated in Ludlow Street Jail until April 12, 1878, when he died. Much material relative to Tweed is to be found in Myers's History of Tammany Hall (New York), and in Breen's Thirty Years of New York Politics (ib., 1899). See also chapter 88 of James Bryce, The American Commonwealth (ib., 1889), on “The Tweed Ring,” by F. J. Goodnow.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Leith

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Leith (lēth), an important seaport in Scotland and a municipal and parliamentary borough, stands on the south shore of the Firth of Forth, two miles north of Edinburgh. The harbor works have cost more than $5,000,000. The foreign, colonial and coaling trade, already very great, is constantly increasing, and there is regular steamboat communication with London and several other ports. The nine months' siege by the Protestants in 1559-60 and the surprise of its citadel by the Jacobites in 1715 are the chief events in its history. Population 85,721.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Leopold I

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Le'opold I, king of the Belgians, was born at Coburg, Dec. 16, 1790. In 1831 he was chosen king of the Belgians. As a monarch Leopold displayed marked ability, conducting himself with prudence, moderation and constant regard to the principles of the Belgian constitution and the interests of his people. He died on Dec. 10, 1865.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Levant

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Levant', a name used to designate the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea and the coast regions of Syria, Asia Minor and Egypt. In a wider sense it is applied to all the region eastward from Italy as far as the Nile and the Euphrates.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Leverrier, Urbain Jean J.

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​Leverrier (le-vắ′ryắ), Urbain Jean J., a great French astronomer, born in Normandy, March 11, 1811, died at Paris, Sept. 23, 1877. He began life as a student of chemistry under Gay-Lussac, but in 1837 accepted a chair of astronomy at the Polytechnic School in Paris, and for 40 years devoted himself almost exclusively to celestial mechanics. In 1846 he predicted, by a study of the motion of Uranus, that there was a disturbing body in the neighborhood: and this body which we now call Neptune, was discovered on Sept. 23, 1846, by Galle at Berlin, within one degree of the place where Leverrier said it would be found. This prediction is really no more remarkable than many others which have been made in astronomy; but it is one which has always caught popular applause. In 1854 Leverrier succeeded Arago as director of the Paris Observatory, a position which he held with the exception of three years until his death.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Leonidas I

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Leonidas I (lē-ŏn' ĭ-dȦs), king of Sparta about 480 B. C., when Xerxes approached the narrow pass of Thermopylæ with his immense army, opposed him with 300 Spartans and about 5,000 auxiliaries. Finding it impossible to bar the progress of the foe, Leonidas and his 300, having sent their auxiliaries home, threw themselves upon the invaders and perished. Their sublime heroism has ever since been celebrated in prose and song, and was an inspiration to all Hellenes in driving back the invading hosts.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Levi and Levites

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​Le′vi and Le′vites. In Jewish history Levi was the third son of Jacob and Leah and ancestor of the Levites. The three divisions of Levi's family are said to have received no allotted territory, only 48 scattered cities. The story of the Levites is one of controversy, some maintaining that Levi was the ancestor of the order and others denying that it originally was a tribe at all. The Levites were set apart for the temple service. See Wellhausen's History of Israel.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Lewes, George Henry

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​Lewes (lū′ĭs), George Henry, an English philosophical writer, was born at London in 1817. His first important work was his Biographical History of Philosophy (1845) subsequently much extended and altered — a work written from a positivist point of view and sufficiently proving his ability as a thinker and writer. From 1849 to 1854 he was literary editor of the Leader, during that time publishing his Life of Robespierre and a compend of Comte's Philosophy of the Sciences. His Life of Goethe, which won him a European reputation, was published in 1855. From 1854 he was largely engaged in physiological investigations, with special reference to philosophical problems. To this period belong his Seaside Studies, Physiology of Common Life and Studies in Animal Life, besides papers contributed to the British Association on the spinal cord and on the nervous system. In 1864 he published A Study on Aristotle, and in 1865 founded the Fortnightly Review, but was compelled by ill-health to retire a year later. The chief work of his life, aiming at the systematic development of his philosophical views, is entitled Problems of Life and Mind. His relations with the novelist, “George Eliot,” will be known to readers. He died in 1878.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Lewiston

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​ Lew′iston, an important manufacturing city in Androscoggin County, Me. It is situated 36 miles north of Portland, on the left bank of Androscoggin River, being connected by several bridges with Auburn on the opposite bank. As the river here falls nearly 50 feet, Lewiston has an abundant supply of water-power, which has been turned to great advantage by manufacturing establishments. There are quite a number of manufacturing companies and corporations in the city, the value of their annual products exceeding $15,000,000. Chief among these industries is the manufacture of cottoncloth and woolen goods; next in importance the bleaching and dye works (for bleaching and dyeing cotton materials). There are, besides, a large boot and shoe factory, several establishments which furnish supplies for the cotton and woolen mills and a number of other industries. Lewiston has excellent public and parochial schools, several churches, two fine hospitals, an orphan asylum etc. Bates College, which has its seat here, was founded by the Free Baptists in 1863, Benjamin E. Bates of Boston contributing $200,000 to its endowment. It is co-educational, and was the first college in New England to receive women. Lewiston was incorporated as a village in 1795, but did not receive a city charter until 1863. Population 26,247.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Lexington (Kentucky)

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​ Lex′ington, a city of Kentucky, county-seat of Fayette County, stands in the famous blue-grass region at the junction of five railways, about 80 miles from Cincinnati. The surrounding district is noted for beauty and fertility, and the town has been laid out in attractive style. Lexington was the home of Henry Clay; and its West End cemetery contains an imposing monument to his memory. The University of Kentucky was moved to Lexington in 1865, and Transylvania University was merged in it; the city also contains the state Agricultural and Mechanical College, the Kentucky Reform School, Sayre Female ​Institute, Kentucky University (Christian), St. Catherine's Female Academy (R. C.) and Lexington Normal Institute (colored). It manufactures harness, saddlery, flour, canned goods, lumber, carriages, wagons and Bourbon whiskey. The town was named in 1775 in honor of the first battlefield of the Revolution, the news of that fight reaching the early settlers while they were laying out the town. Population about 35,099.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Monrovia

Edition of 1905. See also Monrovia on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MONRO'VIA. The capital of the negro Republic of Liberia, West Africa, situated at the mouth of the Saint Paul River, on the coast (Map: Africa, C 4). It has an unhealthful climate. Its exports are palm oil and kernels, dyewoods, and rubber. Population, about 5000.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Montalembert, Marc René, Marquis de

Edition of 1905. See also Marc René, marquis de Montalembert on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ MONTALEMBERT, Marc René, Marquis de (1714-1800). A French general. He was born at Angoulême, entered the army at eighteen, and served in Germany (1733) and in Italy and Bohemia (1742). He wrote much on fortification after his election to the Academy of Sciences, and, in spite of opposition to his novel theories, was intrusted with the fortification of the island of Aix in 1779. He recognized the defects of the bastion system of defense in fortifications, and advocated the employment of casemates for protected gun fire. His theories were first adopted by Prussia, and formed the basis of what afterwards became known as the polygonal system of defense. He is also famous for his works: La fortification perpendiculaire (1776), and L'art défensif supérieur à l'offensif (1796). See Fortification.