OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Tyler, William

​TYLER, WILLIAM (d. 1801), sculptor and architect, was a contributor to the exhibition of the Society of Artists during the ​first eight years of its existence, ending in 1760 a design for a memorial to General Wolfe, and subsequently busts and monumental tablets. When the society was incorporated in 1765 he became a director. On the foundation of the Royal Academy in 1768 Tyler was nominated one of the original forty members, and he afterwards held the post of auditor. In that capacity he in 1799, with George Dance (1741–1825) [q. v.], drew up a report on the financial position of the institution, in acknowledgment of which service he was presented with a silver cup. Tyler practised architecture as well as sculpture, but displayed no great ability in either art. The Freemasons' Tavern was erected by him in 1786. He exhibited annually at the academy from 1769 to 1786, and once more in 1800, when he sent his design for a villa built at Kensington for the Duchess of Gloucester. He died at his house in Caroline Street, Bedford Square, London, on 6 Sept. 1801.
F. M. O'D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Tylden, John Maxwell

​TYLDEN, Sir JOHN MAXWELL (1787–1866), lieutenant-colonel, born on 25 Sept. 1787, was the eldest son of Richard Tylden of Milsted, Kent, by his second wife, Jane, daughter of Samuel Auchmuty, D.D., rector of New York, and sister of Lieutenant-general Sir Samuel Auchmuty [q. v.] William Burton Tylden [q. v.] was his younger brother. He was commissioned as ensign in the 43rd foot in the summer of 1804, and was promoted lieutenant on 23 Nov.
In 1807 he served in the expedition to Monte Video and Buenos Ayres as brigade major to his uncle, Sir Samuel Auchmuty [q. v.] He became captain on 28 Sept. 1809. In 1810 he went to Madras as aide-de-camp to Auchmuty. He accompanied him to Java, was present at the capture of Fort Cornelis, 26 Aug. 1811, and was sent home with despatches. He received a brevet majority, and was knighted in 1812, when he acted as proxy for Auchmuty at the installation of knights of the Bath.
He joined the 1st battalion of the 43rd in the Peninsula in 1813, and was present at the battles of the Nive, Orthes, and Toulouse. In 1814 he went with his regiment to America, and took part in the unsuccessful attack on New Orleans. In the later stages of it he acted as assistant adjutant-general, Colonel (Sir) Frederick Stovin [q. v.] having been wounded on 23 Dec., and he was praised in General Lambert's despatch of 28 Jan. 1815.
In February 1816 he obtained a majority in the 3rd buffs, and was placed on half-pay. On 16 July 1818 he became major in the 52nd, and on 12 Aug. 1819 he was made brevet lieutenant-colonel. He went to Nova Scotia in 1823 in temporary command of the 52nd, but returned to England on leave in the following year, and retired from the army in June 1825. He afterwards received the silver medal for Java, and for Nive, Orthes, and Toulouse.
He was one of the leaders of the liberal party in East Kent. He was J.P., and was made D.L. in 1852. He married, first, in 1829, Elizabeth, only daughter of the Rev. H. L. Walsh of Grimblesthorpe, Lincoln, by whom he had one daughter; secondly, in 1842, Charlotte, daughter of Sir Robert Synge, bart. He died at Milsted on 18 May 1866.
E. M. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Tyler, James Endell

​TYLER, JAMES ENDELL (1789–1851), divine, born at Monmouth on 30 Jan. 1789, was the son of James Tyler, a solicitor in that town. He was educated at the grammar school in Monmouth, and matriculated from Oriel College, Oxford, on 29 Nov. 1805. While an undergraduate he was elected Michel scholar at Queen's College, and in 1812 obtained a fellowship at Oriel. He graduated B.A. on 7 Dec. 1809, M.A. on 9 Jan. 1813, and B.D. on 17 Dec. 1823. From 1818 to 1826 he filled the office of tutor at Oriel, holding also the perpetual curacy of Moreton Pinkney, Northamptonshire. In 1826 his preaching attracted the attention of Lord Liverpool, who presented him to the living of St. Giles-in-the-Fields. Two years later he relinquished his fellowship, and on 15 March 1845 Sir Robert Peel appointed him a residentiary canon of St. Paul's Cathedral. He was a man who inspired strong esteem. He was very popular at Oriel College, and in London his parishioners regarded him with much affection. Endell Street, Long Acre, was named after him at their instance, his modesty refusing to allow it to be called Tyler Street. He died ​in London on 5 Oct. 1851 at his house in Bedford Square. He married, first, on 18 April 1827, Elizabeth Ann, daughter of George Griffin of Newton House, Monmouth. She died on 25 Nov. 1830, leaving two sons—George Griffin and Edward James—and a daughter. He married, secondly, Jane, daughter of Divie Robertson of Bedford Square, by whom he had a son and two daughters.
Besides single sermons, Tyler was the author of: 1. ‘Oaths: their Origin, Nature, and History,’ London, 1834, 8vo; 2nd edit. London, 1835, 8vo. 2. ‘Henry of Monmouth: Memoirs of the Life and Character of Henry V,’ London, 1838, 8vo. 3. ‘Primitive Christian Worship,’ London, 1840, 8vo. 4. ‘A Father's Letters to his Son on the Apostolic Rite of Confirmation,’ London, 1843, 8vo. 5. ‘The Worship of the Blessed Virgin Mary contrary to Holy Scripture and to the Faith and Practice of the Church of Christ during the first five Centuries,’ London, 1844, 8vo. 6. ‘The Image Worship of the Church of Rome proved to be contrary to Holy Scripture and to the Faith and Discipline of the Primitive Church,’ London, 1847, 8vo. 7. ‘Meditations from the Fathers of the first five Centuries,’ London, 1849, 16mo. 8. ‘The Christian's Hope in Death,’ London, 1852, 8vo.
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Tylor, Alfred

​TYLOR, ALFRED (1824–1884), geologist, born on 26 Jan. 1824, was the second son of Joseph Tylor, brassfounder, by his wife, Harriet Skipper. His parents being members of the Society of Friends, he was educated in schools belonging to that denomination near London. Although his own inclinations were towards scientific study, the early death of his father compelled him to devote himself to his business, which he entered in his sixteenth year. Still, he gave every spare moment to study, even attaching himself to St. Bartholomew's Hospital to improve his knowledge of anatomy. He frequently visited the continent, going as far as Italy, Spain, and even Russia, both for business and for scientific purposes, in the latter case not seldom in company with eminent contemporary geologists. During the latter part of his life he lived at Carshalton. He died on 31 Dec. 1884, on his return from a visit to America. In 1850 he married Isabella Harris of Stoke Newington, who survived him with two sons and four daughters.
Tylor paid especial attention to the closing chapter of geological history, devoting to its consideration the majority of the thirteen papers which stand under his name in the Royal Society's catalogue. He maintained that the so-called glacial period was followed by one of exceptional rainfall, for which he proposed the name of pluvial. In his main contention he was right, though whether the precipitation was great enough to merit a special name is open to question. But he was, as his work indicates, a very shrewd and careful observer.
His chief books were: 1 'On Changes of Sea Level,' London, 1853, 8vo. 2. 'Education and Manufactures,' London, 1863, 8vo (reprinted from a report connected with the exhibition of 1851, where he was a juror). 3. 'Colouration in Animals and Plants,' ed. S. B. J. Skertchly, London, 1886, 8vo.
T. G. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Tyers, Thomas

​TYERS, THOMAS (1726–1787), author, born in 1726, was the eldest son of Jonathan Tyers [q. v.], proprietor of Vauxhall Gardens. He matriculated at Pembroke College, Oxford, on 13 Dec. 1738; graduated B.A. 1742, and M.A. (from Exeter College) 1745 (Foster, Alumni Oxon.) He was admitted barrister-at-law of the Inner Temple in 1757, and on his father's death in 1767 became joint manager of Vauxhall Gardens with his brother Jonathan. He furnished the words of many songs sung at Vauxhall, and contributed an account of the gardens to Nichols's ‘History of Lambeth.’
His father had left him well off, and he ​was too vivacious and eccentric to confine himself to the law. ‘He therefore,’ says Boswell (Life of Johnson, 1788), ‘ran about the world with a pleasant carelessness,’ amusing everybody by his desultory conversation and abundance of good-natured anecdote. He was a great favourite with Dr. Johnson, who used to call him Tom Tyers. Johnson has described him in the ‘Idler’ (1759, No. 48) as ‘Tom Restless,’ the ‘ambulatory’ student who devoted little time to books, but wandered about for ideas to the coffee-house and debating club. Tyers was in reality a considerable reader, and Johnson confessed that Tyers always told him something that he did not know before; it was he who said of Johnson that he always talked as if he were talking upon oath.
Tyers had a villa at Ashtead, near Epsom, and apartments in Southampton Street, Covent Garden, and he used to drive backwards and forwards: ‘just as the humour hits, I'm there or here.’ In a character sketch, supposed to be by himself, he is described as ‘inquisitive, talkative, full of notions and quotations, and, which is the praise of a purling stream, of no great depth.’ He had some knowledge of medicine, and rather posed as a valetudinarian.
Tyers sold his share in the Vauxhall Gardens in 1785, leaving the management to his brother Jonathan. He died at Ashtead, after a lingering illness, on 1 Feb. 1787, in his sixty-first year. He was unmarried.
A good likeness of him was drawn by I. Taylor and engraved by J. Hall.
Tyers was a timid and dilettante author. Of his essay on Addison (see below) he at first printed only fifty copies, and distributed the twenty-five copies of ‘Conversations, Political and Familiar,’ with the request that ‘this pamphlet may not be lent. A very few copies are printed for the perusal of a very few friends.’ His ‘Political Conferences,’ imaginary conversations between statesmen, had not a little repute in its day, and his essays on Pope, Addison, and Johnson contain some curious anecdotes.
His publications are: 1. ‘Political Conferences between several great men in the last and present century,’ 1780, 8vo; 2nd edit. 1781. 2. ‘An Historical Rhapsody on Mr. Pope,’ 1781 (cf. Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. viii. 456); 2nd edit. 1782: each edition of 250 copies. 3. ‘An Historical Essay on Mr. Addison,’ 1782, fifty copies; 1783, one hundred copies. 4. ‘Conversations, Political and Familiar,’ 1784, 8vo, twenty-five copies. 5. ‘A Biographical Sketch of Dr. Johnson,’ (published in ‘Gentleman's Magazine,’ 1785, liv. 899, 982).
W. W.
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Hao Yü

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​HAO Yü 郝浴 (T. 冰滌, 雪海, H. 復陽), 1623–1683, Sept. 5, official, was a native of Ting-chou, Chihli. He became a chin-shih in 1649 and one year later was appointed an assistant secretary in the Board of Punishments. In 1651 he was made a censor and was transferred to Szechwan as censor of the provincial administration (a post that was later abolished). While supervising the provincial examination at Pao-ning, Szechwan, in 1652, southern Ming troops under Sun K'o-wang and Li Ting-kuo [qq. v.] besieged that city. Bravely defending it, Hao asked for help from Wu San-kuei [q. v.] who was then in command of Ch'ing forces in Szechwan. The siege was soon raised, but Hao Yü antagonized Wu by a memorial to the throne disclosing the latter's ambition. Hao was degraded as a result of accusations which Wu lodged against him and in 1654 was openly accused by Wu of untruthfulness in memorials to the throne. Hao Yü was in ​consequence banished to Mukden. In 1675, after twenty-one years of exile, and two years after Wu initiated his rebellion, Hao was pardoned and restored to his former rank. In 1677 he was appointed censor of the salt administration of the Huai River region and was promoted in the following year to the senior vice-presidency of the Censorate. Early in 1681 he became governor of Kwangsi, and died at that post two years later.
Hao Yü left 4 chüan of prose works, entitled 中山文鈔 Chung-shan wên-ch'ao; 4 chüan of verse, Chung-shan shih-ch'ao (詩鈔); 2 chüan of memorials, Chung-shan tsou-i (奏議); and 2 chüan of historical essays and comments, Chung-shan shih-lun (史論). He left also 3 chüan of miscellaneous notes, entitled 郝雪海先生筆記 Hao Hsüeh-hai hsien-shêng pi-chi, which was printed in the Chi-fu ts'ung-shu (see under Ts'ui Shu). As governor of Kwangsi he ordered the compilation of the provincial gazetteer, 廣西通志 Kwangsi t'ung-chih, which was printed in 1683. Accused by his successor of illegal appropriation of public funds in Kwangsi, he was posthumously deprived of all ranks and his family was asked to make restitution. But in 1685 the family was pardoned and in the following year, on the plea of his second son, Hao Lin 郝林 (T. 中美, 筠亭, 1655–1732), his ranks were also restored. Hao Lin was a chin-shih of 1682 and served Emperor Shih-tsung as senior vice-president of the Board of Ceremonies (1726).
[1/276/1a; 3/153/9a; 4/64/3b; 18/3/11a; Ting-chou chih (1849) 11/15b, 16b, 15/3a, (1934) 11/17a, 13/17a; 四焉齋文集 Ssŭ-Yen-chai wên-chi 7/17a.]
J. C. Yang
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Ho-lin

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​HO-lin 和琳 (T. 希齋), d. Sept., 1796, a member of the Niuhuru clan and the Plain Red Banner, was the younger brother of the notorious Ho-shên [q. v.]. In 1777 he was made a clerk in the Board of Civil Office and after various promotions was appointed director of a department. In 1786 he was sent to Hangchow as acting superintendent of the Imperial Manufactories. In the following year he was made a censor and later was sent to inspect grain transport along a section of the Grand Canal in Shantung. After remaining at the latter post for five years, he was appointed a vice-president of the Board of War (1791) and, early in 1792, concurrently deputy lieutenant general of the Chinese Plain Blue Banner. In the same year (1792) he was sent to Tibet to assist in the campaign against the Gurkas (see under Fu-k'ang-an), managing for a time the transportation of supplies from Szechwan to the Tibetan armies. Before long he was ordered to assist in the direction of Tibetan civil affairs, and although toward the end of 1792 he was promoted to a presidency in the Board of Works he remained for some time in Tibet as Imperial Resident (1792–94). From 1794 to 1795 he served as governor-general of Szechwan. In 1795 he joined Fu-k'ang-an in the infamous campaign against the Miao, and reported false victories to the emperor who in consequence bestowed upon him many honors, including an hereditary earldom of the first class with the designation Hsüan-yung (宣勇伯). Ho-lin did not live to see the conclusion of the campaign, since he died in September 1796 while with the army in Hunan. His rank was posthumously raised to a dukedom of the first class and his tablet was placed in the Imperial Ancestral Temple. A special shrine was ordered to be erected at his home.
In 1799, however, when Ho-shên's downfall occurred, all of Ho-lin's honors were posthumously taken from him, for the apparently just reason that he had done nothing to merit them, ​and that they had come to him merely because of the influence of his powerful brother. Ho-lin's son, Fêng-shên-i-mien 豐伸宜(伊)綿 (T. 存谷), who had inherited his father's dukedom in 1796 was deprived of that rank, but was given the minor rank of Yün-ch'i-yü which was later raised to Ch'ing-Ch'ê tu-yü of the third class. A printed copy of Ho-lin's collected poems, entitled 芸香堂詩集 Yün-hsiang t'ang shih-chi, 2 chüan, is preserved in the Library of Congress.
[1/325/6b; 2/29/23b; 3/191/24a; 33/44/11b; Chao-lien [q. v.], Hsiao-t'ing tsa-lu, passim.]
Knight Biggerstaff
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Hesu

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​HESU 和素 (T. 存齋, 純德), 1652–1718, Manchu official and translator, was a member of the Wanyen clan and of the Bordered Yellow Banner. He was the second son of Asitan [q. v.] and was well versed in Manchu and Chinese. About the age of twenty he became a government clerk, and thereafter was promoted to the post of an assistant department director in the Imperial Household in charge of the bullion vaults where he carried out a reorganization which rendered further embezzlement difficult. Later, as a department director in the Imperial Stud, he won the recognition of Emperor Shêng-tsu, and when the emperor wanted a competent and serious tutor for his sons he appointed Hesu to that post. Once Hesu was discharged, but was recalled after a few days and was given the rank of an assistant department director in the Imperial Armory, retaining his duties as tutor to the princes. Thereafter he was promoted, until in 1712 he held the post of reader in the Grand Secretariat, in charge of the Manchu-Chinese Translation Office, the Printing Office, and the Book-bindery; and was captain of a company. For many years he taught the princes, and finally retired in 1712, highly respected for his integrity and honesty and esteemed as one of the most able Manchu translators. He died six years later.
P. Parrenin in a letter dated 1740 gives the following valuable account of Hesu: "Ho-sou, dont le nom est célèbre dans l'empire, l'a traduit en langue tartare [i.e. the 醒世要言 Hsing-shih yao-yen, Jalan de ulhibure oyonggo gisun-i bithe, translated in 1704]. C'est lui qui a enseigné à la plupart des enfans de l'empereur Cang-hi les langues tartare et chinoise, qui a présidé à toutes les traductions des King [經] et de I'histoire chinoise [i.e. the 資治通鑑綱目 Tzŭ-chih t'ung-chien kang-mu, ed. 1691], et qui a été le principal auteur du dictionnaire, dans lequel on a rassemblé tous les mots de la langue tartare, expliqués dans la même langue [i.e. the 清文鑑 Ch'ing-wên chien of 1708]. Il est mort depuis peu d'années, avec la réputation d'un des plus habiles Mantcheoux qu'il y ait eu en ces deux langues." (Lettres édifiantes et curieuses, ed. 1843, vol. III, p. 750).
In addition to his labors on the Manchu versions of the above mentioned works, he edited a ts'ung-shu of eight works in seven volumes, entitled 七本頭 Ch'i pên-t'ou, which included, among others, his revision of the previous translation of the Su-shu (see under Dahai), the T'ung-chien tsung-lun (see under Asitan), the Hsing-shih yao-yen and the Hsiao-ching. He also translated a collection of ancient melodies of poems, entitled 太古遺音 T'ai-ku i-yin by Yang Lun 楊掄 (H. 桐庵, 鶴漵), a musician of Nanking who lived in the early seventeenth century. In his joint Manchu-Chinese text Hesu renamed the work 琴譜合璧 Ch'in-p'u ho-pi, 18 chüan, and this was copied into the Imperial Manuscript Library (see under Chi Yün).
[3/74/補錄; 3/75/補錄; 4/52/27b; Fuchs, Beiträge zur Mandjurishen Bibliographie und Literatur (1936) p. 25; Ssŭ-k'u 113/9a, 114/8a; (see also bibliography under Asitan).]
Walter Fuchs
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Ho-su

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​HO-su. See under Hesu.
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Ho-ho-li

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​HO-ho-li. See under Hohori.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wale, Samuel

​WALE, SAMUEL (d. 1786), historical painter, is said to have been born at Yarmouth, Norfolk. He was first instructed in the art of engraving on silver plate. He studied drawing under Francis Hayman [q. v.] at the St. Martin's Lane academy, and his book illustrations show how much he owed to Hayman's example. He painted some decorative designs for ceilings at a time when the taste for that style of ornamentation was on the wane, and he was ​occasionally employed in painting tradesmen's signs, till these were prohibited by act of parliament in 1762. A whole-length portrait of Shakespeare by Wale, which hung across the street outside a tavern near Drury Lane, obtained some notoriety owing to the splendour of the frame and the ironwork by which it was suspended. The whole was said to have cost 500l., but it had scarcely been erected when it had to be removed, and the painting was sold for a trifle to a broker. Wale acquired a thorough knowledge of perspective by assisting John Gwynn [q. v.] in his architectural drawings, especially in a transverse section of St. Paul's Cathedral, which was engraved and published in their joint names in 1752. But his principal employment was in designing vignettes and illustrations on a small scale for the booksellers, a large number of which were engraved by Charles Grignion (1717–1810) [q. v.] Among the chief of these were the illustrations to the ‘History of England,’ 1746–7; ‘The Compleat Angler,’ 1759; ‘London and its Environs described,’ 1761; ‘Ethic Tales and Fables,’ Wilkie's ‘Fables,’ 1768 (eighteen plates); Chamberlain's ‘History of London,’ 1770; Goldsmith's ‘Traveller,’ 1774. He also published numerous plates in the ‘Oxford Magazine’ and other periodicals. He exhibited ‘stained drawings,’ i.e. designs outlined with the pen and washed with indian ink, and occasionally larger drawings in watercolours, at the exhibitions of the Society of Artists in Spring Gardens, 1760–1767, and designed the frontispiece to the catalogue in 1762.
He became one of the original members of the Society of Artists of Great Britain in 1765 and of the Royal Academy in 1768, and was the first professor of perspective to the academy. He exhibited drawings of scenes from English history, and occasionally scriptural subjects, described as designs for altar-pieces, from 1769 to 1778, when his health failed, and he was placed upon the Royal Academy pension fund, being the first member who benefited by it. He continued to hold the professorship of perspective, though he gave private instruction at his own house instead of lecturing; and in 1782, on the death of Richard Wilson, he became librarian. He held both offices till his death, which occurred on 6 Feb. 1786 in Castle Street, Leicester Square. His portrait appears in Zoffany's picture of the Royal Academy in 1772, engraved by Earlom.
C. D.