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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Malabar

From volume 9 of the work.
In its narrower application Malabar was the name of a district of India stretching about 145 miles along the west coast, south of Mangalore, in the general region of present-day Kerala. Its chief towns include Cannanore, Tellicheri, Calicut (Kozhikode), and Palghat.
In its older, wider, and popular significance the Malabar Coast includes the whole southwest corner of India as far back as the ghaut line. The ancient form of the name was Male, "where the pepper grows", whence the name Malayalam for the prevailing language.
Ecclesiastically, British Malabar belongs to the Diocese of Mangalore; the Cochin State comprises the Padroado, Diocese of Cochin, the Archdiocese of Verapoly, and the three Vicariates Apostolic of Trichur, Changanacherry, and Ernaculam; while the Tranvancore State is covered by the Diocese of Quilon, the divisions being in each case approximate. The name Malabar is used in the connection with the "Syrian Christians of Malabar", chiefly found at the present day in the three vicariates just mentioned. The so-called "Malabar Rites" had nothing to do with Malabar proper, since the scene of the dispute was at Madura, on the opposite side of the peninsula. The term seems to have arisen from the fact that the Madura mission was part of the Malabar Province of the Society of Jesus.
(See MALABAR RITES; THOMAS CHRISTIANS and the various dioceses above mentioned).
Ernest R. Hull.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Maina Indians

From volume 9 of the work.
(Also MAYNA)
A group of tribes constituting a distinct linguistic stock, the Mainan, ranging along the north bank of the Marañón. Their earlier habitat is supposed to have been the upper waters of the Morona and the Pastaza, Ecuador. Briton gives them six tribes, or dialects, viz: Cahuapana, Chapa, Chayavita, Coronado, Humurano, Maina, Roamaina. Hervas gives them two languages in six dialects, viz: Maina (Chapo, Coronado, Humurano, Maina, Roamaina dialects) and Chayavita (Cahuapano and Paranapuro dialects). The Maina are notable as having been the first tribes of the upper Amazon region to have been evangelized, so that they gave their name to the whole mission jurisdiction of the region, and to the later province of Mainas, which included the larger part of the present Ecuador and northern Peru, east of the main Cordillera, including the basins of the Huallaga and Ucayali. In this missionary province of Mainas, according to Hervas, their labored from 1638 until the expulsion in 1767, 157 Jesuit missionaries of Quito, who founded 152 missions, and eight of whom won the palm of martyrdom. The work was begun in 1638 by Jesuit Fathers Gaspar de Cuxia and Lucas de la Cueva, from Quito, who, beginning their labors from the new town of San Francisco de Borja (now Borja) on the northern bank of the Marañón below the junction of the Santiago, established by themselves and their successors from the Quito province, a series of missions extending down the river on both sides. In 1682 Rodríguez enumerated three missions of the Maina proper, in proximity to Borja, and one each of the Chayavita Coronados, Paranapura, and Roamaina, besides others in the surrounding tribes. In 1798 Hervas names San Ignacio, San Juan, Conceptión, Presentación, and presumably San Borja, as missions occupied by Maina tribes. All the missions were then far on the decline, which he ascribes chiefly to the inroads of the Brazilian slave hunters (see ). The mission population is now either extinct or assimilated with the general civilized population, but a few untamed bands still roam the forests.
RODRÍGUEZ, El Marañón y Amazonas (Madrid, 1864); HERVAS, Catálogo de las Lenguas (Madrid, 1800); BRINTON, The American Race (New York, 1891); HERDON, Exploration of the Valley of the Amazon (Washington, 1853).
JAMES MOONEY
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Malachias O'Queely

From volume 11 of the work.
Contributor not stated; attributed to McNeill in Catholic Encyclopedia and Its Makers.
(Maolsheachlainn O Cadhla).
Archbishop of Tuam, Ireland, b. in Thomond, date unknown; d. at Ballipodare, 27 October, 1645 (N.S.). He studied in Paris at the College of Navarre. Having administered Killaloe as vicar Apostolic, he was consecrated Archbishop of Tuam at Galway, 11 October, 1631. His subjects, who received him unwillingly, soon learned to admire him. He held a provincial synod at Galway in 1632 to promulgate the Tridentine decrees and correct abuses, and his unremittng labours in Tuam provoked a complaint from the Protestant archbishop in 1641. Dr. O'Queely attended the national synod of 1643, by which the Catholic Confederation was organized, and at the first meeting of the General Assembly he was elected to the Supreme Council, being afterwards appointed President of Connaught. He undertook to recover Sligo from the Scottish Covenanters in 1645, but the Scots surprised his camp at Ballysodare, 17-27 October, 1645. Everyone abandoned him but his secretary, Father Thaddeus O'Connell, and another priest. The archbishop was cut down with his companions, and the victors discovered in his carriage a draft of the secret treaty between King Charles and the Confederates, which the English Parliament published to prejudice both parties. His body was redeemed for £30 and buried with solemn ceremonies at Tuam. He wrote an account of the Aran Islands, printed in Colgan's "Acta Sanctorum".
MEEHAN, Irish Hierarchy in the 17th Century (16th edit., Dublin, about 1888); MURPHY, Our Martyrs (Dublin, 1896).
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Madison River

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Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​MADISON RIVER, a stream of Montana rising in the Rocky Mountains; at an elevation of 8,300 feet above the sea-level, running nearly N. through Madison county, passing through several deep cañons interspersed with picturesque valleys, and uniting with the Jefferson Fork of the Missouri at the Three Forks, on the W. border of Gallatin county; length about 230 miles.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Madison, James

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
MADISON, JAMES, an American statesman, 4th President of the United States; born in Port Conway, Va., March 16, 1751. He was the eldest of a family of seven children. His early education was mostly under private tutors. In 1769 he entered Princeton College, graduating in 1771. He studied law, and afterward, with some idea of entering the ministry, theology. He first attracted public attention through his efforts, in company with Jefferson and
George Mason, to secure the religious rights of the dissenting sects in Virginia, as against the taxation and persecution to which they were subjected by the Anglican party. In 1776 he was elected to the convention that framed the Virginia constitution; in 1777 he was defeated for the Virginia Assembly, but appointed a member of the Executive Council; in 1780 entered the Continental Congress, where he served three years; and in 1784 was elected to the Virginia Legislature, where he advocated the abolition of the feudal system of entail and primogeniture, and the removal of the remaining hindrances to perfect religious freedom. In 1785 he urged a meeting of the States by delegates to perfect a common government, and was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1787, and one of the chief framers of the Constitution of the United States. He advocated the adoption of it
in some of the ablest papers of “The Federalist.” He gradually parted political company with the Federal party and refused a seat in the cabinet and the mission to France in consequence of his inclination to adopt the principles of the Republican party. During Adams's administration he remained mostly in retirement. In 1794 he married a brilliant society woman, Mrs. Todd, who afterward proved socially helpful to him in public life. He opposed the Alien and Sedition Laws that were repealed somewhat through his influence. His writings produced to some extent the reaction against the Federalists that resulted in Jefferson's election, who at once (1801) made him Secretary of State, in which office he conducted the diplomatic affairs of government so ably as to make him Jefferson's successor. He was elected to the presidency in 1808. The principal events of his administrations concern the War of 1812 with Great Britain and the treaty by which it was concluded. He filled the office for two terms, retiring in 1817 to his estate. He served in his old age as rector of the University of Virginia, and as a member of the convention called to reform the Virginia constitution. He died in Montpelier, Va., June 28, 1836.
JAMES MADISON
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Madison (Ill.)

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Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​MADISON, town in Madison co., Ill., two miles from St. Louis, Mo. A dozen different railway systems meet in vicinity, and the town is almost wholly industrial. The manufacturing establishments include iron and steel mills, railroad shops, lead plants, and stone mills. The town has schools and libraries. Pop. (1910) 5,046; (1920) 4,996.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Maimonides, Moses

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
MAIMONIDES, MOSES (mī-mon'i-dēz), a Jewish philosopher; born in Cordova, Spain, March 30, 1135. He harmonized Judaism and philosophy. Driven with his family from Spain, he resided in Fez; then traveled by way of Palestine to Cairo, becoming there chief rabbi and the caliph's physician. His chief work, written in Hebrew, is “Mishneh Torah” (Repetition of the Law: 1170-1180), a masterly exposition of the whole of the Jewish law as contained in the Pentateuch and the voluminous Talmudic literature. His principal philosophical work, written in Arabic, was “Dalalt al Haïrin” (Guide of the Perplexed: 1190). He died in Cairo, Egypt, Dec. 13, 1204.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Maine, University of

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​MAINE, UNIVERSITY OF, a coeducational non-sectarian institution in Orono, Me.; founded in 1865; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and ​instructors, 160; students, 1,213; volumes in library, 66,000; funds from the State amounted to $199,986; from the Federal Government, $99,909; from trust funds, $4,000; president, Robert Judson Aley, Sc. D.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Maine-et-Loire

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​MAINE-ET-LOIRE (-ā-lwär′), a department of France, formed out of the old province of Anjou, and watered by the rivers whose names it bears, divided into the arrondissements of Angers, Beaugé, Cholet, Saumur, and Segré; area, 2,787 square miles; pop. about 510,000; the soil is fertile, and produces excellent corn and wine, with hemp, linseed, fruit and green crops; slate quarries and coal mines are worked, and there are mills for cotton, woolen, and linen manufacturers. Capital, Angers. The department is formed mainly out of the ancient Anjou.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Madison (Wisconsin)

* related portals: Wisconsin.
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Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​MADISON, a city, county-seat of Dane co., and capital of the State of Wisconsin; on the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul, the Chicago and Northwestern, and the Illinois Central railroads; 75 miles W. of Milwaukee. It is situated in the Four Lake country, being built on a strip of land between Lakes Mendota and Monona. It contains the capital, county court house, county jail, University of Wisconsin, State Institution for the Insane, United States Government Building, Soldiers' Orphans' Home, and several libraries. It has electric street railroads, gas and electric lights, waterworks. National and State banks, and daily and weekly newspapers. The city is a well-known summer resort, its air being recommended as beneficial for lung diseases. It has a large trade in agricultural productions, manufactories of bicycles, machinery, farming implements, carriages, wagons, etc. Pop. (1910) 25,531; (1920) 38,378.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Main

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
MAIN (mīn), a river of Germany; rises in the Fichtelgebirge; flows in a generally W. direction for a distance of 300 miles; and joins the Rhine a little above the town of Mainz. It is navigable for about 200 miles, and has been improved so as to admit the largest Rhine steamers to Frankfort. By means of King Ludwig canal it affords through navigation to the Danube.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Macchiavelli

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​MACCHIAVELLI, or MACHIAVELLI, NICOLO (mak-i-a-vel′li), a Florentine statesman and historian; born in Florence, Italy, May 3, 1469. As secretary of the council named "The Ten," a post which he held for 14 years, 1498-1512, he was one of the most prominent actors in the foreign and diplomatic affairs of the republic during that period. The great capacity for business and diplomacy which he showed led to his being employed on a great number of political missions, the most important of which were those to the King of France, to whom he was sent on four occasions; to the Popes Pius III. and Julius II., to Cæsar Borgia, in whose camp he passed three months; and to the Emperor Maximilian. On the restoration of the Medici, in 1512, Macchiavelli was banished, and in the following year he was arrested and subjected to torture on the charge of conspiracy against the Medici, but was soon pardoned and liberated. The next eight years he spent
NICOLO MACCHIAVELLI
in retirement and literary labors, and was then again employed as ambassador. His principal works are: "Il Principe" (The Prince, 1532); "Storie Florentine" (Florentine History); "Discourses on the First Decate of Titus Livius"; "The Art of War;" and valuable reports of his negotiations. Letters, comedies, and other writings complete the six volumes 4to. of his works, which, both in point of matter and of style, stand in the highest rank of Italian literature. He died in Florence, Italy, June 22, 1527.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Madison (Ind.)

* related portals: Indiana.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, travel guide, Wikidata item.
Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​MADISON, a city and county-seat of Jefferson co., Ind.; on the Ohio river, and on the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago, and St. Louis railroad; 45 miles N. of Louisville, Ky. The city has steamboat connection with various places on the Kentucky, Ohio, and Mississippi rivers. It contains a public library, electric lights, National banks, and several daily and weekly newspapers, and the Southeastern Indiana Hospital for the Insane, and has many manufactories, ship lumber yards, shipyards, and cotton and woolen mills. Pop. (1910) 6,934; (1920) 6,711.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope St. Cletus

From volume 4 of the work.
This name is only another form for Anacletus, the second successor of St. Peter. It is true that the Liberian Catalogue, a fourth-century list of popes, so called because it ends with Pope Liberius (d. 366), contains both names, as if they were different persons. But this is an error, owing evidently to the existence of two forms of the same name, one an abbreviation of the other. In the aforesaid catalogue the papal succession is: Petrus, Linus, Clemens, Cletus, Anacletus. This catalogue, however, is the only authority previous to the sixth century (Liber Pontificalis) for distinguishing two popes under the names of Cletus and Anacletus.
The "Carmen adv. Marcionem" is of the latter half of the fourth century, and its papal list probably depends on the Liberian Catalogue. The "Martyrologium Hieronymianum" (q. v.) mentions both "Aninclitus" and "Clitus" (23 and 31 December), but on each occasion these names are found in a list of popes; hence the days mentioned cannot be looked on as specially consecrated to these two persons. Apart from these lists, all other ancient papal lists, from the second to the fourth century, give as follows the immediate succession of St. Peter: Linos, Anegkletos, Klemes (Linus, Anencletus, Clemens), and this succession is certainly the right one. It is that found in St. Irenæus and in the chronicles of the second and third centuries. Both Africa and the Orient adhered faithfully to this list, which is also given in the very ancient Roman Canon of the Mass, except that in the latter Cletus is the form used, and the same occurs in St. Epiphanius, St. Jerome, Rufinus, and in many fifth- and sixth-century lists. This second successor of St. Peter governed the Roman Church from about 76 to about 88. The "Liber Pontificalis" says that his father was Emelianus and that Cletus was a Roman by birth, and belonged to the quarter known as the Vicus Patrici. It also tells us that he ordained twenty-five priests, and was buried in Vaticano near the body of St. Peter.
There is historical evidence for only the last of these statements. The feast of St. Cletus falls, with that of St. Marcellinus, on 26 April; this date is already assigned to it in the first edition of the "Liber Pontificalis". (See CLEMENT I, SAINT, POPE.)
LIGHTFOOT, Apostolic Fathers, Pt. I: St. Clement of Rome (2nd ed., London, 1890), 201-345; DUCHESNE, Liber Pontificalis, I, LXIX-LXX, 2-3, 52-53; HARNACK, Gesch. der alt-christl. Lit. bis Eusebius, II-I, 144-202; Acta SS., April, III, 409-11; DE SMEDT, Dissertationes selectæ in hist. eccles. (Ghent, 1876), 300-04.
J.P. KIRSCH
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope St. Evaristus

From volume 5 of the work.
Evaristus, Saint, Pope, date of birth unknown; d. about 107. In the Liberian Catalogue his name is given as Aristus. In papal catalogues of the second century used by Irenaeus and Hippolytus, he appears as the fourth successor of St. Peter, immediately after St. Clement. The same lists allow him eight years of reign, covering the end of the first and the beginning of the second century (from about 98 or 99 to about 106 or 107). The earliest historical sources offer no authentic data about him. In his "Ecclesiastical History" Eusebius says merely that he succeeded Clement in the episcopate of the Roman Church, which fact was already known from St. Irenaeus. This order of succession is undoubtedly correct. The "Liber Pontificalis" says that Evaristus came of a Hellenic family, and was the son of a Bethlehem Jew. It also attributes to him the allotment of definite churches as tituli to the Roman presbyters, and the division of the city into seven diaconias or deaconries; in this statement, however, the "Liber Pontificalis" arbitrarily refers to the time of Evaristus a later institution of the Roman Church. More trustworthy is the assertion of the "Liber Pontificalis" that he was laid to rest in Vaticano, near the tomb of St. Peter. The martyrdom of Evaristus, though traditional, is not historically proven. His feast occurs October 26 The two decretals ascribed to him by Pseudo-Isidore are forged.
J. P. KIRSCH
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope St. Deusdedit

From volume 4 of the work.
(Adeodatus I).
Date of birth unknown; consecrated pope, 19 October (13 November), 615; d. 8 November (3 December), 618; distinguished for his charity and zeal. He encouraged and supported the clergy, who were impoverished in consequence of the political troubles of the time; and when his diocese was visited by a violent earthquake and the terrible scourge of leprosy he set an heroic example by his efforts to relieve the suffering. The few decretals ascribed to him are unauthenticated. He is said to have been the first pope to use leaden seals (bullæ) for pontifical documents. One dating from his reign is still preserved, the obverse of which represents the Good Shepherd in the midst of His sheep, with the letters Alpha and Omega underneath, while the reverse bears the inscription: Deusdedit Papæ. His feast occurs 8 November.
LEO A. KELLY
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope St. Eusebius

From volume 5 of the work.
Eusebius, Saint, Pope, successor of Marcellus, 309 or 310. His reign was short. The Liberian Catalogue gives its duration as only four months, from April 18 to August 17, 309 or 310. We learn some details of his career from an epitaph for his tomb which Pope Damasus ordered. This epitaph has come down to us through ancient transcripts. A few fragments of the original, together with a sixth-century marble copy made to replace the original, after its destruction, were found by De Rossi in the Crypt of Eusebius, in the catacomb of Callistus. It appears from it that the grave internal dissensions caused in the Roman Church by the readmittance of apostates (lapsi) during the persecution of Diocletian, and which had already arisen under Marcellus, continued under Eusebius. The latter maintained the attitude of the Roman Church, adopted after the Decian persecution (250-51), that apostates should not be forever debarred from ecclesiastical communion, but on the other hand should be readmitted only after doing proper penance (Eusebius miseros docuit sua crimina flere).
This view was opposed by a faction of Christians in Rome under the leadership of one Heraclius. Whether the latter and his partisans advocated a more rigorous (Novatianist) or a more lenient interpretation of the law has not been ascertained. The latter, however, is by far more probable, in the hypothesis that Heraclius was the chief of a party made up of apostates and their followers, who demanded immediate restoration to the body of the Church. Damasus characterizes in very strong terms the conflict which ensued (seditio, coedes, bellum, discordia, lites). It is likely that Heraclius and his supporters sought to compel by force their admittance to divine worship, which was resented by the faithful gathered in Rome about Eusebius. In consequence, both Eusebius and Heraclius were exiled by the Emperor Maxentius. Eusebius, in particular, was deported to Sicily, where he died soon after. Miltiades ascended the papal throne, July 2, 311. The body of his predecessor was brought back to Rome, probably in 311, and September 26 (according to the "Depositio Episcoporum" in the Chronographer of 354) was placed in a separate cubiculum of the Catacomb of Callistus. His firm defense of ecclesiastical discipline and the banishment which he suffered therefor caused him to be venerated as a martyr, and in his epitaph Pope Damasus honors Eusebius with this title. His feast is yet celebrated on September 26.
J. P. KIRSCH
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope St. Eutychianus

From volume 5 of the work.
Eutychianus, Saint, Pope. He succeeded Pope Felix I a few days after the latter's death, and governed the Church from January, 275, until December 7, 283. We know no details of his pontificate. The rite for blessing the produce of the fields, ascribed to him by the "Liber Pontificalis", undoubtedly belongs to a later period. The statement also that he promulgated rules for the burial of martyrs and buried many of them with his own hands, has but slight claim to acceptance, since after the death of Aurelian (275) the Church enjoyed a long respite from persecution. It is highly probable that Eutychianus did not die a martyr. The fourth-century Roman Calendar mentions him (December 8) in the "Depositio Episcoporum", but not in its list of martyrs. His remains were placed in the papal chapel in the Catacomb of Callistus. When this famous crypt was discovered the fragments of the epitaph of Eutychianus were found, i.e. his name (in Greek letters): EUTYCHIANOS EPIS (KOPOS). His feast is celebrated on December 8.
Duchesne (ed.), Liber Pontificalis, I, 159; De Rossi, Roma sotterranea, II (Rome, 1867), 70-72.
J. P. KIRSCH