OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Southsea

See also Southsea on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SOUTHSEA, a seaside resort of Hampshire, England, part of the municipal and parliamentary borough of Portsmouth, with a terminal station (East Southsea) on a branch of the London & South-Western and London, Brighton & South Coast railways. It forms the southern and residential quarter of Portsmouth, and overlooks Spithead, the inlet of the English Channel between the Isle of Wight and the mainland on the north-east. There are two piers, and a parade along the sea-wall; and the sea-bathing is good. Southsea Castle was built by Henry VIII. at the southern extremity of Portsea Island. (See Portsmouth.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Southcott, Joanna

See also Joanna Southcott on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ SOUTHCOTT, JOANNA (1750-1814), English religious fanatic, was born at Gittisham in Devonshire. Her father was a farmer and she herself was for a considerable time a domestic servant. She was originally a Methodist, but about 1792, becoming persuaded that she possessed supernatural gifts, she wrote and dictated prophecies in rhyme, and then announced herself as the woman spoken of in Rev. xii. Coming to London at the request of William Sharp (1749-1824), the engraver, she began to “seal” the 144,000 elect at a charge varying from twelve shillings to a guinea. When over sixty she affirmed that she would be delivered of Shiloh on the 10th of October 1814, but Shiloh failed to appear, and it was given out that she was in a trance. She died of brain disease on the 29th of the same month. Her followers are said to have numbered over 100,000, and only became extinct at the end of the 19th century.
Among her sixty publications, all equally incoherent in thought and grammar, may be mentioned: Strange Effects of Faith (1801-1802), Free Exposition of the Bible (1804), The Book of Wonders (1813-1814), and Prophecies announcing the Birth of the Prince of Peace (1814). A lady named Essam left large sums of money for printing and publishing the Sacred Writings of Joanna Southcott. The will was disputed by a niece on the ground that the writings were blasphemous, but the court of chancery sustained it.
See D. Roberts, Observations on the Divine Mission of Joanna Southcott (1807); R. Reece, Correct Statement of the Circumstances attending the Death of Joanna Southcott (1815).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Southold

See also our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SOUTHOLD, a township of Suffolk county, New York, occupy- ing the peninsula at the N.E. of Long Island, and including the islands E.N.E. of this peninsula, Plum Island, on which defences protect the eastern entrance to Long Island Sound, Little Gull Island, on which there is a lighthouse, Great Gull Island, and Fisher's Island. Pop. (1900), 8301; (1910, U.S. census), 10,577. Excluding the islands to the east, the township is about 25 m. long and its average width is 2 m.; the Sound shore is broken only by Mattituck and Goldsmith's inlets, but the southern shore is broken with bays and necks of land. The surface is hilly, with occasional glacial boulders. The Long Island railway serves the principal villages of the township, Mattituck, Cutchogue, Peconic, Southold and Green- port (pop. in 1910, 3089), and from Greenport steamers run to Shelter Island, Sag Harbor, New London and New York. Beyond Greenport are the villages of East Marion and Orient. Greenport has some shipping and some oyster fisheries, as- paragus is grown at Mattituck, and Peconic Bay is noted for its scallops. Southold is a summer resort, and it is historically interesting as one of the first English settlements on Long Island. The first permanent settlement here was made in 1640; land was bought from the Indians in August (a lease from the proprietor William Alexander, Lord Stirling, had been secured in 1639), and on the 2 1 st of October 1640 a Presbyterian church was organized under John Youngs, who came from New Haven and had been connected with a St Margaret's church in Suffolk, England, probably at Reydon, near South wold; and it is possible that the settlement was named from Southwold, though as it was commonly called " the South Hold " by early writers and a settlement on Wading River was called West Hold, the name was probably descriptive. A meeting-house was built in 1642, and biblical laws were enforced. Southold was originally one of the six towns under the New Haven jurisdiction, but in 1662 was placed under Connecticut; in 1664 it objected strongly to the transfer of Long Island to the duke of York; in 1670 refused to pay taxes imposed by Governor Francis Lovelace of New York; in 1672 petitioned the king to be under Connecticut or to be a free corporation; in 1673, when the Dutch got control of New York, withstood the Dutch commissioners, with the help of Connecti- â–
cut; and, in 1674, after English supremacy was again estab- lished in New York, still hoped to be governed from Connecticut. The township was chartered by Governor Edmund Andros in 1676. Greenport was not settled until the first quarter of the 19th century, and was incorporated as a village in 1838.
See Epher Whitaker, History of Southold, L.I.: Its First Century (Southold, 1881); Southold Town Records (2 vols., Southold, 1882- 1884), and an address by C. B. Moore in Celebration of the 250th Anniversary of the Formation of the Town and the Church of Southold, L.I. (Southold, 1890).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Southend-on-Sea

See also Southend-on-Sea on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SOUTHEND-ON-SEA, a municipal borough and watering place in the south-east parliamentary division of Essex, England, on the estuary of the Thames. Pop. (1901), 28,857. Area, 5172 acres. It is 36 m. E. from London by the London, Tilbury & Southend railway; and is served also by the Great Eastern railway, and during the summer by steamers from London. It first sprang into notice from a visit of Queen Caroline in 1804, and as it is the nearest seaside resort to London it is much frequented. The bathing is good, but the tide recedes with great rapidity and for nearly a mile. The pier, which is over 1¼ m. in length, permits the approach of steamers at all tides. Westcliff-on-Sea, a western suburb, has a station on the London and Tilbury line. Westward again is Leigh-on-Sea (an urban district, pop. 3667); its lofty Perpendicular church tower is visible from afar. At Hadleigh, 4m. west, there is a Salvation Army farm colony. The church of Hadleigh is Norman, with an eastern apse, and later additions. The castle was built in the 13th century, and two ruined towers and other fragments remain. Thorpe Bay is a residential suburb about midway between Southend and Shoeburyness. Eastwood, Great Wakering and Little Wakering are parishes in the neighbourhood. Southend was incorporated a municipal borough in 1894, under a mayor, 6 aldermen, and 18 councillors; in 1910 these numbers were increased to 8 aldermen and 24 councillors.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Southerne, Thomas

See also Thomas Southerne on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SOUTHERNE, THOMAS (1660-1746), English dramatist, was born at Oxmantown, near Dublin, in 1660, and entered Trinity College in 1676. Two years later he was entered at the Middle Temple, London. His first play, The Persian Prince, or the Loyal Brother (1682), was based on a contemporary novel. The real interest of the play lay not in the plot, but in the political significance of the personages. Tachmas, the “loyal brother,” is obviously a flattering portrait of James II., and the villain Ismael is generally taken to represent Shaftesbury. The poet received an ensign's commission in Princess Anne's regiment, and rapidly rose to the rank of captain, but his military career came to an end at the Revolution. He then gave himself up entirely to dramatic writing. In 1692 he revised and completed Cleomenes for Dryden; and two years later he scored a great success in the sentimental drama of The Fatal Marriage, or the Innocent Adultery (1694). The piece is based on Mrs Aphra Behn's The Nun, with the addition of a comic ​underplot. It was frequently revived, and in 1757 was altered by David Garrick and produced at Drury Lane. It was known later as Isabella, or The Fatal Marriage. The general spirit of his comedies is well exemplified by a line from Sir Anthony Love (1691)—"every day a new mistress and a new quarrel." This comedy, in which the part of the heroine, disguised as Sir Anthony Love, was excellently played by Mrs Mountfort, was his best. He scored another conspicuous success in Oroonoko, or The Royal Slave (1696). For the plot of this he was again indebted to the novel by Mrs Behn. In his later pieces "Honest Tom Southerne" did not secure any great successes, but he contrived to gain better returns from his plays than Dryden did, and he remained a favourite with his contemporaries and with the next literary generation. He died on the 22nd of May 1746.
His other plays are: The Disappointment, or the Mother in Fashion (1684), founded in part on the Curioso Impertinente in Don Quixote; The Wives’ Excuse, or Cuckolds make themselves (1692); The Maid's Last Prayer; or Any, rather than fail (1692); The Fate of Capua (1700); The Spartan Dame (1719), taken from Plutarch's Life of Aegis; and Money the Mistress (1729).
See Plays written by Thomas Southerne, with an Account of the Life and Writings of the Author (1774).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Southgate

See also our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SOUTHGATE, an urban district in the Enfield parliamentary division of Middlesex, England, 9 m. N. of St Paul's Cathedral, London, on the Great Northern railway. Pop. (1901), 14,993. It is pleasantly situated in a wooded district, and forms an outer residential suburb of the metropolis. Christ Church, in Early English style, is the work of Sir Gilbert Scott, and contains stained glass windows from the designs of Sir E. Burne- Jones and D. G. Rossetti. Close to New Southgate station is Colney Hatch Lunatic Asylum for the county of London, opened in 1851 and subsequently much enlarged.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Southington

See also our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SOUTHINGTON, a township of Hartford county, Connecticut, U.S.A., about 15 m. S.W. of the city of Hartford' Within the township is the borough of Southington, served by the New York, New Haven & Hartford railroad. Pop. of the township (1910), 6516, which included that of the borough, 3714. The area of the township is 35 sq. m. The principal industry is the manufacture of hardware goods. Between 1809 and 1874 as many as 236 patents were granted to residents. Southington was originally a part of the township of Farmington. It was settled about 1697; in 1724 it became an independent parisi under the name of Panthorn. The township was incorporated in 1779, the borough in 1889.
See H. R. Timlow's Ecclesiastical and Other Sketches of Southington (Hartford, 1875).
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/English, (Esther)

ENGLISH, ESTHER.
A remarkable fine penwoman in the reign of queen Elizabeth and James. Some of her performances are still extant in several collections. One of them is very curious, it is intituled, Octonaries upon the Vanity and Inconstancy of the World; written by Esther Inglis, the first of January, 1600: it is done on an oblong 8 vo. in French and English verse: the French in print hand, and the English in Italic, or secretary; and is ornamented with flowers and fruits, painted in water colours, and, on the first leaf, is her own picture, in a small frame. At the age of forty, she married a Mr. Kello, by whom she had a son, who was in orders. From one of her pieces, it appears that bishop Hall, of Norwich, was her particular friend.
Gen. Biog. Dict.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Elizabeth

ELIZABETH, Abbess of Schonaugia, in the City of Triers, in the 12th Century,
Wrote in Latin many religious books; one entitled, A Path to direct us the Way to God, one on The Origin of the Name and Invention of the pretended Eleven Thousand Virgins, and three of Revelations.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Elstob, (Elizabeth)

ELSTOB, (ELIZABETH) famous for her Knowledge in the Saxon Language; born at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1683,
Very early in life discovered a great propensity to study. Her understanding appears to have been of that slow but steady progressive species, which often outstrips genius itself in the race of literature. Her mother dying when she was only eight years old, she was committed to the care of Dr. Charles Elstob, canon of Canterbury. She afterwards lived with her brother, who encouraged and assisted her in her Saxon studies; but, after his death, was obliged, for support, to keep a small day school at Evesham, with ​great advantage, doubtless, to her scholars, but with little emolument to herself. Some faint traces of her memory still remain among the inhabitants; and it is remembered that her weekly stipend with each pupil was, at first, only a groat.
What brought her to exercise this employment at Evesham is not, I believe, now known. After some years of laborious and obscure drudgery in it, she attracted the notice of Mr. George Ballard, of Campden, and several other persons of greater consideration; who raised for her, among themselves, an annuity of twenty pounds per annum. By degrees, her merit became known to the late duchess of Portland, who received her into her family, allowed her thirty pounds a year for instructing her children, and procured a small pension for her from queen Caroline. In this family she died, 1767, and was buried at St. Margaret's, Westminster. Her works published and unpublished are; A Translation of Madam Scudery's Essay on Glory. Translations of, and Notes on, a Saxon Homily on the Birth of St. Gregory, published by her brother; Rudiments of Grammar for the English–Saxon Tongue, 4 to. 1715. A M. S. Translation of all Ælfric's Homilies. An exact Transcript of the Sextus Roffensis; with some Saxon Hymns, from ancient M. S. belonging to Salisbury cathedral. A Saxon Homilorium was by her undertaken, on the encouragement of Dr. Hickes, to which were to be added, an English Translation, and various Readings. Five of these Homilies were afterwards printed, in folio, at Oxford. A Transcript of the Saxon M. S. of the Athanasian Creed, printed in Wotton's View of Hickes's Thesaurus, 1708; An Account of the Plan for rendering the River Avon navigable, which was long handed about in M. S. and ​lately given to the public by Dr. Nash, is said to be written by her, in the year 1737.
She is also reported to have left behind her a regular plan of Evesham abbey. Much merit is certainly due to this lady; the first female to whom the study of the Saxon language has offered a curious and laudable pursuit.
Hist. and Antiquities, &c. of Evesham.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Erinna

ERINNA, of the Isle of Telos; flourished in the Time of Dion, of Syracuse;
Published an excellent poem, in the Doric tongue, comprised in 300 verses. Her style was said to come near the majesty of Homer. She died at 19 years of age. She wrote besides several pieces; a few fragments of which may be seen in the Carmina novem Poetarum Fæminarum. Antwerp, 1568, 8 vo.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Elpis

ELPIS, a Lady of the Fifth Century, descended from one of the most considerable Families of Messina, and first Wife of the celebrated Boethius,
Like her husband, was devoted to science, and shared his literary labours with him. She examined passages and transcribed quotations. The same genius, ​the same inclinations, and the same ardour, eminently appeared in both. Far from drawing him from his studies, she was sedulous to animate him, when he grew languid in them. In her all the accomplishments of the head and the heart were united. She had a fine taste in literature, particularly in poetry, and was a shining example of every virtue; so that she must have been a delightful companion to this eminent philosopher and statesman. Indeed, each are said to have thought their destinies equally enviable.
She had the happiness of seeing her two sons, Patritius and Hypatius, raised to the consular dignity, which their father had also several times enjoyed, but died before any of the latter's misfortunes had befallen him. After the death of this beloved wife, Boetius married again, and is said to have been equally fortunate in his second choice.
Ridpath, and Curiosities of Literature.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Ennetieres, (Mary de)

ENNETIERES, (MARY DE) a learned Lady of Tournay, in the sixteenth Century,
Published many works, particularly an Epistle against Turks, Jews, Lutherans, &c. printed in 1539.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Elfleda

ELFLEDA, eldest Daughter of Alfred the Great, and Wife of Ethelred, Earl of Mercia,
Whom king Edward, her brother, made governor of that province jointly with her. Mercia was then greatly infested with the Danes, as well as other parts of England, and they were very serviceable to the king in his wars with them, especially in making head against, and preventing the Welsh from coming to their aid.
Elfleda wholly devoted herself to arms; and, like a true Amazon, gave proofs of her courage in all her brother's wars with the Danes. She was generally styled, not only Lady and Queen, but King. After the death of Ethelred, she took upon her the government of Mercia, and followed the example of her father and brother, in fortifying towns, to take away from the Danes all hopes of settling there again. Afterwards she carried her arms against the Welsh, and obliged them to become her tributaries. In 918 she took from the Danes Derby; and, in 920, Leicester, York, &c.
Elfleda died during this war with the Danes, leaving only one daughter, named Elswina, then marriageable. Ingulphus, the historian, says, "that, in respect to the cities she built, the castles she fortified, and the armies she managed, she might have been thought a man." She died at Tamworth, in Staffordshire, and was buried in the porch of the monastery of St. Peter, in Gloucester, which she and her husband had built.
Female Worthies, &c.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vossius, Gerhard Johann

See also Gerhard Johann Vossius on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​VOSSIUS [Voss], GERHARD JOHANN (1577-1649), German classical scholar and theologian, was the son of Johannes Voss, a Protestant of the Netherlands, who fled from persecution into the Palatinate and became pastor in the village near Heidelberg where Gerhard was born. Johannes was a Calvinist, however, and the strict Lutherans of the Palatinate caused him once more to become a wanderer; in 1578 he settled at Leiden as student of theology, and finally became pastor at Dort, where he died in 1585. Here the son received his education, until in 1595 he entered the university of Leiden, where he became the lifelong friend of Hugo Grotius, and studied classics, Hebrew, church history and theology. In 1600 he was made rector of the high school at Dort, and devoted himself to philology and historical theology. From 1614 to 1619 he was director of the theological college at Leiden. Meantime he was gaining a great reputation as a scholar, not only in the Netherlands, but also in France and England. But in spite of the moderation of his views and his abstention from controversy, he came under suspicion of heresy, and escaped expulsion from his office only by resignation (1619). The year before he had published his valuable history of Pelagian controversies, which his enemies considered favoured the views of the Arminians or Remonstrants. In 1622, however, he was appointed professor of rhetoric and chronology, and subsequently of Greek, in the university. He declined invitations from Cambridge, but accepted from Archbishop Laud a prebend in Canterbury cathedral without residence, and went to England to be installed in 1629, when he was made LL.D. at Oxford. In 1632 he left Leiden to take the post of professor of history in the newly founded Athenaeum at Amsterdam, which he held till his death on the 19th of March 1649.
His son Isaak (1618-1689), after a brilliant career of scholarship in Sweden, became residentiary canon at Windsor in 1673. He was the author of De septuaginta interpretibus (1661), De poematum cantu et viribus rhythmi (1673), and Variarum observationum liber (1685).
Vossius was amongst the first to treat theological dogmas and the heathen religions from the historical point of view. His principal works are Historia Pelagiana sive Historiae de controversiis quas Pelagius ejusque reliquiae moverunt (1618); Aristarchus, sive de arte grammatica (1635 and 1695; new ed. in 2 vols., 1833-35); Etymologicum linguae Latinae (1662; new ed. in two vols., 1762-63); ​Commentariorum Rhetoricorum oratoriarum institutionum Libri VI. (1606 and often); De Historicis Graecis Libri III. (1624.); De Historicis Latinis Libri III. (1627); De Theologia Gentili (1642); Dissertationes Tres de Tribus Symbolis, Apostolico, Athanasiano et Constantinopolitano (1642). Collected works published at Amsterdam (6 vols., 1695-1701).
See P. Niceron, Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire des hommes illustres, vol. xiii. (Paris, 1730); Herzog's Realencyklopädie, art. “Vossius”; and the article in the Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vouet, Simon

See also Simon Vouet on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​VOUET, SIMON (1590–1649), French painter, was born at Paris on the 9th of January 1590. He passed many years in Italy, where he married, and established himself at Rome, enjoying there a high reputation as a portrait painter. Louis XIII. recalled him to France and lodged him in the Louvre with the title of First Painter to the Crown. All royal work for the palaces of the Louvre and the Luxembourg was placed in his hands; the king became his pupil; he formed a large school, and renewed the traditions of that of Fontainebleau. Among his scholars was the famous Le Brun. Vouet was an exceedingly skilful painter, especially in decoration, and executed important works of this class for Cardinal Richelieu (Rueil and Palais Royal) and other great nobles. His better easel pictures bear a curious resemblance to those of Sassoferrato. Almost everything he did was engraved by his sons-in-law Tortebat and Dorigny.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vossevangen

See also Vossevangen on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​VOSSEVANGEN, or Voss, a village and favourite tourist-centre of Norway, in South Bergenhus amt (county), 67 m. N.W. of Bergen by rail. It was the terminus of the finely engineered Bergen & Vossevangen railway, which, however, forms part of the projected trunk line between Christiania and Bergen. Vossevangen is pleasantly situated on the Vangsvand, in fertile upland, and has a stone church of the 13th century, and a finneloft or two-storeyed timber house of the 14th century, with an outside stair. Driving roads run N.E. and S.E. from Vossevangen. The former, passing Stalheim, descends into the sombre Naerödal, a precipitous valley terminating in the Naerö Fjord, a head-branch of the Sogne Fjord. The latter route follows the deep but gentler valley of the Skjerve, whence from Övre Vasenden roads continue to Eide (18 m.) and to Ulvik (32 m.), both on branches of the Hardanger Fjord.