# The World Factbook (1982)/Greece
## GREECEGREECE

* (See reference map V)

### LANDLAND

132,608 km²; 29% arable and land under permanent crops, 40% meadows and pastures, 20% forested, 11% wasteland, urban, other
Land boundaries: 1,191 km

### WATERWATER

Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm
Coastline: 13,676 km

### PEOPLEPEOPLE

Population: 9,743,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.7%
Nationality: noun—Greek(s); adjective—Greek
Ethnic divisions: 98.8% Greek, 0.2% Turkish, 1.0% other
Religion: 99% Greek Orthodox, 0.3% Muslim, 0.7% other
Language: Greek; English and French widely understood
Literacy: males about 94%; females about 79%; total about 86%
Labor force: 3.3 million (1979 est.); approximately 31% agriculture, 30% industry, 39% services; urban unemployment is under 3%, but substantial unreported unemployment exists in agriculture
Organized labor: 10-15% of total labor force, 20-25% of urban labor force

### GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT

Official name: Hellenic Republic
Type: presidential parliamentary government; monarchy rejected by referendum 8 December 1974
Capital: Athens
Political subdivisions: 52 departments (nomoi) constitute basic administrative units for country; each nomos headed by officials appointed by central government and policy and programs tend to be formulated by central ministries; degree of flexibility each nomos may have in altering or avoiding programs imposed by Athens depends upon tradition and influence which prominent local leaders and citizens may exercise vis-a-vis key figures in central government; the departments of Macedonia and Thrace exercise some degree of autonomy from Athens since they are governed through the Ministry of Northern Greece
Legal system: new constitution enacted in June 1975
National holiday: Independence Day, 25 March
Branches: executive consisting of a President, elected by the Vouli (parliament), a Prime Minister, and a Cabinet; legislative consisting of the 300-member Vouli; and an independent judiciary
Government leaders: President Constantine KARAMANLIS; Prime Minister Andreas PAPANDREOU
Suffrage: universal age 18 and over
Elections: every four years; Papandreou's Panhellenic Socialist Movement defeated the incumbent New Democracy government of George Rallis in elections held on 18 October 1981
Political parties and leaders: Panhellenic Socialist Movement, Andreas Papandreou; New Democracy, Evangelos Averoff-Tossizza; Communist Party-Exterior, Kharilaos Florakis; Progressive Party, Spyros Markezinis; Communist Party-Interior, Kharalambos Drakopoulos; United Democratic Left, Ilias Iliou; Nationalist Camp, Stefanos Stefanopoulos; Party of Democratic Socialism, Ioannis Pesmatzoglou
Voting strength: Panhellenic Socialist Movement, 170 seats; New Democracy, 112 seats; Communists (Exterior), 13 seats; independents, 5 seats
Communists: an estimated 25,000-30,000 members and sympathizers
Member of: EC, EIB (associate), EMA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, ITU, IWC—International Wheat Council, NATO, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO

### ECONOMY:ECONOMY:

GNP: $41.8 billion (1980), $4,370 per capita; 62% consumption, 24% investment, 16% government; 4% change in stocks; net foreign balance 6%; real growth rate 1.6% (1980) Agriculture: main crops — wheat, olives, tobacco, cotton; nearly self-sufficient; food shortages—livestock products
Major industries: food and tobacco processing, textiles, chemicals, metal products
Crude steel: 936,000 million metric tons produced (1978), 100 kg per capita
Electric power: 5,700,000 kW capacity (1981); 29.0 billion kWh produced (1981), 2,900 kWh per capita
Exports: 4,078 million (f.o.b., 1980); principal items—tobacco, minerals, fruits, textiles
​Imports: $10,769 million (c.i.f., 1980); principal items—machinery and automotive equipment, petroleum and petroleum products, manufactured consumer goods, chemicals, meat and live animals
Major trade partners: (1980 est.) imports—15.2% West Germany, 9.3% Italy, 6.1% France, 8.8% Saudi Arabia, 5.9% Egypt; exports—7.9% West Germany, 9.7% Italy, 5.7% Netherlands, 7.4% France, 5.6% US, 5.5% Saudi Arabia, 4.1% UK
Aid: economic commitments—US, $436 million (FY70-80); other Western bilateral (ODA and OOF), $869 million (1970-79); military—US, $1,357 million (FY70-80)
Budget: (1980 est.) central government revenues $8.03 billion, expenditures $10.10 billion, $2.07 million deficit
Monetary conversion rate: US$1=42.6 Greek drachmas (1980 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year

### COMMUNICATIONSCOMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: 2,476 km total; 1,565 km standard gauge (1.435 m) of which 36 km electrified and 100 km double track, 889 km meter gauge (1.000 m), 22 km narrow gauge (0.750 m); all government owned
Highways: 38,938 km total; 16,090 km paved, 13,676 km crushed stone and gravel, 5,632 km improved earth, 3,540 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: system consists of three coastal canals and three unconnected rivers which provide navigable length of just less than 80 km
Pipelines: crude oil, 26 km, refined products, 547 km
Ports: 17 major, 37 minor
Civil air: 43 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 74 total, 70 unable; 52 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 19 with runways 1,220-2,439
Telecommunications: adequate, modern networks reach all areas on mainland and islands; 2.66 million telephones (28.1 per 100 popl); 31 AM, 37 FM, and 149 TV stations; 5 coaxial submarine cables; 1 satellite station with 1 Atlantic Ocean antenna and 1 Indian Ocean antenna

### DEFENSE FORCESDEFENSE FORCES

Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,298,000; 1,851,000 fit for military service; about 75,000 reach military age (21) annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $1.7 billion; about 18% of central government budget