# Graiméar na Gaedhilge/Part II Chapter VIII

CHAPTER VIII.
Conjunctions.
451. The following is a list of the conjunctions in use at present:—
| de ḃríġ go | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | because. | má, dá, if. | má, dá, if. | má, dá, if. |
| faoi ráḋ ’s go, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | because. | muna, mura, if … not. | muna, mura, if … not. | muna, mura, if … not. |
| cion is, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | because. | gideaḋ, however. | gideaḋ, however. | gideaḋ, however. |
| cion is go, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | because. | ċor leis sin, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | moreover. |
| aċt, but, except. | aċt, but, except. | aċt, but, except. | rud eile (ḋe) | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | moreover. |
| agus (a’s, is, ’s), and. | agus (a’s, is, ’s), and. | agus (a’s, is, ’s), and. | tuille fós, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | moreover. |
| idir … agus, both … and. | idir … agus, both … and. | idir … agus, both … and. | tuille eile, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | moreover. |
| an (ar), whether (interrog.) | an (ar), whether (interrog.) | an (ar), whether (interrog.) | mar, as. | mar, as. | mar, as. |
| ar a ṡon go, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | although. | ná, than; nor. | ná, than; nor. | ná, than; nor. |
| siúd is go, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | although. | go (gur), that. | go (gur), that. | go (gur), that. |
| ciḋ, giḋ, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | although. | mar is go, as though. | mar is go, as though. | mar is go, as though. |
| cé go, giḋ go, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | although. | i dtreo go (naċ), | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | so that (not). |
| go, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | until (with verbs). | ar nós go (naċ), | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | so that (not). |
| nó go, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | until (with verbs). | ar ṁoḋ go (naċ), | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | so that (not). |
| aċt go, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | until (with verbs). | i gcás go (naċ), | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | so that (not). |
| go dtí go, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | until (with verbs). | ar ċor go (naċ), | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | so that (not). |
| ċoṁ luaṫ as, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | as soon as. | ar ḋóiġ go (naċ), | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | so that (not). |
| dá luas ⁊, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | as soon as. | i gcaoi go (naċ), | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | so that (not). |
| an túisge go, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | as soon as. | ionnus go (naċ), | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | so that (not). |
| fós, yet, still. | fós, yet, still. | fós, yet, still. | seaċas, compared with. | seaċas, compared with. | seaċas, compared with. |
| sul; sar, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | before. | nó, or. | nó, or. | nó, or. |
| sul a dtí, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | before. | ó, since, because. | ó, since, because. | ó, since, because. |
| sul má dtí, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | before. | ó naċ, since … not. | ó naċ, since … not. | ó naċ, since … not. |
| sul dá dtí, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | before. | óir, for, because. | óir, for, because. | óir, for, because. |
| maiseaḋ, well, if so. | ó ṫárla go, whereas. | ó ṫárla go, whereas. | ó ṫárla go, whereas. |
| uime sin, therefore, wherefore. | tar ċeann, moreover, besides, furthermore. | tar ċeann, moreover, besides, furthermore. | tar ċeann, moreover, besides, furthermore. |
| ar an áḋḃar sain, therefore. | naċ | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | that … not. |
| mar sin féin, even so. | ná, ná go, | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | that … not. |
| bíoḋ go, although, whether … or. | | | |
452. In Munster “that.. not” is usually translated by NÁ followed by the dependent form of the verb. NÁ neither aspirates nor eclipses. In the past tense it becomes nár which causes aspiration. Whenever “that … not” follows a negative (or a virtual negative) phrase, ná go is used (ná gur in the past tense).
Tá ḟios aige féin ná fuil an ceart aige. He knows himself that he is not right.
Ní deirim (or ḋeirim) ná go ḃfuil an ceart aige. I don’t say that he is not right.
Náċ is used in Munster as a part of the verb is.
453. The use of MAR before a clause is noteworthy.
    fá mar aduḃairt sé, (according) as he said.
    ṫar mar ḃí sé deiċ mbliaḋna fiċead ó ṡoin.
    Beyond (or compared with) how it was 30 years ago.
    i dtaoḃ mar deir tú, regarding what you say.
    Ṫáinig sé mar a raiḃ Fionn. He came to where Finn was. ​
    mar atá or mar atáid, that is, viz., i.e.
       mar go mbaḋ iad féin do ḋeunaṁ an gníoṁa, as if it were they who performed the act.
       mar an gceudna, likewise.
       mar ġeall ar, on account of.