OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Gregory XVI.

See also Pope Gregory XVI on Wikipedia; works by Gregory XVI, Pope Gregory XVI on Wikipedia, Gregory XVI. in the 11th edition, Pope Gregory XVI in the Catholic Encyclopedia; and the disclaimer.
GREGORY XVI. (Bartolommeo Alberto Cappellari), pope from 1831 to 1816, was born at Belluno on September 18, 1765, and at an early age entered the order of the Camaldoli, among whom he rapidly gained distinction for his theological and linguistic acquirements. His first appearance before a wider public was in 1799, when he published against the Italian Jansenists a con troversial work entitled Trionfo delta Santa Sede, which, besides passing through several editions in Italy, was translated into several European languages. In 1800 he became a member of the Academy of the Catholic Religion, founded by Pius VII., to which he contributed a number of memoirs on theological and philosophical questions. When Pius VII. was carried off from Rome in 1809, Cappellari withdrew to the monastery of San Michele at Murano, near Venice, and in 1814, with some other members of his order, he removed to Padua ; but soon after the restoration of the pope he was recalled to Rome, where he received successive appointments as vicar-general of the Camaldoli, councillor of the Inquisi tion, prefect of the Propaganda, and examiner of bishops. In March 1825 he was created cardinal by Leo XII., and shortly afterwards was entrusted with an important mission to adjust a concordat regarding the interests of the Catholics of Belgium and the Protestants of Holland. On the 2d February 1831 he was, after sixty-four days conclave, unexpectedly chosen to succeed Pius VIII. in the papal chair. The revolution of 1830 had just inflicted a severe blow on the ecclesiastical party in France, and it seemed as if similar disasters to the papal cause were imminent in other parts of Europe, when Gregory XVI. entered upon his fifteen years pontificate. Almost the first act of the new Government of France was to unfurl the tricolor at Ancona ; and the immediate effect was to throw all Italy, and particularly the Papal States, into a state of excitement such as seemed to call for strongly repressive measures. In the course of the struggle which ensued, the temporal reign of Gregory was marked accordingly by executions, banish ments, imprisonments, to an extent which makes it im possible for the candid reader to absolve him from the charges of cruelty and bigotry which were so frequently raised at the time. The embarrassed financial condition in which he left the States of the Church also makes it doubt ful how far his lavish expenditure in architectural and engineering works, and his magnificent patronage of learn ing in the hands of Mai, Mezzofanti, and others, were for the real benefit of his subjects. The years of his pontificate were marked by the steady development and diffusion of those ultramontane ideas which were ultimately formulated under the presidency of his successor Pius IX. by the council of the Vatican. He died 1st June 1846.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Greiz

See also Greiz on Wikipedia; Greiz on Wikipedia, Greiz in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​GREIZ, or Greitz (formerly Grewitz or Grewz), a town of Germany, capital of the principality of Reuss-Greiz, is situated in a pleasant valley on the right bank of the White Elster, near the borders of Saxony, and .14 miles W. by S. of Zwickau. It is surrounded by walls, and is tolerably well built. The principal buildings are the prince s palace surrounded by a fine park, the old "residence" castle on a rock overlooking the town, the summer palace with a fine garden, the old town church dating from 1225 and possess ing a beautiful tower, the town-house, the city school build ings, the normal seminary for the principality, and the lower city school. The industries include dyeing, tanning, and the manufacture of woollen, cotton, and silk cloth, shawls, coverlets, and paper. The population in 1875 was 12,057. Creiz is apparently of Slavic origin. From the 12th century it was governed by bailiff s, but in 1236 it came into the possession of Gera, and in 1550 of the younger line of the house of Plauen. It was wholly destroyed by fire in 1494, and almost wholly in 1802. See Wilke, Grciz und seine Umgcbung, 1875.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Gregory XIV.

See also Pope Gregory XIV on Wikipedia; works by Gregory XIV, Pope Gregory XIV on Wikipedia, Gregory XIV. in the 11th edition, Pope Gregory XIV in the Catholic Encyclopedia; and the disclaimer.
​GREGORY XIV. (Niccolo Sfoudrato), pope from 1590 to 1591, a native of Cremona, succeeded Urban VII., 5th December 1590. As a monk he had been eminent for the decency and sobriety of his life ; but his brief pontificate was marked by no important occurrence, except that, in stigated by the king of Spain and the duke of Mayenne, he excommunicated Henry IV. of France, declaring him, as a heretic and persecutor, to be deprived of his dominions, and also levied an army for the invasion of France. The history of that country records how this proceeding was regarded alike by clergy, parliament, and people. The biographers mention as a curious personal trait of Gregory XIV. a nervous tendency to laughter which occasionally became irresistible, and which manifested itself even at his coronation. He was succeeded by Innocent IX.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Greifswald

See also Greifswald on Wikipedia; Greifswald on Wikipedia, Greifswald in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​GREIFSWALD, or Greifswalde, the chief town of a circle in the Prussian province of Pomerania and govern ment of Stralsund, is situated on the Ryck, 3 miles from its mouth in the Baltic, and 20 miles S. by E. of Stralsund, It has wide and regular streets, and is surrounded by pro menades formed out of its old ramparts. It is the seat of a court of appeal for the government district of Stralsund. The university, founded in 1456, is attended by nearly 500 students, about one-half of whom belong to the medical faculty ; connected with it are an anatomical theatre, an infirmary, a chemical laboratory, a pathological institute, and a library containing nearly 140,000 volumes. The ​principal other buildings are the church of St Nicholas (with a tower 330 feet high and a valuable library), the old town-house, the theatre, the gymnasium, the orphanage, and the lunatic asylum. There is a considerable shipping trade in Pomeranian corn with England, France, and the Mediterranean ports. Fish-curing, shipbuilding, and the manufacture of machines, railway waggons, needles, soap, tobacco, and oil, are the principal other industries. The population in 1875 was 18,022. Greifswald was founded about 1240 by mechanics and merchants from the Netherlands. In 1250 it received a town constitution and Liibeck rights from Duke Wratislaus of Pomerania. In 1270 it formed a league with the Hanse towns, Stralsuud, Kostoek, "VVisinar, and Liibeck ; and it took part in the wars which they carried on against the kings of Denmark and Norway. During the Thirty Years War it was formed into a fortress by the imperialists, but they vacated it in 1631 to the Swedes, in whose possession it remained after the peace of Westphalia. In 1678 it was captured by the elector of Brandenburg, but it was restored to the Swedes in the following year; in 1713 it was desolated by the llussians; in 1715 it came into the possession of Denmark; and in 1721 it was again restored to Sweden, under whose protection it remained till 1815, when, along with the whole of Swedish Pomerania, it came into the possession of Prussia. See Kosegarten, Gcschichte dcr Uni- versitat Greifswald, 1856; and Gesterding, BeitragzuT Gcscliichte dcr Stadt Greifswald, 3 vols., 1827-29.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Gregory XV.

See also Pope Gregory XV on Wikipedia; works by Gregory XV, Pope Gregory XV on Wikipedia, Gregory XV. in the 11th edition, Pope Gregory XV in the Catholic Encyclopedia; and the disclaimer.
​GREGORY XV. (Alessandro Ludovisio), pope from 1621 to 1623, born at Bologna in 1554, succeeded Paul V. on the 9th of February 1621. Beyond assisting the German emperor against the Protestants, and the king of Poland against the Turks, he interfered little in European ​politics. He was a learned divine and manifested a reforming spirit ; and his pontificate was marked by the canonization of St Theresa, Francis Xavier, Ignatius Loyola, and Philip Neri. He died on the 18th of July 1623, and was succeeded by Urban VIII.
# Eliason v. Henshaw

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
17 U.S. 225
Eliason v. Henshaw

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Elias v. Ramirez

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
215 U.S. 398
Elias v. Ramirez
Argued: November 5, 1909. --- Decided: January 3, 1910
Mr. A. C. Baker for appellant.
Mr. William Herring for appellee.
Mr. Justice McKenna delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Eliason v. Wilborn

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
281 U.S. 457
Eliason v. Wilborn
Argued: April 28, 29, 1930. --- Decided: May 19, 1930
Mr. Matthias Concannon, of Chicago, Ill. (Mr. Franklin E. Vaughan, of Chicago, Ill., of counsel), for appellants.
Messrs. Floyd E. Thompson, J. Scott Matthews, Henry Jackson Darby, and Nathan William MacChesney, all of Chicago, Ill., for appellees.
Mr. J. Scott Matthews, of Chicago, Ill., amicus curiae for Registrar of Titles of Cook County, Illinois.
Mr. Justice HOLMES delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Zeruiah

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# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Zethan

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# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Zereda

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# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Zeredathah

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# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Zerubbabel

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Zerubbabel The seed of Babylon, the son of Salathiel or Shealtiel (Hag. 1:1; Zorobabel, Matt. 1:12); called also the son of Pedaiah (1 Chr. 3:17-19), i.e., according to a frequent usage of the word "son;" the grandson or the nephew of Salathiel. He is also known by the Persian name of Sheshbazzar (Ezra 1:8, 11). In the first year of Cyrus, king of Persia, he led the first band of Jews, numbering 42,360 (Ezra 2:64), exclusive of a large number of servants, who returned from captivity at the close of the seventy years. In the second year after the Return, he erected an altar and laid the foundation of the temple on the ruins of that which had been destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar (3:8-13; ch. 4-6). All through the work he occupied a prominent place, inasmuch as he was a descendant of the royal line of David.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Zererath

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# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Zeresh

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# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Zetham

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# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Zia

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# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Zeruah

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# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Libanius

See also Libanius on Wikipedia; Libanius in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
LIBANIUS, a Sophist, was the most distinguished Greek writer of the 4th century a.d. He was born at Antioch beween 314 and 316. He studied at Athens, and spent most of his earlier manhood in Constantinople and Nicomedia. His private classes at Constantinople were much more popular than those of the public professors; and their jealousy found means of having him expelled from Constantinople in 346 on the charge of studying magic. He was recalled from Nicomedia after five years. Ill health obliged him to retire to Antioch, where he spent the later part of his life. Though a pagan by religion, he enjoyed the favour of the Christian emperors. When Julian restored paganism as the state religion, Libanius showed no intolerance. Among his pupils he numbered St John Chrysostom and St Basil. His works, consisting chiefly of orations, declamations on set topics, and letters, are very voluminous, and have not yet been published in one single edition. He devoted much time to the study of the classical Greek writers, on whom his style is modelled with considerable success.
The best edition of the orations and declamations is Reiske’s, of the letters Wolf’s. See Westermann, Gesch. d. Griech. Beredtsamkeit; Bernhardy’s and other histories of Greek literature; Förster, Zur Schriftstellerei des Libanios, and articles in Hermes, vols. ix. and x.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Lincoln (3.)

See also Lincoln, Illinois on Wikipedia; the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
LINCOLN, a city of the United States, capital of Logan county, Illinois, is situated near Salt Creek, at the junction of three railways, 145 miles south-west of Chicago. It has fifteen churches, three banks, a high school, a telephone exchange, a coal-mine, two foundries, three flour-mills, five newspapers, and several grain elevators. It is the seat of Lincoln university (Cumberland Presbyterian) and of the State asylum for feeble-minded youth. A portion of the town dates from 1835, but the newer part was named in honour of Abraham Lincoln, and was incorporated in 1853. Population in 1880, 5639.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Lexington

See also Lexington, Kentucky; Lexington, Missouri; and Lexington, Virginia on Wikipedia; Lexington (Kentucky) in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
LEXINGTON, capital of Fayette county, Kentucky, is situated near the centre of the State, in the midst of a table-land 1100 feet above the sea, known as the Blue Grass region. It stands on a small subtributary of the Kentucky river, 79 miles south of Cincinnati, and 94 miles east by south of Louisville. The population (3584 in 1850, 7424 in 1860, and 13,600 in 1874) in 1880 was 16,656, including about 8000 negroes. Lexington is an important railway junction, has an extensive trade, and manufactures whisky, flour, bagging, ropes, carriages, and machinery. Two railroads, completed in 1882, give access to the mountainous eastern region of the State, from which iron, coal, and timber are obtained in abundance. The surrounding district is characterized at once by beauty and fertility, and the town has been laid out in a spacious and attractive style. It is the seat of the State university (chartered in 1858, originally opened at Harrodsburg in in 1859, and removed to Lexington and incorporated with the Transylvania university in 1865), the State agricultural college, and one of the State lunatic asylums (625 patients). Besides the university library, there is a public library of 15,000 volumes.
Lexington was founded by Colonel Robert Patterson in 1775, and received its name in honour of the first contest in the war of American independence, fought in April of that year at Lexington, Middlesex county, Massachusetts.
Lexington in Kentucky must not be confounded with (1) Lexington, the capital of Lafayette county, Missouri, with a population in 1880 of 3996; or (2) Lexington, capital of Rockbridge county, Virginia, a place of 2771 inhabitants, and the seat of the Washington and Lee university (founded in 1749; professors in 1880, 9; students, 300; library, 15,000 volumes), and of the Virginia military institute, founded in 1839, under the patronage of the State, with 12 professors and 300 students.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Liberius

See also Pope Liberius on Wikipedia; Liberius in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
LIBERIUS, pope from 352 to 366, the successor of Julius I., was consecrated according to the Catalogus Liberianus on May 22. His first recorded act was, after a synod had been held at Rome, to write to Constantius, then in quarters at Arles (353–54), asking that a council might be called at Aquileia with reference to the affairs of Athanasius; but his messenger Vincentius of Capua, so far from being successful in his mission, was himself compelled by the emperor at a conciliabulum held in Arles to subscribe against his will a condemnation of the orthodox patriarch of Alexandria. In 355 Liberius was one of the few who, along with Eusebius of Vercelli, Dionysius of Milan, and Lucifer of Cagliari, refused to sign the condemnation of Athanasius, which had anew been imposed at Milan by imperial command upon all the Western bishops; the consequence was his relegation to Berœa in Thrace, Felix II. (antipope) at the same time being consecrated his successor by three “catascopi haud episcopi,” as Athanasius called them. At the end of an exile of more than two years he yielded so far as to subscribe the third Sirmian formula giving up the “homoousion,”—an act which procured his immediate and triumphant return to Rome, but has ever since caused considerable embarrassment to maintainers of the indefectibility of Roman orthodoxy. The remainder of his pontificate was uneventful. He died on September 24, 366, and was succeeded by Damasus I. With the rest of the first sixty popes he shares the title of “Saint.” His biographers used to be perplexed by a letter purporting to be from Liberius, in the works of Hilary, in which he seems to write, in 352, that he had excommunicated Athanasius at the instance of the Oriental bishops; but the document is now held to be spurious. See Hefele, Conciliengesch., i. p. 648 sq.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Lincoln

See also Lincoln (disambiguation) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
In the 9th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, Lincoln may refer to:
* The county of Lincoln in England.
* The town of Lincoln in England.
* The town of Lincoln in Illinois, U.S.A.
* The town of Lincoln in Nebraska, U.S.A.
* Abraham Lincoln, a president of the United States.
* The town of Lincoln in South Australia.
* The town of Lincoln in Rhode Island, U.S.A.
See also: Lincoln College, Oxford, England, and Lincoln Sheep.