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# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Berners, (Dame Julyan)

Being of a noble house, she was allowed the title of Dame, and is celebrated by Hall, Holinshed, and many others, for her uncommon learning, spirit, and majestic beauty. She delighted in masculine exercises, and was ​so well skilled in them, that she wrote a book under the title of Julyan Barnes her Gentleman's Academy of Hawking, Hunting, Fishing, and Armorie. The coats of arms to the latter treatise were in their proper colours; that on Hunting was a poem of 606 lines; the rest were in prose.
She is said to be the second English female writer, and the first who appeared in print. So popular was her work that it passed through two impressions in the space of five years, and this at the most early period of printing, when books were neither common nor of rapid sale; but the subjects were adapted to the taste and amusements of the age.
The boke of St. Albans, which was the name her work obtained, from being printed there, was first published in a small folio, in 1495, or, as others say, in 1481; and again, in 1486; there was another edition of it in the latter end of queen Elizabeth's reign, 1595. It is now extremely scarce. Dr. John Moore, bishop of Norwich, had it in his collection, and there is another at Cambridge.
Specimens of the Poetry.
Proverbes.
Who that buildeth his house all of salowes. And pricketh a blind horse over the fallowes, And suffrith his wife to seek many halowys, God send him the bliss of everlasting galowis.
She was living in 1460; but there is no account of the time of her death.
Dallaway's Inquiries; Female Worthies; New Annual Register, &c.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Bernard, (Catherine)

BERNARD, (CATHERINE) born of Protestant Parents, in 1662, died at Paris, 1712,
Seems to have inherited her wit and elegant taste, for she was nearly related to those great models of French poetry Corneille and Fontenelle, with whom she constantly corresponded. It has been supposed, that, in her dramatic writings, she received assistance from the latter: however that may be, his friendship was an honour, and her fine abilities were conspicuous in many things in which she must have depended on herself.
​She composed two tragedies, Leodamie, printed in 1690, which had but indifferent success; and Brutus, in 1692, which was received with great applause. By the advice of her friend, Madame Pontechartrain, from whom she received a pension, she renounced the theatre: Lewis XIV. also granted her a pension of 600 livres (about 25 pounds); but, not being well paid, she explained that matter to the king in some very elegant verses. She many times obtained the poetical prize at the French academy. Her pieces are printed in their collections for 1691, 1695, and 1697. She was also three times crowned with flowers at Toulouse, and received into the academy of the Ricovrati, at Padua. She wrote many pretty novels. Voltaire did not disdain to borrow a thought from her play of Brutus. Towards the end of her life she suppressed many poetical pieces written in her youth, which she thought not likely to be useful; and though offered a considerable sum, would not consent to their publication.
Mrs Thicknesse's Memoirs of French Ladies.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Bertana, (Lucia)

Is known by the part she took in a famous literary dispute, occasioned by the censure which a learned, but severe critic, Castelvetro, passed upon an ode of Annibal Caro, which called forth defences from the admirers of the latter, and created much public animosity disgraceful to both parties. Esteeming equally these two great men, Lucia interfered to appease their quarrel, and wrote to the poet to engage him to withdraw some malicious writings of his friends; but he pretended to be too deeply offended to put an end to the dispute; and, collecting them together, printed them again, with the letters of the fair mediator, and his answers.
F. C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Benoit, (Madame)

BENOIT, (MADAME) born at Lyons, 1724,
A Lady, who is indebted to nature merely for her talents; as she never applied herself much to study, or was conversant with men of letters. Her first production was A Collection of Letters to an intimate Friend. This work which has been called a sort of journal of Lyons, drew her into some unpleasant circumstances, and she left that city for Paris, where her husband, who was an excellent draughtsman, had procured the situation of designer at the manufacture of the Gobelins Tapestry. She afterwards wrote many works; one entitled Mes Principes, and a Journal Litteraire, are said to be her best. The others are romances; Elizabeth; Lettres du Colonel Talbert, a feeble imitation of Clarissa Harlowe; Agatha and Isidore; Celiane ou les Amans seduits par leur Virtu. She also wrote some comedies; la Triomphe de la Probite; la Supercherie Reciproque; and l'Officieux, which is not certainly known to be hers.
Letters on the French Nation.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Bentivoglio, (Calcagnini, the Marchioness Donna Batilda)

BENTIVOGLIO, CALCAGNINI, (The Marchioness donna Batilda) a Poetess of Ferrara. Died 1711.
A lady of much erudition and knowledge of different Languages; translated from the French into Italian many good works of different kinds. Her poetical pieces are published in the collections of the Arcadians, a literary Society, of which she was a member.
F. C
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Teutoni

See also Teutons on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TEUTONI, or Teutones, a tribe of northern Europe, who became known to the Romans in the year 103 B.C., when, according to the Epitome of Livy, together with the Ambrones they reinforced the Cimbri after their repulse from Spain by the Celtiberi. In 102 the Teutoni and Ambrones were totally defeated by Marius at Aquae Sextiae (see Marius, Gaius). The racial affinities of the Teutoni have formed a matter of dispute amongst historians. Their name is Celtic in form, and many writers suppose that the Teutoni were really a Celtic tribe, a branch of the Helvetii. But a people of this name seems to have been mentioned by the early traveller Pytheas as inhabiting the coasts of the northern ocean in his time. Strabo and Velleius, moreover, classify them as Germani, and this is perhaps the more probable view, although apparently the distinction between Celt and Teuton was not clearly realized by some of the earlier historians. If the Teutoni really came from the same quarter as the Cimbri, it is possible that their name may have been preserved in that of the district called until recently Thyland or Thythsyssel in the extreme north-west of Jutland.
For authorities see Cimbri; also Pliny, xxxvii. 35.
(F. G. M. B.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tetuan

See also Tétouan on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TETUAN (Tettāwan), the only open port of Morocco on the Mediterranean, a few miles S. of the Strait of Gibraltar, and about 40 m. E.S.E. of Tangier. Population about 25,000, of whom a fifth are Jews. It is picturesquely situated on the northern slope of a fertile valley down which flows the W. Martil, with the harbour of Tetuan, Martil, at its mouth. Behind rise rugged masses of rock, the southern wall of the Anjera country, practically closed to Europeans, and across the valley are the hills which form the northern limit of the still more impenetrable Rif. In point of cleanliness Tetuan compares favourably with most Moorish towns. The streets are fairly wide and straight, and several of the houses belonging to aristocratic Moors, descendants of those expelled from Spain, have fine courts surrounded by arcades, some with marble fountains and planted with orange trees. Within the houses the ceilings are often exquisitely carved and painted in Mauresque designs, such as are found in the Alhambra, and the tile-work for which Tetuan is known may be seen on floors, pillars and dados. The principal industries are tilework, inlaying with silver wire, and the manufacture of thick-soled yellow slippers, much-esteemed flintlocks, and artistic “towels” used as cape and skirt by Moorish country girls. The Jews live in a melloh, separated from the rest of the town by gates which are closed at night. The harbour of Tetuan is obstructed by a bar, over which only small vessels can pass, and the road stead, sheltered to the N., N.W. and S., is exposed to the E., and is at times unsafe in consequence of the strong Levanter.
The present town of Tetuan dates from 1492, when the Andalusian Moors first reared the walls and then filled the enclosure with houses. It had a reputation for piracy at various times in its history. It was taken on the 4th of February 1860 by the Spaniards under O'Donnell, and almost transformed by them into a European city before its evacuation on the 2nd of May 1862, but so hateful were the changes to the Moors that they completely destroyed all vestiges of alteration and reduced the city to its former state.  (K. A. M.*)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Teuffel, Wilhelm Siegmund

See also Wilhelm Siegmund Teuffel on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TEUFFEL, WILHELM SIEGMUND (1820–1878), German classical scholar, was born at Ludwigsburg in the kingdom of Wurttemberg on the 27th of September 1820. In 1849 he was appointed extraordinary, in 1857 ordinary professor in the university of Tubingen, which post he held till his death on the 8th of March 1878. His most important work was his Geschichte der römischen Litteratur (1870; 5th ed. by L. Schwabe, 1890; Eng. tr. by G. C. Warr, 1900), which, although written in an unattractive style, is indispensable to the student, the bibliographical information being especially valuable. After the death of A. Pauly, the editor of the well-known Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, Teuffel, at first assisted by E. C. Walz, undertook the completion of the work, to which he also contributed numerous articles.
He was also the author of "Prolegomena zur Chronologie der horazischen Gedichte" (in Zeitschrift für die Altertumswissenschaft, 1842); Charakteristik des Horaz (Leipzig, 1842); Horaz, eine litterar-historische Übersicht (Tubingen, 1843), and of editions of the Clouds of Aristophanes (1856) and the Persae of Aeschylus (1866). His Studien und Charakteristiken (1871; 2nd ed., 1889) ​contain valuable contributions to the history of Greek and Roman literature. See S. Teuffel, Willielm Teuffel (1889); C. Bursian in Biographisches Jahrbuch (1878); F. Koldewey in Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, xxxvii.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Teutoburger Wald

See also Teutoburger Wald on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TEUTOBURGER WALD, a mountain range of Germany, stretching N.W. to S.E., along the borders of the Prussian provinces of Hanover and Westphalia and through the principality of Lippe, for a distance of 70 m., with a width of 2 to 6 m. It consists of a well-marked main chain, accompanied in its central part by subsidiary ridges. It slopes up gradually towards the E., where it culminates in the Völmerstod (1536 ft.). The greater part of the range is densely wooded. The main chain is pierced by several deep gaps or “doors,” through some of which important railways have been carried; e.g., the line connecting Paderborn and Hanover, and that connecting Herford and Hamm. The chief geological formations belong to the Cretaceous system, backed towards the north and east by Jurassic and Triassic formations. The Teutoburger Wald was the scene of a famous battle in which Arminius at the head of the Cherusci destroyed three Roman legions under Quintilius Varus (A.D. 9). Mommsen has located the battle near the source of the Hunte, north of Osnabrück, and outside the range of hills; but most scholars prefer some site in the central part of the mountain-chain. In accordance with these latter views the Grotenburg (1263 ft.), 2½ m. S.W. from Detmold, has been crowned with a gigantic monument to Arminius Hermann, erected in 1838-41 and 1871-75, at a cost of £13,500. The work, which was designed by E. von Bandel, consists of a gigantic statue of the chieftain, 56½ ft. high, standing on an arched pediment 98 ft. high.
See H. Thorbecke, Führer durch den Teutoburger Wald (15th ed., Detmold, 1905); Wilisch, Der Kampf um das Schlachtfeld im Teutoburger Walde (Neue Jahrbücher für das klassische Altertum, May 1909).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tetrazoles

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​TETRAZOLES, in organic chemistry, a group of hetero cyclic compounds, ” capable of existing in two isomeric series (formulae 1 and 2), although the methods of preparation do not always permit discrimination between the possible isomers. They are prepared by the action of nitrous acid on cyanamidrazone (dicyanophenylhydrazine) and hydrolysis of the resulting nitrile, from which I. A. Bladin by elimination of 'the phenyl group (by nitration, reduction, &c.) and of carbon dioxide obtained free tetrazole, CH4N2; from amidines by the action of nitrous acid, followed' by the reduction of the intermediately formed dioxytetrazotic acids with sodium amalgam; from amidoguanidine by diazotization, the diazonium nitrate-» on treatment with acetates or carbonates yielding aminotetrazole (J. Thiele, Ann., 1892, 270, p. 1); from the action of nitrous acid on phenylthiosemicarbazide; and by the action of arylazoimides on aldehyde hydra zones (O. Dimroth, Ber., 1907, 40, p. 2402). The tetrazoles behave as strong mono basic acids, and are exceedingly stable. A series of tetrazolium bases (formula 3) have been obtained by H. V. Pechmann (Ber., 1894, 27, p. 2920) starting from formazyl compounds (formula 4), which are oxidized by means of amyl nitrite andihydrochloric acid. They are strong bases, which in aqueous solution, absorb carbon dioxide readily. The free bases have not been isolated, but their salts are well-crystallized solids.
N=N /N-NH N:CH RHN~N:CH
HN N:CH°rNN:CH RN NN RN:N
HO R
(1), (2). . (3), (4)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tetschen

See also Tetschen on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TETSCHEN, a town of Bohemia, Austria, 83 m. N.N.E. of Prague by rail. Pop. (1900) 9692, exclusively German. It is situated at the confluence of the Polzen with the Elbe, on the right bank of the latter river opposite Bodenbach (q.v.), with ​which it is connected by a chain bridge (1855) and two railway bridges. The handsome chateau of the counts of Thun (built in 1667–73 and restored in 1788), which occupies a rocky height above the town, was at one time fortified, and was a place of some importance during the Seven Years’ War. It contains a magnificent library, with many valuable MSS. and fine collections of coins and armour. In addition to being the principal emporium for the Austrian traffic on the Elbe, Tetschen has a considerable industry, its products comprising chemicals, oil, soap, cotton stuffs, plaster of Paris, glazed and coloured paper, cellulose, beer, flour and preserved fish.
The town of Tetschen originally lay on the south side of the castle rock, but after its destruction by a flood, it was moved in 1059 to its present site. In 1305 it came into the hands of the knights of Wartenberg, who held it for two hundred years. In 1534 the Saxon lords of Bünau obtained it and introduced the Protestant religion, which was exterminated when, after the battle of the White Hill (1620) the Bünau family was driven out. The lordship was bought from them in 1628 by the Freiherr von Thun, by whose descendants, the Counts Thun, it is still held.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Tsu (張鷟)

​120 Chang Tsu 張鷟 (T. 文成). 7th cent. A.D. A native of Chihli and a scholar of the T'ang dynasty, who graduated in 679 when quite a youth. He rose to be a Censor; but his love of criticising all and sundry was constantly getting him into trouble. ​In 713 he was denounced by a fellow Censor for slander, and banished to Canton. He succeeded however in obtaining his recall, and latterly was secretary in a Board. His fame as an anthor spread far and wide, his writings being known and admired even by the Japanese. His essays were said to be like "ten thousand cash chosen from ten thousand," — all good. Hence he received the sobriquet of 青錢學士.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Tsung-yü

​121Chang Tsung-yü 張總愚. Leader of the Nien fei, or mounted banditti, who for some years gave much trouble to the authorities in Chihli and other provinces, and slew the famous Manchu general Sêng-ko-lin-sin in A.D. 1864. He himself was slain by Liu Ming-ch'uan.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Yao

​125 Chang Yao 張耀 (T. 朗齋). Died A.D. 1891. A native of Kiangsu, who had no education in his youth, but came into notice by his defence of 固始 Ku-shih in Honan against the Nien fei, in which he was supported by the rowdies of whom he was the head. After serving in the army, he was appointed Magistrate of Ku-shih, and having educated himself, rose in due course to be Treasurer of Honan. In the sixties he became Commander-in-chief in Kuangtung; and was sent to assist Tso Tsung-t'ang in the north-west, much against his will; and in October 1881 he was appointed Assistant Administrator of the New Dominion. In consequence of the hostilities with France in 1884, he was recalled with 11,000 men, and in the following July was gazetted Governor of Kuangsi. He was, however, kept to repair the moats and waterways of Peking, and sent to inspect the Yellow River, of which he was made Director in Shantung in 1890. In June 1886 he was appointed Governor of Shantung. Two years later he was made an Assistant Director of the Board of Admiralty, and a Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. He was ennobled for his services in Kansuh. Honest and industrious, he set his face against peculation, and was heavily in debt when he died. His soldiers so loved him that without murmuring they allowed their pay to run into arrears to the sum of no less than Tls. 1,400,000; and his justice and kindness to the people at large won him the popular title of 張青天 God Almighty Chang. He is included in the Temple of Worthies, and memorial temples have been erected to him in several places.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Tsung

​Chang Tsung, See Wan-yen Kung.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Yin-huan

​127 Chang Yin-huan 張蔭桓 (T. 樵野). A purchase licentiate of Kuangtung, who in 1881 was Taot'ai at Wuhu. Summoned to Peking, he served in the Tsung-li Yamên from June to September 1884, when he was again appointed to be Taot'ai in Chihli. From 1885 to 1887 he was Minister to the United States, Spain, and Peru, and in 1890 returned to the Tsung-li Yamên, of which he was Vice President in 1894. In February 1895 he went to Japan to negotiate peace, but his powers were found to be inadequate. In 1896 he succeeded Li Hung-chang as negotiator of the commercial treaty with Japan.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Ying

​128 Chang Ying 張英 (T. 敦復 H. 樂圃). A.D. 1636-1708. A native of 桐城 T'ung-ch'êng in Anhui, who graduated as chin shih in 1667. Six years later he rose to be a Reader to the Emperor K'ang Hsi, who at the approach of winter bestowed on him and on Ch'ên T'ing-ching fifty sable skins and satin enough for robes. He was one of the first members of the College of Inscriptions, all of whom resided in the city so as to be ready to attend the Emperor in his uncertain hours of leisure. He was constantly being summoned by K'ang Hsi, whom he always accompanied on tours of inspection. He was Chancellor of the Han-lin College and ​Chief Supervisor of Instruction until 1697, when he was relieved of these posts at his own earnest request. From 1699 to 1701 he was a Grand Secretary; and after his retirement to his lifelong hobbies, music and gardening, K'ang Hsi twice went to visit him, and loaded him with marks of esteem. He was notably modest and affable, fond of giving secret aid to rising talent, and absolutely incorruptible. Canonised as 文端, and in 1730 included in the Temple of Worthies.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Ying-wên

​129 Chang Ying-wên 張應文 (T. 茂實). A.D. 1522-1619. He frequently competed at the public examinations without success, as he devoted all his thoughts to antiques, books, and paintings. Author of a work entitled 清秘藏 A Treasury of Rare Curiosities.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Tun

​123 Chang Tun 章惇 (T. 子厚). A.D. 1031-1101. One of the chief Ministers who disgraced the reign of the Emperor Chê Tsung of the Sung dynasty. A native of P'u-ch'êng in Shansi, who while Magistrate of 商洛 Shang-lo in Shensi became the companion of Su Tung-p'o in his rambles. In 1068 Wang An-shih took him up, and by 1082 he was a Lord-in-waiting and member of the Privy Council. During the minority of Chê Tsung, he was dismissed from the capital to a Magistracy; but the Emperor on taking the reins of government made him a High Chamberlain. From 1094 to 1100, he and Ts'ai Pien wielded supreme power, which they used to gratify their spite against Ssŭ-ma Kuang and the other good officers of the Regency. They failed, owing to the remonstrances of the ladies of the harem, to have the Empress Regent, the wife of Shên Tsung, posthumously degraded; but they succeeded, to their master's regret, in depriving the reigning Empress of her position. Their forward foreign policy led to frontier wars and increased the people's burdens; and their fondness for innovation disturbed the administration. They kept their position, by banishing every one who dared oppose them, until the death of Chê Tsung, when Chang Tun was shelved as Duke for trying to hinder the accession of the Emperor Hui Tsung. An accident to the late Emperor's bier, of which he was in chaise, caused him to be degraded to a petty post at Lei-chou in Kuangtung. Here, according to the precedent made by his own conduct in the case of Su Tung-p'o, who had become his enemy, he was not allowed to occupy any official house; and the people, remembering his spiteful persecution of those who let a dwelling to the poet, declined to rent him a residence. He died soon after at 睦 Mu-chou in Hupeh. His title of Duke was ​restored to him, and in 1113 he received the rank of Grand Preceptor. See Ch'ao Tuan-yen.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Wei

​124 Chang Wei 張謂 (T. 正言). A native of Honan, who graduated as chin shih in A.D. 743. Boae to be Vice President of the Board of Rites, and gained distinction as a poet.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Yen-shang

​126 Chang Yen-shang 張延賞. 8th cent. A.D. An official who served under the Emperors Su Tsung and Tai Tsung of the T'ang dynasty. He was a relative of Chang Chia-chêng, the faithful Minister of the Emperor Ming Huang and some time opponent of the great Chang Yüeh, and rose to the highest offices of State. On the occasion of an important criminal case he refused successive bribes of 30,000 and 50,000 strings of cash, but his virtue succumbed to an offer of 100,000 strings. He excused this lapse on the ground that 100,000 strings would tempt even the gods, who would resent the refusal of such a bribe by a mere mortal. He died at the age of 61, and was canonised as 成.
# A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Confederacy, Including the Diplomatic Correspondence, 1861-1865

* Volume 1 (transcription project)
* Volume 2 IA
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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