OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Insula, Robert de

Robert of Holy Island in the ODNB.
​INSULA, ROBERT de, or ROBERT HALIELAND (d. 1283), bishop of Durham, was born at Holy Island, apparently of humble parentage. He became a monk at Durham. The Lanercost chronicler (p. 113) calls him Robertus de Coquina, which looks as if he was employed in some menial office. He rose to be prior of Finchale, and in May 1274 attended the council of Lyons as proctor for the prior of Durham. On 24 Sept. in the same year he was chosen bishop of Durham; his election was confirmed 31 Oct., the temporalities were restored 11 Nov., and on 9 Dec. he was consecrated at York. In 1276 he issued some ‘Constitutiones Synodales,’ relating to tithes, which are printed in Wilkins's ‘Concilia’ (ii. 28–30). Next year he was engaged in a quarrel with the king of Scotland as to some border forays, and when Edward issued a commission to treat with the Scots, Bishop Robert attended at Tweedmouth to substantiate his claim, but nothing came of it (Fœdera, ii. 84–6). In 1280 he and his chapter refused to admit the visitation of William Wickwaine, archbishop of York, grounding their refusal on a statement that the archbishop was bound to visit his own chapter first, and when the archbishop came to Durham on 24 June they shut the gates of the city against him. The archbishop thereupon excommunicated them, and laid the diocese under interdict. Bishop Robert paid a visit to Rome during the year to lay the matter before the pope, but the dispute was still unsettled at his death; some letters relating to the quarrel are preserved (see Raine, Letters from Northern Registers, pp. 65–6, and Peckham, Reg. i. 383, ii. 494, both in Rolls Ser.; see also Hemingburgh, ii. 7, 219, and Graystanes, c. xvii.) Robert de Insula died at Middleham, Yorkshire, 7 June 1283, and was buried in the chapter-house at Durham. He is praised as a defender and enlarger of the liberties of his church (Planctus in laudem Roberti Episcopi, ap. Surtees So​ciety, xxxi. 51–3). Three charters granted by him to Finchale are printed, with engravings of his seal, in ‘The Priory of Finchale’ (pp. 110, 148, 183, Surtees Soc.). He left various bequests to the convent of Durham (Hist. Dunelm. Script. Tres, p. xci), and is said to have been a benefactor of the university of Cambridge.
C. L. K.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Inverarity, Elizabeth

​INVERARITY, ELIZABETH, afterwards Mrs. Martyn (1813–1846), Scottish vocalist and actress, was born in Edinburgh on 23 March 1813. She was first taught by Mr. Thorne, and afterwards by Alexander Murray of Edinburgh, at one of whose concerts she appeared as an amateur singer in 1829. She made her début at Covent Garden in ‘Cinderella’ on 14 Dec. 1830. In 1832 she sang in ‘Robert le Diable’ at Covent Garden, and in the same year appeared at the Philharmonic Society's concerts. In 1836 she married Charles Martyn, a bass singer, and in 1839 she went with an operatic company to New York, where, with her husband, she sang in ‘Fidelio’ and other works. She died at Newcastle-on-Tyne on 27 Dec. 1846. She is said to have been a fine-looking woman, but not to have excelled greatly either as a singer or an actress. She had a sister who was also a professional vocalist. Mr. and Mrs. Martyn wrote jointly some ballads of no merit.
J. C. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Inwood, Henry William

​INWOOD, HENRY WILLIAM (1794–1843), architect, born on 22 May 1794, was the eldest son of William Inwood [q. v.] the architect. He was educated under his father, and in 1819 travelled in Greece, especially studying and drawing the architecture of Athens. He formed a small collection of Greek antiquities from Athens, Mycenæ, Laconia, Crete, &c. This collection, consisting of about thirty-nine objects (fragments from the Erechtheion and Parthenon, terra-cottas, inscriptions, &c.), was sold to the British Museum in 1843 for 40l. An inventory of it (dated 8 March 1843), in Inwood's handwriting, is in the library of the department of Greek and Roman antiquities in the museum. He assisted his father in designing and in superintending the erection of St. Pancras New Church ​(1819–22), and was also connected with him in the erection of three London chapels (1822–4) [see under Inwood, William]. Inwood was a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, and for many years, from 1809, an exhibitor at the Royal Academy. He is supposed to have died on 20 March 1843, about which time a vessel in which he had sailed for Spain was lost with all on board. Inwood published: 1. ‘The Erechtheion at Athens; fragments of Athenian architecture, and a few remains in Attica, Megara, Eleusis, illustrated,’ London, 1827, fol. A German work, ‘Das Erechtheion,’ Potsdam, 1843, by A. F. Quast, is based on this. 2. ‘Of the Resources of Design in the Architecture of Greece, Egypt, and other Countries obtained by … studies … from Nature,’ London, 1834, 4to (only two parts published).
W. W.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Innes, John (1739-1777)

​INNES, JOHN (1739–1777), anatomist, was born in 1739 at Callart in the highlands of Scotland. He went to Edinburgh as a boy, and was employed by the second Dr. Alexander Monro [q. v.], then professor of anatomy in the university. He became a dexterous dissector, and when eighteen was made dissector to the anatomical theatre. It was his duty to dissect out the parts for each of the professor's lectures, and he thus acquired a minute knowledge of human anatomy. The students liked him, and with the consent of his employer he used to give evening demonstrations of anatomy, and became so famous for the clearness of his descriptions that his audience numbered nearly two hundred students. In 1776 he published at Edinburgh ‘A Short Description of the Human Muscles, chiefly as they appear on Dissection,’ and this book, with some additions by Dr. Monro, continued to be used in the dissecting rooms at Edinburgh for fifty years after his death. Though its descriptions in places show signs of being written by a man without literary education, they are generally terse and lucid, and copies of the book often bear evidence that it was placed, as intended by the author, upon the body which the student was dissecting. Later in the same year he published ‘Eight Anatomical Tables of the Human Body.’ The plates represent the skeleton and muscles, and are copied from Albinus, with brief original descriptions of each plate. Both books were published in second editions by John Murray in London in 1778 and 1779 respectively. After a long illness Innes died of phthisis, 12 Jan. 1777, in Edinburgh.
N. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Innes, Lewis

​INNES, LEWIS (1651–1738), principal of the Scots College in Paris, born at Walkerdales, in the Enzie of Banff, in 1651, was the eldest son of James Innes, wadsetter, of Drumgask in the parish of Aboyne, Aberdeenshire, by his wife, Jane Robertson, daughter of a merchant in Aberdeen. The family of Drumgask was descended from the Inneses of Drainie in the county of Moray. Lewis's father held Drumgask in mortgage from the Earl of Aboyne, but it afterwards became the irredeemable property of the family. Lewis studied for the Roman catholic priesthood at Paris, and on the death of Robert Barclay in February 1682 he was appointed principal of the Scots College there. Along with his brother, Thomas Innes [q. v.], he devoted himself to the preservation and arrangement of the records in the college library. He took a conspicuous part in the proceedings connected with the vindication of the authenticity of the famous charter which established the legitimacy of King Robert III. He carried this charter to St. Germains, where it was shown to James II and the nobility and gentry of his court. Afterwards he submitted it to an examination by the most famous antiquaries of France, including Renandot, Baluze, Mabillon, and Ruinart, in the presence of several of the Scottish nobility and gentry, at a solemn assembly held in the abbey of St. Germain-des-Près, on 26 May 1694. The document was printed by him, under the title of ‘Charta authentica Roberti Seneschalli Scotiæ; ex Archivio Collegii Scotorum Parisiensis edita,’ Paris, 1695, 4to. Innes is said to have been one of five who acted as a cabinet council to James II at St. Germains on the king's return from Ireland in 1690. On 11 Nov. 1701 he was admitted ​almoner to the queen-mother, Mary of Este, an office he had previously held while she was queen-consort. On 23 Dec. 1713 he was admitted almoner to her son, the Chevalier de St. George, resigned the office of principal of the Scots College in the same year, and in 1714 was appointed lord almoner. He appears to have acted as a sort of confidential secretary, and repeated allusions to him are scattered through the printed volume of the ‘Stuart Papers.’ In the beginning of 1718 he was set aside from his office, but within a few years he was again in confidential communication with his master. He was trusted in the important business of securing Bishop Atterbury's papers, which after the bishop's death were deposited in the Scots College. He died at Paris on 23 Jan. 1738.
Innes probably compiled ‘The Life of James II, King of England, &c., collected out of Memoirs writ of his own hand,’ 2 vols., London, 1816, 4to, edited by James Stanier Clarke [q. v.], who attributed the authorship to the younger brother, Thomas Innes. It is certain that the original memoirs written by James II were deposited in the Scots College under the special care of Lewis Innes [see under James II, infra].
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Inverkeithing, Richard

​INVERKEITHING, RICHARD (d. 1272), bishop of Dunkeld, was in earlier life a prebendary of that see (Keith, Scottish Bishops, p. 80), and, according to some authorities, chamberlain of the king (Chron. de Lanercost, p. 56; Mylne, Vit. Dunkeld. Eccl. Episcop.) By favour of the crown he succeeded David, bishop-elect of Dunkeld, in the bishopric in 1250. In the contests for supreme power which filled the minority of Alexander III [q. v.] Inverkeithing was a prominent leader of the English party (Rymer, Fœdera, orig. ed. i. 565–7). In 1255 his party secured possession of the king and, after interviews with Henry III at Wark Castle and Kelso (August), deprived the rival party of the Comyns of office. Thereupon Inverkeithing displaced Gameline [q. v.], bishop of St. Andrews, as chancellor of Scotland, and was among the fifteen regents appointed for seven years (ib.) But in the counter-revolution of 1257 the party of the Comyns took the great seal from his vice-chancellor, Robert Stutewill, dean of Dunkeld, and he seems to have been superseded in his office by Wishart, bishop of Glasgow. The compromise of 1258 between the two parties does not appear to have restored the seal to him. According to Keith he declined to continue in the office.
About Easter 1268 Inverkeithing was with the other bishops summoned to a council by the legate Ottobon. The bishops deputed Inverkeithing and Robert, bishop of Dunblane, to watch over their interests. When the council met the legate ordained some new statutes, chiefly concerning the secular and regular priests of Scotland, which the bishops declined to accept (Fordun, i. 303). Inverkeithing died on St. Magnus day 1272, at a great age; his body was buried at Dunkeld, and his heart in the choir of the church of Inchcolm, which he himself had built (Mylne, u.s.) Reports, which rest on no ascertained authority, are said to have been circulated that Inverkeithing and Margaret, queen of Alexander III, who died shortly after, were both poisoned (Chron. de Lanercost, p. 97). The Lanercost chronicler also states that Inverkeithing, in order to prevent the customary confiscation by the crown of the possessions of deceased prelates, disposed of his property in his lifetime.
J. T-t.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hall, Chambers

​HALL, CHAMBERS (1786–1855), collector of drawings, bronzes, and other works of art, was born in 1786. He lived at Elmfield Lodge, Southampton, and died on 29 Aug. 1855 in Bury Street, St. James's, London. In 1855, a few months before his death, he presented to the British Museum (Brit. Mus. Guide to Exhibition Galleries) sixty-six drawings by Thomas Girtin [q. v.], and various antiquities including bronzes. To the university of Oxford he gave at the same time the rest of his collections, including drawings by Raphael, a portrait of Mrs. Bradyll by Sir J. Reynolds, a portrait of Thornhill and sketches by Hogarth, a painting from Herculaneum, bronzes, &c. He also left to the university a portrait of himself by Linnell, which is said to lack Hall's usual benevolence of expression.
[Gent. Mag. 1855 pt.ii. 548-9, 1856 pt. i. 162 (from the Athenaeum); Michaelis's Ancient Marbles in Great Britain, pp. 175, 571.]
W. W.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hall, Charles (1814-1883)

​HALL, Sir CHARLES (1814–1883), vice-chancellor, fourth son of John Hall of Manchester and Mary, daughter of John Dobson of Durham, was born on 14 April 1814. His father, having sustained heavy losses by a bank failure, did not give him a university education, but articled him to a solicitor in Manchester. In 1835 he entered the Middle Temple, and read for the bar successively with William Taprell, special pleader, James Russell of the chancery bar, and Lewis Duval the conveyancer [q. v.] At the expiration of his year as a pupil he became Duval's principal assistant, and by extraordinary industry contrived to earn from him 700l. or 800l. a year, though receiving the unusually low proportion of one-fourth of the fees received by Duval. In 1837 he married Sarah, daughter of Francis Duval of Exeter and Lewis Duval's niece. Eventually Hall succeeded to the bulk of Duval's practice, and through his wife to the bulk of his fortune, and resided till his death in Duval's house, 8 Bayswater Hill, once the residence of Peter the Great when in London. During the next twenty years he became the recognised leader of the junior chancery bar, and the first authority of his day upon real property law. Having been called to the bar in Michaelmas term 1838, he gradually obtained a large court practice. His pupil room was always crowded, and from it came the foremost of the succeeding generation of equity lawyers. His best known cases were the Bridgewater peerage case in the House of Lords in 1853, the Shrewsbury peerage case, and Allgood v. Blake in the exchequer chamber in 1872, of his argument in which the lord chief baron said that it was the most perfect he had ever listened to. He drew several bills for Lord Westbury, including his Registration of Titles Act, and assisted Lord Selborne in drafting the Judicature Act of 1873. Twice Lord Westbury offered him a silk gown; but being without a rival at the chancery bar, and earning 10,000l. a year, he refused it. In 1862 he became under-conveyancer and in 1864 conveyancer to the court of chancery, and in 1872 a bencher of his inn. He was raised to the bench in succession to Vice-chancellor Wickens in November 1873 and knighted. Here he distinguished himself by an industry which eventually impaired his constitution. While walking home from his court he was attacked by a stroke of paralysis in June 1882. He resigned his judgeship before the ensuing Michaelmas sittings, and died on 12 Dec. 1883. He was fond of art and letters, but never played any part in politics. He had four sons, two of whom survived him—the younger, Charles, is a queen's counsel and attorney-general to the Prince of Wales, and M.P. for the Western Division of Cambridgeshire and four daughters.
[Times, 13 Dec. 1883; Solicitors' Journal, 15 Dec. 1883; Law Mag. 4th ser. ix. 220; Law Journal, 15 Dec. 1883; private information.]
J. A. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hall, Charles (1720?-1783)

​HALL, CHARLES (1720?–1783), line engraver, born about 1720, was brought up as a writing engraver, but by his own exertions he made so much progress in art that, although he never rose above mediocrity, he became a fair engraver of portraits, medals, coins, and other antiquities. His best works are his portraits, many of which are faithful copies of earlier engravings. They include portraits of Thomas Howard, second duke of Norfolk, and Henry Fitz Alan, earl of Arundel, after Holbein: Mary I; Thomas Goodrich, bishop of Ely; Sir George Barnes, lord mayor of London; William Harvey, Clarenceux king-at-arms; Jack Adams, the astrologer; Thomas Pellet, M.D., and William Bullock, the comedian, said to be after Hogarth; Catharine, duchess of Buckingham, and Mary Sidney, countess of Pembroke, from the plates by Magdalena and Simon Van de Passe; Sir Thomas More, and William Alexander, earl of Stirling, from the plates by Marshall; and Sir Francis Wortley, bart., from that by Hertocks. Hall died at his lodgings in Grafton Street, Soho, London, on 5 Feb. 1783.
[Strutt's Biog. Dict. of Engravers, 1785-6, ii. 5; Bryan's Dict. of Painters and Engravers, ed. Graves, 1886-9, i. 619; Nichols's Literary Illustrations, v. 436.]
R. E. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hall, Charles Henry

​HALL, CHARLES HENRY (1763–1827), dean of Durham, born in 1763, was the son of Charles Hall, dean of Booking, Essex. He was admitted on the foundation at Westminster in 1775, was elected thence to Christ Church, Oxford, and matriculated on 3 June 1779 (Foster, Alumni Oxon. 1715-1886, ii. 587). In 1781 he won the chancellor's prize for Latin verse on 'Strages Indica Occidentalis,' and in 1784 the English essay on 'The Use of Medals.' He graduated B.A. in 1783, M.A. in 1786, B.D. in 1794, and D.D. in 1800. From 1792 to 1797 he was tutor and censor of Christ Church. In 1793 he served the office of junior proctor; was presented by his college to the vicarage of Broughton-in-Aredale, Yorkshire, in 1794; and was appointed Bampton lecturer and prebendary of Exeter in 1798. He became rector of Kirk Bramwith, Yorkshire, in June 1799, and prebendary of the second stall in Christ Church Cathedral on 30 Nov. of that year. In 1805 he was made sub-dean of Christ Church, and in 1807 vicar of Luton, Bedfordshire, a preferment which he held until his death. In February 1807 he was elected regius professor of divinity, and removed to the fifth stall in Christ Church, but resigned both offices in October 1809, on being nominated dean of Christ Church. He was prolocutor of the lower house of convocation in 1812. On 26 Feb. 1824 he was installed dean of Durham. He died at Edinburgh on ​16 Feb. 1827. He published his 'Bampton Lectures' on 'Fulness of Time' in 1799, and some single sermons.
[Welch's Alumni Westmon. 1852; Gent. Mag. 1827 pt. i. p. 563; Le Neve's Fasti, ed. Hardy.]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hall, Chester Moor

​HALL, CHESTER MOOR (1703–1771), inventor of the achromatic telescope, was born at Leigh in Essex, and was baptised in the parish church on 9 Dec. 1703. He was the only son of Jehu Hall by his wife Martha, daughter and coheiress of Richard Brittridge of New House, Sutton, Essex. The Halls were originally from Stepney, but settled at Leigh on inheriting by successive marriages the properties of the Moors and of the Chesters of Leigh. Jehu Hall removed to Brentwood, and there died in 1728. Chester Moor Hall was admitted a student of the Inner Temple on 5 Oct. 1724, and was made a bencher in 1763. He resided at New Hall, Sutton, where he died on 17 March 1771, aged 67. His elder sister, Martha Hall, erected a marble monument to him in the church of Sutton, of which he was patron. The inscription describes him as 'a judicious lawyer, an able mathematician, a polite scholar, a sincere friend, and a magistrate of the strictest integrity.' He was an extensive landowner in Essex, and is frequently designated as 'Moor of Moor Hall.' His library was sold in 1772.
A writer in the 'Gentleman's Magazine' states that Hall obtained, from a study of the human eye, the conviction that achromatic lenses were possible, and discovered in 1729, after various experiments, two kinds of glass of dispersion sufficiently different to enable him to realise his idea. He accordingly constructed, about 1733, several telescopes, subsequently pronounced by experts to be truly achromatic. Their excellence was shown by their bearing, with apertures of two and a half, focal lengths of twenty inches. One was on sale with Ayscough of Ludgate Hill in 1754: another was in 1790 in the possession of the Rev. Mr. Smith of Charlotte Street; some were stated by Sir John Herschel and Professor Barlow to have been in existence about 1827. Hall proved his indifference to claims of priority by taking no part in the trial of Dollond v. Champness in 1766, although probably in London [see Dollond, John], Some of the workmen whom he had employed, having furnished them with the radii of curvature and added finishing touches, gave evidence, and his invention of the achromatic telescope in 1733 was regarded by Lord Mansfield as fully proved. The obscurity in which it was allowed to remain is inexplicable. Hall's autograph, presented by Mr. R. B. Prosser in 1886 to the Royal Astronomical Society, was ordered to be framed and suspended in the council room.
[Ranyard, Astronomical Register, xix. 194; Monthly Notices, xlvi. 460; Wackerbarth, ib. xxviii. 202; Gent. Mag. 1766 p. 102, 1771 p. 143, 1 790 pt. ii. p. 890; Morant's Hist, of Essex, i. 254; Observatory, ix. 177; Brewster's Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, i. pt. i. p. 105; Encycl. Metropolitana, iii. .408 (Barlow), iv. 411 (Herschel); Nichols's Lit. Anecd. iii. 669.]
A. M. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hall, Charles (1745?-1825?)

​HALL, CHARLES, M.D. (1745?–1826?), writer on economics, seems to be identical with the 'Carolus Hall, Anglus,' who became a student of Leyden, 30 May 1765 (Peacock, Leyden Students, Index Soc., p. 45). He afterwards took the degree of M.D., and published at Shrewsbury in 1785 'The Medical Family Instructor, with an Appendix on Canine Madness.' In 1805 appeared his 'Effects of Civilisation on the People in European States' (London, 8vo). In this remarkable work Hall anticipates later socialist theories; analyses the defects of the existing conditions of society; and claims to prove that the working classes in his day 'retained only one-eighth part of the produce of their own labour.' At the date of publication Hall was suffering extreme poverty owing to defeat in a law suit, and he soon afterwards removed to the Fleet prison. His friends offered to pay for his ​release, but he deemed that he had been unjustly treated by the law courts, and resolved to die in prison. He died in the Fleet, aged about 80. His friend, John Minter Morgan, reprinted Hall's 'Effects' in his 'Phoenix Library' (London, 1849). In his 'Hampden in the 19th Century,' 1834, i. 20-1, Morgan described Hall as a man of classical and scientific attainments. Approving mention is made of Hall's arguments in Charles Bray's 'Philosophy of Necessity,' 1841, ii. 657, App., and in Mary Hennell's ' Outlines of Social Systems,' 1841, p. 240.
[Prof. Anton Menger's Das Recht auf den vollen Arbeitsertrag in geschichtlicher Darstellung, Stuttgart, 1886, pp. 45-9; J. M. Morgan's works cited above; Watt's Bibl. Brit.; information from Dr. Stephan Bauer of Vienna.]