OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Athanasius (4), bishop of Ancyra in N. Galatia

​Athanasius (4), bp. of Ancyra in N. Galatia (A.D. 360‒369). His father, who bore the same name, was a man of high family and great learning, and had held important offices in the State (ἐθνῶν καὶ πόλεων ἀρχὰς διευθύναντος); but was reputed harsh and unfatherly to his children. This rumour, reaching St. Basil's ears, led him to write a friendly remonstrance, and hence arose a correspondence of which one letter is preserved (Ep. 24). The son Athanasius was raised to the see of Ancyra by the Arian Acacius of Caesarea, through whose influence his predecessor Basilius had been deposed at a synod held at Constantinople A.D. 360 (Soz. iv. 25; Philost. v. 1). But notwithstanding this inauspicious beginning, he gave unquestionable proofs of his orthodoxy by taking an active part in the Synod of Tyana (A.D. 367), at which the Nicene symbol was accepted (Soz. vi. 12). By St. Basil he is commended as "a bulwark of orthodoxy" (Ep. 25), and Gregory Nyssen praises him as "valuing the truth above everything" (c. Eunom. i. ii. 292). Owing to some misunderstanding, however, Athanasius had spoken in very severe terms of St. Basil, misled, as Basil conjectures, by the fact that some heretical writings had been fathered upon him; and the bp. of Caesarea sends an affectionate letter of remonstrance (Ep. 25), in which he speaks of Athanasius in the highest terms. At his death Basil writes a letter of condolence to the church of Ancyra, on the loss of one who was truly "a pillar and foundation of the church" (Ep. 29). This seems to have happened A.D. 368 or 369 (see Garnier, Basil. Op. iii. p. lxxvii. seq.).
[L.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Aurelian

​Aurelian, A.D. 270‒275. The few facts which connect the name of this emperor with the history of the Christian church are as follows:—(1) he is said (Vopiscus, c. 20) to have reproached the Roman senate for not consulting the Sibylline books, as their fathers would have done, at a time of danger and perplexity. "It would seem," he said, "as if you were holding your meetings in a church of the Christians instead of in the temple of all the gods." The words clearly imply a half-formed suspicion that the decline of the old faith was caused by the progress of the new. The decree of Gallienus recognising Christianity as a religio licita had apparently stimulated church building. (2) Startled by the rapid progress of Christianity, Aurelian is said to have resolved towards the close of his reign on active measures for its repression. The edict of Gallienus was to be rescinded. A thrill of fear pervaded the Christian population of the empire. The emperor was surrounded by counsellors who urged on him a policy of persecution, but his death hindered the execution of his plans. (3) In the interval we find him connected, singularly enough, with the action of the church in a case of heresy. Paul of Samosata had been chosen as bp. of Antioch in A.D. 260. A synod of bishops including Firmilianus of the Cappadocian Caesarea, Gregory Thaumaturgus, and others, had condemned his teaching; but on receiving promises of amendment had left him in possession of the see. Another (A.D. 270) deposed him, and Domnus was appointed in his place. Paul refused to submit and kept possession of the episcopal residence. Such was the position of affairs at Antioch when Aurelian, having conquered Zenobia, became master of the city. The orthodox bishops appealed to the emperor to settle whose the property was, and he adjudged it to belong to those to whom the bishops in Italy and in Rome had addressed their epistles (Eus. H. E. viii. 27‒30).
[E.H.P.]
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ann Arbor

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
ANN ARBOR, city and county-seat of Washtenaw co., Mich.; on the Huron river and the Michigan Central railroad; 38 miles W. of Detroit. It is in an agricultural region; has National banks, high school, manufactories of farming implements, woolen goods, furniture, carriages, and organs, daily, weekly, and monthly periodicals, and is the seat of the University of Michigan. Pop. (1910) 14,817; (1920) 19,516.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Apple

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
APPLE, the fruit of the pyrus malus, a species of the genus pyrus. All the different kinds of apple trees now in cultivation are usually regarded as mere varieties of the one species which, in its wild state, is known as the crab tree, pyrus acerba. The Romans are said to have had 22 varieties of the pyrus malus, or cultivated apple tree. At the present time it is, perhaps, the most widely diffused and valuable of all fruit trees. About 1,000 varieties are cultivated in the United States, where the cultivation of the fruit on an extensive scale has become one of the most profitable industries.
The apple is regarded by botanists as the type of the kind of fruit to which they have applied the term pome. The eatable part has a more or less aromatic, sweet, or sub-acid taste, and contains starch, grape-sugar, and malic acid. Malic acid, extracted from the apple, has long been used in medicine, and is largely employed as a mordant in dyeing.
Source: Collier's New Encyclopedia 1. (1921) New York: P.F. Collier & Son Company. 212 (text) and after 154 (illustration).
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Apricot

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
APRICOT, a fruit, that of the prunus armeniaca; also the tree on which it grows. It is wild in Africa and in the Caucasus, and also in China and some other countries. It is esteemed only second to the peach.
Source: Collier's New Encyclopedia 1. (1921) New York: P.F. Collier & Son Company. 213 (text) and after 154 (illustration).
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ari Thorgilsson

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ARI THORGILSSON (ä-rë tōr′gils-son), the father of Icelandic literature (1067-1148). He was the first Icelander to use his mother tongue as a literary medium in writing his “Islendingabok,” a concise history of Iceland from its settlement (about 870) until 1120. This work was finished between 1134 and 1138.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Arithmetical Progression

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ARITHMETICAL PROGRESSION, a series of numbers increasing or diminishing uniformly by the same number. If they increase, the arithmetical progression is said to be ascending, and if they decrease, descending. Thus the series 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 is an ascending arithmetical progression, mounting up by the continued addition of 3; and the series 8, 6, 4, 2 is a descending one, falling regularly by 2.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Arithmetical Complement

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ARITHMETICAL COMPLEMENT, that which a number wants to make it reach the next highest decimal denomination. Thus the arithmetical complement of 4 is 6, for 4 + 6 are = 10, and that of 642 is 358, because 642 + 358 are = 1,000. The arithmetical complement of a logarithm is what it wants to make it reach 10.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Arithmetical Mean

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ARITHMETICAL MEAN. (1) The number, whether it be an integer or a fraction, which is exactly intermediate between two others. Thus, 5 is the arithmetical mean between 2 and 8; for 2 + 3 are = 5,and 5 + 3 are = 8. To find such a mean add the numbers together and divide their sum by 2; thus, 2 + 8 = 10, and 10 ÷ 2 = 5. (2) Any one of several numbers in an arithmetical ratio interposed between two other numbers. Thus, if 6, 9 and 12 be interposed between 3 and 15, any one of them may be called an arithmetical mean between these two numbers.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Arithmetical Proportion

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ARITHMETICAL PROPORTION, the relation existing between four numbers, of which the first is as much greater or less than the second as the third is of the fourth; the equality of two differences or arithmetical ratios. In such cases the sum of the extremes is=that of the means.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Annapolis

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
ANNAPOLIS, city, port of entry, capital of the State of Maryland, and county-seat of Anne Arundel co.; on the Severn river, near Chesapeake Bay, and several railroads; 40 miles E. of Washington, D. C. It is in a fruit and berry-growing region; has oyster-packing plants, marine railway, glass factory, a National bank, daily, weekly, and other periodicals; and is widely known as the seat of the United States Naval Academy. The city also contains St. John's College, several State buildings, convent, a house of Redemptorist Fathers, residences of many naval officers and of families of officers on sea duty, and bronze statues of General John de Kalb and Chief Justice Roger B. Taney. The city was founded in 1649; was first named Providence; and received a city charter and its present name, in honor of Queen Anne, in 1708. The first Federal Constitutional Convention was held here in 1786, and Washington surrendered his commission in the army in the Senate room of the State House. Pop. (1910) 8,609; (1920) 11,214.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Aristophanes

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ARISTOPHANES (ar-is-tof′ē-nēs), the greatest of the Greek writers of comedy (B. C. 448–385), born at Athens. His comedy, "The Knights," is said to have been put on the stage when the author was but 20 years old. Of his 44 plays only 11 have come down to us. These are "The Knights," "The Clouds," "The Wasps," "The Acharnians," "The Peace," and "The Lyristrate," arguments for concord among Grecian states; "The Birds," a satire against the "Greater Athens" idea; "The Thesmophoriazusæ"; "The Frogs," directed against Euripides, as the cause of the degeneration of dramatic art; in "The Ecclesiazusæ," or "Ladies of Parliament," he reduces to absurdity the overweening expectation of the righting of all wrongs through political reforms. Aristophanes first appeared as a poet in the fourth year of the Peloponnesian War (B. C. 427), and his sarcasms twice brought him to trial on charges of having unlawfully assumed the title of an Athenian citizen.
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Joannes (504), abbat of Mt. Sinai

Joannes (504), surnamed Climacus, Scholasticus, or Sinaita. At the age of 16 he entered the monastery of Mount Sinai, subsequently became an anchoret, and at 75 abbat of Mount. Sinai. At the entreaty of John abbat of Raïthu he now composed his works, the Scala Paradisi and the Liber ad Pastorem; from the title (κλῖμαξ) of the first of these he gained his name of Climacus (Climakos). It contains his experiences in the spiritual life, with instructions for the attainment of a higher degree of holiness, and is dedicated to the abbat of Raïthu who afterwards wrote a commentary upon it (Patr. Gk. lxxxviii.1211–1248). Returning into solitude, John died at an advanced age early in the 7th cent. Boll: Acta SS. Mart. iii. 834: Migne, u.s. 631–1210; a new ed. of the Gk. text of his works was pub. in 1883 at Constantinople by Sophronius Eremites; Surius, de Probatis Sanct. Historiis, Mar. 30.
[I.G.S.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Joannes (507) Saba, orthodox monk of Dilaita

Joannes (507) Saba, a native of Nineveh, fl. in 6th cent.; an orthodox monk of Dilaita or Daliatha, a small town on the W. bank of the Euphrates. His works are 30 discourses and 48 epistles, of which Syriac and Arabic MSS. exist in the Roman libraries. Though abounding in digressions, the style is marked by persuasive eloquence. They are headed "on the divine gifts and spiritual solaces vouchsafed to monks for their comfort and delight." Assem. Bib. Or. i. 433–444 iii. i. 103, 4; Bickell, Cons. Syr. p. 26.
[C.J.B.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Joannes (509), monk

Joannes (509), called of Bêth-Rabbân or Bêthnarsi, disciple and successor in the 6th cent. of Jacobus the founder of the monastery of Bêth-Haba. Jesujab, bp. of Nineveh, stated that Joannes had been a monk 70 years before his departure from Bêth-Haba; 30 years he had lived as a solitary, 40 with Jacobus as a coenobite. Joannes was for some time in the monastery of Bêth-Rabbân, which was subject to the same abbat as Bêth-Haba. Ebedjesu (ap. Assem. Bibl. Or. III. i. 72) states that he wrote a commentary on Ex., Lev., Num., Job, Jer., Ezk., and Prov., also certain tracts against Magi, Jews, and heretics. He also wrote prayers for Rogation days, a prayer on the death of Chosroes I. (d. 579), and on a plague which befel Nisibis, besides paracletic addresses for each order in the church (i.e. metrical discourses read in the office of the dead), a book of questions relating to O. and N. T., psalms, hymns, and chants. One of his hymns is in the Mosul Breviary, p. 61, and in a MS. in the Brit. Mus. (Wright, Cat. p. 135). Rosen and Forshall (Cat. MSS. xii. 3 n.) mention another hymn of his. Cf. also Lelong, Bibl. Sacr. ii. 794.
[C.J.B.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Joannes, the Faster, bp. of Constantinople

Joannes (126) IV. (surnamed The Faster, Jejunator, sometimes also Cappadox, and thus liable to be confused with the patriarch John II.), 33rd bp. of Constantinople, from Apr. 11, 582 to Sept. 2, 595. He was born at Constantinople of artisan parents, and was a sculptor. In 587 or 588 he summoned the bishops of the East in the name of "the Oecumenical Patriarch" to decide the cause of Gregory, archbp. of Antioch, who was acquitted and returned to his see. Pelagius II., bp. of Rome, solemnly annulled the acts of this council. In 593 we find John severely blamed by pope Gregory for having allowed an Isaurian presbyter named Anastasius, accused of heresy, to be beaten with ropes in the church of Constantinople.
In 595 the controversy was again rife about the title of universal bishop. Gregory the Great wrote to his legate Sabinianus forbidding him to communicate with John. In the case of a presbyter named Athanasius, accused of being to some extent a Manichee, and condemned as such, Gregory shews that the accuser was himself a Pelagian, and that by the carelessness, ignorance, or fault of John the Faster the Nestorian council of Ephesus had actually been mistaken for the Catholic, so that heretics would be taken for orthodox, and orthodox condemned as heretics!
His Writings.—Isidore of Seville (de Script. Eccl. 26) attributes to him only a letter, not now extant, on baptism addressed to St. Leander. John, he says, "propounds nothing of his own, but only repeats the opinions of the ancient Fathers on trine immersion."
But there are extant four works attributed to John the Faster. (1) His Penitential, Libellus Poenitentialis, or, as it is described in bk. iii. of the work of Leo Allatius, de Consensu Utriusque Ecclesiae (Rome, 1655, 4to), Praxis Graecis Praescripta in Confessione Peragenda. The Greeks of the middle ages
always attributed this and (2) to John the Faster.
(2) Instructio, qua non modo confitens de confessione pie et integre edenda instituitur, sed etiam sacerdos, qua ratione confessiones excipiat, poenitentiam imponat et reconciliationem praestet informatur.
(3) Homily on Penitence, Continence, and Virginity. Often printed among Chrysostom's homilies, but now agreed not to be Chrysostom's. Montfaucon, Vossius, and Pearson held it to be by John the Faster; Morel and Savile printed it among Chrysostom's works.
(4) Homily on False Prophets and False Doctrine. Attributed occasionally to Chrysostom, by Peter Wastel to John of Jerusalem, but by Vossius, Petavius, and Cave to John the Faster.
(5) A set of Precepts to a Monk, in a MS. at the Paris library.
Migne reproduces the Penitential, the Instructions for Confession, and the Homily on Penitence in Patr. Gk. lxxxviii. 1089. See also Baronius, ad. ann. 588–593; AA. SS. Bolland. Aug. 1, p. 69; Fleury, ii. bk. xxxiv. c. 44, etc.; Ceillier, xi. 427, etc.; Fabricius, Bibl. Graec. xi. 108, xii. 239.
[W.M.S.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Beauclerk, Diana

​BEAUCLERK, Lady DIANA (1734–1808), amateur artist, was born 24 March 1734. She was the eldest daughter of Charles Spencer, second duke of Marlborough. Her sister, Lady Betty Spencer, was afterwards countess of Pembroke. Lady Diana, or, as she was more frequently called, Lady Di, was married in 1757 to Frederick St. John, second Viscount Bolingbroke, nephew and heir of the great Lord Bolingbroke. In 1768 she was divorced by act of parliament. Two days later she was married at St. George's to Topham Beauclerk [q. v.] Johnson, according to Boswell (Life of Johnson, ch. xxix.), spoke of her character with great asperity, although he knew her; but he admitted subsequently that she nursed her sick husband (Beauclerk) 'with very great assiduity' (Letter to Boswell, 21 Jan. 1775). Beauclerk died in 1780. His widow survived him for many years. In later life she resided at Spencer Grove, Twickenham, which she decorated with her own paintings. ​Walpole speaks of her art with all the extravagant enthusiasm which he employs in praising his friends. She executed a series of seven large designs 'in sut-water' (her first attempt of the kind) for his 'Mysterious Mother.' To these he devoted a closet at Strawberry Hill, which he christened the 'Beauclerk Closet,' where they hung on Indian blue damask. 'Salvator Kosa and Guido could not surpass their expression and beauty,' he says (Correspondence, ed. Cunningham, vi. 311, 462, vii. 265). In 1778 she made a drawing of Georgiana, duchess of Devonshire, which Bartolozzi engraved. He also engraved a set of illustrations which she prepared for the Hon. W. R. Spencer's translation of Bürger's 'Leonora,' published by Bensley in 1796. In the following year the same publisher issued the 'Fables of John Dryden,' with 'engravings from the pencil of the Right Hon. Lady Diana Beauclerc,' engraved by Bartolozzi, and his pupil, W. N. Gardiner. Bartolozzi also reproduced some of her designs of children, cupids, &c. Reynolds painted her portrait in 1763, when she was Lady Bolingbroke. According to a note in Hardy's 'Life of Charlemont,' 1812, i. 345, Sir Joshua thought highly of her artistic abilities, and said that 'many of her ladyship's drawings might be studied as models.'
Hume describes her as 'handsome and agreeable and ingenious, far beyond the ordinary rate' (Private Corr. 1820, 251-2), and Boswell on his own account (Life of Johnson, ch. xxix.) bears witness to her 'charming conversation.' Lady Beauclerk died in 1808, aged 74.
A. D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Beaufeu, Robert de

​BEAUFEU, BELLOFAGO, or BELLOFOCO, ROBERT de (fl. 1190), was a secular canon of Salisbury. Educated at Oxford he gained, at an early age, a reputation for learning, and became the friend of Giraldus Cambrensis, Walter Map, and other scholars. He is said to have written a work entitled 'Encomium Topographiæ,' after hearing the 'Topographia Hiberniæ' of Giraldus read by the author at a festival at Oxford. A second work, 'Monita salubria,' is also attributed to him by Bale; and a poem in praise of ale, 'Versus de commendatione Cervisiæ,' in a manuscript in the Cambridge University Library (Gg. vi. 42), bears his name.
E. M. T.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Beaufeu, William

​BEAUFEU, WILLIAM, otherwise de BELLAFAGO, BELLOFAGO, BELFOU GALSAGUS, VELSON (d. 1091), bishop of Thetford, was, apparently, a son of Robert Sire de Belfou, who fought on the Conqueror's side at Senlac, and whose lordship was situated in the neighbourhood of Pont-l'Evéque. His brother Ralph received several lordships in Norfolk from the Conqueror, and was a personage of great importance in East ​Anglia. Of the bishop little is known except the fact that he was consecrated at Canterbury by Lanfranc in 1086, and that he died in 1091. Before his elevation to the episcopate he appears to have acted as chancellor; so at least he is designated in a deed attested by him at some date in or subsequent to 1080 — the date is so far fixed by the fact that another attesting witness was William de Carlisle, bishop of Durham, who was not appointed till 1080 — by which the Conqueror empowered Ivo Tailboys to endow the church of St. Nicholas of Angers with the manor of Spalding. Whether he was married, and had a son who succeeded to some of his estates; whether he was a monk at Bec; whether he was the husband of Agnes de Tony, and father of Richard de Bellofago, who was archdeacon of Norwich in his time; finally, whether any such person ever existed, and whether he were not identical with his successor, Herbert de Losinga, are questions which have been discussed by antiquaries.
Roger de Bellafago, who lived [see Beaufeu or Bello Fago, Roger de] in the time of Edward I, may with probability be reckoned as a member of the same family as the bishop.
[Munford's Analysis of the Domesday Book for the County of Norfolk, 8vo, 1858, p. 31; Planché's The Conqueror and his Companions, 8vo, 1874, ii. 283; Blomefield's Norf., iii. 465; Norfolk Antiquarian Miscell., 8vo, 1877, i. 413; Stubbs's Reg. Sacr. Anglic.]
A. J.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Beaufort, Daniel Augustus

1904 Errata appended.
​BEAUFORT, DANIEL AUGUSTUS, LL.D. (1739–1821), geographer, born on 1 Oct. 1739 at East Barnet, was the son of Daniel Cornelis de Beaufort, a French refugee (1700-1788), who became pastor of the Huguenot church in Spitalfields in 1728, and of that in Parliament Street, Bishopsgate, in 1729; entered the church of England in 1731; married Esther Gougeon in London,11 June 1738, and was rector of East Barnet from 1739 to 1743. Going to Ireland with Lord Harrington, the father became rector of Navan in 1747, was provost and archdeacon of Tuam from 1753 to 1758, was rector of Clonenagh from 1758 until his death thirty years later, and published in English, in 1788, 'A Short Account of the Doctrines and Practices of the Church of Rome, divested of all Controversy.' His brother, Louis de Beaufort, published (in 1738) a work on the uncertainty of Roman history, supposed to have given some suggestions to Niebuhr.
Daniel Augustus was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, of which he was elected a scholar in 1757. He became B.A. in 1759, M.A. in 1764, and LL.D. (honoris causa) in 1789. He was ordained by the Bishop of Salisbury, and, in succession to his father, was rector of Navan, co. Meath, from 1765 to 1818. In 1790 he was presented by the Right Hon. John Foster to the vicarage of Collon, co. Louth. He afterwards built the church at Collon, where he remained until his death in 1821. He was successively collated to the prebendal stalls of Kilconnell, in the diocese of Clonfert, (3 Oct. 1818), and of Mayne, in the diocese of Ossory (20 April 1820).
Dr. Beaufort took a prominent part in the foundation of Sunday schools and in the preparation of elementary educational works. The Royal Irish Academy owed its formation in great measure to his exertions. His most important work was his map of Ireland, published in 1792, and accompanied by a memoir of the civil and ecclesiastical state of the country. All the places marked on the map are systematically indexed in the memoir and assigned to their respective parishes, baronies, &c. In the preface the author states that this map was prepared from original observations to remedy the defects of existing maps of Ireland. Competent authorities pronounce it and the memoir to be valuable contributions to geography. The publication of this work was encouraged by the Marquis of Buckingham, lord-lieutenant of Ireland. Beaufort married Mary, daughter and coheiress of William Waller, of Allenstown, co. Meath. Their elder son, William Louis Beaufort (1771-1849), was rector of Glanmire, and prebendary of Rathcooney, Cork, from 1814 until his death in 1849. Their younger son was Sir Francis Beaufort [q. v.].
[Information from W. M. Beaufort, Esq.; Times, 18 June 1821; Gent. Mag. vol ix.; Cotton's Fasti Hibernici; Monthly Review, xiii. 173; Webb's Compendium of Irish Biography.]
A. G-n.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.19 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
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