OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Parker, Edward Griffin

Edition of 1900.
​PARKER, Edward Griffin, lawyer, b. in Boston, Mass., 16 Nov., 1825; d. in New York city, 30 March, 1868. He was graduated at Yale in 1847, studied law under Rufus Choate, was admitted to the bar in 1849, and practised in Boston till the beginning of the civil war. In 1857-'8 he edited the political department of the Boston “Traveller.” He became a volunteer aide on Gen. Benjamin F. Butler's staff in 1861, and the next year was adjutant-general and chief of staff to Gen. John H. Martindale during his command of the Department of Washington. He settled in New York after the war, and was in charge of the American literary bureau of reference. He contributed frequently to the press, and published “The Golden Age of American Oratory” (Boston, 1857) and “Reminiscences of Rufus Choate” (New York, 1860).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Parker, Foxhall Alexander

Edition of 1900.
​PARKER, Foxhall Alexander, naval officer, b. in New York city, 5 Aug., 1821; d. in Annapolis, Md., 10 June, 1879. He was graduated at the naval school in Philadelphia in 1843, served against the Florida Indians, and was commissioned lieutenant, 21 Sept., 1850. He was executive officer at the Washington navy-yard in 1861-'2, co-operated with the Army of the Potomac on several occasions in command of seamen, built Fort Dahlgren, and drilled 2,000 seamen in the exercise of artillery and small arms, thereby promoting the success of Admiral Andrew H. Foote's operations with the Mississippi flotilla. He became commander on 16 July, 1862, had charge of the steam gun-boat “Mahaska” in active service off Wilmington and Yorktown, and of the “Wabash,” off Charleston, from June to September, 1863, and from the latter date till the close of the war commanded the Potomac flotilla, which consisted at one time of forty-two vessels, and frequently engaged the enemy. In July, 1866, he was promoted captain for “good service during the rebellion.” He became commodore in 1872, was on special duty in Washington in August of that year to draw up a code of signals for steam tactics, and in 1873-'6 was chief signal officer of the navy. He was chief of staff of the united fleets, under Admiral Augustus L. Case that assembled for instruction in the Florida waters in December, 1874, and was one of the founders of the U. S. naval institute. He died while superintendent of the U. S. naval academy, to which he was appointed in 1878. He was for many years a contributor to newspapers and magazines, and published “Fleet Tactics Under Steam” (New York, 1863); “Squadron Tactics Under Steam” (1863); “The Naval Howitzer Afloat” (1865); “ The Naval Howitzer Ashore” (1865) all of which are text-books in the U. S. naval academy; “The Fleets of the World: The Galley Period” (1876); and “The Battle of Mobile Bay and the Capture of Forts Powell, Gaines, and Morgan, under the Command of David G. Farragut and Gordon Granger” (Boston, 1878). — His brother, William Harwar, naval officer, b. in New York city, 8 Oct., 1826, was graduated at the U. S. naval academy in 1848, became a lieutenant in 1855, and in 1861 entered the Confederate service. He has published “Instructions for Naval Light Artillery” (New York, 1862) and “Recollections of a Naval Officer” (1883).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Parker, Amasa Junius

Edition of 1900.
​PARKER, Amasa Junius, b. in Sharon, Conn., 2 June, 1807; d. in Albany, N.Y., 13 May, 1890. His father, Daniel, was for many years a Congregational clergyman, and a teacher in Greenville, N. Y., and elsewhere. The son went to Union in the summer of 1825, passed an examination on the whole course, ​and received his degree with the class of that year. He was admitted to the bar of Delhi, N. Y., in 1828, and settled in practice there as the partner of his uncle, Amasa Parker. He was in the legislature in 1834, was elected to congress as a Democrat in 1836, serving one term, was appointed circuit judge and vice-chancellor of the 3d district of New York in 1844, and held office till 1847. He was then elevated to the supreme bench of the state. He resumed practice in 1855 in Albany, was an unsuccessful candidate for governor in 1856, and again in 1858, and declined the office of U. S. district attorney for the southern district of New York in 1859. After his retirement from the bench he occupied no public office, except that of a delegate to the state constitutional conventions in 1867 and in 1868, but continued in the full practice of his profession, in which he took high rank. He was an active advocate of the reforms by which the court of chancery was abolished, law and equity powers vested in the same tribunal, and the practice of the courts simplified. In 1853 he visited England, and, at the request of Lord Brougham, addressed the Law-reform club on that subject at its annual meeting. He occupied many offices of trust, including the presidency of the board of trustees of Albany medical college, was a regent of the University of New York in 1835-'44, and a trustee of Cornell and of Union. He received the degree of LL. D. His publications include six volumes of law reports (Albany, 1855-'69). He also assisted in preparing the “Revised Statutes” (3 vols., 1859), and edited “The Reports of the Decisions in Criminal Cases” (1858-'77).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Parker, Ely Samuel

Edition of 1900. The 1888 edition notes that he was a chief of the Six Nations.
​PARKER, Ely Samuel, soldier, b. in the Indian reservation, Tonawanda, N. Y., in 1828; d. in Fairfield, Conn., 31 Aug., 1895. He was a full-blooded Seneca of the Six Nations. After receiving a careful education in schools in New York state, he adopted the profession of civil engineering, and settled in Galena, Ill., where he was the personal friend of Ulysses S. Grant, and subsequently, during the civil war, he became a member of the general's staff. He was appointed assistant adjutant-general with the rank of captain in May, 1863, and was afterward secretary to Gen. Grant until the close of the war. In that capacity he was present at Lee's surrender, and made the first engrossed copy of the terms of capitulation. He was appointed 1st lieutenant of U. S. cavalry in 1866, resigning in 1869. He was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers on 9 April, 1865, and captain, major, lieutenant-colonel, colonel, and brigadier-general, U. S. army, 2 March, 1867. He became commissioner of Indian affairs in 1869, but retired in 1871 to devote himself to his profession.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Parker, Francis Wayland

Edition of 1900.
​PARKER, Francis Wayland, educator, b. in Bedford, N. H., 9 Oct., 1837. He was educated in the public schools and at the University of Berlin, and taught during his early manhood, but at the beginning of the civil war enlisted as a private in the 4th regiment of New Hampshire volunteers, from which he was mustered out in 1805 as lieutenant-colonel. He then resumed teaching, was superintendent of public schools in Quincy, Mass., supervisor of the Boston public schools, and subsequently principal of the Cook county normal school, Ill. Dartmouth gave him the degree of M. A. in 1886. He has published “Talks on Teaching” (New York, 1883); “The Practical Teacher” (1884); “Course in Arithmetic” (1884); and “How to Teach Geography” (1885).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Parker, Daniel

Edition of 1900.
​PARKER, Daniel, soldier, b. in Shirley, Mass., 29 Jan., 1782; d. in Washington. D. C., 5 April, 1846. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1801, read law, and was admitted to the bar in Charlestown, Mass. He became chief clerk in the U. S. war department in 1810, adjutant and inspector-general, 22 Nov., 1814, paymaster-general in 1821, and in 1841 he returned to the war department as chief clerk. He published an “Army Register” (Washington, D. C., 1816). — His brother, Leonard Moody, lawyer, b. in Shirley, Mass., 9 Jan., 1789; d. there, 25 Aug., 1854, was graduated at Dartmouth in 1808, began the practice of law in Charlestown, Mass., was judge-advocate in the U. S. army in 1812-'14, and after the war resumed his profession. He was naval officer of Boston in 1830-'4, retired at the latter date, and for many years afterward was a member of the legislature.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Parker, Henry

Edition of 1900.
​PARKER, Henry, president of Georgia, b. near Savannah, Ga., about 1690; d. in the isle of Hope, Ga., after 1777. He was bailiff of Savannah in 1734, which office at that time was identical with that of magistrate, and shortly afterward he colonized the isle of Hope. When the province was divided into two counties in 1741, he became an assistant to Sir William Stephens, president of the Savannah province, succeeding him in 1750. In that year he presided over the first assembly in Georgia, in which the executive and the members addressed each other according to parliamentary formalities. When the province surrendered the charter in 1754, he resigned the governorship and retired to his plantation on the isle of Hope, where he died at an advanced age.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Detmold, William Ludwig

Edition of 1900.
​DETMOLD, William Ludwig, surgeon, b. in Hanover, Germany, 27 Dec., 1808; d. in New York city, 26 Dec., 1894. His father was a physician. William received his medical degree from the University of Göttingen in 1830, and enlisted as surgeon in the royal Hanoverian grenadier-guard. He came to the United States on leave of absence in 1837, and sent his resignation from New York, he became professor of military surgery and hygiene at Columbia in 1862, and was made professor emeritus in 1866. Dr. Detmold introduced orthopedic surgery into the United States, and during the civil war acted as volunteer surgeon in Virginia. He introduced a knife and fork for one-handed men, which was put by Surgeon-General Barnes on the supply list, under the name of “Detmold's knife.” Among his numerous contributions to medical literature is “Opening an Abscess in the Brain,” in the “Journal of the Medical Sciences” for February, 1850. — His brother, Christian Edward, engineer, b. in Hanover, 2 Feb., 1810; d. in New York city, 2 July, 1887, was educated at the military academy in his native city, and came to New York in 1826, with the intention of entering the Brazilian army. But unfavorable accounts of the condition of that country induced him to remain here, and he became well known as an engineer. In 1827 he made many surveys in Charleston, S. C., and vicinity, and in 1828 made the drawings for the first locomotive built by the Messrs. Kemble in New York. In 1833-'4 he was in the employ of the U. S. war department, and superintended the laying of the foundations of Fort Sumter during the illness of the ​engineer in charge of the work. After making surveys for railroads in various parts of the country, he became interested in the manufacture of iron, and introduced several improvements, including the utilization of the waste gases from blast and other furnaces. In 1845-'52 he engaged in this manufacture in Maryland, and then built the New York “Crystal Palace.” He afterward became president of the New Jersey zinc company, built their works at Newark, and originated and successfully developed the manufacture of “spiegel” iron from the residue of the zinc ore. He then engaged in coal-mining, but failing health forced him to go to Europe, where he lived, most of the time in Paris, till his return to New York in 1885. He published a translation of the principal historical, political, and diplomatic writings of Machiavelli (4 vols., Boston, 1882).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Dielman, Frederick

Edition of 1900.
​DIELMAN, Frederick, artist, b. in Hanover, Germany, 25 Dec., 1847. He came to this country when a child, was graduated at Calvert college, Baltimore, Md., in 1864, and in 1866-'72 served as a topographer and draughtsman of U. S. engineers in Fortress Monroe and Baltimore, and in the survey of canal-routes over the Alleghanies of Virginia. He then studied art under Diez in the Royal academy, Munich, gaining a medal in the life class, and afterward opened a studio in New York city, taking a prominent place as a genre painter and illustrator of books and magazines. He has contributed largely to editions de luxe of Longfellow, Hawthorne, George Eliot, and other writers, and to the various publications of the Tile club, of which he is a member. Mr. Dielman was one of the original members of the Society of American artists, was made a National academician in 1883, and is also a member of the American water-color society, the New York etching club, and the Salmagundi sketch club. Among his pictures shown at National academy exhibitions are “The Patrician Lady” (1877); “Young Gamblers” (1885); and a “Head” (1886). One of the best known of his illustrations is that entitled “A Girl I Know,” which has been engraved by Cole.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Dix, Dorothea Lynde

Edition of 1900.
​DIX, Dorothea Lynde, philanthropist, b. in Worcester, Mass., about 1794; d. in Trenton, N. J., 19 July, 1887. After the death, in 1821, of her father, a merchant in Boston, she established a school for girls in that city. Hearing of the neglected condition of the convicts in the state prison, she visited them, and became interested in the welfare of the unfortunate classes, for whose elevation she labored until 1834, when, her health becoming impaired, she gave up her school and visited Europe, having inherited from a relative sufficient property to render her independent. She returned to Boston in 1837 and devoted herself to investigating the condition of paupers, lunatics, and prisoners, encouraged by her friend and pastor, Rev. Dr. Channing, of whose children she had been governess. In this work she has visited every state of the Union east of the Rocky mountains, endeavoring to persuade legislatures to take measures for the relief of the poor and wretched. She was especially influential in procuring legislative action for the establishment of state lunatic asylums in New York, Pennsylvania. North Carolina, Illinois, Indiana, and other states. In April, 1854, in consequence of her unwearied exertions and petitions that she presented to congress in 1848 and 1850, a bill passed both houses appropriating 10,000,000 acres to the several states for the relief of the indigent insane; but the bill was vetoed by President Pierce, on the ground that the general government had no constitutional power to make such appropriations. During the civil war she was superintendent of hospital nurses, having the entire control of their appointment and assignment to duty. After its close she resumed her labors for the insane. Miss Dix published anonymously “The Garland of Flora” (Boston, 1829), and “Conversations about Common Things,” “Alice and Ruth,” “Evening Hours,” and other books for children; also, “Prisons and Prison Discipline” (Boston, 1845); and a variety of tracts for prisoners. She is also the author of many memorials to legislative bodies on the subject of lunatic asylums and reports on philanthropic subjects.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Dixwell, John

Edition of 1900.
​DIXWELL, JOHN, regicide, b. probably in Folkstone, Kent, England, in 1607; d. New Haven, Conn., 18 March, 1689. It appears that he was a man of estate, and was descended from a family long prominent in Kent and Warwickshire. In the revolution of 1640 he espoused the popular cause, was a colonel in the parliamentary army, a member of four parliaments, thrice in the council, and also one of the court that tried and condemned Charles I. After the Restoration he and his associates were condemned to death, but Dixwell escaped to America. He changed his name to John Davids, and lived undiscovered in New Haven, where he was married and left children. In 1664 he visited two of his fellow-regicides, Whalley and Goff, who had found a refuge at Hadley, Mass. Up to the time of his death he cherished a hope that the spirit of liberty in England would produce a new revolution. See Stiles's “History of Three of the Judges of Charles I. — Whalley, Goffe, Diexwell” (Hartford, 1794).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Divol, Ira

Edition of 1900.
​DIVOL, Ira, instructor, b. in Topham, Vt., in October, 1820; d. in Baraboo, Wis., 22 June, 1871. He lost both parents while still a child, and was fitted for college by an elder brother. He was graduated at the University of Vermont in 1847, and, going to New Orleans, became principal of a grammar-school. In 1852 he turned his attention to law, but removed to St. Louis in 1855, and was elected superintendent of the public schools, holding this office for eleven years, when failing health compelled his withdrawal. He was afterward elected state superintendent of public schools. His firm policy carried the schools safely through the dangers of the civil war, and prevented their disintegration. He also laid the foundation of the public-school library, which afterward became the public library in St. Louis.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Dieskau, Jean Erdman

Edition of 1900.
​DIESKAU, Jean Erdman, Baron, German soldier, b. in Saxony in 1701; d. in Surenne, near Paris, 8 Sept., 1767. He was aide-de-camp of Marshal Maurice de Saxe, and visited St. Petersburg in that officer's interest in 1741. He also served in the Netherlands, and in 1748 became major-general of infantry and commander of Brest. He was sent to Canada on 20 Feb., 1755, at the head of French troops, to conduct the campaign against the English. With 600 savages, as many Canadians, and 200 regulars, he ascended Lake Champlain to its head, designing to attack Fort Edward; but the guides took the road to Lake George by mistake. On 8 Sept. he was informed by scouts that a detachment of 1,000 men under Col. Ephraim Williams, of Massachusetts, had been sent against him, and, disposing his men in ambush in the form of a horseshoe, he surprised the enemy and put them to flight. After pursuing their opponents to the British camp, the Indians halted, the Canadians became alarmed, and Dieskau, with his 200 regulars, was forced to sustain the fight. For five hours the New England militia “kept up the most violent fire that had yet been known in America.” Almost all the French regulars perished, and Dieskau himself was thrice wounded; but he refused to retire, and seated himself on a stump, exposed to the bullets. Finally, seeing a soldier approaching as if to capture him, Dieskau put his hand into his pocket for his watch, which he intended to give to his captor; but the man, supposing that he was drawing a pistol, shot him, inflicting a wound that ultimately caused his death. Dieskau was kept a prisoner till 1763, when he was exchanged and returned to France, where he was given a pension.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VI/Anatolius and Minor Writers/Malchion/Elucidations

Elucidations.
I.
(The epistle written by Malchion, p. 169.)
Malchion, though a presbyter of Antioch, reflects the teaching of Alexandria, and illustrates its far-reaching influence. Firmilian, presiding at the Council of Antioch, was a pupil of Origen; and Dionysius was felt in the council, though unable to be present. Malchion and Firmilian, therefore, vindicate the real mind of Origen, though speaking in language matured and guarded. This council was, providentially, a rehearsal for Nicæa.
II.
(Putting a stop to psalms, etc., p. 170.)
Coleridge notes this, with an amusing comment on Paulus Samosatenus, and refers to Pliny’s letter, of which see vol. v. p. 604, this series. Jeremy Taylor, from whom Coleridge quotes, gives the passage of our author as follows: “Psalmos et cantus qui ad Dom. nostri J. C. honorem decantari solent, tanquam recentiores et a viris recentioris memoriæ editos, exploserit” (Works, ii. p. 281, ed. Bohn, 1844). Observe what Coleridge says elsewhere on errors attributed to Origen: “Never was a great man so misunderstood as Origen.” He adds: “The caro noumenon was what Origen meant by Christ’s ‘flesh consubstantial with His Godhead.’”

## Footnotes

* ↑ Notes on English Divines, vol. i. p. 199.
* ↑ Ibid., p. 313.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VI/Anatolius and Minor Writers/Phileas
## Contents

* Translator's Biographical Notice
* Epistle of Phileas 1
* The Epistle of the Same Phileas of Thmuis to Meletius, Bishop of Lycopolis
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VI/Anatolius and Minor Writers/Malchion/From the Acts of the Disputation 1

III.—From the Acts of the Disputation Conducted by Malchion Against Paul of Samosata.
The compound is surely made up of the simple elements, even as in the instance of Jesus Christ, who was made one (person), constituted by God the Word, and a human body which is of the seed of David, and who subsists without having any manner of division between the two, but in unity. You, however, appear to me to decline to admit a constitution after this fashion: to the effect that there is not in this person, the Son of God according to substance, but only the Wisdom according to participation. For you made this assertion, that the Wisdom bears dispensing, and therefore cannot be compounded; and you do not consider that the divine Wisdom remained undiminished, even as it was before it evacuated itself; and thus in this self-evacuation, which it took upon itself in compassion (for us), it continued undiminished and unchangeable. And this assertion you also make, that the Wisdom dwelt in Him, just as we also dwell in houses, the one in the other, and yet not as if we formed a part of the house, or the house a part of us.

## Footnotes

* ↑ In Petrus Diaconus, De Incarnat. ad Fulgentium, ch. 6. Among the works of Fulgentius, Epistle 16.
* ↑ Ex simplicibus fit certe compositum.
* ↑ Compositionem.
* ↑ Quia sapientia dispendium patiatur et ideo composita esse non possit—the sense intended being perhaps just that Paul alleged that the divine Wisdom admitted of being dispensed or imparted to another, but not of being substantially united with him.—Tr.
* ↑ Exinanisset.
* ↑ Some read alter in altero, others alter in altera.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VI/Anatolius and Minor Writers/Malchion/Translator's Biographical Notice

Translator’s Biographical Notice.
[a.d. 270.] Eusebius speaks of Malchion as a man accomplished in other branches of learning and well-versed in Greek letters in particular, and as holding the presidency of the Sophists’ school at Antioch. Jerome says that he taught rhetoric most successfully in the same city.  Nor was it only that he excelled in secular erudition; but for the earnest sincerity of his Christian faith he obtained the dignity of presbyter in the church of that place, as Eusebius also tells us. He took part in the Synod of Antioch, which Eusebius calls the final council, and which Gallandi and others call the second, in opposition to Pearson, who holds that there was but one council at Antioch. This synod met apparently about a.d. 269, and dealt with Paul of Samosata, who had introduced the heresy of Artemon into the church of Antioch; and Eusebius says that Malchion was the only one who, in the discussion which took place there with the arch-heretic, and which was taken down by stenographers who were present, was able to detect the subtle and crafty sentiments of the man. Paul’s real opinions being thus unveiled, after he had baffled the acuteness of his ecclesiastical judges for some time, he was at length convicted; and the discussion was published, and a synodical epistle was sent on the subject to Dionysius, bishop of Rome, and to Maximus of Alexandria, and to all the provinces, which, according to Jerome (De vir. illustr., ch. 71), was written by Malchion, and of which we have extracts in Eusebius.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Hist. Eccles., vii. 29.
* ↑ ἀνὴρ τά τε ἄλλα λόγιος.
* ↑ De viris illustr., ch. 71.
* ↑ In Eusebius, vii. 30. [Elucidation I., p. 172.]