OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bartholomew, David Ewen

​BARTHOLOMEW, DAVID EWEN (d. 1821), captain in the royal navy, a native of Linlithgowshire, was pressed out of a merchant ship in 1794. He appears to have had a superior education for his rank of life, and was shortly after his impressment rated as a midshipman. He served in the West Indies, on the coast of Ireland, in the North Sea, and with Sir Home Popham in the Romney on the East India station. When the Romney was paid off, in 1803, he found himself 'a passed midshipman adrift upon the wide world,' and wrote to Lord St. Vincent, then first lord of the admiralty, stating his services and asking for advancement. Lord St. Vincent was not likely to consider with favour the claims of any one who might be supposed to be a protégé of Sir Home Popham, and took no notice of his letter. Bartholomew continued writing, and at the eighth letter St. Vincent, wearied of his importunity, ordered him to be pressed. He was sent down to the Inflexible at the Nore, but was soon afterwards again placed on the quarter-deck. The case was brought before parliament and was referred to a select committee, which reported, by implication, that the impressment of Bartholomew was a violation of the usage of the navy, an arbitrary and violent act which must disgust all young men who have nothing but their merits to recommend them, and likely, therefore, to be injurious to the service.
It was probably in consequence of this report that he was promoted to be a lieutenant, 20 July 1805, in which rank he served throughout the greater part of the war, till in February 1812, whilst in command of the Richmond brig, on the south coast of Spain, he drove on shore and destroyed the French privateer Intrépide. For this gallant service he was made commander, 21 March 1812; and after some little time on half-pay he had command of the Erebus rocket-ship on the coast of North America. This formed one of the small squadron which, under Captain James Alexander Gordon, went up the Potomac, received the capitulation of Alexandria, 28 Aug., and forced its way back after an arduous and brilliant campaign of twenty-three days (James, Naval History (ed. 1860), v. 180). He was next engaged on the coast of Georgia, and on 22 Feb. 1815 in the boat expedition, under Captain Phillott, up the St. Mark's river (ibid. v. 236). His conduct on these occasions won for him his post rank, which he received on 13 June, as well as the companionship of the Bath. In 1818 he was appointed to the Leven, a small frigate, for surveying service, in which he was engaged for nearly three years. He had surveyed the Azores, part of the west coast of Africa, and was employed amongst the Cape Verde Islands, when he sickened and died at Porto Praya in the island of St. Iago, 19 Feb. 1821.
[Rose, New Gen. Biog. Dict.]
J. K. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Douglas, William (1780-1832)

​DOUGLAS, WILLIAM (1780–1832), miniature-painter, a descendant of the family of Douglas of Glenbervie, was born in Fifeshire 14 April 1780. He received a liberal education, and very early showed a taste for the fine arts and the beauties of nature. This led to his being placed as an apprentice to Robert Scott the engraver [q. v.] at Edin​burgh, John Burnet the engraver [q. v.] being one of his fellow-apprentices. Though he had skill as a landscape-painter, he adopted the profession of a miniature-painter, and gained considerable success, not only in Scotland, but in England. He was one of the associated artists who exhibited in Edinburgh from 1808 to 1816, and contributed to their exhibitions numerous miniatures, landscapes, and animal-pieces. He had numerous patrons, especially the Duke of Buccleuch and his family, and on 9 July 1817 he was appointed miniature-painter to Princess Charlotte and Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg. His miniatures were much esteemed for their tasteful and delicate execution. Some of these were exhibited by him at the Royal Academy in London in 1818, 1819, 1826, including a portrait of Lieutenant-general Sir John Hope. Douglas died at his residence in Hart Street, Edinburgh, 30 Jan. 1832, leaving a widow, one son, and two daughters. His eldest daughter, Miss Archibald Ramsay Douglas, born 23 April 1807, also practised as a miniature-painter. She exhibited at the Royal Academy in London in 1834, 1836, 1841, and died in Hart Street, Edinburgh, 25 Dec. 1886.
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Douglas, William (1533-1591)

​DOUGLAS, WILLIAM, ninth Earl of Angus (1533–1591), eldest son of Archibald Douglas of Glenbervie and Lady Agnes Keith, daughter of William, second earl Marischal, was born in 1533. His paternal grandfather was William Douglas of Braidwood and Glenbervie, second son of Archibald, fifth earl of Angus (‘Bell-the-Cat’), and on the failure of the heirs male of the eldest son of that earl in the death of Archibald, eighth earl of Angus, William Douglas of Glenbervie succeeded, in right of entails made by Archibald, sixth earl of Angus, in 1547, as ninth earl. James VI, who as grandson of Lady Margaret Douglas, the daughter of the sixth earl, was heir of line, instituted legal proceedings for the reduction of these entails as being expressly violations of the law of God, the law of man, and the law of nature. The court of session repelled the king's claim, but James had other weapons, and the laird of Glenbervie judged it most prudent to accept a proffered renunciation of the royal claim at the king's own price, thirty-five thousand merks, and the loss of his lands of Braidwood.
While laird of Glenbervie, Douglas attained to some repute as a soldier at the battle of Corrichie in 1562, where he sided with Queen Mary against the Earl of Huntly. On later occasions he also fought against Huntly. He was chancellor of the assize which convicted Francis, earl of Bothwell, for whose incarceration he lent his castle of Tantallon, at the king's request. As a privy councillor he was required to reside in Edinburgh for the government of the country every alternate fifteen days during the absence of James VI when he went to bring over his Danish bride, and on their arrival he took part in the coronation ceremonial. He died at Glenbervie on 1 July 1591, in the fifty-ninth year of his age, and was buried in the Douglas aisle at the parish church of Glenbervie. His countess, Egidia, daughter of Robert Grahame of Morphie, whom he married in 1552, erected a monument to him and herself there. They had a family of nine sons and four daughters, and three of the younger sons originated the families of ​Douglas of Glenbervie, of Bridgeford, and of Barras.
H. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Malachy MacAedh

Malachy Mac Aedh in the ODNB.
​MALACHY MACAEDH (d. 1348), archbishop of Tuam, was a canon of Elphin, and in 1307 was elected bishop of that see by one party of the canons, the remainder choosing Liathanach O'Conchobhair, abbot of Loch Cé, who obtained possession of the bishopric. But Malachy was supported by the metropolitan, William Bermingham [q. v.], archbishop of Tuam; he therefore went to Rome, where after three years the pope decided in his favour, and on 22 June 1310 he received consecration; the papal decision was confirmed by the king on 7 Dec. 1310. In 1312 Malachy was elected archbishop of Tuam; the king issued a commendatory letter to the pope on 24 Aug., and on 19 Dec. he received consecration. The temporalities were restored on 1 April 1313. Malachy, pursuing the policy of his predecessors, endeavoured to drive out Gilbert, bishop of Ennachdune or Annaghdown, Galway (cf. Fœdera, ii. 45), and in 1324 sought the aid of Pope John XXII, who issued a bull three years later, uniting not only Annaghdown, but also Killala and Kilmacduagh to Tuam. Edward III opposed the proposal, but on a vacancy to Annaghdown in 1330 the bull took effect so far as that see was concerned. Malachy died 10 Aug. 1348, and was buried in Tuam Cathedral. According to Tanner, he wrote in Irish a list of the kings of Ireland from Nellus Nigaialach to Roderic O'Connor. He has often been confused with Malachy (fl. 1310) [q. v.], the Franciscan, but the archbishop was clearly a secular priest, and not a friar. MacAedh means MacHugh, and is identical with the later Magee.
[Annals of Loch Cé (Rolls Ser.); Four Masters, ed. Donovan; Ware's Works, ed. Harris; Tanner's Bibl. Brit.-Hib. p. 502; Cotton's Fasti Eccl. Hib. iv. 7–8, 54, 121; Chevalier's Repertoire des Sources historiques du Moyen Age; Burke's Catholic Archbishops of Tuam, pp. 39–44.]
C. L. K.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Major, Joshua

​MAJOR, JOSHUA (1787–1866), landscape-gardener, born in 1787, carried on his business at Knostrop, near Leeds, and long held a prominent position in his profession. He assisted in the formation of the first Sunday school in Leeds, of which he was ​superintendent for many years, and took an active interest in the other religious and charitable institutions of the town. He died on 26 Jan. 1866.
Major was author of:
* ‘A Treatise on the Insects most prevalent on Fruit Trees and Garden Produce,’ 8vo, London, 1829.
* ‘The Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening,’ 4to, London, 1852.
* ‘The Ladies' Assistant in the formation of their Flower Gardens,’ 4to, London, 1861, in which he was assisted by his son and successor, Henry Major.
He was also a frequent contributor to the ‘Gardeners' Magazine’ when under the editorship of J. C. Loudon [q. v.]
[Gardeners' Chronicle, 10 Feb. 1866, p. 128; Leeds Intelligencer, 3 Feb. 1866; Taylor's Biographia Leodiensis, p. 609.]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Major, Thomas

​MAJOR, THOMAS (1720–1799), engraver, was born in 1720. He was a direct descendant of Richard Major of Hursley, the father-in-law of Richard Cromwell. He resided for some years in Paris, where he associated with the English engravers Andrew Lawrence [q. v.] and John Ingram [q. v.], and was a pupil of Le Bas and Cochin. In October 1746 he was thrown into the Bastille with other Englishmen, as a reprisal for the imprisonment of the Irish regiment of Fitzjames after the battle of Culloden, but was released within ten days through the intervention of the Marquis d'Argenson. On the death of Lawrence in 1747, Major purchased his plates, among them that of the ‘Death of the Stag,’ after Wouvermans, which he completed in 1750, and dedicated to Lord Chesterfield. In Paris Major engraved a number of plates after Berghem, Teniers, Wouvermans, Claude, and other masters; and, after his return to England in 1753, produced many more of the ​ same character which he published himself in St. Martin's Lane. His plates are etched with much taste and skill, and well finished with the graver in the manner of Le Bas. In 1754 Major issued a series of his prints with the title, ‘Recueil d'Estampes gravées d'après les meilleurs tableaux des grands maîtres dont on a fait choix dans les cabinets les plus célèbres d'Angleterre et de France,’ and in 1768 a second edition, with the number increased to sixty-seven. Copies of some of Major's plates, bearing the name Jorma (anagram of Major), were published in Paris by Basan. Major's best figure-subject is Murillo's celebrated ‘Good Shepherd,’ which he engraved from a copy (then thought to be the original) at the time in his possession, but afterwards in the Bridgewater collection; the print was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1776. Major engraved a few portraits, including a series of four of Earl Granville, his two wives and his sister-in-law, Lady Charlotte Fermor, dated 1755 and 1757. In 1768 he published ‘The Ruins of Pæstum, otherwise Posidonia, in Magna Græcia,’ illustrated with excellent plates done from various authorities; this was translated into French in 1769, and into German in 1781. Major was the first English engraver who received the honours of the Royal Academy, being elected an associate in 1770; he held the appointment of engraver to the king, and was for forty years engraver to the stamp office. When the great seal was stolen from the house of Lord-chancellor Thurlow on 24 March 1784, Major, within twenty hours, provided a perfect temporary substitute, and afterwards executed one in silver, which was used until the union with Ireland. He died at his residence in Tavistock Row, Covent Garden, on 30 Dec. 1799, and was buried in Camberwell churchyard.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Huber and Martini's Manuel des Curieux, 1808, tom. ix.; Major's manuscript memoir of A. Lawrence, in print room of British Museum; Dodd's Collections in British Museum, Add. MS. 33403; Curtis's Velazquez and Murillo, 1883, p. 185; Royal Academy Catalogues; Gent. Mag. 1799, ii. 1194; Smith's Nollekens and his Times, ii. 333.]
F. M. O'D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Makin, Bathsua

The article wrongly identifies her father; John Pell the mathematician was her brother-in-law, not brother.
​MAKIN, BATHSUA (fl. 1673), learned lady, was daughter of John Pell, rector of Southwark, Sussex, and sister of John Pell (1610–1685) [q. v.] the eminent mathematician (Evelyn, Numismata, p. 265). She became the most learned Englishwoman of her time, and was appointed tutoress to Charles I's daughters, more especially to the Princess Elizabeth, whom she instructed in Greek, Latin, Hebrew, French, Italian, Spanish, and mathematics. She maintained a literary correspondance with Anna Maria van Schurman; in the latter's 'Opuscula' (edit. 1749, pp. 126-7) are two Greek letters addressed to her by Mrs. Makin. Among the Additional (Birch) MSS. in the British Museum (No. 4279, f. 103) there is an undated letter from Mrs. Makin to her brother, requesting him to send her a 'few lines of the position of the late comet' and his own observation of the phenomenon. In 1649 she probably keeping the 'schools, or colleges, of the young gentlewomen' at Putney, which Evelyn (Diary, 1850-2, i. 250) visited, 'with divers ladies,' on 17 April of that year. She asked the council of state for payment of the arrears of 40l. a year granted her for life for her attendance on Charles I's children, but her petition was dismissed on 16 Aug, 16S5 (Cat. State Papers, Dom. 1655, p. 290). Her ideas of female education are developed in a curious essay on the subject, published in 1673, when she kept a school at Tottenham High Cross. There is a very rare portrait of her by Marshall, engraved when she was resident at Tottenham.
[Granger's Biog. Hist. 2nd edit. ii. 392; Ballard's Memoirs, Preface, p. vii; Evans's Cat. of Engraved Portraits. i. 219; Jesse's House of Stuart, ii. 250; Mrs. Green's Princesses of England, vi. 346.]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Makkarell, Matthew

Matthew Mackarell in the ODNB.
​MAKKARELL or MACKARELL, MATTHEW (d. 1537), abbot of Barlings, Lincolnshire, was educated at Cambridge, and afterwards at Paris, where he was created D.D. He was incorporated in the name degree at Cambridge in 1516. He entered the order of Gilbertines or Premonstratensians, was made abbot of the house of the order at Alnwick, and preached the funeral sermon on Thomas Howard, second duke of Norfolk [q. v.], in 1524. He afterwards became abbot ​of Barlings, or Oxeney, in Lincolnshire, one of the greater abbeys, having a revenue of more than two hundred pounds a year (cf. Gairdner, Letters and Papers Henry VIII, ix. 1090). There is no evidence that he acknowledged the royal supremacy, but the authorities cannot have thought him over-conservative, or he would not have been appointed suffragan bishop of Lincoln (to John Longland [q. v.]) in 1535, with the title of Bishop of Chalcedon. In the Lincolnshire rebellion of 1536 he took a leading part. According to his own account (ib. xi. 805, xii. passim), he was compelled by the leaders to give the rebels food. But the story of his appearance in full armour is probably an error (cf. Froude, Hist. of Engl. iii. 105; Gasquet, Henry VIII and the Engl. Monasteries, ii. 75). The abbot probably approved of the rebels' demands for the restoration of the dissolved monasteries. All was over by 13 Oct., and the abbot was taken prisoner, examined in Lincoln and afterwards in London, and executed at Tyburn 27 March 1536–7. He seems to have given away property belonging to his abbey, some of which Sir William Parre ‘bulted forth’ from the ‘five or six simple men’ who held it.
Makkarell is said to have published:
* ‘Sermones in Evangelia Dominicalia per Odonem Cancellarium Parisiensem,’ Paris, 1520, 4to.
* ‘Sermones Dominicales.’ But neither of these works is in the British Museum.
[Authorities quoted; Cooper's Athenæ Cantabr. i. 61, 531; Dugdale's Monasticon, vi. 915; App. ii. 3rd Rep. Dep.-Keeper of Public Records; State Papers Henry VIII, i. 463 sqq.; Tanner's Bibl. Brit.-Hib.]
W. A. J. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Major, John (1782-1849)

​MAJOR, JOHN (1782–1849), bookseller and publisher, born in 1782, was son of Samuel Major of Duke Street, West Smithfield. He commenced business in a shop situate in the gateway of St. Bartholomew's Hospital. Thence he removed successively to Skinner Street, Fleet Street, and Great Russell Street, where his advice was much sought on account of his extensive knowledge of bibliography. When Dibdin, in November 1815, threatened to burn all the remaining copies (about 110) of the fourth volume of the ‘Bibliotheca Spenceriana,’ for which he was unable to find purchasers, Major took them over on liberal terms (Gent. Mag. vol. lxxxv. pt. ii. pp. 391, 513). He was afterwards a warm supporter of Dibdin's publications. He subscribed for no fewer than fifty copies of Dibdin's edition of ‘Thomas à Kempis’ (1828), and was the publisher of Dibdin's ‘Reminiscences’ (1836). But he suffered his affairs to become so entangled in Dibdin's speculations, that his failure followed. After struggling on for a few years longer, first at 29 St. Martin's Court, Leicester Square (1838), and latterly at 6 Museum Street, Bloomsbury (1839), Major abandoned business altogether, and on the recommendation of the Right Hon. Thomas Grenville obtained an asylum in the Charterhouse, where he died on 9 Jan. 1849. He left a son, John Stenson Major, a composer and teacher of music.
Major is well known by his beautiful edition of Walton and Cotton's ‘Complete Angler,’ with introduction and illustrative notes. It was first published in 1823; other editions succeeded respectively in 1824 (with 86 plates and woodcuts), 1835 (reprinted in 1839), and 1844 (re-edited, with new set of plates, and reprinted in 1847). The last and choicest edition was prepared by him while in the Charterhouse. He also published Walton's ‘Lives’ (1825), Walpole's ‘Anecdotes of Painting,’ with additions by the Rev. James Dallaway, 5 vols. (1826); Bunyan's ‘Pilgrim's Progress,’ with life by Southey (1830); ‘Hogarth moralized,’ with explanations by Dr. Trusler (1831 and 1841); Defoe's ‘Robinson Crusoe,’ and other finely printed and illustrated books.
Between 1825 and 1836 Major was a frequent contributor of rhymed squibs on the politics of the day to ‘John Bull.’ In 1837 he published ‘A Poetical Description of Bartholomew Fair, by One under a Hood;’ in 1843 a rhymed version of Dean Swift's ‘Advice to Servants,’ with twelve woodcuts by Kenny Meadows. Another specimen of his verse, entitled ‘Rational Madness, a Song for the Lovers of Curious and Rare Books,’ adapted to the tune of ‘Liberty Hall,’ was privately printed. In conjunction with his son he issued a little work called ‘The Pastoral Week,’ which is described as a ‘production of the genuine Waltonian school, both music and verse.’
[Gent. Mag. 1849, pt. i. pp. 322–3; Dibdin's Library Companion, 1825, p. 526; Dibdin's Reminiscences; Blakey's Literature of Angling, 1856, pp. 331–3.]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cleveland, Augustus

​CLEVELAND, AUGUSTUS (1766–1784), Bengal civilian, is said to have been a cousin of Sir John Shore, first lord Teignmouth and governor-general of India (Life of Lord Teignmouth) by his Son, i. 88), and seems to have been an Indian administrator of exceptional ability. He was collector and magistrate of Boglipoor, and died in his twenty-ninth year from his exertions in civilising the mountain tribes in his district and preventing them from fighting the inhabitants of the plains. Though he died so young, he had made his mark; Warren Hastings erected a monument to him at Calcutta, and the natives of his district one in their midst; John Shore wrote a remarkable monody on his early death (Life of Lord Teignmouth, i. 489-494), and Bishop Heber, who did not reach Calcutta until many years afterwards, found his memory still treasured in the province which he had ruled. One of his most judicious steps was to raise a corps of sepoys out of the wildest of the mountaineers, and to make the greatest freebooter their captain; and by giving them regular employment he saved the lowlands from their incursions. Bishop Heber found the monument at Boglipoor in good preservation, and relates that it was the custom of the natives to assemble there and hold a 'poojah' or religious festival in his honour; and Lord Hastings re-established the school which he had founded and revived his corps of mountaineers.
[Life of Lord Teignmouth, by his Son; Heber's Indian Journal.]
H. M. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cleverley, Samuel

​CLEVERLEY, SAMUEL (d. 1824), physician, was the son of William Cleverley, a shipbuilder of Gravesend. After some schooling at Rochester he attended for two years the borough hospitals, whence he removed to Edinburgh and took the degree of M.D. on 24 June 1797 (inaugural essay, 'De Anasarca'). With the object of further studying his profession he went abroad, and visited Halle, Göttingen, Vienna, and Paris. He was detained a prisoner in France for no less a period than eleven years, being confined successively at Fontainebleau, Verdun, and Valenciennes. At the latter depot he passed the greater part of his detention. On his arrival he found the prisoners in the utmost need of medical assistance. 'He accordingly proposed to the committee of Verdun, an association of the principal British officers and gentlemen in France, charged with the general distribution of charitable succours obtained from England, to give them his gratuitous care, which was gladly accepted, and a dispensary was in consequence established, though not without great difficulties from the French military authorities.' Cleverley was allowed to return home in 1814, when he received for his services at Valenciennes the marked thanks of the managing committee of Lloyd's. He eventually settled in London, was admitted a licentiate of the College of Physicians on 22 Dec. 1815, and appointed one of the physicians to the London Fever Hospital. He died at his house in Queen Anne Street, Cavendish Square, on 10 Nov. 1824.
[Munk's Coll. of Phys. (1878), iii. 141-2; Authentic Memoirs of the most Eminent Physicians and Surgeons of Great Britain (1828), p. 479.]
G. G.