# Primary Lessons in Swatow Grammar/Lesson XXV

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Indicative, Present. :
| uá | phah | |
| I | strike | or struck. |
| lṳ́ | phah. | |
| You | strike | or struck. |
| i | phah. | |
| We | strike | or struck |
| Past. |||
| uá chêng | phah | i. |
| I have | struck | him. |
| sĩ-uá | phah | i. |
| It was I who | struck | him. |
| | phah | i sĩ-uá. |
| (The one who) | struck | him—it was myself. |
| uá m̄-chêng | phah | i. |
| I have not | struck | him, or, did not strike him. |
| uá bô | phah | i. |
| I did not | strike | him. |
| uá íⁿ-keng | phah | i. |
| I had | struck | him, or have struck him. |
| | phah | i sĩ tî-tiâng? |
| (That) | struck | him—who was it? |
| i | phah | būe-hiah, uá ji̍p khṳ̀. |
| Before he had done | beating | him, I went in. |
| i chiang ki thûi | phah | i. |
| He took a club and | struck | him. |
| Future. |||
| uá àiⁿ | phah | i. |
| I will | strike | him. |
| uá bô-àiⁿ | phah | i. |
| I will not | strike | him. |
| uá chiang àiⁿ | phah | i. |
| I will | strike | him. |
| uá pit-pit àiⁿ | phah | i. |
| I certainly will | strike | him. |
| mùaⁿ-chá àiⁿ | phah | i. |
| To-morrow I will | strike | him. ​ |
| uá àiⁿ | phah | chiũ-phah. |
| If I want to | strike | then I will strike. |
| ẽ-hûe uá chiũ | phah | i. |
| Another time I (will) | strike | him |
| thāi uá ôiⁿ, uá lâi | phah | i. |
| When I have leisure I will | strike | him. |
| Perfect and Pluperfect. |||
| i soiⁿ | phah | uá, jiên-ãu uá phah-i. |
| He first | struck | me, and then I struck him. |
| lṳ́ būe-chêng-lâi uá | phah | i liáu. |
| Before you reached here I had previously | beaten | him. |
| uá būe-chêng-tàⁿ, i chiũ soiⁿ | phah | uá. |
| Before I had said anything he had first | beaten | me. |
| i būe-mn̄g mêng-pe̍h | phah | uá-liáu, chiàⁿ-mn̄g uá. |
| Before he had inquired clearly he | beat | me, and then asked me. |
| i m̄-jīn, tán-kàu lãu-tia | phah | cha̍p-ē, i chiàⁿ-jîn. |
| He would not confess till the mandarin had | struck | him ten blows, —then he confessed. |
| Future Perfect. |||
| i būe | phah | uá, uá chiũ soiⁿ-phah--i. |
| Before he | strikes | me, I will have struck him. |
| ṳ̃ i a-pẽ būe-kàu uá soiⁿ | phah | hó liáu. |
| I will arrange that before his father gets here I shall first have | beaten | him. |
| Potential Mood. |||
| uá õi tit | phah | i. |
| I can | strike | him. |
| uá | phah | i tit-kùe. |
| I can | strike | him, i.e. I am able to do it. |
| uá | phah | i m̄-tie̍h. |
| In | striking | him I cannot succeed, i.e. cannot get at him. |
| lũn | phah | õi-phah. |
| As regards | striking | I can strike. ​ |
| uá eng-kai | phah | i. |
| I need to | strike | him. |
| pit-su-tie̍h | phah | i. |
| It is necessary to | strike | him. |
| Subjunctive Mood. |||
| úa a sĩ | phah | i. |
| I, if I | strike | him, or struck him. |
| úa nāⁿ-sĩ | phah | i. |
| If I should | strike | him. |
| úa jia̍k-sĩ | phah | i. |
| If I | struck | him. |
| khó-pí úa | phah | i. |
| Supposing that I | struck | him, or should strike him. |
| chò uá | phah | i. |
| If it were so that I | struck | him, or if it had been I that had struck him. |
| siet-sái úa | phah | i |
| Suppose that I | struck | him. |
| khó-pí chò-úa | phah | i. |
| Suppose for example that I had | struck | him, or should strike him. |
| Imperative Mood. |||
| | phah! | |
| | Strike! | |
| tie̍h | phah! | |
| | Strike! | (emphatic). |
| màiⁿ | phah! | |
| Don’t | strike! | |
| m̄-hó | phah! | |
| Don’t | strike! | |
| lṳ́ méⁿ-méⁿ | phah | i! |
| | Strike | him quickly! |
| lṳ́ khṳ̀ | phah | i. |
| You go and | strike | him. |
| Infinitive Mood. |||
| lṳ́ chò-káⁿ | phah | i. |
| How dare you to | strike | him. |
| i chuan-lâi | phah | úa. |
| He came on purpose to | strike | me. |
| lṳ́ khá-káⁿ | phah | i a-m̄-káⁿ? |
| Dare you to | strike | him or not? ​ |
| i khí lâi | phah | i. |
| He rose to | strike | him. |
| ṳ̃-pĩ | phah | i. |
| He got ready to | strike | him. |
| Participles. |||
| i | phah | būe-hiah, uá ji̍p--khṳ̀. |
| Before he had ceased | striking | him I entered. |
| uá lâi i tõ | phah | i. |
| When I came he was | striking | him. |
| uá chhut khṳ̀ nõⁿ-nâng huân iáu tõ-sie | phah. | |
| When I came out the two men were still | fighting. | |
Ind, Pres. :
| pĩ | phah. | |
| Is | struck. | |
| uá pĩ-i | phah. | |
| I am | struck | by him. |
| uá pĩ-nâng | phah. | |
| I am | struck | by somebody. |
| Past, &c. |||
| uá khṳt-i | phah | liáu. |
| I have been already | struck | by him. |
| uá khṳt-i | phah | tie̍h. |
| I have been | struck | by him. |
| uá khṳt-i | phah | sieⁿ. |
| I have been | struck | and wounded by him. |
| uá íⁿ-keng khṳt-i | phah | tie̍h. |
| I have or had been | struck | by him. |
| uá soiⁿ khṳt-i | phah | kùe. |
| I had first been | beaten | by him. |
| uá khṳt-i | phah | kàu ou-chhe. |
| I have been | struck | by him until black and blue. |
| uá khṳt-i | phah | kàu chiang-sí. |
| I have been | struck | by him until I was about dead. |
| Future. |||
| uá chiang-lâi pĩ-i | phah. | |
| I will hereafter be | beaten | by him. ​ |
| kiaⁿ ùi khṳt-i | phah. | |
| Afraid lest I shall be | beaten | by him. |
| lṳ́ m̄-chai-hûang chiũ khṳt-i | phah. | |
| If you don’t take care you will be | beaten | by him. |
| i pit-tie̍h khṳt-i | phah. | |
| He certainly will be | beaten | by him. |
| khióng-phàⁿ pĩ-i | phah. | |
| I fear lest I shall be | beaten | by him. |
| būe-ũ-nâng chó-chí, uá soiⁿ khṳt-i | phah | liáu. |
| Before any man stopped him I had already been | beaten | by him (Pluper.) |
| nâng būe-ũ chó-chí i khióng-phàⁿ khṳt-i | phah | tie̍h. |
| Before any man can him I am afraid I shall be | beaten. | |
| lṳ́ būe-tàⁿ, lṳ́ chiũ tie̍h soiⁿ pun-i | phah. | |
| Before you can say anything you will first have been | beaten | by him. |
| Pot’l |||
| lṳ́ õi-pun-i | phah | tie̍h-a-bõi? |
| Can you be | beaten | by him or not? |
| bõi pun nâng | phah. | |
| He can’t be | beaten | by people. |
| eng-kai pun nâng | phah. | |
| It is necessary to be | beaten. | |
| ēng-pun i | phah | chiũ pun-i phah. |
| If it is needful to be | beaten, | then I will be beaten by him. |
| Subj. |||
| uá a-sĩ khṳt-i | phah. | |
| If I am | beaten | by him. |
| uá a-sĩ pun nâng | phah. | |
| If I am | beaten | by people. |
| Imp. |||
| tie̍h-khṳt-i | phah! | |
| Be | beaten | by him. |
| i tie̍h khat-khóu nãiⁿ-siũ | phah. | |
| Let him patiently take a | beating. | |
| Inf. |||
| pĩ | phah. | |
| To be | struck. | |
| Part. |||
| chí-kâi sî-hāu i huân-liáu siũ-i | phah. | |
| At this time he was still being | beaten | by him. |