OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Albani, Francesco

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ALBANI, FRANCESCO, a famous Italian painter, born at Bologna, 1578; was a scholar of Guido. He was fond of representing the fair sex, and his compositions, in love subjects, are held in high esteem. The most celebrated of the productions are: “The Sleeping Venus,” “Diana in the Bath,” “Danaë Reclining,” “Galathea on the Sea," and “Europa on the Bull.” He has been called the Anacreon of painters. It is said that his second wife, who was very beautiful, and his children, served as models for his Venuses and Cupids. Died in 1660. His brother and disciple, Giovanni Battista, was a distinguished historical and landscape painter. Died in 1668.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Albani

Edition of 1921; disclaimer. See also Gian Francesco Albani on Wikipedia.
​ALBANI, a powerful family of Rome, which has supplied the Roman Catholic Church with several cardinals. Two of them are well known as patrons of the fine arts: (1) Albani, Alessandro, born in 1692; died in 1779; he was a great virtuoso, and possessed a collection of drawings and engravings which, at his death, was purchased by George III. for 14,000 crowns. (2) Albani, Giovanni Francesco, nephew of the former, born 1720; a great friend to the Jesuits, but in other respects liberal and enlightened. His palace was plundered by the French in 1798, when he made his escape to Naples, stripped of all his possessions. Died in 1803.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Albany (Georgia)

* related portals: Georgia (U.S. state).
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, travel guide, Wikidata item.
​ ALBANY, a city of Georgia, the county-seat of Dougherty co. It is on the Central of Georgia, the Atlantic Coast Line, the Seaboard Air Line, the Georgia Southwestern and Gulf, the Georgia Northern, and the Albany and Northern railroads. It is also on the Flint river, which is navigable at that point. It is both an agricultural and an industrial community. The chief interests are cotton, cottonseed oil, bricks fertilizers, and lumber. The city has an excellent street system and water supply furnished by artesian wells. There is a public library, Federal building, and a monument to Confederate soldiers. Pop. (1910) 8,190; (1920) 11,555.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Alban's, St.

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ ALBAN'S, ST., a small and ancient borough of England, Hertfordshire, 20 miles N. N. W. of London, by the London and Northwestern railway. It is the ancient Roman Verulamium. The abbey church was built in 796, in honor of St. Alban, by the King Offa. Of this first abbey there remains but a gateway. The present abbey is an object worthy the attention of the antiquarian and the student of architecture. It is built in the form of a cross, running 547 feet from east to west, and having a breadth of 206 feet, at the intersection of the transept. Every style of architecture, from the time of the Romans to that of Henry VII., may be traced in it. Near the town of St. Alban's, two battles were fought between the houses of York and Lancaster. In the first, May 22, 1455, Richard, Duke of York, obtained a victory over Henry VI. In the second, Feb. 2, 1461, Margaret of Anjou defeated the army of the Yorkists, commanded by Warwick.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Alban, St.

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ALBAN, ST., the first Christian martyr in Great Britain, lived in the 3d century. After having served years as a soldier under the Emperor Diocletian, he returned to Britain, embraced Christianity, and suffered martyrdom in the great persecution of Diocletian.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Albania

* related portals: Albania.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, quotes, news, travel guide, Wikidata item.
Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ALBANIA, the name given to a region between the Adriatic Sea, Greece, Macedonia, and Montenegro. Upper or northern Albania formed part of the Illyria of the Romans; lower or southern Albania corresponds to ancient Epirus. It comprises the vilayets of Scutari and Janina and parts of Monastir and Kossovo. It formed the southwestern portion of former European Turkey, and extends along the western shore of the Balkan peninsula, from the river Bojana to the Gulf of Arta. There are three lakes, Scutari, Ochrida, and Janina. The principal rivers are the Boyana, Drin, Shkumbi, and Artino. A fine climate and a favorable soil would seem to invite the inhabitants to agriculture, but in the N. little is cultivated but maize, with some rice and barley, in the valleys; the mountain terraces are used as pastures for numerous herds of cattle and sheep. In the S. the slopes of the lower valleys are covered with olives, fruit, and mulberry trees, intermixed with patches of vines and maize, while the densely wooded mountain ridges furnish valuable supplies of timber. The plateau of Janina yields abundance of grain; and in the valleys opening to the S. the finer fruits are produced, along with maize, rice, and wheat. The inhabitants form a peculiar people, the Albanians, called by the Turks Arnauts, and by themselves Skipetar. The Albanians are half-civilized mountaineers, frank to a friend, vindictive to an enemy. They are constantly under arms, and live in perpetual anarchy. At one time the Albanians were all Christians; but after the death of their last chief, the hero Skanderbeg, in 1467, and their subjugation by the Turks, a large part became Mohammedans. Albania became an independent state in 1912. Pop. about 850,000. Durazzo, the capital, 5,000; Scutari, 32,000. Prince Wilhelm of Wied accepted the crown in March, 1914, but fled at the outbreak of the European War and the state fell into anarchy. Essad Pasha Topdani attempted to establish a military government in October, 1914, but failed. Austrian armies overran Albania in 1916 and again in 1917. The Italian general commanding Italian forces proclaimed the independence of the country and a government was set up at Durazzo. The political status of Albania was undetermined in 1920. The people had turned against Italy by whom they thought they had been betrayed in offering Scutari to Jugoslavia and south Albania to Greece.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Albani, Marie Emma (Lajeunesse)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ALBANI, MARIE EMMA (LAJEUNESSE), a dramatic soprano and opera singer, born in 1852, at Chambly, near Montreal, Canada. After studying with Lamperti, at Milan, she made her début at Messina (1870), in "La Sonnambula," under the name Albani, in compliment to the city of Albany, where her public career began.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Albano

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ALBANO (al-bä′nō), a town of Italy, 18 miles S. S. E. of Rome, on the declivity of the lava-walls which encompass Lake Albano, and opposite the site of Alba Longa. There are numerous remains of ancient buildings, including an aqueduct. A valuable wine is made here. Pop. about 10,000.
The Alban Lake, or Lago di Castello, is formed in the basin of an extinct volcano, and has a circumference of 6 miles, with a depth of 530 feet. Its surface is 961 feet above the sea-level. While the Romans were at war with Veii (390 B. C.), this lake rose to an extraordinary height in the heat of summer, and diviners declared that the conquest of Veii depended upon letting off the waters of the lake. Hereupon the Romans opened a tunnel through the lava-walls which still remains and still fulfills its ancient office, is a mile in length, with a height of 7 feet, and a width of 4 feet. On the eastern bank of the lake rises Monte Cavo, the ancient Mount Albanus, 3,000 feet high.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Albany (Alabama)

* related portals: Alabama.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
​ ALBANY, a city of Alabama, formerly known as New Decatur. It is about 80 miles N. of Birmingham. It is on the Tennessee river and on the Louisville and Nashville railroad. The town has grown rapidly in recent years and is now an important industrial center. There are extensive iron manufactures. It has also manufactories of cottonseed oil, lumber, railroad repair shops, and tanneries. Pop. (1910) 6,119; (1920) 7,652.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Reservation

From volume 12 of the work.
The restriction in certain cases by a superior of the jurisdiction ordinarily exercised by an inferior. Reservation obtains in appointing to a benefice (q.v., section Collation), in dispensing from vows (q.v.), and in absolving from sins and censures. The power of reservation is vested in its fullness in the pope, who may exercise this right throughout the world. Bishops, regular superiors, or others with quasi-episcopal jurisdiction in the penitential forum may reserve to themselves the absolution of sins of their own subjects. Parish priests and local superiors do not possess this right. The chief reason for thus restricting the power of confessors is to deter evil-doers by the difficulty of obtaining absolution. Only graver mortal sins, that are external and completed, not merely attempted acts, should be reserved. Confession would prove too odious, were the confessor's jurisdiction unduly limited. Sins are reserved with censure (see Censures, Ecclesiastical) or without censure: nearly all papal reservations belong to the former class, and the reservation is principally on account of the censure; episcopal reservations pertain for the most part to the latter category.
A. B. MEEHAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Reserved Cases

From volume 12 of the work.
A term used for sins whose absolution is not within the power of every confessor, but is reserved to himself by the superior of the confessor, or only specially granted to some other confessor by that superior. To reserve a case is then to refuse jurisdiction for the absolution of a certain sin. Christ gave power to the rulers of His Church to make such reservations: "Whose sins you shall retain they are retained" (John, xx, 23). The reservation of sins presupposes jurisdiction, and therefore the pope alone can make reservation for the whole Church; bishops can do the same for their diocese only, and certain regular prelates for their religious subjects. That a sin be reserved it must be mortal, external, and consummated. If a sin be reserved in one diocese, and a penitent, without the intention of evading the law, confess to a priest in another diocese where the sin is not reserved, the latter may absolve the reserved sin. Cases are reserved either
If a penitent be in danger of death, any priest can absolve hinm, both from reserved censures and reserved sins. In case of reserved censures, if he recover, he must later present himself to the one having special power for reserved censures, unless the case was simply reserved to the pope. As to reserved sins, he need not, as a general rule, present himself again after convalescence. In a case of urgent necessity, when it is not possible to have recourse to the proper superior, an ordinary priest may absolve a penitent, directly from unreserved sins and indirectly from episcopal reserved cases, but the penitent must afterwards apply to the person having power to absolve from the reservation. If there were also papal reservations, either simple or special, the absolution is direct, but in case of special reservations to the pope a relation must be made to the Holy See that its mandates on the subject may be obtained. Ignorance of a censure prevents its being incurred, but moralists dispute whether ignorance of a reservation, with or without censure, excuses from its incurrence. If it be a case with censure reserved to the pope, all agree that ignorance does excuse from it; if reserved to a bishop, it is controverted. Some moralists hold that ignorance excuses from all reservations, whether with or without censure. It is certain, however, that a bishop has authority to declare that ignorance of a reservation does not prevent its incurrence in his diocese. SMITH, Elements of Ecclesiastical Law, I (New York, 1895); TAUNTON, The Law of the Church (London, 1906); LEHMKUHL, Theologia Moralis (Freiburg, 1910); SLATER, Manual or Moral Theology (New York, 1909).
WILLIAM H. W. FANNING
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Anderson, John

Anderson, John. A composer of Scotch music, considered by some as unrivalled since the days of Oswald. He died at Inverness in 1808 (Clementi's Cat.)
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Andre

Andr�, of Modena, a monk, published in 1690 a work on vocal music.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Anderson, Lucy

Anderson, Lucy, daughter of Mr. John Phillpot, music seller and professor of music, was born at Bath in 1797. The only instruction Mrs. Anderson ever received on the piano-forte was from her cousin, Mr. Windsor, of Bath, and that was very irregularly given ; but her natural love for the art induced her to persevere with no other assistance than what she derived from hearing the several eminent performers who occasionally appeared at the Bath concerts. At a very early age, Mrs. Anderson (then Miss Phillpot) followed her profession, and played with great success at the Bath concerts. But in consequence of her health suffering from a residence in that town, she was induced to go to London, where the success she met with determined her finally to settle. In July, 1820, she was married to Mr. Anderson, also a professor of music.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Andre, Lewis

Andr�, Lewis, was, in 1729, chapel-master and composer to the King of Poland.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Andrea

Andrea. HONOFRIO D'. a Neapolitan poet, wrote a discourse on music at Naples, in 1636.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Andreas, Cretensis

Andreas, Cretensis, Archbishop of Crete, died in 724. He composed much music for the Greek church.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Andre, Yves Marie

Andr�, Yves Marie, a Jesuit, was born at Caen, in Normandy, in 1675. He wrote a treatise on the beauties of music. It is contained in his work called "Essai sur le Beau," Paris, 1711, which has gone through many editions.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Andrea, Nicolaus

Andrea, Nicolaus, pastor in Swedish Lapland, published some church music at Stockholm, at the beginning of the seventeenth century.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Andre, John Antony

Andr�, John Antony, son of the preceding, was born at Offenbach in 1775. At two years of age he is said to have shown a musical tendency. He received his first lessons on the violin and piano-forte in Berlin, when his father directed the orchestra at the opera there. Marschba�m, the tenor, taught him singing, and at the age of nine he sang difficult airs with taste and accuracy. Returning with his father to Offenbach, he devoted himself with ardor to his instruments, besides lessons in harmony and accompaniment, and in the art of reading a score. A couple of years, under the tuition of Ferd. Fr�nzel, made him a finished violinist.
His first compositions (before he was thirteen had been symphonies for amateur concerts; but his first avowed work was a sonata for piano and violin, composed on a journey to Manheim and Strasburg, with his father, in 1788. In 1790, aged only sixteen, he was conductor of an orchestra at Offenbach, where the business of hie father had recalled him. He composed much and with great facility. From 1793 to 1796, his time was divided between the music publishing establishment and the practice of his art. At the age of twenty, he went to the University of Jena. In 1793, he made a second musical tour in the Rhine cities. The death of his father threw the music warehouse upon his hands in 1799, which did not prevent, however, a third and larger musical tour through Nuremburg, Augsburg, Munich, Vienna, Prague, Dresden, Jena, Weimar, &c., during which he made the acquaintance of all the great German composers. While at Vienna, he purchased the Mozart manuscripts of the widow ; and those priceless treasures are yet in the hands of the Andre house, which has a branch, conducted by a son, in Philadelphia. In 1800, Andre visited England.
The list of his compositions, printed since 1738, includes twenty-one symphonies for orchestra, three concertos for violin, seven concertos for wind instruments, several collections of military music, two masses, an opera, (" Rinaldo and Alcina," 1799 ;) seven opera of stringed quartets ; six of piano-forte sonatas ; serenades, dances, fantasias, &c., for orchestra ; cantatas, romances, and songs. His music, it is said, lacks invention, but is agreeable and pure in harmony. In 1832, Andre announced a general treatise on music, in six large octavo volumes. The first volume appeared the same year, and treats of the science of harmony, modulation, the ancient modes, the harmonizing of chorales, &c. Volume two contains single and double counterpoint, fugue, and canon. Volume three is destined to melodies and rhythmics ; four, to instrumentation ; five, to song writing ; and six to style, form, the use of' voices and instruments.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Andre, Lucrezia

Andr�, Lucrezia, often called Cara. A celebrated Italian singer at the beginning of the last century ; she was in the service of the Grand Duke of Tuscany.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Korolenko, Vladimir

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
KOROLENKO, VLADIMIR, a Russian author. He was born at Jitomir in 1853 and was educated at Jitomir, Rovno, the Technological Institute, Petrograd; Moscow Agricultural Academy. He was banished to Vologda, settled in Kronstadt, and returned to Petrograd in 1877. He was banished to Glasov, then to Berezovskava-pochinka; imprisoned in Viatka, moved to Tomsk and to Perm in 1880. He then went to Yakutsk and settled in Nijni-Novgorod in 1885. He went to Petrograd in 1896, and since 1900 has been associated with the editing of the journal "Russkoe Bogatshbo." His works include: "Makar's Dream"; "In the Hunger-Year"; "The History of a Contemporary of Mine"; "The Blind Musician"; "Without Speech"; and three volumes of tales and sketches.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Knysna

Edition of 1921; disclaimer. See also Outeniqua Mountains on Wikipedia.
KNYSNA, a forest tract and elephant preserve, extending from the sea to the Outeniqua Mountains in Cape Colony, 150 miles W. of Port Elizabeth.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Kobe

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
KOBE, a port of Central Japan; on the W. shore of the Gulf of Ozaka, about 20 miles S. of that city. Pop. about 500,000. The foreign settlement is finely laid out, and the town is one of the most attractive and prosperous in Japan. It has been open to foreign trade since 1868. Kobe has direct communication with Great Britain, Germany, Canada, and Australia.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Koran

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
KORAN, the Mohammedan scriptures, which professedly consist of revelations made by Allah (God) to Mohammed, the medium of communication being the angel Gabriel. When a Mussulman quotes from them, the formula he uses is not “Mohammed says,” but “God says.” He calls the book the Book of God, and the Word of God, or the Book. Mohammed wrote nothing himself, yet his followers noted down his utterances on leather, palm leaves, stones, and even the shoulder blades of sheep. His companions also preserved much by oral recitation.
The Koran is smaller than the Bible. It is divided into 114 suras, or chapters, arranged achronically. The chapters are named as well as numbered; thus, ch. ii. is denominated “the Cow”; ch. v., “the Table”; lxxxvi., “the Night Star.” The work consists of moral, religious, civil, and political teachings, commingled with promises, threatenings, etc., to be fulfilled in the future world; with Biblical narratives, Arabic and Christian traditions, etc. Later revelations sometimes revoked or essentially modified those which had gone before. The Caliph Abu Beker, or Bacr, directed Zeid ibn Thorbit to collect the scattered utterances of the Koran. Afterward there was a revision by the Caliph Othman. It has been translated into most European languages.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Kordofan

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
KORDOFAN, or THE WHITE LAND, lately a province of the Egyptian Sudan; separated from Sennaar on the E. by the White Nile, and from Dar-Fûr on the W. by a strip of desert; area estimated at 41,500 square miles; pop. about 300,000. The province is traversed by no rivers; but water is found almost everywhere at a comparatively short depth. The chief produce of the soil is millet, the principal food of the inhabitants. Gum trees, mimosas, thorny plants abound, but there is no forest timber. Gums, hides, ivory, ostrich feathers, and gold are exported. Three-fifths of the population are settled; the rest are nomadic. The aborigines belong mainly to the Nuba stock, but use a negro tongue and are mostly pagans. There is a large element of nomad and slave-hunting “Arabs,” Moslems in faith. The capital is El-Obeid. In the end of the 18th century Kordofan was conquered by the ruler of Sennaar, then by the sultan of Dar-Fûr; in 1821 it was annexed by Mehemet Ali of Egypt, but was lost to the Egyptians by the Mahdi's revolt in 1883. When the Egyptian Sudan was officially organized in 1899, Kordofan became one of its provinces.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Koala

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
KOALA, the genus Phascolarctos, and specially P. cinereus, the native bear or native sloth of the Australian colonies. It is a tailless, but pouched animal, about two feet long, with a stout body and limbs, a small head, moderate-sized ears, well-developed feet, and ash-gray fur. It feeds on the tender shoots of the blue gum tree, which the natives climb to effect its capture.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Koenig, Paul

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
KOENIG, PAUL, captain of the merchant submarine “Deutschland” which crossed the Atlantic from Germany and arrived at Baltimore on July 10, 1916, with a cargo of dyestuffs. While in the United States he was interviewed by newspapermen, was even the recipient of vaudeville offers, was welcomed by mayor of Baltimore and officials. On August 2 he sailed on the return voyage, later making a second voyage and putting in at New London, Conn.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Knur and Spell

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
KNUR AND SPELL (called by Strutt “Northern Spell”), an old English game played with a ball, which is “risen” from a trap and hit with a bat made for the purpose. The ball, called the “knur,” is made of wood, a little bigger than a walnut. The bat, called a “tripstick,” as it is also used to spring the trap or “spell,” consists of a piece of hard wood, 6 by 4 inches, and 1 inch thick (the pommel), attached to a supple handle from 3 to 4 feet long, which the player grasps with both hands, giving the full swing of his body with the stroke. The game consists of the cumulative distance of a given number of strokes, the player who has the greatest number of yards being the winner.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Kobbe, Gustav

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
KOBBE, GUSTAV, an American author; born in New York, March 4, 1857; was graduated at Columbia University m 1877 and at its Law School in 1879; and later engaged in newspaper and magazine work. He is author of “The
Ring of the Nibelung” (1889); “Wagner's Life and Works” (1890); “My Rosary and Other Poems” (1896); “New York and Its Environs”; “Signora” (1906); “Wagner and His Isolde” (1905), “How to Appreciate Music” (1906); “Modern Women” (1916). He died in 1918.