OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Tylor, Joseph John

​TYLOR, JOSEPH JOHN (1851–1901), engineer and Egyptologist, born at Stoke Newington on 1 Feb. 1851, was eldest child (of two sons and four daughters) of Alfred Tylor [q. v.], brass founder and geologist, and Isabella Harris (both of the Society of Friends). Sir Edward Burnett Tylor, the anthropologist, was his uncle. Joseph, after being educated at the Friends' school. Grove House, Tottenham, matriculated at London University in June 1868, and then turning to engineering, studied at the Polytechnic School at Stuttgart, 1868-70. On returning home he entered the Bowling ironworks in Yorkshire. In February 1872 he became partner in the family firm of J. Tylor & Sons, brass founders, 2 Newgate Street, E.G., which had been founded by his grandfather, John Tylor; on his father's death in 1884 he became senior partner. He was elected A.M.I.C.E. on 1 May 1877, and patented many successful inventions, particularly in connection with hydraulic meters. A liberal in politics, he was associated with his brother-in-law, William Leatham Bright, and with Arthur Williams in founding the National Liberal Club in 1882. In 1891 failing health prevented him from following his profession, and he turned to Egypt and Egyptology in search of health and occupation. Here he experimented with the pictorial reproduction of the ancient sculptures and paintings of tombs and temples. His method was to divide up a wall (often irregular in form and surface) into equal spaces with stretched threads, and having photographed these without distortion to enlarge the negatives and print them faintly. The essential outlines were then strengthened with pencil, the injuries, dirt-marks, &c., on the original eliminated, and the result rephotographed for publication. In conjunction with Mr. Somers Clarke, Tylor selected El Kab in Upper Egypt as a field for his labours, and began a series of monographs under the general title of ’Wall Drawings and Monuments of El Kab.' The separate monographs were: 'The Tomb of Pakeri' (1895); 'The Tomb of Sebeknekht' (1896); 'The Temple of Amenketep III' (1898) ; and 'The Tomb of Renni' (1900). He died at his winter residence, Villa la Guerite, La Turbee, Alpes-Maritimes, on 5 April 1901, and was buried at Beaulieu. He married on 15 Sept. 1887 Marion (d. 1889), third daughter of George, Lord Young [q. v. Suppl. II], and had two sons, Alfred and George Cunnyngham."
His portrait as a boy of thirteen by W. Hay, and an oil portrait by Charles Vigor, 1894, are in possession of his son, Alfred Tylor, 34 Palace Gardens Terrace, London, W.
[The Times, 12 April 1901; private information.]
F. Ll. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Turpin, Edmund Hart

​TURPIN, EDMUND HART (1835–1907), organist and musical composer, eldest son of James Turpin, lace manufacturer, of Nottingham, was born there 4 May 1835. The Turpins were descended from an Huguenot family. Edmund's father, an amateur musician, gave him his first lessons, after which he took up organ study with Charles Noble, at St. Mary's church, Nottingham, studying later with John Hullah and Ernst Pauer. In 1847, before he was twelve, he was appointed organist of Friar Lane congregational church, Nottingham. In 1850, at the age ​of fifteen, he became organist of St. Barnabas Roman catholic cathedral, Nottingham, and retaining that post for fifteen years, brought the music to a degree of excellence hitherto unknown in the Midlands. He was also bandmaster of the Nottingham corps of volunteers known as the 'Robin Hood Rifles.' Meanwhile he was drawn to London, where he gave an organ recital at the Great Exhibition of 1851; though only sixteen, he created a notable impression. Six years later he settled in London, though still maintaining his professional connection with Nottingham. In 1860 he was appointed organist and choir director of the Catholic Apostolic church in Gordon Square, Bloomsbury, a post which he practically, by himself or by deputy, retained till his death. In 1869 he went to St. George's, Bloomsbury, where he remained until his last appointment at St. Bride's, Fleet Street, in 1888.
Turpin was honorary secretary of the Royal College of Organists from 1875 onwards, and rendered splendid service as an administrator and examiner. The college commemorates him by a prize fund instituted in 1911. He received the degree of Mus. Doc. from the archbishop of Canterbury in 1889, and in 1892 was appointed warden of Trinity College of Music, London. Turpin died in London on 25 October 1907. He married (1) in 1867 Sarah Anne, daughter of Robert Watson of Whitemoor, Nottinghamshire, by whom he had a daughter; (2) in 1905 Miss Sarah Hobbs.
Turpin was widely known as an organist, and inaugurated many new organs; he was also a good pianist, and could play most of the orchestral instruments. He was a successful lecturer on musical subjects, and was intimately associated with London musical journalism, editing the 'Musical Standard' from 1880 to 1886, and again from 1889 to 1890. For some years he was co-editor of 'Musical News,' and he had connections also with the 'Musical World' and the 'Academic Gazette.' He edited the 'Student's Edition' of classical pianoforte music (Weekes), with marginal analyses; completed Mr. W. T. Best's edition of Bach's organ works (Augener), and prepared numerous organ arrangements and voluntaries. His own compositions include a Stabat Mater, two oratorios, two cantatas, a symphony, various concert overtures, church music of different kinds, pianoforte music, and about twenty organ pieces.
[Biographical Sketch of Edmund Hart Turpin, by Charles W. Pearce, with bibliography, 1911; Musical Herald, Dec. 1907 (with portrait); Brit. Musical Biog.; Grove's Dict. of Music, 1906, v. 188.]
J. C. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ælfric, abbot of St. Albans

​ ÆLFRIC, abbot of St. Albans. [See Ælfric, archbishop of Canterbury.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ælfric (fl.1005)

1904 Errata appended.
​ÆLFRIC, called Bata (or the bat) (fl. 1005), was a monk and a disciple of Ælfric the abbot, called Grammaticus [q. v.], at Winchester, some time before 1005. From the Oxford MS. of Ælfric's ‘Colloquium’ it appears that Ælfric Bata added something to this work composed by his master, and, as the Grammar and Glossary of Grammaticus are combined in that manuscript with the Colloquy, it is not unlikely that Ælfric Bata copied and edited the whole collection. It has been supposed that some of the writings attributed to the master were the work of the disciple. As, however, the only ground on which this opinion rests is that it is either impossible or unlikely that they should have been written by Ælfric, archbishop of Canterbury, there is no reason for accepting it, for it is capable of ample proof that the archbishop and the grammarian were not the same person. Ælfric Bata, no less than his master, was regarded as an opponent of transubstantiation. Osbern, who wrote with the evident intention of upholding this doctrine, of which his patron, Archbishop Lanfranc, was the champion, in his ‘Miracles of St. Dunstan’ represents the saint appearing in a vision to a worshipper at his tomb and saying that he had been opposing Ælfric Bata, who was ‘trying to dispossess the church of God.’
[For Ælfric's Colloquium, see Ælfric Grammaticus, Miracula S. Dunstani, Osbern, in Memorials of St. Dunstan, ed. Stubbs, p. 136 (Rolls Series); Wright's Biog. Lit.]
W. H.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.3 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
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# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ælfgifu (fl.1030)

​ÆLFGIFU (fl. 1030), called ‘of Northampton,’ to distinguish her from Ælfgifu-Emma, wife of Æthelred and of Cnut, was the daughter of Ælfmær, the Northumbrian earl who was slain by Eadric Streona in 1006. Her mother was a noble lady named Wulfruna. Ælfgifu is said by Saxo to have been the mistress of Olaf, king of Norway, ‘the Saint,’ and to have been taken from him by Cnut. If Olaf really fought on the side of Æthelred against the Danes, as his saga alleges, he may have met Ælfgifu while he was engaged in defending her country. But his connection with her and his presence in England are both doubtful. It is certain, however, that Ælfgifu became the mistress of Cnut, and that she bore him Harold and Swend. A scandalous tale was accepted in England that Ælfgifu, being unable to bear children, pretended that these two were her sons, but that really Swend was the son of a priest and Harold was the son of a shoemaker. In order to exclude these sons of Cnut and Ælfgifu from the succession to the English throne, Ælfgifu-Emma made Cnut promise, when he sought to marry her, that the crown should descend only on such children as he might have of her. The position held by Ælfgifu of Northampton was not regarded as necessarily dishonourable, save in the eyes of the church, and, like that of a wife married more Danico, depended on the way in which she was treated. Cnut made Swend ruler over his Wendish subjects dwelling about the Oder, and Ælfgifu went with her son to Jomsburg and governed in his name. In accordance with Cnut's policy of establishing his sons in subordinate kingdoms, he sent Swend and his mother Ælfgifu, in 1030, to take charge of his newly acquired kingdom of Norway. Swend was a child both in years and in understanding, and was completely under the influence of his mother. He soon made the Norwegians hate him. Many Danes came over with him, and the young king and his mother showed an undue partiality for them. Heavy burdens were laid upon the people. The natives were treated as an inferior race, and the oath of a single Dane was held to be of equal value in judicial proceedings to the oaths of ten Norwegians. All these evils were held to be the work of Ælfgifu. The Norwegians did not dare to revolt, because Cnut held many hostages for their obedience. The translation of the body of Olaf strengthened the sentiment of nationality. Ælfgifu and her son were present at the ceremony. She vainly tried to sneer down the alleged miracle of the incorruptibility of the saint's body. Bishop Grimkel and Einar Tambarskelver, two of the foremost men of the national party, chid her for her unbelief, which she maintained in spite of miracles. In 1036, the year after the death of Cnut, the Norwegians recovered their freedom under Magnus, the son of Olaf, and Swend was forced to flee to Denmark. The date of the death of Ælfgifu is not known. Her name is not mentioned in the record of her son's flight.
W. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ælfhere

​ÆLFHERE (d. 983), ealdorman of the Mercians, was a kinsman of King Eadgar. He was the head of the anti-monastic party, which, on the death of Eadgar in 975, attempted to overthrow the ecclesiastical policy he had pursued. Ælfhere and the great men who held with him turned the monks out of the churches in which Eadgar and Bishop Æthelwold had established them. In recording the ‘unrighteous and unlawful doings’ of Ælfhere in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the writer makes his lament in verse. There were two sides to the question, and the secular clergy and many of the landowners had reason to complain of the aggressions of the monks. After the murder of Eadward, Ælfhere joined with Dunstan in bringing the body of the king, with great pomp, from Wareham to Shaftesbury. He died in 983, and was succeeded in his ealdormanship by his son Ælfric [see Ælfric, fl. 950–1016]. The name of Ælfhere is subscribed to most of the charters of the time. Latin writers have blackened the character of this enemy of the monks. William of Malmesbury accuses him in one passage of the murder of King Eadward. The charge is of course untrue, as it implies an action wholly contrary to his policy. He also tells an idle tale of the repentance of Ælfhere, and the loathsome death which marked the divine vengeance for his misdeeds.
W. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Owen, Corbet

​OWEN, CORBET (1646–1671), Latin poet, son of William Owen, a clergyman, of Pontesbury, Shropshire, was born at Hinton in that county in 1646. He was sent to a private school kept by a ‘loyal parson’ named Scofield at Shrewsbury, where he made rapid progress in learning; but his friends soon sent him to France, and afterwards to Flanders, to be touched by Charles II for the cure of the king's evil, from which malady he was so great a sufferer that he went about on crutches. In May 1658 he was sent to Westminster School, and in the following year he was admitted a king's scholar. Here ‘it was usual with him to speak forty or fifty smooth and elegant verses extempore, in little more than half an hour.’ In 1664 he was elected a student of Christ Church, Oxford, and ‘in a short time was well versed in the most crabbed subtilties of philosophy.’ He became a student of Lincoln's Inn in 1665 (Foster, Alumni Oxon. early ser. iii. 1098). After graduating B.A. on 21 May 1667 he studied medicine, and he took the degree of M.A. on 23 March 1669–70 (Wood, Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 297, 308). Wood says he was ‘the most forward person of his age in the university for his polite learning.’ He died about 18 Jan. 1670–1, and was buried in the church at Condover, Shropshire.
He was the author of: 1. ‘Carmen Pindaricum in Theatro Sheldoniano in solennibus magnifici operis encæniis recitatum,’ Oxford, 1669, 4to, reprinted in ‘Musarum Anglicanarum Analecta,’ 1721, vol. i., and in ‘Musæ Anglicanæ,’ 1741, vol. i. Dr. Johnson says that in this poem ‘all kinds of verse are shaken together.’ 2. ‘Divers Poems, in Manuscript, with Translations of Poetry, particularly the “Otho” of M. de Corneille, which he rendered into English Verse.’
[Wood's Athenæ Oxon. iii. 924; Wood's Annals (Gutch), ii. 801; Welch's Alumni Westmon. (Phillimore), p. 157; Foster's Alumni Oxon.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Owain ap Edwin

Owain ab Edwin in the ODNB.
​OWAIN ap EDWIN (d. 1104), Welsh chieftain, was the son of Edwin ap Gronw ap Einon ap Owen ap Hywel Dda and Iwerydd, daughter of Cynfyn ap Gwerstan. His father held Counsillt (near Flint) from Robert of Rhuddlan at the time of the Domesday survey, and was probably the most important Welshman at this time in Tegeingl. To this position Owain probably succeeded about 1090. In 1098 he gave assistance to his suzerain, Earl Hugh of Chester, and to Earl Hugh of Shrewsbury in their joint invasion of Anglesey, and thereby acquired the name of ‘Owain Fradwr’ (i.e. the Traitor). On the flight of Gruffydd ap Cynan and Cadwgan ap Bleddyn in the same year the invaders set him up as ruler over Gwynedd; but a revolt of the Welsh brought the two leaders back from Ireland in 1099, and Owain's rule came to an end. He died in 1104, after a long illness. His sons, Llywarch, Gronw, Rhiddid, Meilyr, and Ieuaf, were men of importance in Tegeingl, and some of them founded families of note in the district. His daughter Angharad was the wife of Gruffydd ap Cynan [q. v.]
[Annales Cambriæ; Brut y Tywysogion, Oxford edit.; Brut y Saeson, in the Myvyrian Archaiology.]
J. E. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Owen, David (1720-1749)

Date of death 1741 in ODNB.
​OWEN, DAVID or DAFYDD Y GARREG WEN (1720–1749), Welsh harper, was the son of Owen Humphreys, by his wife Gwen Roberts of Isallt, a member of a family that was traditionally believed to be descended from the physicians of Myddvai. He was born in 1720, at a farmhouse called Y Garreg Wen, near Portmadoc, Carnarvonshire. There he died in 1749, and was buried in the churchyard of Ynyscynhaiarn, where in 1840 a monument, with a Welsh inscription and the figure of a harp, was erected by subscription over his grave.
Owen was a competent player on the harp. Tradition attributes to him the authorship of the well-known air which, in all Welsh collections of national songs, bears his own name of ‘Dafydd y Garreg Wen’ as its title, though it is known in Scotland by the name of ‘July Jott.’ Some account for this by saying that it was sent by Dafydd to a cousin of his (or, according to others, a brother named Rhys), who was then a gardener at Roslin Castle in Scotland, where the air soon became popular under a new name; but others, who accept its Scottish origin, assert that it was simply a favourite one of Dafydd's. The air, however, possesses a distinctly Welsh character. According to the Welsh tradition, Dafydd when on his death-bed had fallen in a trance, and was believed to be dead, but, suddenly reviving, told his mother that he had just heard one of the sweetest songs of heaven, which, on his harp being handed him, he then played; but as the last note was dying away Dafydd, too, died. The air was preserved from memory by his mother, who was herself a good harpist and a fair poetess. Sir Walter Scott wrote words for the air, entitled ‘The Dying Bard.’ Scott adds that the bard ‘requested that the air might be performed at his funeral,’ and that, according to the ‘Welsh Harper’ (ed. John Parry, p. 110), was done. At least two other airs are ascribed to Dafydd, namely, ‘Codiad yr Ehedydd’ (‘Rising of the Lark’) and ‘Difyrrwch Gwyr Criccieth,’ which is also known as ‘Roslin Castle’ in Scotland, where tradition says it was popularised by the same cousin to whom Dafydd also sent it. Evan Evans (Ieuan Glan Geirionydd) wrote words (in Welsh) for this air. The English and Welsh words for the other two airs, in Brinley Richards's ‘Songs of Wales’ (pp. 58, 79), are by John Oxenford and J. Ceiriog Hughes respectively.
[Welsh Minstrelsie, iv. p. vii; Scots Minstrelsie, iv. 78; Jones's Welsh Musicians, p. 81; Enwogion Cymru by Foulkes, pp. 174–5; Cymru Fu, i. 343. For an account of Dafydd's family see Y Gestiana by Alltud Eifion, Tremadoc, 1892, pp. 59–68, where also all the local traditions are collected.]
D. Ll. T.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Star of Bethlehem

Edition of 1802.
​STAR OF BETHLEHEM, or Ornithogalum, L. a genus of plants, comprising 35 species, 7 of which are indigenous: the principal of these is the luteum, or Yellow Star of Bethlehem, growing in woods, and moist sandy places; where its beautiful yellow flowers appear in April.
All the species of this vegetable are hardy perennials, and prosper in any situation: they may be easily propagated by off-sets from the bulbous roots. These may be preserved for a long time, either in a raw or roasted state; and Ruellius remarks, that a wholesome and nutritious bread may be prepared from a mixture of the roots and seeds of this plant.—It is eaten by horses, goats, and sheep, though not relished by hogs; and is totally refused by cows.—See also Cheese, vol. i. p. 502.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Stilyard

Edition of 1802.
​Stilyard. See Steel-yard.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Star-Grass

Edition of 1802.
​STAR-GRASS, or Callitriche, L. a genus of plants, consisting of four species, two of which are indigenous, namely: 1. The verna, Vernal Star-grass, Water-Starwort, Water-Fennel, or Star-headed Water-Chickweed, grows in ditches, ponds, and slow streams: it flowers from April to August. 2. The autumnalis, or Autumnal Star-grass, abounds in ditches and still waters, where it flowers in August.
Both these vegetables grow so thickly matted together, as to enable a person to walk over them, without sinking: hence, they may be advantageously planted, with a view to consolidate swampy, or marshy grounds, so as to prepare them for tillage.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Stock-bill

Edition of 1802.
​Stock-bill: See Herb-Robert.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Stockings

Edition of 1802.
​STOCKINGS, are those garments which serve to clothe, or shelter, the legs and feet from cold, and moisture.
Stockings are manufactured of silk, cotton, thread, or worsted; being either knit with needles, or woven on a loom; but the most proper material is wool, which is doubtless a warmer, and more natural clothing for the human body, particularly during the winter, than that of any other texture. In all cases, however, they ought to be adapted to the size of the foot; because, if too short, they cannot fail to occasion cramps, or other painful sensations; and, if too long, the folds thus arising, will produce blisters, and otherwise prove an impediment in walking.
Those, who have any regard for their health, ought to accommodate their stockings to the diflferent seasons; wearing thick woollen hose during the winter, and changing these for a lighter kind, during warm weather.—As the feet constantly perspire, in consequence of the united friction both of the shoes and of the stockings, it will be advisable to make use of a clean pair of the latter, more than once in the day, or every time the feet are chilly and uucomfortable, both from motives of health and cleanliness. But silk stockings ought, on no account, to be worn next the skin; because they not only expose the person wearing them to frequent colds and catarrhs, but are also in other respects very unfavourable to health, especially in scorbutic habits.
In July, 1799, a patent was granted to Mr. John Eaton, for his invention of a piece of machinery to be added to a stocking-frame, for manufacturing hose-pieces, gloves, &c. in a more neat, simple, and expeditious manner, than can be effected by the common method. As, however, a mere description would convey an inadequate idea of Mr. Eaton's contrivance, the curious reader is referred to the 11th vol. of the Repertory of Arts, &c. where a full specification is inserted, and exemplified by an engraving.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Staining

Edition of 1802.
​Staining. See Marble; and Wood.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Stilton-cheese

Edition of 1802.
​Stilton-cheese. See vol. i. pp. 496-7.