OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Horticulture

See also Horticulture on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Hor′ticul′ture, the art of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers and plants for domestic use and for decoration. It applies the known principles of chemistry, physics, plant-physiology etc., and includes vegetables and fruit-growing and floral and landscape-gardening.
Fruitgrowing has developed remarkably within the last 60 years in the United States. Previous to that time it hardly was a separate industry in any large section of the country, but gradually the parts of the country suited to particular kinds of fruitgrowing have been located; for example: the peachproducing areas of Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Michigan and Georgia, the grape section of New York and Ohio and the semitropical fruit-regions of Florida and southern California. In consequence the various phases of fruitgrowing as a business have become differentiated. Tillage, pruning, spraying, packing, harvesting, transporting etc. have all come to demand special attention. The state experimental stations of the agricultural colleges have been of great service in promoting the development of this industry, especially where they have been able to investigate the different problems of the various localities.
Vegetablegrowing has undergone a somewhat similar development. The growth of large cities created a demand for a great variety of vegetables. With increased transportation facilities it became practicable to send the early vegetables from the south to the towns and cities of the north, and this business has in the last 30 years assumed large proportions. Some important regions for the production of early vegetables are Virginia, North and South Carolina, Florida, Texas and California. The growing of early vegetables under glass is also a business of considerable importance in the vicinity of cities. Horticulture gradually merges into several of the various phases of agriculture.
Floriculture is the third main branch of horticulture. This includes landscape-gardening, which is the art of so growing and disposing of flowers and plants as to create a beautiful landscape effect. Examples of the product of the art are to be seen in our well-kept city parks and in the private grounds of some persons of means throughout the country. Landscape-gardening is really one of the fine arts.
Along with horticulture have developed various allied industries, as that of the nursery, of seed production, preparation of fertilizers, manufacture of baskets and barrels, canning factories etc.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Howe, Elias

See also Elias Howe on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Howe, Elias, inventor of the sewing machine, was the son of a farmer, and was born at Spencer, Mass., July 9, 1819. He worked for a manufacturer at Cambridge, and there conceived the idea of the sewing machine. After five years' labor he completed and patented it, but was penniless and could find no sale for his invention. He sought England unsuccessfully, and on his return found his machine imitated. After a long lawsuit he recovered his rights, organized a company to manufacture his machines, and made a large fortune. He served in the 7th Connecticut regiment during the war. He died at Brooklyn, N. Y., Oct. 3, 1867.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Houston

See also Houston on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Houston (hūs'tŭn), Texas, county-seat of Harris County, 50 miles north of Galveston on Buffalo Bayou. It is named after Sam Houston, and is one of the largest railway and business centers of that state. It is an inland city with all the advantages of a seaport. The ship channel, at present undergoing government improvement, gives direct communication with the sea; and, besides, the city has the service of fifteen railroads. It is a distributing center for cotton, rice and oil, while corn, hay and sugarcane are important products of the nearby section. Houston has four large rice mills, a rice elevator and, close to the city, a sugar mill. The city has 38 public-school buildings and 228 teachers, besides St. Thomas' College for young men and boys, St. Agnes' Academy for girls, Rice Polytechnic Institute for the advancement of literature, art and science, four schools of music, five commercial schools, a nurse's training school, a dental college etc. Houston has two libraries, many churches and all the conveniences of a modern and progressive city. Population, according to the census of 1910, 78,800.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Howard, John

* related authors: John Howard (1726-1790).
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
See also John Howard (prison reformer) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​How′ard, John, a philanthropist and prison-reformer, was born in Middlesex, England, about Sept. 2, 1726, and received his education by private tutors. He inherited a fortune from his father, and in 1756 sailed for Lisbon, but was taken prisoner by the French and thrown into prison, where his own experience first gave him his ideas of prison-reform. His life was devoted to prison-reform. To this end he visited all penal institutions. While in Russia he contracted typhus fever and died on Jan. 20, 1790. He published two works on the state of prisons and hospitals. He is honored as one of the most self-denying and benevolent of men. See Lives by Dixon, Field and Stoughton.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Howe, Julia Ward

See also Julia Ward Howe on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Howe, Julia Ward, the wife of Dr. S. G. Howe, was born at New York, May 27, 1819. JULIA WARD HOWE She was carefully educated, and early wrote plays and poems. While on a visit to Washington during the Civil War she wrote the popular Battle Hymn of the Republic. She was a powerful advocate of woman's suffrage and a founder of the New England Woman's Club, of which she has been president. She published many poems and essays. She died Oct. 17, 1910.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Howells, William Dean

See also William Dean Howells on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​How′ells, William Dean, an eminent American author, known in the Old World WILLIAM D. HOWELLS as well as the New as novelist, poet, critic, dramatist and essayist, was born at Martin's Ferry, O., March 1, 1837. The son of a printer and journalist, he early became familiar with journalistic and literary work and decided to follow it as a career. His first contributions were to the Cincinnati Gazette and Ohio State Journal. From 1861 to 1865 he was consul at Venice, where he wrote his papers on Venetian Life. After his return he wrote for the New York Tribune, the Times, the Nation, the Atlantic and, later, for the Century, Harper's Magazine and the Cosmopolitan. He was editor of the Atlantic during 1871-81, and afterwards held a position on Harper's Magazine. His real success, however, was as a writer of fiction, among his most popular novels being Their Wedding Journey, The Lady of the Aroostook and The Rise of Silas Lapham. His farces, The Sleeping Car, The Drawing Room Car, The Elevator and The Mousetrap, are the best specimens of his humor. In 1904 he received from Oxford University the degree of Hon D.C.L. Mr. Howells has also published valuable literary studies, as Literature and Life, and suggestive ​studies of actual and ideal society, as A Traveler from Altruria; besides collections of poems.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Horn

See also Horn (anatomy) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Horn, the name, in a general sense, applied to the hard bone-like substance growing from the heads of animals. Horns are of two kinds: one being a continuation of growth of the actual bone structure and the second being a hardening of the epidermis or skin. They may be solid or hollow; the hollow horn being but a single column, as a rule; the bony or solid horn is usually branched or pronged. The name is also applied to the nails, hoofs, claws, bills and quills of animals. Horn is manufactured into many articles of use and ornament, and has been so used from the earliest period. Thin plates of horn were once used for window-panes, lanterns and book-covers, whence the name hornbook. It is used in making handles for knives, forks, umbrellas and canes; for combs, buttons, drinking cups, snuff and other boxes. The horn in its natural form has been largely used for holding powder, many powder-horns being beautifully carved.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Horse Chestnut

See also Aesculus hippocastanum on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Horse Chest′nut, one of the Buckeyes, a most cosmopolitan tree, found in the Old World and the New wherever climatic conditions allow it to exist. It makes a dense shade, is one of the most popular shade-trees of Europe, grows vigorously in this country, is common in public and private parks, and is planted along roadsides. Winter buds of large size and a polished brown tip the twigs, and no fairer sight is given the tree-lover than the “unfolding of the leaf bundle, the lifting of the pale green, silvery tent.” The blossoms are very fragrant, telling of the tree a long way off. The fruit, a large nut, mahogany colored with a scar of white, is very bitter; while not edible, it at one time was considered to have virtue, and was carried in the pocket to prevent rheumatism.
HORSE CHESTNUT
# The New Student's Reference Work/Houston, Sam

See also Sam Houston on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Houston, Sam, president of Texas when it was a republic, was born in Virginia on March 2, 1793, and was adopted and reared by a Cherokee Indian in Tennessee. He enlisted in the army in 1813, and by his bravery rose to the rank of second-lieutenant. After leaving the army he studied law, and in 1823 and 1825 was a member of Congress and in 1827 governor of Tennessee. After three months of married life, he, in 1829, abandoned his home to go to the Cherokees beyond the Mississippi. He remained here three years, and at the outbreak of war between Mexico and Texas was made commander-in-chief. On April 21, 1836, he defeated the Mexican force under Santa Anna at San Jacinto and won the independence of Texas. He was elected its first president and was re-elected in 1841. When Texas came into the Union, ​in 1845, he was sent to the United States senate and in 1859 became governor of the state. He opposed secession, and was deposed in March, 1861. He died on July 25, 1863.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Howard, Oliver Otis

See also Oliver Otis Howard on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Howard, Oliver Otis, an American general, was born in Maine, Nov. 8, 1830, and GEN. O. O. HOWARD graduated from West Point in 1854. He commanded a regiment in 1861, and was made brigadier-general for gallantry at the battle of Bull Run. He lost an arm at the battle of Fair Oaks, but afterwards commanded the army of the Tennessee. He was commissioner of the Freedmen's bureau from 1865 to 1872. In 1869 he was made president of Howard University, Washington, an institution for the education of the colored people. In 1877 he led an expedition against the Nez Percé Indians, compelling the surrender of Chief Joseph, and later against the Piutes. He was made major-general in 1886, succeeding General Hancock in the command of the division of the Atlantic, where he remained until his retirement in 1894. In 1895 he founded Lincoln Memorial University at Cumberland Gap, Tennessee. His Autobiography was published in 1907. He died Oct. 26, 1909.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Chichester

Edition of 1905. See also Chichester on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ CHICHESTER, chĭch′es-tẽr (AS. Cissanceaster, Lat. Cissæ castrum, camp of Cissa). A municipal borough and episcopal city in Sussex, England, 17½ miles east-northeast of Portsmouth (Map: England, F 6). It is well built and has wide streets. The ancient city walls are now utilized as a public promenade. The cathedral, erected in the Twelfth and Thirteenth centuries, is remarkable for its unique features of double aisles and detached campanile. Other notable public buildings are the guildhall, formerly the church of a Franciscan monastery; the Church of Saint Olave, one of the oldest in Chichester; and Saint Mary's Hospital, which was founded as a nunnery in the Twelfth Century. The town has a theological college, and there is an ancient grammar school founded in 1497. The chief trade is in agricultural products and live stock. There are malting, brewing, and tanning establishments, and manufactures of wooden-ware. The harbor, two miles to the southwest of the city, is a deep inlet of the English Channel, about eight square miles in area, and is connected with Chichester by a canal. Chichester was the Roman Regnum. It was taken and partially destroyed, in 491, by the South Saxons. It was soon afterwards rebuilt by Cissa, their King. It was for some time the capital of the Kingdom of Sussex. It was incorporated in 1213. During the Civil War it was taken in succession by Royalists and Parliamentarians. Population, in 1901, 12,200. Consult: Hills, “Chichester Cathedral,” in Archæological Journal, Vol. XX. (London, 1864), and “The City Walls,” in id., Vol. XLII. (London, 1886); Hay, History of Chichester (Chichester, 1804).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Chionides

Edition of 1905. See also Chionides on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
CHIONIDES, kḯ-ŏn′ǐ-dēz (from Gk. Χιονίδης). A Greek comic poet, whose representations date from B.C. 487. He is called the earliest writer of the old Athenian comedy, in that he was the first to impart to it that spirit of censorious criticism, whether of morals, politics, or literary taste, which distinguished it down to the time of Artaphernes. The extant fragments of his works have been edited in Meineke, Fragmenta Comicorum Græcorum (Paris, 1839–57), and Kock, Comicorum Atticorum Fragmenta, Vol. I., 4–7 (Leipzig, 1880–84).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Chichevache

Edition of 1905. See also Chichevache on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ CHICHEVACHE, shē̇sh′vȧsh′. A creature in French fable, represented as a lean cow, which lived upon submissive wives. The name and the conception arose from the corruption of the old French chicheface (ugly face) to chichevache (lean cow). Bicorne, the complement of Chichevache, is a fat beast, nourished on submissive husbands.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Chichimeca

Edition of 1905. See also Chichimeca on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ CHICHIMECA, chē′chē̇mā′kȧ (Aztec, perhaps from chichiltie, red + mecayotl, race). ‘Dog people,’ a term of contempt anciently applied by the more cultured Aztecs to the wild tribes northward of the Valley of Mexico. The name has no ethnic significance whatever.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Chickadee

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ CHICKADEE. See Titmouse.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Chinese Wall

Edition of 1905. See also Great Wall of China on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
CHINESE WALL. A wall once 1250 miles long, extending between Mongolia and China proper from Suchau, in Kiang-su, eastward to the Gulf of Pe-chi-li, with an extension northeastward to the Sungari River. It is called in Mongolian the White Wall, in Chinese the wall of 10,000 Li, and is the most gigantic defensive work in the world. In the Third Century B.C. an earthwork against the incursions of the Tatars was thrown up which in parts corresponds with the present wall. The latter, however, as recent researches indicate, dates only from the latter part of the
Fourteenth Century. Since the accession of the Manchu Dynasty in 1644, the wall has been allowed to fall into decay, except at a few points where it is maintained for customs purposes. The wall is 35 feet high, 21 feet thick, and is faced with granite blocks, with towers at frequent intervals. Its course is irregular, but chosen without regard to natural obstacles.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Chick, Mrs. Louisa

Edition of 1905. See also Dombey and Son on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ CHICK, Mrs. Louisa. The sister of Mr. Dombey, in Dickens's Dombey and Son. She is an anæmic copy of her brother, and he is the only person for whom she possesses the slightest semblance of affection.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Christ, Wilhelm von

Edition of 1905. See also Wilhelm von Christ on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
CHRIST, krīst, Wilhelm von (1831—). A German classical philologist, born at Geisenheim, August 2, 1831. He has been professor in the University of Munich since 1860, and is the author and editor of numerous works, of which the most important are: Die metrische Ueberlieferung der pindarischen Oden (1868); Metrik der Griechen und Römer (1879); Attikusausgabe des Demosthenes (1882); Griechische Litteraturgeschichte (1898).
# The Natural History of Selborne, 1879

The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne was first published 1789. This edition was published in 1879 and edited by G. Christopher Davies
the
NATURAL HISTORY OF SELBORNE.
LETTERS ADDRESSED TO THOMAS PENNANT ESQ.
44 Letters, adresssed to Thomas Pennant:
| Letter1 Letter2 Letter3 Letter4 Letter5 Letter6 Letter7 Letter8 Letter9 Letter 10 Letter 11 | Letter 12 Letter 13 Letter 14 Letter 15 Letter 16 Letter 17 Letter 18 Letter 19 Letter 20 Letter 21 Letter 22 | Letter 23 Letter 24 Letter 25 Letter 26 Letter 27 Letter 28 Letter 29 Letter 30 Letter 31 Letter 32 Letter 33 | Letter 34 Letter 35 Letter 36 Letter 37 Letter 38 Letter 39 Letter 40 Letter 41 Letter 42 Letter 43 Letter 44 |
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Natural History of Selborne, 1879/Letter 14

The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne was first published 1789. This edition was published in 1879 and edited by G. Christopher Davies
LETTER XIV.
Selborne, March 12th, 1768.
Dear Sir,—If some curious gentleman would procure the head of a fallow-deer, and have it dissected, he would find it furnished with two spiracula, or breathing places, besides the nostrils; probably analogous to the puncta lachrymalia in the human head. When deer are thirsty they plunge their noses, like some horses, very deep under water, while in the act of drinking, and continue them in that situation for a considerable time: but, to obviate any inconveniency, they can open two vents, one at the inner corner of each eye, having a communication with the nose. Here seems to be an extraordinary provision of nature worthy our attention; and which has not, that I know of, been noticed by any naturalist. For it looks as if these creatures would not be suffocated, though both their mouths and nostrils were stopped. This curious formation of the head may be of singular service to beasts of chase, by affording them free respiration: and no doubt these additional nostrils are thrown open when they are hard run. Mr. Ray observed that at Malta, the owners slit up the nostrils of such asses as were hard worked: for they, being naturally straight or small, did not admit air sufficient to serve them when they travelled, or laboured, in that hot climate. And we know that grooms, and gentlemen of the turf, think large nostrils necessary, and a perfection, in hunters and running horses.
Oppian, the Greek poet, by the following line, seems to have had some notion that stags have four spiracula:
"Τετραδυμοι ῥίνες, πιουρες ῶνοιηδι διαυλοι." "Quadrifidæ nares, quadruplices ad respirationem canales."
Opp. Cyn. Lib. ii. l. 181.
Writers, copying from one another, make Aristotle say that goats breathe at their ears; whereas he asserts just the contrary:—"Αλκμαιων γαρ ουκ αληθη λεγει, φαμενος αναπνειν τας αιγας ​κατα το ωτα." "Alcmæon does not advance what is true, when he avers that goats breathe through their ears."—"History of Animals." Book I. chap, xi.
note to letter xiv.
$^{e1}$ ↑ Naturalists seem now agreed that the curious slits referred to in the foregoing chapter are not and cannot be used for breathing, but for some other sense of which we can but guess the nature.
# The Naughty Boy

English-language translations of Den uartige Dreng include:
* "The Mischievous Boy" in Hans Andersen's Fairy Tales (1888), translated by Mrs. Henry H. B. Paull
* "The Naughty Boy" in Hans Andersen's fairy tales (1913), translated by unknown translator, illustrated by W. Heath Robinson
# The Naval Officer

* related portals: Adventure.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
Now, without pretending to have been better than we should have been in our earlier days, we do most solemnly assure the public that had we run the career of vice of the hero of the Naval Officer, at all events we should have had sufficient sense of shame not to have avowed it. Except the hero and heroine, and those parts of the work which supply the slight plot of it as a novel, the work in itself is materially true, especially in the narrative of sea adventure, most of which did (to the best of our recollection) occur to the author. [Extracted from the Prefatory Note]

## Contents

* Prefatory Note
* Chapter I
* Chapter II
* Chapter III
* Chapter IV
* Chapter V
* Chapter VI
* Chapter VII
* Chapter VIII
* Chapter IX
* Chapter X
* Chapter XI
* Chapter XII
* Chapter XIII
* Chapter XIV
* Chapter XV
* Chapter XVI
* Chapter XVII
* Chapter XVIII
* Chapter XIX
* Chapter XX
* Chapter XXI
* Chapter XXII
* Chapter XXIII
* Chapter XXIV
* Chapter XXV
* Chapter XXVI
* Chapter XXVII
* Chapter XXVIII
* Chapter XXIX
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Nature of the Kingdom, or Church, of Christ/Advertisement

Layout 2
BOOKS Written by the Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of Bangor; Printed for James Knapton, at the Crown in St. Paul's Church-Yard.
The Original, and Institution, of Civil Government, discuss'd. Second Edition, price 5s.
Several Discourses concerning the Terms of Acceptance with God, price 5s.
The Reasonableness of Conformity, to the Church of England. To which is added, the Defense of Episcopal Ordination. 3d. Edition, pr. 6s.
Several Tracts formerly publish'd, Now collected into one Volume. To which are added, Six Sermons, never before Publish'd, price 6s.
A Sermon preach'd before the King, May 29th, 1716. 2d Edition, price 4d.
A Preservative against the Principles and Practices of the Nonjurors both in Church and State: Or, an Appeal to the Consciences and common sense of the Christian Laity. The Fourth Edition, Price Six-Pence.
The Nature and Duty of a Publick Spirit. A Sermon Preach'd at St. James's Westminster, On St. David's Day March 1. 1716. Before the Honourable the Stewards and Others of the Society of Antient Britons, Establish'd in Honour of Her Royal Highness's Birth-Day and the Principality of Wales. Price Four Pence.