OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ring-goal

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​RING-GOAL, a game for two persons played on a ground, or indoor rink, 78 ft. long by 10 ft. wide, with a ring of split cane about 71/2 in. in diameter and weighing about 31/2 oz., which is propelled in the air by means of two sticks, resembling miniature billiard-cues, which are held inside the ring. The goals consist of two uprights 8 ft. high and 10 ft. apart, from which a net is stretched on an incline, so that its base will be a few feet behind the goal-line, and the object of the game is to drive the ring into these goals, each goal made scoring one point. The ring must be propelled by the server and caught by his opponent, on one or both of his sticks, if he can, and so returned alternately, and a point is scored for either player if it be stopped by his opponent in any other manner. A point is also scored for the receiver if the server, who begins the game, throw the ring so that it falls to the ground before ​the receiver can catch it between the creases, which are lines drawn across the court 6 ft. from the goal-lines, or the ring be driven out of court. Eleven points constitute a game. Ring-goal was invented by an under-graduate of Keble College, Oxford, about 1885, and was played at Oxford, but without attracting any wide popularity.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Riley, James Whitcomb

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​RILEY, JAMES WHITCOMB (1853–), American poet, was born in Greenfield, Indiana, in 1853. He spent several years as an itinerant, sign-painter, actor and musician. During this vagabond experience he had opportunities to revise plays and compose songs, and was brought into close touch with the rural folk of Indiana, becoming familiar with their life and speech. About 1873 he first contributed verses, especially in the Hoosier dialect, to the papers, and he soon became local editor of the Anderson (Ind.) Democrat. In August 1877, over the initials “ E.A.P.,” he printed in the Kokomo (Indiana) Dispatch a poem, Leonainie, in the manner of Poe. The press throughout the country copied the poem, and many critics of acknowledged authority believed it to have been actually written by Poe, until the hoax was explained by the paper in which it first appeared. To the Indianapolis Daily Journal Riley contributed many poems, the best known being a series in dialect which purported to have been written by one “ Benjamin F. Johnson, of Boone,” a farmer. These he published in book form, under the same pen-name, as The Old Swimmin' Hole and 'Leven More Poems (1883). He wrote short stories and sketches, some of unusual merit, but is known almost exclusively as a poet. Of his poems some are in conventional English, many others in the Hoosier dialect of the Middle-West. His materials are the homely incidents and aspects of village and country life, especially of Indiana, and his manner is marked by delicate imagination and naive humour and tenderness.
The bulk of his work appeared in The Boss Girl and Other Sketches (1886), republished in 1891 as Sketches in Prose; Afterwhiles (1887); Pipes o' Pan at Zekesbury (1888); Rhymes of Childhood (1890); Neighborly Poems (1891); The Flying Islands of the Night (1891), a fantastic blank verse drama; Green Fields and Running Brooks (1892); Poems Here at Home (189); Armazindy (1894), which contains the poem “ Leonainie "; A Child-World (1896), reminiscent of his own boyhood; The Rubdiyát of Doc Sifers (1897); Home Folks (1900); The Book of Joyous Children (1902); His Pa's Romance (1903); A Defective Santa Claus (1904); and in several books of selections, such as Old Fashioned Roses (1889), published in England; Child Rhymes (1898); Love Lyrics (1899); The Golden Year (1899), published in England; Farm Rhymes (1901); An Old Sweetheart of Mine (1902); Out to Old Aunt Mary's (1904); Songs o' Cheer (1905); Morning (1907); and Songs of Summer (1908).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rime Royal

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​RIME ROYAL, the name given to a strophe or stanza-form, which' is of Italian extraction, but is almost exclusively identié hed with English poetry from the fourteenth to the early, seventeenth centuries. It appears to be formed out 'of the stanza called Ottava rima (q.v.), by the omission of the fifth line, which reduces it to seven lines of three rhymes, arranged ababbcc. It was earliest employed with skill, if not, as seems probable, invented, by Chaucer, who composed his long romantic poem of Troilus and Cressida in rime royal, of which the following is an example:—
And as the new-abashéd nightingale, Thet stinteth first when she beginneth sing, When that she heareth any herdë tale, Or in the hedges any wight stirring, And, after, siker doth her voice out-ring,— Right so Cresseyda, when her dredë stint, Opened her heart, and told all her intent.”
The “Prioress’ Tale,” in the Canterbury Tales, offers another particularly beautiful proof of Chaucer’s skill in the use of the rime royal. In the fifteenth century this stanza was- habitually used, in preference to heroic verse, by Hoccleve and Lydgate, and, with more melody and grace, by the unknown writer of The Flower and the Leaf. In the sixteenth century, rime royal was chosen by Hawes as the vehicle of; his Pastime of Pleasure (1506) and by Barclay in his Ship of Fools (1509); it was now regarded as the almost exclusive classical form for heroic poetry in England, and it had long been so accepted in Scotland, where The King’s Quair of King James I., the Fables of Henryson and The Thistle and the Rose of Dunbar had closely followed Chaucer’s pattern. The greater part of that huge poetic miscellany, The Mirror for Magistrates (1559–1610), was written in rime royal, Sackville’s momentous Induction among the rest. The seven-line stanza began to go out of fashion with the revival of Elizabethan poetry, but we find it still used in Spenser’s Hymn of Heavenly Beauty, Shakespeare’s Lucrece and the Orchestra of Sir John Davys. After the first decade of the seventeenth century rime royal went out of fashion. Since then it has been occasionally revived, but not in poems of great length or particular importance. Rime royal should always be written in iambic metre, and be formed of seven lines of equal length, each containing ten syllables.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rimmer, William

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​RIMMER, WILLIAM (1816–1879), an American artist, was born in Liverpool, England, on the 20th of February 1816. He was the son of a French refugee, who emigrated to Nova Scotia, where he was joined by his wife and child in 1818, and who in 1826 removed to Boston, where he earned a living as a shoe-maker. The son learned the father’s trade; at fifteen became a draughtsman and sign-painter; then worked for a lithographer; opened a studio and painted some ecclesiastical pictures; in 1840 made a tour of New England painting portraits; lived in Randolph, Mass., in 1845–55 as a shoemaker, for the last years of the decade practising medicine; practised in East Chelsea and received a diploma from the Suffolk County Medical Society; and in 1855 removed to East Milton, where he supplemented his income by carving busts from blocks of granite. In 1860 he made his head of St Stephen (now in the Boston Athenaeum) and in 1861 his “Falling Gladiator” (since 1886 in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts), which Truman H. Bartlett calls “the most remarkable ​work of sculpture that has yet [1882] been produced in this country...powerful, wonderful, but not alluring.” Rimmer's sculptures, except those mentioned and “ The Fighting Lions ” (now in the Boston Art Club), “ A Dying Centaur ” (in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts), and a statue of Alexander Hamilton (made in 1865 for the city of Boston), were soon destroyed. He worked in clay, not modelling but building up and chi selling; almost always without models or preliminary sketches; and always under technical disadvantages and in great haste; but his sculpture is anatomically remarkable and has an “ early-Greek ” simplicity and strength. He published Elements of Design (1864) and Art Anatomy (1877), but his great work was in the class-room, where his lectures were illustrated with blackboard sketches. His studies in line suggest William Blake in their imaginative power. He died on the 20th of August 1879.
See Truman H. Bartlett, The Art Life of William Rimmer (Boston, 1882).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rigorism

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​RIGORISM (Lat. rigor, stillness, firmness), a philosophical term applied by Kant specially to those moralists who take up an anti-hedonist or ascetic standpoint. In general the term is opposed to “ latitudinarianism ” or “ indifferentism,”—respectively a morality of compromise and a morality of pure indifference,—and signifies insistence upon the strictest interpretation of a principle, rule or criterion. Thus, in Roman Catholic theology, a rigorist holds that in cases of conscience the proper course is to adhere to the strict wording of the law in question.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rimsky-Korsakov, Nicolas Andreievich

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​RIMSKY-KORSAKOV, NICOLAS ANDREIEVICH (1844–1908), Russian composer, was born at Tikhvin, Novgorod, on the 18th (N.S.) of March 1844. He was one of the musical amateurs who, with Borodin, Cui and Moussorsky, gathered round Balakirev in St Petersburg in the days when Wagner was still unknown. By 1865 he had written a symphony (in E minor) which in that year was performed—the first by a Russian composer—under Balakirev's direction, and in 1873 he definitely retired from the navy, having been appointed a professor in the St Petersburg Conservatoire. The same year witnessed his marriage to a talented pianist, Nadejda Pourgold, and the production of his first opera, Pskovitianka. This was followed by May Night (1878), The Snow Maiden (1880), Mlada (1892), Christmas Eve (1894), Sadko (1895), Mozart and Salieri (1898), The Tsar's Bride (1899), Tsar Saltana (1900), Servilia (1902), Kostchei the Immortal (1902), Kites (1905). But his operas attracted less attention abroad than his symphonic compositions, which show a mastery of orchestral effect combined with a fine utilization of Russian folk-melody and a happy feeling for “ programme music,” his writing being peculiarly individual and distinctive in its restraint and avoidance of violent methods. Notable among these works are his first symphony, his second (Op. 9) Antar, his third (Op. 32), and his orchestral suites and overtures, his Spanish Capriccio (1887) being particularly appreciated. He also wrote a number of beautiful songs, pianoforte pieces, &c., and he eventually took Balakirev's place as the leading conductor in St Petersburg, never sparing himself in assisting in the musical development of the Russian school. He died there on the 20th of June 1908.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Arthur, Thomas

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​Arthur, Thomas, Dr., a Catholic physician, born in Munster in 1593. He studied on the Continent, and became the leading practitioner in Ireland. His fee-book, published in The Journal of the Kilkenny Archaeological Society, is an interesting and valuable document, containing a list of his patients (many of them eminent characters of the day), with particulars of their illnesses, and memoranda of the fees received in each ease. Once we find him attending Archbishop Ussher, or, as he styles him, "Pseudo-Primas Ardmachanus," curing him of a severe disease, and receiving £51 for his services at Drogheda and Lambay Island. His usual fees appear to have been 10s. and 20s. Dr. Arthur lived on through the siege of Limerick in 1651, and records many liberal honorariums from Parliamentary officers. The date of his death does not ​appear to be known. After his time, many of the well-known Irish physicians were Catholics, medicine being the only profession left open to members of that church. $^{(1867)}$
* ↑ Archaeological and Historical Association of Ireland, Journal. Dublin, 1853–'77.
* ↑ Columba, St., Adamnan's Life of: Edited by Rev. William Reeves, D.D. (I. A. S.) Dublin, 1857.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Ambrose, Miss

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​Ambrose, Miss, a celebrated beauty of the Viceregal court during the administration of the Earl of Chesterfield (1745-'7). She was a Catholic heiress, of very ancient descent, allied to the best families in Ireland, gifted with exquisite beauty, and possessed of considerable mental acquirements. At one of the Castle balls, given on the anniversary of the battle of the Boyne, she appeared with an orange lily in her breast, upon which Chesterfield improvised the following lines:
His lordship used to say that she was "the most dangerous rebel in Ireland." In 1753 she married Roger Palmer, M.P. for Mayo (ancestor of the present Sir Roger Palmer of Mayo); and by his elevation to a baronetcy in 1777, became Lady Palmer. She is said to have lived to the age of one hundred years, retaining to the last a vehement hatred of the wrongs under which her Catholic fellow-countrymen laboured. Although rich, she spent the latter years of her life in seclusion in a small lodging in Henry-street, Dublin.
* ↑ Burke, Sir Bernard: Peerage and Baronetage.
* ↑ Burke, Sir Bernard: Romance of the Aristocracy. 3 vols. London, 1855.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Archdall, Mervyn

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​Archdall, Mervyn, Rev., antiquarian and genealogist, was born in Dublin, 22nd April 1723. His ancestors migrated from Great Britain in the reign of Elizabeth, and settled in the County of Fermanagh. He passed through the University with credit, and imbibed a taste for antiquities and literary research, and for collecting coins, medals, and seals. He finally resolved on collecting materials for a monastic history of Ireland. Acquaintance with Walter Harris, Charles Smith (author of the County Histories), and Thomas Prior, led him the more zealously to pursue the design. The living of Attanagh having been bestowed on him, he had leisure for these pursuits. After forty years' labour, however, he found publication in extenso beyond his means, and was obliged to cut down his Monasticon Hibernicum to one 4to volume, which appeared in 1786. Through the influence of the Right Hon. W. Conyngham, a society had been formed in 1781 for the publication of works on Ireland, and Archdall was one of the members. Vallancey's Collectanea appeared under its auspices, but differences sprang up between Ledwich and Vallancey, and the society fell to pieces— one branch publishing the Anthologia Hibernica (1793-'4), under Ledwich's editorship. In 1789 Archdall brought out an edition of Lodge's Peerage of Ireland, enlarged from four to seven volumes. Many of Lodge's valuable notes had been left in cipher, and would have been lost but that Mrs. Archdall, a woman of remarkable ingenuity (a relation of Prior, the poet), discovered the key and deciphered them. In the index to Lanigan's Ecclesiastical History are to be found eighty-two references under the head of " Archdall, blunders of, noticed." He died 6th August 1791, aged 68.$^{(3)}$
* ↑ Anthologia Hibernica. 4 vols. Dublin, 1793–'4.
* ↑ Authors, Dictionary of British and American: S. Austin Allibone. 3 vols. Philadelphia, 1869–'71.
* ↑ Ecclesiastical History of Ireland: Rev. John Lanigan. 4 vols. Dublin, 1822.
* ↑ Manuscript and Special Information, and Current Periodicals.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Ashe, St. George

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​Ashe, St. George, D.D., was born in the County of Roscommon in 1658. He was educated at Trinity College, where he became a Fellow, and Professor of Mathematics; he afterwards acted as secretary and chaplain to the British Embassy at Vienna. Returning to Ireland in 1692, he was made Provost of Trinity College. He was consecrated Bishop of Cloyne in 1695, and promoted to the see of Clogher in 1697, and to that of Derry in 1717. He occasionally contributed to the proceedings of the Royal Society, of which he was a member. He died in Dublin, 27th February 1718, and was buried in Christ Church. He bequeathed his mathematical library to the College.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Ashe, Andrew

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​Ashe, Andrew, a celebrated flautist, was born in Lisburn about 1758. He was sent to school at Woolwich, where he learned the first principles of music. On account of reverses of fortune, his parents were about removing him, when Count Bentick adopted the lad, took him to the Continent, and secured for him a musical education. He devoted himself to the flute, and soon rose to be principal player in Brussels, Dublin, and London, successively—being one of the first to use the additional keys. After engagements in the Italian opera, in 18 10 he became director of the Bath concerts. He spent the last years of his life in retirement in Dublin, and died in 1838. His wife and daughter were celebrated pianists.
* ↑ Biographical Dictionary: John Cassell. London, N. D.
* ↑ Musiciens, Biographie Universelle des: F. J. Fetis. 8 vols. Paris, 1860–'5.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Annesley, Arthur, Earl of Anglesea

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1st Earl of Anglesea
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​Annesley, Arthur, Earl of Anglesea, was born in Dublin, 10th July 1614. He was educated at Oxford, studied law, and entered Parliament for Radnorshire. When the civil war broke out, he for a time followed the fortunes of Charles, but afterwards went over to the side of the Parliament, and was sent to Ireland in 1645 as a commissioner, in which employment he did good service for the preservation of the Protestant interest. He was one of those who brought about the restoration of Charles II., and was subsequently created Earl of Anglesea, and appointed Vice-Treasurer of Ireland. He held the post of Lord Privy Seal from 1673 to 1682, when he was dismissed in consequence of a misunderstanding with the Duke of Ormond. He died 6th April 1686, aged 71. The Earl was a man of considerable independence of character, "of deep politicks, very subtle and reserved in the management of affairs, of more than ordinary parts, and one who had the command of both a smooth and a keen pen." Ware enumerates nine political tracts written by him. In Notes and ​Queries, Notes and Queries, 2nd Series, will be found a notice of the sale of his library, and an anecdote concerning Sir Arthur Chichester having once unjustly accused him of stealing a purse, which a pet monkey had abstracted.
* ↑ Ware, Sir James, Works: Walter Harris. 2 vols. Dublin, 1764.
* ↑ Graduates of the University of Dublin, to 6th December 1868: Rev. James H. Todd, D.D. Dublin, 1869.
* ↑ University of Dublin; History, with Biographical Notices. William B. S. Taylor. London, 1845.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Anster, John

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​Anster, John, LL.D., Professor, was born at Charleville, County of Limerick, in 1793, and was educated at Trinity College, where he took the degree of LL.D. in 1825. He was called to the Bar the same year; in 1837 was appointed Registrar of the Admiralty Court, and in 1849, Regius Professor of Civil Law in Dublin University. Without attaining the first rank, he was favourably known as a writer. Coleridge had a high opinion of his poetical talents. He was a frequent contributor to the University and other magazines; perhaps his best known work is a translation of portions of Faust. He died 9th June 1867.
* ↑ Authors, Dictionary of British and American: S. Austin Allibone. 3 vols. Philadelphia, 1869–'71.
* ↑ Biographical Division of English Cyclopædia, with Supplement: Charles Knight. 7 vols. London, 1856–'72.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Arbogast

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​Arbogast, an Irish ecclesiastic, was consecrated Bishop of Strasbourg, 646. "He came a hermit and a stranger into Alsace, and there built an oratory in a sacred grove, almost where Haguenau now stands, and in that place served God diligently in fasting and prayer. Yet he was not altogether idle, for he appeared abroad and diligently instructed the inhabitants in the knowledge and fear of God, and in the true invocation of the omnipotent power of his son Christ." He was appointed by Dagobert II. to the see of Strasbourg, which he governed five years. He died in 658, and was buried near the present site of Strasbourg Cathedral.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Arthur, James

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​Arthur, James, Rev., born in Limerick, a Dominican friar in the abbey of St. Stephen at Salamanca, Professor of Divinity, the author of a Commentary on Aquinas, and other works. He was deprived of his chair in 1642 for refusing to subscribe to the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception, and withdrew to the convent of St. Dominick in Lisbon, where he died about 1670.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Archdekin, Richard

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​Archdekin, Richard, Rev., or MacGillacudy, a famous Jesuit, and controversial writer, was born in Kilkenny, 1619. At Louvain and Antwerp he filled successively the chairs of classical literature, moral philosophy, and theology, and acquired the reputation of an able divine. He died in Antwerp, 1690. He was the author of several books which enjoyed extensive popularity. His Essay on Miracles was said to be the first work printed in English and Irish conjointly. His Theologica Tripartita Universa reached its eleventh edition in 1700.
* ↑ Authors, Dictionary of British and American: S. Austin Allibone. 3 vols. Philadelphia, 1869–'71.
* ↑ Ware, Sir James, Works: Walter Harris. 2 vols. Dublin, 1764.