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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Baalbek

From volume 2 of the work.
The Heliopolis of the Greek and Latin writers, a Syrian town at the base of the western slope of the Anti-Lebanon, and the see of a Maronite and of a Melchite bishop. Nothing is known of the origin and ancient history of Baalbek, although conjectural attempts have been made to identify it with Baalgad (Jos., xi, 17; xiii, 5), Aven (A.V. Amos, i, 5), etc. Among the monuments of Baalbek were three temples: the Great Temple of Jupiter, the Temple of the Sun, and the Circular Temple of Venus; all of them date from the second century A. D. The so-called Acropolis, on the platform of which two of the temples were erected, is older. Baalbek has been destroyed almost entirely by earthquakes and wars, but even today its ruins are said to be the most beautiful in existence. The boldness of the architecture and the cyclopean dimensions of some of the monoliths of the Acropolis are among the many features interesting both to the scientist and the traveler. The political history of Baalbek is that of the surrounding country. (See SYRIA.)
The introduction of Christianity into Baalbek is obscure. In the life of St. Eudocia, there is mention of one Theodotus, Bishop of Heliopolis, in the reign (117-138) of Hadrian. (Acta SS., 1 March, 8f.) The account is of doubtful historical value and when Constantine forbade the licentious pagan practices, there were no Christians there. Constantine, however, erected a church or perhaps simply transformed one of the temples into a Christian basilica, which he entrusted to a bishop with priests and deacons (Eusebius, Life of Const., III, lviii). During the reign of Julian (361-363) the Christians were severely persecuted (Sozomen, History, V, x). Paganism disappeared from Baalbek only after Theodosius (379-395) had destroyed the idols and probably the Great Temple. Of the former bishops of Baalbek (Heliopolis) only a few scattered names have been preserved. Baalbek is now a titular archiepiscopal see in partibus infidelium, with the Most Rev. Robert Seton, formerly of Newark, New Jersey, U.S.A., as incumbent, consecrated 5 July, 1903. In 1861, Baalbek was made a Maronite bishopric, with about 30,000 Catholics. The Melchite diocese was erected in 1868, and numbers some 5,000 Catholics with fifteen priests, mostly Basilian monks. The Armenians of the district are under the Armenian Archbishop of Aleppo, and the Latins under the vicar Apostolic of the same place. (See ALEPPO) The Orthodox Greeks (schismatical), also have a resident bishop at Baalbek; further, the town is a station of the British Syrian Schools' Committee with two missionary women, three native women, and a village school, high school, and a dispensary.
On the ruins of Baalbek, see WOOD AND DAWKINS, Ruins of Baalbek (London, 1757); MURRAY, Handbook for Travellers (London, 1868); LEGENDRE in VIG, Dict de la Bib, s.v. On the religious aspect of Baalbek, see LEQUIEN, Oriens Christ. (Paris, 1740), II, 842; WERNER, Orb. Terr. Cath. (Freiburg im Br., 1890); Missionae catholicae (Rome, 1901); BATTANDIER, Ann. Pont. Cath. (Paris, 1907).
R. BUTIN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Salta

From volume 13 of the work.
(SALTENSIS).
Comprises the civil Provinces of Salta and Jujuy in the northern part of the Republic of Argentina. It was created on 17 February, 1807, the territory being taken from the ancient Diocese of Córdoba del Tucumán. Until 1898 it comprised also the civil Provinces of Tucumán, Santiago del Estero, and Catamarca, which have recently been detached to form new dioceses. The first Bishop of Salta was Nicolás Videla del Pino, who was succeeded by Fray Buenaventura Rizo Patrón, Monsignor Pablo Padilla y Bárcena, and the present bishop, Mgr. Matias Linares y Sanzetenea. The diocese possesses a handsome cathedral and seminary, and conducts a private printing plant which issues a Catholic daily paper, "Tribuna popular". Religious orders of men are represented by the Redemptorists, who devote themselves to giving missions, the Fathers of the Divine Word, the Canons Regular of the Lateran, the Salesians, who are in charge of the schools, and one convent of Franciscans subject to the Congregation of Propaganda. The Sisters of the Good Shepherd, of the Garden of Olives, of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, and Franciscan Tertiaries devote their time to teaching, hospital work, and visiting the sick in their own homes.
Julian Toscano.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Salto

From volume 13 of the work.
(SALTENSIS).
Diocese in Uruguay, suffragan to Montevideo. This diocese with that of Melo was erected by Pope Leo XIII by his Brief of 19 April, 1897, on the petition of the Bishop of Montevideo and with the consent of the Uruguayan Government. Montevideo was raised to the archiepiscopal rank and two titular bishops were named to assist the new archbishop. However, owing to unfavorable political conditions, no appointments to the new sees have yet been made (December, 1911). The Diocese of Salto comprises the north-western portion of the Republic of Uruguay (see the Ecclesiastical Map of South America in CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA, III), including the departments of Río Negro, Paysandú, Salto, Artigas, and Tacuarembo, with an area of 25,700 square miles and a population of about 197,000 inhabitants. The town of Salto (population 12,000) is situated on the Río de la Plata opposite Concordia in Argentina. It has a large export trade, and is in communication with both Montevideo and Buenos Aires, by boat and rail. Paysandú (population 16,000) is also a busy commercial centre, the neighboring region being extensively devoted to stock-raising. It contains a hospital and two churches.
KEANE, Central and South America, I (London, 1909); MULHALL, Handbook of the River Plate Republics (London, 1895); DIAZ, Hist. de las Repub. de la Plata (Montevideo, 1878); Publications of the Direccion de estadistica general (Montevideo, current); BRYSSEL, La republique orientale de l'Uruguay (1889); Handbook of Uruguay: International Bureau of the American Republics (Washington, 1892 and 1909); BAUZA, Historia de la dominacion espanola en el Uruguay (Montevideo, 1880).
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of San Juan

From volume 13 of the work.
​San Juan, Diocese of (Sancti Joannis de Cuyo), in the Argentine Republic at the foot of the Cordillera of the Andes between 28° and 41° S. lat. It is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Buenos Aires and comprises the civil Provinces of San Juan, Mendoza, and San Luis, and the national district of Neuquén, has an area of 151,096 sq. miles and a population of 540,000. These provinces were a part of the Archdiocese of Santiago de Chile until 1776, when they passed under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Córdoba. In 1826 they were constituted into a vicariate Apostolic, and on 19 Sept., 1834, Gregory XVI erected the Diocese of San Juan de Cuyo. The first bishop was Fray Justo de Santa Maria de Oro, a prominent figure in the history of Argentina. He was the representative from San Juan to the Congress of Tueumán, which, on 9 July, 1816, proclaimed the independence of Argentina, and in this assemblage distinguished himself by resolutely opposing the monarchical form of government for the infant nation. He died in 1838, and a handsome bronze statue has been erected to him in the principal square of the city of San Juan. He was succeeded by: Jose Manuel Eufracio de Quiroga Sarmiento, who died on 25 Jan., 1852; Fray Nicolás Aldazor, died in 1866; Fray José Wenceslav Achaval, who founded the seminary and established the cathedral chapter, and died on 25 Feb., 1898; and the present incumbent, Fray Marcolino del Carmelo Benavente, to whom is due the erection of the statue of Christ the Redeemer at the crest of the Andes, on the boundary line between Chile and Argentina, as a symbol of peace and good will between the two nations. Mgr. Benavente was born at Buenos Aires on 17 Aug., 1845; entered the Dominicans, and was appointed bishop on 7 Jan., 1899. There are four Catholic primaiy schools for boys, seventeen schools for girls, and one Catholic agricultural college in the diocese. A Catholic daily paper, "El Porvenir", is published at San Juan, and ranks highest among the daily papers of the entire province. There are one or more confraternities attached to all parish churches to encourage piety and devotion. Among the notable edifices of the diocese may be mentioned: the episcopal palace and the Church of San Domingo in San Juan; those of San Francisco, Sagrado Corazon, and Godoy Cruz in Mendoza; and the Matriz of San Luis. At the present time a project has been laid before the National Congress to divide this diocese into three, viz., San Juan, San Luis, and Mendoza.
Isidro Fernández.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Samogitia

From volume 13 of the work.
(SAMOGITIENSIS)
A Russian diocese, also called Telshi (Telshe), including the part of Lithuania lying on the Baltic; this Lithuanian district, also named Schmudien (Polish, Zmudz) or Schamaiten (Lithuanian, Zemaitis), was conquered about 1380 by the Teutonic Knights, and ceded to Poland in 1411 by the first Treaty of Thorn after the defeat of Tannenberg. During the supremacy of the Teutonic Knights a part of the inhabitants had been baptized, but Christianity had not become firmly established. King Jagello of Poland (1386-1434) travelled through the country, gave instruction in the Christian religion himself, and called upon the people to be baptized. He founded the Diocese of Samogitia with its see at Miedniki, his act being confirmed by the Council of Constance in 1416, and the cathedral, which was dedicated to Saints Alexander, Evantius, and Theodul, was erected in 1417. The first bishop was a German named Matthias; he was succeeded in 1421 by Nicholas, a Pole. Until the sixteenth century a large part of the people were strongly inclined to heathenism. Among the later bishops should be mentioned Melchior I (1574-1609), who re-established Catholicism after the Reformation. His predecessor George III founded a seminary for priests. There was an uninterrupted succession of bishops until 1778. The see then remained vacant, and in 1798 the diocese was suppressed, after it had fallen to Russia in the third Partition of Poland in 1795. Up to that time it had been a suffragan of Gnesen. In 1849 it was re-established as a suffragan of Mohilev. The first bishop of this second period was Matthias Wolonzewski. The see is Kovno on the Njemen. By the convention made in 1847 between Pius IX and Russia the diocese includes the governments of Courland and Kovno, which have together an area of about 26,219 square miles. The Catholic population of the two governments is 1,258,092; there are 426 parishes and dependent stations, and 600 priests.
RZEPNICKI, VitÊ prÊsulum PoloniÊ, III (Posen, 1763), 26-42; GAMS, Series episcoporum (Ratisbon, 1873), 357; Die katholische Kirche unserer Zeit, ed. by the LEO ASSOCIATION, III (Berlin, 1902), 159-60; Directorium pro diÊcesi Telsensi (Kowno, 1910).
Klemens Löffler
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Saltillo

From volume 13 of the work.
(SALTILLENSIS).
Diocese in the Republic of Mexico, suffragan of Linares, or Monterey. Its area is the same as that of the State of Coahuila (63,728 sq. miles), and its population (1910), 357,652. The city of Saltillo (5190 feet above the sea-level) is the principal residence of the bishop and of the Governor of the State of Coahuila, and, according to above census, has a population of 35,063. This city was founded in 1575 by Francisco Urdinola, and inhabited by the Huachichiles and Borrados Indians of the country, and by Tlaxcaltecas brought by the Spanish. The Franciscan Father Andres de Leon was one of the first missionaries in this territory in the sixteenth century. In 1827 the name of Saltillo was changed to Ciudad Leona Vicario, in honor of the celebrated Mexican heroine of that name, but the original name always prevailed. The Franciscan Fathers of the Province of Jalisco had eight missions in Coahuila, which, in 1777, formed part of the See of Linares, or Monterey, and belonged to it until 1891, when Leo XIII erected the See of Saltillo with jurisdiction over the entire State of Coahuila.
This see has a seminary, with 20 students; 26 parochial schools; 10 Catholic colleges, among these that of St. John Nepomucene; they have altogether 3000 pupils, both boys and girls. The Protestants have 10 colleges with 781 pupils, and 33 churches. In the capital, Saltillo, the present cathedral, which was the former parish church, is worthy of mention. The city of Parras de la Fuente, with a population of 7000, is also notable. It owes its name to the wild grape vines found there by the Conquistadores. D. Antonio Martín of Sapata, and Fray Agustin de Espinosa, who founded the city there, 18 Feb., 1592. During the Spanish domination it was the residence of the Jesuit Fathers, who gave many missions and cared for the towns of the famous Laguna. The modern city of Torreón is the most populous of the state; nevertheless it counts but few religious elements.
NORIEGA, Geografia de la Republica Mexicana (Mexico, 1898).
Camillus Crivelli.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of San José de Costa Rica

From volume 13 of the work.
(SANCTI JOSEPHI DE COSTARICA).
The Republic of Costa Rica, Central America, constitutes this diocese as a suffragan see of the Archdiocese of Guatemala. It was established in 1850, and its Catholic population in 1910 amounted to 368,000, which is practically the total number of inhabitants in the country. There are in the republic: 103 priests, of whom 101 are secular and 12 regular; 68 parish churches; 98 chapels; 1 seminary; 1 diocesan college; 1 academy for girls; 2 orphan asylums; and 4 hospitals, all supported by the Church. At San José, the capital of the republic and see of the diocese, are located the seminary with 10 students, the diocesan college with 150 pupils; the Academy of the Sisters of Our Lady of Sion with 35 sisters and 100 girls; 1 school for poor girls, connected with the same academy, with 80 pupils; 1 orphan asylum, directed by the Sisters of Charity and caring for 230 orphans. There is in the city of Cartago another orphan asylum, under the Salesian Fathers, with 233 orphans. In 1847 President José M. Castro entered into negotiations with the Holy See and secured the establishment of a bishopric at Costa Rica, and on 10 April, 1851 the Rt. Rev. Anselmo Llorente y La Fuente was appointed the first bishop, and consecrated in Guatemala, 7 Sept., of the same year. The present incumbent is Rt. Rev. Juan Gaspar Stork, consecrated 24 Aug., 1904. The cathedral of San José is the largest and handsomest religious edifice in the capital, and is noted for the dignity and elegance of its architecture. (See COSTA RICA, REPUBLIC OF.)
Julian Moreno-Lacalle.
# Century Magazine/Volume 37

* Issue 1 (November 1888)
* Issue 2 (December 1888)
* Issue 3 (January 1889)
* Issue 4 (February 1889)
* Issue 5 (March 1889)
* Issue 6 (April 1889)
# Century Magazine/Volume 32/Issue 4

Volume 32, Issue 4 (August 1886).

## Contents

* Lee at Fredericksburg, by J. Horace Lacy
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Century Magazine/Volume 37/Issue 5

Volume 37, Issue 5 (March, 1889).

## Contents

* Siberia and the Exile System. The Grand Lama of the Trans-Baikal, by George Kennan
* Siberia, a poem by Florence Earle Coates
* The Rival Souls, by Harry Stillwell Edwards
* The Last Letter, by Frank Dempster Sherman
* Italian Old Masters. Gaddo Gaddi, by W. J. Stillman
* Italian Old Masters. Taddeo Gaddi, by W. J. Stillman
* Ireland. Christian Ireland, by Charles de Kay
* Pictures of the Far West. The Choice of Reuben and Gad
* Abraham Lincoln: A History. The Edicts of Freedom, by J. G. Nicolay, et al.
* The Use of Oil to Still the Waves, by Lieut. W. H. Beehler, U.S.N.
* Down to the Capital, by James Whitcomb Riley
* York Cathedral, by Mrs. Schuyler van Rensselaer
* Electricity, Something It Is Doing, by Charles Barnard
* Love's Unrest, by L. M. S.
* Strange True Stories of Louisiana. The History of Alix de Morainville, by George W. Cable
* Amateur Theatricals, by Gustav Kobbé
* Dutch Painters at Home, by Emma Eames Chase
* Edward Rowland Sill, by Herbert D. Ward
* The Correspondence of Mr. Miles Grogan, by George H. Jessop
* The River God, by Charles Henry Luders
* The Last Assembly Ball, by Mary Hallock Foote
* A Full-Length Portrait of the United States, by Edward Eggleston
* Rules of the House of Representatives, by Thomas B. Reed, M.C.
* Election Laws for Congressmen
* The English Language in America
* Lincoln's Disinterestedness
* College Fraternities
* "What of the South", by Marion J. Verdery
* A Thank-Ye-Ma'am (To J. W. R.), by Tudor Jenks
# Century Magazine/Volume 32

* Issue 1
* Issue 2
* Issue 3
* Issue 4 (August 1886)
* Issue 5
* Issue 6
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Century Magazine/Volume 32/Issue 6
## Contents

* Stonewall Jackson's Last Battle, by James Power Smith
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/François-Juste-Marie Raynouard

From volume 12 of the work.
A French poet, dramatist, and philologist, b. at Brignoles, Var, 8 September, 1761; d. at Passy, 27 October, 1836. He studied law at Aix and, on being admitted to the bar, practised there. When the revolution broke out, he showed at first a great enthusiasm for liberty and was elected to the Legislative Assembly, where he sided with the Girondins. He soon abandoned the new ideas. During the Terror, he was arrested and imprisoned at the Abbaye. Being freed after the ninth Thermidor, he returned to his native city and obtained great success as an attorney-at-law. In his leisure hours, he indulged in writing poems, "Socrate au temple d'Aglaure" (1802), and tragedies, "Éléonore de Bavière" and "Les templiers", which were played in 1805 by special command of Napoleon. Their success caused him to be elected to the French Academy in 1807. From 1806 to 1814, he was a member of the legislature. After Napoleon's downfall, he retired from politics and devoted his time to literature and a comparative study of languages. He was one of the pioneers of Romance philology and made a lasting reputation by his researches on the troubadours, although his conclusions now seem hasty and often mere conjectures. He was admitted to the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres in 1815. His chief works besides the dramas above mentioned are the tragedy "Les états de Blois" (1809), and a few others never produced on the stage: "Caton d'Utique", "Don Carlos", "Débora", "Charles I", "Jeanne d'Arc à Orléans"; various contributions to Romance philology: "Recherches sur l'antiquité de la langue romane" (Paris, 1816); "Éléments de la grammaire de la langue romane" (Paris, 1816); "La grammaire des troubadours" (1816); "Des troubadours et les cours d'amour" (1817); "Grammaire comparée des langues de l'Europe latine dans leurs rapports avec la langue des troubadours" (1821); "Choix des poésies originales des troubadours" (Paris, 1821); "Lexique de la langue des troubadours" (Paris, 1824); "Nouveau choix des poésies originales des troubadours" (Paris, 1836-44).
JULLIEN, La poesie francaise a l'epoque imperiale (Paris, 1844); MERLET, Tableau de la litt. franc. de 1800 a 1815 (Paris, 1878); GIDEL, Hist. de la litt. franc., III (1883); ALBERT, Hist. de la litt. sous l Revolution, l'Empire et la Restauration (Paris, 1891).
LOUIS N. DELAMARRE
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/François-Marie-Benjamin Richard de la Vergne

From volume 13 of the work.
Archbishop of Paris, born at Nantes, 1 March, 1819; died in Paris, 28 January, 1908.
Educated at the Seminary of Saint-Sulpice he became in 1849 secretary to Bishop Jacquemet at Nantes, then, from 1850 to 1869, vicar-general. In 1871 he became Bishop of Belley where he began the process for the beatification of the Curé d'Ars. On 7 May, 1875, he became coadjutor of Cardinal Guibert, Archbishop of Paris, whom he succeeded 8 July, 1886, becoming cardinal with the title of Santa Maria in Via, 24 May, 1889. He devoted much energy to the completion of the Basilica of the Sacred Heart at Montmartre, which he consecrated. Politically, Cardinal Richard was attached by ties of esteem and sympathy to the Monarchist Catholics. In 1892, when Leo XIII recommended the rallying of Catholics to the Republic (see FRANCE, The Third Republic and the Church in France), the cardinal created the "Union of Christian France" (Union de la France Chrétienne), to unite all Catholics on the sole basis of the defence of religion. The Monarchists opposed this "rallying" (Ralliement) with the policy which this union represented, and at last, at the pope's desire, the union was dissolved. On many occasions Cardinal Richard spoke in defence of the religious congregations, and Leo XIII addressed to him a letter (27 December, 1900) on the religious who were menaced by the then projected Law of Associations. In the domain of hagiography he earned distinction by his "Vie de la bienheureuse Françoise d'Amboise" (1865) and "Saints de l'église de Bretagne" (1872).
L'episcopat français, 1802-1905, s. v. Belley, Paris; LECANUET, L'Eglise de France sous la troisieme republique, II (Paris, 1910).
GEORGES GOYAU