OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# An Ainu–English–Japanese Dictionary/List of Abbreviations

| a. or adj. | Stands for | Adjective. |
| abla. | ” ” | Ablative. |
| adv. | ” ” | Adverb. |
| aux. v. | ” ” | Auxiliary verb. |
| conj. | ” ” | Conjunction. |
| dat. | ” ” | Dative case. |
| e.g. | ” ” | Example. |
| Eng. | ” ” | English. |
| exlam. | ” ” | Exclamation. |
| gen. | ” ” | Genitive case. |
| geo. | ” ” | Geographical. |
| i.e. | ” ” | Id est. |
| imper. | ” ” | Imperative mood. |
| instru. | ” ” | Instrumental. |
| interj. | ” ” | Interjection. |
| intr. | ” ” | Intransitive. |
| Jap. | ” ” | Of Japanese origin. |
| lit. | ” ” | Literally. |
| loc. | ” ” | Locative particle. |
| met. | ” ” | Metaphor. |
| n. | ” ” | Noun. |
| nom. | ” ” | Nominative case. |
| obj. | Stands for | Objective case. |
| obj. pro. | ” ” | Objective pronoun. |
| part. | ” ” | Particle. |
| pass. | ” ” | Passive voice. |
| per. pro. | ” ” | Personal pronoun. |
| phr. | ” ” | Phrase. |
| pl. | ” ” | Plural. |
| post. | ” ” | Postposition. |
| poss. pro. | ” ” | Possessive pronoun. |
| prep. | ” ” | Preposition. |
| pro. | ” ” | Pronoun. |
| reflex pro. | ” ” | Reflexive pronoun. |
| rel. pro. | ” ” | Relative pronoun. |
| sing. | ” ” | Singular. |
| syn. | ” ” | Partly synonymous words. |
| v.i. | ” ” | Intransitive verb. |
| v.t. | ” ” | Transitive verb. |
| —— | ” ” | Repetition of the word under which it occurs |
# An Ainu–English–Japanese Dictionary/Foreword
## アイヌ和英辭典序

友人バチラー君本道ニ在ルコト殆ント將ニ三十年ナラント ス其初來ルヤ先ツアイヌ語ヲ學ヒ以テ布教ニ便セントシ普 ク其部落ヲ跋渉シ屢々彼族ト同棲シ困苦具ニ嘗メ逐ニ能ク 其語ニ通シ併セテ風俗ヲ審ニシ教義其間ニ行ハレ深ク彼等 ノ信賴ヲ受ク君世ノ爲メニ完全ノアイヌ辭書ナキヲ憂へ自 ラ之レカ編著ヲ企テ年ヲ歴テ茲ニ其業ヲ卒へ配スルニ英和 二文ヲ以テシ名ケテアイヌ和英辭典ト曰フ集録スル所實ニ 一萬三千餘語自今アイヌ語ヲ研究スル者之ニ由テ求メハ則 チ又得サル所ナカルへシ抑々アイヌノ本邦ニ於ケル關係太 ​タ古シ殊ニ本道ノ如キハ久シク彼ノ占居セシ處地物ノ稱呼 多ク其命名ヲ傳フ然ラハ則チ本書ノ成ル獨リ學界ニ稗益ス ルノミナラス本道ノ政ニ從フ者亦坐右ノ一寳ナリ余深ク此 著ノ世ニ出ルヲ喜ヒ爲メニ一言ヲ叙スト云爾
明治三十八年九月
從三位男爵園田安賢
My Friend Mr. Batchelor has resided in Hokkaido for the space of nearly thirty years. When he first came to this island he almost at once commenced to study the Ainu language with the object of preaching the Gospel. He has visited nearly all the native villages and has at times lived entirely among the Ainu making light of the hardships which had to be endured. In course of time Mr. Batchelor gained a free command of the native tongue as well as a full knowledge of the customs of the people. As a consequence Christianity has been widely spread among them and he has gained their full confidence. Mr. Batchelor has felt the great need of a Dictionary and other books on the language, and at last, after many years of hard labour has compiled the present work entitled — An Ainu-English-Japanese Dictionary:— which work contains some 13,000 words. It is thought that this book will fully meet the requirements of any students of the Ainu language. The relation between the Ainu and Japanese dates from very ancient times, particularly so in respect of this island which they still occupy. Here too the names of many places retain the original Ainu words. Hence the completion of the present work is of much scientific interest as well as of great practical use. In writing this Preface I desire to express my deep interest in the publication of the present work.
| Sept., 1905. | Y. Sonoda, Baron of the Junior Third Court Rank. |
# An Ainu–English–Japanese Dictionary/Preface

Sixteen years have elapsed since the publication of the compiler's last Ainu Dictionary, and during that period of time he has had the work constantly before him correcting and enlarging it. It was not his original intention to print a new dictionary and the work of revision was only done by way of recreation and for the purposes of his private work as a Missionary among the Ainu. But inasmuch as the first edition has been long out of print, and during the last decade more than five hundred friends have asked for copies, he has thought it advisable to once more place the results of his studies before the public in the form asked for. And, in doing this the Author desires to express his best thanks to the following Gentlemen. First, to His Excellency Baron Sonoda, Governor General of Hokkaidō, for the great interest and sympathy he has shown in the publication of this work and to whom it has been respectfully dedicated. Next to Mr. K. Yamada, sometime Chief Inspector of Schools for the Hokkaidōchō, for the cordial assistance he has rendered in recommending the book to all Japanese educationalists throughout the Empire. Then to his great Friend Dr. Miyabe Professor of Botany in the Agricultural College of Sapporo for his great kindness in supplying him with, as well as examining and correcting, all the scientific names of trees and plants found in this volume; and to Mr. S. Nozawa, of the Fisheries Bureau, Hokkaidōchō, for so cordially doing the like in the various branches of zoölogy. Next the Author thanks his Friend Mr. S. Fujimura, likewise of the Fisheries Bureau, for so readily consenting to read his manuscripts and for correcting the ​Japanese before sending the work to the Press. And lastly, but by no means least, very heartily does he thank his old Friend and Fellow Student of the Ainu Language—Professor K. Jimbō, of The Imperial University, Tōkyō, for undertaking the arduous task of assisting in reading the proofs, and for his suggestions with regard to the kana writing and other matters such as pointing out printers errors, mistranslations and other oversights. It was a very great advantage to have one to read the proofs who has studied the languages in which the book is written, and whose native tongue is one of them.
As the work was printed by a Japanese firm at Tōkyō, nearly a thousand miles from the writer's home in Sapporo, the table of errata will be found to be considerably larger than it would have been had he been in a position to see the proofs oftener. This must be the excuse for so long a list, for which, also, every apology is made. The errata belonging to the Dictionary part will be found at the end of the Dictionary, while those appertaining to the Grammar will be found at the end of the book.
# An Ainu–English–Japanese Dictionary/Printing information

Printed at The Tokyo Tsukiji Type Foundry Tokyo, Japan
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Williams, Edward Venables

From volume 4 of the work.
​Williams, Edward Venables. 2s. William Venables, of Ruabon, co. Denbigh, cler. Queen's Coll., matric. 15 May, 1875, aged 20; rector of Whitsbury, Hants, 1886.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Williams, Eliezer

From volume 4 of the work.
​Williams, Eliezer, s. Peter, of Landweilog, co. Carmarthen, cler. Jesus Coll., matric. 3 April, 1775, aged 20; B.A. 1778, M.A. 1781, probably father of St. George A. 1823.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Williams, Edward Stephen

From volume 4 of the work.
​Williams, Edward Stephen, 1s. Isaac, of Mold, co. Flint, cler. Jesus Coll., matric. 22 June, 1848, aged 18; B.A. 1852, M.A. 1855, curate in charge of East Dean, Hants, 1862.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Williams, Evan (2)

From volume 4 of the work.
​Williams, Evan, s. Robert, of Amlwch, co. Anglesea, pleb. Jesus Coll., matric. 8 April, 1772, aged 18; B.A. 1775. See Gent.'s Mag., 1839, i. 664.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Williams, Evan (1)

From volume 4 of the work.
​Williams, Evan, s. John, of Myvod, co. Montgomery, gent. Jesus Coll., matric. 13 March, 1753, aged 17; B.A. 1757.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Williams, Edward Sydney

From volume 4 of the work.
​Williams, Edward Sydney, 3s. John, of Islington, Middlesex, gent. Wadham Coll., matric. 29 April, 1852, aged 18; B.A. 1856, M.A. 1870.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Williams, Edward William Colt

From volume 4 of the work.
​Williams, Edward William Colt, 1s. David, of Nannerch, near Mold, co. Flint, cler. Christ Church, matric. 7 June, 1865, aged 19; a junior student 1865-71, B.A. 1869, brother of David Archer V. C.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Williams, Edwin

From volume 4 of the work.
​Williams, Edwin, 2s. William, of St. David's, co. Brecon, gent. Non-Coll., matric. 15 Oct., 1870, aged 19; B.A. from Jesus Coll. 1874, M.A. 1877.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Williams, Euseby

From volume 4 of the work.
​Williams, Euseby, s. Walter, of Llywell, co. Brecon, cler. Jesus Coll., matric. 9 April, 1720, aged 18.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Williams, Edward Osborne

From volume 4 of the work.
​Williams, Edward Osborne, 7s. Philip Henry, of Burford, Salop, arm. Trinity Coll., matric. 31 May, 1873, aged 18; B.A. 1877, M.A. 1880, vicar of St. Stephen's, Leeds, 1881.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Yonge, James (4)

From volume 4 of the work.
​Yonge, James, s. Duke, of Otterton, Devon, cler. Exeter Coll. matric. 1 May, 1811, aged 18; B.A. 1815, M.A. 1817, B.Med. 1819, D.Med. 1821, fellow College of Physicians 1822, died 3 Jan., 1870. See Eton School Lists & Munk's Roll, iii. 263.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Yonge, Julian Bargus

From volume 4 of the work.
​Yonge, Julian Bargus, 1s. William Crawley, of Otterbourne, Hants, arm. Balliol Coll., matric. 10 April, 1848, aged 18; S.C.L. 1851, B.A. 1853, M.A. 1855, of Otterbourne, Hants, a student of the Inner Temple 1855, brother of Charlotte Mary, author of 'The Heir of Redcliffe,' etc. See Eton School Lists.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Yonge, James (2)

From volume 4 of the work.
​Yonge, James, s. John, of Newton Ferrers, Devon, cler. Pembroke Coll., matric. 23 Nov., 1772, aged 23; of Puslinch, rector of Newton Ferrers 1773, until his death 5 Dec., 1797, brother of Duke 1771.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Yonge, John (4)

From volume 4 of the work.
​Yonge, John, 1s. Duke, of Newton Ferrers, Devon, cler. Worcester Coll., matric. 25 Jan., 1884, aged 19; B.A. 1888.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Yonge, James (3)

From volume 4 of the work.
​Yonge, James, s. James, of Puslinch, Devon, cler. Balliol Coll., matric. 29 April, 1811, aged 18; scholar 1812-17, B.A. 1815; fellow Exeter Coll. 1817-23, M.A. 1818, rector of Stockley Pomeroy 1826, and perp. curate Tormohun with Cockington, Devon, 1828, until his death 15 April, 1830. See Boase, 122.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Yonge, James Edmund

From volume 4 of the work.
​Yonge, James Edmund, o.s. Edmund, of Yealmpton, Devon, arm. Exeter Coll., matric. 11 June, 1862, aged 19.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Yonge, John Bargus

From volume 4 of the work.
​Yonge, John Bargus, 1s. John, of Puslinch, Devon, cler. Exeter Coll., matric. 14 May, 1840, aged 18; B.A. 1844, M.A. 1847, captain 7th Devon mounted rifles, died 12 Nov., 1863.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Yonge, John (1)

From volume 4 of the work.
​Yonge, John, James, of Puslinch, Devon, gent. Exeter Coll., maric. 2 April, 1737, aged 16, B.A. 1740; fellow All Souls' Coll., M.A. 1744, of Puslinch, rector (and patron) of Newton Ferrers, died 29 May, 1767, father of Duke 1771, of James 1772, and of the next named, brother of James 1737.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Yonge, John (2)

From volume 4 of the work.
​Yonge, John, s. John, of Newton Ferrers, Devon, cler. Pembroke Coll., matric. 5 May, 1766, aged 18; of Puslinch, rector of Newton Ferrers 1767, until his death 10 June, 1772, brother of Duke 1771, and James 1772, and father of the next named.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Yonge, John (3)

From volume 4 of the work.
​Yonge, John, s. James, of Newton Ferrers, Devon, cler. University Coll., matric. 12 June, 1807, aged 18; B.A. 1811, of Puslinch, Devon, rector of Newton Ferrers 1813, until his death 23 May, 1877, father of John Bargus.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Kuh

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kuh | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kuh, f., ‘cow,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. kuo, f.; comp. MidLG. kô, Du. koe, E. cow, AS. cû, OIc. kýr, f. (Goth. *kôs); Teut. type kô-, f., ‘cow.’ This word, like the names of other domestic animals, is found in the non-Teut. languages, and in the form of gō̆w (gô) it is common to the Aryan group; comp. Ind. gâus (acc. gâm), f., Gr. βούς (stem βοϝ), Lat. bos (stem bov-). These terms are both mas. and fem., hence Sans. gâus, m., ‘bull, cattle,’ f., ‘cow’; Gr. βούς, ‘cattle, ox, cow’; Lat. bos, ‘ox, cow’; Lett. gůws, ‘cow.’ This term, like other primit. Aryan words (comp. Pferd, Schaf, Hund, Ochse, &c.), proves that the Aryans, before the division into the later tribes, were already acquainted with domestic animals.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Kunft

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kunft | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kunft, f., ‘arrival,’ from MidHG. and OHG. kunft, kumft, f., ‘coming, arrival’; comp. Goth. gaqumþs, f., ‘meeting, assembly,’ the corresponding verbal abstract to Goth. qiman, HG. kommen, with the suffix þi-, from -ti- (comp. Schuld, Durst, and Gift). The insertion of an f in the combination mþ (mfþ becoming mft; comp. further Vernunft, Zunft, Ramft) corresponds to the addition of an s to nþ (nsþ becoming nst), mentioned under Kunst. —
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Kufe

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kufe | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kufe (1.), f., ‘runner of a sledge’; MidHG. *kuofe and *kuoche are wanting with this meaning, so too OHG. *chuofa; OHG. chuohha is found, however, in slito-chôha, ‘runner of a sledge’ (see examples of the interchange of k-ch and p-f under kriechen); comp. MidLG. kôke, ‘runner of a sledge.’ Perhaps Lith. żágrė, f., ‘forked piece of wood on a plough,’ is allied, and also its cognates żáginýs, m., ‘stake, post,’ żágaras, m., ‘dry twig.’ From these the evolution of meaning in Kufe may be inferred.
Kufe (2.), f., ‘coop, vat,’ from the equiv. MidHG. kuofe, OHG. chuofa, f. The prim. form of the word previous to the HG. permutation of consonants is represented by OSax. côpa, f., and the equiv. E. coop. From MidLat. côpa, a variant of cûpa, ‘cask,’ whence Du. kuip, ‘coop’; comp. also Kübel. The word must have been borrowed before the 7th cent., since it has undergone permutation in HG.; perhaps it was introduced with the culture of the vine.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Kunkel

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kunkel | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kunkel, f., ‘distaff,’ from the equiv. MidHG. kunkel, f., OHG. chunchala, f.; a Suab., Alem., and Rhen. word, for which Rocken occurs in other dials. (Bav. and also MidG.). It is wanting in the remaining OTeut. dials., and its diffusion supports the assumption that it has been borrowed from Rom., especially since the earlier OHG. form chonachla closely resembles the equiv. Rom. words in sound; MidLat. conucla (for colucula?, dimin. of colus, ‘distaff’?), equiv. to Ital. conocchia, Fr. quenouille, ‘distaff,’ whence also the equiv. OIr. cuicel. Others refer the word to the cognates discussed under Kaufer, with the prim. meaning ‘to spin.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Kummer

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kummer | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kummer, m., ‘grief, sorrow, distress,’ from MidHG. kumber, m., ‘rubbish, refuse (thus still dial.), encumbering, oppression, distress, grief’; ModHG. mm, from MidHG. mb, as in Zimmer, Lamm, and Kamm. The word is wanting in all the OTeut. dials.; comp. ModDu. kommer, m., ‘grief, affliction; hare's dung’; MidE. combren, ‘to encumber, molest,’ E. to cumber. The cognates are very similar in sound to a Rom. class — Fr. décombres, ‘rubbish,’ Port. comoro, combro, ‘mound of earth, hillock,’ Ital. ingombro, ‘hindrance,’ Fr. encombrer, ‘to obstruct (with rubbish), block up’; MidLat. combrus, ‘mound of earth, barrier of felled trees, obstructing pile.’ The Teut. cognates seem to have passed into Rom.; for, besides the more recent form with r, we find in AS. and Scand. a variant with l, OIc. kumbl, ‘tumulus, barrow.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Kumpf

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kumpf | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kumpf, m., ‘basin, bowl,’ from MidHG. kumpf, m., ‘vessel’; comp. LG. kump. A MidLat. cumpus as the source of the G. word does not exist; MidLat. cumba, cumbus, have too no such meaning as Kumpf, hence they cannot be adduced to explain the dial. ModHG. Kumme, ‘deep bowl.’ Kumme and Kumpf are more probably genuine Teut. words, and allied to AS. cumb and the equiv. E. coomb.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Kumpest

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kumpest | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kumpest, Kompóst, m., ‘preserves, heap of rubbish or dung,’ from MidHG. kumpost, also kumpóst, m., ‘preserves,’ espec. ‘pickled cabbage,’ from Rom. (Ital. compósto).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Kummet

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kummet | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kummet, n., ‘horse-collar,’ from the equiv. MidHG. komat, n.; borrowed in the MidHG. period from Slav. (comp. OSlov. chomątŭ, Pol. chomąt); hence not diffused beyond the HG. group. The Slav. cognates of OSlov. chomątu are derived from OTeut.; comp. MidE. and ModE. hame, Du. haam, Westphal. ham, Rhine Prov. hamen, hammen, ‘horse-collar.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Kumpan

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kumpan | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kumpan, m., ‘companion, mate,’ from MidHG. kumpân, kompân, m., ‘comrade, associate’; the latter is derived from OFr. Prov. compaing, ‘companion, partner.’ MidLat. companio, lit. ‘one who shares the same food,’ is based on OTeut. expressions such as Goth. gahlaiba, OHG. gileibo, m., ‘associate, comrade,’ and the equiv. OHG. gimaȥȥo, from maȥ, n., ‘food’; see Laib.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Kugel

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kugel | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kugel, f., ‘ball, bullet, globe,’ from the equiv. MidHG. kugel, kugele, f.; comp. MidLG. and Du. kogel. The word is not recorded in the other languages. It is allied to ModHG. Kaul-, from kûl, kugl, and also to ModHG. Keule, with which E. cudgel and AS. cyčgel is closely connected; Keule is a ‘pole with a ball-shaped end.’ Kugel and Kegel cannot possibly be related by gradation.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/hauchen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry hauchen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ hauchen, verb, ‘to breathe, respire, exhale,’ from Middle High German (rare) hûchen, ‘to breathe,’ an Upper German word; perhaps recently coined in imitation of the sound. Cognate terms are wanting.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/hantieren

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry hantieren. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ hantieren, verb, from the equivalent late Middle High German hantieren, ‘to trade, sell’; not a derivative of Hand, meaning ‘to handle,’ because in that case we should expect nd for nt in Middle High German and Modern High German, but from French hanter, ‘to haunt, frequent,’ which found its way from Middle Dutch into the Modern Teutonic dialects. It is curious to observe in how many ways obscure words have been corrupted in German. Compare the earlier spelling handthieren.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/hapern

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry hapern. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ hapern, verb, ‘to stick, hitch,’ formed from Dutch (Middle Dutch) haperen, ‘to miss, stutter’; yet also Suabian hăperen (as well as Swiss hâpen, ‘to crawl’?). The corresponding terms, origin, and history of the diffusion of the cognates are obscure.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/harren

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry harren. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ harren, verb, ‘to wait, linger in expectation, delay,’ from Middle High German harren, ‘to wait, sojourn’; a Middle German word, entirely unknown to Old High German as well as the other Teutonic dialects, but undoubtedly a genuine Teutonic term; of obscure origin (allied, like Greek ​καρτερεῖν, to hart?; compare Latin durare, akin to durus).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/harsch

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry harsch. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ harsch, adjective, ‘hard, rough,’ Modern High German simply; English harsh (‘bitter, severe’); unknown to Anglo-Saxon, Old High German, and Old Icelandic. Clearly a derivative of hart; compare rasch, allied to grade, Gothic *rasqa- to raþa-, ‘quick’ (Old High German rado), Old Icelandic horskr, ‘quick,’ to Anglo-Saxon hrade, Old Icelandic beiskr, ‘bitter,’ to Gothic bait-ra-; hence Gothic hardus, ‘hard,’ perhaps presupposes *harsks, *harsqs. Yet it might also be connected with Icelandic hörtl, ‘hardness of the frozen ground’; Modern High German Harsch, ‘snow-crust,’ dialectic. But hart (‘hard’) alone suffices to elucidate this latter sense, as is shown by Old High German hęrtemânôt, Middle High German hęrtemânot, ‘hard month,’ applied to December and January. See the following word.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/haschen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry haschen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ haschen, verb, ‘to snatch,’ a Middle German word made current by Luther, unknown to the modern Upper German dialects as well as to Old High German, Middle High German, and all other languages. Probably connected with haft, heben, root haf (Latin capio); Gothic *hafskón, ‘to seize,’ must have become *haskôn in German, just as Gothic haifsts, feminine, ‘quarrel, fight,’ has become the Old High German adjective heisti, ‘violent’; compare Old High German forscôn, ‘to demand,’ for *forhskôn, Gothic waúrstw, ‘work, for *waúrhstw. Compare harsch, Hast, Hauste.