OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Columbia University

Portland, Oregon
Columbia University, formerly known as Portland University, is located on the east bank of the Willamette River in northern Portland, and is conducted by the Congregation of Holy Cross, whose mother-house is at Notre Dame, Indiana. In 1898 Portland University, conducted by a local Methodist association, failed and was obliged to close its doors. For three years the buildings were unoccupied. In 1901 the schools buildings and property of this institution were acquired by most Reverend Alexander Christie, D.D., Archbishop of Oregon City. For one year the school, now called Columbia University, was conducted by the diocesan clergy. In 1902 Archbishop Christie appealed for teachers to Rev. J.A. Zahm, then provincial of the Congregation of Holy Cross, who at once sent some of his religious to take charge of the new institute. In 1909 the university was incorporated under the laws of Oregon, and empowered to teach collegiate and university courses and to confer certificates, diplomas, honours, and degrees in the arts, sciences, philology, literature, history, mathematics, and other university branches. To meet the need of a thorough preparatory school in the North-West an academic department was founded at Columbia. The first faculties organized were those of arts and letters and science. To-day, besides the college department and preparatory school, Columbia has chairs of philosophy, history and economics, mathematics and languages. There have been three presidents of the university. Rev. E. P. Murphy, of Portland, was chosen as first president; Rev. Michael Quinlan, C.S.C., and Rev. Joseph Gallagher, C.S.C., were his successors. At present (1912) about two hundred students are registered. The faculties are made up of twenty professors including a few laymen. The erection of Christie Hall, recently, has made accommodations for an additional one hundred and fifty students.
J.C. McGINN
# Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club/Volume 5/02

BULLETIN :
| OF THE |||
| TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB. |||
| Vol. V. ] | New-York, February 1874. | [ No. 2. |

### 9

§ 75 Variations. — I saw in the Bulletin a notice of an Iris which changed its color.   I have in my little garden a root of I. Germanica, a fleur-de-lis of the white variety.  There are no blue ones in the neighborhood that I know.  Four years ago one of the outer divisions of the perianth of one flower was dark blue.  The next year one whole flower was dark blue, two other flowers on the same stalk were white.  In the following year all the flowers on one stalk were blue, and all the flowers on the other stalks white.  This year it bore only white flowers.
I am led to question the permanence of single variations (hut not the permanence of the forms of variation) from having been unable to procure the same variety for two seasons in succession in the same place.   For instance, our common Sensitive Fern varies into var. obtusilobata, but the variation is not permanent.  I often find it, and once found a large bed of it, in every possible intermediate form.  The next year going to look for some Adder-tongue ferns growing near, I looked carefully for the obtusilobata, but not one appeared.  Some remarkable variations of Aspidium acrostichoides I have found the second year perfect forms of our finest evergreen fern.  The Adder-tongue fern too varies very much.  On the high cold sand plains of North Elba it is two or three inches high and perfectly orbicular.  In Elizabethtown, Essex County, I found it ten inches high, ovate and very fine.  Here it is quite plenty in swamps and pastures, but is so slender and acute as to be difficult of detection among the grass.
* L. A. M.
# Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club/Volume 6

BULLETIN :
OF THE :
TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB :
VOLUMEVI. :
JANUARY, 1875 — DECEMBER, 1879. :
NEW YORK. :
1. :
| Number | 2, | February, 1875 | 13. |
| Number | 3, | March, 1875 | 17. |
| Number | 4, | April, 1875 | 25. |
| Number | 5, | May, 1875 | 33. |
| Number | 6, | June, 1875 | 37. |
| Number | 7, | July, 1875 | 45. |
| Number | 8, | August, 1875 | 49. |
| Number | 9, | September, 1875 | 53. |
| Number | 10, | October, 1875 | 57. |
| Number | 11, | November, 1875 | 61. |
| Number | 12, | December, 1875 | 65. |
| Number | 13, | January, 1876 | 69. |
| Number | 14, | February, 1876 | 73. |
| Number | 15, | March, 1876 | 81. |
| Number | 16, | April, 1876 | 85. |
| Number | 17, | May, 1876 | 89. |
| Number | 18, | June, 1876 | 93. |
| Nos. 19, | 20, | July & Aug. 1876 | 97. |
| Number | 21, | September, 1876 | 105. |
| Number | 22, | October, 1876 | 113. |
| Number | 23, | November, 1876 | 117. |
| Number | 24, | December, 1876 | 125. |
| Number | 25, | January, 1877 | 129. |
| Number | 26, | February, 1877 | 133. |
| Number | 27, | March, 1877 | 137. |
| Number | 28, | April, 1877 | 145. |
| Nos. 55, | 56, | July & Aug. 1879 | 325. |
§ 266.   Aspidium marginale, Swartz, by Lucien M. Underwood, p. 266 (1878).
§ 267.   Ferns Of New York State, by Benjamin D. Gilbert, pp. 266-267 (1878).
§ 268.   The complete list of New York ferns, pp. 267-268 (1878).
# Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club/Volume 4

* JOHN TORREY
BULLETIN :
OF THE :
TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB :
VOLUMEIV. :
JANUARY, 1873 — DECEMBER, 1873. :
NEW YORK. :
1. :
| Number | 2, | February 1873 | 5. |
| Number | 3, | March 1873 | 9. |
| Number | 4, | April 1873 | 13. |
| Number | 5, | May 1873 | 17. |
| Number | 6, | June 1873 | 21. |
| Number | 7, | July 1873 | 25. |
| Number | 8, | August 1873 | 29. |
| Number | 9, | September 1873 | 33. |
| Number | 10, | October 1873 | 37. |
| Number | 11, | November 1873 | 41. |
| Number | 12, | December 1873 | 45. |
# Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club/Volume 6/10

BULLETIN :
| OF THE |||
| TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB. |||
| Vol. VI. ] | New-York, October, 1875. | [ No. 10. |

### 57

§ 57.   Isaac H. Hall. — This accomplished scholar, having been appointed professor of English in the Protestant College at Beirut, sailed for Syria about the 1st of September.  In London he was very kindly received at the British Museum, and had the opportunity of comparing notes with Dr. Birch.  Mr. Hall will now be able to study his favorite Shemitic languages in their home, and will be comparatively near to the Cypriote remains in deciphering which he has made himself a name; but the Club will miss a valuable member and the readers of the Buttetin a welcome contributor.  We hope, however, to receive communications from him, not only out of his store of observations on our own flora, but also in reference to the vegetation of his new home, where he will find Dr. Post and Mr. Wood, both New-Yorkers, to sympathize in his botanical tastes.
# Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club/Volume 4/01

BULLETIN :
| OF THE |||
| TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB. |||
| Vol. IV. ] | New-York, January 1873. | [ No. 1. |

### 1

1. At a regular meeting of the Torrey Botanical Club, held at the Herbarium, Col. Coll., January 7th, 1873, were were present, Messrs. Ruger, Wilber, Gerard, Barstow, Loew, Day, Bower, Hyatt, Hogg, Leggett, Merriam, Pollard, Le Roy, A. J. Ebell, A. Galchett, and Dr. Torrey in the chair.
The Charter granted by the State, April 21st, 1871 to “The New York Botanical Club,” and as amended, April 29th, 1872, to “The Torrey Botanical Club,” was read and unanimously accepted, and Messrs. Leggett, Merriam and Hogg appointed a committee to prepare a Constitution and By-Laws to be presented for consideration at the next regular meeting of the Club, January 28th, 1873.
* P. V. Le Roy, Secretary.
# Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club/Volume 5

* JOHN TORREY
BULLETIN :
OF THE :
TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB :
VOLUMEV. :
JANUARY, 1874 — DECEMBER, 1874. :
NEW YORK. :
1. :
| Number | 2, | February 1874 | 9. |
| Number | 3, | March 1874 | 17. |
| Number | 4, | April 1874 | 25. |
| Number | 5, | May 1874 | 33. |
| Number | 6, | June 1874 | 41. |
| Number | 7, | July 1874 | 49. |
| Number | 8, | August 1874 | 57. |
| Number | 9, | September 1874 | 65. |
| Number | 10, | October 1874 | 73. |
| Number | 11, | November 1874 | 81. |
| Number | 12, | December 1874 | 89. |
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Natramiludaiyan

​Natramiludaiyan. — A name, meaning the repository of chaste Tamil, returned by some Nattamāns at times of census.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Nattāti

​Nattāti (the name of a village). — A sub-division of Shānān.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Nedungādi

​Nedungādi.——This name, denoting a settlement in Nedunganād in the Walluvanād taluk of Malabar, has been returned as a sub-caste of Nāyars and Sāmantas.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Nekkāra

​Nekkāra.— A small class of washermen in South Canara. The women only are said to do the washing, while the men are employed as devil-dancers.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Nellika

​Nellika(Pkyllanthus Emblica). — An illam of Tiyan.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Nellu

​Nellu (paddy, unhusked rice). — A gōtra of Kurni.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Nattukattāda Nāyanmar

​Nattukattāda Nāyanmar.— A class of mendicants attached to the Kaikōlans (q.v.).
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Nasrāni Māppilla

​Nasrāni Māppilla.— A name, in Malabar, applied to Christians.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Natamukki

​Natamukki.— Recorded, in the Travancore Census Report, 1901, as a sub-division of Nāyar.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Naththalu

​Naththalu (snails). — An exogamous sept of Māla.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Parenzo-Pola

From volume 11 of the work.
(PARENTINA-POLENSIS)
The little town of Parenzo is picturesquely situated on a promontory extending into a creek of the Adriatic. At the head of this promontory, close to the water, rises the cathedral, the pride of Parenzo. Built by the first bishop, Euphrasius, in the time of Justinian, under whom Byzantine architecture first reached the shores of the Adriatic, it is the best preserved monument of that epoch in Austria. Moreover, archæologists have proved that it bears witness to the antiquity of Christianity in Parenzo, as it is the most recent of three churches, the second of which belongs to the time of Constantine the Great, while the oldest antedates that epoch: Parenzo was a separate diocese from the time of Euphrasius until in 1827 it was united with Pola, whose first bishop, Venerius, died about 520. At present Parenzo-Pola is under the jurisdiction of GÖrz and numbers 132,000 Catholics, including 135 secular priests, one monastery with 21 monks, and 6 (or 8) convents containing 132 nuns.
Codice diplomatico Istriano. 3 vols. appearing as supplement to KANDLER'S L'Istria (1846); CAPPELETTI, Le chiese d'Italia (Venice, 1844-71); KANDLER, Fasti sacri e profane de Trieste e dell' Istria (Triest, 1849).
C. WOLFSGRUBER.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Patti

From volume 11 of the work.
(PACTENSIS)
Patti, in the Province of Messina (Sicily), on the western shore of the gulf of the same name. The city has a large trade in tunnyfish. In its cathedral is preserved the body of St. Febronia, virgin and martyr. The city was rebuilt by Count Roger, after the Saracens had been driven from Messina (1058); it stands near the site of the ancient Tyndaris, a Lacedæmonian colony that had a very flourishing commerce; the magnificent temple of Mercury in the latter city was despoiled by Verres. In the time of Pliny, however, the sea had encroached greatly upon the shore, and after the foundation of Patti, Tyndaris was almost entirely abandoned; there remains only the church of Santa Maria del Tindaro, with a Franciscan monastery. Three of the bishops of Tyndaris are known: Severinus (501); Eutychius (594), with whose zeal for the conversion of pagans St. Gregory the Great was well pleased; and Theodorus (649).
Patti was destroyed by Frederick of Aragon about 1300, on account of its attachment to the House of Anjou; rebuilt in the sixteenth century, it was sacked by the Turks. Count Ruggiero had founded there a Benedictine abbey, and in 1131, the antipope Anacletus II made Patti an episcopal see, uniting it, however, with the Abbey of Lipari; Eugenius III in 1157 confirmed the action of the antipope, the first legitimate pastor of the see being Gilbertus. In 1399, Lipari and Patti were separated, and the first bishop of the separate see of Patti was Francesco Hermemir. Other bishops were: Francesco Urvio (1518), who in the course of controversies with the capitano dello spagnuolo was imprisoned; later he was transferred to the Diocese of Urgel; Bartolomeo Sebastiani (1548), distinguished himself at the Council of Trent, and was Governor of Sicily for three years; Alfonso de los Cameros (1652), the founder of the seminary, restored later by Bishop Galletti (1727); Cardinal Geremia Celesia, later Archbishop of Palermo, Bishop of Patti, 1860-71.
The diocese is a suffragan of Messina; it has 49 parishes, 20,000 inhabitants, 5 religious houses of men, and 15 of sisters, who conduct 4 institutes for girls and several schools.
CAPPELLETTI. Le Chiese d'Italia, XXI.
U. BENIGNI
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Parahyba

From volume 11 of the work.
(PARAHYBENESIS)
Located in the State of Parahyba, Brazil, suffragan of Bahia, founded 27 July, 1892, having been separated from the Diocese of Olinda. It is coterminous with the State of Parahyba, one of the smallest in Brazil, bordering on the Atlantic Ocean, and is bounded, north by the State of Rio Grande do Norte, south by Pernambuco, and west by Ceará. It has an area of 28,850 square miles. The episcopal city, which is also the state capital, dates from a Portuguese settlement of 1579. It is situated partly on an elevated plateau and partly on the surrounding plain, the latter (and newer) section along the Parahyba comprising, with its port of Cobadello, the business quarter. Sugar, cacao, rice, and tobacco are some of the products of this coast region, while the slopes back of the town are heavily forested. The chief ecclesiastical buildings of the city are the cathedral, Notre Dame dos Neves (Our Lady of the Snows), and the former Jesuit College, now occupied by the State offices. The first and present (1911) bishop of the diocese, Mgr de Miranda Henriques, is a native of Parahyba. Born 30 August, 1855, he studied at the Pio-Latino American College at Rome and received there the degree of Doctor of Canon Law. Ordained priest 18 September, 1880, he was made canon of Bahia 14 August, 1885, and appointed bishop 2 January, 1894. He was consecrated on 7 January, 1894, and assumed his duties the following March. The diocese numbers (1911) 735,572 Catholics; 1000 Protestants; 48 parishes; 52 secular, 10 regular priests; 1 college.
United States of Brazil (issued by the BUREAU OF AMERICAN REPUBLICS, Washington, 1901); GALANTI, Compendio de Hist. do Brazil (4 vols., São Paulo, 1896); Annuaire pontifi. cath.
K. CROFTON.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Pasto

From volume 11 of the work.
​Pasto, Diocese of (Pastensis, Pastopolitana), a Colombian see, suffragan of Popayán, from which it was separated by the Bull of Pius IX, "In excelsa militantibus ecclesia", 10 April, 1859. Situated in the State of Cauca, it is bounded on the north by the Dioceses of Garzon and Popayán, and on the south by the Vicariate Apostolic of Napo, Ecuador. The present bishop, Mgr Adolfo Perea, b. 1853 in the Diocese of Popayán, elected 16 December, 1907, succeeded Mgr Ezequiel Moreno, O.S.A. (b. at Alfaro, Tarazona, 9 April, 1838, made titular Bishop of Pinara, 23 October, 1893, transferred to Pasto, 2 December, 1893). The diocese contains 315,640 Catholics, 41,000 pagan Indians, 68 parishes, 90 secular and 23 regular priests, 133 churches or chapels. The town of Pasto, containing about 12,000 inhabitants, is well built and is a busy trade centre between Colombia and Ecuador. It is situated at the eastern base of the volcano La Galera at an altitude of 8650 feet. Founded in 1539, it was captured by Bolivar during the War of Independence in 1822, and suffered severely from an earthquake in 1834. It contains many churches, a seminary, a Jesuit college, and an hospital under the care of the Sisters of Charity. On 23 December, 1904, the Prefecture Apostolic of Caquetá (q. v.) was separated from Pasto.
Groot, Hist. eclesiástica y civil de Nueva Granada (1869); Cieza de León, Crónica del Perú. I (Antwerp, 1554); Petre, The Republic of Columbia (London, 1906).
A. A. MacErlean.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Hermopolis Magna

From volume 7 of the work.
A titular see of Thebais Prima, suffragan of Antinoe, in Egypt. The native name was Khmounoun; in Coptic, Chmoun. It is today the village of Ashmounein on the left bank of the Nile, about four miles south-west of Rôda (a station on the Cairo-Thebes railway, 180 miles from Cairo). Khmounoun dates from a very remote antiquity, and at a very early period was an important religious centre. It worshipped a moon-god Thoth (Hermes), ibis or baboon, attended by four pairs of deities, whence the name Khmounoun (the eight). It played an important part from the sixth to the eleventh dynasties; and later became the chief town of the nome of Hermopolis. To the west of the village is the Ibeum, or burial place of the animals sacred to Thoth; at the foot of Gebel-el-Bershêh is the necropolis of the local rulers. Palladius (Hist. Laus., lii) records a tradition to the effect that the Holy Family came to Hermopolis. St. Colluthus suffered martyrdom there under Maximian and Diocletian. For a time, also, St. Athanasius lived there. Lequien (Oriens Christianus, II, 595) mentions eight bishops; and the place is still a see for the Monophysite Copts. In 1895 it was re-established by Leo XIII for the Coptic Catholics, but the titular lives at Minieh.
SMITH, Dict, of Greek and Roman Geogr., s.v.; JULLIEN, L'Egypte, Souvenirs bibliques et Chrétiens (Lille, 1891), 247.
S. Pétridès.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Herodias

From volume 7 of the work.
Herodias, daughter of Aristobulus — son of Herod the Great and Mariamne — was a descendant of the famous Hasmonean heroes, the Machabees, who had done so much for the Jewish nation. Having married Herod Philip, her own uncle, by whom she had a daughter, Salome, Herodias longed for social distinction, and accordingly left her husband and entered into an adulterous union with Herod Antipas, Tetrarch of Galilee, who was also her uncle (Jos., Ant., XVIII, v, 1, 4). St. John the Baptist rebuked Antipas for this union and thus aroused the hatred of Herodias, who by the dance of her daughter brought about the death of the prophet (Matt., xiv, 3-12; Mark, vi, 17-29). Josephus gives the main facts, but adds that John was put to death because Herod feared his influence over the people (Ant., XVIII, v, 2, 4). Schurer admits that here both the Evangelists and Josephus may be right; since all the motives mentioned may have urged Herod to imprison and murder John [Hist. (Eng. tr.) Div. I, V, ii, 25].
When Agrippa, the brother of Herodias became king, she persuaded Antipas to go to Rome in search of the royal title, as his claim to it was far greater than that of her brother. Instead of a crown, however, he found awaiting him a charge of treason against the Romans, with Agrippa as chief accuser, who in advance had sent messengers to defeat the ambitious plans of Antipas. He was therefore banished to Lyons in Gaul. At the same time Herodias, spurning the kind offers of the emperor, preferred exile with Antipas to a life of splendour in the palace of her brother Agrippa (Jos., Ant., XVIII, vii). This generosity, if we may so style it, came from her Hasmonean blood, but her cruelty she inherited from her grandfather Herod (see HEROD under ANTIPAS).
JOSEPHUS, Ant., XVIII, v, vii; IDEM, de Bell. jud., I, xxviii, II, ix; also authorities mentioned under HEROD.
JOHN J. TIERNEY
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Hermon

From volume 7 of the work.
[From the Hebrew meaning "sacred (mountain)"; Septuagint, Aermon]
A group of mountains forming the southern extremity of Anti-Lebanon, and marking on the east of the Jordan the northern boundary of Israel. The primitive name among the Sidonians was Siryon, and by the Amorrhites the most prominent part of the group was called Sanir (Deut., iii, 9), corresponding to the Sa-ni-ru of the cuneiform inscriptions. These varying forms all signify a cuirass or coat of armour, and were probably applied to one or other of the peaks, either on account of its shape, or because its snow-clad heights shone in the sunlight after the manner of a polished shield. The name sometimes occurs in the plural form Hermonim, doubtless because the range has three conspicuous peaks. In the Talmud and in the Targums Hermon is designated the "mountain of snow", and the same appellation is used by the old Arab geographers. The modern name is Jebel-esh-Sheikh, "mountain of the sheikh or chief", because in the tenth century A.D. Hermon became the centre of the Druse religion, viz. when its founder, Sheikh-ed-Derazi retired thither from Egypt. It is sometimes called the Great Hermon to distinguish it from the Small Hermon situated on the east of the plain of Esdrelon, between Thabor and Gelboe, and so named through an erroneous interpretation of Ps. lxxxviii [Hebrew, lxxxix], 13.
The geological formation of the range is calcareous with occasional veins of basalt. Hermon is noted as offering the most striking piece of mountain scenery in Palestine. The view from the summit is also magnificent, embracing the Lebanon and the plain of Damascus. It is at the foot of Hermon that the River Jordan takes its rise. The highest peak, which is covered with snow until late in summer, rises to a height of 9200 feet above the level of the Mediterranean. On the summit of one of the peaks is to be seen an extensive mass of ruins, probably the remains of an early pagan sanctuary dedicated to Baal, whence the designation Baal-Hermon, applied to the mountain in two Biblical passages (Judges, iii, 3; I Par., v, 23).
In the Old Testament, Hermon is hardly mentioned except as the northern boundary of Palestine. Poetical allusions occur in the Psalms (v.g. Ps. lxxxviii [Hebrew, lxxxix], 13) and in the Canticle of Canticles, iv, 8. In Ps. cxxxii [Hebrew, cxxxiii], 3, the happiness of brotherly love is compared to the "dew of Hermon, which descendeth upon mount Sion". In which connection it may be noted that in no other locality of Palestine is the dew so heavy and abundant as in the vicinity of this mountain group. Some scholars think it probable that Hermon is the "high mountain" near Caesarea Philippi which was the scene of the Transfiguration (Matthew, xvii, 1; Mark, ix) and which by Luke, ix, 28, is called simply "a mountain".
LEGENDRE in VIG., Dict. de la Bible, s.v.; CONDER in HAST., Dictionary of the Bible, s.v.; GUERIN, Galilee, II, 292; VAN DER VELDE, Reise durch Syrien und Palestina, I (Leipzig, 1855), 97.
James F. Driscoll.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Hermopolis Parva

From volume 7 of the work.
A titular see of Ægyptus Prima, suffragan of Alexandria. Its ancient name, Dimanhoru or Tema-en-Hor, signifies the town of Horus. The Copts call it Tuininhor, and the Arabs, Damanhur. Situated on the canal uniting Lake Mareotis (Mariout) to the Canopic branch of the Nile, it has no history and no ruins. It was near Damanhur that, on 10 July, 1798, Bonaparte, walking unaccompanied, barely escaped being taken by the Mamelukes. The modern Damanhur, forty miles from Alexandria, on the Cairo-Alexandria railway, has 20,000 inhabitants and is the chief town of the province of Behera. It is famous for its silk, linen, and cotton stuffs. Lequien (Or. Christ., II, 513 sqq.) mentions a dozen bishops of Hermopolis Parva, among them Dracontius, about 354, who suffered exile for the faith under Constantius; St. Isidore, his successor (feast kept 3 January); Dioscorus, the oldest of the four famous monks of Nitria, known as the Tall Brethren.
Venables in Dict. Christ. Biog., s. v. Dioscorus; Smith, Dict. of Greek and Roman Geogr.; DE ROUGÉ, Géographie ancienne de la Basse Egypte (Paris, 1891).
S. Pétridès.