OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Muir, John (naturalist)

Edition of 1905. See also John Muir on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MUIR, John (1838—). An American explorer and naturalist, born at Dunbar, Scotland. He studied at the Dunbar Grammar School and then emigrated to the United States, and entered the University of Wisconsin. After his graduation he began to explore the less known portions of the North American continent, devoting his attention particularly to the western coast and to Alaska, where the Muir Glacier is named in his honor. He published: The Mountains of California; Our National Parks; and a number of magazine articles on natural history; and edited Picturesque California.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mullein

Edition of 1905. See also Mullein on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MULLEIN (AS. molegn, mullein). A name given to members of the genus Verbascum, of the natural order Scrophulariaceæ of which there are more than 100 species, mostly large biennial or perennial herbs with rather thick tap-roots, and natives of the Eastern Hemisphere. The more or less woolly plants produce flowers upon spikes or panicles. The leaves and flowers were formerly reputed to have medicinal qualities, but are not so recognized in the United States. They contain a sort of mucilage which is obtained by boiling the leaves in water. Three European species are well-known weeds in the United States, the common mullein (Verbascum Thapsus), the moth
mullein (Verbascum blattaria), and the white mullein (Verbascum lychnitis). In Kentucky, Verbascum phlomoides is reported as established and spreading as a weed.
COMMON MULLEIN (Verbascum Thapsus).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mullet (fish)

Edition of 1905. See also Mullet (fish) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MULLET (OF., Fr. mulet, diminutive of mulle, from Lat. mullus, red mullet). Any one of a variety of useful fishes, principally of the family Mugilidæ. In this family the body is nearly cylindrical, with large scales and two widely separated dorsal fins, the first with four stiff spines. The mouth is small. The best-known mullets belong to the genus Mugil, of which there are many species found in all warm waters. The common or ‘striped’ mullet (Mugil cephalus) is the largest (10 to 12 pounds) and best of all. It occurs on both coasts of America, and also in Europe. It often ascends rivers, and searches for soft or fat substances for food, frequently obtained by thrusting its mouth into the mud. It is easily reared in ponds, readily answers the call which usually summons it to be fed, and was in great request among the ancients. Mullets are used fresh, salted, and smoke-dried. A preparation of their roe, called ‘botarcha,’ is in great esteem as a condiment in Italy and the south of France. They are often caught in the Mediterranean by angling from a rock, with a bait paste, when they have been previously attracted to the spot by macaroni thrown into the water. The white or ‘blueback’ mullet (Mugil curema) is found on both shores of America, and is of importance as a food fish. An abundant species about the Florida Keys is the ‘fantail’ mullet (Mugil trichodon). Mullets are very numerous in surface-swimming shoals in the lagoons of the Gulf Coast in late winter and spring, and are captured generally by means of casting nets. Among the fishermen of Spanish America, mullets are called ‘liza,’ ‘lizita,’ and ‘macho,’ with descriptive adjectives for the various species.
The name is also given in the Western and Southern United States to various suckers of the genus Moxostoma. Consult Goode, Fishery Industries, sec. i. (Washington, 1884). See Plate of Mullets and Allies.
MULLETS AND ALLIES
| 1. GULF SILVERSIDES (Menidia peninsulæ). | 5. SAND-EEL (Ammodytes Americanus). |
| 2. BARRACUDA (Sphyræna barracuda). | 6. CALIFORNIA ‘SMELT’ (Atherinopsis Californiensis). |
| 3. COMMON MULLET (Mugil cephalus). | 7. AMERICAN SURMULLET (Mullus auratus). |
| 4. SLIMEHEAD (Beryx splendens). | 8. GULF BARBUDO (Polydactylus Virginicus). |
# The New International Encyclopædia/Muller, William John

Edition of 1905. See also William James Müller on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MULLER, William John (1812-45). An English landscape and figure painter, born at Bristol. He studied with James Pyne, landscape painter, and in 1833 exhibited for the first time at the Royal Academy, the “Destruction of Old London Bridge, Morning.” He spent seven months traveling in Germany, Switzerland, and Italy, and in 1838 he visited Greece and Egypt. In 1841 he published his “Picturesque Sketches of the Age of Francis I.,” and joined the Government expedition to Lycia, the results of which were paintings of Oriental life and scenery, five of which were exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1845. Among these are “The Tent,” “Xanthus,” the “Burial-Ground at Smyrna,” and “Head of a Cingari.” In the National Gallery are some fine Welsh landscapes, and a clever Lycian sketch, both in oil, and in the South Kensington Museum are several water-color drawings. Muller died at Bristol. His art was original, his selections were good, his color was pure and strong.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mulligan Letters

Edition of 1905. See also James G. Blaine on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MULLIGAN LETTERS. A series of letters written by James G. Blaine (q.v.) to Warren Fisher, a business associate, which, it was alleged, proved corrupt connection, on the part of Blaine, with legislation in Congress favoring the Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroad and the Northern Pacific Railroad. The letters were obtained from Fisher by one James Mulligan, a former clerk of Fisher, who had been called to Washington to testify before a committee of the House of Representatives appointed to investigate the charges against Blaine. Blaine obtained the letters from Mulligan, and on June 5, 1876, read them before the House, after defying the committee to compel him to surrender them. The
letters were freely used in the Presidential campaigns of 1876 and 1884 by the opponents of Blaine, who took full advantage of the suspicious sound of several detached sentences. By the adherents of Blaine it was asserted, apparently with good reason, that the letters did not in any way prove corruption or even participation in discreditable business and political transactions on the part of Blaine.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mullingar

Edition of 1905. See also Mullingar on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MULLINGAR, mŭl'lĭn-gär'. The capital of County Westmeath, Ireland, on the Brosna, 50 miles west by north of Dublin, with which it is connected by rail and by the Royal Canal (Map: Ireland, D 3). The most important horse and cattle fairs in Ireland are held here periodically. It has a cathedral and infantry barracks. Population, in 1901, 4500.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mundt, Klara

Edition of 1905. See also Luise Mühlbach on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MUNDT, mụnt, Klara. A German novelist, best known under her pseudonym Luise Mühlbach (q.v.).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mullet (heraldry)

Edition of 1905. See also Star (heraldry) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MULLET (OF. molette, mollette, Fr. mollette, rowel, from Lat. mola, millstone). In heraldry, a charge in the form of a star, generally with five points, intended to represent a spur-rowel. See Cadency
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mundt, Theodor

Edition of 1905. See also Theodor Mundt on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MUNDT, Theodor (1808-61). A German novelist and critic of the ‘young German’ school, husband of “Luise Mühlbach.” In 1848 he became professor of history at Breslau, and in 1850 professor and university librarian at Berlin. He became first known by his Madonna, oder Gesprache mit einer Heiligen, a memorial of Charlotte Stieglitz. Mundt edited, with Varnhagen von Ense, Knebel's letters and posthumous works, and also published Luther's Politische Schriften. He wrote books of travel and romantically historical novels: Carmela (1844); Mendoza (1847); Die Matadore, etc. (1850); and also Geschichte der Weltlitteratur; Geschichte der Litteratur der Gegenwart (1842); Geschichte der Gesellschaft; and a critical Kunst der deutschen Prosa (1837).
# The Mutiny of the Bengal Army

Layout2
THE MUTINY
OF
THE BENGAL ARMY.
An Historical Narrative.
BY ONE WHO HAS SERVED UNDER SIR CHARLES NAPIER.
FOURTH THOUSAND.
LONDON: BOSWORTH AND HARRISON, 215 REGENT STREET. MDCCCLVII.
LONDON: Printed by G. Barclay, Castle St. Leicester Sq.
TO
THE LIVING AND THE DEAD—
THE LIVING EARL OF ELLENBOROUGH
AND
THE DEAD SIR CHARLES NAPIER,
WHO BOTH KNEW
HOW TO CHECK A MUTINY,
TO SELECT EFFICIENT PUBLIC SERVANTS,
AND TO GAIN THE AFFECTIONS OF THOSE OVER WHOM THEIR
SWAY EXTENDED,
These Pages are Dedicated
India, July 2, 1857.
* Introduction
* Chapter 1
* Chapter 2
* Chapter 3
* Appendix
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Mutiny of the Elsinore

* Chapter I
* Chapter II
* Chapter III
* Chapter IV
* Chapter V
* Chapter VI
* Chapter VII
* Chapter VIII
* Chapter IX
* Chapter X
* Chapter XI
* Chapter XII
* Chapter XIII
* Chapter XIV
* Chapter XV
* Chapter XVI
* Chapter XVII
* Chapter XVIII
* Chapter XIX
* Chapter XX
* Chapter XXI
* Chapter XXII
* Chapter XXIII
* Chapter XXIV
* Chapter XXV
* Chapter XXVI
* Chapter XXVII
* Chapter XXVIII
* Chapter XXIX
* Chapter XXX
* Chapter XXXI
* Chapter XXXII
* Chapter XXXIII
* Chapter XXXIV
* Chapter XXXV
* Chapter XXXVI
* Chapter XXXVII
* Chapter XXXVIII
* Chapter XXXIX
* Chapter XL
* Chapter XLI
* Chapter XLII
* Chapter XLIII
* Chapter XLIV
* Chapter XLV
* Chapter XLVI
* Chapter XLVII
* Chapter XLVIII
* Chapter XLIX
* Chapter L
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Motorway Code

The Motorway Code was a guide produced by British Government departments in 1958 prior to the opening of the first section of motorway in Britain, the Preston Bypass. The code contains information about the restrictions on motorways as well as advice on how to drive on a motorway. A year after it's publication, The Motorway Code was incorporated into a new edition of the main Highway Code.

### Sections

* Introduction
* General
* Joining the Motorway
* On the Motorway
* Leaving the Motorway
This work is in the public domain worldwide because it was created by a public body of the United Kingdom with Crown Status and commercially published before 1974.
See Crown copyright artistic works, Crown copyright non-artistic works and List of Public Bodies with Crown Status.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Motorway Code/General

General
1 DO NOT use a motorway if your vehicle cannot maintain a fair speed or if it is likely to break down. Make sure that brakes, steering, tyres, lights, indicators and windscreen wipers are in good condition.
2 DO NOT use a motorway if you cannot trust yourself to drive in safely in conditions where average speeds will be high. It is an offence for learner drivers to use motorways.
3 DO NOT drive on a motorway if your faculties are impaired in any way. Even small quantities of alcohol or drugs may affect your judgment.
# The Motor Maid/front matter

THE MOTOR MAID
* books by C. N. and A. M. WILLIAMSON
* Lord Loveland Discovers America Set in Silver The Lightning Conductor The Princess Passes My Friend the Chauffeur Lady Betty Across the Water Rosemary in Search of a Father The Princess Virginia The Car of Destiny The Chaperon
# The Lives of the Poets of Great Britain and Ireland/Volume 4/Sir William Dawes, Baronet

Sir William Dawes, Baronet (Archbiſhop of York.)
This revd. prelate was deſcended from an ancient, and honourable family in the county of Eſſex; he was educated at Merchant-Taylor’s ſchool, London, and from thence elected to St. John’s College in Oxford, of which he was afterwards fellow.
He was the youngeſt of four brothers, three of whom dying young, the title, and eſtate of the family fell to him. As ſoon as he had taken his firſt degree in arts, and upon the family eſtate devolving to him, he reſigned his felloſhip, and left Oxford. For ſome time he gave his attention to the affairs of his eſtate, but finding his inclination lead him more to ſtudy, than rural affairs, he entered into holy orders. Sir William did not long remain in the church without preferment; his fortune, and family aſſiſted him to riſe; for it often happens that theſe advantages will do much more for a man, as well in the eccleſiaſtical, as in other claſſes of life, than the brighteſt parts without them. Before he was promoted to the mitre, he was made maſter of Catherine Hall in Cambridge, chaplain to Queen Anne, and dean of Bocking.
In the year 1708 he was conſecrated biſhop of Cheſter, and in 1713 was tranſlated to the ​archbiſhopric of York. While he was at the univerſity, before he went into orders, he wrote the Anatomy of Atheiſm, a Poem, dedicated to Sir George Darcy Bart, printed in the year 1701, 8 vo.
The deſign of this piece, as his lordſhip declares in the preface, ‘is to expoſe the folly of thoſe men, who are arrived at that pitch of impudence and prophaneneſs, that they think it a piece of wit to deny the Being of a God, and to laugh at that which they cannot argue againſt.’ Such characters are well deſcribed in the following lines,
See then our Atheiſt all the world oppoſe, And like Drawcanſir make all men his foes. See with what ſaucy pride he does pretend, His miſer father’s notions to amend, Huffs Plutarch, Plato, Pliny, Seneca, And bids even Cicero himſelf give way. Tells all the world, they follow a falſe light, And he alone, of all mankind is right. Thus, like a madman, who when all alone, Thinks himſelf King, and every chair a throne, Drunk with conceit, and fooliſh impudence, He prides himſelf in his abounding ſenſe.
This prelate is ſaid to have united the gentleman, and the divine, which both ſhone out with equal luſtre in him. He was eſteemed in his time a very popular preacher; his piety was great, and conſpicuous; his charity and benevolence equalled by few, and his good nature, and humanity the moſt extenſive.
Our author died in the 53d year of his age, April 30, 1724. We have no account of any other of his grace’s poetical works, probably the ​buſineſs of his high ſtation diverted his mind from the amuſements of poetry.
The archbiſhop has written ſeveral ſermons upon the Eternity of Hell Torments, a doctrine which he has laboured to vindicate; alſo ſermons upon various other ſubjects.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Extinct Birds

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ EXTINCT BIRDS. Various birds may be called ‘extinct’ instead of ‘fossil,’ because their species have expired since the present geological era began, or, in several cases, since written records began to be made. In most cases these were birds that belonged to ancient and senescent races, such as the ratite moas (q.v.) and their kindred; or they were species of extremely limited range, or of degenerate powers, due to an insular habitat or other unfavorable surroundings. See Extinct Animals.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Extortion

Edition of 1905. See also Extortion on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ EXTORTION (ML. extortio, Lat. extorsio, from extorquere, to extort, from ex, out + torquere, to twist), in its widest sense, any form of taking or obtaining anything from another by means of illegal compulsion or oppressive exaction. As a technical term of the common law it has been judicially defined as the “crime committed by an officer of the law, who under color of his office unlawfully and corruptly takes any money or thing of value that is not due to him, or more than is due, or before it is due.” It is by the common law a misdemeanor punishable by fine and imprisonment, and subjecting the offender to removal from office. In most of the United States the term has received statutory definition. For example, in New York it is defined as “the obtaining of property from another. with his consent, induced by a wrongful use of force or fear, or under cover of official right.” (New York Penal Code, § 552.) See Encyclopædia of Pleading and Practice, viii. (Northport, 1897).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Extraterritoriality

Edition of 1905. See also Extraterritoriality on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​EXTRATERRITORIALITY. A principle of international law by which certain classes of persons residing in a foreign country are exempted from its jurisdiction. This immunity extends to sovereigns passing through a foreign country, to diplomatic agents, to a man-of-war in a foreign port, and the like: it finds its reason in the spirit of international comity. and it is ​based on the legal fiction that such privileged persons carry with them the laws of their own country, the residence of an ambassador or the deck of a man-of-war being regarded as a part .il of the country whose flag they fly. See TERRITORIALITY.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Express

Edition of 1905. See also Express company on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ EXPRESS (Lat. expressus, distinct, p.p. of exprimere, to express, from ex, out + premere, to press). A business which has grown within the past quarter of a century to be of enormous importance. It was in the spring of 1839 that William F. Harnden advertised to take charge of money and small parcels to transmit between Boston and New York, and from his single carpetbag has risen a system of intercommunication between places and persons that, for numbers of stations and length of route, is surpassed only by the post-office department. The most valuable articles are sooner intrusted to a responsible express than to Government mails; for, in addition to ever-increasing care, there is a system of package insurance which secures the owner in almost any case of loss. A large proportion of the business is the collection of small sums for merchants. To these familiar features the express companies have generally added in the last decade a money-order business, which has led some of them into international banking and the issue of checks for the use of travelers—a modified form of the letter of credit (q.v.). Corresponding institutions do not exist in Europe, where the parcels post and the postal service as a rule fulfills acceptably the functions which in the United States are in the hands of the express companies.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Expression

Edition of 1905. See also Musical expression on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ EXPRESSION (Lat. expressio, from exprimere, to express). In music, the method of clearly presenting the emotional and intellectual characteristics of a work. There are a few broad rules which are generally accepted as being at the basis of expression. A crescendo movement is usually accompanied by an intensification, a diminuendo by a slight drawing back; a musical phrase is played with increasing fervor to its climax, and from that point is diminished to its end; any striking melody or rhythm in a passage should be emphasized; a modulation to a new key is accompanied by a crescendo. It is interesting to note that passages of increasing intensity generally have rising melodies, while those which show a decrease have falling. There are a number of works on the theory and practice of expression, among them: Lussy, Traité de l'expression musicale (Paris, 1873, translated into English, London, 1885; into German, Leipzig, 1886); Klauwell, Der Vortag in der Musik (Berlin, 1883); Riemann, Musikalische Dynamik und Agogik (Hamburg, 1884); Christiani, Das Verständnis im Klavierspiel (Leipzig, 1886); Haweis, Music and Morals (London, 1871).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Exterior Ballistics

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ EXTERIOR BALLISTICS. See Ballistics.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ex Post Facto

Edition of 1905. See also Ex post facto law on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ EX POST FACTO (Lat., more accurately ex postfacto, from what is done afterwards). A legal term, designating something as done after or arising from or affecting another thing that was committed before. In this broad sense, it is applied to the acceptance of an estate by the grantee in a deed, conveying it to him, which estate he had the right to reject or accept. It is also applied to every act of a legislative body, or of a court, having a retroactive effect. The term is most frequently used, however, in a narrower and more technical sense. This is due to certain provisions of our Federal and State constitutions, prohibiting the enactment of ex post facto laws. The term in this connection does not embrace retrospective laws in general, but is confined to laws of a criminal or penal nature. Hence, a statute setting aside a decree of the Court of Probate rejecting a will and directing a new hearing before the court is not within this constitutional prohibition, however repugnant it may be to the principles of sound legislation. In order to come within the prohibition the law must render an act punishable in a manner in which it was not punishable when it was committed. It is not necessary, however, that the punishment be of a strictly criminal character. A law which excluded a minister of the Gospel from the exercise of his clerical functions, and a lawyer from practice in the courts, unless he would take an oath that he had not engaged in or encouraged armed hostilities against the Government of the United States, was declared by the United States Supreme Court to be ex post facto because it punished in a manner not before punished by law offenses committed before its passage, and because it instituted a new rule of evidence in aid of conviction. On the other hand, a statute is not ex post facto which mitigates instead of increasing punishment, or which changes the rules of evidence or procedure in matters of detail without impairing any substantial right which the law gave the accused at the time when his alleged criminal act was done. In conclusion, it should be remembered that the constitutional provisions in question have always received a liberal construction, with the view of giving full effect to this avowed purpose of protecting the individual right of life and liberty against hostile retrospective legislation. Consult: Cooley, The General Principles of Constitutional Law in the United States (Boston, 3d ed. 1900); Kringo vs. State of Missouri, 107 United States, 221.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Benda, Georg

Edition of 1905. See also Jiří Antonín Benda on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BENDA, Georg (1722-95). A German musician. He was born at Jungbunzlau, Bohemia, and studied with his father, Hans Georg Benda. He became kapellmeister to Duke Frederick III. of Saxe-Gotha in 1748, and in 1764 went to Italy at the Duke's expense for the purpose of study. He returned to Gotha in 1766, and devoted himself to composition, writing, in all, about ten operas, several operettas, and the stirring melodramas Ariadne auf Naxos, Medea, Almansor, and Nadine. In 1778 he resigned his position and visited Hamburg, Vienna, and other cities, and finally settled at the little hamlet of Köstritz. The important place which he holds in the history of German opera is due to his introduction of the music-drama with spoken text. In other words, he was the originator of the pure melodrama, in which the whole musical part is confined to the orchestra, while the dialect is spoken.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Beckers, Hubert

Edition of 1905. See also Hubert Beckers on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BECKERS, bĕk'ẽrs, Hubert (1806-89). A German philosopher. He was born at Munich, and studied at the university there. In 1832 he was appointed professor of philosophy at the Lyceum at Dillingen, and in 1847 professor of philosophy at the University of Munich. He is chiefly known as an expositor of the philosophy of Schelling. His works include: Cantica Spiritualia (1845-47), Ueber die Bedeutung der Schellingschen Metaphysik (1861), Ueber die Bedeutung der Naturphilosophie Schellings (1864), and Aphorismen über Tod und Unsterblichkeit (1889).