OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baker, David Bristow

​BAKER, DAVID BRISTOW (1803–1852), religious writer, born in 1803, was educated at St. Johns College Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1829, and M.A. in 1832. He was for many years incumbent of Claygate, Surrey. In 1831 he published 'A Treatise of the Nature of Doubt … in Religious Questions and in 1832 'Discourses and sacramental Addresses to a Village Congregation.' He died in 1852.
[Gent. Mag. vol. xxxviii. new series; Brit. Mus. Cat.]
A. H. B.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Chase, William Merritt

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
CHASE, WILLIAM MERRITT, an American artist, born in Franklin, Ind., Nov. 1, 1849, He studied painting in oil at the National Academy in New York and subsequently in Europe with Piloty. He made a specialty of portraits, figure pieces, and still life. Examples of his art are to be found in many public and private galleries in this country. He was elected a National Academician in 1890. Besides having been one of the most brilliant technicians of the
American school, he was particularly successful as a teacher. He died in 1916.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Chekhov, Anton Pavlovich

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
CHEKHOV, ANTON PAVLOVITCH, a Russian author, born at Taganrog, in 1860. He studied medicine at the Moscow University, but soon engaged upon a literary career. His first writings were of a humorous nature and were immediately successful. He soon wrote in a more serious vein and was proclaimed by literary circles to be the greatest figure in Russian literature since the days of Turgenev. He wrote over 150 short stories, a number of plays, and one complete novel. Comparatively few of his writings have been translated into English. These are stories which have appeared in magazines. Among his plays, accessible in the English, are "The Sea Gull" (1905); "The Cherry Garden" (1908); "The Swan Song" (1912), and "Uncle Vanya" (1912).
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Cent

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​CENT, or CENTIME (san-tēm), the name of a small coin in various countries, so called as being equal to a 100th part of some other coin. In the United States and in Canada the cent is the 100th part of a dollar. In France the centime is the 100th part of a franc. Similar coins are the centavo of Chili, and the centesimo of Italy, Peru, etc. Cents or centimes, and their equivalents, are written simply as decimals of the unit of value.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Chase, Salmon Portland

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
CHASE, SALMON PORTLAND, an American jurist, born in Cornish, N. H., Jan. 13, 1808; educated at Windsor, Vt., in his uncle's family at Columbus, O., and in Dartmouth College; taught school in Washington, while studying law with William Wirt; opened law practice in Cincinnati, where he edited the “Ohio Statutes,” and came to public notice. In 1846 he argued the Fugitive Slave Law with William H. Seward, in a celebrated case, and his support of the anti-slavery cause soon made him the leader of the
Liberty party, and a leading spirit in the Free-Soil and Republican parties. In 1849 he was elected to the United States Senate; in 1855 Governor of Ohio; in 1860 was a prominent candidate for the Republican Presidential nomination; appointed Secretary of the Treasury by President Lincoln, in 1861, and in 1864 became Chief Justice, in which office he presided at the impeachment trial of President Johnson. He died in New York City, May 7, 1873.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Charleston (Illinois)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
CHARLESTON, a city of Illinois, the county-seat of Coles co. It is on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago, and St. Louis, and the Toledo, St. Louis, and Western railroads. The city is the center of an important oil, gas, and coal region, and there are manufactures of flour, brooms, stoves, and tiles. It is the seat of the Eastern Illinois Normal School, and has a court house, parks, and a Carnegie library. Pop. (1910) 5,884; (1920) 6,615.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Charleston (West Virginia)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
CHARLESTON, a city, capital of the State of West Virginia, and county-seat of Kanawha county, at the junction of the Kanawha and Elk rivers, on the Chesapeake and Ohio, and other railroads, 130 miles S. by W. of Wheeling. It is an important commercial and coal mining center, with steamer communications with all Ohio and Mississippi river ports; has extensive salt springs, State house. Custom house, hospital and opera house, several National banks, and daily and weekly newspapers, etc. Pop. (1910) 22,996; (1920) 39,608.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Centaur

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​CENTAUR, a mythical creature, half man, half horse, said to have sprung from the union of Ixion and a Cloud; the most celebrated was Chiron. They inhabited Thessaly, and were also called Hippocentaurs. The myth probably arose from some herdsman on horseback, who, being seen by individuals unacquainted with the uses of the horse, was supposed to form, together with his steed, one integral body.
It is also the name of a constellation in the Southern Hemisphere. ​
CENTAUR
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Charles City

* related portals: Iowa.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
CHARLES CITY, a city of Iowa, the county-seat of Floyd co. It is on the Illinois Central, and the Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul railroads, and on Cedar river. Its industries, which are
important, include the manufacture of store fixtures, gasoline traction and stationary engines, wood furnishings, furniture, etc. It is an important shipping point for live stock, dairy products, nursery stock, and poultry. The city has a public library, an opera house, a home for the aged, and parks, and is the seat of Charles City College. Pop. (1910) 5,892; (1920) 7,350.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clifford, Henry (1768-1813)

​CLIFFORD, HENRY (1768–1813), legal writer, was the second son of the Hon. Thomas Clifford of Tixall, Staffordshire (brother to Hugh, fourth lord Clifford), by his wife Barbara, youngest daughter and co-heiress of James, fifth lord Aston, and niece to Thomas and Edward, dukes of Norfolk, and to George, earl of Shrewsbury. He was born on 2 March 1768; studied at Liege with his eldest brother Thomas, created a baronet in 1815; and on his return to England applied himself to the law, and soon after the passing of the Catholic Act of 1792 was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn (Gillow, Bibl. Dict. of the English Catholics, i. 508). He was very learned in the law and a warm advocate of the liberties of the people. His personal exertions in the memorable 'O. P.' contest at Covent Garden Theatre brought him prominently before the public (Evans, Cat. of Engraved Portraits, No. 14320). He was a sincere catholic, and it was chiefly owing to his efforts that a catholic chapel was opened at Chelsea in 1812. He died at Bath on 22 April 1813. Three months previously he had married Anne Teresa, youngest daughter of Edward Ferrers of Baddesley-Clinton, Warwickshire.
The following works were written by or have reference to him: 1 . 'Reflections on the Appointment of a Catholic Bishop [Douglass] to the London District, in a letter to the Catholic Laity of the said District,' Lond. 1790, 8vo. 2. 'A Report of the Two Cases of Controverted Elections of the Borough of Southwark, &c.; to which are added an account of the two subsequent cases of the city of Canterbury, and an appendix on the right of the returning officer to administer the oath of supremacy to Catholics,' Lond. 1797 and 1802, 8vo. A copy in the British Museum contains a manuscript letter from the author to Francis Hargrave. 3. 'Proceedings in the House of Lords in the Case of Benjamin Flower, printer, for a supposed Libel on the Bishop of Landaff; to which are added the arguments in the King's Bench on a motion for an Habeas Corpus,' Lond. 1800, 8vo (Clarke, Bibl. Legum, pp.176, 314). 4. 'Observations on the Doctrines advanced during the late Elections, in a letter to Samuel Whitbread, Esq.,' 1807, 8vo (Watt, Bibl. Brit.) 5. 'Clifford for ever! O. P., and no P. B. The trial between H. Clifford, plaintiff, and J. Brandon, defendant, for an assault and false imprisonment as the plaintiff was quitting Covent Garden Theatre, 31 Oct. 1809,' Lond. [1809], 8vo. 6. 'The ​whole Proceedings on Trial of an Action brought by Henry Clifford, Esq., against Mr. James Brandon for an assault and false imprisonment on 5 Dec. 1809/ Lond. 1809, 8vo. 7. 'A Poetical Epistle to Henry Clifford, Esq., on the late Disturbances in Co vent Garden Theatre,' Edinburgh, 1810, 8vo.
[Authorities cited above.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clifford, Hugh Charles

1904 Errata appended.
​CLIFFORD, HUGH CHARLES, seventh Lord Clifford of Chudleigh (1790–1858), eldest son of Charles, sixth lord, by a daughter of Henry Arundell of Wardour, was born in 1790. He was educated at the Roman catholic college of Stonyhurst, and in 1814 attended Cardinal Consalvi to the congress of Vienna. He served as a volunteer through a large portion of the Peninsular campaigns. On succeeding to his father's estates in 1831 he took his seat in the House of Lords. He gave his general support to the ministry of Lord Grey and afterwards of Lord Melbourne, but seldom took part in the debates except on questions connected with Roman Catholicism. In his later years he lived chiefly in Italy, where he had a residence in the neighbourhood of Tivoli. He died at Rome 28 Feb. 1858 of the effects of a wound in the ankle. By his wife, Mary, only daughter of Thomas (afterwards Cardinal) Weld of Lulworth Castle, Dorsetshire, he left two daughters and four sons. The eldest son, Charles Hugh, became eighth lord; the third was Sir Henry Hugh [q. v.] He was the author of a 'Letter to Edmund Burke on the Repeal of the Corn Laws,' 1824; 'Letters addressed to Lord Alvanley on his pamphlet, "The State of Ireland considered,"' 1841; and 'Letters to the Editor of the "Morning Chronicle" on the East Indian Question;' and several published speeches.
[Gent. Mag. 3rd series (1858), iv. 551-2; Brit. Mus. Cat]
T. F. H.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.70 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 66 | ii | 36 | Clifford, Hugh Charles, 7th Lord Clifford of Chudleigh: for Mary read Mary Lucy |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clifford, Margaret

​CLIFFORD, MARGARET, Countess of Cumberland (1560?–1616), was the wife of George Clifford, third earl of Cumberland [q. v.], to whom she was married, 24 June 1577, at St. Mary Overies (now St. Saviour's), Southwark. She was the third and youngest daughter of Francis Russell, third earl of Bedford, and was born at Exeter about 7 July 1560 (Whitaker, p. 342). Her husband's intrigue with a certain court lady led to his separation from his wife, who, however, together with her daughter Anne [see Clifford, Anne], was present at his death 30 Oct. 1605. The next few years were occupied in collecting documents in support of the claim of her daughter to the family estates, which the last earl had, by a will dated only eleven days before his death, left to his brother Francis and his heirs male. On 12 Oct. 1607 the dowager countess and her daughter were denied entrance to Skipton Castle. She died at Brougham Castle in Westmoreland 24 May 1616, leaving the great lawsuit to be settled by a compromise dated 14 March 1617. Her daughter was present at her burial, which took place 7 July in Appleby Church, where her monument may still be seen.
The Countess Margaret seems to have been an affectionate mother. Her daughter Anne describes her as a 'woman of greate naturall wit and judgment, of a swete disposition, truly religious and virtuous, and endowed with a large share of those four moral virtues, prudence, justice, fortitude, and temperance. The death of her two sonnes did so much afflict her as that ever after the booke of Jobe was her dayly companion.' She was also a lady with some pretension to literary tastes. In her portrait as it is preserved in the great family picture, drawn up for her husband in June 1589, she is represented holding the Psalms in her hands. A manuscript note in a Bodleian copy of Walpole's 'Noble Authors' ascribes to her 'some beautiful verses in the stile of Spencer.' They are said to appear on the monument of Richard Candish of Suffolk, in Hornsey Church, Middlesex (Auct. Bodleian. D. 111, pp. 172-3). Perhaps her highest praise is to be found in the pains with which she educated her daughter Anne for her high station. Samuel Daniel [q. v.], whom she engaged as her daughter's tutor from her tenderest years, dedicated to her several poems.
[The principal authorities for the preceding life are the inscriptions on the great family pictures at Skipton and Appleby. These, with many monumental inscriptions of great value for dates and genealogies, may be found in Whitaker's Graven, ed. Morant, 1878. See also A True Memoriall of the Life of Lady Anne Clifford, dictated by herself, in the York volume of the Proceedings of the Archaeological Institute (1846); Dugdale's Baronage, i. 345; Daniel's poems in Chalmers's English Poets, iii. 629-32.]
T. A. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clifford, Henry Hugh

​CLIFFORD, Sir HENRY HUGH (1826–1883), major-general, third son of Hugh Charles Clifford [q. v.], seventh baron Clifford, who died in 1858, by his marriage with Mary Lucy, only daughter of Thomas Weld of Lulworth Castle, Dorsetshire, was born 12 Sept. 1826, and received his first commission as a second lieutenant in the rifle brigade 7 Aug. 1846. He served in South Africa against the Gaikas under Sandili in the following year, and then against the Boers, until their submission at Weinberg on the Vaal river. On the outbreak of another Kaffir war in 1852 he again went to Africa, where he remained until November 1853. He also took part in the Crimean war, where he received the appointment of aide-de-camp to Sir George Brown, commanding the light division, and was present at Alma and Inkerman, and for his gallantry in the latter battle was decorated with the Victoria cross. In May 1855 he was appointed deputy assistant quartermaster-general, and remaining in the Crimea until the conclusion of the war was then promoted to the rank of brevet major, and received the medal and clasps for Alma, Inkerman, and Sebastopol, and from foreign governments the Legion of Honour and the 5th class of the Medjidie. On the outbreak of hostilities in China he sailed thither, and as assistant quartermaster-general was present at the operations between December 1857 and January 1858 which resulted in the capture of Canton. For his services he received the brevet of lieutenant-colonel, with the China medal and Canton clasp. On his return to England he commenced a long term of service on the staff; he was assistant quartermaster-general at Aldershot 1860-4, held a similar appointment at headquarters 1865-1868, was aide-de-camp to the commander-in-chief 1870-3, and assistant adjutant-general at headquarters 1873-5. Early in 1879 Clifford was selected to proceed to South Africa to take charge of the communications of Lord Chelmsford between Durban and the forces in the field. His task was no light one, for great confusion prevailed at Durban, the port of disembarkation; but by his great experience in staff duties, his knowledge of the requirements of the supply of an army, and, above all, by his familiarity with Kaffir warfare and his indefatigable nature, he very soon reduced everything to order, and his labours were fully acknowledged by Sir Garnet Wolseley. He was gazetted a C.B. 2 June 1869, and a K.C.M.G. 19 Dec. 1879, and was granted a pension of 100l. for distinguished services 7 Oct. 1874. He was major-general of the eastern district of England from April to September 1882. He died at Ugbrooke, near Chudleigh, Devonshire, 12 April 1883. He married, 21 March 1857, Josephine Elisabeth, only child of Joseph Anstice of Madeley Wood, Shropshire, professor at King's College, London.
[Low's Soldiers of the Victorian Age (1880), i. 208-21; Graphic, 12 April 1879, p. 372, with portrait.]
G. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Buckley, William (d.1570?)

1904 Errata appended.
​BUCKLEY, WILLIAM (d. 1570?), mathematician, a native of Lichfield, was educated at Eton, whence he was elected to a scholarship at King's College, Cambridge, in 1537 (B.A. 1542, M.A. 1545). Afterwards he removed to the court of King Edward VI, who held him in great esteem. On 4 Jan. 1548–9 he was admitted to the prebend of Ufton Decani in the church of Lichfield, which he resigned soon afterwards. In 1550 the king appointed him to the office of tutor to the royal henchmen, with all profits appertaining thereunto, and a pension of 40l. per annum. Sir John Cheke, when provost of King's, sent for Buckley to that college to teach the students arithmetic and geometry. He appears to have died about 1570. His works are: 1. ‘Descriptio et usus annuli horarii,’ Royal MS. in British Museum, 12 A xxv. The dedication to the Princess Elizabeth is dated 16 kal. April. 1546. 2. ‘Arithmetica Memorativa, sive compendiaria arithmeticæ tractatio,’ &c. Printed with John Seton's ‘Dialectica.’ The work consists of the rules of arithmetic reduced into Latin verse, that they may be more easily committed to memory.
T. C.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.41 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 215 | i | 21 f.e. | Buckley, William (d. 1570?): for Ufton read Ufton Decani |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Buckmaster, William

​BUCKMASTER, WILLIAM (d. 1545), vice-chancellor of Cambridge University, graduated at Peterhouse, Cambridge, B.A. in 1513–14, M.A. in 1517, B.D. in 1525, and D.D. in 1528. In 1517 he was elected fellow of his college. He thrice served the office of vice-chancellor (1529, 1538, and 1539), and was twice elected Lady Margaret professor of divinity (1532 and 1534). He became rector of Barchester, Warwickshire (23 April 1530), fellow of King's Hall (1532), prebendary of Hereford (1539), and of St. Paul's Cathedral, London (1541). He died shortly before 14 Sept. 1545, but his effects were not administered (by his nephew, Hugh Buckmaster) until 5 Dec. 1546.
As vice-chancellor in 1529–30, Buckmaster took a prominent part in preparing the replies to the questions preferred by Henry VIIIto the university relative to his divorce. After much discussion, convocation resolved that marriage with a brother's wife was contrary to divine law, but the university declined to express any definite opinion as to whether the pope had power to permit such a marriage. This answer was not what the king desired, but Buckmaster was selected to carry it to Windsor and announce to Henry VIII ​the university's judgment. He wrote an interesting account of his reception at court in a letter to Dr. Edwards, master of Peterhouse, which is still preserved in manuscript at Corpus Christi College. Buckmaster asserts that his performance of the duty lost him an important benefice, which was about to be conferred upon him. He signed the well-known articles of religion of 1536 as proctor in convocation of the London clergy; and about 1537 he was consulted by Cromwell, with many other eminent divines, as to the form which certain theological dogmas of the Romish church should take in the Anglican articles. Roger Ascham [q. v.] refers to Buckmaster as one of his Cambridge patrons (Ascham, Epist., No. iv. (ed. Giles), I. i. 5).
S. L. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Buckler, John

​BUCKLER, JOHN (1770–1851), topographical artist, was born 30 Nov. 1770 at Calbourne, Isle of Wight. He was articled for seven years to Mr. Cracklow, an architect in Southwark, and was himself an architect until 1826, when he resigned that branch of his profession to his eldest son. He was known to Dr. Routh, president of Magdalen College, Oxford, and under his patronage published in 1797 two aquatint engravings of Magdalen College. In 1799 he published a similar view of Lincoln Minster, and from that year until 1815 continued to publish aquatint engravings of cathedrals, collegiate and abbey churches, and a few other churches and private mansions. His son, John Chessell Buckler, published in 1822 ‘Views of Cathedral Churches in England,’ which are principally copied from his father's previously published prints. John Chessell Buckler also contributed to ‘Views of Eaton Hall’ in 1826, and in 1827 to ‘Sixty Views of Endowed Grammar Schools,’ chiefly from his father's drawings. An ‘Historical and Descriptive Account of the Royal Palace ​at Eltham’ in 1828, ‘Remarks upon Wayside Chapels’ in 1843, ‘History of the Architecture of the Abbey Church at St. Albans’ in 1847, are by John Chessell Buckler. His son Charles, afterwards Charles Alban Buckler, co-operated in the last two. John Chessell Buckler also made the drawings for a description of the cathedral of Iona (1866), and published a ‘Description of Lincoln Cathedral’ (1866). He published in 1823 an anonymous work upon the architecture of Magdalen College, Oxford.
Sir R. C. Hoare employed John Buckler to make drawings of ancient buildings in Wiltshire, Lord Grenville gave him a similar commission for Buckinghamshire, Dr. Whitaker for Yorkshire, H. S. Pigott for Somersetshire, and W. Salt for Staffordshire. From 1796 to 1849 he contributed water-colour drawings yearly to the Royal Academy. He was elected F.S.A. in 1810. He died in London 6 Dec. 1851, leaving six surviving children. A portrait by Sir W. Newton has been engraved. John Buckler (d. 4 Dec. 1857), secretary to the Wanstead Orphan Asylum, was distantly, if at all, related.
[Gent. Mag. for January 1852; Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists; A. Graves's Dict. of Artists; information from the family.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Buckler, William

​BUCKLER, WILLIAM (1814–1884), entomologist, was born 13 Sept. 1814, at Newport, Isle of Wight. He was the son of William, brother to John Buckler, F.S.A. [q. v.] He showed much taste for drawing; became a student of the Royal Academy, and from 1836 to 1856 exhibited sixty-two pictures, chiefly portraits in water-colour. About 1848 he settled at Emsworth, Hampshire, and took to entomology for an amusement. In 1857 he began to contribute drawings of the larvæ of the Tineinæ to the ‘Entomologist's Weekly Intelligencer,’ to which he had previously contributed some articles. After three years, in the course of which he sent about 120 figures, he found the labour too great. He continued his studies and contributed descriptions of larvæ to the ‘Weekly Entomologist’ in 1862, and afterwards to the ‘Entomologist's Monthly Magazine.’ He was preparing a work on the larvæ of the Macro-Lepidoptera of Great Britain. He had made at least 5,000 careful drawings by 1873, figuring more than 850 species in various stages of growth. He was much inconvenienced by ‘writer's cramp,’ and found relief in cabinet work. His sight was not good enough for collecting, and all his work was done at home with a magnifying lens. His friend, the Rev. J. Hellins, sent him specimens in return for drawings. After his sixty-eighth birthday he began to learn German to be able to correspond with foreign devotees of entomology. He died 9 Jan. 1884.
[Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, vol. xx.]