OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zamindawar

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​ZAMINDAWAR, a district of Afghanistan, situated on the right bank of the Helmund river to the N.W. of Kandahar, bordering the road which leads from Kandahar to Herat via Farah. Zamindawar is a district of hills, and of wide, well populated, and fertile valleys watered by important affluents of the Helmund. The principal town is Musa Kala, which stands on the banks of a river of the same name, about 60 m. N. of Girishk. The whole of this region is a well-known hotbed of fanaticism, the headquarters of the Achakzais, the most aggressive of all Durani tribes. It was from Zamindawar that much of the strength of the force which besieged Kandahar under Ayub Khan in 1880 was derived; and it was the Zamin​dawar contingent of tribesmen who so nearly defeated Sir Donald Stewart's force at Ahmad Khel previously. The control of Zamindawar may be regarded as the key to the position for safeguarding the route between Herat and Kandahar.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zaleucus

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​ZALEUCUS, of Locri Epizephyrii in Magna Graecia, Greek lawgiver, is supposed to have flourished about 660 B.C. The statement that he was a pupil of Pythagoras is an anachronism. Little is known of him, and Timaeus even doubted his existence, but it is now generally agreed that this is an error. He is said to have been the author of the first written code of laws amongst the Greeks. According to the common story, the Locrians consulted the Delphic oracle as to a remedy for the disorder and lawlessness that were rife amongst them. Having been ordered to make laws for themselves, they commissioned one Zaleucus, a shepherd and slave (in later tradition, a man of distinguished family) to draw up a code. The laws of Zaleucus, which he declared had been communicated to him in a dream by Athena, the patron goddess of the city, were few and simple, but so severe that, like those of Draco, they became proverbial. They remained essentially unchanged for centuries, and the Locrians subsequently enjoyed a high reputation as upholders of the law. One of the most important provisions was that the punishment for different offences was definitely fixed, instead of being left to the discretion of the judge before whom a case was tried. The penalty for adultery was the loss of the eyes, and in general the application of the lex talionis was enjoined as the punishment for personal injuries. Special enactments concerning the rights of property, the alienation of land, settlement in foreign countries, and various sumptuary laws (e.g. the drinking of pure wine, except when ordered medicinally, was forbidden) are attributed to him. After the code was firmly established, the Locrians introduced a regulation that, if a citizen interpreted a law differently from the cosmopolis (the chief magistrate), each had to appear before the council of One Thousand with a rope round his neck, and the one against whom the council decided was immediately strangled. Any one who proposed a new law or the alteration of one already existing was subjected to the same test, which continued in force till the 4th century and even later. Zaleucus is often confused with Charondas, and the same story is told of their death. It is said that one of Zaleucus’s laws forbade a citizen, under penalty of death, to enter the senate-house bearing a weapon. During the stress of war, Zaleucus violated this law; and, on its being pointed out to him, he committed suicide by throwing himself upon the point of his sword, declaring that the law must be vindicated.
See Bentley, Dissertation on the Epistles of Phalaris; F. D. Gerlach, Zaleukos, Charondas, Pythagoras (1858); G. Busolt, Griechische Geschichte, i.; Schol. on Pindar, Ol. x . 17; Strabo vi. p. 259; Diod. Sic. xii. 20, 21; Demosthenes, In Timocratem, p. 744; Stobaeus, Florilegium, xliv. 20, 21, where the supposed preface of Zaleucus and the collection of laws as a whole is spurious; Suidas, E.V ., who makes him a native of Thurii; Cicero, De Legibus, ii. 6 . See also article Greek Law.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schwarzenberg (town)

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SCHWARZENBERG, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of Saxony, situated on the Schwarzwasser, 16 m. W. from Annaberg by rail. Pop. (1905) 4629. It has a handsome parish church, an old palace and some schools. It has some small industries and there are large iron-works in the vicinity.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schwartze, Teresa

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SCHWARTZE, TERESA (1852- ), Dutch portrait painter, was born at Amsterdam, the daughter of Johan Georg Schwartze (1814-1874), from whom she received her first training, before studying for a year under Gabriel Max and Franz von Lenbach in Munich. In 1879 she went to Paris to continue her studies under Jean Jacques Henner. Her portraits are remarkable for excellent character drawing, breadth and vigour of handling and rich quality of pigment. She is one of the few women painters
who have been honoured by an invitation to contribute their own portraits to the hall of the painters at the Uffizi Gallery in Florence. Some of her best pictures, notably a portrait of Piet J. Joubert, and “Three Inmates of the Orphanage at Amsterdam,” are at the Ryks Museum, and one entitled “The Orphan” at the Boyman Museum in Rotterdam.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schwarz, Christian Friedrich

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SCHWARZ (or Schwartz), CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH (1726-1798), German Protestant missionary to India, was born on the 8th of October 1726 at Sonnenburg, in the electorate of Brandenburg, Prussia. Having learned Tamil to assist in a translation of the Bible into that language, he was led to form the intention of becoming a missionary to India. He received ordination at Copenhagen on the 8th of August 1749, and, after spending some time in England to acquire the English language, embarked early in 1750 for India, and arrived at Trichinopoly on the 30th of July. Tranquebar was for some time his headquarters, but he paid frequent visits to Tanjore and Trichinopoly, and in 1766 removed to the latter place. Here he acted as chaplain to the garrison, who erected a church for his general use. In 1769 he secured the friendship of the raja of Tanjore, who, although he never embraced Christianity, afforded him every countenance in his missionary labours. Shortly before his death he committed to Schwarz the education of his adopted son and successor. In 1779 Schwarz undertook, at the request of the Madras government, a private embassy to Hyder Ali, the ruler of Mysore. When Hyder invaded the Carnatic, Schwarz was allowed to pass through the enemy's camp without molestation. After twelve years in Trichinopoly he removed to Tanjore, where he spent the remainder of his life. He died on the 13th of February 1798. Schwarz's direct success in making converts exceeded that of any other Protestant missionary in India, in addition to which he succeeded in winning the esteem of Mahommedans and Hindus. The raja of Tanjore erected a monument, executed by Flaxman, in the mission church, in which he is represented as grasping the hand of the dying missionary and receiving his benediction. A splendid monument to Schwarz by Bacon was placed by the East India Company in St Mary's church at Madras.
See Remains of Schwarz, with a sketch of his life (1826); Memoirs of Life and Correspondence, by H. N. Pearson (1834, 3rd ed. 1839); Life, by H. N. Pearson (1855).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schwarz, Karl

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SCHWARZ, KARL (1812-1885), German Protestant theologian, was born at Wiek on the Isle of Rügen on the 19th of November 1812. His father, Theodor Schwarz, pastor at Wiek, was well known as a preacher, and as the writer of a number of popular works (parables, romances, &c.) under the pseudonym “Theodor Melas.” Karl Schwarz pursued the study of theology and philosophy at Halle, and afterwards at Bonn (1831) and Berlin {1832-1834). At Berlin he came under the influence of Schleiermacher and Hegel, whose influences are seen in his work Das Wesen der Religion (1847). In 1837 he was imprisoned for six months on account of his advanced political opinions. After his release he helped (from 1838) with the Hallische Jahrbücher. From 1843-1845 he lectured at Halle, and was then suspended by the government. In 1849, however, he was appointed professor extraordinarius, and later received a number of distinctions (in 1858 chief court preacher, &c.). Schwarz took an important part in the founding and directing of the German Protestantenverein, and became an eminent exponent of liberal theology. His work Zur Geschichte der neuesten Theologie (1856, 4th ed. 1869) is a valuable source for the history of theology in Germany. His other works include Lessing als Theologe (1854) and Grundriss der christl. Lehre (1873, 5th ed. 1876). He died on the 25th of March 1885. In his memory a Karl-Schwarz-stiftung was founded in connexion with the theological faculty at Jena.
See G. Rudloff, Karl Schwarz (1887); F. Hummel, Die Bedeutung der Schrift von Karl Schwarz: Über das Wesen der Religion (1890); and Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopädie.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ujest

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​UJEST (Polish, Viast), a small town on the Klodnitz in Prussia, which gives the title of duke to the head of the family of Hohenlohe-Öhringen, a branch (1823) of that of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen (see Hohenlohe). Prince Hugo of Hohenlohe-Öhringen was created duke of Ujest in 1861, and in 1897 was succeeded by his son Christian Kraft (b. 1848). The duke is an hereditary member of the upper houses of Württemberg and Prussia.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Uglich

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​UGLICH, a town of Russia, in the government of Yaroslavl, on the upper Volga, 63 m. W. by S. of the. city of Yaroslavl. Pop., 9698. Its historical remains are mostly associated with Prince Dmitri, son of Ivan the Terrible, who was believed to have been murdered (1591) here by Boris Godunov. The wooden house (built in 1481, restored in 1892) which the prince occupied, a church of St Demetrius, erected at the spot where he was killed, and a kiosk on the site of a convent where his mother was forcibly consecrated a nun, are the principal memorials of this incident. The cathedral was erected in the 13th century, but subsequently restored, and contains the grave of Prince Roman. The industries include paper-mills, flour-mills, distilleries, copper works, tand linen factories; and the samovars (tea-urns) and sausages made here are famous.
The local annals go as far back as the 9th century. Until the 14th century Uglich was a separate principality, which extended over eastern Tver. In 1329 the sons of Prince Roman the Saint renounced their independence in favour of Moscow, and fifty years later the Uglich princes sold their rights to the great prince of Moscow. The Tatars plundered the town in 1237, 1293 and 1408, and the Lithuanians did the same at a later date.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Uighur

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​Uighur, or Ouighour, the name of a Turkish tribe and dynasty who came from the East and ruled in Kashgaria from the 10th to the 12th centuries. They used a variety of the Syriac alphabet. (See Turks.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Uist, North and South

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​UIST, NORTH AND SOUTH, islands of the outer Hebrides, Inverness-shire, Scotland. North Uist lies S.W. of Harris (Long Island), from which it is separated about 8 m. by the Sound of Harris. The island measures 14 m. in length by 16 m. in greatest width, but the coasts are extremely indented. The highest point is Mt Eaval (1138 ft.). The principal sea-lochs are Loch Maddy and Loch Eport, both on the east. On the east coast the surface is mostly swampy moorland, but on the west there is some fertile soil. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in crofting, fishing and cattle-rearing. The principal village, Loch Maddy, is the centre of a large trade, and is a favourite resort of anglers, being a regular calling station for the steamers from Oban and Portree. The islands belonging to the parish of North Uist comprise—to the south-west Balleshare and Illeray (pop., 383), Kirkibost, Heisker (98), and the Monach group, with a lighthouse on Shillay; to the south, Grimisay (290) and Ronay; to the north-east, Levera; to the north, Boreray (118) and Vallay.
South Uist has a population (1901) of 3541, an extreme length of 22 m. and an extreme width of 8 m. Towards the north-east it becomes mountainous, the highest points being Buail’a Choill (2034), Ben More (1994) and Hecla (1988). The chief sea-lochs are Loch Boisdale, largely frequented by anglers, Loch Eynort and Loch Skiport on the east coast. On the east side the surface is mainly alluvial peat, broken by hills, but on the west there is a belt of productive land. Besides crofting, the inhabitants are engaged in the fisheries and cattle-raising. Steamers from Oban call regularly at the village of Loch Boisdale. The islands attached to the parish of South Uist include, to the south, Eriskay (pop., 3478), where Prince Charles landed on the 2nd of August 1745; to the north-east, Wiay; to the north, Grimisay, Fladda, just off the north-east shore of Benbecula, and Benbecula (pop., 1417), with an area of 40 sq. m., from which there is at low tide a ford to North and South Uist.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Uitenhage

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​UITENHAGE, a town of the Cape province, South Africa, in the valley of the Zwartkops river, 270 ft. above the sea, 21 m. by rail N.N.W. of Port Elizabeth. Pop. (1904), 12,193, of whom 6680 were whites. It was founded in 1804 by De Mist, the Batavian commissioner, who took over Cape Colony from the British in 1803. Many natives find employment in the mills along the Zwartkops, where vast quantities of wool from the sheep farms of the eastern part of the province are cleansed and forwarded for shipment at Port Elizabeth. Extensive railway works are established here. There are in addition large flower and fruit nurseries. The town is laid out in rectangular blocks, and contains a handsome town-hall, court-house and public offices.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ujiji

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​UJIJI, a town in German East Africa, also known as Kavele, situated on the eastern shores of Lake Tanganyika, in 4° 55′ S., 29° 40′ E. It is connected with Cape Town by an overland telegraph line. The population (about 14,000) is composed of Arabs and members of numerous Central African tribes. Ujiji is the meeting-point of merchants from all parts of Tanganyika, and the terminus of the caravan route from Dar-es-Salaam. Arabs from Zanzibar made Ujiji their headquarters during the first half of the 19th century, and it became a great slave and ivory mart. In 1858 Richard Burton and J. H. Speke reached Ujiji from Zanzibar, being the first Europeans to see Lake Tanganyika. In 1869 David Livingstone, coming from the south, arrived at Ujiji, and it was here that H. M. Stanley found him on the 28th of October 1871. In 1890 it came within the German sphere of influence. (See Tanganyika and German East Africa.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ufa (town)

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​UFA, a town and river-port of Russia, capital of the government of the same name, situated 326 m. by rail N.E. of Samara, on the main line from Moscow to Siberia, at the confluence of the Ufa with the Byelaya. Pop., 49,275. The better part of the town contains two cathedrals and a few churches; the remainder is a scattered aggregation of small wooden houses. There are a museum, a public library and a theological seminary; and the industries include iron and copper works, machinery works and saw-mills.
Ufa was founded in 1574. The wooden kreml, or fort, protected by wooden towers and an outer earthen wall, had to sustain the attacks of the revolted Bashkirs and Russian serfs in 1662 and at later dates; and in 1773 Chika, one of the chiefs of the Pugachev revolt, besieged it for four months.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Uhde, Fritz Karl Hermann von

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​UHDE, FRITZ KARL HERMANN VON (1848- ), German painter, was born at Wolkenburg in Saxony. His artistic career, for which he studied first in Dresden, was interrupted for nearly ten years by military service, which included the two years of the Franco-German War, but in 1877 he again turned his attention to art, studying under Munkacsy in Paris and afterwards independently in Holland. His inclination was from the first directed towards religious subjects. He revived the practice of treating Biblical episodes realistically by transferring them to modern days. Thus in the “Come, Lord Jesus, be our Guest,” of the Berlin National Gallery, Christ appears among the peasant family assembled for their meal in a modern German farmhouse “parlour,” and in “The Sermon on the Mount” (Berlin, private collection) addresses a crowd of 19th century harvesters. Similar in conception are “Suffer Little Children to come unto Me” (Leipzig Museum), “The Holy Night” (Dresden Gallery), “The Last Supper,” “The Journey to Bethlehem” (Munich Pinakothek) and “The Miraculous Draught of Fishes.” Other works of his in public collections are: “Saying Grace,” at the Luxembourg in Paris; “Christ at Emmaus,” at the Staedel Institute, Frankfort; “The Farewell of Tobias,” at the Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna; and a portrait of the actor Wohlmuth, at the Christiania Museum. Von Uhde became professor and honorary member of the academies of Munich, Dresden and Berlin.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Benevento, (Ageltrude, or Rochtrude)

On the day even on which he received the purple, Guy, by a diploma, confirmed to Ageltrude the possession of her hereditary domains, and whatever his fondness had added to them. The next year he associated his son Lambert, though very young, in the empire. He died in 894; but though he left a powerful enemy in Berenger, the duke of Friuli, with whom he himself had been at war, yet this event, by the talents of Ageltrude, was of no disservice to her son. She tried to engage the pope's interest on the side of Lambert; but was not deceived by his false pretences of regard, and guided by her counsels, Lambert put himself at the head of his troops, and recovered what Arnold, the king of Germany, invited by Berenger, had conquered from him. This prince, at the instances of the pope, passed into Italy, in the spring of 896, and marched to Rome. But when he arrived near it, he found the empress, resolute to maintain the rights of her son, had foreseen his intention, and stationed herself with a large body of troops in that city. The temporising pope, whose duplicity she was well assured of, had been put in prison by a faction, which she joined; and Arnold, foreseeing the difficulties of a siege, was almost tempted to retire, but a fortunate change in his circumstances put him in possession of the city, when he released the pope from prison, who, in return, crowned him emperor; and took vengeance on his enemies: but Ageltrude had escaped, and was gone to join her son at Spoleto, whither Arnold followed, and laid siege also to that place; ​but a paralytic stroke seizing him at the time, he thought no more of any thing but how to make his escape from Italy, where his cruelties had made him hated. Ageltrude and Lambert made the best use of his absence. In a few days, they recovered a great part of their possessions, and their authority was fully re-established at Rome.
The principality of Benevento had been successively governed by the brothers of Ageltrude; but, in 891, the Greeks made themselves masters of it. Guy XIV. a descendant of this family, and governor-general of Spoleto, relieved them from this yoke, but imposed upon them one as heavy of his own. The people murmured, and the empress took this opportunity to re-establish one of her brothers, whom they had chased from the throne more than twelve years before.
The emperor Lambert died of a fall from his horse in 998; and his death left Berenger sole king of Italy. Circumstances obliged Ageltrude to treat with this prince; but it was like a wise able princess. She engaged him to secure to her two rich monasteries, and all her other possessions. She became duchess of Spoleto by the death of Lambert; and Berenger, who could not deny his esteem to a woman who had nobly performed the duties of a mother, by his own hand, at the bottom of their treaty, promised to be her friend, in the best sense of the word—himself to respect, and make others respect her domains; which, by the liberality of her husband and son, and her hereditary rights, were very considerable.
F. C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Bentivoglio, (the Marchioness Donna Camilla)

BENTIVOGLIO, (THE MARCHIONESS DONNA CAMILLA) lived at Rome in 1714,
Was esteemed for her great qualities, her learning, and agreeable manner of writing. She had studied her language with care, and wrote equally well in verse and prose.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Bellot, (Madame)

BELLOT, (MADAME) a French Lady, Author of many ingenious Performances.
The principal are, Observations sur la Noblesse et le tiers Etat; les Reflexions d'un Provincial sur le Discours de M. Rousseau; Melanges de Literature Anglais."
This consists of translations from the best English authors, in which she has shown no less discernment than taste in the subjects she has chosen, and the manner in which they are executed; Histoire de Rasselas; Ophele; Histoire de la Maison de Tudor, &c.
F.C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Bermann, (Mademoiselle)

BERMANN, (MADEMOISELLE) a French Writer of the eighteenth Century,
Author of many useful works, but more particularly, of an eloquent discourse, which won the prize at the academy of Nancy, her native place, on the question, "Whether it would be most useful, in this age, to write a work purely on literature or morality?" Mademoiselle Bermann, then only eighteen years of age, decided for the latter, with much good sense and solid reasoning, conveyed in eloquent language. She received the most distinguished marks of approbation; and her portrait is still to be seen in the great hall of that society.
F. C. &c.