OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/François Duquesnoy

From volume 5 of the work.
(Called also François Flamand, and in Italy Il Flamingo).
Born at Brussels, Belgium, 1594; died at Leghorn, Italy, 12 July, 1646. Duquesnoy was son of an excellent Dutch sculptor from whom he received his first lessons. At an early age he carved the figure of justice on the portal of the chancellerie at Brussels, and two angels for the entrance of the Jesuit church of that city. In 1619, at the age of twenty-five, he was sent by the Archduke Albert to study in Rome, and there he resided many years, executing various works of importance. To him we owe the handsome baldachinum over the high altar in St. Peter's, the colossal statue of St. Andrew with his cross, also in st. Peter's, and the Santa Susanna in the church of S. Maria di Loreto. In the cathedral of Ghent is his rococo tomb for Bishop Triest a good work in its own style. Duquesnoy was a contemporary of Bernini and a friend of Le Poussain, who recommended him to Cardinal Richelieu. The sculptor was about to start for Paris when death overtook hirn at Leghorn. It is reported that he was poisoned by his own brother, Jérôme, who was also a clever sculptor (b. 1612, burned for unnatural crime, 24 Oct., 1654). François is famous for his beautiful sporting children in marble and bronze, his ivory carvings for drinking-cups, etc. The figure known to the populace of Brussels as the "Mannecken" is commonly attributed to him.
M. L. Hadley.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/François Jacquier

From volume 8 of the work.
French mathematician and physicist, born at Vitry-le-Francois, 7 June, 1711; died at Rome, 3 July, 1788. His early education was entrusted to an ecclesiastic, who soon recognized in him an inclination to science and mathematics, and endeavoured to cultivate it. When sixteen years old, Francois, entered the Order of Friars Minor, and after profession was sent to Rome, to complete his studies in the French convent of the order, La Trinité du Mont. With the permission of his superiors he specialized in mathematics, and at the same time, as a sort of mental diversion, devoted himself to the study of the ancient languages. He became very proficient in Hebrew, and spoke Greek as though it were his mother-tongue. His labours and learning gained for him the patronage of Cardinals Alberoni and Portocarrero. He accompanied Cardinal Alberoni on his legation to Ravenna, and was appointed to inspect the work begun by Manfredi to prevent the repeated innudations of that territory. On his return he was given the chair of Sacred Scripture at the College of the Propaganda, and was also detailed by the general chapter of the Friars Minors, assembled at Marseilles, to work upon the annals of the order. The King of Sardinia named him professor of physics at the University of Turin in 1745, but Cardinal Valenti, prime minister of Benedict XIV, eager to retain so learned a man in Rome, had him assigned to the chair of experimental physics at the Roman College. Here he was in continual demand for consultation upon scientific matters. In 1763 he was appointed instructor in physics and mathematics to the young Prince Ferdinand at Parma. He was appointed in 1773 to the chair of mathematics at the Roman College, on the occasion of the suppression of the Jesuits. At his death he was connected with nearly all the great scientific and literary societies of Europe. The most important of his works are:
E. P. Tivnan.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Thātichettu

​Thātichettu (palmyra palm).— An exogamous sept of Karna Sālē and Oddē.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Thāvadadāri

​Thāvadadāri.— The name of a section of the Valluvans (priests of the Paraiyans), who wear a necklace of tulsi beads (thāvadam, necklace, dhari, wearer). The tulsi or basil (Ocimum sanctum) is a very sacred plant with Hindus, and bead necklaces or rosaries are made from its woody stem.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Thūta

​Thūta (hole). — An exogamous sept of Dēvānga.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Tikkē

​Tikkē (gem). — A gotra of Kurni.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Thēlu

​Thēlu (scorpion).— Thēlu and Thēla are recorded as exogamous septs of Padma Sālē and Mādiga. The Canarese equivalent Chēlu occurs as a sept of Kuruba.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Thūrpu

​Thūrpu (eastern). — A sub-division of Yerukala and Yānādi.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Thōka

​Thōka (tail). — An exogamous sept of Yerukala.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Thūmu

​Thūmu (iron measure for measuring grain). — An exogamous sept of Mutrācha.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Ti(fire)Kollan

​Ti (fire) Kollan.— A sub-division of Kollan.
# Bluthenthal v. Jones

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
208 U.S. 64
Bluthenthal v. Jones
Argued: December 18, 1907. --- Decided: January 6, 1908
Mr. Benjamin Z. Phillips, John M. Slaton, and H. K. Olliphant for plaintiffs in error.
Mr. Solon G. Wilson for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice Moody delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Blumenauer: Expressing Sense of the House That Symbols and Traditions of Christmas Should be Protected

Congressional Record: December 17, 2005 (Extensions of Remarks) Page E2579. DOCID:cr17de05-74.
EXPRESSING SENSE OF THE HOUSE THAT SYMBOLS AND TRADITIONS OF CHRISTMAS SHOULD BE PROTECTED
HON. EARL BLUMENAUER
Mr. BLUMENAUER. Mr. Speaker, this legislation is an excellent example of how the House Leadership politicizes non-issues to distract Congress from substantive issues.
The Federal Government is obviously not opposed to Christmas, an annual celebration that has deep significance for those of us from a Christian tradition. In that sense, a "Yes" vote is appropriate.
But Christmas is not under assault from the Federal Government; there is no need for this resolution. Therefore, a vote of "Present" could be appropriate; there is simply no controversy here.
I chose to vote "No," however, because the resolution is flawed. It misses the point. Christmas is not being threatened by the federal government. Instead, the season that celebrates Christ's humble birth in a manger has been commercialized and cheapened by those who celebrate it as the retail highlight of the year.
My sincere wish for the New Year is that House leadership sets aside its penchant for distracting and divisive issues to focus on solutions to problems that face Americans every day.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Blumenstock Bros Advertising Agency v. Curtis Pub Company

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
252 U.S. 436
Blumenstock Bros Advertising Agency v. Curtis Pub Company
Argued: Jan. 26, 1920. --- Decided: April 19, 1920
[Syllabus intentionally omitted]
Mr. Colin C. H. Fyffe, of Chicago, Ill., for plaintiff in error.
Mr. Amos C. Miller, of Williamsport, Pa., for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice DAY delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Blumenthal v. United States

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
332 U.S. 539
Blumenthal v. United States
Argued: Oct. 23, 1947. --- Decided: Dec 22, 1947
[Syllabus from pages 539-541 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Arthur B. Dunne, of San Francisco, Cal., for petitioners Blumenthal, Goldsmith, and Feigenbaum.
Mr. Samuel S. Weiss, pro se.
Beatrice Rosenberg, of Washington, D.C., for respondent.
Mr. Justice RUTLEDGE delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Blundell v. Wallace

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
267 U.S. 373
Blundell v. Wallace
Argued: Jan. 29, 1925. --- Decided: March 2, 1925
Mr. Reford Bond, of Chickasha, Okl., for plaintiffs in error.
Mr. John B. Dudley, of Oklahoma City, Okl., for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice SUTHERLAND delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Lydda

From volume 9 of the work.
A titular see of Palestina Prima in the Patriarchate of Jerusalem. The town was formerly called Lod, and was founded by Samad of the tribe of Benjamin (I Par., viii, 12). Some of its inhabitants were taken in captivity to Babylon, and some of them returned later (I Esd., ii, 33; II Esd., vii, 37; xi, 34). About the middle of the second century B.C., the city was given by the kings of Syria to the Machabees, who held it until the coming of Pompey to Judea (I Mach., xi, 34, 57; Josephus, "Antiquities", XIV, x, 6). Julius Caesar in 48 B.C. gave Lydda to the Jews, but Cassius in 44 sold the inhabitants, who two years later were set at liberty by Antony (Josephus, "Jewish War", I, xi, 2; "Antiquities", XIV xii, 2-5). The city also experienced civil wars and the revolt of the Jews against the Romans in the first century of our era; it was then officially called Diospolis, but the popular name always remained Lod or Lydda. There were Christians in this locality from the first, and St. Peter, having come to visit them, there cured the paralytic Eneas (Acts, ix, 32-5). The earliest known bishop is Aetius, a friend of Arius; the episcopal title of Lydda has existed since that time in the Creek Patriarchate of Jerusalem. In December, 415, a council was held here which absolved the heretic Pelagius, at the same time condemning his errors. Lydda has been surnamed Georgiopolis in honour of the martyr St. George, who is said to have been a native of this town. The pilgrim Theodosius is the first to mention (about 530) the tomb of the martyr. A magnificent church erected above this tomb, was rebuilt by the Crusaders, and partly restored in modern times by the Greeks, to whom the sanctuary belongs. On the arrival of the Crusaders in 1099 Lydda became the seat of a Latin see, many of whose titulars are known. At present the city contains 6800 inhabitants, of whom 4800 are Mussulmans, 2000 schismatic Greeks and a few Protestants. The Catholics have a parish of 250 faithful in the neighboring town of Ramléh.
LEQUIEN, Oriens Christ., III, 581-8, 1271-6; DU CANGE, Les Familles d'Outremer (Paris, 1869), 799-802; EUBEL, Hierarchia catholica, I (Munich, 1898), 318: II (1901), 196; GUERIN, Description de la Palestine: Judee, I, 322-34; SCHURER, Gesch, des jud. Volkes, I and II, passim; VIGOUROUX, Dict. De la Bible, s.v.
S. VAILHÉ
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Lystra

From volume 9 of the work.
A titular see in the Province of Lycaonia, suffragan of Iconium. On his first visit to this town St. Paul healed a lame man, upon which the populace, filled with enthusiasm, wished to offer sacrifice to him and to Barnabas, whom they mistook respectively for Jupiter and Mercury. The two Apostles restrained them with difficulty. These same people, stirred up by Jews from Iconium, afterwards stoned St. Paul (Acts, xiv, 6-19; II Tim., iii, 11). On at least two other occasions the Apostle returned to this city (Acts, xiv, 20; xvi, 1-3), established there a Christian community, and converted his future disciple Timothy, the son of a Jewish mother and a pagan father. The Jews were undoubtedly numerous, though they had no synagogue. Pliny (Historia Naturalis, V, 42), places Lystra in Galatia, Ptolemy (V, 4) locates it in Isauria, and the Acts of the Apostles in Lycaonia. The Vulgate (Acts, xxvii, 5) also mentions it, but the reference is really to Myra in Lycia. Some coins have been found there belong to a Roman colony founded by Augustus at Lystra "Colonia Julia Felix Germina Lystra". The exact site of the town has been discovered at Khatum Serai, twelve miles south of Iconium; it is marked by some ruins on a hill about one mile north of the modern village. Lequien (Oriens Christ., I, 1073-76) mentions five bishops of Lystra between the fourth and the ninth centuries, one of whom, Eubulus, about 630 refuted Athanasius, the Jacobite Patriarch of Antioch.
STERRET, The Wolfe Expedition to Asia Minor (Boston, 1888), 142, 219; LEAKE, Journal of a Tour in Asia Minor (London, 1824), 101, 103; RAMSAY, The Church in the Roman Empire (London, 1894), 47-54; IDEM, St. Paul the Traveller, and the Roman Citizen (London, 1895), 114-9; BLASS, Acta Apostolorum (Gottingen, 1895), 159-61; BEURLIER in VIG., Dict. De la Bible, s.v. Lysire.
S. VAILHE
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Léon Abel Provancher

From volume 12 of the work.
Naturalist, b. 10 March, 1820, in the parish of Béconcourt, Nicolet county, Province of Quebec; d. at Cap Rouge, P.Q., 23 March, 1892. He studied at the College and Seminary of Nicolet, was ordained 12 Sept., 1844, and for the next twenty-five years laboured zealously and fearlessly. He organized two pilgrimages to Jerusalem, one of which he conducted in person. In 1865 he established in his parish at Portneuf a confraternity of the Third Order of St. Francis, probably the first of its kind in Canada. From childhood he had a special love for the study of nature and all the time he could spare from his pastoral duties was devoted to the study and description of the fauna and flora of Canada; his extensive pioneer work in this domain won for him the appellation of the "Father of Natural History in Canada". In 1868 he founded the "Naturaliste Canadiene", a monthly publication which he edited for twenty years, and from 1869 until his death he was engaged almost exclusively in scientific work. Among his chief writings are: "Traité élémentaire de Botanique" (Quebec, 1858); "Flore du Canada" (2 vols., Quebec, 1862); "Le Verger Canadien" (Quebec, 1862); "Le Verger, le Potager et le Parterre" (Quebec, 1874); "Faune entomologique du Canada" (3 vols., 1877-90); "De Québec à Jérusalem" (1884); "Une Excursion aux Climats tropicaux" (1890) "Les Mollusques de la Province de Québec".
LAFLAMME, Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada for 1892, Presidential Address (Ottawa, 1893); HUARD, L'Abbé Provancher in Le Naturaliste Canadien, XXI-XXVI, XXX (Chicoutimi, 1894-9; Quebec, 1903).
Edward C. Phillips.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Lyrba

From volume 9 of the work.
A titular see of Pamphylia Prima, known by its coins and the mention made of it by Dionysius, Perieg. 858, Ptolemy, V, 5, S, and Hierocles. Its exact situation is not known, nor its history; it may be the modern small town of Seidi Shehir, in the vilayet of Konia. The "Notitiae episcopatuum" mentions Lyrba as an episcopal see, suffragan of Side up to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Two of its bishops are known: Caius, who attend the Council of Constantinople, 381, and Taurianus at Ephesus, 431 (Le Quien, "Oriens christianus", I, 1009); Zeuxius was not Bishop of Lyrba, as Le Quien states, but of Syedra.
The ruins are south-east of Kiesme, vilayet of Koniah; there have been found some inscriptions, tombs, and the remains of a Byzantine church.
RADET in Revue des etudes anciennes, XII (Bordeaux, 1910), 365-72.
S. Pétridès.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Lyrba (supplement)

From volume 16 of the work.
Lyrba, titular see in Pamphylia Prima; the ruins are southeast of Kiesme, vilayet of Koniah; there have been found some inscriptions, tombs, and the remains of a Byzantine church.
Radet in Revue des etudes anciennes, XII (Bordeaux, 1910), 365-72.
S. Petrides.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Lysias

From volume 9 of the work.
A titular see of Phrygia Salutaris, mentioned by Strabo, XII, 576, Pliny, V, 29, Ptolemy, V, 2, 23, Hierocles, and the "Notitiae episcopatuum", probably founded by Antiochus the Great about 200 B.C. Some of its coins are still extant. Ramsay (Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia, 754) traces its original site from still existing ruins between the villages of Oinan and Aresli in the plain of Oinan, a little northeast of Lake Egerdir, in the vilayet of Konia. Lequien (Oriens christianus, I, 845) names three bishops of Lysias suffragans of Synnada: Theagenes, present at the Council of Sardica, 344; Philip, at Chalcedon 451; and Constantine, at Constantinople, 879.
S. Pétridès.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Léon Ménard

From volume 10 of the work.
Writer, b. at Tarrascon, 12 Sept., 1706; d. in Paris, 1 Oct., 1767. When he had completed his humanities under the Jesuits at Lyons, he studied jurisprudence at Toulouse and became counsellor at the Superior Court of Nîmes. From 1744 he was constantly in Paris busied with historical research. His first work concerned the history of his native city and its bishops, and was entitled "Histoire des Evêques de Nîmes" (2 vols., The Hague, 1737). Later he enlarged this work, and between 1760 and 1758 he published at Paris the "Histoire Civile, Eccelésiastique et Littéraire de la ville de Nîmes" in seven volumes with illustrations. An abridgement appeared at Paris in 1790, and one at Nîmes in 3 vols., 1831-33. He also wrote: "Les Amours de Callisthène et de Chariclée", The Hague, 1740, Paris, 1753 (also Paris, 1765, under the title of "Callisthène ou le modèle de l'amour et de l'amitié"); "Moeurs et usages des Grecs" (Lyons, 1743), a widely-read work which became the model of similar productions. In addition he wrote a number of articles for periodicals, especially on detached subjects of the history of France in Roman times. In 1762 the Magistracy of Avignon sent for him and confided to him the task of writing a history of that city. But after two years of work he was constrained by ill-health to leave it unfinished. He was a member of the Académie des Inscriptions, and several other learned bodies.
LE BEAU, Eloge de Menard in Mem. de l'Acad. des Inscript.
PATRICIUS SCHLAGER
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Aldegundis

From volume 1 of the work.
​Aldegundis. Saint, virgin and abbess (c. 639–684), variously written Adelgundis, Aldegonde, etc. She was nearly related to the Merovingian royal family. Her father and mother, afterwards honoured as St. Walbert and St. Bertilia, lived in Flanders in the province of Hainault. Aldegundis was urged to marry, but she chose a life of virginity and, leaving her home, received the veil from Amandus, Bishop of Maastricht. Then she walked dry-shod over the Sambre, and built on its banks a small nunnery at a desert placed called Malbode. This foundation afterwards, under the name Maubeuge, became a famous abbey of Benedictine nuns, though at a later date these were replaced by canonesses. St. Aldegundis' feast is kept on 30 January. There are several early Lives, but none by contemporaries. Several of these, including the tenth-century biography by Hucbald, are printed by the Bollandists (Acta SS., Jan., 11, 1034–35).
Bollandists, as above; Dunbar, Dict. of Saintly Women, (London, 1905), I, 41, 42; Leroy, Histoire de Ste. Aldigonde (Paris, 1883); Chevalier, Bio-bibliogr. (2d ed.), 125, 126.
Herbert Thurston.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Agricius

From volume 1 of the work.
​Agricius, Saint, Bishop of Trier (Trèves), in the fourth century (332 or 335). A local ninth-century tradition states that he had been Patriarch of Antioch, and that he was translated to the See of Trier by Pope Silvester, at the request of the Empress Helena. He was present at the Council of Aries in 314, and signed the acts immediately after the presiding bishop of that diocese, thus indicating that in the fourth century Trier laid claim to the primacy of Gaul and Germany, a claim which his successor, St. Maximin, made good by signing in a similar way the Decree of the Council of Sardica (343). St. Athanasius, who came as an exile to Trier in 335 or 336, speaks of the large numbers of faithful whom he found there and the number of churches in course of erection. The famous relics of Trier (Holy Coat, Nail of the True Cross, the body of St. Matthias the Apostle) are said by local tradition to have been brought thither by Agricius. The schools of Trier became famous under Agricius. Lactantius taught in them, and St. Maximin and St. Paulinus, later successors to the See of Trier, came from Aquitaine to study there. Agricius died after an active episcopate of twenty years.
Kraft, in Kirchenlex., I, 352, 353; Sauerland, Trierer G. Quellen des XI. Jahrhunderts (1889); Acta SS., Jan. 1; Diel, Die heiligen Maximinus und Paulinus, Bischofe v. Trier (1875).
Francis W. Grey.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Ailbe

From volume 1 of the work.
​Ailbe, Saint, Bishop of Emly in Munster (Ireland); d. about 527, or 541. It is very difficult to sift out the germs of truth from among the mass of legends which have gathered round the life of this Irish saint. Beyond the fact, which is itself disputed, that he was a disciple of St. Patrick and was probably ordained priest by him, we know really nothing of the history of St. Ailbe. Legend says that in his infancy he was left in the forest to be devoured by the wolves, but that a she-wolf took compassion upon him and suckled him. Long afterwards, when Ailbe was bishop, an old she-wolf, pursued by a hunting party, fled to the Bishop and laid her head upon his breast. Ailbe protected his old foster-mother, and every day thereafter she and her little ones came to take their food in his hall. The Acts of St. Ailbe are quite untrustworthy; they represent Ailbe as preaching in Ireland before St. Patrick, but this is directly contradicted by St. Patrick's biographer, Tirechan. Probably the most authentic information we possess about Ailbe is that contained in Cuimmon's eulogium: "Ailbe loved hospitality. The devotion was not untruthful. Never entered a body of clay one that was better as to food and raiment." His feast, which is 12 September, is kept throughout Ireland as a greater double.
The Acts of St. Ailbe may be found in the Codex Salmanticensis, edited in 1588 by the Bollandists under the title of Acta Sanctorum Hiberniæ, at the charges of the Marquis of Bute (cf. Suysken, in Acta SS., Sept., IV, 26–33); Healy, Irish Schools and Scholars; Lanigan, Eccl. Hist. of Ireland.
Herbert Thurston.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Aidan of Lindisfarne

From volume 1 of the work.
​Aidan of Lindisfarne, Saint, an Irish monk who had studied under St. Senan, at Iniscathay (Scattery Island). He is placed as Bishop of Clogher by Ware and Lynch, but he resigned that see and became a monk at Iona about 630. His virtues, however, shone so resplendantly that he was selected (635) as first Bishop of Lindisfarne, and in time became apostle of Northumbria. St. Bede is lavish in praise of the episcopal rule of St. Aidan, and of his Irish co-workers in the ministry. Oswald, king of Northumbria, who had studied in Ireland, was a firm friend of St. Aidan, and did all he could for the Irish missioners until his sad death at Maserfield near Oswestry, 5 August, 642. St. Aidan died at Bamborough on the last day of August, 651, and his remains were borne to Lindisfarne. Bede tells us that "he was a pontiff inspired with a passionate love of virtue, but at the same time full of a surpassing mildness and gentleness." His feast is celebrated 31 August.
W. H. Grattan Flood.