OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pius X.

See also Pius X on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
PIUS X. [Giuseppe Sarto] (1835-1914), Pope (see 21.690), died Aug. 20 1914. Although the pontificate of Pius X. lasted only 11 years (Aug. 4 1903—Aug. 20 1914), it has been said that his work for the Church, reconstructive and reformative, surpassed that of any of his predecessors since the days of Sixtus V., who died in 1590. In the defence of the Faith, his condemnation of the 65 propositions of Modernism in 1907 will rank in Catholic theology as a parallel to the condemnation of the 68 propositions of Molinism by Innocent XI. in 1637 or the 101 propositions of Jansenism condemned by Clement XI. in 1713. The activity of the pontificate may be judged by the fact that its output of papal Bulls and greater official papal documents (counting only those published) exceeded 3,322. These bear upon undertakings and reforms of the first importance—the codification of canon law; the protection of the liberty of the Conclave by the abolition of the Exclusiva; the simplification and security of the conditions of marriage by the Ne Temere legislation; the restoration of the Rota as the supreme Court of Appeal; the regulation of the triennial or quinquennial visits of bishops to Rome; the legislation as to Church music; and the decree as to First Communion, and the encouragement of international eucharistic congresses; the reform of the Roman breviary; the founding of the biblical institute for the work of Scriptural research; the regulation of studies in the seminaries; the creation of the commission for the great work of editing the true text of the Vulgate; the reconstruction of the official machinery of the Roman Curia; the transfer of the English-speaking countries from the propaganda or missionary régime to the normal government of the Church. To these may be added in the domain of discipline the unflinching vindication by Pius X. of the Church's right to depose delinquent bishops, carried out even at the cost of rupture of diplomatic relations with France; an apostolic visitation rigorously carried out through the dioceses of Italy, resulting in four bishops being caused to resign on account of neglect or inefficiency; a further regulation by which no one can be proposed for a bishopric unless his promotion receives the visa of the Holy Office, which means that his past life has been free from ecclesiastical censure or reproach.
The well-known personal characteristics of Pius X. were his piety, charity, deep humility, simplicity, pastoral zeal, combined with great charm of manner to all who approached him. For war he had nothing but horror and it was the shock of the outbreak of the World War that hastened his death. It is said that one of his last acts was to refuse the request of the Austrian Emperor to bless his soldiers, saying, “I do not bless war: I bless peace.” (J. Mo.*)
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pius XI.

See also Pius XI on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
PIUS XI. [Achille Ratti], elected Pope on Feb. 6 1922 at the Conclave following the death of Benedict XV., was born May 30 1857, at Desio, near Milan. He came of a middle-class Italian family, his father, Francesco Ratti, being manager of a textile factory. Achille was the third of six children, and was educated for the priesthood at the seminary of Milan and the Lombard College in Rome, becoming deacon in 1877 and priest in 1879. Devoting himself to study, he took doctorates in philosophy, theology and canon law in Rome, and in 1882 became a teacher in the major seminary at Milan. In 1888 he was chosen one of the college of doctors of the Ambrosiana Library in Milan, where he worked assiduously, becoming librarian in 1907, and attaining so high a reputation as a scholar that in 1910 he was also appointed by Pius X. vice-prefect of the Vatican Library. He was prefect of the Vatican Library from 1913 to 1918, and in this capacity was made a monsignor. During the war years his exceptional gifts as a diplomatist impressed themselves on Benedict XV., who, in the spring of 1918, sent him as Papal Nuncio to Poland, where his success led to still further distinctions. In June 1919 he was created Archbishop of Lepanto, in April 1921 Archbishop of Milan, and in June 1921 cardinal.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Perkin, William Henry

See also William Henry Perkin Jr. on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​PERKIN, WILLIAM HENRY (1860–), English chemist, was born at Sudbury, England, in 1860, eldest son of Sir William Perkin, founder of the aniline dye industry. He received his general education at the City of London School, and his scientific education at the Royal College of Science, South Kensington, and at the universities of Würzburg and Munich. During 1883–6 h; held the position of Privatdocent in the university of Munich. In i83; he returned to England and became professor of chemistry at the Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. In 1892 he accepted the chair of organic chemistry at the Victoria University, Manchester, which he held until 1912. During this period his stimulating teaching and brilliant researches attracted stu- dents from all parts, and he formed at Manchester a school of organic chemistry famous throughout Europe. In 1912 he succeeded Prof. Wm. Odling as Waynflete professor of chemistry at Oxford. He soon made his influence felt there—new and more extensive laboratories were built, and for the first time in England a period of research became a necessary part of the academic course in chemistry for an honours degree. Prof. Perkin was president of the Chemical Society from 1913 to 1916. He was awarded the Longstaff medal of the Chemical Society in 1900, and the Davy medal of the Royal Society in 1904. The main results of his work are embodied in a very numerous and brilliant series of papers in the Transactions of the Chemical Society. The earlier papers deal chiefly with the properties and modes of synthesis of cloud chain hydrocarbons and their derivatives. This work led naturally to the synthesis of many terpenes and members of the camphor group; also to the investigation of various alkaloids and natural colouring matters. In addition to purely scientific work Prof. Perkin always kept in close touch with chemical industry. His text-books on practical chemistry, inorganic and organic chemistry, written in conjunction with Prof. Kipping, are in general use.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pflanzer-Baltin, Karl, Freiherr von

See also Karl von Pflanzer-Baltin on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
PFLANZER-BALTIN, KARL, Freiherr von (1855-), Austro-Hungarian general, was born at Pécs in Hungary in 1855. He served in the cavalry and on the general staff, but in 1914 found himself, on account of precarious health, unattached, and it was only in the autumn of that year, when Rumania appeared to be turning against the Central Powers, that he was charged with the defence of Transylvania. But when the Russians at this period crossed the Carpathians, and there was immediate danger of their eruption into the plains of Hungary, Pflanzer-Baltin, with a division improvised by his brilliant talent for organization out of next to nothing, threw himself on this enemy, and conducted the defensive in the form of a series of daring offensive movements. After fighting with varying success in the southern part of Eastern Galicia and in the Bukovina the VII. Army under his command was driven back by Brussilov's offensive in June 1916, whereupon he was relieved of his command. In the summer of 1918 the Austro-Hungarian front in Albania yielded before the attack of the Entente army. Pflanzer-Baltin, entrusted with the command in this theatre of operations, won back, after a brief and powerful attack, the old positions southwards of Fjeri and Berat — the last considerable success which fell to the Austro-Hungarian army in the field. (A.-K.)
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Percin, Alexandre

See also Alexandre Percin on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​PERCIN, ALEXANDRE (1846- ), French general, was born at Nancy (Meurthe) on July 4 1846. He entered the Ecole Polytechnique on Nov. 1 1865, and two years later was appointed a sub-lieutenant of artillery. He was promoted lieutenant in 1869 and captain in 1870. He took part in the Franco-German ​War and the commune fighting and was twice wounded in Dec. 1870, at the battle of Patay, and again in April 1871 before Paris. He was made a major (chef d'escadron) in Jan. 1883, lieutenant-colonel in 1890, colonel in 1895, general of brigade in 1900, and general of division in 1903. In the period between 1900 and his retirement, Gen. Percin was a very active reformer and innovator in the tactics of the artillery arm. The typical field-artillery tactics of 1914, based on time shrapnel covering fire, and on the intimate liaison of infantry and artillery, were largely due to his work, and after his retirement he continued a very active student and critic of artillery operations. His marked personality, and his political opinions as a radical, however, made him many enemies. At the outbreak of the World War he was recalled to service, but only as commander of the Lille region, and he was involved in the controversies connected with the evacuation of Lille. Later he was employed for a short period as inspector-general of artillery units. In Jan. 1915 he was placed in the reserves. He was given the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour in June 1917.
Amongst his more important works are La Manoeuvre de Lorlanges, L'Artillerie aux Manoeuvres de Picardie (English translation, War Office, 1912) and a psychological study of battle under the title Le Combat (1914).
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Timidamente

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# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Tiraboschi, Girolamo

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# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Timpani

[ V. de P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Tirana

​TIRANA. An Andalusian dance of a very graceful description, danced to an extremely rhythmical air in 6-8 time. The words which accompany the music are written in 'coplas' or stanzas of four lines, without any 'estrevillo.' [See Seguidilla, vol. iii. p. 457a.] There are several of them in Preciso's 'Colleccion de Coplas,' etc. (Madrid, 1799), whence the following example is derived:
Tú eres mi primer amor, Tú me enseñaste á querer No me enseñes á olvidar, Que no lo quiero aprender.
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# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Tirarsi, Da

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# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Time Table

​TIME TABLE. A Table denoting the forms and proportionate duration of all the notes used in measured Music.
The earliest known indication of a Time Table is to be found in the well-known work on Cantus mensurabilis, written by Franco of Cologne about the middle of the 11th century. Franco mentions only four kinds of notes, the Large (or Double Long), the Long, the Breve, and the Semibreve. Franchinus Gafurius, in his 'Practica musicæ,' first printed at Milan in 1496, describes the same four forms, with the addition of the Minim. These were afterwards supplemented by the Greater Seiniminim, now called the Crotchet, and the Lesser Semiminim, or Quaver; and, later still, by the Semiquaver, the Demisemiquaver, and the Half-Demisemiquaver.
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# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Labitzky, Josef

From volume 2 of the work.
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# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Lac des Fées, Le

From volume 2 of the work.
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# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Lachnith, Ludwig

From volume 2 of the work.
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# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Kühmstedt, Friedrich

From volume 2 of the work.
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# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/La

From volume 2 of the work.
​LA, the syllable used in solmisation for the sixth note in the scale, possibly derived by Guido from the sixth line of the well-known hymn to S. John—'Labii reatum.' It is used by the French and Italians as a synonym for A (the sixth note of the scale of C)—'Sinfonie en la de Beethoven,' and they speak of the second string of the violin as 'corde en la.' 'La bémol' is A flat.
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# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/La Fage, Juste

From volume 2 of the work.
​LA FAGE, Juste Adrien Lenoir de, born in Paris, March 28, 1801, grandson of the celebrated architect Lenoir. After trying education for the church and the army, he settled to music as a pupil of Perne's for harmony and counterpoint, devoting himself especially to the study of plain-chant. Perne recommended him to Choron, who took him first as pupil, and then as répétiteur, or assistant-master. In 1828 he was sent by the government to Rome and studied for a year under Baini. While in Italy he produced a comic opera 'I Creditori,' but comic opera was not to be his road to distinction. On his return to Paris, in Dec. 1829, he was appointed maitre de chapelle of St. Etienne du Mont, where he substituted an organ (built by John Abbey) for the harsh out-of-tune serpent hitherto used to accompany the voices—an excellent innovation! 1833 to 36 he spent in Italy, and lost his wife and son. He returned to Paris, and there published the 'Manuel complet de Musique' (1836–38), the first chapters of which had been prepared by Choron; 'Séméiologie musicale'; 'Miscellanées musicales'; 'Histoire générale de la musique,' and many biographical and critical articles collected from periodicals. He again visited Italy after the Revolution of 1848, and during this trip took copies of MSS. never before consulted. He also visited Germany and Spain, and during the Exhibition of 1851 made a short excursion to England. He then settled finally in Paris, and published the works which have placed him in the first rank of 'musicists'—to use a favourite word of his own. Over-work as an author, and as editor in chief of 'Le Plain-Chant,' a periodical which he founded in 1859, brought on a nervous affection, which ultimately led to his removal to the asylum for the insane at Charenton, where he died March 8, 1862.
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# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/La Houssaye, Pierre

​LAHOUSSAYE, Pierre. See vol. iv. p. 293a.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Lachner

From volume 2 of the work.
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# A Book of Nursery Rhymes

* related portals: Nursery rhymes.
* sister projects: Commons category, Wikidata item.
A Book of
Nursery Rhymes
Being Mother Goose's Melodies
Arranged in the Order of
Attractiveness and
Interest
by
CHARLES WELSH
Author of "A Life of John Newberry," "Notes on the History of Children's Books," "Publishing a Book," etc.
WITH ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY ILLUSTRATIONS
BY CLARA E. ATWOOD.
D. C. HEATH & CO., PUBLISHERS
BOSTONNEW YORKCHICAGO
Copyright, 1901
by D. C. Heath & Co.
Printed in U.S.A.
2 C 8
CONTENTS
Page
PART I.—MOTHER PLAY
PART II.—MOTHER STORIES
PART III.—MOTHER STORIES
PART IV.—MOTHER STORIES
PART V.—CHILD PLAY
PART VI.—CHILD STORIES AND CHILD PLAY
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# A Book of Nursery Rhymes/Index

INDEX OF FIRST LINES
# A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists/Havet, Professor Ernest Auguste Eugène

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​Havet, Professor Ernest Auguste Eugène, French writer. B. Apr. 11, 1813. Ed. École Normale. He was appointed professor of Greek literature at the École Normale in 1840, and of Latin eloquence at the College de France in 1855. When Renan's Vie de Jésus appeared in 1863, Havet boldly supported it by an article in the Revue des Deux Mondes. He then entered upon a prolonged and valuable study of Christian origins, which is finally summed in his Le Christianisme et ses origines (3 vols., 1872–84). He was a member of the Legion of Honour and of the Academy of Political and Social Science. D. Dec. 21, 1889.
# A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists/Argenson, Rene Louis de Voyer de Paulmy, Marquis d'

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​Argenson, Rene Louis de Voyer de Paulmy, Marquis d', French statesman. Argensonan and brother of Marc Pierre. B. Oct. 18, 1694. He was Governor of Hainaut 1720-24, State-Councillor 1724-44, and Minister of Foreign Affairs 1744-47. An intimate friend of Voltaire, D'Alembert, and Condillac, he advocated the most advanced humanitarian reforms in government, and was honoured with the acrid hostility of the clergy. His Essais and Memoires sufficiently betray his Deism; and he co-operated in writing the Histoire du droit publique ecclesiastique Français (1727), which was a powerful anti-clerical implement. D. Jan 26, 1757.
# A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists/Hauréau, Jean Barthelemy

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​Hauréau, Jean Barthelemy, French historian. B. Nov. 9, 1812. He was a Parisian journalist, who, in 1838, became librarian at Le Mans and devoted himself to history. His Manuel du Clergé (1844) was a powerful anti-clerical work, and at the Revolution of 1848 he was appointed Conservator of the National Library. He resigned in 1851 and strongly opposed Napoleon III. He was Director of the National Press (1870–81), Director of the Fondation Thiers, and Commander of the Legion of Honour. Perhaps the most valuable of his many historical works is his Histoire de la philosophie scolastique (3 vols., 1872–81). D. Apr. 29, 1896.
# A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists/Haüy, Valentin

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​Haüy, Valentin, French educationist. B. Nov. 13, 1745. Ed. Paris. After teaching for some years at Paris he entered the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. It was owing to his fine and persistent efforts that the first school for blind children was established in France in 1784. It was taken over by the Government in 1791. Haüy, who was a Theophilanthropist, pursued his work in Russia from 1806 to 1817, then again in France until his death. Nearly every country in Europe was stirred by his zeal and example. D. Mar. 18, 1822.
# A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists/Ross, William Stewart

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​Ross, William Stewart ("Saladin"), writer. B. Mar. 20, 1844. Ed. New Abbey parish school, Hutton Hall Academy, and Glasgow University. Son of a Scottish farm servant, Ross spent two years as usher at Hutton Hall, and then went to Glasgow University to prepare for the ministry. He became a Rationalist, abandoned theological study, and began to write stories and poems for the Scottish press. His Mildred Merloch, a novel, ran serially in the Glasgow Weekly Mail. Laurie invited him to London to assist in publishing educational works, and in 1872 he set up a publishing business of his own in Farringdon Street under the name of W. Stewart and Co. For some years he published educational works and magazines, and he edited the School Magazine; but he gradually became absorbed in Rationalist propaganda. In 1880 he was joint editor with C. Watts of the Secular Review, and four years later he became sole editor and proprietor. He changed its name in 1889 to The Agnostic Journal and Secular Review, and contributed weekly to it under the name of "Saladin." His best works are God and His Book (1887) and Woman: Her Glory and Her Shame (2 vols., 1894). He also wrote several volumes of poetry; and he won a gold medal for the best poem on Robert Burns at the unveiling of a statue in 1879, and another for a poem describing the visit of Kossuth to the grave of Burns. D. Nov. 30, 1906.
# A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists/Argens, Jean Baptiste de Boyer, Marquis d'

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​Argens, Jean Baptiste de Boyer, Marquis d', French writer. B. June 24, 1704. After some years experience of the army, diplomacy, and law, he took to letters, adopting Bayle as his model. His Rationalistic Lettres juives (8 vols., 1754) and subsequent Lettres chinoises and Lettres cabalistiques had a wide circulation. Frederick the Great made him a Chamberlain, and Director of Fine Arts at Potsdam (1740). His Philosophie du bon sens (3 vols., 1768) and most of his works satirize the current religion, though he was not free from mysticism. Clerical writers stated that he was "converted" before death, but his widow refuted the charge. D. June 11, 1771.
# A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists/Argenson, Marc Pierre de Voyer de Paulmy, Count d'

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​Argenson, Marc Pierre de Voyer de Paulmy, Count d', French statesman. B. Aug. 16, 1696. He was a lieutenant of the police in 1720, then Governor of Touraine and State-Councillor. In 1740 he became Governor of Paris, and in 1742 Minister of War. D'Argenson rendered great services to his country and to enlightenment, and D'Alembert and Diderot dedicated to him their famous Dictionnaire Encyclopedique (1751). Voltaire had been at school with him, and was an intimate friend throughout life. He was a member of the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Inscriptions. D. Aug. 22, 1764.
# A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists/Havlicek, Karel

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​Havlicek, Karel, Czek writer. B. Oct. 31, 1821. Ed. Archiepiscopal Seminary, Prague. He was a private tutor at Moscow 1842–44, but he returned to Prague, and founded the National Gazette. It was suppressed after the Revolution, and Havlicek was interned in the Tirol, where he wrote his biting Tiroler Elegien. He continued the work after his return to Bohemia in 1855. His satires and epigrams, which often assail religion (as in "The Baptism of St. Vladimir"), were collected and published in 1877. D. July 29, 1856.
# A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists/Hawkesworth, John

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​Hawkesworth, John, LL.D., writer. B. 1715. Having had little education, he served as a clerk until 1744, when he joined the staff of the Gentleman's Magazine. He edited the Adventurer (1752–54) and the works and letters of Swift, and wrote a number of plays and stories. In 1771 he was commissioned by the Government to compile the record of voyages to the South Seas, and he caused great scandal by refusing to admit that narrow escapes were due to Providence. He was clearly very sceptical. In 1773 he became a Director of the East India Company. D. Nov. 16, 1773.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Pott, August

From volume 3 of the work.
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# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Posthorn

From volume 3 of the work.
​POSTHORN. A small straight brass or copper instrument, varying in length from two to four feet, of a bore usually resembling the conical bugle more than the trumpet, played by means of a small and shallow-cupped mouthpiece. Originally intended as a signal for stage-coaches carrying mails, it has to a limited extent been adopted into light music for the production of occasional effects by exceptional players.
Its pitch varies according to length from the four-foot C to its two-foot octave. The scale consists of the ordinary open notes, commencing with the first harmonic. The fundamental sound cannot be obtained with the mouthpiece used. Five, or at most six, sounds, forming a common chord, are available, but no means exist for bridging over the gaps between them. In a four-foot instrument such as was commonly used by mail guards, the sequence would be as follows
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# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Posthumous

From volume 3 of the work.
​POSTHUMOUS. A term applied to works published after the death of the author. It is frequently used with reference to Beethoven's last five quartets, though the term is in no way applicable to the first of the five—op. 127, in E♭—which was published by Schott & Sons, on March 26, 1826, exactly a year before Beethoven's death, March 26, 1827. The following table of the order of composition, date of publication, and opus-nuinber, of these five exceptional works may be useful.
| Key. | Date of publication. | Opus-number. |
| E♭ | March 26, 1826 | Op. 127 |
| A minor | Sept. 1827 | Op.„132 |
| B♭ | May 7, 1827 | Op.„130 |
| C♯ minor | April, 1827 | Op.„131 |
| F | Sept. 1827 | Op.„135 |
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# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Postillon de Longjumeau, Le

From volume 3 of the work.
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