OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cales and Guyana

If you from spoyle of th'old worlds farthest end To the new world your kindled valors bend, What brave examples then do prove it trew That one things end doth still beginne a new.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Calhoon v. Harvey

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
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United States Supreme Court
379 U.S. 134
Calhoon v. Harvey
Argued: Oct. 20, 1964. --- Decided: Dec 7, 1964
See 379 U.S. 984, 85 S.Ct. 639.
David Scribner, New York City, for petitioner.
Burton H. Hall, New York City, for respondents.
Mr. Justice BLACK delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Iranyavarma

​Iranyavarma.——The name of one of the early Pallava kings, returned at times of census as a caste name by some wealthy Pallis, who also gave themselves the title of Sōlakanar, or descendants of Chōla Kings.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Inangan

​Inangan. — See Enangan.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Inravar

​Inravar.— A Tamil form of Īndra.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Ippi

​Ippi (Bassia longifolia: mahuā). — An exogamous sept of Panta Reddi. Members of the Ippala gōtra of the Besthas may not touch or use the ippa (or ippi) tree.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Iranderudhu

​Iranderudhu (two bullocks). — A sub-division of Vāniyans, who use two bullocks for their oil-mills.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Irattai Sekkān

​Irattai Sekkān.— A sub-division of Vāniyans, who use two bullocks for their oil-mills.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Indla

​Indla (house). — An exogamous sept of Chenchu and Mutrācha.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Inaka Mukku Bhatrāzu

​Inaka Mukku Bhatrāzu. — Beggars attached to Padma Sālēs.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Ina Pulaya

​Ina Pulaya.— A sub-division of Pulayans of Travancore.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Illuvellani

​Illuvellani.— The name, derived from illu, house, and vellani, those who do not go out, of a sub-division of Kammas, whose wives are kept gōsha (in seclusion).
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kōli

​Kōli.— In the Madras Census Report, 1901, the Kōlis are described as being "a Bombay caste of fishermen and boatmen in South Canara; also a low class of Bengal weavers found in Ganjam." The Kōlis who were investigated in Ganjam are an Oriya- speaking class, who are apparently Telugu people who have settled in the Oriya country as weavers of coarse cloths, traders, and agriculturists. They have Oriya titles such as Bēhara. They worship village deities (Tākurānis), are Saivites, and none of them have been converted to the Paramartho form of Vishnavism. The caste council, puberty and death ceremonies, are based on the common Oriya type, but the marriage rites are ​an interesting blend of the Oriya and Telugu types of ceremonial. Thus the usual Telugu marriage post, but made of Streblus asper wood, is set up, and nine kinds of grain are placed near it. A bottu (marriage badge) is tied on the neck of the bride by the bridegroom, and the hands of the contracting couple are united (hasthagōnthi) as among the Oriyas.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kōmanāndi

​Kōmanāndi.-— A sub-division of Āndis, who go about naked, except for a small loin cloth (kōmanam).
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kōnangi

​Kōnangi (buffoon). — An exogamous sept of Dēvānga.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kōnān

​Kōnān.— Kōnān or Kōnār is a title of Idaiyans. Some Gollas call themselves Kōnānulu.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kōra

​Kōra (sun). — A sept of Gadaba, Mūka Dora, and Rōna.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kōla

​Kōla (ear of corn).—An exogamous sept of Mēdara.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kōlāri

​Kōlāri.— See Kōlāyan.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kurivi

​Kurivi (sparrow). — A gōtra of Kurni.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kuravan

​Kuravan.— Recorded, in the Travancore Census Report, 1901, as a sub-division of Nāyar.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kurukula Vamsam

​Kurukula Vamsam. — The name, derived from Kuru, the ancestor of the Kauravas, assumed by some Pattanavans.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kuntē

​Kuntē (pond). — A gōtra of Kurni.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kuruhina Setti Vīraisaivar

​Kuruhina Setti Vīraisaivar. — A synonym of Kurni. Kuruhina means literally a sign, mark, or token. Kuruvina Banajiga occurs as a synonym of Bilimagga.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Kurukkal

​Kurukkal. — See Gurukkal (Brāhman).
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ozias

From volume 11 of the work.
"Yahweh is my strength", name of six Israelites mentioned in the Bible.
(1) Ozias, King of Juda (809-759 B. C.), son and successor of Amazias. On the latter's death he was chosen king though he was only sixteen years of age (IV Kings, xiv, 21, where, as in ch. xv also, the name Azarias appears instead of Ozias, probably through a copyist's error; cf. II Par., xxvi, 1). His long reign of fifty-two years is described as pleasing to God, though he incurs the reproach of having tolerated the "high places". This stricture is omitted by the chronicler, who, however, relates that Ozias was stricken with leprosy for having presumed to usurp the priestly function of burning incense in the Temple. Ozias is mentioned among the lineal ancestors of the Saviour (Matt., i, 8, 9).
(2) Ozias, son of Uriel, and father of Saul of the branch of Caath (I Par., vi, 24).
(3) Ozias, whose son Jonathan was custodian of the treasures possessed by King David outside of Jerusalem (I Par., xxvii, 25).
(4) Ozias, son of Harim, one of the priests who having taken "strange wives", were forced to give them up during the reform of Esdras (I Esdr., x, 21).
(5) Ozias, son of Misha, of the tribe of Simeon, a ruler of Bethulia (Judith, vii, 12).
(6) Ozias, one of the ancestors of Judith, of the tribe of Ruben (Judith, viii, 1).
LESÉTRE in VIGOUROUX, Dict. de la Bible, s. v.
JAMES F. DRISCOLL
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pablo José Arriaga

From volume 1 of the work.
Born at Vergara, in Biscay, 1564, entered the Society of Jesus in 1579, and in 1585 went to Peru, where he was ordained. In 1588 he was appointed rector of the College of San Martin at Lima, which post he filled thrice in the course of twenty-four years. He visited Europe in 1601, sent to Rome by his superiors. Returning in 1604, he became Rector of the College of Arequipa, (1612-15). It was during the period from 1604 to 1622 that Father Arriaga became identified with the task of uprooting the survivals of primitive idolatry in Peru, and accompanied one of the earliest official visitors, Father Fernando de Avendano. He also directed the construction of a college for sons of Indian caciques, and of a house of correction for Indian shamans. In 1620 he completed his "Extirpacion de l'Idolatría en el Perú" (Lima, 1621). The year following he was again sent to Europe on a confidential mission. Embarking at Porto Bello, the fleet to which his vessel belonged was struck by a fierce tempest. The ship on which he had embarked was, with four others, beached and wrecked. After untiring efforts to comfort his fellow passengers, Father Arriaga expired at the helm of the vessel, grasping the crucifix, which he had been holding up before his companions in misfortune. He deserves special attention as one of the most active promoters and organizers of the search for idolatrous survivals in Peru and of the Christian education of the Indians.
Anello Oliva, Historia del Peru y verones insignes de la Compania de Jesus; Calancha, Coronica moralizada, I; Mendiburu, Diccionario historico-biografico del Peru; Relaciones geograficas; verones Ilustres; Torres Saldamando, los Antiguos Jesuitas del Peru.
AD. F. BANDELIER
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Oxyrynchus

From volume 11 of the work.
Titular archdiocese of Heptanomos in Egypt. It was the capital of the district of its name, the nineteenth of Upper Egypt, whose god was Sit, incarnated in a sacred fish of the Nile, the Mormyrus. Thence comes its Greek name, for in Egyptian it is called Pemdje. It has been mentioned by Strabo, Pliny, Ptolemy, etc. Its inhabitants early embraced Christianity, and at the end of the fourth century ("Vitæ Patrum" of Rufinus of Aquileia) it possessed neither pagan nor heretic. It had then twelve churches, and its monastic huts exceeded in number its ordinary dwellings. Surrounding the city were many convents to which reference is made in Palladius, the "Apophthegmata Patrum", Johannes Moschus, etc. In 1897, in 1903, and the years following, Grenfel and Hunt found papyri containing fourteen sentences or fragments of sentences (logia) attributed to Jesus and which seem to belong to the first half of the second century, also fragments of Gospels, now lost, besides Christian documents of the third century, etc. A letter, recently discovered, written by Peter the martyr, Bishop of Alexandria, in 312, gives an interesting picture of this church at that time. Le Quien (Oriens christianus, II, 577-590) mentions seven metropolitans of this city, nearly all Meletians or monophysistes. In the middle ages under the dynasty of the Mamelukes, it was the leading city of the province. To-day under the name of Behneseh, it is entirely dismantled. Mounds of débris alone make it possible to recognize its circuit.
GRENFEL and HUNT, The Oxyrynchus Papyri, in the publications of the EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND (London); WESSELY, Les plus anciens monuments du christianisme écrits sur papyrus (Paris, 1906); SCHMIDT, Fragmente einer Schrift des Martyerbischofs Petrus von Alexandrien (Leipzig, 1901).
S. VAILHÉ
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pacificus

From volume 11 of the work.
A disciple of St. Francis of Assisi, born probably near Ascoli, Italy, in the second half of the twelfth century; died probably at Lens, France, c. 1234. Local authors identify him with a certain William of Lisciano. Before becoming a Friar Minor he had been poet laureate at the Court of Frederick II of Sicily. When St. Francis, towards 1212, preached at San Severino, in the Marches, the poet saw two resplendent swords crossed on the saint's breast. Deeply impressed by this vision, he asked to be received into the new order, and St. Francis gladly complied, giving him the name of Pacificus. In 1217 we was sent to France, where he is said to have become the founder and first provincial of the Friars Minor. In the Spring of 1226 Pacificus witnessed the holy "Stigmata of St. Francis" (II Cel., II, 99). When the saint composed the "Canticle of the Sun" he wished to summon Brother Pacificus and send him with other friars through the world, preaching the praises of God (Spec. Perfect., c. 100). The last certain date in the life of Brother Pacificus is that of the Bull "Magna sicut", 12 Paril, 1227 (Bull, Franc., I, 33-34; Raynaldus, ad an. 1227, 64, 65), in which Gregory IX recommends the Poor Clares of Siena to his care. Later authors who say he died at Suffiano, in the Marches, confounded him with another friar of the same name. According to Gonzaga, he was sent by Brother Elias back to France, where he died. Pacificus was long credited with having put the songs of St. Francis into verse. But for the simple construction of the "Canticle of the Sun", the saint needed no help, whilst the other two do not belong to him at all. Some Italian verses said to have been composed by Pacificus are given by Italian authors.
LIVARIUS OLIGER
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pacandus

From volume 11 of the work.
Titular see, recorded under "Pacanden." among the titular sees in the official list of the Curia Romana as late as 1884, when it was suppressed as never having existed as a residential see. Its present titular is Mgr Léon Livinhac, superior general of the White Fathers. The name of "Pacanden." owes it origin, without doubt, to the See of Acanda in Lycia, whose bishop, Panaetius, signed in 458 the letter of the bishops of Lycia to Emperor Leo, and which is mentioned in the "Notitiae Episcopatuum" from the seventh to the thirteenth century among the suffragans of Myra. Its exact site is unknown.
LE QUIEN, Oriens christianus, I, 985; PETRIDES, Acanda in Dict. d'hist. et de geog. eccl., I, 253.
S. Pétridès.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Vipravinōdi

​Vipravinōdi.— In a note on the Vipravinōdis, Mr. C. Hayavadana Rao writes that they are said to be the descendants of a Brāhman by a Lingāyat woman. They are Lingāyats, and are called Vipravinōdi because they perform acrobatic feats before Vipras, or Brāhmans. They generally travel about the country with their wives and children. One of their favourite feats is throwing up three stone or wooden balls in the air, and catching them, or rolling them over various parts of the body. When they perform before a mixed audience, they call themselves Naravidya vāru, which is said to be an abbreviated form of Narulu Mechche Vidyalu Chēsē vāru, or those who perform feats which men praise. The dead are buried in a sitting posture.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Vodda

​Vodda. — See Oddē.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Viragu

​Viragu (firewood). — A sub-division of Vēttuvan.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Vitugula-vāndlu

​Vitugula-vāndlu.— A fanciful name, meaning hunters or gallants, adopted by Bōyas.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Vodari

​Vodāri.— See Odāri.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Vinka

​Vinka (white-ant: Termites). — An exogamous sept of Jātapu.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Virasaiva

​Virasaiva:——A synonym for Lingāyat. Some Lingāyats claim to be Vīrasaiva Brāhmans.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Viswakarma

​Viswakarma.— Viswakarma and Viswa Brāhman are synonyms for Kammālan, the members of which class claim descent from the five faces of Viswakarma, the architect of the gods.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Visālākshiamma

​Visālākshiamma. — Recorded, in the Manual of the North Arcot district, as a sub-division of Vāniyan. Visālākshiamma is the goddess of Benares, who is said to be the sister of Minākshi of Madura and Kāmākshi of Conjeeveram. Visālākshi means literally one with beautiful eyes, and is a name of Parvati, who is described as possessing large and beautiful eyes.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Vilyakāra

​Vilyakāra.— Recorded, in the Madras Census Report, 1901, as "a sub-caste of Sērvēgāra or Kōtēgāra." ​Vīlyakāra, Vālēkāra and Olēkāra are names indicating the occupation of a servant under Government or a private individual.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/First Lateran Council (1123)

From volume 9 of the work.
The Council of 1123 is reckoned in the series of ecumenical councils. It had been convoked in December, 1122, immediately after the Concordat of Worms, which agreement between pope and emperor had caused general satisfaction in the Church. It put a stop to the arbitrary conferring of ecclesiastical benefices by laymen, reestablished freedom of episcopal and abbatial elections, separated spiritual from temporal affairs, and ratified the principle that spiritual authority can emanate only from the Church; lastly it tacitly abolished the exorbitant claim of the emperors to interfere in papal elections. So deep was the emotion caused by this concordat, the first ever signed, that in many documents of the time, the year 1122 is mentioned as the beginning of a new era. For its more solemn confirmation and in conformity with the earnest desire of the Archbishop of Mainz, Callistus II convoked a council to which all the archbishops and bishops of the West were invited. Three hundred bishops and more than six hundred abbots assembled at Rome in March, 1123; Callistus II presided in person. Both originals (instrumenta) of the Concordat of Worms were read and ratified, and twenty-two disciplinary canons were promulgated, most of them reinforcements of previous conciliary decrees.
H. LECLERCQ
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/John Bridgewater

From volume 2 of the work.
Known also as AQUAPONTANUS, historian of the Catholic Confessors under Queen Elizabeth, b. in Yorkshire about 1532; d. probably at Trier, about 1596. He proceeded M. A at Oxford in 1556, was ordained priest, and in 1563 became Rector of Lincoln College in that university. He also held several other important preferments all of which he resigned in 1574, when with several of his students he crossed over to Douai, preferring "the old form of religion" to the novelties of those whom he styled "Calvinopapists and Puritans". He probably never returned to England but lived at various places on the Continent (Reims, Paris, Rome, Trier); in 1588 and 1594 he resided at Trier. Ribadaneira, followed by Father Southwell and Brother Foley, accounts him a member of the Society of Jesus, though there is no proof of the fact (Records of English Catholics, I, 408). He refuted (Trier 1589) a Protestant work on the pope as Antichrist and wrote also an "Account of the Six Articles usually Proposed to the Missioners that Suffered in England", and against which he voted in 1562
Bridgewater is best known as the earliest martyrologist of Catholic England. His work, conceived in the spirit of Eusebius as a triumphant apology for Catholicism, is entitled "Concertatio Ecclesliae Catholicae in Angliâ adversus Calvinopapistas et Puritanos sub Elizabethâ Reginâ quorundam hominum doctrina et sanctitate illustrium renovata et recognita, etc.," i.e. The Battle of the Catholic Faith in England under Queen Elizabeth, renewed in the lives of certain men illustrious for learning and sanctity, among them more than one hundred martyrs, and a very great number of others distinguished for their (religious) deeds and sufferings; confirmed also by the retractations of apostates, by new edicts of the persecutors, and by the writings of very learned Catholics against the Anglican, or rather female, pontificate, and in defense of the authority of the Roman pontiff over Christian princes (Trier, 1588, about 850 pp. in 8vo). Another edition was brought out (ibid.) by Cardinal Allen in 1594; it served thenceforth as an original record of English Catholic sufferings for the Faith and Dodd, Challoner, and Lingard used extensively its reliable biographical and historical data. Its rather miscellaneous contents are described in the Chetham Society's Remains (XLVIII, 47-50).
GILLOW, Bibl. Dict. of Eng. Cath., I, 294-295; COOPER in Dict. of Nat. Biogr., s.v.; Douay Diaries, 99, 119, and passim; Life and Letters of Cardinal Allen, 77; DODD, Ch. Hist. of Eng., I, 510; II, 60; WOOD, Athenae Oxon., ed. BLISS, I, 625; FOLEY, Records, IV, 481-482, 485; VII, 299.
THOMAS J. SHAHAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/John Brignon

From volume 2 of the work.
Born at St. Malo in 1629; died at Paris, 12 June, 1712. He was a member of the Society of Jesus and occupied during the sixty-five years of his religious life chiefly in the translation of works of piety into French. Among these are the works of De Ponte and Nieremberg, the "Spiritual Combat", the "Imitation of Christ" and the short treatises of Bellarmine. All these translations have passed through a number of editions. He also edited and revised "The Devout Life" of St. Francis De Sales and the "Fondements" of Père Surin, S.J. The only English works he translated into French are the "Decem Rationes" of Blessed Edmund Campion and the "Tractatus de Misericordiâ fidelibus defunctis exhibendâ" by Father Mumford, S.J.
Bibl. de la c. de Jésus, XI, col. 166; Dict. de théol. cath., I, col. 1131.
S.H. FRISBEE
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/John Bromyard

From volume 2 of the work.
Theologian, d. about 1390. He takes his name from his birthplace in Herefordshire, England. He entered the Dominican order and was sent to Oxford where he distinguished himself in theology and jurisprudence. It is probable that he lectured on theology at Oxford while it is certain that he laboured in the same Faculty at Cambridge. He was one of the most pronounced opponents of the doctrines of Wyclif. Though his name is not mentioned in the acts of the London Synod of 1382 held by William de Courtenay, Archbishop of Canterbury, where the doctrines of Wyclif were condemned as heretical, it is admitted by all that he took a leading part in drawing up the decree of condemnation. He was also a much-prized writer as the many editions of his "Summa Praedicantium" attest. Excerpts were made from this work and published separately as brochures and widely circulated among the people. In his "Opus Trivium" he arranges for the convenience of preachers various topics drawn from theology, civil and canon laws. This work was later on edited by Philip Bromyard, and hence some maintain, but without reason, that he was the real author.
Quetif and Echard, SS. O. P., I, 700; Leland, Commentarium de Scriptoribus Britannicis, 356; Schulte, Geschichte der Quellen und Litteratur des canonischen Rechts, II, 880, 561; Miller in Dict. Nat. Biog., VI, 405.
THOS. M. SCHWERTNER
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/John Brugman

From volume 3 of the work.
A renowned Franciscan preacher of the fifteenth century, b. at Kempen in the Diocese of Cologne, towards the end of the preceding century; d. at Nimwegen, Netherlands, 19 sept., 1473. He became lector of theology, vicar-provincial and one of the founders Cologne Province of the Friars of the Minor Observance. For twenty years his name was celebrated as the most illustrious preacher of the Low Countries. Being the friend of Denis the Carthusian, it was due to his suggestion that he latter wrote his work: "De doctrinâ et regulis vitae Christianæ", dedicating it to Father Brugman. He also espoused the cause of the Brothers of the Common Life, which congregation, successfully devoted to the interests of education, had been established by two priests, Gerhard Groote and Florentius Radewiyns. He addressed them in the two letters which are still extant to strengthen them in the persecution to which they were subjected. He died in the odour of sanctity and is commemorated in the "Martyrologium Minoritico-Belgicum" on the l9th of September. Father Brugman wrote two lives of St. Lidwina, the first of which, printed at Cologne in 1433, was reprinted anonymously at Louvain in 1448, and later epitomized by Thomas à Kempis at Cologne. The second life appeared at Schiedam in 1498; both have been embodied by the Bollandists in the Acta SS., 2 April. He also wrote a devout "Life of Jesus." Father Brugman ranked among the best poets of his day. Two of his poems "O Ewich is so lanc!" and "The Zielejacht" are included by Hoffmann von Fallersleben in his "Horae Belgicae" (II, 36, 41.) His life was written by Dr. Mohl under the title "Joannes Brugman en bet Godsdlenstegen Leven Onzer Vaderen in de Vijftiende eeuw", and published at Amsterdam in 1854. It consists of two volumes, second containing Brugman's unedited works.
Andrew Egan.