OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Richardson, John (fl.1790)

​RICHARDSON, JOHN (fl. 1790), writer on brewing, chiefly lived at Hull, although he had studied brewing in many other parts of the kingdom. He is the first writer to treat scientifically of the processes of brewing. His earliest work consisted of an ‘Advertisement of Proposals for teaching his Method of brewing Porter and Pale Beers.’ This appeared in 1777. He next issued ‘Statical Estimates of the Materials of Brewing; or a Treatise on the Application and Use of the Saccharometer’ (London, 1784); and lastly, ‘The Principles of Brewing’ (Hull, 1798, 8vo; 3rd edit. York, 1805). In these works he dwells on the utility of the thermometer and saccharometer in brewing, instead of determining quantities by rule of thumb. He was the first to bring to the knowledge of brewers the use and value of the saccharometer, as Combrune in 1762 had first recommended the thermometer.
[Richardson's Works; art. ‘Brewing’ in Encycl. Brit. by S. A. Wyllie.]
M. G. W.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Richardson, John (d.1625)

​RICHARDSON, JOHN, D.D. (d. 1625), biblical scholar, born ‘of honest parentage’ at Linton, Cambridgeshire, was educated at Clare Hall, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1581. He was afterwards elected to a fellowship at Emmanuel College. He proceeded M.A. in 1585, B.D. in 1592, and D.D. in 1597. In 1607 he was appointed regius professor of divinity in succession to Dr. John Overall [q. v.] Some notes of his ‘Lectiones de Predestinatione’ are preserved in manuscript in Cambridge University Library (Gg. i. 29, pt. ii.). He and Richard Thomson were among the first of the Cambridge divines who maintained the doctrine of Arminius in opposition to the Calvinists. Heylyn relates that ‘being a corpulent man, he was publicly reproached, in St. Marie's pulpit in his own university, by the name of a Fat-bellied Arminian’ (Cyprianus Anglicus, 1671, p. 122).
On the death of Dr. Robert Some [q. v.], he was admitted by the bishop of Ely on 30 Jan. 1608–9 to the mastership of Peterhouse (Addit. MS. 5843, f. 32b). He was an excellent hebraist, and was appointed one of the translators of the Bible, being one of the company which was responsible for the rendering into English of 1 Chronicles to Ecclesiastes, inclusive (Anderson, Annals of the English Bible, ii. 375; Maclure, Translators Revived, p. 104). On the occasion of James I's first visit to Cambridge an extraordinary act in divinity was kept on 7 March 1614–15, Dr. John Davenant being answerer, and Richardson one of the opposers. He argued for the excommunication of kings, vigorously pressing the practice of St. Ambrose in excommunicating the Emperor Theodosius; and the king, with some passion, remarked, ‘Profecto fuit hoc Ambrosio insolentissimè factum!’ Richardson rejoined, ‘Responsum verè regium, et Alexandro dignum! Hoc non est argumenta dissolvere, sed dissecare,’ and sitting down, he desisted from any further dispute (Fuller, Worthies, ed. Nichols, i. 163; Nichols, Progresses of James I, iii. 56, 57, iv. 1087). He was admitted and sworn master of Trinity College ​on 27 May 1615, and in 1617–18 he served the office of vice-chancellor of the university. In 1618 he wrote some Latin verses which are prefixed to the second edition of Dalton's ‘Country Justice.’ He died at Cambridge on 20 April 1625, and was buried in Trinity College chapel (Heywood and Wright, Cambr. Univ. Transactions, ii. 325).
He was a benefactor to Emmanuel College, and gave 100l. towards building the new court at Peterhouse.
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Richardson, Robert (1779-1847)

​RICHARDSON, ROBERT (1779–1847), physician and traveller, born in 1779, was a native of Stirlingshire. After leaving Stirling grammar school he studied arts at Glasgow University, but graduated M.D. at Edinburgh 12 Sept. 1807. After practising for a time in Dumfriesshire, he became travelling physician to Charles John Gardiner, second viscount Mountjoy (first earl of Blessington and husband of the famous countess). In 1816 he joined Somerset Lowry Corry, second earl of Belmore (brother of Henry Thomas Lowry Corry [q. v.]), and a party in a two years' tour through Europe, Egypt, and Palestine. While in Albania they had two interviews with Ali Pasha at Janina. Having visited the Pyramids and many places of interest on the banks of the Nile, as far as the second cataract, Richardson and his friends proceeded to Palestine, reaching Gaza in April 1818. Richardson claims to have been the first Christian traveller admitted to Solomon's mosque. At Tiberias he and his friends received a visit from Lady Hester Lucy Stanhope [q. v.]
On his return to England Richardson, who had become L.R.C.P. on 26 June 1815, settled in Rathbone Place, London, and obtained an extensive practice. He died in Gordon Street, Gordon Square, on 5 Nov. 1847, and was buried in Highgate cemetery. His ‘Travels’ were published in two volumes in 1822, with plans and engravings. They were unfavourably criticised in the ‘Quarterly Review’ for October 1822, but were acknowledged by other critics to contain valuable information. Lady Blessington lent Byron the book, and he highly commended it, saying: ‘The author is just the sort of man I should like to have with me for Greece—clever, both as a man and a physician.’
G. Le G. N.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Richardson, Joseph (1814-1862)

​RICHARDSON, JOSEPH (1814–1862), flautist, was born in London in 1814. He studied the flute under Charles Nicholson [q. v.], and attended the royal academy of music from January 1835 to June 1836, succeeding Nicholson as professor of the flute at that institution in 1837. He became the popular solo flautist of his day. For many years he was the chief attraction at Jullien's promenade concerts, but, in consequence of unfair treatment, he left Jullien and became principal flautist, at a small salary, in the queen's band. He died in London on 22 March 1862. Richardson practised literally ‘all day and every day’ (Rockstro), and attained an extraordinary neatness and rapidity of execution. His tone was, however, hard and thin, and he seldom played with musical feeling. The pieces in which he proved most successful were Drouet's ‘Rule Britannia,’ Auber's ‘Les Montagnards,’ his own variations on ‘There's nae Luck’ (published in 1845, fol.), and the Russian national hymn. The last two are still popular with flautists. He composed many brilliant and difficult fantasias for the flute, and edited a volume of technical studies for the instrument (London, 1844, fol.)
J. C. H.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/cheh
### cheh

* 策cheh9601186
* A scheme; a plan.

#### cheh mn̄g;

    subject of inquiry.

#### kòi-cheh;

    an expedient.

#### lṳ́ ŭ sĭm-mih lîang cheh?

    What plan do you propose?

#### ŭ kâi nâug lâi hìen cheh;

    some one unfolded a plan.

#### bô̤ cheh;

    without plan.

#### sok chíu bô̤ cheh;

    folded his hands and did nothing.

#### siet kòi-cheh;

    start a scheme.
* 册cheh42133
* Books; a schedule; a register, a list, an inventory; to appoint; a patent or commission.

#### cṳ-cheh;

    books.

#### cêk pńg cheh;

    a book.

#### cău cueh;

    make a list.

#### thóiⁿ cheh;

    to read silently.

#### nâng teng cheh;

    a list of persons.

#### ìn cheh;

    print books.

#### kó cheh;

    ancient registers.

#### kua cheh;

    book of ballads.

#### khek cheh;

    a song book.

#### îeh cheh;

    medical books.

#### kap cṳ-cheh;

    to bind books.

#### cheh phûe;

    the cover of a book.

#### cheh hîeh;

    the leaves of a book.

#### cṳ-cheh phò;

    a book-store.

#### sía cheh kha;

    write on the ends of the leaves of a closed book.

#### cheh-hong cò̤ ûang;

    appointed to a ​kingship.

#### hŏ-kháu cheh;

    a list of the population.

#### thîen cheh;

    enrol on the lists.

#### kin-nî hûang-tì cheh-lîp hûang-hŏ;

    this year the emperor has made an empress by patent.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/chiak
### chiak

* 綽chiak841208
* Many; liberal.

#### chiak-hō̤;

    a nickname or pet name.

#### i kâi chiak-hō̤ kìe-cò̤ sĭm-mûeh?

    What nickname has he?

#### chiak-chiak ŭ ṳ̂;

    there is some to spare.
* 雀chiak9971723
* A sparrow.

#### ìⁿ-chiak;

    a house sparrow.

#### n̂g-chiak;

    a goldfinch.

#### chiak téng;

    the bird crest, a peculiar shaped button worn by those who have taken a degree.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/chia
### chia

* 奢chia747379
* Profuse; wasteful.

#### chia-chí;

    lavish.

#### chia mō̤ⁿ;

    wild hopes.

#### kio-chia îm-ît;

    proud and prodigal.
* 車chia391590
* A wheeled vehicle; wheels; a machine having wheels.

#### bé-chia;

    a wagon.

#### gû-chia;

    an ox cart.

#### lín-chia;

    a wheel-barrow.

#### chia-lín;

    the wheel of a cart.

#### cŏ̤ chîa;

    to go in a carriage.

#### thua chia;

    to draw a cart.

#### kò cêk tieⁿ chia;

    hired a carriage.

#### húe-lûn-chia;

    a steam car.

#### cí ciah húe-lûn-cûn, sĭ àm chia a sĭ îang chia?

    Is this steamboat a propeller or one with side wheels?

#### thīⁿ-saⁿ chia;

    a sewing machine.

#### tâh chia;

    to turn a pump with the feet.

#### lôi pê cúi-chia;

    farming implements.

#### chia pêⁿ;

    a carriage top.

#### chia sìⁿ;

    the spokes of a wheel.

#### pháng se kâi chia;

    a spinning wheel.

#### pue chia;

    a flying machine.
* 賖chia7471547
* To buy or sell on credit.

#### chia sìo; enter in account, chia khṳt i;

    sell to him on credit.

#### lṳ́ kio úa thòi chia;

    have it charged in your account for me.

#### lṳ́ sĭ àiⁿ chia a àiⁿ hīn?

    Do you wish to trade on credit or for cash?

#### hīn kah chia, cêk jît sio ŭ cêk peh ngṳ̂n hùe;

    for cash and on credit, he daily disposes of a hundred dollars worth of goods.

#### cĭam chia kúi jît;

    let me have it on credit for a few days.

#### cía chia sìo sĭ àng gûeh siu a sĭ àng coih siu?

    Are these bills collected monthly, or at other fixed periods?

#### peh chia m̄ jû ngŏ-câp hīn;

    a hundred per cent acredited is not so good as fifty per cent paid down.

#### bô̤ chia put sêng tìam, lăm chia tìam put sêng;

    without giving credit shops could not be opened, but if credit were carelessly given shops would soon have to be closed.

#### chia lâi, hâiⁿ khṳ̀;

    you take something in when you buy on credit, but you pay something out when you settle the bill.

#### cêk kâi m̄ chia;

    no credit given.

#### chia kâi cōi kùe hīu kâi;

    those who buy on credit are more than those who pay cash.

#### phìen chia;

    buy on credit without meaning to pay.

#### chia sin hâi kū;

    to incure a new debt in order to settle an old one.
* 硨磲chia-khṳ̂444
* Veined stone, used for the opaque white buttons of officers of the sixth rank.

#### i sĭ tì chia-khṳ téng, a sĭ tì cúi-ciaⁿ téng?

    Does he wear a white stone button, or one of crystal?

#### lú kâi sìⁿ pèⁿ àiⁿ tàu chia-khṳ̂ hó̤ a tàu gê hó̤?

    Which do you prefer having the handle of your fan made from, white stone or ivory?
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/chiah
### chiah

* 倩chiah98398
* To borrow for a purpose; to employ for a special object.

#### i kâi bûn-cieⁿ sĭ ka-kī cò̤ kâi a sĭ chiah nâng cò̤ kâi?

    Did he compose his essay himself or did he employ some one to do it for him?

#### nŏ̤ pang lóng-cóng chiah kieh lâi sie tàu;

    the two parties each engaged workmen and rivaled each the other in the display made.
* 赤chiah721550
* Flesh color; reddish.

#### chiah sek;

    Chinese flesh color.

#### chiah pò;

    nankeen.

#### chiah kim;

    red gold.

#### kim chiah, ngṳ̂n pêh;

    gold is red and silver white.

#### chiah tì;

    the god of fire.

#### chiah cṳ́;

    a young infant.

#### chiah tău;

    the equator.

#### pak chiah kha;

    barefoot.

#### chiah sin;

    nude.

#### chiah sin lò thói;

    stark naked.

#### pak-chiah ka-lit;

    stripped to the waist.

#### chiah-kwt chiah-kwt;

    red in the face.

#### chiah mâk tih;

    sallow eyed.

#### chiah kha cheⁿ chíu;

    barefooted and brown handed.

#### mīu seⁿ lâi chiah-khng chiah-khng;

    has a brunette complexion.

#### mīn âng-kòng-chiah;

    blushed deeply.

#### o pûi chiah tōiⁿ;

    tough and strong from exposure.

#### chiah sim ūi kok;

    a guileless monarch.

#### chiah kháu jît;

    days marked in the calendar by red mouthed animals.

#### kíaⁿ-jît chiah kháu;

    this is a day apt to be unlucky.

#### chiah tī choiⁿ-lí;

    unoccupied wastes.

#### cîeh-chiah;

    umber.

#### cí kâi pò seⁿ chiah khoih;

    this cloth has unbleached threads in it.

#### chiah hŏi;

    pickled crabs.
* 刺chiah1035186
* To prick; to stab; to tattoo.

#### khṳt chì chiah tîeh;

    wounded by a thorn.

#### kha chiah tîeh chì;

    got a thorn in his foot.

#### tîeh kîaⁿ cṳ́-sòi, màiⁿ chiah tîeh àng-le;

    must walk carefully and not get cut by the potsherds.

#### i kâi chíu tèng chiah ŭ jī;

    he has letters tattooed on his arm.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Tucker, Henry William

​TUCKER, HENRY WILLIAM (1830–1902), secretary of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, born at Exeter on 17 Aug. 1830, was only son of William Tucker of Exeter, barrister-at-law, by Sophia, daughter of Colonel Cole of Pedmore, Worcestershire. He entered Exeter grammar school on 1 Feb. 1841, and matriculated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, in Dec. 1850. He graduated B.A. in 1854 and M.A. in 1859. Ordained deacon in 1854 and priest in 1855, he was successively curate of Chantry, Somerset (1854–6), West Buckland, Devonshire (1856–60), and Devoran, Cornwall (1860–5). At Chantry he came under the notice of Richard William Church [q. v. Suppl. I], then rector of Whatley, Somerset, and afterwards dean of St. Paul's. In 1865 Tucker was appointed an assistant secretary of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. He brought to his work zeal, industry, a remarkable memory and a strong will. In 1875 he undertook additional work in the secretaryship to the associates of Dr. Bray, an organisation allied in origin to the S.P.G. In 1879 he succeeded W. T. Bullock as principal secretary of the S.P.G., becoming also hon. secretary of the colonial bishoprics fund. In 1881 the bishop of London (Jackson) made history a prebendary of St. Paul's.
Tucker well served the S.P.G. for thirty-six years, notably promoting the colonial and missionary work of the society. When he joined the society's staff there were only forty-seven colonial and missionary sees; when he resigned there were 103. He was consulted by successive primates as to the church's work abroad (cf. A. C. Benson's Edward White Benson, ii. 450-2). Archbishop Benson described Tucker as one of two persons 'for whom I have as much respect as I have for any people in this world' (Report of the Missionary Conference of the Anglican Communion, 1894, p. 15). Tucker's methods, often autocratic, created resentment, especially in his later years. He resigned in July 1901, when the society acknowledged his 'invaluable assistance and unexampled services.' He declined the deanery of Salisbury, and died at Florence on 3 Jan. 1902, being buried in the English cemetery there. He married in 1860 his second cousin, Jeannetta, daughter of William Tucker of Exeter, and left one daughter.
Tucker published:
* 'Under His Banner,' 1872.
* 'Memoirs of the Life and Episcopate of Edward Field, D.D., Bishop of Newfoundland. 1844-1876,' 1877.
* 'Memoir of the Life and Episcopate of G. A. Selwyn, Bishop of New Zealand, 1867-1878,' 1879.
* 'The English Church in Other Lands,' 1886.
He also edited 'A Classified Digest of the Records of the S.P.G.,' 1893.
[The Times, 7 Jan. 1902; Guardian, 8 and 15 Jan. 1902; Mission Field, Nov. 1901; Foster's Alumni Oxonienses; private information.]
A. R. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Turner, Charles Edward

​TURNER, CHARLES EDWARD (1831–1903), Russian scholar, second son of John Alderson Turner of the legacy office, was born at King's Lynn on 21 Sept. 1831. He entered St. Paul's School on 9 Feb. 1843, and remained till August 1850. On 29 March 1854 he was admitted commoner at Lincoln College, Oxford. Although shy and reserved until he was drawn out in congenial company, he took a prominent part in his College Debating Society, where he showed an exceptional knowledge of European politics. On leaving Oxford without graduating he worked for three years as a schoolmaster. In 1859 he went to Russia, and in 1862 was elected, after competitive examination, professor of English literature at the Imperial Alexander Lyceum in St. Petersburg. In 1864 he was, again by competitive examination, appointed lector of the English language in the Imperial University of St. Petersburg. That post he held for life. On occasional visits to England he frequently lectured on Russian literature. He was highly respected both by the British colony in St. Petersburg and by Russian friends and colleagues. He died at St. Petersburg on 14 Aug. 1903, and was buried in the Smolensk cemetery, St. Petersburg. A monument to his memory, raised by public subscription, was unveiled by his successor, Mr. William Sharpe Wilson, in 1905. He was married, but had no issue.
Turner became intimately acquainted with Russian life and literature, and in his writings on Russian literature showed sound critical judgment and a grasp of its history. In 1881 he lectured at the Royal Institution in London on ‘Famous Russian Authors,’ which he published in 1882 in amplified form as ‘Studies in Russian Literature.’ Other courses of lectures at the same place treated of ‘Russian Life’ (in 1883) and of ‘Count Tolstoi as Novelist and Thinker’ (in 1888). The latter course ​was published in amplified form in the same year. In 1889 he lectured at the Taylorian Institute in Oxford on ‘The Modern Novelists of Russia,’ which he amplified for publication in 1890. In 1893 he issued a translation of C. A. Behrs' ‘Recollections of Count Leo Tolstoy,’ and in 1899, simultaneously in London and St. Petersburg, a volume of excellent ‘Translations from Pushkin in Memory of the Hundredth Anniversary of the Poet's Birthday.’ Besides these works he published in St. Petersburg: 1. ‘Our Great Writers, a Course of Lectures on English Literature,’ two volumes, 1865. 2. ‘Lessons in English Literature,’ two parts, 1870. 3. ‘Principal Rules of English Grammar,’ 1879. 4. ‘English Reading Book,’ 1891. 5. ‘Robert Burns,’ 1896. 6. ‘English Writers of the Nineteenth Century: Wordsworth, Byron, Shelley, Coleridge, Keats, Moore, Crabbe,’ 1897. 7. ‘Robert Browning's “Sordello,”’ 1897. The three last appeared only in Russian translations from Turner's English MSS. A translations of Turgénev's ‘On the Eve’ appeared in 1871.
[Athenæum, 29 Aug. 1903; Foster's Alumni Oxon.; Lincoln College Register; private information.]
N. F.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Turner, James Smith

​TURNER, JAMES SMITH (1832–1904), dentist, born at Edinburgh on 27 May 1832, was son of Joseph Turner and Catherine Smith, his wife. His father, a hatter, was well known as a political speaker against the corn laws. At the age of fourteen Turner was apprenticed as a mechanic to a dentist named Mien of Edinburgh. He came to London in 1853, just after the failure of an appeal to the Royal College of Surgeons of England to give dentists a professional status. In 1857 Turner became a member of the college of dentists, and in August 1863 he was admitted M.R.C.S. of England and a licentiate in dental surgery of this body, the first examination for the L.D.S. having been held in May 1860.
He was appointed assistant dental surgeon to the Middlesex Hospital 19 July 1864; dental surgeon 16 April 1874; lecturer on dental surgery 2 Feb. 1881, and consulting dental surgeon 22 Feb. 1883. In succession to Robert Hepburn he was lecturer on dental surgery mechanics at the Royal Dental Hospital from 1871 until 1880, becoming consulting dental surgeon in 1896. He was an examiner on the dental board of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 1886–8.
In association with (Sir) John Tomes [q.v.] and a few other public-spirited men Turner succeeded in converting the trade of dentistry into an organised profession. In 1872 he visited the United States to study the conditions of dental practice there, and in 1875 he began work as secretary of the executive council of the dental reform committee. The object of the committee was to obtain an act of parliament to regulate dental practice and to provide for a dentists' register, admittance to and removal from which should be under the supervision of the general medical council. Much opposition was experienced, but was overcome largely by Turner's untiring energy. The Dentists Act was passed by the help of Sir John Lubbock (Lord Avebury), and received the royal assent on 22 July 1878. On 15 August the dental register was opened, (Sir) John Tomes's name being the first to be inscribed. The British Dental Association was founded early in 1879, and Smith Turner was for many years the president of its representative board. He also held office at the Odontological Society of Great Britain from 1873 until 1884, when he was chosen president.
He died at Ealing, 22 Feb. 1904, and was buried at St. George's cemetery, Ealing.
A scholarship in practical dental mechanics was established in his memory. It is awarded by the British Dental Association and is tenable at any school.
Turner married (1) in Nov. 1866 Annie, daughter of Richard Whitbourn of Godalming, by whom he left five sons and three daughters; (2) in Dec. 1900 Agnes, daughter of the Rev. Henry Ward, M.A.
A portrait—a good likeness—was painted by Sidney Hodges in 1890 for the British Dental Association, and a replica by the same artist was presented to Turner during the annual meeting of the British Dental Association at Exeter in 1891.
[British Dental Journal, vol. xxv. 1904, p. 153 (with two portraits); Lancet, 1904, i. 519; private information.]
D’A. P.