OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Schmid, Hermann von

Edition of 1905. See also Hermann von Schmid on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SCHMID, Hermann von (1815-80). A German novelist and dramatist, born at Weizenkirchen, Austria, and educated at Munich. In 1870 he became manager of the Gärtnerthor Theatre, but resigned the position after a few years. His plays, collected in 1853, include several historical dramas, such as Karl Stuart and Columbus, but his greater success was in portraying peasant life, as in Die Z'widerwurz'n (1878) and Der Loder (1880). In his novels, too, such as Almenrausch und Edelweiss, Der Habermeister, etc., he is at his best when describing Bavarian customs.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Schmidt, Georg Friedrich

Edition of 1905. See also Georg Friedrich Schmidt on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SCHMIDT, Georg Friedrich (1712-75). A German engraver and designer, born in Berlin. He studied art there under Busch, and under Larmessin in Paris. In 1744 he was appointed engraver to Frederick II., in Berlin, and in 1757 he was summoned to Saint Petersburg by the Empress Elizabeth to engrave her portrait and to organize a school of engraving. His engravings and etchings in the style of Rembrandt rank with the best work of the eighteenth century in Germany. He engraved about 200 plates, the best of which are “The Empress Elizabeth of Russia,” “Count Nicholas Eszterházy,” “Pierre Mignard,” “The Virgin and Child with Saint John,” “The Raising of Jairus's Daughter,” and “The Mother of Rembrandt.”
# The New International Encyclopædia/Schmidt, Henry Immanuel

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
SCHMIDT, Henry Immanuel (1806-89). An American clergyman and educator. He was born at Nazareth, Pa., and was educated at the Moravian Academy and Theological Seminary of his native place. He joined the Lutheran denomination and during the earlier years of his career held pastorates in Bergen County, N. J.; at Boston, Mass., and at Palatine, N. J. He also taught at Hartwick Seminary, N. Y.; Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, Pa., and later at the theological seminary of that place. In 1848 be became professor of the German language and literature at Columbia College. He was the author of a History of Education (1842; 10th ed. 1858); The Scriptural Character of the Lutheran Doctrine of the Lord's Supper (1852); Course of Ancient Geography (1860).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Schmidt, Erich

Edition of 1905. See also Erich Schmidt (historian) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SCHMIDT, shmit, Erich (1853—). A German historian of literature, born at Jena, son of Oskar Schmidt. He studied Germanic philology and literary history at Graz, Jena, and Strassburg, established himself as privat docent at Würzburg in 1875, became professor at Strassburg in 1877, at Vienna in 1880, and director of the Goethe archive at Weimar in 1885. Thence he was called to Berlin in 1887, to succeed Wilhelm Scherer in the chair of German language and literature. Devoted almost exclusively to the investigation of modern literature, especially of the classical period, he published: Richardson, Rousseau, und Goethe (1875); Lenz und Klinger (1878); Heinrich Leopold Wagner (1879); Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Klopstockschen Jugendlyrik (1880); Charakteristiken (1st series 1880; 2d series 1900); and the excellent biography of Lessing (2d ed. 1899). He edited two volumes of the Schriften der Goethe-Gesellschaft (Weimar, 1886 and 1893); Faust, for the Weimar edition; and in 1887 he published Goethe's Faust in ursprünglicher Gestalt (3d ed. 1894), discovered by him in Dresden.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Schmid, Matthias

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
SCHMID, Matthias (1835—). An Austrian genre painter, born at See, in the Paznau Valley, Tyrol. He got his early training in painting at home, and in 1853 went to Munich, where in 1856 he entered the Academy. In 1871 he became a pupil of Piloty and turned from religious subjects to satiric genre pictures of the Tyrolese priesthood, like “Mendicant Friars” and “A Judge of Morals” (1872). A later manner, free from anticlerical animus, is shown in “The Betrothal” (1879), “His Reverence Lathered” (1883). “Going on a Pilgrimage” (1886), and “The Holiday Orator” (1893).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Schmidt, Friedrich

Edition of 1905. See also Friedrich von Schmidt on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SCHMIDT, Friedrich, Baron (1825-91). A distinguished architect, born at Frickenhofen, Württemberg. He studied under Breymann and Mauch in the Polytechnic at Stuttgart. At the age of eighteen he obtained work as a mason on the cathedral at Cologne, where after two years he became a master mason. In 1857 he was called to the Milan Academy as professor, and was awarded the contract for restoring the Church of Sant' Ambrogio. In 1859 he settled in Vienna, was appointed professor at the academy in 1860, architect of Saint Stephen's in 1863, and was
raised to a baronetcy in 1888. His principal buildings in Vienna are the church of the Lazarists (1860-62), the parish church at Fünfhaus (1864-74), the gymnasium (1863-66), and the new city hall (1872-83), his most imposing work. He was one of the most eminent exponents of the Gothic style in German architecture. Consult Reichensperger, Zur Charakteristik des Baumeisters Friedrich Freiherrn von Schmidt (Düsseldorf, 1891).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Schmidt, Johann Friedrich Julius

Edition of 1905. See also Johann Friedrich Julius Schmidt on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SCHMIDT, Johann Friedrich Julius (1825-84). A German astronomer, born in Eutin. He was employed in the Hamburg Observatory (1842-45), and for a short time at a private observatory at Bilk. He became assistant observer at Bonn (1840), observer at Olmütz (1853), and director of the observatory at Athens (1858), where he remained till his death. He studied the physical nature of comets and of the moon, the brightness and periodicity of stars, and physical geography, especially that of Greece. Besides his contributions to the Astronomische Nachrichten and to the Publications de l'observatoire d'Athènes, he published a revision of Lohrmann's chart of the moon (1877) and a very valuable independent chart (1878), and wrote Der Mond (1856), Vulkanstudien (1874), and Studien über Erdbeben (1875).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Tochigi

Edition of 1905. See also Tochigi, Tochigi on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ TOCHIGI, tō′chē̇-gē̇. A town in the Prefecture of Tochigi in Central Hondo, Japan, 55 miles by rail north of Tokio (Map: Japan, F 5). It is of some industrial importance and had in 1898 a population of 22,379.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Tope (shark)

Edition of 1905. See also School shark on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ TOPE. A small European shark (Galeorhinus galeus) . It is represented on the Western American coast by the so-called ‘oil’ or ‘soup-fin’ shark (Galeorhinus zyopterus), about six feet long and gray with black-edged dorsals. The name is also given to the related small dog-shark (Mustelus canis) of the North Atlantic. See Plate of Lampreys and Dogfish.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Topeka

Edition of 1905. See also Topeka, Kansas on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ TOPE′KA. The capital of Kansas, and the county seat of Shawnee County, 66 miles west of Kansas City; on the Kansas River, and on the Missouri Pacific, the Union Pacific, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe, and the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific railroads (Map: Kansas, G 2). It is situated on rolling prairie land, at an elevation of over 800 feet, and covers an area of about 7 square miles. Beautiful shade trees and handsome residences add to the city's attractiveness. The most notable structure is the State Capitol, in the heart of the city. ​Other noteworthy edifices are the Public Library (containing 24,000 volumes), the United States Government Building, the county court-house, and the city hall and auditorium. The Melan Arch Bridge, which cost $150,000, possesses considerable architectural merit. Topeka is the seat of Washburn College (Congregational), opened in 1865; of the College of the Sisters of Bethany (Protestant Episcopal), opened in 1861; and of the Kansas Medical College. The State Insane Asylum and the State Reform School are also here. The prominent local charitable institutions include the Santa Fe Railway Hospital, the Jane C. Stormont Hospital and Training School for Nurses, Christ Hospital, Bedwell's Private Insane Asylum, Detention Hospital, and Ingleside, a home for aged women.
The industrial interests are centred chiefly in the extensive shops of the Santa Fe Railroad, and in the manufacture of flour. Of the smaller establishments, the most important are foundries and machine shops, lumber mills, and manufactories of boilers, trusses, woolen goods, etc. In the census year 1900 the total capital invested in all industries was $3,891,530; the value of their output amounted to $9,977,605. Considerable wholesale and jobbing business is carried on in Topeka. The government is vested in a mayor, chosen biennially, and a unicameral council. Subordinate officials, with the exception of the board of education, which is elected by popular vote, are appointed by the mayor, subject to confirmation of the council. The electric light plant and the water-works are owned by the municipality. The city spends annually for maintenance and operation about $323,000, the chief items being: schools, $102,000; interest on debt, $52,000; streets, $33,000; fire department, $28,000; and police department, $25,000. Population, in 1890, 31,007; in 1900, 33,608.
Topeka, laid out in 1854, was one of the ‘Free State’ towns founded by Eastern anti-slavery men immediately after the passage of the ‘Kansas-Nebraska Bill.’ In 1856 an anti-slavery convention adopted here the ‘Topeka Constitution,’ in pursuance of which the ‘Topeka Government’ was established, to be soon broken up by the United States troops. During this year Topeka became notorious for the raids made by its citizens on pro-slavery settlements. In 1857 Topeka was chartered as a city, becoming a city of the first class in 1881. It was made the capital of the State in 1861. Consult Giles, Thirty Years in Topeka, a Historical Sketch (Topeka, 1886).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Traill, Catherine Parr

Edition of 1905. See also Catherine Parr Traill on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​TRAILL, träl, Catherine Parr. A sister of Agnes Strickland (q.v.).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Tomlinson, Charles

Edition of 1905. See also Charles Tomlinson (scientist) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
TOM′LINSON, Charles (1808-97). An English scientist, born in London. He studied science under George Birkbeck, the founder of the London Mechanics' Institute. For a while he had a school with his brother Lewis, at Salisbury. Becoming known for original investigation, he was called to London, where he was appointed lecturer on experimental science at King's College School. In 1872 he was elected to the Royal Society, and in 1874 he took a leading part in founding the Physical Society. As a scientist Tomlinson made valuable contributions to the knowledge of the surface tension of liquids. His last years were devoted to literature, and in 1878-80 he held the Dante lectureship at University College, London. Besides several works on mechanics and the useful arts, he published: The Sonnet, Its Origin, Structure, and Place in Poetry (1874); a translation of Dante's Inferno (1877); The Literary History of the Divine Comedy (1879); Dante, Beatrice, and the Divine Comedy (1894); and a volume of original Sonnets (1881).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Topete y Carballo, Juan Bautista

Edition of 1905. See also Juan Bautista Topete on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ TOPETE Y CARBALLO, tō̇-pā′tā̇ ē̇ kär-bä′lyō̇, Juan Bautista (1821-85). A Spanish admiral and politician, born at San Andrés de Tuztla, Mexico. He entered the navy at the age of seventeen and became midshipman in 1843 and lieutenant two years later. From 1846 to 1849 he served in Cuban waters and subsequently was on duty in the Mediterranean. He was promoted to the captaincy of a frigate in 1857 and during the war with Morocco in 1859 was chief of staff to the fleet. About this time he formed political affiliations with the Union Liberal Party under O'Donnell and in 1862 was elected to the Cortes from Cadiz. He was on the Pacific station during the conflict with Peru and Chile in 1865-66 and was severely wounded in the bombardment of Callao in May of the latter year. Made brigadier on his return and placed in command of the port of Cadiz he took an active part in the political conspiracies of the times and by his pronunciamiento of September 17, 1868, gave the signal for the outbreak of the Revolution which drove Isabella II. from the throne. He sent a ship to bring back the generals who had been deported to the Canaries (see Spain) and after he had been joined by Prim and Sagasta won over the city of Cadiz to the Revolution. In the provisional government Topete assumed the portfolio of Marine. He favored the election of the Duke of Montpensier to the throne and laid down his post when the choice fell upon Amadeus of Savoy. In 1872, however, he resumed office under Serrano and during the latter's absence from the capital presided over the Ministerial Council. In the Revolution of 1873 he was imprisoned for a short time but regained influence under the presidency of Serrano who placed him once more at the head of the navy. With Serrano he fought against the Carlists in the north. On the accession of Alfonso XII. Topete retired from active participation in politics. In 1879 he was made a life Senator and in 1881 became vice-admiral. He died at Madrid, October 29, 1885.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Tocher

Edition of 1905. See also Dowry on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ TOCHER, tō̇′Gẽr (Ir. tochar, Gael, tochradh, dowry, portion). In the Scotch law, an ancient name for money or property given or settled by a father on his daughter at her marriage.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Tocororo

Edition of 1905. See also Cuban trogon on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ TO′CORO′RO. A Cuban trogon (Priotelus temnurus) named from its cry. It breeds in holes abandoned by woodpeckers, and is remarkable for the concave outline of the end of its short tail.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Topelius, Zachris

Edition of 1905. See also Zachris Topelius on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ TOPELIUS, tō̇-pā′lē̇-ụs, Zachris (1818-98). A Swedish-Finnish poet and novelist, born at Kuddnäs, near Ny Karleby, and educated at the University of Helsingfors. In 1863 he became professor of the history of Finland and the North at the university. He resigned his professorship in 1878. As a lyric poet he was second only to Runeberg, and his children's stories have been translated into many languages. His publications include: Ljungblommor (“Flowers of the Heath,” 3 parts, 1845-50); Efter femtio ar (play: “After Fifty Years,” 1851); Fältskärns Berättelser (“Tales of an Army Surgeon,” 1853-67); Läsning för Burn (“Children's Stories,” 7 parts, 1865-91); and En resa i Finland (“A Journey in Finland,” 2d ed. 1885).
# The Moor of Venice

THE MOOR OF VENICE.
CINTHIO'S TALE
AND
SHAKSPERE'S TRAGEDY.
BY
JOHN EDWARD TAYLOR.
LONDON:
CHAPMAN AND HALL, 193, PICCADILLY.
1855
PRINTED BY JOHN EDWARD TAYLOR, LITTLE QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS.
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mandeville, Bernard

Edition of 1905. See also Bernard Mandeville on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MANDEVILLE, măn′de-vĭl, Bernard (1670?-1733). Author of the Fable of the Bees, born in Dort (or Dordrecht), Holland, about 1670. In a thesis maintained at Leyden, March 23, 1689, and entitled “De Brutorum Operationibus,” he argued that brutes act automatically — a theory of Descartes and of the older theology. Having taken his degree in medicine at Leyden, he settled in London as a physician. Never gaining much practice, he received, it is said, a pension from Dutch merchants. He died in London, January 21, 1733. His famous book, a doggerel pamphlet, first appeared under the title The Grumbling Hives, or Knaves Turned Honest (1705). It was republished in 1714, with the title The Fable of the Bees, or Private Vices Public Benefits. A second edition with additions (1723) was presented as a nuisance by the grand jury of Middlesex. A second part appeared in 1728. Mandeville attempted to prove, perhaps with irony, that ‘private vices are public benefits:’ that waste, luxury, and profligacy are good things for a State. His audacious thesis led to a sharp controversy, in which Bishop Berkeley took a hand (Alciphron, 1732). Among Mandeville's other works are: Esop Dressed, or a Collection of Fables Writ in Familiar Verse (1704); Free Thoughts on Religion (1720); and An Enquiry Into the Causes of the Frequent Executions at Tyburn (1725).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mandeville, The Travels of Sir John

Edition of 1905. See also John Mandeville on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MANDEVILLE, The Travels of Sir John. The title of a famous itinerary and collection of marvels, composed in the third quarter of the fourteenth century. The book opens and closes with delightful fragments of an apocryphal autobiography. The author claims to be one John Mandeville, born at Saint Albans, who crossed
the sea in 1322 and traveled through Tartary, Persia, Armenia, Africa, Chaldea, Ethiopia, Amazonia, and India. On his return, he stopped at Rome, where his ‘book was proved for true’ by the Pope's council. He adds that he first wrote it in Latin and then turned it into French and English (1356). Until very recently all these statements were accepted as facts. It now seems clear that of the versions named, the French (1371) is the oldest, and that from it were derived the others (early part of fifteenth century). Though the writer of the French original may have traveled in the East, his work is mainly a compilation from the travels of a German knight, William of Boldensele (1336), the journal of Friar Odoric (1330), the journey of Johannes de Plano Carpini, a Papal envoy to the Tatars (about 1250), the history of the East by Hetum, the Armenian (1307), other itineraries, and the mediæval specula. He drew upon Pliny, Solinus. Peter Comestor, Vincent of Beauvois, Brunell-Latine, and Jacques de Vitry. With little doubt, the compiler of the work was Jean de Bourgogne dit à la Barbe (John of Burgoyne with the Beard), who died at Liège in 1372. He may have been the John of Burgoyne who likely quitted England in 1322, and had good reasons for living under an assumed name. The Travels of Sir John Mandeville, abounding in marvels, has delighted many generations. Of the work, there are three English versions extant in at least thirty-four manuscripts. From the poorest were printed the fifteen editions from 1499 to 1725. A better version, edited anonymously in 1725, was carelessly reprinted by Halliwell (London, 1839-68), and edited, with modern spelling, by Wright, in Early Travels in Palestine (ib., 1848); by Morley (ib., 1886); and, with three illustrative narratives, by Pollard (ib., 1900). A third version (northern dialect) was edited by G. F. Warner for the Roxburghe Club (Edinburgh, 1889).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Manihot

Edition of 1905. See also Manihot on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MAN′IHOT. A genus of about 80 species of tall herbs and shrubs of the natural order Euphorbiaceæ, natives of tropical and subtropical South America. The best-known species are cultivated in warm climates for their underground parts, which yield a starch known in commerce as Brazilian arrowroot, and cassava (qq.v.).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mandingo

Edition of 1905. See also Mandinka people on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MANDINGO (native name, Mande-nga). An extensive linguistic group of negroes more or less mixed with Hamites, dwelling in Western Africa from the Senegal and Upper Niger to Monrovia, and numbering many millions. Physically they are spare and athletic; height, 1,700 millimeters or 67 inches; the cranial index or proportion of head width to head length is 75.5-78.8. They frequently have aquiline noses and features distinct from the negro, though the hair is woolly. In their food, dress, and habitations they are far above savagery, and, under Arab teachers, have attained a certain degree of culture. The speech, called Mandi, is widespread, and divided into many dialects, encircling Timbuktu and enroaching on Fulah and Hausa. About seven hundred years ago the Empire of Mali was founded by the ancestors of this people in the Upper Niger region, and under King Musa (1311-31) it covered the Gambia and Joliba basins. The Upper Niger tribes still call themselves Mali’-nke. In religion they are Mohammedan, having embraced that faith centuries ago and propagated it with great vigor. The Mandingos were divided into numberless tribes, each speaking its own dialect, and, through their lack of cohesion, they were conquered about 1500 by the Sonrhay. The English planted factories among them in 1618, but the expeditions into the Niger country ended in disaster. The French in the next century cut off
the progress of the English. In 1862 the Gambia Mandingos waged a propaganda for Islam in which hundreds of settlements of pagan tribes on the Gambia were laid waste.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Manifesto

Edition of 1905. See also Manifesto on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MANIFESTO (It., manifest). In international law, the declaration or formal statement which it was formerly customary for a belligerent to publish within its own territory or communicate to other States through diplomatic agents. With modern conditions of intercommunication, whereby events become a matter of common knowledge among the Powers, such a formal notification has become less imperative, although commercial interests and international courtesy usually render it almost obligatory in case of protracted hostilities. See Declaration of War.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Manihiki Islands

Edition of 1905. See also Manihiki on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MANIHIKI (mä′nē̇-ē′kē̇) ISLANDS. A group of small coral islands or atolls scattered over Central Polynesia between latitudes 4° and 12° S., and longitudes 150° and 166° W., northeast of the Samoan Islands. They aggregate in area about 53 square miles, with a population of over 1800. The entire group now belongs to Great Britain, and is, together with the Cook Islands, under the administration of New Zealand.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Manila, University of

Edition of 1905. See also Ateneo de Manila University and Universidad de San Ignacio on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ ​MANILA, University of. A Philippine university which owes its origin to Philip II. of Spain, who gave permission for the foundation of a university in 1585. In 1601 a seminary for nobles was opened here, and in 1611 the Dominicans established the College of Saint Thomas for natives and poor Spaniards. In 1857 the present university was founded on this school as a basis. It had in 1901 some 1100 students, chiefly in law and medicine. Its faculties comprise also theology, philosophy, science, and pharmacy.