OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/nagen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry nagen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ nagen, verb, ‘to gnaw, nibble,’ from the equivalent Middle High German nagen, Old High German nagan, with the earlier variant gnagan; compare Old Saxon and Anglo-Saxon gnagan, English to gnaw, Old Icelandic gnaga, ‘to gnaw.’ There are also forms with initial k instead of g, Dutch knagen, Old Low German cnagan, likewise High German chnagan, ‘to gnaw’; the form nagen originated in gnagen. To the Teutonic root gnag, knag, no correspondences have been found as yet in the non-Teutonic languages.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/nebst

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry nebst. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ nebst, preposition, ‘along with, together with,’ first occurs in early Modern High German, with the variant nebenst. Borrowed from Dutch, in which nevens, ‘near to,’ occurs, which is etymologically equivalent to neben.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/necken

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry necken. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ necken, verb, ‘to tease, banter,’ from Middle High German (Middle German) nęcken, ‘to excite the appetite,’ to which is allied Middle High German (Middle German) nachaft, ‘malicious, crafty,’ nac-heit, ‘malice, cunning’; not found in Old High German. Of obscure origin. See Schabernack.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/nah

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry nah. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ nah, adjective, ‘near, impending,’ from Middle High German nâch (inflected nâher), Old High German nâh (inflected nâhêr), adjective, ‘near’; corresponding to Old Saxon nâh, Low German and Dutch na, Anglo-Saxon neáh, English nigh, adjective (whence the compare Anglo-Saxon neár, adverb, English near; superlative next, English next); Old Icelandic nár, Gothic néhws, ‘near.’ To the Gothic stem nêhwa- (for further derivatives see under Nachbar and nah) we should have expected néko-, nêqe-, in the non-Teutonic languages, but they do not occur. Greek ἐγγύς, ‘near,’ is no more equivalent in sound to nahe than Sanscrit nā̆́huša, ‘neighbouring."—
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/naß

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry naß. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ naß, adjective, ‘wet, moist,’ from the equivalent Middle High German and Old High German naȥ, adjective; corresponding to Gothic *nata-, nominative *nats, ‘wet’ (deduced from natjan; see netzen); Old Saxon and Dutch nat. Teutonic nata- can scarcely be connected with Sanscrit nadĭ, feminine, ‘river,’ because the latter is derived from a root nad, ‘to rush, roar.’ Perhaps Greek νοτερός, ‘wet’ (νοτέω, ‘I am wet’), points, like the Teutonic cognates, to a root not, nod (compare Naß with Greek κότος). Netz likewise may be primitively allied; see Netz and netzen. —
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/neben

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry neben. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ neben, adverb and preposition, ‘beside, along with, in addition to,’ from Middle High German nëben, shortened form of enében, Old High German nëben, inében, ‘beside’; as a compound of in and eben it signifies literally ‘in the same line with,’ similarly Anglo-Saxon on efn, on emn, ‘alongside.’ Compare the following word.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Zofe

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Zofe. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Zofe, feminine, ‘maid, wanting-woman,’ Modern High German only, formed from Middle High German zâfen (zôfen), ‘to draw, arrange suitably, nurse, adorn’; zâfe, feminine, ‘ornament’; hence Zofe, literally ‘adorning maid.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Zone

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Zone. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Zone, feminine, ‘zone,’ Modern High German only, from the equivalent Latin-Greek ζώνη.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Zitteroch

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Zitteroch. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Zitteroch, masculine, ‘herpetic eruption,’ from the equivalent Middle High German ziteroch, Old High German zittaroh (hh), masculine (ttr remains unpermutated as in zittern); corresponding to Anglo-Saxon tëter, English tetter, to tetter. Allied in the non-Teutonic languages to Sanscrit dadru, dadruka, ‘cutaneous eruption,’ Lithuanian dedervine, ‘tether, scab,’ and Latin derbiosus (from derdviosus?). Anglo-Saxon tëter is based like Sanscrit dadru on an Aryan ​de-dru-, a reduplicated form (like Biber); Old High German zittaroh is borrowed from it.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Zitze

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Zitze. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Zitze, feminine, ‘nipple, teat,’ from the equivalent late Middle High German (rare) zitze, feminine; compare the corresponding Low German titte, feminine, Dutch tet, feminine, Anglo-Saxon tit, masculine (plural tittas), English teat, Swiss tisse, ‘teat.’ The usual word for ‘teat’ in Old High German is tutta, tuta, feminine, tutto, tuto, masculine; Middle High German tutte, tute, feminine, tütal, neuter; compare Tüttel. In Romance occur the cognate words — Italian tetta, zizza, zezzolo, ‘teat,’ French tette, feminine, teton, tetin, masculine, ‘nipple,’ Spanish teta, as well as Italian tettare, Spanish tetar, French teter, ‘to suck’; the double forms with t and z imply that these words were borrowed from Teutonic.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Zobel

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Zobel. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Zobel, masculine, ‘sable (Mustella zibellina), sable-fur,’ from the equivalent Middle High German zobel, masculine; borrowed from Russian sobol (compare Danish zobel). From the same source are derived Middle Latin sabellum (Old French sable, English sable) and sabellinus, whence Italian zibellino, Spanish zebellina, French zibeline.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Zoll

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Zoll. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Zoll (1.), masculine, ‘inch,’ from the equivalent Middle High German zol, masculine and feminine, which is probably identical with Middle High German zol, masculine, ‘cylindrical piece, log’; compare Middle High German îszolle, ‘icicle.’
Zoll (2.), masculine, ‘duty, toll, dues,’ from Middle High German and Old High German zol, masculine, ‘custom-house, toll, duty’; corresponding to the equivalent Old Saxon and Anglo-Saxon tol, English toll, Dutch tol, Old Icelandic tollr. Usually regarded as borrowed from Middle Latin telonium, Greek τελώνιον, ‘custom-house, toll.’ The German words are, however, in spite of the lack of a Gothic *tulls (for which môta occurs; compare Maut), so old, and correspond so closely, that they must be regarded as of genuine Teutonic origin. Zoll is connected with the root tal (appearing in zählen and Zahl), of which it is an old participle in no- (ll from ln), and hence it signified originally ‘that which is counted.’ —
Derivative Zöllner, masculine, ‘collector,’ receiver of customs,’ from Middle High German zolnœre, zolner, Old High German zollanâri, zolneri, masculine. Corresponding to Anglo-Saxon tolnêre, tollêre, English toller, Dutch tollenaar, Old Frisian tolner, Danish tolder; compare Old Saxon tolna, ‘toll.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Zitwer

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Zitwer. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Zitwer, masculine, ‘zedoary,’ from the equivalent Middle High German zitwar, zitwan, Old High German citawar, zitwar, masculine; from Middle Latin zeduarium, the source of which is Arabic zedwâr. The zedoary was introduced into European medical science by the Arabs (compare also Italian zettovario, French zédoaire, English zedoary).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Zober

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Zober. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Zober, see Zuber.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Zopf

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Zopf. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Zopf, masculine ‘(long) plait of hair, pigtail, cue, tuft,’ from Middle High German and Old High German zopf, masculine, ‘end, peak, cue.’ Corresponding to Low German topp, Dutch top, ‘end, peak,’ Anglo-Saxon and English top (Middle English variant tuft), Old Icelandic toppr, ‘tuft of hair,’ Old Frisian top, ‘tuft,’ Swedish topp, Danish top, ‘point, end, cue.’ A common Teutonic word, by chance not recorded in Gothic. The literally meaning seems to be ‘projecting end’; hence Zopf originally ‘points of the hair when tied together’ (compare Zapfen and Topp). The value attached even in the Middle Ages to long plaits of hair as an element of female beauty is attested especially by the fact that the Swabian and Alemannian women when taking an oath held their plaits in their hands. Among the Teutons, to cut a person's hair was to brand ​him with infamy. From Teutonic are derived the Romance cognates, Old French top, ‘tuft of hair,’ Spanish tope, ‘end,’ Italian toppo, Modern French toupet, ‘tuft, lock of hair.’ No cognate terms are found in the non-Teutonic languages.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Zitz

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Zitz. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Zitz, Zits, masculine, ‘chintz,’ from the equivalent Dutch sits, chits, English chintz. The ultimate source of the word is Bengalî chits, ‘variegated cotton.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Tod

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Tod. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Tod, masculine, ‘death,’ from the equivalent Middle High German tôt (d), Old High German tôd, masculine; corresponding to Gothic dauþus, Old Saxon dôth, Dutch dood, Anglo-Saxon deáþ, English death. A verbal abstract of the Teutonic verbal root dau, which has been preserved in Old Icelandic deyja, strong verb (whence the equivalent English to die); compare Old Saxon dôian (from daujan), Old High German and Middle High German touwen (Middle High German töuwen), weak verb, ‘to die.’ Teutonic dau-þu- has the Latin-Sanscrit suffix tu- (base dháu-tu-s). The adjective cognate Modern High German tot, ‘dead,’ is based on the to participle of the same root, dhā̆u (participle dhautó), With these are connected in the non-Teutonic languages Old Slovenian daviti, ‘to strangle,’ Lithuanian dóvyti, ‘to torment,’ which correspond as causatives to Gothic dôjan (for *dôwjan), ‘to torment’ (literally ‘to put to death’). The original form of the root was dhē̆w, dhō̆w.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Topf

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Topf. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Topf, masculine, ‘pot,’ from the equivalent Middle High German topf (with the diminutive variant tüpfen), masculine; this word, which is rare in Middle High German, is wanting in Old High German. The primitively word is unknown to Upper German (Hafen being used), yet Alemannian has preserved dipfi, düpfi, ‘iron pot with three legs,’ Hessian dippen, ‘pot’ (Luther Töpfen); in Dutch and English the divergent form pot occurs. Middle High German topf, ‘olla,’ is probably more closely related to Middle High German topf, topfe, Old High German topf, tof (topfo), ‘top’ (toy), so too Modern High German dialectic Topf, ‘top’ (toy); Anglo-Saxon and English top is exceptional. The word is based on the Teutonic root dup, ‘to be deep, hollow’ (see tief); Topf, literally ‘that which has been hollowed out.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Torf

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Torf. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Torf, masculine, ‘turf, peat,’ Modern High German only, a Low German loan-word unknown to Bavarian; compare Low German torf, Dutch, Anglo-Saxon, and English turf, and the equivalent Old Icelandic torf. In Old High German we find a genuine High German form zurba, ‘sward,’ with a normal permutation, for which Swiss now has turbe, with the Low German permutation. The Old Teutonic word passed (in a Low German form) into Romance; compare Italian torbo, French tourbe, ‘turf.’ This form Torf (literally ‘sward’), originally common to Teutonic, is based on pre-Teutonic drbh, and is connected with Sanscrit darbhá, ‘tuft of grass.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Torkel

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Torkel. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Torkel, feminine, ‘wine-press,’ from Middle High German torkel, Old High German torkula, feminine, ‘wine or oil press.’ From Latin torcula, torculum.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Ton

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Ton. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Ton, masculine, ‘tone, sound,’ from Middle High German tôn, dôn, masculine, ‘sound, tone, voice, song melody’; from Greek-Latin tŏnus (τόνος), with lengthening of the ŏ; compare Thron. Hence Modern High German tönen, verb, ‘to sound, resound,’ from Middle High German tœnen, dœnen.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Topas

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Topas. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Topas, masculine, ‘topaz,’ from the equivalent Middle High German topâȥe (topazîe), masculine; derived, like most of the terms for precious stones, through a Latin medium from Greek. Compare Greek τόπαζος, τοπάζιον, ‘topaz.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Tornister

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Tornister. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Tornister, masculine, ‘haversack, knapsack,’ adopted in the last century from Hungar. tarisznya, ‘satchel.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Tort

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Tort. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Tort, masculine, ‘wrong, vexation,’ Modern High German only; the Low German form for High German Troß.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Tonne

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Tonne. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Tonne, feminine, ‘tun, cask, barrel,’ from the equivalent Middle High German tunne, Old High German tunna, feminine. A corresponding word with a similar form is preserved by Dutch ton, Anglo-Saxon tunne, English tun; according to these Low German cognates the High German word ought to have an initial z, or rather the cognates an initial d. Hence the word must have been borrowed by one or the other, which is all the more probable since ​it is wanting in Swabian and Bavarian. The Romance languages have French tonne (tonneau), Spanish and Portug. tonel. Probably Keltic is the ultimate source of the word; compare Irish and Gaelic tunna, ‘tun, cask.’ In that case, the word passed into High German after 700 A.D., When the t could not be permutated to z. The form of Old Swedish þyn, ‘tun, cask,’ shows that it was borrowed at a much earlier period.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Topp

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Topp. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Topp, masculine, ‘top’ (of a mast), Modern High German only, borrowed, like most nautical terms, from Low German. Compare Dutch top, English top. For further cognates see under Zopf.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Ries

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Ries. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Ries, neuter, ‘ream,’ from the equivalent late Middle High German ris (riȥ, rist), masculine, feminine and neuter; in Dutch riem, English ream. These late Teutonic cognates are borrowed from Romance; compare the equivalent Middle Latin and Italian risma, French rame. It is true that the Middle High German form still requires further explanation. The ultimate source of Middle Latin and Italian risma is Arabic rizma, ‘bale, bundle,’ especially ‘packing-paper.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Riese

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Riese. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Riese, masculine, ‘giant,’ from the equivalent Middle High German rise, Old High German risi, riso, masculine; compare Old Saxon wrisi-lîc, ‘gigantic,’ Old Low German wrisil, Dutch reus, ‘giant.’ Gothic *wrisi-, or rather *wrisjan-, is wanting. It seems primitively allied to Sanscrit vṛšan, ‘mighty, manly, strong,’ to which Old Irish fairsing, ‘great, powerful,’ is also probably akin.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Riester

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Riester. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Riester, masculine,. ‘wrist, instep, patch (on a shoe),’ Modern High German only; probably a primitively word, but of obscure origin. This word, which is unknown to Bavarian, has, according to Swiss riešter, rieštere, masculine and feminine, a genuine diphthong equivalent to Gothic iu; hence Middle High German altriuȥe, riuȥe, ‘cobbler,’ preserved in Modern High German dialects as Altreise, ‘second-hand dealer,’ is perhaps allied.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Riet

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Riet. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Riet (in the Low German form Nied), neuter, ‘reed,’ from the equivalent Middle High German riet, Old High German riot, earlier hriot, neuter; common to West Teutonic in the same sense; compare Old Saxon hreod, Dutch riet, Anglo-Saxon hreód, English reed. Gothic *hriuda is wanting. Pre-Teutonic *kreudho- is not found in the other groups.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Riff

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Riff. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Riff, neuter, ‘reef,’ Modern High German only, from Low German riff, reff; compare the equivalent Dutch rif, neuter, English reef, and Old Icelandic rif. The latter is equivalent in sound to Gothic rif, ‘rib,’ but this is probably only an accident. It has been thought to be allied to Old Icelandic rífa, ‘to slit, split,’ rifa, ‘rift, split’; hence probably Riff means literally ‘the dissevered, cleft, mass of rock,’ then ‘reef.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Riemen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Riemen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Riemen, masculine, ‘strap, thong, strong,’ from Middle High German rieme, Old High German riomo, masculine, ‘band, girdle, strap’; corresponding to Old Saxon riomo, masculine, Dutch riem, Anglo-Saxon reóma, ‘strap’; Gothic *riuma, masculine, is wanting. Greek ῥῦμα, ‘towing-line, rope,’ is primitively allied, and hence the Aryan root was probably rū̆ (Greek ἐρύω), ‘to draw.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Rinde

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Rinde. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Rinde, feminine, ‘rind, crust, bark,’ from Middle High German rinde, Old High German rinta, feminine, ‘rind of trees, crust,’ also (rarely) ‘bread-crust’; corresponding to Anglo-Saxon rind, English rind. Its kinship with Rand and Ramst is undoubted; their common root seems to be rem, ram, ‘to cease, end’; compare especially Anglo-Saxon reoma, rima, English rim. Some etymologists connect it with Gothic rimis, ‘repose’; compare Sanscrit ram, ‘to cease, rest.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Riffel

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Riffel. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Riffel, Rüffel, neuter, ‘flax-comb, ripple; censure,’ probably allied to Middle High German riffeln, rifeln, ‘to comb or hatchel flax,’ riffel, ‘mattock,’ Old High German riffila, ‘saw.’ German has similar figurative terms for ‘to find fault with, inveigh against’ (similar to etwas durchecheln, ‘to censure’). Compare reffen.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Rießling

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Rießling. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Rießling, masculine, ‘small white field-grape,’ Modern High German only; perhaps a derivative of Rieß, ‘Rhætia’ (Tyrol), so that Rießling is literally ‘Rhætian’ (wine).