OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Gaudentius 1.

GAUDENTIUS, the author of an elementary treatise on music, which is written in Greek. No information whatever has come down to us concerning him, and we are in utter ignorance about him except one or two points which we may gather from the treatise which bears his name. In his theory Gaudentius follows the doctrines of Aristoxenus, whence it is inferred that he lived before the time of Ptolemy, whose views seem to have been unknown to him. His treatise bears the title Εἰσαγωγὴ ἁρμονική; it treats of the elements of music, of the voice, of sounds, intervals, systems, &c., and forms an introduction to the study of music which seems to have enjoyed some reputation in antiquity. Cassiodorus (Divin. Lect. 8) mentions it with praise, and tells us that one of his contemporaries, Mutianus, had made a Latin translation of it for the use of schools. This translation is, however, lost. The Greek original is printed with notes and a Latin translation in Meibom's Antiq. Musicae Scriptores. (Comp. Fabr. Bibl. Graec., vol iii, p.647, &c.) [L.S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Gegania Gens

GEGA'NIA GENS, a very ancient patrician gens, which traced its origin to the mythical Gyas, one of the companions of Aeneas. (Serv. ad Virg. Aen. v. 117.) According to both Livy (i. 30) and Dionysius (iii. 29 ), the Geganii were one of the most distinguished Alban houses, transplanted to Rome on the destruction of Alba by Tullus Hosti- lius, and enrolled among the Roman patres. The name, however, occurs even in the reign of Numa, who is said to have chosen Gegania as one of the vestal virgins. (Plut. Num. 10.) Another Gega- nia is mentioned as the wife of Servius TuUius (Plut. de Fort. Pom. p. 323), or of Tarquinius Priscus (Dionys. iv. 7) ; and a third Gegania oc- curs in the reign of Tarquinius Superbus. (Plut. Comp. Lye. c. N'um. 3.) There appears to have been only one family in this gens, that of Macerinus, many members of which filled the highest offices in the state in the early times of the republic. The last of the family who is mentioned is M. Geganius Macerinus, who was consular tribune in b. c. 367 ; and from that time the name of Geganius does not occur at all in history till the year B. c. 100, when we read of one L. Geganius who was killed along with Cn. Dolabella, the brother of Saturninus, in the troubles occasioned by the seditious schemes of the latter. (Oros. v. 17.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Hebdomagetes

​HEBDOMA′GETES (Ἑϐδομαγέτης), a surname of Apollo, which was derived, according to some, from the fact of sacrifices being offered to him on the seventh of every month, the seventh of some month being looked upon as the god's birthday. Others connect the name with the fact that at the festivals of Apollo, the procession was led by seven boys and seven maidens. (Aeschyl. Sept. 804; Herod. vi. 57; Lobeck, Aglaoph. p. 434.)
[L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Hebe

​HEBE (Ἥϐη), the personification of youth, is described as a daughter of Zeus and Hera (Apollod. i. 3. §1.), and is, according to the Iliad (iv. 2), the minister of the gods, who fills their cups with nectar; she assists Hera in putting the horses to her chariot (v. 722) ; and she bathes and dresses her brother Ares (v. 905). According to the Odyssey (xi. 603; comp. Hes. Theog. 950), she was married to Heracles after his apotheosis. Later traditions, however, describe her as having become by Heracles the mother of two sons, Alexiares and Anticetus (Apollod. ii. 7. §7), and as a divinity who had it in her power to make persons of an advanced age young again. (Ov. Met. ix. 400, &c.) She was worshipped at Athens, where she had an altar in the Cynosarges, near one of Heracles. (Paus. i, 19. §3.) Under the name of the female Ganymedes (Ganymeda) or Dia, she was worshipped in a sacred grove at Sicyon and Phlius. (Paus. ii. 13. §3; Strab. viii. p. 382.)
At Rome the goddess was worshipped under the corresponding name of Juventas, and that at a very early time, for her chapel on the Capitol existed before the temple of Jupiter was built there; and she, as well as Terminus, is said to have opposed the consecration of the temple of Jupiter. (Liv. v. 54.) Another temple of Juventas, in the Circus Maximus, was vowed by the consul M. Livius, after the defeat of Hasdrubal, in B. C. 207, and was consecrated 16 years afterwards. (Liv. xxxvi. 36; comp. xxi. 62; Dionys. iv. 15, where a temple of Juventas is mentioned as early as the reign of Servius Tullius; August, de Civ. Dei, iv. 23; Plin. H. N. xxix. 4, 14, xxxv. 36, 22.)
[L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Gallicanus 1.

​GALLICA′NUS, a Roman consular, who, along with Maecenas, rashly slew two soldiers who through curiosity had entered the senate-house, and thus gave rise to that bloody strife which raged for many days between the populace and the praetorians during the brief reign of Balbinus and Pupienus, A. D. 238. In the course of these disorders a large portion of the city was destroyed by fire. (Herodian. vii. 27; Capitolin. Maximin. duo, 20, Gordiani tres, 22.) [W. R.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Hecabe

​HE′CABE (Ἑκάϐη), or in Latin HE′CUBA, a daughter of Dymas in Phrygia, and second wife of Priam, king of Troy. (Hom. Il. xvi. 716, xxii. 234; Apollod. iii. 12. §5.) Some described her as a daughter of Cisseus, or the Phrygian river-god Sangarius and Metope. (Eurip. Hec. 3; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 1083.) According to the tragedy of Euripides, which bears her name, she was made a slave by the Greeks on their taking Troy, and was carried by them to Chersonesus; and she there saw her daughter Polyxena sacrificed. On the same day the waves of the sea washed the body of her last son Polydorus on the coast where stood the tents in which the captive women were kept. Hecabe recognised the body, and sent for Polymestor, who had murdered him, pretending that she was going to inform him of a treasure which was concealed at Ilium. When Polymestor arrived with his two sons, Hecabe murdered the children, and tore out the eyes of Polymestor. Agamemnon pardoned her for the crime, and Polymestor prophesied to her that she should be metamorphosed into a she-dog, and should leap into the sea at a place called Cynosema. (Strab. p. 595; Thuc. viii. 104.) According to Ovid (Met. xiii. 423—575), this prophecy was fulfilled in Thrace, the inhabitants of which stoned her; but she was metamorphosed into a dog, and in this form she howled through the country for a long time. (Comp. Hygin. Fab. 111; Serv. ad Virg. Aen. iii. 6; Cic. Tusc. iii. 26.) According to other accounts she was given as a slave to Odysseus, and in despair she leaped into the Hellespont (Dict. Cret. v. 13), or being anxious to die, she uttered such invectives against the Greeks, that the warriors put her to death, and called the place where she was buried κυνὸς σῆμα, with reference to her impudent invectives. (Dict. Cret. v. 16.) Respecting her children by Priam, see Apollod, iii. 12. §5: comp. Priamus, Hector, Paris.
[L. S.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hope, John (1725-1786)

​HOPE, JOHN (1725–1786), professor of botany in Edinburgh University, son of Robert Hope, surgeon, whose father, Lord Rankeillor [see under Hope, Sir John, Lord Craighall], was a Scotch lord of session, was born at Edinburgh on 10 May 1725. He was educated at Dalkeith school, at Edinburgh University, and in continental medical schools. He graduated M.D. at Glasgow in 1750, and, joining the College of Physicians at Edinburgh, entered upon practice there. He chiefly devoted himself to botanical science, which he had begun under Jussieu in Paris, and in 1761 he obtained, in succession to Charles Alston [q. v.], the professorship of botany and materia medica at Edinburgh, being also made king's botanist for Scotland and superintendent of the royal garden at Edinburgh. After lecturing in the summer session on botany, and in the winter on materia medica, for six years, he gave up the latter course, and in 1768 received a new ​commission as regius professor of medicine and botany. He was soon afterwards elected a physician to the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, a post which he held till his death. The medical botanical garden (where the Waverley station is now) was swampy and unsuitable, and he caused it to be exchanged in 1776 for one to the west of Leith Walk, where he arranged the plants according to the Linnean system. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London, was highly appreciated by Linnæus, who named the genus Hopea after him; he was president of the Edinburgh College of Physicians when he died on 10 Nov. 1786, aged 61. He married Juliana, daughter of Dr. Stevenson, physician, of Edinburgh, by whom he left four sons and one daughter. His third son, Thomas Charles Hope, is noticed separately.
Hope was an enthusiastic admirer of Linnæus, and put up at his own expense an imposing monument to him in the Edinburgh botanical gardens. He published Alston's lectures on materia medica in two quarto volumes in 1770, and edited Linnæus's ‘Genera Animalium’ in 1781.
[Duncan's Memoir of Hope; Harveian Oration at Edinburgh, 1788; Kay's Edinburgh Portraits, ii. 415; Grant's Story of Edinburgh University, i. 318, ii. 382.]
G. T. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hope, John (1765-1836)

​HOPE, Sir JOHN (1765–1836), lieutenant-general, born 15 July 1765, was son of John Hope (1739–1785) [q. v.], by his wife Mary, only daughter of Eliab Breton of Norton, Nottinghamshire, and Forty Hill, Enfield. Charles Hope [q. v.], lord president of the court of session, and Vice-admiral Sir William Johnstone Hope [q. v.] were brothers. In November 1778 John was appointed a cadet in the regiment of Houstoun of the Scots brigade in the pay of Holland, and after serving as corporal and sergeant, was made ensign in the regiment, which was quartered at Bergen-op-Zoom, in December 1779, and marched with it to Maestricht. After being some time at home he rejoined the regiment at Maestricht on promotion to captain on 26 April 1782, and withdrew from the Dutch service, receiving English half pay. In 1787 he was brought on full pay as captain 60th royal Americans, but his company was reduced soon afterwards. In 1788 he was appointed to a troop in the 13th light dragoons, and served from November 1792 as aide-de-camp to Sir William Erskine (d. 1795) in the Flanders campaigns and in Germany. On 25 March 1795 Hope became major, and on 20 Feb. 1796 lieutenant-colonel of the 28th Duke of York's light dragoons. This regiment he commanded at the Cape of Good Hope until it was drafted, when he returned home, and in April 1799 was appointed to the 37th foot, which he commanded in the West Indies until November 1804. He then exchanged to a battalion of the 60th foot at home, and was for some time an assistant-adjutant-general in Scotland. He was deputy-adjutant-general under Lord Cathcart in Hanover in 1805, and at Copenhagen in 1807. After serving as a general officer on the staff in Scotland and in the Severn district, Hope proceeded to the Peninsula, and commanded a brigade of the 5th division at Salamanca. He was invalided home soon afterwards. Wellington wrote: ‘Major-General Hope I am sorry to lose, as he is very attentive to his duties’ (Gurwood, Well. Desp. vi. 56, 73). Hope afterwards held brigade commands in Ireland and in Scotland until promoted to lieutenant-general in 1819. He was made colonel of the 92nd highlanders in 1820, and transferred to the 72nd highlanders in 1823.
Hope was made a knight bachelor on 30 March 1821, and was a G.C.H. He married first, in 1806, Mary, only daughter and heiress of Robert Scott of Logie, and by her had three children; she died in 1813; secondly, Jane Hester, daughter of John Macdougall, and by her had five sons and five daughters. He died at his seat in Scotland in August 1836, aged 71.
[Foster's Peerage, under ‘Hopetoun;’ Cannon's Hist. Rec. 72nd Duke of Albany's Highlanders; Gent. Mag. 1836, pt. ii. p. 653.]
H. M. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hope, Thomas (1606-1643)

​HOPE, Sir THOMAS (1606–1643), of Kerse, Scottish judge, second son of Sir Thomas Hope (d. 1646) [q. v.], by his wife ​Elizabeth, daughter of John Bennett of Wallingford, Berkshire, was born on 6 Aug. 1606, and was admitted advocate on 17 July 1631. On 16 July 1633 he was knighted by Charles I at Innerwick (Balfour, Annals, iii. 367), and was commissioner in the Scottish parliament for the county of Clackmannan in 1639, 1640, and 1641. In 1639, and again in 1640, he was colonel of the troop raised by the College of Justice to attend General Leslie as his bodyguard; but in the latter year, on the march into England, at the crossing of the Tyne, ‘Sir Thomas and his troop were scarce well entered the ford before they wheeled about and retired with discredit.’ In September 1641 he proposed in parliament, on behalf of the barons, that the estates should appoint officers of state and privy councillors by ballot, but the proposal was lost. He was prominent in opposing Charles's demand for a public inquiry into ‘The Incident,’ and was the author of the compromise effected between the king and the estates with reference to the appointment of Loudoun as chancellor. On 13 Nov. 1641 the estates appointed him an ordinary lord of session and lord justice-general, and he was also a commissioner to treat with the English parliament for the suppression of the Irish rebellion. In the parliament of 1643 he was member for Stirlingshire, but on 23 Aug. of that year he died at Edinburgh, leaving a son, Alexander, the first baronet of Kerse. He wrote ‘The Law Repertorie,’ and left a manuscript commentary on books 18–24 of the ‘Digest,’ now in the Advocates' Library at Edinburgh.
[Brunton and Haig's Senators of the Royal College of Justice; Acts Scots Parl.; Books of Sederunt; Balfour's Annals; Laing's Hist. of Scotland, iii. 214–22; Hill Burton's Hist. vii. 146–52; Omond's Lord Advocates; Napier's Montrose and the Covenanters, ii. 110.]
J. A. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hope, John (1605?-1654)

​HOPE, Sir JOHN, Lord Craighall, (1605?–1654), Scottish judge, born about 1605, was eldest son of Sir Thomas Hope of Craighall, first baronet [q. v.], by Elizabeth, daughter of John Bennet of Wallyford, Haddingtonshire; Sir James Hope (1614–1661) [q. v.] was his younger brother. He was educated for the law, and having been admitted advocate rapidly acquired practice, and in 1632 was knighted and appointed an ordinary lord of session, assuming the title of Lord Craighall, and taking his seat on 27 July. In September 1638 he refused to subscribe the king's covenant until it had been approved by the general assembly. In 1640 he was placed on the committee of estates appointed to provide for the defence of the kingdom against Charles I; was reappointed ordinary lord of session ‘ad vitam aut culpam’ in the following year; and in 1644 was made one of the commissioners for the visitation of St. Andrews, the plantation of kirks, the administration of the exchequer and the excise. In 1651 his brother, Sir Alexander Hope, underwent examination by the committee of estates for advising the king to surrender Scotland and Ireland to Cromwell, and quoted Lord Craighall to the effect that it would be wise in his ​majesty to ‘treat with Cromwell for one-half of his coat before he lost the whole.’ In May 1652 Craighall was appointed one of Cromwell's committee, consisting of five English and three Scotch judges, for the administration of justice. His brother, Sir James Hope (1614–1661) [q. v.], not himself, was a representative for Scotland in the English parliament in 1653. He died at Edinburgh on 28 April 1654, having married Margaret, daughter of Sir Archibald Murray of Blackbarony, bart., by whom he had two sons and six daughters. The elder son, Thomas, born on 11 Feb. 1633, was grandfather of Sir John Hope Bruce [q. v.], seventh baronet, with whom his line became extinct. The second son, Archibald Hope (1639–1706), was lord of session in 1689, and lord of justiciary in 1690. He took the title of Lord Rankeillor, and was M.P. for Fifeshire from 25 April 1706 till his death on 10 Oct. following. John Hope (1725–1786) [q. v.] was his grandson.
[Wood's Cramond, p. 140; Balfour's Annals of Scotland, ii. 294, iv. 238; Acts of Parl. (Scotland), v. 282, 389, 704, vi. 198, 212, 235, 244; Nicoll's Diary (Bannatyne Club), p. 93; Willis's Not. Parl. iii. 25; Brunton and Haig's Senators of the College of Justice, p. 289; Foster's Members of Parliament, Scotland; Foster's Baronetage.]
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hope, John (1739-1785)

​HOPE, JOHN (1739–1785), miscellaneous writer, second son of Charles Hope (afterwards Hope-Vere) and grandson of Charles Hope, first earl of Hopetoun [q. v.], was born 7 April 1739. He was educated at the Rev. Andrew Kinross's academy at Enfield; engaged in mercantile pursuits in London, apparently with no great success; and in 1768 was chosen by the influence of his uncle, John Hope, second earl of Hopetoun [q. v.], M.P. for Linlithgowshire, in succession to his father. The earl allowed him an annuity of 400l. to defray his expenses (Letter to John Wilkes, Addit. MS. 30871, f. 132). In 1770 he was unseated on the petition of his opponent, James Dundas. He had lost favour, both with his patron and with the majority of the House of Commons, by voting for Wilkes on the question of the Middlesex election, and to this he attributed the loss of his seat. ‘It was chiefly in your cause I suffered,’ he wrote to Wilkes (manuscript letter, supra; see also Hope, Letters, 1772). Hope died at Newcastle-on-Tyne, 21 May 1785 (Gent. Mag. 1785, ii. 665). He married, 2 June 1762, Mary, only daughter of Eliab Breton of Forty Hill, Middlesex. She committed suicide at Brockhall, Northamptonshire, 25 June 1767, and was buried at Norton. Her husband erected a monument with a rhyming epitaph to her memory in the south transept of Westminster Abbey (Neale, Westminster Abbey, ii. 257). The three sons of this marriage, Charles (1763–1851); John, afterwards knighted (1765–1836); and William Johnstone, also afterwards knighted, are separately noticed.
Hope's writings were:
* ‘Occasional Attempts at Sentimental Poetry by a Man of Business,’ 1769.
* ‘The New Brighthelmston Guide, a sketch in miniature of the British Shore,’ 1770.
* ‘Letters on certain Proceedings in Parliament during the Sessions of the years 1769 and 1770,’ 1772.
* ‘Thoughts in Prose and Verse started in his walks,’ Stockton, 1780; published the same year at London and Edinburgh.
* ‘Letters on Credit,’ second edition, with a postscript and a short account of the bank at Amsterdam, 1784; originally contributed to the ‘Public Advertiser,’ ‘of very little value,’ observes M'Culloch (Literature of Political Economy, p. 354).
In the ‘Public Advertiser,’ 16 Oct. 1771, there is a letter by Hope (one of a series of four) to Junius on the subject of pressing seamen. It is signed ‘An Advocate in the Cause of the People,’ and was answered by ‘Philo-Junius’ in letter lxii. of the collection. The ‘Gentleman's Magazine’ (supra) also credits Hope with the authorship of the ‘New Margate Guide’ (1780?).
[Works referred to; Notes and Queries, 1st ser. v. 138, vi. 18, 39, xii. 42; Foster's Peerage for 1882 and Members of Parliament (Scotland); Halkett and Laing's Dict. of Anonymous and Pseudonymous Literature, iii. 1793; Woodfall's Junius, revised edition, 1875.]
F. W-t.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hope, John Williams

​HOPE, JOHN WILLIAMS (1757–1813), banker and merchant, born in 1757 at St. Ewe rectory, Cornwall, was eldest son of William Williams, rector of St. Ewe, and Elizabeth, daughter of Francis Gregor of Trewarthenick. He began life as a clerk in the banking-house of Hope & Co. in Amsterdam, and eventually became partner. He married Anne, daughter of John Goddard of Rotterdam and Woodford Hall, Essex, and a niece of Henry Hope, one of the chief partners in the bank, a nephew of Adrian Hope, and a near kinsman of Thomas Hope (1770?–1831) [q. v.]. Williams assumed the name of Hope at first in addition to his own, but subsequently dropped the name of Williams altogether. On the return of Henry Hope with other members of his family to England in 1794, Williams-Hope managed the business in Amsterdam, and was elected one of the eight statesmen of Holland. He continued to hold that office until the establishment of the monarchy under Louis Bonaparte in 1806, when he returned to England. Under the will of Henry Hope, who died in 1811, Hope's wife and children received large legacies, and he himself, as residuary legatee, became possessor of houses at Sheen and in Harley Street, Cavendish Square, London, with two fine collections of pictures (Gent. Mag. 1811, pt. i. p. 293). Sir Joshua Reynolds painted a portrait of Mrs. Hope, which was engraved in mezzotint by C. H. Hodges. Hope died in Harley Street 12 Feb. 1813, and was buried at St. Ewe. He left a large fortune to his two surviving children, William (see below) and Henrietta Dorothea Maria, who married, first, the seventh earl of Athlone, and, secondly, William Gambier, esq.
Hope, William Williams (1802–1855), man of fashion and virtuoso, only surviving son of the above, was born in 1802. He inherited a very large fortune, with estates in Cornwall, from his father, and reassumed the name of Williams before that of Hope. He purchased Rushton Hall, Northamptonshire, and served as high sheriff of the county in 1832. He resided, however, for the latter part of his life in Paris, where he built a large mansion at 131 Rue Dominique, Faubourg St. Germain. Hope played a prominent part in Parisian society. He was noted for his princely establishment and entertainments, and for many personal eccentricities. He detested male society, and formed a coterie of eighteen ladies, distinguished for their musical or artistic capacities; vacancies in this circle were filled up by careful selection, and he left large legacies to the members of it at his death. He possessed a famous collection of diamonds, which he wore plentifully on his own person. His entertainments were the most crowded in Paris, but he never saw any friends before dinner-time. Hope was found dead in his bed on 21 Jan. 1855. His large collections of works of art, furniture, &c., in Paris and England were dispersed by auction. He sold Rushton Hall in 1854.
[Gent. Mag. new ser. 1855, xliv. 652, cf. also 1811, pt. i. pp. 292–3 (memoir of Henry Hope); Boase's Collect. Cornubiensia; Captain Gronow's Reminiscences.]
L. C.