OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lyall, George

1904 Errata appended.
​LYALL, GEORGE (d. 1853), politician and merchant, was the eldest son of John Lyall of Findon, Sussex, a merchant and shipowner of London, by his wife Jane, born Comyn. He entered his father's business, and on his father's death in 1805 succeeded to the direction of it. For several years he was chairman of the Shipowners' Society, and his experience and suggestions were of considerable use to Huskisson in negotiating his commercial treaties with the northern states of Europe. He presided over the meeting at the London Tavern, 11 Dec. 1823, at which John Marshall initiated the agitation for a reform in the system of keeping ‘Lloyd's Register’ of shipping, and he sat in 1824 as a representative of the shipowners on the committee of inquiry, which reported in February 1826. Nothing, however, was done until 1834, when the ‘Register’ was reformed and placed under the supervision of a permanent committee, of which he was an original member (see Annals of Lloyd's Register; Martin, History of Lloyd's). He was also one of the chief promoters of the great Marine Indemnity Company at Lloyd's, as well as of the London Docks and Guardian Insurance Companies. In 1830 he was elected a director of the East India Company, and was its chairman in 1841. He made an unsuccessful attempt to enter parliament in 1832, when he contested the city of London as a tory at the first election after the passing of the Reform Bill. A vacancy occurring in 1833, on the death of Alderman Waithman, he defeated the liberal candidate, Alderman Venables, and was elected by 5,569 to 4,527 votes. In politics he was a Canningite, but being a poor speaker his influence, which was great, was chiefly exerted indirectly. He, however, introduced a Merchant Seamen's Widows Bill on 25 April 1834, and having overcome the partial opposition which the ministry at first offered to it, he carried it successfully through the house. At the general election of 1835 he lost his seat, and did not stand again until 1841, when he and Masterman were elected. He retired from public life in 1847, and died at 17 Park Crescent, Regent's Park, London, on 1 Sept. 1853. Though diffident and unobtrusive, his sound judgment and mercantile knowledge gave him considerable weight in the House of Commons and in the city of London. His son, also named George, was M.P. for Whitehaven from 1857 to 1865.
[Times, 7 Sept. 1853; Gent. Mag. 1805 ii. 1179, 1853 ii. 418; Ann. Reg. 1853; Raikes's Journal, i. 165; Hansard's Parl. Debates, 3rd ser. vols. xxi. xxii. and xxiii.]
J. A. H.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.187 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
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# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lyall, William Rowe

1904 Errata appended.
​LYALL, WILLIAM ROWE (1788–1857), dean of Canterbury, born in London, 11 Feb. 1788, was third son of John Lyall of Findon, Sussex, a merchant and shipowner in the city of London, who died 10 Dec. 1805, aged 53. In 1805 he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, where he obtained a scholarship, and graduated B.A. 1810 and M.A. 1816. He was curate of Fawley, Hampshire, from 1812 to 1815, when he removed to London. He was appointed chaplain to St. Thomas's Hospital in 1817, and soon afterwards assistant preacher at Lincoln's Inn. In 1822 he became examining chaplain to the Bishop of London; in 1823 rector of Weeley, Essex; on 4 June 1824 archdeacon of Colchester; in 1826 Warburtonian lecturer, when his subject was ‘The Prophetical Evidences of Christianity;’ in 1827 rector of Fairsted, Essex, and in 1833 he exchanged the livings of Weeley and Fairsted for the cure of Hadleigh, Essex. On 11 June 1841 he was instituted to the archdeaconry of Maidstone, on 11 June 1841 to a prebendal stall at Canterbury, in 1842 to the rectory of Great Chart, near Ashford, and on 26 Nov. 1845, to the deanery of Canterbury. He was seized with paralysis in 1852, from which he never recovered, and died at the deanery, Canterbury, on 17 Feb. 1857, being buried in Harbledown churchyard on 26 Feb. He married in 1817 Catharine, youngest daughter of Joseph Brandreth, M.D., of Liverpool.
Lyall contributed to the ‘Quarterly Review’ in 1812 and 1815 articles on Dugald Stewart's philosophy (vi. 1–37, xii. 281–317), and conducted the ‘British Critic’ during 1816–17, and reorganised the ‘Encyclopædia Metropolitana’ at the request of Bishop Howley in 1820. He appointed Edward Smedley editor of the latter undertaking, and contributed to the ‘Encyclopædia's’ ‘History of Greece, Macedonia, and Syria,’ chap. i. ‘State of Parties in Greece on Conclusion of Peloponnesian Wars,’ and chap. v. ‘The Age of Agesilaus.’ With Hugh James Rose he edited ‘Theological Library,’ vols. i–xiv. 1832–46; and published, besides charges to the clergy of Colchester and Maidstone, ‘Propœdia Prophetica. A View of the Use and Design of the Old Testament; followed by (1) On the Causes of the rapid Propagation of the Gospel, (2) On the Credibility of the ​New Testament,’ 1840; new edit. 1854; another edit. 1885.
[Gent. Mag. April 1857, pp. 491–2.]
G. C. B.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.187 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
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# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Luxford, George

​LUXFORD, GEORGE (1807–1854), botanist, was born at Sutton in Surrey on 7 April 1807. At the age of eleven he was apprenticed to a printer, with whom he remained sixteen years, and during that time acquired a knowledge of several languages and much general and scientific information. In 1834 he removed to Birmingham, but returning south in 1837, he started in business as a printer in London the next year. This was followed by the issue of his ‘Flora of Reigate,’ 1838, 8vo. For some years he was sub-editor of the ‘Westminster Review,’ and from 1846 to 1851 was lecturer on botany in St. Thomas's Hospital. In 1841 he undertook the editorship of the ‘Phytologist’ for Edward Newman, and held that post until his death on 12 June 1854 at Walworth. He was elected an associate of the Linnean Society in 1836.
[Proc. Linn. Soc. i. 426.]
B. D. J.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Luxmoore, John

1904 Errata appended.
​LUXMOORE, JOHN (1766–1830), bishop successively of Bristol, Hereford, and St. Asaph, son of John Luxmoore of Okehampton, Devonshire, was born there in 1756. He was educated at Ottery St. Mary school and at Eton, whence he passed as scholar in 1775 to King's College, Cambridge, graduating B.A. in 1780, and proceeding M.A. in 1783. On 30 June 1795 he was created D.D. at Lambeth by Archbishop Moore (Gent. Mag. 1864, i. 770). He became fellow of his college, and having been tutor to the Earl of Dalkeith, afterwards Duke of Buccleuch, he obtained much preferment. He was made rector of St. George's, Bloomsbury, in 1782, prebendary of Canterbury in 1703, dean of Gloucester in 1799, and rector of Taynton in 1800. In 1806 he exchanged St. George's, Bloomsbury, for St. Andrew's, Holborn. In 1807 he became bishop of Briatol, in 1808 he was translated to Hereford, and in 1815 to St. Asaph. In 1808 he resigned the deanery of Gloucester, and in 1816 the benefice of St. Andrew's, Holborn. Luxmoore held, as was usual, the archdeaconry of St. Asaph at the same time as the bishopric, and had other preferments (cf. ib. 1830, ii. 649), He died at the palace, St. Asaph, on 31 Jan. 1830. Luxmoore married a Miss Barnard, niece of Edward Barnard, provost of Eton, and left a large family. He published a few charges and sermons.
The eldest son, Charles Scott Luxmoore (1794?-1854), graduated B.A. 1815, and proceeded M.A. in 1818 from St. John's College, Cambridge. By his father's assistance he was a notable pluralist, holding the deanery of St. Asaph, the chancellorship of the same diocese, a prebend at Hereford, and three rectories at the same time. He died at Cradley, Herefordshire, on 27 April 1854.
[Gent. Mag. 1830 i. 372, ii. 649, 1854 i. 663; Le Neve's Fasti; Thomas's Hist. of St. Asaph, p. 234.]
W. A. J. A.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.187 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
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# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lyall, Alfred

​LYALL, ALFRED (1795–1865), philosopher and traveller, born in 1795, was youngest son of John Lyall, of Findon, Sussex (d. 1805), and his wife, Jane Camming or Comyn, of Newcastle-on-Tyne. George Lyall [q. v.], M.P., and William Rowe Lyall, D.D. [q. v.], dean of Canterbury, were his brothers. He was educated at Eton, where his name appears in the lists of the fifth form, next to that of Percy Bysshe Shelley. Lyall matriculated at Trinity College, Cambridge, as a pensioner, 13 Nov. 1813, and graduated B.A. in 1818. After spending some time at Frankfort and at Geneva, he settled in a small house of his own at Findon with his widowed mother, to whom he was devoted. While at Findon he edited the ‘Annual Register’ from 1822 to about 1827. The winter of 1825–6 he passed with an invalid sister in Madeira, and on his return he published in 1827 an anonymous and singularly well-written narrative, entitled ‘Rambles in Madeira and Portugal.’ The book was accompanied by a folio volume of lithographic sketches by Lyall's friend and fellow-traveller, Mr. (afterwards the Rev. James) Bulwer. Subsequently Lyall returned to Findon, and applied himself to metaphysical studies. He produced, anonymously, a thin volume entitled ‘Principles of Necessary and Contingent Truth,’ London, 1830, being intended as an introduction to a larger work that never was executed. In 1829 Lyall took holy orders, as curate to his old friend Dr. Hind, rector of Findon, and in 1832 he married. The winter of 1833–4 he passed at Rome, where he kept an interesting journal, still extant. In 1837 he was appointed vicar of Godmersham, Kent, and at the request of Messrs. Rivingtons, the proprietors, resumed the editorship of the ‘Annual Register,’ but a serious illness soon compelled him to relinquish the work, and, although a careful and charitable pastor and a good neighbour, he was unable henceforth to undertake much literary work. In 1848 he became rector of Harbledown, near Canterbury.
In 1856, under the title ‘Agonistes, or Philosophical Strictures, by the Author of the Principles of Necessary and Contingent Truth,’ London, 12mo, Lyall published his maturer views, which resemble those of Sir William Hamilton [see Hamilton, Sir William, 1788–1856]. About a third of the book consists of a very close and generally adverse discussion of the philosophical theories of John Stuart Mill. In company with Renn Dickson Hampden [q. v.], bishop of Hereford, J. H. Rose of the ‘New Biographical Dictionary,’ Smedley, and others, Lyall contributed to the ‘History of the Mediæval Church,’ in vol. xi. of the ‘Encyclopedia Metropolitana.’ He died at Llangollen, of hereditary paralysis, 11 Sept. 1865, and was buried at Harbledown. There is a tablet to his memory in the church.
Lyall married in 1832 Mary, daughter of James T. Broadwood of Lyne House, Sussex. His children included the eminent Etonians and Indian civilians, Sir Alfred Lyall, P.C., K.C.B., and Sir James Lyall, K.C.S.I., lieutenant-governor of the Punjab (1887–1892).
[Burke's Landed Gentry, 1886 ed.; Lyall's writings; information from private sources.]
H. M. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lye, Edward

​LYE, EDWARD (1694–1767), Anglo-Saxon and Gothic scholar, born at Totnes, Devonshire, in 1694 (Notes and Queries, 5th ser. x. 207, 208), was the son of Thomas Lye, vicar of Broadhempston, Devonshire, and a schoolmaster at Totnes, by his wife Catherine (Johnson). He was educated at his father's school; at Crewkerne school, Somerset; and at Hart Hall (Hertford College), Oxford, where he entered 28 March 1713, and graduated B.A. 19 Oct. 1716, M.A. 6 July 1722 (Cat. Oxf. Grad.) He was ordained in 1717, and in 1721 was admitted vicar of Houghton Parva, Northamptonshire (Bridges, Northampton, i. 375), where he began the study of Anglo-Saxon and kindred tongues. In 1743 he published, with additions, the ‘Etymologicum Anglicanum’ of Francis Junius [q.v.] from the manuscript in the Bodleian. To this work, which had occupied him seven years, he prefixed an Anglo-Saxon grammar. In 1750 he published the Gothic version of the gospels, ‘Sacrorum Evangeliorum Versio Gothica,’ &c., Oxford, 4to, with a Latin translation, notes, and a Gothic grammar. On 4 Jan. 1750 he was elected fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. He resigned Houghton Parva about 1750 on being presented by the Earl of Northampton to the rectory of Yardley Hastings. He at this time was supporting his mother and his two sisters. About 1737 Lye began to work on an Anglo-Saxon and Gothic dictionary, which he despaired of publishing, until in 1765 he was encouraged by a subscription of 50l. from Archbishop Secker (Nichols, Lit. Anecd. ix. 752), and by other subscriptions. About thirty sheets were printed just before Lye's death, and the work was posthumously published, with additions, in 1772 by his friend the Rev. Owen Manning (Chalmers, Biog. Dict. s.v. ‘Manning’) as ‘Dictionarium Saxonico et Gothico-Latinum. Accedunt fragmenta Versionis Ulphilanæ, necnon opuscula quædam Anglo-Saxonica,’ London, 1772, fol.
Lye died, aged 73, on 19 Aug. 1767 (cp. Gent. Mag. 1767, xxxvii. 430), of gout, from which he had long suffered, at Yardley Hastings, where he was buried. He is described as a man of simple and upright character. A good portrait of Lye seated in his study was painted by Miss Reynolds, sister of Sir Joshua, and was engraved by T. Burke, 1784 (Nichols, Lit. Anecd. v. 461, ix. 753). His library was sold in 1773 (ib. iii. 669).
[Manning's Præfatio to Lye's Dictionarium; Chalmers's Biog. Dict. s.v. ‘Lye;’ authorities cited above.]
W. W.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Phillip, William

​PHILLIP, WILLIAM (fl. 1600), translator, made several translations, chiefly of books of travel, from the Dutch. His work is not very accurate. The titles of his books, all of which are rare, are: 1. ‘The Pathway to Knowledge, written in Dutch, and translated into English,’ London, 1596, 4to. 2. ‘The Description of a Voyage made by certaine Ships of Holland into the East Indies, with their Adventures and Successe; together with the Description of the Countries, Townes, and Inhabitants of the same: who set forth on the Second of April, 1595, and returned on the 14 of August, 1597,’ London, 1598, 4to, dedicated to Sir James Scudamore (Cat. of Grenville Library); reprinted in Hakluyt's ‘Collection’ (vol. v. new edit.), and in ‘Oxford Collection of Voyages and Travels’ (vol. ii.) The original is by Bernardt Langhenez. 3. ‘John Huighen van Linschoten his Discours of Voyages into the East and West Indies. Devided into foure Bookes,’ London, 1598, folio; illustrated with maps, plans, and views copied from the Dutch. 4. ‘A true and perfect Description of three Voyages to the North Pole, performed by the Ships of Holland and Zealand, so strange and wonderfull that the like hath never been heard of before,’ Lon​don, 1609, 4to, dedicated to Sir Thomas Smith, governor of the Muscovy Company; abridged in ‘Purchas his Pilgrimes’ (vol. iii.), and edited by C. T. Beke for the Hakluyt Society, London, 1853, 8vo. The original is by G. de Veer. 5. ‘The Relation of a Wonderful Voiage made by William Cornelison Schouten of Horne. Showing how South from the Straights of Magelan, in Terra Del-fuogo, he found and discovered a newe Passage through the great South Sea, and that was sayled round about the World. Describing what Islands, Countries, People, and Strange Adventures he found in the saide Passage,’ London, 1619, 4to; dedicated to Sir T. Smith, governor of the East India Company. 6. ‘Newes from Bohemia. An Apologie made by the States of the Kingdom of Bohemia, showing the Reasons why those of the Reformed Religion were moved to take Armes, for the Defence of the King and themselves, especially against the dangerous Sect of Jesuites. Translated out of Dutch into Latine, and thence into English, by Will. Philip [sic.],’ London, 1619. There are copies in the British Museum.
E. C. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Phillips, Arthur

​PHILLIPS, ARTHUR (1605–1695), musician, son of William Phillips of Winchester, was born in 1605, and matriculated from New College, Oxford, on 15 Nov. 1622. In 1638 he was organist at Bristol; in 1639 organist of Magdalen College, Oxford; in 1640 he graduated Mus. Bac., and from 1639 to 1656 was choragus or professor of music at Oxford. He became a Roman catholic, resigned his post at the university, and served Queen Henrietta Maria as organist in France. On his return to England he became before 1670 steward of John Caryll the elder of Harting in Sussex. He died on 27 March 1695. His will was proved by his nephew, Hugh Phillips, who succeeded to the stewardship, and died in 1696.
Phillips composed music in several parts to poems and hymns by Dr. Thomas Pierce [q. v.], including ‘The Resurrection,’ 1649, and ‘The Requiem, or Liberty of an imprisoned Royalist,’ 1641. A fancy, upon a ground, by him, is in British Museum Addit. MS. 29996, fol. 193 b.
L. M. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Phillipps, Samuel March

​PHILLIPPS, SAMUEL MARCH (1780–1862), legal writer, second son of Thomas March of More Crichel, Dorset, was born at Uttoxeter on 14 July 1780. His father assumed the additional surname of Phillipps on succeeding in 1796 to the estate of Garendon Park, Leicestershire, under the will of his cousin, Samuel Phillipps. His mother was Susan, fourteenth daughter of Edward Lisle of Crux-Easton, Hampshire. He was educated at the Charterhouse and Sidney-Sussex College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A., being eighth wrangler and chancellor's medallist, in 1802, and proceeded M.A. in 1805. He was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1806, but did not practise. His leisure he devoted to researches in the law of evidence and the state trials. In 1827 he accepted the post of permanent under-secretary for home affairs, which he held until 1848, when he retired, and was sworn of the privy council. He died at Great Malvern on 11 March 1862.
Phillipps married, on 16 Oct. 1812, Charemelle (d. 1825), second daughter of Charles Grant, and sister of Charles Grant, lord Glenelg [q. v.], by whom he had issue two sons.
Phillipps takes high rank among legal authors by his ‘Treatise on the Law of Evidence,’ London, 1814, 8vo, which, though now superseded, was in its day a standard text-book both in England and America. The eighth and last English edition, in the preparation of which he was assisted by Andrew Amos, appeared at London in 1838, 2 vols. 8vo. The fifth American edition was published at New York in 1868, 3 vols. 8vo. In 1826 he edited ‘State Trials; or a Collection of the most interesting Trials prior to the Revolution of 1688,’ London, 2 vols. 8vo.
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Phillips, Catherine

​PHILLIPS, CATHERINE (1727–1794), quakeress, daughter of Henry Payton of Dudley, Worcestershire, by his wife Ann, daughter of Henry and Elizabeth Fowler of Evesham, in the same county, was born at Dudley on 16 Jan. 1726–7. Her parents were devout quakers, and, her gift of pious oratory becoming conspicuous at an early age, she entered the ministry in 1748. Thenceforth she went on annual preaching tours among the Friends, visiting Wales, Cornwall, Ireland in 1751, and Scotland in 1752. In 1753 she sailed from London to Charlestown, traversed the whole of Carolina, and prolonged her stay in the New England colonies until 1756. In the following year she sailed from Harwich on a missionary tour in Holland, preaching to the natives by means of an interpreter. Her marriage at Bewdley, on 15 July 1772, to William Phillips, a widower, in the copper-mining business, proved no impediment to her itinerant preaching. After her husband's death, however, in 1785, her health declined, and her faculties seem to have decayed. She died at Redruth in Cornwall on 16 Aug. 1794, and was buried at Kea. Her son James was father of Richard Phillipps (1778–1851) [q. v.], and of William Phillipps (1775–1828) [q. v.]
Two years after her death appeared the autobiographical ‘Memoirs of the Life of Catherine Phillips, to which are added some of her Epistles,’ London, 1797, 8vo, a strictly edifying work, testifying to the writer's conviction of divine guidance in every circumstance of life. These ‘Memoirs’ were reprinted in the ‘Friends' Library,’ edited by William and Thomas Evans of Philadelphia (1847, vol. xi. pp. 188–287), and abridged by the Religious Tract Society in 1835. Minor works, in addition to printed addresses and letters, are: ‘Considerations on the Causes of the High Price of Grain … with occasional remarks,’ 1792, 8vo; ‘Reasons why the People called Quakers cannot so fully unite with the Methodists in their Missions to the Negroes in the West India Islands and Africa as freely to contribute thereto,’ London, 1792, 8vo; 2nd edit. 1793; and ‘The Happy King, a Sacred Poem, with ​occasional remarks. Respectfully addressed to George III,' privately printed, 1794. Mrs. Phillips is said to have had considerable knowledge in medicine and botany, and to have 'published something on planting and beautifying waste grounds,' but no such work appears to be known. Some of her discourses are appended to those of Samuel Fothergill [q. v.], published in 1803, and some letters are printed in John Kendall's 'Letters on Religious Subjects,' 1805, vol. ii.
[Memoirs of Life of Catherine Phillips, 1797; Gent. Mag. 1795, i. 259; Boase and Courtney's Bibl. Cornub. ii. 479; Biogr. Dict. of Living Authors, 1816, p. 271; Smiles's Lives of Boulton and Watt, p. 352; Smith's Catalogue of Friends' Books, ii. 405-6 (with full bibliography); Crosfield's Memoirs of Samuel Fothergill, 1857, pp. 440-1; Brit. Mus. Cat.]
T. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Phillips, Charles (fl.1770-1780)

​PHILLIPS, CHARLES (fl. 1770–1780), engraver, was born in 1737. He worked chiefly in mezzotint after the old masters; and his plates of that kind, which are few but of excellent quality, were all published between 1766 and 1776, some by Boydell, and others by Phillips himself. The most important are: 'Boy with Pigeon,' after F. Mola; 'Virgin and Child, with St. John and Two Angels,' after Parmigiano; 'Holy Family,' after S. Conca: 'Isaac blessing Jacob,' after Spagnoletto; 'The Philosopher,' after Rembrandt; Rubens with his wife and child, after Rubens; Mr. Weston in the character of Tycho, after De Loutherbourg; Nelly O'Brien, after Reynolds; and Lydia Hone, after N. Hone. The last is a remarkably luminous and powerful work. Some of these Phillips exhibited with the Free Society, to which later, and up to 1783, he sent some plates in the dotted manner after De Loutherbourg and others.
[Chaloner Smith's British Mezzotinto Portraits; Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Catalogues of the Free Society of Artists.]
F. M. O'D.