# Porter v. Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel

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United States Supreme Court
120 U.S. 649
Porter v. Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel
These are five appeals brought by Henry H. Porter, in which the Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Company, Limited, the Cleveland Rolling-mill Company, the Smith Bridge Company, Crerar, Adams & Co., and Volney Q. Irwin are severally appellees. The material facts out of which the questions for consideration arise are as follows:
In March, 1880, the Indiana & Chicago Railway Company was incorporated to construct and operate a railroad from a point on the state line of Indiana, in Lake county, to Attica, in Fountain county, Indiana. William Foster was the chief promoter of this enterprise, and was the president of the company, and of its successor, the Chicago & Great Southern Railway Company, from the organization of the Indiana & Chicago Railway Company down to March 15, 1882. From March, 1880, to June 23, 1881, Foster owned substantially all of the stock of the Indiana & Chicago Railway Company which had been issued, a few shares being held by the other directors, and he controlled the enterprise. Prior to June 23, 1881, the work of construction and of procurement of the right of way had progressed so far as Foster could procure and pay for the same, by the issuing of $50,250, par value, of paid-up capital stock of the company, of all of which stock Foster had, on June 23, 1881, become the owner. Prior to June, 1881, Henry Crawford purchased from A. J. Dull and Henry McCormick the entire capital stock, being 8,648 shares, of the Chicago & Block Coal Railroad Company. This was a company organized and incorporated by the purchasers, at a foreclosure sale, of the Indiana North & South Railroad, and it owned and operated a railroad extending south from Attica, through Veedersburg, in Fountain county, to Yeddo, a little over 20 miles in length. It had also procured some right of way and constructed some road-bed south of Yeddo, in the direction of Brazil, Indiana. The purchase price of this stock was $200,000. Crawford made a cash payment of part at the time, and gave his notes for the residue, the stock remaining in pledge with the vendors as security for the payment of the notes.
On June 23, 1881, Foster sold to Crawford 1,005 shares of the capital stock of the Indiana & Chicago Railway Company, of the par value of $50,250, under a written contract, by which Foster guarantied to Crawford that the stock thus sold was all of the capital stock of the company, excepting $10,000 par value still held by Foster, and that the company was under no obligation to issue any more stock, except a small amount for rights of way contracted to be paid for in stock. In connection with this contract, a certificate of the secretary of the Indiana & Chicago Railway Company was delivered to Crawford, showing the exact amount of capital stock then outstanding. The $10,000 of stock retained by Foster had been issued to him in payment of his salary and personal expenses i connection with the enterprise. On June 23, 1881, the company had no assets excepting the road-bed and right of way, which had been constructed and procured with the money represented by the $50,250 of stock, and excepting some $50,000 of aid voted by certain townships along the line, but not yet collected.
Foster remained president, and his board of directors remained directors, until March 15, 1882. Immediately after his purchase of the stock on June 23, 1881, Crawford, without any specific contract with the Indiana & Chicago Railway Company, began furnishing from his own means the money and material with which the work of constructing the road was carried on. On July 14, 1881, the board of directors of the company, at a special meeting, adopted a resolution changing its name to that of 'The Chicago & Great Southern Railway Cimpany.' On October 29, 1881, the board of directors of the Chicago Railway Company.' On October 29, adopted resolutions authorizing the execution of the mortgage and the issuing of the bonds involved in this litigation. At that time, Crawford was not a director or officer of the company. The mortgage and the bonds bear date November 1, 1881. The resolutions At that time, Crawford was not the amount of $2,000,000, and the mortgage secures that amount. The mortgage was made to John C. New as trustee, and describes the mortgaged premises as follows: 'All and singular the northern division of railway of the said party of the first part, as the same now is or may hereafter be constructed, between Brazil, Clay county, Indiana, extending thence northwardly through the counties of Clay, Parke, Fountain, Warren, Benton, Newton, and Jasper to a junction with the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railway, at or north-west from Rensselaer, Indiana, being about one hundred miles in length.'
Between June 23, 1881, and January 1, 1882, Crawford furnished from his own means over $300,000, which was paid out for work and material used in constructing the road between Attica and the junction at Fair Oaks, northwest of Rensselaer. In addition to this, Crawford, prior to January 1, 1882, had paid out of his own means to Dull and McCormick, upon his purchase of the stock of the Chicago & Block Coal Company, the sum of $85,000, leaving $115,000 and all interest still unpaid. From June 23, 1881, onwards, Foster and his board of directors looked to Crawford to furnish the money and material with which to carry on the work of construction. In pursuance of the resolutions of October 29, 1881, the mortgage was prepared and executed, and was duly recorded, in November, 1881, in the several counties through which the line of the railroad ran.
About the last of December, 1881, Foster, then president of the Chicago & Great Southern Railway Company, executed and delivered to Crawford-the actual delivery being made to one Starin, an employe of Crawford, at Crawford's office at Chicago, Crawford being absent-1,000 bonds, each for $1,000, negotiable in form, and payable to New or bearer, making $1,000,000; the payment of the bonds, and of the interest coupons attached thereto, being secured by the said mortgage. At the same time with the delivery of the bonds, Foster also delivered to Starin, for Crawford, the following memorandum, unsigned, but in the hand writing of Foster:
'Memorandum of agreement between the Chicago & Great Southern Railway Company and Henry Crawford as to applying the proceeds of an issue of one million dollars of bonds under date of November 1, 1881.
'First. In payment of Block Coal road, purchased by said Crawford, and the contract assigned by him to the Chicago & Great Southern Railway Company, with which it is to be consolidated, as provided by law; second, to reimburse said Crawford for money advanced, and to be hereafter advanced, for construction and equipment of the Chicago & Great Southern Railway, which the bills of purchase and vouchers for the necessary payments shall be the evidence of expenditures made; third, any balance from the proceeds of the first issue, or any subsequent issue, shall be used and applied to the extension and development of the line of road covered by the mortgage of November 1, 1881; fourth, it is understood and agreed that said Crawford is to furnish the necessary amount of money to pay the debts contracted since the first of July, 1881, and to complete grading and superstructure, and to furnish and equip the line of road, from junction with Air Line to Attica, as fast as the work can be done.'
Prior to the delivery of the bonds by Foster to Crawford, Crawford had assigned to the Chicago & Great Southern Railway Company his contract with Dull and McCormick for the purchase of the stock of the Chicago & Block Coal Railroad Company. When the bonds were thus delivered to Crawford, he had no official connection with the company, but owned $50,250 of its stock, and had furnished to it a large amount of money, which it had paid out for construction. In December, 1881, Crawford's note to Dull and McCormick matured and was unpaid. Crawford negotiated with Dull for an extension of time, and Dull agreed to give the extension if Crawford would deposit with him, as additional collateral security, all of the bonds then issued by the Chicago & Great Southern Railway Company, and all the stock which he had bought from Foster, and if he would also, by an agreement with New, the trustee, prevent the issue of any more bonds without Dull's written consent. This arrangement was carried out, and, on the twenty-seventh of January, 1882, Crawford delivered to Dull all of the stock which he had bought from Foster, and the 1,000 bonds which Foster had delivered to him, and also procured from New the following paper, which was delivered to Dull:
'I, John C. New, of the city of Indianapolis, in the state of Indiana, do hereby make known that, as trustee in a certain mortgage or deed of trust bearing date the first day of November, 1881, made and executed by the Chicago & Great Southern Railway Company, a corporation of the state of Indiana, to me, as trustee, covering the railroad and other property of said company, to secure a certain issue of first-mortgage bonds of said company, aggregating the sum of two millions of dollars, I have, as such trustee, certified for issue one thousand of said bonds, of one thousand dollars each, and no more, and, at the request of Henry Crawford, Esq., of Chicago, I agree that I will, as such trustee, certify no more of said bonds without the consent in writing of A. J. Dull, Esq., of Harrisburg, Pa.
'Dated at New York, January 27, 1882.
JNO. C. NEW, Trustee.' At this time, the balance due to Dull and McCormick was $115,000 and interest. The $85,000 which Crawford had paid to Dull and McCormick was in addition to the money he had furnished for constructing the new road north from Attica.
In February, 1882, the work of constructing the railroad being still in progress, and Crawford still continuing to furnish, without any contract with the company, the money used in prosecuting the work, he requested Foster and his board of directors to enter into a construction contract with him, and he sent to the board a written contract which he desired it to execute. The board, on the seventh of February, 1882, unanimously rejected the contract. Crawford then procured Foster to call another meeting of the board, which was held on March 15, 1882. Crawford attended this meeting, it being the first at which he was present. Becoming satisfied that Foster would prevent any contract or settlement from being made with him unless he would buy from Foster the $10,000 of stock still held by Foster, he purchased that stock from Foster, and the two entered into a written contract, dated March 15, 1882, by which Crawford became the owner of all the remainder of the capital stock of the company. Crawford on the same day assigned and transferred to each of the following persons one share of the capital stock of the company, viz., Henry Crawford, Jr., William A. Starin, D. H. Conklin, F. F. Lacey, H. Moore, G. W. McDonald, D. L. Lyon, and H. Meiselbar. On the same day, Foster and his board of directors, at the request of Crawford, resigned, and Crawford caused himself and the eight persons above named to be elected directors of the company. On the same day, Crawford was elected president of the company, and remained such for four days, until March 18, 1882, when he ceased to be president and director; and he had no official connection with the company from that time until April or May, 1883, when he was again elected director and president.
On March 18, 1882, the new board of directors passed a resolution approving the mortgage to New, and ordering it to be copied at length in the minutes of the meeting, which was done. At the same meeting the board of directors entered into a construction contract with Crawford. Between June 23, 1881, the date of Crawford's first purchase of stock from Foster, and March 18, 1882, the date of the construction contract, Crawford had paid out of his own means, for labor and material used in the construction of the company's railroad north from Attica, about $400,000, and for the purchase of the stock of the Chicago & Block Coal Railroad, extending south from Attica, $85,000.
The Chicago & Block Coal Railroad Company and the Chicago & Great Southern Railway Company were consolidated in the spring of 1883 under the name of 'The Chicago & Great Southern Railway Company.' On the ninth of April, 1883, the consolidated company executed and delivered to John C. New, as trustee, a deed of further assurance, covering the railroad and property of the Chicago & Block Coal Railroad Company, extending southwardly from Attica to Yeddo, in addition to the property covered by the mortgage of November 1, 1881, and making the first-named property a further security for the bonds issued under the mortgage of November 1, 1881. This deed of further assurance was duly recorded in the counties along the line of the railroad.
The work of construction was carried on until January, 1883, Crawford furnishing from his own means all the money paid for labor and material used in the construction between June 23, 1881, and January 5, 1883, except about $40,000 received on account of aid voted by certain townships along the line, which was also expended in paying for construction. Between January 23, 1882, (the date at which Crawford pledged the bonds and stock to Dull and McCormick,) and January 5, 1883, Crawford had been endeavoring either to sell the bonds so pledged to Dull and McCormick, or to hypothecate them for a loan sufficiently large to pay off Dull and McCormick, and also to furnish money to build the road from Fair Oaks to Attica. Between June 23, 1881, and January 5, 1883, there had been paid out for the construction of the railroad about $500,000, all of which had been furnished by Crawford, except about $40,000 received from township aid.
On January 5, 1883, Crawford negotiated a loan from Drexel Morgan & Co., a banking-house in the city of New York, under a written contract. This contract provided for a loan of $400,000, $250,000 to be paid at once, out of which the balance due to Dull and McCormick for the Chicago & Block Coal Railroad was to be paid; $50,000 more to be paid when the new road should be completed from Iroquois river to Fair Oaks; $50,000 more when the road should be completed eight miles south from Oxford, and when Crawford should furnish satisfactory proof to Drexel, Morgan & Co. that he had put into the work $50,000 of his own money, in addition to all the moneys theretofore expended by him upon the construction of the road; the last $50,000 to be paid when the line should be completed from Fair Oaks to Yeddo. Crawford was to procure the consolidation of the Chicago & Block Coal Railroad with the Chicago & Great Southern Railway. As security for this loan, all of the capital stock of the Chicago & Block Coal Railroad Company, all of the capital stock of the Chicago & Great Southern Railway Company, and all of the bonds of the latter company, either then issued or thereafter to be issued, were to be delivered to and held by Drexel, Morgan & Co. Crawford was to give his individual notes for the loan, and Drexel, Morgan & Co. were to appoint, and did appoint, an agent to superintend the expenditure of all the money to be advanced by them; the money to be paid out only upon drafts drawn by Crawford, and approved and countersigned by such agent. Under this contract, Drexel, Morgan & Co. advanced $350,000. As part of it, they paid to Dull and McCormick, on January 5, 1883, $132,379.99, being the entire balance due on the purchase of the stock of the Chicago & Block Coal Railroad Company, and received from Dull and McCormick all of the stock and bonds which they held as collateral. Drexel, Morgan & Co. received this stock and these bonds, not from Crawford, but from Dull and McCormick; Crawford never having had possession or control of the stock or the bonds from the time when he pledged them to Dull and McCormick. The remaining $217,620.01 was paid by Drexed, Morgan & Co., through their agent, directly for labor and material used in the construction of the railroad, and was paid at various times between January 5, 1883, and September, 1883. During the same period, Crawford, in addition to what he had theretofore expended out of his own means in the work of construction, and in addition to the money so paid by Drexel, Morgan & Co., paid out of his own means more than $50,000 for labor and material used in the construction of the railroad between Oxford and Attica. From January 5, 1883, to September, 1883, the contractors, subcontractors, furnishers of material, and laborers were informed and understood that the money paid to them from time to time during that period was mainly derived from a loan negotiated upon the mortgage bonds of the railway company. Each of these five appellees knew of the pledge of these bonds to Drexel, Morgan & Co. for this loan, and knew that they were getting part of the money loaned by Drexel, Morgan & Co.
After the Drexel, Morgan & Co. loan was exhausted, the work of construction was continued, the money paid for labor and material being furnished by Crawford, until about February, 1884, when the new road was so far constructed as to enable trains to be run from Attica to the junction at Fair Oaks. On the eighteenth of February, 1884, Crawford submitted to the board of directors a report, showing the then condition of the work, and asked the board to issue to him, in addition to the $1,000,000 of first-mortgage bonds theretofore issued, a further sum of of income bonds, as a payment to $1,200,000 of capital stock, and $1,200,000 mof income bonds, as a payment to him on account. On the same day the board of directors passed the following resolutions: 'That, as a payment on account for the work done and material furnished up to the present time under such construction contract, there be allowed and paid to the contractor, or order, the sum of two hundred thousand dollars of first mortgage bonds, (in addition to the one million dollars heretofore appropriated,) and also ($1,200,000) one million two hundred thousand dollars of income bonds, and ($1,200,000) one million two hundred thousand dollars in the common stock, full paid, of this company; the proper officers of the company to execute the foregoing resolutions, and take the proper vouchers for all payments.' No income bonds were ever issued by the company. On the fifth of May, 1884, at the request of Crawford, the board of directors adopted a resolution providing for an exchange of the old Indiana & Chicago Railway Company stock and of the old Chicago & Block Coal Railroad company stock for new stock of the consolidated Chicago & Great Southern Railway Company. At the same meeting the board passed a resolution that, in addition to the consolidated stock to be issued in exchange for the old stock of the original cm panies, the secretary should issue and deliver to the contractor additional new stock, as payment under the construction contract, so as to make the total consolidated stock outstanding amount to $1,200,000, par value. This exchange of stock was made, and enough additional new stock of the consolidated company was issued to make its total stock outstanding amount to $1,200,000, par value, all of which stock was delivered to Drexel, Morgan & Co. under their contract of loan. When Dull and McCormick, on January 5, 1883, delivered their stock and bonds to Drexel, Morgan & Co., they also delivered to the latter the following consent:
'john C. New, Trustee: I hereby consent to the issue and certification of the remaining $1,000,000 of Chicago & Great Southern Railway bonds whenever you are so requested to do by Drexel, Morgan & Co.
'New York, January 5, 1883.
A. J. DULL.'
The additional $200,000 of bonds which Crawford was authorized to receive by such resolution of the board of February 18, 1884, were issued. Drexel, Morgan & Co. procured New, as trustee, to certify them, and they were delivered by Crawford to Drexel, Morgan & Co. in August, 1884.
While the construction of the railroad was in progress, Crawford became indebted to the First National Bank of Chicago in the sum of about $300,000, about two-thirds of which money Crawford expended in the construction of the Chicago Air Line Railroad, and about one-third of it in the construction of the Chicago & Great Southern Railway. While the bonds and stock of the Chicago & Great Southern Railway Company were so held in pledge by Drexel, Morgan & Co., Crawford gave to the First National Bank of Chicago a second pledge of the same bonds and stock, to secure the payment of his indebtedness to the bank, he having already pledged to it certain other securities and property as collateral. Crawford's notes to Drexel, Morgan & Co. matured, and were not paid. Drexel, Morgan & Co., under the power given to them in their contract with Crawford, of January 5, 1883, advertised the pledged bonds and stock to be sold on June 2, 1884. By a written agreement between Crawford and Drexel, Morgan & Co., made May 27, 1884, the sale was postponed to June 20, 1884. In the mean time, Samuel M. Nickerson, president of the First National Bank of Chicago, which held the second pledge of the securities held by Drexel, Morgan Co., and Henry H. Porter, a director and stockholder of the bank, entered into negotiations with Drexel, Morgan & Co. respecting the purchase of the bonds and stock from them if Crawford should further fail to pay his debt to them and to redeem the securities. These negotiations resulted in a contract between Crawford and Drexel, Morgan & Co. by which the time of payment was extended for 60 days from June 20, 1884, and a further contract between Nickerson and Porter, of the one part, and Drexel, Morgan & Co., of the other part, by which Nickerson and Porter agreed to buy the pledged securities from Drexel, Morgan & Co., and to pay them their claim in full, with interest, if Crawford should fail to pay his debt to them at the expiration of the 60 days. These two contracts were both of them dated June 25, 1884. Crawford failed to pay his debt to Drexel, Morgan & Co. within the 60 days. Prior to January 12, 1885, Porter purchased Nickerson's interest in the contract of June 25, 1884, between Nickerson and Porter, and Drexel, Morgan & Co. On January 12, 1885, Porter paid to Drexel, Morgan & Co. $392,363.24 by drafts, and sent them the drafts inclosed in a letter, in which Nickerson concurred. Drexel, Morgan & Co. received the payment, and delivered the pledged bonds and stock to Porter, accompanying the delivery with a letter giving in detail a list of the stocks, bonds, notes, agreements, and papers held by them as collateral to the loan. One of the papers inclosed by them to Porter was a consent signed by them, authorizing New, as trustee, to certify the remanining uncertified $800,000 of fis t-mortgage bonds whenever so requested to do by Porter. whenever so requested to do by Porter. other persons, who entered into a subscription or syndicate agreement for the purpose of buying in the railroad and reorganizing, completing, and extending it. By this agreement it was provided that Porter, as the agent and attorney of the parties concerned, should go on 'in his own name,' and foreclose the mortgage, sell the property, did it off, reorganize the company, and convey the property to be purchased under the foreclosure to the reorganized company. The agreement was, in effect, one by the subscribers to pay so much money for so much stock and bonds of the new company to be organized after the foreclosure and sale by Porter. It gave to Porter absolute power over and control of all the bonds of the existing company, with full authority in his own name to foreclose the mortgage, and reorganize the company upon the foreclosure purchase, and conduct and control the new enterprise.
On the twenty-sixth of December, 1884, Porter and Crawford entered into a contract under which Porter and the syndicate represented by him purchased and became the absolute owners of any and all right Crawford might have to redeem from Porter the bonds and stock he should receive from Drexel, Morgan & Co. by paying to him the amount he should pay to them. This contract recognized the right of Crawford so to redeem the bonds and stock. Drexel, Morgan & Co. did not sell the bonds and stock at public auction on notice, but sold to Porter at private sale their debt against Crawford, and put Porter in their place as to the collateral sccurity for the debt. Crawford was willing that Porter should take the bonds and stock in this way if he (Crawford) could still have an opportunity to protect his second pledge of them to the First National Bank of Chicago. By this contract Porter and his associates fixed the ultimate price they were willing to pay for the bonds and stock, which price left a margin for the bank after paying off Drexel, Morgan & Co. On the same day, and as a part of the same transaction, Crawford, by written assignment, transferred to the First National Bank of Chicago all of his right, title, and interest in and to the contract of the same date between himself and Porter, and all the rights, claims, demands, moneys, and payments he (Crawford) might be or become entitled to by reason of and under that contract. These two instruments simply constituted the method pursued to protect the bank in its second lien upon the bonds and the stock, and were entered into for the purpose of securing to it any margin of value there might be in the bonds and stock after paying the Drexel, Morgan & Co. debt.
The amount of money furnished by Crawford, and expended in the construction of the railroad, during the time the Drexel, Morgan & Co. loan was being used in construction, and during the time after that loan was exhausted, amounted to at least $250,000, in addition to the moneys which Crawford had theretofore paid out for such construction. The total expenditure in constructing the Chicago & Great Southern Railway was something over $1,000,000, all of which came from Crawford's private means, and from the Drexel, Morgan & Co. loan, except some $40,000 or $50,000 received from aid voted by some townships along the line. The mortgage bonds involved in this litigation represent this $1,000,000 expended in construction, and the accrued interest thereon. The railroad from Yeddo to Fair Oaks was opened for business in April or May, 1884. Prior to the appointment of a receiver, on October 28, 1884, the company did not earn sufficient money to pay its operating expenses. No interest was ever paid on any of the mortgage bonds issued by the company. Crawford never received anything from the company for personal services or expenses, or any repayment of moneys expended by him in constructing the railroad.
On October 27, 1884, John Hack and others filed a creditors' bill in the circuit court of Jasper couny , Indiana, against the Chicago & Great Southern Railway Company and Henry Crawford. On the same day, that court entered an order appointing Philip B. Shumway receiver. Afterwards, on March 5, 1885, Crawford filed his answer in the suit, disclaiming all interest in its result, and upon that answer an order was entered that Crawford recover from the plaintiffs his costs, and that he had no interest in any controversy pertaining to the action. On February 26, 1885, the court removed Shumway, and appointed as receiver in his stead William Foster. In the order appointing Foster there was this provision: 'And the court, as a condition of the appointment of said receiver, reserves the right to make any further order respecting the priority and payment of labor and supply claims accruing prior to the receivership herein, as may hereafter seem and appear to the court to be equitable and just.'
On the fourth of April, 1885, the Hack suit was removed into the circuit court of the United States for the district of Indiana. On the ninth of March, 1885, Porter filed in that court his bill of complaint against the Chicago & Great Southern Railway Company, John C. New, trustee, and others, alleging that New, as trustee, refused to bring the suit, and praying for the foreclosure of the mortgage of November 1, 188, and of the deed of further assurance of April 9, 1883. On the eighteenth of April, 1885, this suit and the Hack suit were consolidated under the title of the Porter suit. On April 29, 1885, and August 15, 1885, orders were entered authorizing the receiver to issue certificates to pay receiver's indebtedness, and to make needed repairs and replacements on the railroad. Under these orders, receiver's certificates, amounting in the aggregate to $153,000, were issued. The railway company filed an answer in the consolidated suit, admitting the averments of the bill. A decree pro confesso was entered against New, trustee. Various creditors of the company were made parties defendant to the bill, some being judgment creditors and some not. Other creditors filed intervening petitions. In May, 1885, the trustees of four townships, two in Benton county and two in Newton county, which had voted aid in the construction of the railroad amounting to about $40,000, applied to the court, as trustees of common schools, to be made defendants, and to be allowed to defend agninst the foreclosure, but the application was denied.
In June, 1885, the same trustees, as trustees of the townships voting aid, applied to be permitted to defend against the foreclosure as minority stockholders. This application was denied on the ground that under the statutes of Indiana the individual tax-payers of the townships which had voted aid were entitled to the benefit of the stock, in proportion to the amount of taxes paid by them respectively. Thereupon, John W. Swan and Cephas Atkinson, as tax-payers of two townships, applied for leave to become defendants and to defend against the foreclosure. Without disposing of that application, the court, on the seventeenth of August, 1885, entered a decree of foreclosure and sale.
On the thirtieth of September, 1885, the application of Swan and Atkinson was reheard by the court, and it entered an order admitting Swan and Atkinson as defendants, and allowing them to file their petition and answer. The order contained this provision: 'This order shall in nowise affect the decree heretofore made for the sale of the railroad by the court, or rights of parties thereunder.' Swan and Atkinson filed their petition and sworn answer, charging that the mortgage and the bonds were fraudulently executed and issued, and were without consideration and void, and that Crawford's construction contract was fraudulent and void. On October 8, 1885, Swan and Atkinson and others filed a petition to set aside the foreclosure decree of August 17, 1885, containing substantially the same charges against the mortgage that were contained in the answer of Swan and Atkinson On the twelfth of October, 1885, the court set aside the forelosure decree, and made an order giving the defendants 39 days in which to take their evidence 'as to so much of said case as involves the validity of the mortgage and mortgage debts, as the same are described in the bill of said Porter and the defendants' answers.' Porter filed a replication to the answer of Swan and Atkinson.
Voluminous testimony was taken, on which the case was heard, and a decree of foreclosure was entered on the sixteenth of February, 1886. That decree denied the relief prayed by the answer of Swan and Atkinson, as stockholders, and dismissed their petition. It declared that 1,200 of the mortgage bonds were issued and delivered by the company to Crawford; that 1,000 thereof were to be accounted for by Crawford under the construction contract; that 200 of them were delivered to Crawford under that contract; that the 1,200 bonds were sold and delivered by Crawford to Porter and his associates; and that the remaining 800 of them had never been issued. It recited the making, delivery, and recording of the two mortgages of November 1, 1881, and April 9, 1883; that the company defaulted in paying the interest due July 1, 1882, on the bonds; that there were $291,860 of interest in default upon the bonds issued; and that the mortgages 'are valid and binding obligations as against the company,' and a paramount lien on all the property thereby conveyed, 'excepting as hereinafter provided.' It then proceeded to decree as follows:
'Sixth. That all unpaid valid claims against said railway company, accrued for right of way, lands, labor, rolling stock, and material used in the construction and betterment of said railway, whether reduced to judgment or remaining in open account, are hereby adjudged and decreed to be prior, superior, and paramount to the lien of the said mortgages or deeds of trust, and the bonds secured thereby; that all unpaid valid claims for labor, supplies, rolling stock, and material used in the operation of said railway prior to the appointment of a receiver, whether reduced to judgment or remaining in open account, are hereby adjudged and decreed to be prior, superior, and paramount in lien to the said lien of said mortgages or deeds of trust, and the bonds secured thereby; and all of said claims accrued in the construction of said railway and its betterment, and all of said claims accrued in the operation of said railway prior to the appointment of a receiver, as hereinabove in this paragraph of this decree described, are hereby adjudged and decreed to be prior, superior, and paramount in lien to the lien of any and all receiver's certificates issued under the order of this court in this cause, excepting only receiver's certificates to the amount of twenty-three thousand dollars, ($23000), issued under the order of this court of April 29, A. D. 1885; the proceeds of said certificates other than said twenty-three thousand dollars ($23000) representing construction or betterment of said railway.
'Seventh. That all court and receiver's indebtedness accrued against said property since the appointment of a feceiver is hereby adjudged and decreed to be prior, superior, and paramount in lien to the lien of said mortgages or deeds of trust, and the bonds secured thereby.'
It then provided for the sale of the mortgaged property at public auction, by a master, for not less than $500,000; for the payment of the purchase money into the registry of the court; and for a reference to the master to take testimony and report his findings and such testimony as to certain specified matters, among which was the following: '(5) The amount due the several claimants under the sixth paragraph of this decree, showing the amount due each claimant, and the aggregate amount due upon each of the two classes of the claims mentioned in said sixth paragraph.'
On March 27, 1886, the railroad was sold by the master, and bought by Porter, for $501,000. On April 5, 1886, the sale was confirmed by the court, and the purchaser was empowered to pay, as cash, in part payment of the purchase money, all receiver's certificates outstanding, then amounting, with interest, to $157,884.64, the remainder of the purchase money, $343,115.36, being paid in cash.
The reference was had before the master, and much testimony was taken upon it. On August 31, 1886, the master filed his first report under the reference, in which he allowed the following claims at the following amounts. The Cleveland Rolling-mill Company, $29,643.97; Crerar, Adams & Co., $7,809.94; the Smith Bridge Company, $20,900.24; the Pittsburgh Bessemer Stell Co., Limited, $12,944.20. Porter duly filed exceptions to these allowances. On the eighth of October, 1886, the master filed his report as to the claim of Irwin, allowing it at the sum of $10,950.30. Porter duly excepted to this allowance. On the ninth of October, 1886, on a hearing on the reports and exceptions, the court made the following decree:
'First. That the said five several defendants, claimants, and intervening petitioners hereinbefore named have each done work or furnished materials which have been used in the construction and betterment of the railway of said Chicago & Great Southern Railway Company prior to the appointment of the receiver therefor, which respective claims for such labor and material are valid claims against said railway company to the amounts hereinafter named, and which said amounts are adjudged and decreed to be valid claims under and in pursuance of the sixth paragraph of the decree heretofore, on the sixteenth day of February, 1886, entered in this cause, prior and superior and paramount to the lien of the mortgages or deeds of trust in said decree mentioned, and the bonds secured thereby.
'Second. And the court further finds that there is now in the registry of this court, to the credit of this cause, the sum of $325,194.27, derived from the sale of said property, and remaining after the payment of all receiver's certificates and certain of the indebtedness incurred by the court since it assumed the control and management of said railroad, and which sum is largely in excess of the total amount of claims filed or proven under the terms of said decree entered on the sixteenth day of February, 1886, including all unpaid costs and indebtedness incurred by the court since it took possession of said railway property.
'Third. And the court further finds that there is due to the Smith Bridge Company the sum of $20,900.24, with interest to be added from the twenty-seventh day of October, 1884, at the rate of six per cent. per annum; that there is due to the Cleveland Rolling-mill Company the sum of $29,643.97, with interest to be added from the twenty-seventh day of October, 1884, at the rate of six per cent. per annum; that there is due to Cerar, Adams & Co. the sum of $7,809.94, with interest to be added from the twenty-seventh day of October, 1884, at the rate of six per cent. per annum; that there is due to the Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Company the sum of $12,944.20, with interest to be added from the twenty-seventh day of October, at the rate of six per cent. per annum; that there is due Volney Q. Irwin the sum of $11,450.30, with interest to be added from the twenty-seventh day of October, 1884, at the rate of six per cent. per annum. Which several sums of money are due to said above-named parties respectively, for and on account of labor or material used in the construction and betterment of said railway, as provided and set forth in the sixth paragraph of said decree entered in said cause on the sixteenth day of February, 1886.
'It is, therefore, finally ordered, adjudged, and decreed by the court that the clerk of this court shall pay out of the said fund in the registry of the court to the credit of this cause the said several sums of money, with interest to be computed thereon, to the said parties, respectively, or their solicitors of record, viz.: To the Smith Bridge Company, the sum of $23,345.54; to the Cleveland Rolling-mill Company, the sum of $33,112.32; to Crerar, Adams & Co., the sum of $8,723.71; to the Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Company, the sum of $14,458.65; to Volney Q. Irwin, the sum of $12,789.98. Said several payments shall be made, with interest at the rate of six per centum per annum from the date of the entry of this decree, in full payment and discharge of said respective claims against said railway property and franchises.'
Porter has appealed separately from each of these decrees and orders of payment, and these are the appeals now presented for consideration.
J. E. McDonald, John M. Butler, and Robert B. F. Peirce, for appellant.
John S.C.ooper, A. C. Harris, W. H. Calkins, and E. W. Tollerton, for appellees.
BLATCHFORD, J.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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