OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Votkinsk

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​VOTKINSK, a town and iron-works, in the Russian government of Vyatka, 40 m. N. of Sarapul and 8 m. W. from the Kama, founded in 1756. Pop. 21,000. Votkinsk was formerly one of the chief government establishments for the construction of steamers for the Caspian, as well as of locomotives for the Siberian railway, and it has long been renowned for its excellent tarantasses (driving vehicles) and other smaller iron-wares, as well as for its knitted goods. Its agricultural machinery is known throughout Russia.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Voucher

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​VOUCHER (from “to vouch,” to warrant, answer for, O. Fr. voucher, to cite, call in aid, Lat. vocare, to call, summon), any document in writing which confirms the truth of accounts or establishes other facts, more particularly a receipt or other evidence in writing which establishes the fact of the payment of money.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Voznesensk

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​VOZNESENSK, a town of Russia, in the government of Kherson, on the left bank of the river Bug, at the head of navigation, 55 m. N.W. from Nikolayev, to which steamers ply regularly. Pop. 14,178. It is a river port of some importance, and holds four large fairs annually. It contains a cathedral, a public garden and distilleries and breweries.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Voussoir

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​VOUSSOIR (Ger. Wölbestein), the French term used by architects for the wedge-shaped stones or other material with which the arch (q.v.) is constructed; the lowest stone on each side is termed the springer (Fr. coussinet sommier) and the upper one at the crown of the arch the keystone (Fr. claveau).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Morton, Levi Parsons

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MORTON, LEVI PARSONS (1824-1920), American banker and politician (see 18.882), died at Rhinebeck, N.Y., May 16 1920, his 96th birthday.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Moss, Sir (Horace) Edward

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MOSS, SIR (HORACE) EDWARD (1852–1912), British director of variety theatres, was born at Manchester in 1852 and in 1877 opened the Gaiety theatre, Edinburgh, first of the Moss's Empire theatres, which by 1912 numbered twenty houses and represented a capital of over £2,000,000. He was the principal pioneer of the changes which have transformed the old music-hall into the modern variety theatre, and in recognition of this fact, and for his charities, he was knighted in 1905. He died at Middleton, Midlothian, Nov. 25 1912.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Muir, John

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MUIR, JOHN (1838-1914), American naturalist and writer, was born at Dunbar, Scotland, April 21 1838. When he was 11 years old his father moved to America and settled as a pioneer farmer in Wisconsin. Here the boy grew up taking an active part in clearing his father's land. When 22 years old he entered the university of Wisconsin, where he supported himself by teaching and working on farms during vacation. After finishing his course he began his wanderings on foot which carried him through many states. Later he crossed to Cuba, and thence to Panama and up the Pacific coast to California. In 1868 he first entered the Yosemite Valley which for many years after formed the base of his continued expeditions. In 1876 he joined the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey and three years later made his first visit to Alaska where he discovered the glacier that now bears his name. He was specially interested in glaciation and in the Sierra discovered numerous residual glaciers. In 1881 he took part in the expedition in search of the “Jeanette” and the De Long party in the Arctic region. He was an early advocate of national parks, and it was largely due to his efforts that the Yosemite Park was set aside in 1890. In 1903 he set out on a tour covering the Caucasus, Siberia, Manchuria, Japan, India, Australia and New Zealand; in 1911 he went to S. America to explore the Amazon; and in 1912 he visited Africa. He died at Los Angeles, Cal., Dec. 24 1914.
He published The Mountains of California (1894); Our National Parks (1901); Stickeen (1909, the story of a dog); My First Summer in the Sierra (1911); The Yosemite (1912) and The Story of My Boyhood and Youth (1913). In 1888 he edited Picturesque California. The following appeared posthumously: Unpublished Prose and Letters (1915); Travels in Alaska (1915); Letters to a Friend (1915); A Thousand-Mile Walk to the Gulf (1916); The Cruise of the Corwin (1917) and Steep Trails (1918).
See also The Writings of John Muir (1916), 6 vols., edited by William Frederic Bade.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Murphy, Fred Towsley

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​MURPHY, FRED TOWSLEY (1872–), American surgeon, was born in Detroit, Mich., Oct. 23 1872. He was educated at Phillips Academy, Andover, at Yale (A.B. 1897), and the Harvard Medical School (M.D. 1901). He was assistant in anatomy at the Harvard Medical School, 1903–4; Austin teaching fellow in surgery, 1905; visiting surgeon to the clinic, 1909–11, and assistant in surgery 1910–11. From 1904 to 1908 he was assistant surgeon at the Infants Hospital, Boston, and from 1907 to 1911 surgeon to out-patients at the Massachusetts General Hospital. In 1911 he was appointed professor of surgery at the Washington University Medical School and, in 1914, chief surgeon of the Barnes Hospital and consulting surgeon of the City Hospital, St. Louis, but resigned in 1919 to become a practising surgeon in Detroit. During the World War he was director and commanding officer of Base Hospital 21 in France (1917–8), and later was director of the medical and surgical department of the American Red Cross, representing the chief surgeon of the A.E.F., with the rank of colonel. He was awarded the D.S.M.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Murkland, William Urwick

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​MURKLAND, WILLIAM URWICK (1842–1899), American clergyman, was born Nov. 17 1842 in Demerara, British Guiana, where his father was a Scotch missionary. When a child he moved with his parents to Petersburg, Va., and later to Richmond. In 1857 he entered Hampden-Sidney College, but on the outbreak of the Civil War he enlisted, before graduation; in the Confederate army. With one exception he was the youngest member in his command. He was captured at Laurel Hill by troops of Gen. McClellan, but was soon paroled, and returned to Hampden-Sidney College, where he graduated with first honours in 1862. Having meanwhile been exchanged, he again entered the Confederate army. After the close of the war he entered the Union Theological Seminary of Virginia where he remained three years. After his ordination as a Presbyterian minister in 1869, he was pastor of Centre Church, Cumberland co., Va. In Jan. 1870 he was called as assistant to the Franklin Street church, Baltimore, Md., and the following June was chosen pastor, which position he held until his death, May 13 1899. While detained as a young prisoner of war he had won the affection of Gen. McClellan, who later, during his residence in Baltimore, became his parishioner. At Gen. McClellan’s death, Dr. Murkland took part in the funeral ceremonies. In 1890 he was a delegate to the World’s Peace Congress in London; in 1893 a delegate to the Ecumenical Methodist Council at Washington; and in 1894 a delegate to the Northern General Assembly at Saratoga. Dr. Murkland was one of the prominent figures in the Presbyterian Church in the United States, and long distinguished for his ability and influence. He was an extensive traveller and a man of fine literary attainments. On June 4 1895 the 25th anniversary of Dr. Murkland’s pastorate was celebrated, and many distinguished clergymen from all parts of the country together with the highest state and city officials took part. Dr. Murkland was an eloquent speaker and one of the foremost orators in the South. He was chosen orator for the state of Maryland on Maryland Day at the Cotton States’ Exposition, Atlanta, Ga., in 1895.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mosby, John Singleton

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MOSBY, JOHN SINGLETON (1833-1916), American soldier (see 18.890), died in Washington, D.C., May 30 1916.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Moseley, Henry Gwyn Jeffreys

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MOSELEY, HENRY GWYN JEFFREYS (1887-1915), British physicist, was born Nov. 23 1887. He was educated at Eton, where he entered as a King's scholar, and at Trinity College, Oxford, from which he graduated in 1910 with honours in natural science. His earliest research work was undertaken in Rutherford's laboratory in Manchester, whither he went as lecturer in physics after leaving Oxford. He at once gave evidence of unusual ability both as an original thinker and skilful experimenter. After two years he resigned his lectureship in order to devote more time to research work, and was elected John Harling fellow. The researches with which his name is specially associated were those made shortly before his death. Rutherford had announced the nuclear theory of atomic structure which required each atom to consist of a minute positively charged nucleus about which negative electrons were distributed. It seems also that the charge would increase with the atomic weight of the element. It had been suggested, and Bohr had adopted this view, that the nuclear charge was equal to the atomic number, i.e. to the number of the element in a complete series of the elements arranged in ascending order, but hitherto no atomic property had been discovered which could be definitely represented by this number. Moseley, shortly after the discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals, set to work to examine the X-ray spectrum of a number of elements each of which he made in turn the target of an X-ray tube. He found that his crystal-grating gave a spectrum of two lines for each element and that their frequency increased by definite steps as he passed from one element to the next; indeed, the frequency of vibration associated with each element was a simple function of a number which he found to be identical with the atomic number. It is now generally accepted that this number, experimentally determined by Moseley for a number of elements, defines the physical and chemical properties of the particular element. This number is probably to be identified with the electric charge upon the nucleus of the atom. From the regular progression of the lines in the X-ray spectra of different elements Moseley was able tc indicate the number of elements yet to be discovered, and he cleared up certain anomalies in the periodic tables of the elements. He laid the foundation of what will probably prove to be a new and more precise form of chemistry (see Chemistry, and Matter, Constitution of). Moseley was in Australia with the British Association in 1914 when the World War broke out; he returned to England, obtained a commission in the Royal Engineers, and was killed by a Turkish bullet on the Gallipoli peninsula on Aug. 10 1915. (W. G. D.)
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Munsey, Frank Andrew

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MUNSEY, FRANK ANDREW (1854-), American publisher and newspaper proprietor, was born at Mercer, Me., Aug. 21 1854. He was educated in the public schools and became a telegraph operator in Augusta, Me. In 1882 he went to New York City and established The Golden Argosy, a magazine for children, later changing this to The Argosy, a magazine for adult readers. In 1889 he founded Munsey's Weekly, replaced two years later by Munsey's Magazine, the first monthly of its class to sell for the popular price of ten cents. He also founded The All-Story Weekly (1904) and The Railroad Man's Magazine
(1906) and purchased The Baltimore News (1908), The New York Press (1912) and the New York Sun, both morning and evening issues (1916). He merged the Press in the Sun. In 1920 he bought from the executors of James Gordon Bennett's estate the New York Evening Telegram and The New York Herald, together with its Paris issue. He combined the Herald and the morning Sun as The Sun and The New York Herald, but in Oct. 1920 changed the name to The New York Herald, at the same time continuing the evening paper as The Sun, thus perpetuating intact two names famous in American journalism.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Murphy, Charles Francis

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​MURPHY, CHARLES FRANCIS (1858–), American politician, was born in New York City June 20 1858. He was educated in the public and parochial schools. He began work in 1876 as a street-car driver. Later with his small savings he opened a saloon, and as his business prospered became proprietor of several such establishments, in which he maintained good order. These, he declared, served as poor men’s clubs. In 1892 he succeeded Edward Hagan as Tammany leader of the 18th assembly district, and from that time his political power grew rapidly. In 1897 he was appointed a member of the board of commissioners of docks and ferries in New York City, serving five years, the last as treasurer. In 1902 he succeeded Richard Croker, on the latter’s retirement, as leader of Tammany Hall, a position he continued to hold for a longer period than any of his predecessors. In 1903 he secured the nomination of George B. McClellan for mayor of New York City, who was elected, and two years later reelected. In 1906 he supported William Randolph Hearst, the unsuccessful candidate for governor of New York on the Independence League and the Democratic tickets. In 1909 he supported for mayor Judge Gaynor, who was elected. At the Democratic National Convention in 1912 he swung his followers to Champ Clark, who led on the earlier ballots. Thereupon William Jennings Bryan, who had looked with favour upon Clark, declared that he would not support him so long as he was backed by Tammany, threw his influence on the side of Woodrow Wilson and secured his nomination. The same year, as presidential elector, Murphy gave Wilson support, and in 1916 approved his renomination. He was a delegate at the Democratic National Convention in 1920, and it was in part through his influence that James M. Cox secured the nomination.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Theodore Lascaris

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​THEODORE LASCARIS (d. 1222), emperor of Nicaea, was born of a noble Byzantine family. He became the son-in-law of the Emperor Alexius III. and distinguished himself during the sieges of Constantinople by the Latins (1203-4). After the capture of the city he gathered a band of fugitives in Bithynia and established himself in the town of Nicaea, which became the chief rallying-point for his countrymen. Relieved of the danger of invasion by a Latin force which had defeated him in 1204 but was recalled to Europe by a Bulgarian invasion, he set to work to form a new Byzantine state in Asia Minor, and in 1206 assumed the title of emperor. During the next years Theodore was beset by enemies on divers sides. He maintained himself stubbornly in defensive campaigns against the Latin emperor Henry, defeated his rival Alexius Comnenus of Trebizond, and carried out a successful counter-attack upon Gayath-ed-din, the sultan of Koniah, who had been instigated to war by the deposed Alexius III. Theodore's crowning victory was gained in 1210, when in a battle near Pisidian Antioch he captured Alexius and wrested the town itself from the Turks. At the end of his reign he ruled over a territory roughly conterminous with the old Roman provinces of Asia and Bithynia. Though there is no proof of higher qualities of statesmanship in him, by his courage and military skill he enabled the Byzantine nation not merely to survive, but ultimately to beat back the Latin invasion.
See E. Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. vi., ed. J. B. Bury (London, 1896); G. Finfay, History of Greece, vol. iii. (Oxford, 1877); and A. Meliarakes, 'laropla tov SaaiXkiov ttjs Nixdias Kal tov Atawor&Tou Tfjs 'Hvtipov (Athens, 1898).
Theodore's grandson, Theodore II. (Lascaris), emperor from 1254 to 1258, is chiefly noticeable for two brilliant campaigns by which he recovered Thrace from the Bulgarians (1255-56). His ill-health and early death prevented his making full use of his ability as a ruler.
See M. J. B. Pappadopoulos, Théodore II. Lascaris, empereur de Nicée (Paris, 1908).
Irene Lascaris, daughter of Theodore I. (Lascaris), was first married to the general Andronicus Palaeologus, and after his death became the wife of Theodore's successor, John Vatatzes (q.v.), and mother of Theodore II. She is much praised by historians for her modesty and prudence, and is said to have brought about by her example a considerable improvement in the morals of her nation. She died some ten years before her husband.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Theodora (wife of Theophilus)

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​THEODORA, wife of the Roman emperor Theophilus. In the last year of her husband’s reign (842) she overrode his ecclesiastical policy and summoned a council under the patriarch Methodius, in which the worship of images was finally restored and the iconoclastic clergy dispossessed. Appointed guardian of her infant son, Michael III., she carried on the government with a firm and judicious hand; she replenished the treasury and deterred the Bulgarians from an attempt at invasion. In order to perpetuate her power she purposely neglected her son’s education, and therefore must be held responsible for the voluptuous character which he developed under the influence of his uncle Bardas. Theodora endeavoured in vain to combat Bardas’s authority; in 855 she was displaced from her regency at his prompting, and being subsequently convicted of intrigues against him was relegated to a monastery. She was sainted in recompense for her zeal on behalf of image-worship.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Theodore (archbishop)

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​THEODORE (602-690), seventh archbishop of Canterbury, was born at Tarsus in Cilicia in 602. On the death of Wighard, who had been sent to Pope Vitalian by Ecgberht of Kent and Oswio of Northumbria in 667, apparently for consecration as archbishop, Theodore, who had become prominent in the Eastern work of the church, was recommended by Hadrian of Niridanum to fill the vacant see. Vitalian consecrated Theodore in April 688 on condition that Hadrian, afterwards abbot of St Peter's, Canterbury, should go with him. Hadrian was detained for some time by Ebroin, the Neustrian mayor of the palace, but Theodore reached England in May 669. According to Bede's account he made a tour of the whole of Anglo-Saxon England, reforming abuses and giving instruction as to the monastic rule and the canonical Easter. Bede also declares that he was the first archbishop to whom all the " church of the Angles " submitted. From the first he seems to have ignored the scheme for a separate province of York, but he reorganized the episco- pate, assigning Bisi to East Anglia, Putta to Rochester, Hloth- here to Wessex, and Ceadda after reconsecration to Mercia. He brought the monastic education up to date by introducing literary, metrical and musical studies. In 673 Theodore pre- sided at the first synod of the clergy in England which was held at Hertford. Various disciplinary regulations were emphasized, and an annual meeting arranged at a place called Cloveshoe. After this council Theodore revived the East Saxon bishopric, to which he appointed Earconwald. Soon after the first expulsion of Wilfrid in 678 he divided the Northumbrian diocese, appointing Trumwine bishop to the Picts. This led to a quarrel with Wilfrid which was not finally settled until 686-687. In 679 Theodore intervened to make peace between Ecgfrith of Northumbria and Aethelred of Mercia. He presided at other synods held in 680 at Hatfield and in 684 at Twyford, and died in 690. A penitential composed under Theodore's direction is still extant.
See Bede, Hist. Ecd., edited by C. Plummer (Oxford, 1896); Eddius, Vita Wilfridii in J. Raine's Historians of the Church of York, vol. i. (London, 1879); Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, edited by Earle and Plummer (Oxford, 1899); Haddan and Stubbs, Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents (Oxford, 1869-78), iii. 173-213.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Theodore (popes)

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​THEODORE, the name of two popes. Theodore I., pope from November 642 till May 649, succeeded John IV. He was the son of a bishop, and was born in Jerusalem. A zealous Opponent of mono the lit ism, in the course of the protracted controversy he in a Roman synod excommunicated Pyrrhus, patriarch of Constantinople, and signed the document with ink mingled with consecrated wine. Theodore II. had a pontificate of only twenty days (Nov.–Dec. 897).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Theodorus, Flavius Mallius

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​THEODORUS, FLAVIUS MALLIUS, Roman consul A.D. 399, author of an extant treatise on metres, one of the best of its kind (H. Keil, Grammatici Latini, vi.). He also studied philosophy, astronomy and geometry, and wrote works on those subjects, which, together with his consulship, formed the subject of a panegyric by Claudian.
# A Collection of Poems/Sonnets to Sundry Notes of Musicke/'As it fell upon a Day'

This poem, though attributed to Shakespeare in this edition, is actually by Richard Barnfield
FINIS.
# A Collection of Poems/The Passionate Pilgrime

THE PASSIONATE .PILGRIME.
By Mr. William Shakespeare.
LONDON, Printed in the Year 1599.
* Poem I. When my Love swears that she is made of truth
* Poem II. Two Loves I have, of Comfort and Despaire
* Poem III. Did not the heavenly Rhetoricke of thine eye
* Poem IV. Sweet Cytherea, sitting by a Brook
* Poem V. If Love make me forsworn, how shall I swear to love?
* Poem VI. Scarce had the sun dried up the dewy morn
* Poem VII. Fair is my Love, but not so fair as fickle
* Poem VIII. If Musicke and sweet Poetry agree
* Poem IX. Fair was the morn, when the fair Queen of love
* Poem X. Sweet rose, fair flower, untimely pluckt, soon vaded
* Poem XI. Venus with Adonis sitting by her
* Poem XII. Crabbed age and youth cannot live together
* Poem XIII. Beauty is but a vain and doubtful Good
* Poem XIV. Good night, good rest, ah neither be my share
THE
PASSIONATE
PILGRIME.
FINIS.
# A Collection of Poems/Sonnets to Sundry Notes of Musicke/'It was a Lording's Daughter, the fairest one of three'

SONNETS, &c.