OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Blumer, George Alder

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
BLUM'ER, George Alder (1851—). An Anglo-American physician, born in Sunderland, England. He studied at the University of Edinburgh, graduated in 1879 at the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania, and in 1879-80 was resident physician at the German Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa. From 1880 to 1886 he was assistant physician at the Utica State Hospital, of which he was superintendent in 1886-89. In 1889 he was appointed superintendent of the Butler Hospital for the Insane, Providence, R. I. He also became an associate editor of the American Journal of Insanity.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Martin

See also Swallow on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Mar′tin, the common name for certain large swallows found in Europe and America. The North American form is often called the purple martin on account of the color of its upper parts; glossy, iridescent black, reflections purple and blue. Like other swallows, it has long wings and a deeply-forked tail; unlike swallows generally, its note is soft and musical. The bird is distributed throughout North America, winters far down in South America, and migrates late in April and early in September. It nests near houses, and where boxes are placed for it will occupy the same shelter year after year. Once these boxes were the rule about every farmhouse, and familiar to almost every farmer-boy was the graceful circling of the invited bird above the kindly-prepared home; but the English sparrow, that robber and destroyer of peace, has taken possession of the martins’ houses, and chased the desired bird away from neighboring with man. In the south the negroes hang gourds about their cabins for the martins, knowing that these plucky little birds will fight intruding hawk or crow, and thus will protect their chicken-yard. Martins’ eggs are white. The number of injurious insects destroyed by these birds is enormous — in the height of their activity, probably several hundred every day for each bird. The European house-martin is similar in habits. See Blanchan’s Bird Neighbors.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Martinique

See also Martinique on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Martinique (mär′ tĭ-nēk′), a colony of France in one of the Lesser Antilles in the West Indies. It is 43 miles long, from 12 to 20 broad, and covers 380 square miles. The island was discovered by the Spaniards in 1493, settled by the French in 1635, and, except for three short intervals when held by the British, has since 1635 been a French colony. A high, thickly-wooded ridge runs from north to south. The coast is high and indented, except on the west, where are the main trading town, St. Pierre (population 24,000), and the capital, Fort-de-France (population 27,069), which was nearly ruined by fire in 1890. Half the land tilled is given to sugarcane; the other chief crops are manioc, sweet potatoes and bananas. The principal exports are sugar, molasses, cocoa, coffee and rum. In 1905 the exports amounted to 18,069,422 francs. There is a force of French troops consisting of 781 European officers and men. There are 17 sugar-works and 118 rum-distilleries. Besides a law-school at Fort-de-France, with 166 students, there are three secondary schools (836 pupils),a normal school and 109 primary schools with 11,589 pupils. Population 182,024; but only 12,000 are whites.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mary Magdalene

See also Mary Magdalene on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Mary Mag′dalene, probably so named from Magdala, a town of Galilee, a woman mentioned as “Mary Magdalene, out of whom went seven devils,” was among those that accompanied Jesus. She is held to be the same as the woman “which was a sinner” who washed the feet of Jesus with her tears and wiped them with her hair and anointed them. She is thought by some to be Mary, the sister of Martha and Lazarus, for which there is little ground. The story that she passed her last days in the desert in penitence for her sinful life has been made the subject of paintings by Guido, Correggio, Canova and other great masters.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Martineau, Harriet

See also Harriet Martineau on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Martineau (mär′ tĭ-nō), Harriet, was born at Norwich, England, June 12, 1802. Her father was a manufacturer and gave her a good education. Before she was 20 she began to write for the magazines, and in 1829 the failure of the firm in which she and her mother and sisters had placed their money obliged her to earn her own living. A series of stories, Illustrations of Political Economy, which she brought out in 1832, made her widely known. In 1834 she came to America for two years, and soon after published Society in America. Among her books are four volumes of children’s tales; Forest and Game-Law Tales; Laws of Man’s Social Nature and Development; Deerbrook; and Biographical Sketches. One or her most important works was the careful translation of Comte’s Positive Philosophy. Miss Martineau was a vigorous thinker, seeing clearly and saying clearly what she had to say. She died in Westmoreland on June 27, 1876. See her Autobiography.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Marvel, Ik

See also Donald Grant Mitchell on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Marvel, Ik. See Mitchell, Donald Grant.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mary I of England

See also Mary I of England on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Mary I of England, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, was born at Greenwich Palace on Feb. 18, 1516. She is usually known as Mary Tudor. When a girl she was a great favorite with her father, and was devoted to her mother and church. When her mother was divorced, Henry treated her harshly, and during her half-brother Edward’s reign she lived in retirement. But no threats could make her conform to the English church. On the death of Edward, July 6, 1553, Mary became entitled to the crown. Though Lady Jane was declared queen, the whole country favored Mary, who was able without bloodshed to enter London in triumph on Aug. 3. The queen showed remarkable leniency toward her enemies. She sought gradually and carefully to bring back the Roman religion. A few leading reformers were imprisoned, but there persecution stopped. Queen Mary’s reign was ruined by her marriage to Philip II of Spain. The proposal caused Wyatt’s rebellion. This rising was put down and Jane Grey was, with her husband and father, beheaded. Cardinal Pole entered England as the pope’s legate, and the country became once more Roman Catholic. Then began the persecution which earned the queen the name of Bloody Mary, when some three hundred victims were burnt at the stake. During this time Mary was almost helpless with ill-health. Calais, the last English foothold on French ground, was lost, and Mary died on Nov. 17, 1558. See the histories of Froude and Lingard and England under Edward VI and Mary by Tytler.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Martineau, James

See also James Martineau on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Martineau, James, an Englishman, a Unitarian minister and an author of note, was born at Norwich on April 21, 1825. He was a brother of Harriet Martineau. He was educated at private schools, and was ordained by the synod of Munster, Ireland, in 1828. Dr. Martineau gradually moved farther and farther from the standards of the synod, but claimed to the last to be a Presbyterian minister. He was appointed professor of philosophy in Manchester New College and, later, principal, serving in this institution from 1840 to 1886. He followed the college when it moved to London in 1857. He was a voluminous writer, chiefly upon philosophical and religious themes, his best-known works being The Rationale of Religious Inquiry; Endeavors after the Christian Life; Types of Ethical Theory; A Study of Religion; and The Relations Between Ethics and Religion. He died at London, Jan. 11, 1900.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Marx, Karl

See also Karl Marx on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Marx, Karl, German socialist, was born at Trèves, Prussia, May 5, 1818. It was at first intended that he should be a lawyer, but at the Universities of Bonn and Berlin he gave most of his time to history and philosophy. In 1842 be became editor of a democratic newspaper, the Rhenish Gazette. In 1843 he went to Paris, then the headquarters of socialism. He soon began the writing and labor for the advancement of socialism which made the work of his life. Driven from France in 1845, he settled in Brussels, where he wrote his attack on Proudhon’s philosophy. His chief work at Brussels was the reorganization of the communistic league, for which he wrote the famous Manifesto. Marx took an active part in the Revolution of 1848, and after its failure settled in London. In 1859 he published his Criticism of Political Economy, which showed a remarkable knowledge of the economic growth of modern Europe. He was foremost in founding the International Society. His greatest book, Capital, came out in 1867. This book, as also his other works, shows him to have been a man of wonderful knowledge handled with masterly skill. Marx, much more than any other man, influenced the labor movement throughout the world. He died at London, March 14, 1883. See Labor and Socialism.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mary II of England

See also Mary II of England on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Mary II of England. See William III.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Pastoral Staff

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
PASTORAL STAFF. See Crosier.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Pastoral Epistles

Edition of 1905. See also Pastoral epistles on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PASTORAL EPISTLES. A sub-group in the collection of New Testament letters which in their several addresses claim to have been written by the Apostle Paul. They comprise the following three writings: I. Timothy, II. Timothy, and Titus. They are called Pastoral because of the rather unusual character of their contents, as compared with the Apostle's other letters, being addressed to helpers of the Apostle, whom he had left in pastoral care of certain fields, and whom he wished in these communications to instruct regarding the duties involved in their charges. See the articles on the individual Epistles.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Pastoral Symphony, The

Edition of 1905. See also Symphony No. 6 (Beethoven) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PASTORAL SYMPHONY, The, or Recollections of Country Life. The title of Beethoven's sixth symphony, F major, opus 68, written in the country in 1807, and produced December 22, 1808, at Vienna in the An der Wien Theatre. It belongs to Beethoven's so-called second period, and is representative of the free, joyous music which characterizes his compositions of the years 1800-15. See Beethoven.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Pastorius, Francis Daniel

Edition of 1905. See also Francis Daniel Pastorius on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PASTO'RIUS, Francis Daniel (1651-1719). An American colonist, born at Sommerhausen, in Franconia, Germany. Having joined the Society of Friends while in England, where he met William Penn, Pastorius, in 1683, led a party of German and Dutch Mennonites to the new colony of Pennsylvania, where they founded Germantown. He was a man of noble character and deep learning, and exerted great influence among his countrymen. Five years after his arrival in America he signed a protest addressed to the Friends' yearly meeting in Burlington, N. J., which characterized slavery as unchristian. This protest is said to have been the first formal plea for emancipation made in America, and is the subject of Whittier's “Pennsylvania Pilgrim.” Whittier also translated the Latin ode to posterity which Pastorius prefixed to the Germantown book of records. Among his other writings is an interesting Geographical Description of Pennsylvania, first published under the title, Umständige geographische Beschreibung der allerletzt erfundenen Provintz Pennsylvania (1700).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Pasturage

Edition of 1905. See also Common land on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PASTURAGE (OF. pasturage, Fr. pâturage, from OF. pasturer, Fr. pâturer, from ML. pasturare, to pasture, from Lat. pastura, feeding, pasture, from pasci, to feed; connected with pastor, shepherd, pabulum, food, OChurch Slav. pasati, to feed, Skt. pā, to protect). In law, the right of one who is not the owner of land to put his cattle and sheep on such land to feed there. In England the strips of waste land between inclosed fields and the public highways are presumed to belong to the owner of the inclosed land, subject to the right of passage in the public, and he can pasture his own cattle there, and prevent others from doing so. Pasturage is one of the rights in ‘common’ in many communities in Great Britain. The right is seldom separated from the ownership of the land itself in the United States. See Common, Tenancy in; Easement.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Patron

Edition of 1905. See also Patronage in ancient Rome on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PATRON (OF., Fr. patron, from Lat. patronus, protector, from pater, father). Among the Romans, originally the appellation of a citizen who had dependents, called clients, attached to him. Before the time of the Laws of the Twelve Tables, the most frequent use of the term patronus was in opposition to libertus, these two words being used to signify persons who stood to one another in the relation of master and manumitted slave. The Roman was not deprived of all right in his slave when he freed him; a tie remained somewhat like that of parent and child, and the law recognized important obligations on the part of the libertus toward his patron, the neglect of which involved severe punishment. In some cases the patron could claim a right to the whole or part of the property of his freedman. The original idea of a patron apart from the manumitter of slaves continued to exist. A Roman citizen, desirous of a protector, might attach himself to a patron, whose client he thenceforward became; and distinguished Romans were sometimes patrons of dependent States or cities, particularly where they had been the means of bringing them into subjection. Thus the Marcelli were patrons of the Sicilians, because Claudius Marcellus had conquered Syracuse and Sicily. The patron was the guardian of his client's interests, public and private; as his legal adviser, he vindicated his rights before the courts of law. The client was bound, on various occasions, to assist the patron with money, as by paying the costs of his suits, contributing to the marriage portions of his daughters, and defraying in part the expenses incurred in the discharge of public functions. Patron and client were under an obligation never to accuse one another; violation of this law was tantamount to treason, and anyone might slay the offender with impunity. As the patron was in the habit of appearing in support of his clients in courts of justice, the word patronus acquired, in course of time, the signification of advocate or legal adviser and defender, the client being the party defended; hence the modern relation between counsel and client. Patron, in after times, became a common designation of every protector or powerful promoter of the interests of another; and the saints, who were believed to watch over the interests of particular persons, places, trades etc., acquired in the Middle Ages the designation of their patron saints. The saint in whose name a church is founded is considered its patron saint.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Pastorels

Edition of 1905. See also Shepherds' Crusade (1251) and Shepherds' Crusade (1320) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PASTORELS (OF. pastorel, Fr. pastoral, from Lat. pastoralis, relating to a shepherd). A name given to certain disorderly bands which appeared in France during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. They were recruited from the lower orders of society, including many shepherds, whence the name. In the year 1251 a certain Jacob, who claimed to be Lord of Hungary, and is commonly known as Jacob of Hungary, appeared as their leader in Flanders. He was an unprincipled adventurer and fanatic, but an able man. The King, Louis IX. (Saint Louis), was then in the East, engaged in the disastrous Seventh Crusade, and the preceding year had been a prisoner in the hands of the Mohammedans. Jacob preached that God had rejected princes and the mighty and would free the Holy Land by means of the common people. He claimed to have special revelations and assumed ecclesiastical functions. He formed his followers in well-organized companies, and, ostensibly on the way to Palestine, they began to overrun the country. The true character of the movement soon became evident. The rulers were attacked, property was destroyed, priests and monks were murdered. and the Jews in particular suffered cruel persecution. The disorders were ultimately put down with a firm hand. Jacob was killed while haranguing a crowd in Paris, or, according to another account, in a conflict at
Bourges. Seventy years later, under Philip V., similar disorders broke out under the same pretext. These bands of Pastorels ultimately threatened to attack Avignon, when the Pope, John XXII., excommunicated them, and the Seucschal of Carcassone dispersed them with an army.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Great Manitoulin

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​GREAT MANITOULIN, măn′ĭ-to͞o′lĭn. See Manitoulin Islands.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Great Marquis, The

Edition of 1905. See also Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal and James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​GREAT MAR′QUIS, The. A surname of the famous Portuguese statesman the Marquis de Pombal (1699-1782), and also of the noted Scotch statesman the first Marquis of Montrose (c.1612-50).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Great Master of Love

Edition of 1905. See also Arnaut Daniel on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​GREAT MASTER OF LOVE. A title given by Petrarch to Arnaut Daniel, the troubadour who invented the sestina.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Great Kanawha

Edition of 1905. See also Kanawha River on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ GREAT KANAWHA, kȧ-na̤′wȧ. A large river of West Virginia. It rises between the Blue Ridge and Iron Mountains, in northwestern North Carolina, whence it flows north-northeast under the name of the New River through the western part of Virginia; then turning to the northwest, it breaks through several ridges of the Alleghanies (Map: West Virginia, C 3). After receiving Gauley River in Fayette County, W. Va., it takes the name of Great Kanawha, flows for about 100 miles through a picturesque region abounding in coal, salt, and iron, and joins the Ohio River at Point Pleasant, after a total course of about 400 miles. By means of a system of locks and movable dams, constructed at a cost of $4,000,000, slack-water navigation has been made possible throughout the year up to the picturesque Kanawha Falls, about two miles below the mouth of the Gauley.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Great Lake Trout

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​GREAT LAKE TROUT. See Namaycush.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Great Horned Owl

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ GREAT HORNED OWL. See Eagle-Owl.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Great Harwood

Edition of 1905. See also Great Harwood on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ GREAT HAR′WOOD. A coal-mining town in Lancashire, England, three miles northwest of Accrington (Map: England, D 3). Population, in 1891, 9100; in 1901, 12,000.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Great Mother

Edition of 1905. See also Cybele on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​GREAT MOTHER (Lat. Magna Mater). An epithet applied by the Romans to the goddess Cybele, or Rhea, as the representative of the procreative powers of nature.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Great Marlow

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​GREAT MAR′LOW. See Marlow.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Othello

See also Othello on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Othel′lo, one of Shakespeare's four supreme masterpieces in tragedy, was perhaps written in 1604. Published in 1622 in quarto, in 1623 it appeared in the famous first folio. The alternative title of the drama is The Moor of Venice. The basis of the plot was adopted by Shakspeare from an Italian novel entitled Un Capitano Moro. The tragedy deals with the love and jealousy of Othello, a so-called Moor, who wins the love of the fair Venetian maiden Desdemona by his qualities of heart and head and his strange tales of adventure by flood and field. The villain, Iago, plays upon the jealousy of the otherwise great-hearted man, until, believing his wife to be false, Othello slays her and dies by his own hand.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Otho I

See also Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​O′tho I or Ot′to the Great was born in 912. He was the son of Henry I, emperor of Germany, and succeeded his father in 936. His reign was very successful; many tribes were brought by him into subjection; he held almost supreme power in Italy, both over the kings of Lombardy and the popes of Rome; he consolidated the German empire; and he established Christianity in Scandinavian and in Slavonic lands. He died in Prussian Saxony in 973.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Otis, Elwell Stephen

See also Elwell Stephen Otis on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​O′tis, Elwell Stephen, an American soldier, was born at Frederick, Md., March 25, 1838. GENERAL OTIS He studied law at Harvard and graduated in 1861. On Sept. 13, 1862, he entered the volunteer army as a captain (140th N. Y.), and was mustered out in June, 1865, as brevet brigadier-general “for distinguished services.” He was appointed lieutenant-colonel in the regular army, July 28, 1866, and rose to be brigadier, Nov. 28, 1893. He was appointed major-general of volunteers and assigned to the Philippine Islands, May 4, 1898, where he took chief command on the departure of General Merritt. He became military governor of the islands in 1899, and was appointed on the Philippine commission in the same year. He was promoted major-general in the regular army, January, 1900. General Otis was a famous Indian fighter during 1867-81, and published The Indian Question in 1878.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Otis, James

See also James Otis Jr. on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Otis, James, an American statesman and orator, was born at West Barnstable, Mass., Feb. 5, 1725. He studied at Harvard and at Boston, was admitted to the bar at Plymouth in 1748, and moved to Boston in 1750. In 1760, when advocate-general, the revenue officers asked his aid in obtaining search warrants from the superior courts by which they could enter any man's house in search of smuggled goods. Otis considered this illegal and refused, resigning his position and appearing on hbehalf of the people. His speech on the subject lasted five hours, and made a great impression, John Adams saying of it afterwards: “The child Independence was then and there born.” He was elected to the assembly, and was a delegate to the Stamp Act congress, which met in New York the same year; and a member of a committee of that body to prepare an address to the English house of commons. While in the Massachusetts legislature, the governor requested that a letter on relief from taxation, sent to the other colonies, be taken back by the legislature. Otis opposed the governor's requisition in a speech called by his opponents “the most treasonable declaration ever uttered,” and carried the house 92 to 17. He was severely beaten by some revenue officers in Boston in 1769, and lost his reason as a consequence of a sword cut on his head. He published several political pamphlets, The Rights of the Colonies Asserted being the best known. He was killed by lightning on May 23, 1783, while standing at the door of his home at Andover, Mass. See Life by Tudor.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Osier

See also the disclaimer.
​ O′sier. See Willow.