OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Origins of the Islamic State/Part 9/Chapter 12

CHAPTER XII
Arabic Made the Language of the Register
Al-Madâʾini ʿAli ibn-Muḥammad ibn-abi-Saif from his sheikhs:—Persian was the language of the register of the kharâj of as-Sawâd and the rest of al-ʿIrâḳ. When al-Ḥajjâj became ruler of al-ʿIrâḳ he chose Zâdân Farrûkh ibn-Yabra for secretary, and the latter was assisted by Ṣâliḥ ibn-ʿAbd-ar-Raḥmân, a freedman of the banu-Tamîm, who knew both Arabic and Persian. Ṣâliḥ's father was one of the captives of Sijistân. Through Zâdân Farrûkh, Ṣâliḥ was acquainted with al-Ḥajjâj, who found him acceptable. One day Ṣâliḥ said to Zâdân, "Thou art the means by which I became acquainted with the governor; and I see that he has found me acceptable. I, therefore, do not wonder if he should promote me over thee, in which case thou wouldst fall." "Never believe that," answered Zḥâdân; "he has more use for me than I for him, because none but myself can be found to keep his books." "By Allah," retorted Ṣâliḥ, "if thou so desire, I could change the accounts into Arabic." "Try a part of it," said Zâdân, "and I will see." Ṣâliḥ having done that, Zâdân asked him to feign illness, which he did. Al-Ḥajjâj sent his own physician, but found nothing wrong with Ṣâliḥ. Hearing that, Zâdân ordered him to appear.
In the days of ʿAbd-ar-Raḥmân ibn-Muḥammad ibn-al-Ashʿath al-Kindi, Zâdân Farrûkh was killed on his way from some house to his own home, or some other man's home. Thereupon, al-Ḥajjâj made Ṣâliḥ secretary in the ​place of Zâdân. Ṣâliḥ reported to al-Ḥajjâj the conversation that took place between him and Zâdân relative to the change of the language of the register. Al-Ḥajjâj immediately made up his mind to adopt Arabic as the language of the register and charged Ṣâliḥ with the task. Mardânshâh ibn-Zâdân Farrûkh asked Ṣâliḥ, "What wouldst thou do with dahwiyah and shashwiyah?" To this, Ṣâliḥ replied, "I shall use instead ʿushr [tenth] and nuṣfʿushr [half-tenth]."—"And what about wîd?"—"I shall use aiḍan" (wîd means excess). Hearing that, Mardânshâh said, "May God efface thy trace from the world as thou hast effaced the trace of the Persian!" Ṣâliḥ was later offered 100,000 dirhams in order to show that it was impossible to change the language of the register and to refrain from doing it; but he refused and carried out the plan. ʿAbd-al-Ḥamîd ibn-Yaḥya, the secretary of Marwan ibn-Muḥammad used to say, "Great is Ṣâliḥ, and great is the favor he has bestowed upon the secretaries!"
ʿUmar ibn-Shabbah from Sahl ibn-abi-aṣ-Ṣalt:—Al-Ḥajjâj assigned for Ṣâliḥ ibn-ʿAbd-ar-Raḥmân a certain period in which to change the language of the register.
* ↑ These are the Arabic equivalent of the Persian terms dahwiyah and shashwiyah; shash means six.
* ↑ wîd or waid is used to-day in Persian in the sense of "little". Ar. aiḍan corresponds to ditto.
* ↑ Cf. Mâwardi, p. 350.
# The Origins of the Islamic State/Part 9

CONTENTS
page
PART IX—AL-ʿIRÂḲ AND PERSIA
* The Caliphate of abu-Bakr aṣ-Ṣiddiḳ.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mason, George

See also George Mason on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Mason, George, was born at Doeg's Neck, Va., in 1725. In 1775 the Virginia convention made him a member of the committee of safety which was charged with the government of the colony. The next year he drew up a declaration of rights and a constitution for the new state, which were adopted without an opposing vote. He also, with the help of Jefferson, had a bill passed making all kinds of worship lawful in Virginia. In 1777 he became a member of the Continental Congress. In 1787 he was one of the foremost men in the convention which drew up the constitution of the United States, where he took firm ground against making slavery permanent. He was afraid that the constitution, as at last agreed upon by the convention, would bring about a monarchy or a tyranny of aristocrats, and stood shoulder to shoulder with Patrick Henry in fighting ratification by Virginia. He sought to have about 20 charges made, some of which were afterward adopted by Congress. He was chosen as Virginia's first United States senator, but refused to serve. His statue stands with Jefferson's, Henry's and those of other leading Virginians at the base of Crawford's statue of Washington in front of the capitol at Richmond. Mason died in Fairfax County, Va., in 1792.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mason, Lowell

See also Lowell Mason on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Mason, Lowell, an American composer, was born at Medfield, Mass., Jan. 8, 1792. As a boy he was very fond of music; and began to teach it when quite young. In 1821 his Boston Handel and Haydn Collection of Church-Music was published, and at once made him noted, and enabled him to leave Savannah, where he had taught for 15 years, and make Boston his headquarters. Here he taught children's classes without charge, and published a number of music-books for children, as well as glee-books, and over 20 books of sacred and church music. A large part of the best American church-music is Mason's. He died at Orange, N. J., Aug. 11, 1872.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mason and Dixon's Line

See also Mason-Dixon line on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ma'son and Dix'on's Line, often thought to be a line dividing the slaveholding states from free states. In fact, it ran for over a third of its length between two slave-states, Maryland and Delaware. It was run by two English surveyors, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, during 1764-67, and determines the boundary between Maryland and Pennsylvania and between Maryland and Delaware. Milestones were set up and each five miles marked by a larger stone, on which were cut the arms of William Penn and Lord Baltimore. The work was so well-done that when, in 1849, it was gone over again no mistake of any account was found. The line does roughly divide the north from the south, and is popularly used to distinguish the two sections of the country.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mason, James Murray

See also James Murray Mason on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* JAMES M. MASON
Mason, James Murray, American jurist and statesman and Confederate commissioner to England in 1861, was born in Fairfax County, Va., Nov. 3, 1798, being a grandson of George Mason. He graduated from William and Mary College, and was admitted to the Virginia bar when 22. He served many years in the Virginia house of delegates and in the federal Congress from 1837 to 1839. He was elected senator from Virginia in 1847, and retained that place until the breaking out of the Civil War, when he cast in his lot with the seceding states. He was captured on Nov. 6, 1861, when on his way to Europe to represent the Confederacy abroad, and was held a prisoner by the federal authorities until Jan 1, 1862, when, upon the demand of the English government, he was released. His mission to England, after all, proved ineffective, although it nearly embroiled the two nations in war. Mr. Mason died near Alexandria, Va., April 28, 1871.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Masons

See also the disclaimer.
​Masons. See Freemasons.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mary the Virgin

See also Mary (mother of Jesus) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Mary the Virgin, the mother of Jesus, is held in high honor by all Christians. Of her life but little is known. It is implied in Matthew that she was of the same family as her husband and a descendant of David. She is mentioned but a few times in the New Testament, and almost always with reference to her relations to Christ. The last notice of her is of her “persevering in prayer” with the disciples and the holy women at Jerusalem after Christ’s ascension. A letter speaks of her as having lived with John at Ephesus, where she died and was buried. Another letter asserts that she died and was buried at the foot of the Mount of Olives. The story is also told of the apostles coming to her tomb on the third day after her burial, and finding the tomb empty but breathing out an “exceeding sweet fragrance.” In art she is usually indicated by the term The Madonna; in ecclesiastical phrase as Mary the Virgin. The date of her death is commonly fixed at 48 or 63 A. D.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mass

See also Mass on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Mass is the name which has been given to the amount of matter in a body. The mass of a body, the amount of matter in a body and the inertia of a body are strictly synonymous terms as used in modern physics. Matter and therefore mass have not been defined in terms of anything simpler; but mass can be measured in terms of many other quantities. Thus mass is equal to the product of volume by density. In like manner the mass of a body is equal to the quotient of its weight divided by the acceleration of gravity. A sharp distinction between mass and weight is essential to all clear thinking on this subject. The standard of mass used in ordinary commerce is the mass of a piece of metal kept in the Standard's Office, London, and known as the avoirdupois pound. The standard of mass employed in science is a piece of metal kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures at Sèvres, and known as the kilogram. See Inertia.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Maryland, my Maryland

See also Maryland, My Maryland on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Maryland, my Maryland. An American national song. Words by James Ryder Randall, adapted to the German folk-song, O Tannenbaum.
# The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803/Volume 3/Documents of 1573

DOCUMENTS OF 1573
Sources: The first two documents are from MSS. in the Archivo de Indias at Sevilla; the third, from a MS. in the Museo-Biblioteca de Ultramar, Madrid, collated with another copy at Sevilla; the fourth is taken from Cartas de Indias (Madrid, 1877).
Translations: The first document is translated by James A. Robertson; the second, by Arthur B. Myrick; the third, by Alfonso de Salvio; the fourth, by Francis W. Snow.
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# The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803/Volume 3/Documents of 1574

DOCUMENTS OF 1574
Sources: The second of these documents is from a MS. in the archives at Simancas; the third, from Doc. inéd. Amér. y Oceanía; the remainder, from the Archive general de Indias at Sevilla.
Translations: The second document is translated by José M. Asensio; the third, by Frederic W. Morrison; the sixth, by Alfonso de Salvio; the remainder, by Arthur B. Myrick.
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# The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803/Volume 3/Expenses incurred

EXPENSES INCURRED FOR THE EXPEDITION TO THE WESTERN ISLANDS
1569–72
I, Melchior de Legazpi, chief accountant for his Majesty in this Nueva España, hereby certify that from the original books and orders for payment pertaining to his royal accountancy, now in my possession, it appears that from the twelfth of February of the year five hundred and sixty-nine—when the alcalde Bernardino de Albornoz entered upon his duties as royal treasurer in this Nueva España—until the end of December in the year five hundred and seventy-two, there has been audited and paid from his royal chest (the three keys of which are in charge of the treasurer of the royal estate) the sum of three hundred and twelve thousand one hundred and seventy-six pesos, seven tomines, and eight grains of common gold, each peso of the value of eight reals. ​This sum includes whatever pertains to the expedition of the Western Islands—for the crews and outfits of the royal ships that were built to send aid to the said islands; the tackle, food, and necessary armament for the said ships; the wages of the soldiers and mariners sailing therein, besides the wages of the sailors who have been serving in that capacity in the said Western Islands since before the years above mentioned, and those of other men; the furnishing of provisions to those who for the said time have been engaged in the work of preparing and despatching the said vessels; and the gunpowder, artillery, military supplies, and other necessary articles sent in the vessels to his Majesty's camp, established in the said islands in his royal name. All this is as set forth in detail in the said books of his Majesty's accountancy, to which I refer.
In certification of the above, and in order that by the same it may be manifest, I give the present—by command of the most excellent Don Martin Enrriquez, viceroy, governor, and captain-general for his Majesty in this Nueva España—in duplicate, in Mexico, on the second day of March in the year one thousand five hundred and seventy- three.
Melchior de Legazpi
[Endorsed: "Expenses incurred by the royal estate for the expedition to the Western Islands in the years dlxjx. lxx. lxxij."]
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# The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803/Volume 3/Documents of 1571-72

DOCUMENTS OF 1571-72.
Sources: MSS. in the Archivo general de Indias at Sevilla. The third is obtained from Retana's Archivo del Bibliófilo filipino, iv (Madrid, 1898).
Translations: The first two documents are translated by Alfonso de Salvio; the third, by J. G. Gill; the fourth, by James A. Robertson.
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# The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803/Volume 3/Documents of 1570

DOCUMENTS OF 1570
Sources: MSS. in the Archivo general de Indias, Sevilla.
Translations: The second and third documents are translated by Alfonso de Salvio; the others, by Arthur B. Myrick.
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# The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803/Volume 3/Documents of 1575-76

DOCUMENTS OF 1575-76
Sources: These documents are obtained from MSS. in the Archivo general de Indias at Sevilla.
Translations: The first document is translated by Alfonso de Salvio; the second and third, by Arthur B. Myrick; the fourth, by José M. Asensio.
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# The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803/Volume 3/Foundation of the city

FOUNDATION OF THE CITY OF MANILA
I, Hernando Riquel, notary-in-chief and governmental notary for his Majesty in these islands of the West, do hereby certify most solemnly, to whomsoever shall see this present, that the most illustrious Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, governor and captain-general in these said islands, gave the title of city to this colony of Manila, on the third day of the month of June of the past year, seventy-one; and on the twenty-fourth day of the same month and year, which was St. John's day, he appointed two alcaldes in ordinary, one alguacil-mayor, and twelve regidores; and on the day following he appointed one notary for the cabildo and two notaries public for the court of the said alcaldes, as is set forth in greater detail, and appears by the list of the said appointments, which are in my possession. Therefore, that this might be manifest, I have been ordered by the aforesaid governor to draw up the present document; which is done in the said city of Manilla, on ​the nineteenth day of the month of June, in the year one thousand five hundred and seventy-two.
Fernando Riquel
[Endorsed: "June 19, 1572. Copy of the [notarial record of the] bestowal on Manilla of the title of city, and the establishment of alcaldes and regidores." And, in another hand: "For the first article of the 7th, consult the viceroy."]
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# The Philosophy of Beards/Ecclesiastical

Ecclesiastical History.
A brief glance at Ecclesiastical History will furnish one or two interesting matters. Most of the Fathers of the Church both wore and approved of the Beard. Clement, of Alexandria, says, "nature adorned man like the lion, with a Beard, as the index of strength and empire." Lactantius, Theodoret, St. Augustine, and St. Cyprian, are all eloquent in praise of this natural feature: about which many discussions were raised in the early ages of the Church, when matters of discipline necessarily engaged much of the attention of its leaders. To settle these disputes, at the 4th Council of Carthage, held A.D. 252, canon 44, it was enacted "that a clergyman shall "not cherish his hair nor shave his Beard." (Clericus nec comam nutriat nec barbam radat.) And Bingham quotes an early letter, in which it is said of one who from a layman had become a clergyman, "his habit, gait, modesty, countenance, and discourse, were all religious, and agreeably to these his hair was short and his Beard long;" ​shewing that in those early times St. Paul was better understood than at a later date.
Subsequently the Beard was alternately commended to the elergy for its becoming gravity, or condemned from the ascetic notion that pride was apt to lurk in a fine Beard. In some of the monasteries lay members wore the Beard, while those in orders were shaved, and the hairs, remnant of an earlier superstition, devoutly consecrated to God with special prayers and imposing ceremonies.
One order of the Cistercians were specially allowed to wear their Beards, and were hence called "fratres barbati" or Bearded brethren.
The military orders of the Church, as the Knights of St. John and the Templars, were always full Bearded.
To touch the Beard, was at one time a solemnity by which a godfather acknowledged the child of his adoption.
One of the fertile sources of dispute between the Roman and Greek Churches has been this subject of wearing or not wearing the Beard, faithfulness which docs credit to its orthodoxy, has stood The Greek Church, with a firm manfully by the early Church decisions and refused to admit any shaven saint into its calendar, heartily despising the Romish Church for its weakness in this respect. On the other hand, the Popes, to mark the distinction between Eastern and Western christianity, early introduced statutes "de radendis barbis," or concerning shaving the Beard. ​Here and there, however, a manly old fellow, like Pope Julius II, who made Michael Angelo sculpture him with a drawn sword in his hand, or a Cardinal, like Pole or Allen, and may Bishops, managed to believe that faith and nature might be reconciled by taking a comprehensive and truly Catholic view of both.
The leading English and German Reformers wore their Beards; (if Luther confined himself to a moustache, it was because his Monkish habit of shaving was too strong for him,) and most of the Martyrs to the Protestant Faith were burnt in their Beards.
# The Philosophy of Beards

This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Philosophy of Beards/Introduction

The Philosophy of Beards.
Introduction.
Our most universal and most imaginative Poet, whose single lines are often abstracts and epitomes of poems, makes Hamlet exclaim—"What a piece of work is man! How noble in reason! how infinite in faculties! in form and moving, how express and admirable! in action, how like an angel! in apprehension, how like a God! the beauty of the world! the paragon of animals!" And yet this same glorious creature, thus worthily praised, is, with singular contradiction, so forgetful of his higher attributes, that he can despise his reason! ignore his infinite faculties! deliberately deface that form so express and admirable! descend to actions that smack rather of the demon than the angel! Drown his godlike apprehension in drink! Shave off his majestic beauty! and become, instead of the paragon—the parody of animals!
​O Fashion! most mighty, but most capricious of goddesses! what strange vagaries playest thou with the sons and daughters of men! What is there so lovely, that thou canst not, with a word, transform into an object of disgust and abhorrence? What so ugly and repulsive, but thou hast the art to exalt it into a golden image for thy slaves: to worship, on pain of the fiery furnace of ridicule? Could a collection be made of the forms and figures, modes and mummeries, which thou hast imposed on thy ofttimes too willing votaries, it would task the most vivid imagination, the most fantastic stretch of fancy, to furnish a description of the incongruous contents!
Perhaps no human feature has been more the subject of Fashion's changeable humours than the Beard, of which it is purposed to night to render some account, in the hope of being able to prove that in no instance has she been guilty of more deliberate offences against nature and reason! With this object in view, the structure, intention, and uses of the Beard will be examined, and its artistic relations indicated; its history will next be traced; and a reply will then be briefly given to some objections against wearing the Beard, not embraced in the preceding matter.
# The Parochial History of Cornwall/Volume 1/Callington

CALLINGTON.
THE EDITOR.
Neither Mr. Hals nor Mr. Tonkin notice this parish. It is appended to the parish of Southill. The name is pronounced Kelliton in the immediate neighbourhood.
Callington is situated in the hundred of East, having Southill and Stoke Climsland on the north; Calstock on the east; St. Mellior and St. Dominick to south; and St. Ive to the West.
The town is said to have sent members to Parliament so early as the reign of Henry III., when the privileges of markets and fairs were granted; but the first authentic return was in the reign of Queen Elizabeth.
In the time of Henry III. the manor and lordship of Callington were vested in the family of Ferrers, by a grant from the earls of Cornwall; the possession has passed by heiresses to several families; and finally, through Dennis, Rolle and Walpole, to Mr. George William Trefusis of Trefusis, in Milor; together with the barony in fee of Clinton, created by a writ directed John de Clinton, 17 Edward I. A.D. 1299. His grandson sold the property to Mr. Alexander Baring, at a period when some adventitious circumstances, no longer ​in existence, added materially to its value. The church and town are handsome specimens of the gothic architecture which distinguishes the west of England; and there exist several ancient monuments of individuals formerly lords of the manor.
This parish contains 2387 statute acres.
| Annual value of the Real Property, as returned to Parliament in 1815 | £. 4142 | s. 0 | d. 0 |
| The Poor Rate in 1831 | 950 | 17 | 0 |
| Population, $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | in 1801, 819 | in 1811, 938 | in 1821, 1321 | in 1831, 1388; |
giving an increase of 70 per cent. in 30 years.
GEOLOGY, BY DR. BOASE.
The north-eastern part of this parish extends to the east of Kitt Hill, the most elevated point of Hingston Downs, which is composed of granite. The slate adjoining thereto resembles that which occurs in similar situations in the parishes of St. Austell and St. Blazey; and this district has been the scene of considerable mining speculations. In former ages it abounded in stream tin to such an amount that the Cornishmen of those days expressed their opinion of its value by the distich
Hengsten Down, well yrought Is worth London town, dear ybought. Carew, Lord Dunstanville's Edition, p. 272.
As the town of Callington is approached, the slate becomes of a darker blue, and passes into hornblend rock, which prevails in the other parts of the parish, and in several places so much abounds in quartz as to form barren downs. This rock, however, has not any marked character, and it is not often exposed to view; near St. Ive it appears to graduate into the calcareous series.
# The Poet and His Song (Dunbar)

* "The Poet and His Song", published in Lyrics of Lowly Life (1896)
* "The Poet and His Song", published in The Complete Poems of Paul Laurence Dunbar (1913)
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Poet Paradox

From the "Bric-à-Brac" section of The Century Magazine, Oct 1891, p. 959
The Poet Paradox.
Young X is overcome with deep dejection;
This paradox hath filled his soul with gall:
For him the public has no predilection,
And though well-read he is not read at all.
John Kendrick Bangs.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Poet in the Desert

   THE POET IN
   THE DESERT
BY CHARLES ERSKINE SCOTT WOOD
PORTLAND OREGON
MCMXV
COPYRIGHT BY CHARLES ERSKINE SCOTT WOOD, 1915
OF THIS BOOK ONE THOUSAND COPIES HAVE BEEN PRINTED AT THE PRESS OF F.W. BALTES AND
COMPANY IN PORTLAND, OREGON APRIL, MCMXV.