OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/hangen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry hangen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ hangen, verb, ‘to hang, be suspended,’ from Middle High German hâhen (hienc, gehangen), Old High German hâhan (hiang, gihangan), strong verb; compare fangen, from Old High German fâhan: before h an n is suppressed (compare Old High German dâhta from denchan, dachte from denken; brachte, Old High German brâhta, from bringen). Corresponding to Dutch hangen, Anglo-Saxon hôn (hêng, hangen), English to hang, Gothic hâhan for *hanhan, strong verb, ‘to hang.’ In Modern High German, English, and Dutch, the old strong verb has been confused with the corresponding weak verb, so that the transitive and intransitive meanings have been combined; compare Dutch hangen, English to hang, ‘to suspend and to be suspended’; in Middle High German hâhen, is transitive and intransitive, while hangen (Old High German hangên, Anglo-Saxon hangian) is intransitive only, ‘to be suspended’; to this is allied Old High German and Middle High German hęngen, ‘to hang down (one's head), give a horse its head, permit, grant,’ compare henken. The Modern High German verb is due to a blending in sound of Middle High German hâhen (hangen) and hęngen, yet in meaning it represents only Middle High German hâhen, Old High German hâhan. Terms undoubtedly allied to the common Teutonic root hanh (hâh) are wanting in the other Aryan languages; Gothic hâhan, ‘to leave in doubt,’ has been compared with Latin cunctari, ‘to delay.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/hart

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry hart. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ hart, adjective ‘hard, stiff, severe, stern, difficult, hard by,’ from Middle High German hęrte, hart, adjective (harte, adverb; compare fast, adverb, allied to fest, schon to schön, &c.), ‘hard, firm, difficult, painful,’ Old High German hęrti, harti, hart, adjective (harto, adverb), ‘hard’; compare Anglo-Saxon heard, ‘hard, strong, brave,’ English hard (hardy is probably derived directly from Romance — French hardi, which, however, is a derivative of German hart), Gothic hardus, adjective, ‘hardy, severe.’ A common Teutonic adjective from pre-Teutonic kartús; compare Greek κρατύς, ‘strong, powerful, potentate,’ καρτερός, κρατερύς, ‘strong, staunch, mighty, violent,’ adverb, κάρτα, ‘very strongly’ (Old High German harto, adverb, ‘very, extremely’); allied perhaps to Sanscrit krátu-s, masculine, ‘force, strength’ (root kar, ‘to do, make’), or however to Lithuanian kartùs, ‘bitter’ (root kṛt, ‘to cut, split’). Others compare Sanscrit çárdha-s, ‘bold, strong,’ to the Teutonic adjective.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/hauen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry hauen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ hauen, verb ‘to hew, chop, carve,’ from Middle High German houwen, Old High German houwan (Middle High German houwen, Old High German houwôn), ‘to hew’; compare Old Saxon hauvan, Anglo-Saxon heáwan, English to hew, Old Icelandic hǫggva; Gothic *haggwan, a reduplicated verb, is wanting; Teutonic hauw, haw, from pre-Teutonic kow; not allied to κόπτω, but to Old Slovenian kovą, kovati, ‘to forge,’ Lithuanian káuju (káuti), ‘to strike, forge,’ kovà, ‘combat.’ Compare Hacke, Heu, Hieb. —
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/hauß

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry hauß. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ hauß, haußen, adverb, ‘out of doors, abroad,’ from Middle High German hûȥe for hie ûȥe, ‘here outside,’ like Middle High German hinne for hie inne.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Haft

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Haft. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Haft (1.), masculine, ‘hold, clasp, brace, rivet,’ from Middle High German and Old High German haft. masculine, ‘bond, fetter,’ Old High German also neuter, Anglo-Saxon hœft, masculine, Old Icelandic haft, neuter, ‘setter.’ Connected with the root haf in heben, literally ‘to seize.’
Haft (2.), feminine, ‘keeping, custody, prison,’ from Middle High German and Old High German haft (i stem) and hafta, feminine, Old Saxon hafta, feminine, ‘imprisonment.’ To this are allied Old High German and Old Saxon haft, Anglo-Saxon hœft, adjective, ‘captured,’ Old Icelandic haptr, masculine, ‘prisoner,’ hapta, feminine, ‘captured woman.’ The root haf (compare heben) has preserved in these forms its old signification; compare Latin captus, captîvus. See the following word.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Hagel

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Hagel. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Hagel, masculine, from the equivalent Middle High German hagel, Old High German hagal, masculine, ‘hail’; compare Dutch hagel, masculine, Anglo-Saxon hagol, hœgel, masculine, English hail; Old Icelandic hagl, neuter; the common Teutonic word for ‘hail,’ by chance not recorded in Gothic only. A single pebble was called a ‘stone.’ Old Icelandic haglsteinn, Anglo-Saxon hœgelstân, English hailstone, Middle High German and earlier Modern High German Hagelstein. Compare Modern High German kieseln, ‘to hail,’ Kieselstein, ‘hailstone.’ Perhaps Hagel itself signified originally nothing but a ‘pebble’; at least there are no phonetic difficulties against the derivation from pre-Teutonic kaghlo-, ‘flint-stone’ (compare Greek κάχληξ, ‘small stone, pebble’).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Hagen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Hagen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Hagen, masculine, ‘grave,’ from Middle High German hagen, Old High German hagan, masculine, ‘thorn-bush, fence of thorns’; even in Middle High German a contracted variant hain, Hain, occurs, See the latter and Hag.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Hafen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Hafen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Hafen (1.), masculine, ‘pot,’ from Middle High German haven, masculine, Old High German havan, masculine, ‘pot’; a specifically Upper German word unknown to the other dialects. It belongs to the root haf (pre-Teutonic kap), literally ‘to comprehend, hold,’ which appears in High German heben, and not to haben, root hab (pre-Teutonic khabh).
Hafen (2.), masculine, ‘port, haven, harbour,’ a Low German word, unknown to Upper German; it was first borrowed in Modern High German; in Middle High German hap, neuter, habe, habene, feminine, formed from the same root. Dutch haven, feminine, late Anglo-Saxon hœfene, feminine, English haven, and Old Icelandic hǫfn, feminine, ‘harbour,’ correspond in sound to Middle High German habene, feminine Low German haven, Danish havn, Swedish hamn, are masculine. — Phonetically the derivation from the root hab (khabh), ‘to have,’ or from haf, hab (kap), ‘to seize, hold, contain,’ is quite possible; in both cases the primary sense would be ‘receptacle’; compare Hafen (1.). This is the usual explanation; for another etymology see under Haff. Perhaps, however, Old Icelandic hǫfn is primitively allied to the equivalent Old Irish cúan (from *copno?).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Haff

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Haff. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Haff, neuter, ‘inland sea, gulf,’ a Low German word, originally ‘sea’ (generally), which is also the meaning of Anglo-Saxon hœf (plural heafu), neuter, Scandinavian haf, neuter, Middle Low German haf; the Upper German words, Middle High German hap, habes, neuter, and habe, feminine, which correspond in sound, also signify ‘sea,’ as well as ‘port’ (see Hafen). As we need not assume an originally difference between the words for ‘harbour’ and ‘sea,’ and since in any case the meaning ‘harbour’ is derived from the signification ‘sea’ — the converse would be hardly possible — the usual assumption mentioned under Hafen (2.), that Hafen is literally ‘receptacle,’ is quite problematical. Hence Hafen may probably be explained by some such word as ‘marina,’ in the sense of ‘statio marina.’ The connection of Anglo-Saxon hœf, ‘sea,’ as ‘heaving,’ in ​the sense of Latin altum (‘high sea’), with heben (root haf, pre-Teutonic kap), is not impossible, though scarcely probable.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Hagedorn

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Hagedorn. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Hagedorn, ‘hawthorn,’ an Old Teutonic term, Middle High German hagedorn, Anglo-Saxon hœgþorn, hagaþorn, English hawthorn, Old Icelandic hagþorn, masculine. Compare Hagestolz.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Hahn

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Hahn. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Hahn, masculine, ‘cock,’ from Middle High German han, Old High German hano, masculine; compare Anglo-Saxon hana (as well as cocc, English cock), Old Icelandic hane, Gothic hana, masculine; a common Teutonic word for ‘cock,’ with the stem hanan-, hanin-, which is common to the Old Teutonic dialects. A corresponding feminine Henne is merely West Teutonic; Old High German hęnna, Middle High German and Modern High German hęnne, feminine, Anglo-Saxon hęnn. On the other hand, Huhn seems to be really of common gender; it may at least be applied in Old High German to ‘cock’ also; compare Otfried’s êr thaȥ huan singe, ‘before the cock crows,’ literally ‘sings.’ In this passage we have a confirmation of the fact that the crowing of the cock was regarded as its song. The term Hahn by general acceptation signifies ‘singer.’ With this word, according to the laws of substitution, the stem of Latin canere, ‘to sing’ (compare Lithuanian gaidýs, ‘cock,’ literally ‘singer,’ allied to gêdoti, ‘to sing’). A feminine, ‘songstress,’ of Huhn is hardly conceivable; thus it follows that Henne is merely a recent West Teutonic form. The common gender Huhn, however, can hardly be connected with the root kan, ‘to sing,’ since it is, at least, a primitive form. The method of its formation, as the name of the agent, has no analogies.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Hafer

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Hafer. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Hafer, see Haber.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Hagestolz

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Hagestolz. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Hagestolz, masculine, ‘old bachelor,’ from Middle High German hagestolz, masculine, a strange corruption of the earlier hagestalt, Old High German hagastalt, masculine, properly ‘possessor of an enclosure’ (allied to Gothic staldan, ‘to possess’); a West Teutonic legal term, which originated before the Anglo-Saxons crossed to England (compare also Old Icelandic haukstaldr). It was used in contrast to the owner of the manor-house, which was inherited by the eldest son, in accordance with the Old Teutonic custom of primogeniture, and signified the owner of a small enclosed plot of ground, such as fell to the other sons, who could not set up a house of their own, and were often entirely dependent on their eldest brother. Even in Old High German glosses, hagustalt as an adjective is used for Latin caelebs (hagustalt lîp, ‘single life’), and even for mercenarius, ‘hired labourer’; Middle High German hagestalt, masculine, ‘single man’; Old Saxon hagustald, masculine, ‘farm-servant, servant, young man’; Anglo-Saxon hœgsteald, hagosteald, masculine, ‘youth, warrior.’ The same phases in the development of meaning may be seen in the Romance-Latin baccalaureus, French bachelier, English bachelor.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Hag

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Hag. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Hag, masculine, ‘hedge, fence, enclosure,’ from Middle High German hac, hages, masculine, neuter, ‘thorn bushes, copse, fence, enclosed wood, park,’ Old High German hag, masculine, once as ‘urbs’ (compare High German Hagen, and names of places ending in -hag); Dutch haag, feminine, ‘enclosure, hedge,’ Anglo-Saxon haga, masculine, English haw, ‘enclosure, small garden’; Old Icelandic hage, masculine, ‘pasture.’ Only in Gothic is a cognate word wanting; compare Hain, Here, Hagen, and Hecke. The derivation is uncertain; it is at all events not connected with hauen, root haw; the meaning of Modern High German behagen is unsuitable.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Wodehouse, Thomas (1)

From volume 4 of the work.
​Wodehouse, Thomas, s. Armine, of St. George's, London, baronet. Queen's Coll., matric. 10 Oct., 1763. aged 16; B.C.L. from All Souls' Coll. 1774, D.C.L. 1780, of Sennow, Norfolk, bar.-at-law, Middle Temple, 1771, died about 1803, father of Nathaniel 1821, and of the next named.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Wodehouse, Hon. William

From volume 4 of the work.
​Wodehouse, Hon. William, born at Wyndham, Norfolk, s. John, Baron Wodehouse. Christ Church, matric. 22 Oct., 1801, aged 18; B.A. from All Souls' Coll. 1805, M.A. 1811, rector of Carleton Forehoe and of Itteringham and Mannington, Norfolk, 1807, and of Crownthorpe 1816, rector of Hingham and Barnham Broome with Bickerstone and Kimberley, Norfolk, 1811, until his death 3 April, 1870, father of William Thomas.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Wodehouse, Nathaniel

From volume 4 of the work.
​Wodehouse, Nathaniel, 4s. Thomas, of Ryburgh, Norfolk. arm. Merton Coll., matric. 6 Dec., 1821, aged 19; B.A. 1826, M.A., 1829, vicar of Dulverton 1829, and of Worle, Somerset, 1829, until his death 23 Oct., 1870.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Wodehouse, Philip Cameron

From volume 4 of the work.
​Wodehouse, Philip Cameron, y.s. (subs. 3s.) Philip, of Hingham, arm. Exeter Coll., matric. 30 Jan., 1856, aged 19; B.A. 1859, M.A. 1862, chaplain at Bordighera 1877-8, 1879-80, H.M. chaplain at Hampton Court Palace 1866-82, curate of Teddington, Middlesex, 1861-8, vicar 1882, until his death 16 Dec., 1883.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Wodehouse, Rev. Thomas

From volume 4 of the work.
​Wodehouse, Rev. Thomas, 1s. Thomas, of Wells, cler. Balliol Coll., matric. 16 June, 1836, aged 18; B.A. 1840, brother of the next named.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Wodehouse, John (1)

From volume 4 of the work.
​Wodehouse, John, s. Armine, of Kimberley, Norfolk, baronet. Christ Church, matric. 6 Feb., 1758, aged 16; 6th baronet, created Baron Wodehouse 26 Oct., 1797, M.P. Norfolk 1784-97, died 29 May, 1834, father of the next named.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Wodehouse, John (3)

From volume 4 of the work.
​Wodehouse, John, 1s. Henry, of Marylebone, arm. Christ Church, matric. 9 June, 1843, aged 17 (and again 19 Oct., 1846); Earl of Kimberley, so created 1 June, 1866, K.G. 1885, P.C. 1864, under foreign secretary 1852-6 and 1859-61, and for India 1864, envoy extraordinary to Russia 1856-8, lord-lieutenant of Ireland 1864-6, lord privy seal 1868-70, colonial secretary 1870-4 and 1880-2, and for India 1882-5, and 1886. See Foster's Peerage.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Wodehouse, Rev. James

From volume 4 of the work.
​Wodehouse, Rev. James, 3s. Thomas, of Norton, Kent, cler. Exeter Coll., matric. 28 Jan., 1847, aged 17; B.A. 1851, died in 1866, brother of Edmond Hy., etc.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Wodehouse, John (2)

From volume 4 of the work.
​Wodehouse, John, s. John, of St. George's, Middlesex, baronet. Christ Church, matric. 14 Oct., 1787, aged 16; 2nd Baron Wodehouse, M.P. Great Bedwin 1796-1802, and Marlborough 1818-26, died 29 May, 1846, grandfather of the next named.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Wodehouse, James Hay

From volume 4 of the work.
​Wodehouse, James Hay, 2s. Charles, of Norwich (city), cler. Brasenose Coll., matric. 17 March, 1843, aged 18; B.A. 1846, commissioner and consul-general Sandwich Islands 1866, etc. See Foster's Peerage.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Trunk

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Trunk | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Trunk, m., ‘drink, draught,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. trunc, allied to trinken.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Trüffel

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Trüffel | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Trüffel, f., ‘truffle,’ ModHG. only; corresponding to Du. truffel, E. truffle, Fr. truffe, Span. trufa. The equiv. Ital. tartufo shows that the word is connected with Kartoffel, which see.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Tuch

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Tuch | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Tuch, n., ‘cloth, stuff; kerchief,’ from the equiv. MidHG. tuoch, OHG. tuoh (hh), m. and n.; comp. OLG. dôk, Du. doek, ‘cloth.’ To these is also allied OIc. dúkr, ‘cloth,’ whence E. duck (canvas). On account of the OIc. signification ‘table-cloth,’ Tuch has been compared with Goth. gadauka, ‘messmate.’ The early history of the West Teut. dôko-, ‘cloth’ (from pre-Teut. dhâgo-), is obscure.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Truhe

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Truhe | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Truhe, f., ‘trunk, chest,’ from MidHG. truhe (*trucke is indicated by dial. Trucke), OHG. truha (truccha), f., ‘chest, cupboard,’ OIc. þró (from þrū̆h), and AS. þrûk, ‘chest, drawer,’ seem to be allied in meaning although the sounds do not entirely correspond. In any case Lat. truncus, ‘trunk’ (of a tree) is not allied. If AS. þrûh is not identical with HG. Truhe (MidLat. trucca), the latter may be connected with Trog; Truhe (lit. ‘wooden vessel’) would then be Aryan drū̆k- (drukn-).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Trübsal

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Trübsal | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Trübsal, n., ‘affliction, distress,’ from MidHG. trüebesal, OHG. truobisal; an abstract of trüben.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Truthahn

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Truthahn | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Truthahn, m., ‘turkey-cock,’ ModHG. only; Trut is probably an imitation of the cry of the bird.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Trumpf

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Trumpf | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Trumpf, m., ‘trump,’ ModHG. only, from the equiv. Fr. triomphe (Ital. trionfo), whence also Du. troef, E. trump; properly identical therefore with Lat. triumphus; hence lit. ‘triumphant, victorious card.’ Comp. Treff.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Trupp

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Trupp | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Trupp, m., ‘troop, band, gang,’ ModHG. only, from Ital. truppa.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Tuff

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Tuff | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Tuff, Tuffstein, m., ‘tufa, tuff,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. tufstein (tub-, tupf-stein); formed from Ital. tufo (Fr. tuf), based on Lat. tôphus.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Trumm

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Trumm | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Trumm, m., ‘end, stomp, fragment,’ which is found besides only in the plur. Trümmer, ‘fragments, ruins,’ is based on MidHG. and OHG. drum, n., ‘end, piece, end-piece, splinter’; comp. OIc. þrǫmr, ‘brim, edge, verge,’ E. (AS.) thrum, ‘end-piece.’ Teut. þramu- (þrumu-), from Aryan trmo-, has rightly been connected with Lat. terminus, Gr. τέρμα, ‘boundary, conclusion, end.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Kaldaunen

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kaldaunen | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kaldaunen, f. plur., ‘intestines,’ from MidHG. and MidLG. kaldûne; a MidHG. and LG. word (in UpG. Kutteln). It is based upon a Rom. and MidLat. caldûmen, a derivative of Lat. calidus (caldus) ‘warm,’ meaning chiefly ‘the still reeking entrails of newly slaughtered animals’; comp. South-West Fr. chaudin, Bologn. caldôm, ‘entrails.’ From East Rom. (and G.?) the word found its way also into Slav.; comp. Czech kaldoun, ‘entrails,’ Croat. kalduni, ‘lung.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Kalk

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kalk | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kalk, m., ‘lime,’ from the equiv. MidHG. kalc, kalkes, OHG. chalch, m. The ModHG. variant Kalch (occurring in UpG. and MidG.) is based upon OHG. chalh for chalah (hh). Allied to AS. čealc; but E. chalk has assumed a divergent sense, just as MidHG. kalc means both ‘lime’ and ‘white-wash.’ The cognates are derived from the Lat. acc. calcem (nom. calx), and were borrowed at a very early period, as is indicated by the initial k, or rather c of the HG. and E. words, for somewhat later loan-words such as Kreuz (from crucem) have z for Lat. c; c remains as k in old loanwords such as Kaiser, Goth. lukarna, from Lat. lucerna, Keller, from cellarium. The Teutons became acquainted through the Itals. both with the name and thing about the same period as with Mauer and Ziegel (Tünche).