# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Stainer, Jacob

​STAINER, Jacob, a celebrated German violin-maker, born at Absam, a village near Hall, about one German mile from Innsbruck, July 14, 1621; died 1683. According to one story, the boy had a love of music, which induced the parish priest to send him to an organ-builder at Innsbruck. This trade, however, he found too laborious. He therefore took to making stringed instruments, serving his apprenticeship to an Innsbruck 'Lautenmacher'; after which he proceeded to travel, after the usual fashion of German apprentices. In the course of his travels, according to the story, he visited and worked at Cremona and other places in Italy; and the common story is that he worked under Antonius or Nicholas Amati, and afterwards spent some time at Venice, where he wrought in the shop of Vimercati. Of all this, however, there is not a particle of evidence. It may be said that violins are in existence, signed by Stainer and dated from Cremona: but these are now believed to be spurious. Probably he found Italian violins in use among the Italian musicians at the court of the Archduke Ferdinand Charles, Count of the Tyrol, at Innsbruck, and after examining their construction and contrasting them with the rude workmanship of the ordinary German Lautenmacher, conceived the idea of making violins on Italian principles. He began at a very early age, if we may trust an apparently genuine label dated 1641. His reputation was very quickly made, for in 1643, according to the 'Jahres-Bericht des Museums in Salzburg' for 1858, he sold a 'Viola Bastarda' to ​the Archbishop of Salzburg for 30 florins. It is, however, possible that there maybe a mistake as to this date. He married in 1645 Margaret Holzhammer, by whom he had eight daughters, and one son, who died in infancy. Henceforward to his death, in 1683, the life of Stainer shows little variety: He made a great number of stringed instruments of all sorts, which he chiefly sold at the markets and fairs of the neighbouring town of Hall. The forests of 'Haselfichte' [see Klotz], which clothe the slopes of the Lafatsch and the Gleirsch, supplied him with the finest material in the world for his purpose; and tradition says that Stainer would walk through the forest carrying a sledge-hammer, with which he struck the stems of the trees to test their resonance; and at the falling of timber on the mountain-slopes, Stainer would station himself at some spot where he could hear the note yielded by the tree as it rebounded from the mountain side. In 1648 the Archduke Ferdinand Charles paid a visit to Hall, in the course of which Stainer exhibited and played upon his fiddles, and the Archduke thenceforth to his death in 1662 became his constant patron. Ten years later he received by diploma the title of Hof-geigenmacher to the Archduke, and in 1669 (Jan. 9) the office was renewed to him by a fresh diploma on the lapse of the county of Tyrol to the Emperor Leopold I. Stainer seems to have been always in embarrassed circumstances, owing partly to his dealings with Solomon Hubnier, a Jew of Kirchdorf, with whom he was constantly at law. In 1669, having fallen under a suspicion of Lutheranism, he was imprisoned and forced to recant. In 1672 he sold a viola da gamba and two tenor viols at Salzburg for 72 florins, and in 1675 at the same place a violin for 22 fl. 4 kr. He was still at work in 1677, in which year he made two fine instruments for the monastery of St. Georgenburg. Soon after this date he ceased from his labours. In the same year he presented an ineffectual petition to the Emperor for pecuniary assistance. In his latter years Stainer became of unsound mind, in which condition he died in 1683, leaving his wife and several daughters surviving him: and in 1684 his house was sold by his creditors, his family having disclaimed his property on account of the debts with which it was burdened. His wife died in great poverty in 1689. There is therefore no truth whatever in the story of his retirement after the death of his wife to a Benedictine monastery, where he is said to have devoted himself to the manufacture of a certain number of violins of surpassing excellence, which he presented to the Electors and the Emperor. Stainer undoubtedly made violins, probably of special excellence, for the orchestras of some of the Electors; but such instruments were made and sold in the ordinary way of trade. In course of time, when one of his best-finished instruments turned up, the contrast between it and the crowd of common ones which bore his name caused it to be looked on as one of these 'Elector Violins.' These violins, however, cannot have been the work of his last years, during which he was insane, and had to be confined in his house at Absam, where the wooden bench to which he was chained is still to be seen.
[ E. J. P. ]