OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Widukind (leader)

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​WIDUKIND, or Wittekind (d. c. 807), leader of the Saxons during the earlier part of their resistance to Charlemagne, belonged to a noble Westphalian family, and is first mentioned in 777 when his absence from an assembly of the Saxons held by the Frankish king of Paderborn was a matter for remark. It is inferred with considerable probability that he had taken a leading part in the attacks on two Frankish garrisons in 776, and possibly had shared in earlier fights against the Franks, and so feared to meet the king. In 778 he returned from exile in Denmark to lead a fresh rising, and in 782 the Saxons at his instigation drove out the Frankish priests, and plundered the border territories. It is uncertain whether Widukind shared in the Saxon victory at the Süntel mountains, or what part he took in the risings of 783 and 784. In 785 Charlemagne, leading an expedition towards the mouth of the Elbe, learned that Widukind was in the land of the Nordalbingians, on the right bank of the river. Negotiations were begun, and the Saxon chief, assured of his personal safety, appeared at the Frankish court at Attigny. There he was baptized, the king acting as his sponsor and loading him with gifts. The details of his later life are unknown. He probably returned to Saxony and occupied there an influential position, as in 922 the inheritance of the “old count or duke Widukind” is referred to. Many legends have gathered around his memory, and he was long regarded as a national hero by the Saxons. He is reported to have been duke of Engria, to have been a devoted Christian and a builder of churches, and to have fallen in battle in 807. Kingly and princely houses have sought to establish their descent from him, but except in the case of Matilda, wife of the German king, Henry I. the Fowler, without any success.
See W. Diekamp, Widukind der Sachsenführer nach Geschichte und Sage (Munster, 1877); J. Dettmer, Der Sachsenführer Widukind nach Geschichte und Sage (Würzburg, 1879).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wick

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​ WICK, a royal, municipal and police burgh, seaport and county town of Caithness, Scotland. Pop. (1901) 7911. It is situated at the head of Wick Bay, on the North Sea, 327 m. N . of Edinburgh, by the North British and Highland railways. It consists of the old burgh and Louisburgh, its continuation, on the north bank of the river Wick, and of Pulteneytown, the chief seat of commerce and trade, on the south side. Pulteneytown, laid out in 1805 by the British Fishery Society, is built on a regular plan; and Wick proper consists chiefly of the narrow and irregular High Street, with Bridge Street, more regularly built, which contains the town hall and the county buildings. In Pulteneytown there are an academy, a chamber of commerce, a naval reserve station and a fish exchange. Among other buildings are the free libraries, the Rhind Charitable Institution and the combination hospital. The port consists of two harbours of fair size, but the entrance is dangerous in stormy weather. The chief exports are fish, cattle and agricultural produce, and the imports include coal, wood and provisions. Steamers from Leith and Aberdeen run twice a week and there is also weekly communication with Stromness, Kirkwall and Lerwick. It is to its fisheries that the town owes its prosperity. For many years it was the chief seat of the herring fishing on the east coast, but its insufficient harbour accommodation has hampered its progress, and both Peterhead and Fraserburgh surpass it as fishing ports. Women undertake the cleaning and curing, and the work attracts them from all parts. So expert are they that on the occasion of a heavy catch they are sent as far even as Yarmouth to direct and assist the local hands. Shipbuilding has now been discontinued, but boat-building and, net-making are extensively carried on. There are also cooperage, the manufacture of fish-guano and fish products, flour mills, steam saw mills, a ropery and a woollen manufactory, a brewery and a distillery. The town, with Cromarty, Dingwall, Dornoch, Kirkwall and Tain, forms the Wick group of parliamentary burghs. Wick (Vik or “bay”) is mentioned as early as 1140. It was constituted a royal burgh by James VI. in 1589, its superior being then George Sinclair, 5th earl of Caithness. By a parliamentary bounty in 1768 some impetus was given to the herring-fishery, but its real importance dates from the construction of a harbour in 1808.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wiedemann, Gustav Heinrich

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​WIEDEMANN, GUSTAV HEINRICH (1826-1899), German physicist, was born at Berlin on the 2nd of October 1826. After attending the Cologne gymnasium, he entered the university of Berlin in 1844, and took his doctor's degree there three years later. His thesis on that occasion was devoted to a question in organic chemistry, for he held the opinion that the study of chemistry is an indispensable preliminary to the pursuit of physics, which was his ultimate aim. In Berlin he made the acquaintance of H. von Helmholtz at the house of H. G. Magnus, and was one of the founders of the Berlin Physical Society. In 1854 he left Berlin to become professor of physics in Basel University, removing nine years afterwards to Brunswick Polytechnic, and in 1866 to Karlsruhe Polytechnic. In 1871 he accepted the chair of physical chemistry at Leipzig. The attention he had paid to chemistry in the earlier part of his career enabled him to hold his own in this position, but he found his work more congenial when in 1887 he was transferred to the professorship of physics. He died at Leipzig on the 24th of March 1899. His name is probably most widely known for his literary work. In 1877 he undertook the editorship of the Annalen der Physik und Chemie in succession to J. C. Poggendorff, thus starting the series of that scientific periodical which is familiarly cited as Wied. Ann. Another monumental work for which he was responsible was Die Lehre von der Elektricität, or, as it was called in the first instance, Lehre von Galvanismus und Elektromagnetismus, a book that is unsurpassed for accuracy and comprehensiveness. He produced the first edition in 1861, and a fourth, revised and enlarged, was only completed a short time before his death. But his original work was also important. His data for the thermal conductivity of various metals were for long the most trustworthy at the disposal of physicists, and his determination of the ohm in terms of the specific resistance of mercury showed remarkable skill in quantitative research. He carried out a number of magnetic investigations which resulted in the discovery of many interesting phenomena, some of which have been rediscovered by others; they related among other things to the effect of mechanical strain on the magnetic properties of the magnetic metals, to the relation between the chemical composition of compound bodies and their magnetic properties, and to a curious parallelism between the laws of torsion and of magnetism. He also investigated electrical endosmosis and the electrical resistance of electrolytes. His eldest son, Eilhard Ernst Gustav, born at Berlin on the 1st of August 1852, became professor of physics at Erlangen in 1886, and his younger son, Alfred, born at Berlin on the 18th of July 1856, was appointed to the extraordinary professorship of Egyptology at Bonn in 1892.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Widor, Charles Marie

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​WIDOR, CHARLES MARIE (1845– ), French composer and organist, was born at Lyons on the 22nd of February 1845. He studied first at Lyons, then at Brussels under Lemmens for the organ and Fétis for composition. In 1870 he became organist of the church of Saint Sulpice in Paris. He succeeded César Franck as professor of the organ at the Paris Conservatoire, where he was also appointed professor of composition, counterpoint and fugue in 1896. A very prolific composer, he displayed his creative ability in a variety of different styles. His works include an opera, Maître Ambros (Opéra Comique, 1896), La Korrigane (ballet, given at the Opéra, 1880), incidental music to Conte d’avril (1885), Les Jacobites (1885) and Jeanne d’Arc (a pantomime play, 1890), three symphonies, The Walpurgis Night and other works for orchestra, a quintet for strings and piano, trio for piano and strings, a mass, psalms and other sacred compositions, symphonies for organ, a large number of piano pieces and many songs.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Widnes

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​WIDNES, a municipal borough in the Widnes parliamentary division of Lancashire, England, on the Mersey, 12 m. E.S.E. from Liverpool, served by the London & North-Western and Lancashire & Yorkshire railways and the Cheshire lines. Pop. (1901) 28,580. It is wholly of modern growth, for in 1851 the population was under 2000. There are capacious docks on the river, which is crossed by a wrought-iron bridge, 1000 ft. long, and 95 in height, completed in 1868, and having two lines of railway and a footpath. Widnes is one of the principal seats of the alkali and soap manufacture, and has also grease-works for locomotives and waggons, copper works, iron-foundries, oil and paint works and sail-cloth manufactories. The barony of Widnes in 1554–1555 was declared to be part of the duchy of Lancaster. The town was incorporated in 1892, and the corporation consists of a mayor, 6 aldermen and 18 councillors. Area, 3110 acres.
# A Dictionary of Hymnology/Zwick, Johann

​Zwick, Johann, s. of Conrad Zwick, Rathsherr at Constanz, was b. at Constanz, circa 1496. He studied law at the Universities of Basel, Freiburg, Paris, and Padua (where he graduated LL.D.), and was for some time a tutor in law at Freiburg and at Basel. In 1518 he entered the priesthood, and in 1522 was appointed parish priest of Riedlingen on the Upper Danube. Being accused of Lutheran tendencies, he was forbidden in 1523 to officiate, and in 1525 his living was formally taken from him. He returned to Constanz, and was appointed by the Council in 1527 as one of the town preachers. Here he laboured unweariedly, caring specially for the children, the poor, and the refugees, till 1542. In Aug. 1542, the people of Bischofszell, in Thurgau, having lost their pastor by the pestilence, besought Constanz to send them a preacher; and Zwick, proceeding there, preached and visited the sick till he himself fell a victim to the pestilence, and d. there Oct. 23, 1542 (Koch, ii., 76; Herzog's Real-Encyklopädie, xvii. 578, &c.).
Zwick was one of the leaders of the Swiss Reformation. He ranks next to Blaurer as the most important of the early hymn-writers of the Reformed Church. His hymns are collected in Wackernagel, iii., Nos. 672–696. The best appeared in the Nüw gsangbüchle von vil schönen Psalmen und geistlichen liedern, pub. at Zurich, 1536 (2nd ed. 1540 is the earliest now extant), of which he was the chief editor, and which was the firm hymn-book of the Reformed Church.
The only hymn by Zwick which has passed into English is:—
Auf diesen Tag so denken wir. Ascension. This probably appeared in the Nüw gsangbüchle, Züruch, 1536; and is certainly in the 2nd ed. of 1540, from which it is quoted in Wackernagel, iii. p. 608, in 5 st. of 7 l., with "Alleluia." It is also in (2) the Strassburg Psalmen und geystliche Lieder, 1537, f. 99b, and in (3) S. Salminger's (J. Aberlin's?) Der gantz Psalter, &c. (Zürich?), 1537, f. 146 [Brit. Mus.]. In each case it is entitled "Another hymn on the Ascension of Christ," while in 1540 the first line is given as "Uff disen tag so denckend, in 1537 (2) as ""Uf disen tag so dencken wir," and in 1537 (3) as "Auff disen tag so denckē wir." It is the finest of Zwick's hymns, and its spirit of joyful faith, its conciseness, and its beauty of form, have kept it in use among the Lutherans as well as among the Reformed. It is No. 153 in the Unv. L. S., 1851. The trs. are:
1. Raise your devotion, mortal tongues. This is noted under Wegelin, J. (q. v.),
2. To-day our Lord went up on high. By Miss Winkworth, omitting st. iii., in her Lyra Ger., 2nd Ser., 1858. p. 46. Repeated In Schaff's Christ in Song, 1869 and 1870, and the Schaff-Gilman Lib. of Rel. Poetry, 1881.
3. Aloft to heaven, we songs of praise. This is a free tr., in 4 st. of 6 l, by Dr. G. Walker, in his Hys. from German, 1860, p. 30.
# A Dictionary of Hymnology/Ζοφερᾶς τρικυμίας

​Ζοφεράς τρικυμίας. St. Anatolius [Christ Stilling the Tempest.] The Very Rev. S. G. Hatherly, in his ed. of Dr. Neale's Hys. of the Eastern Church, 1882 (4th ed.) says—
"These Stichera are not in use In the Church Service. They are probably taken by Dr. Neale from the work of some German antiquarian. Sundays of the First Tone are the 1st after Easter, and the 2nd, 10th, 18th and every eighth following Sunday after Pentecost until the Sunday next before Easter."
# A Dictionary of Hymnology/Z

Z
* Zage nicht wenn sich der Himmel
* Zeller, Christian Heinrich
* Zeuch ein zu deinen Thoren
* Zihn, Johann Friedrich
* Zizendorf, Christian Renatus, Count von
* Zizendorf, Nicolaus Ludwig, Count von
* Zion stands by hills surrounded
* Ζοφερᾶς τρικυμίας
* Zwick, Johann
* Zyma vetus expurgetur
# A Dictionary of Hymnology/Zion stands by hills surrounded

​Zion stands by hills surrounded. T. Kelly. [The Security of the Church.] 1st pub. in the 2nd ed. of his Hymns, &c., 1806, in 5 st. of 6 l. (ed. 1853, No. 136). It is in C. U. in its full form, and also in centos, as:—
1. Every human tie may perish. This cento, beginning with st. ii., is given in a few American collections.
2. On the Rock of Ages founded. In the 1874 Supplement to the New Cong., No. 1216, is st. i., ii., iv., v. rewritten.
3. Sion stands with hills surrounded. This slightly altered text is in a few American hymn-books.
# A Dictionary of Hymnology/Zyma vetus expurgetur

​Zyma vetus expurgetur. Adam of St. Victor. [Easter.] Gautier, in his ed of Adam's Oeuvres poetiques, 1881, p. 42, gives this from a Gradual of St. Victor before 1239 (Bibl. Nat. Paris, No. 14452), a Paris Gradual of the 13th cent. (B. N. No. 15616), and a Missal of St. Genevieve, c. 1239. It is also found in an early 14th cent. Paris Missal in the British Museum (Add. 16905, f. 146 b); in a Sarum Missal, c. 1370, and a York Missal, c. 1390, both in the Bodleian; in a St. Gall MS. No. 383, of the 13th or 14th cent., &c. The printed text is given with full notes in Trench, ed. 1864, p. 165; also in Daniel ii., p. 69; Kehrein, No. 91; D. S. Wrangham's The Liturgical Poetry of Adam of St. Victor, 1881, i. p. 80, and others. Of this grand sequence Clichtovaeus says with accuracy:—
"The wonderful mysteries of the Resurrection of our Lord are here set forth, as foreshadowed in the Old Testament by many types, and through the goodness of God explained more clearly to us in the New. And of a truth this prose is almost divine, embracing much in few words, and all distinctly taken from the Sacred Scriptures."
In this eulogy Abp. Trench agrees. The ex​planation of the Scriptural allusions is given by Abp. Trench, Dr. Neale in his Med. Hys., and Mr. Wranghamn in his Liturgical Poetry of Adam of St. Victor. In the Sarum use this was the Sequence on Monday in Easter Week; Paris on the Tuesday; York on the Friday; St. Victor and St. Genevieve on the octave of Easter.
The trs. of this Sequence include:—
1. Purge we out the ancient leaven. By J. M. Neale, in his Mediaeval Hys., &c., 1851, p. 88, in 15 st. of 6 l., the text used being that in Daniel ii, 69. Interesting notes are added explanatory of various and in some cases obscure references in the sequence to figures applied by the early Fathers to Christ and His holy work; and also of the typical teaching of certain historical events recorded in Holy Scripture and referred to in the sequence.
2. Purge out the leaven old of sin. By E. H. Plumptre, made for and included in the Hymnary, 1872, in two parts of 7 st., and 2 additional stanzas to be sung at the end of each part. Pt. ii. begins "Shadows of good the law doth show." This rendering is less literal than Dr. Neale's, and the obscure passages are omitted. Dean Plumptre tr. from the Sarum Missal.
Other trs. are:—
1. Let the old leaven be purged out. By C. B. Pearson in the Sarum Missal in English, 1868; and his Sequences from the Sarum Missal, 1871.
2. Purge the old leaven out, that we. By C. B. Pearson in his Sequences from the Sarum Missal, 1871.
3. Purge the old leaven all away. By D. T. Morgan, 1871.
4. Purge away the former leaven. D. S. Wrangham, 1881.
# A Dictionary of Islam

* related portals: Islam.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
A
DICTIONARY OF ISLAM
BEING
A CYCLOPÆDIA OF THE DOCTRINES, RITES, CEREMONIES, AND CUSTOMS, TOGETHER WITH THE TECHNICAL AND THEOLOGICAL TERMS, OF THE MUHAMMADAN RELIGION.
BY
THOMAS PATRICK HUGHES, B.D., M.R.A.S.
WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS.
THE KA'BAH. (Burton.)
(All rights reserved.)
DEDICATED
(WITH PERMISSION)
TO
THE RIGHT REVEREND THOMAS VALPY FRENCH, D.D,
FIRST BISHOP OF LAHORE,
WITH MUCH AFFECTION AND ESTEEM,
BY HIS LORDSHIP'S OBEDIENT SERVANT,
THOMAS PATRICK HUGHES.

## Sections

* Abu Bakr
* Ahaditah
* Ali
* Al-Fatihab
* Al-Fattah
* Al-Fath
* Al-Fil
* Al-Firdaus
* Al-Furqan
* Idu 'l-Azha
* Ihdad
* Immaculate Conception
* Infants, The Religion of
* 'Ismah
* Istibrah
* Al-Mahdi
* Al-Mubaimin
* Al-Mautu
* Al-Mu'akLikbir
* Al-Mu'min
* Al-Mu'iniufm
* Al-Maisir
* An-Najiyab
* Au-Nrir
* An-Nazi
* An-Nfis
* Au-Nfifi
* An-Naba
* An-Nabiyu'l-ummi
* An-Najjariyab
* Au-Nujaba
* Au-Najm
* Al-Qabiz
* Al-Qadir
* Al-Qfiri'ah
* Al-Qubbatain
* Al-Qadar
* Raihanah
* 'Umar
* 'Usman Ibn Affan
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 12:1

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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 12:11

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