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# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IV/Origen/Origen Against Celsus/Book III/Chapter LII

Chapter LII.
Observe now with regard to the following statement of Celsus, “We see also those persons who in the market-places perform most disreputable tricks, and collect crowds around them,” whether a manifest falsehood has not been uttered, and things compared which have no resemblance. He says that these individuals, to whom he compares us, who “perform the most disreputable tricks in the market-places and collect crowds, would never approach an assembly of wise men, nor dare to show off their tricks before them; but wherever they see young men, and a mob of slaves, and a gathering of foolish people, thither do they thrust themselves in and make a display.” Now, in speaking thus he does nothing else than simply load us with abuse, like the women upon the public streets, whose object is to slander one another; for we do everything in our power to secure that our meetings should be composed of wise men, and those things among us which are especially excellent and divine we then venture to bring forward publicly in our discussions when we have an abundance of intelligent hearers, while we conceal and pass by in silence the truths of deeper import when we see that our audience is composed of simpler minds, which need such instruction as is figuratively termed “milk.”
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IV/Origen/Origen Against Celsus/Book III/Chapter III

Chapter III.
In the next place, miracles were performed in all countries, or at least in many of them, as Celsus himself admits, instancing the case of Æsculapius, who conferred benefits on many, and who foretold future events to entire cities, which were dedicated to him, such as Tricca, and Epidaurus, and Cos, and Pergamus; and along with Æsculapius he mentions Aristeas of Proconnesus, and a certain Clazomenian, and Cleomedes of Astypalæa. But among the Jews alone, who say they are dedicated to the God of all things, there was wrought no miracle or sign which might help to confirm their faith in the Creator of all things, and strengthen their hope of another and better life! But how can they imagine such a state of things? For they would immediately have gone over to the worship of those demons which gave oracles and performed cures, and deserted the God who was believed, as far as words went, to assist them, but who never manifested to them His visible presence. But if this result has not taken place, and if, on the contrary, they have suffered countless calamities rather than renounce Judaism and their law, and have been cruelly treated, at one time in Assyria, at another in Persia, and at another under Antiochus, is it not in keeping with the probabilities of the case for those to suppose who do not yield their belief to their miraculous histories and prophecies, that the events in question could not be inventions, but that a certain divine Spirit being in the holy souls of the prophets, as of men who underwent any labour for the cause of virtue, did move them to prophesy some things relating to their contemporaries, and others to their posterity, but chiefly regarding a certain personage who was to come as a Saviour to the human race?
* ↑ μέχρι λόγου.
* ↑ πῶς οὐχὶ ἐξ εἰκότων κατασκευάζεται.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IV/Origen/Origen Against Celsus/Book III/Chapter LI

Chapter LI.
And if they are not to be blamed for so doing, let us see whether Christians do not exhort multitudes to the practice of virtue in a greater and better degree than they. For the philosophers who converse in public do not pick and choose their hearers, but he who likes stands and listens. The Christians, however, having previously, so far as possible, tested the souls of those who wish to become their hearers, and having previously instructed them in private, when they appear (before entering the community) to have sufficiently evinced their desire towards a virtuous life, introduce them then, and not before, privately forming one class of those who are beginners, and are receiving admission, but who have not yet obtained the mark of complete purification; and another of those who have manifested to the best of their ability their intention to desire no other things than are approved by Christians; and among these there are certain persons appointed to make inquiries regarding the lives and behaviour of those who join them, in order that they may prevent those who commit acts of infamy from coming into their public assembly, while those of a different character they receive with their whole heart, in order that they may daily make them better. And this is their method of procedure, both with those who are sinners, and especially with those who lead dissolute lives, whom they exclude from their community, although, according to Celsus, they resemble those who in the market-places perform the most shameful tricks. Now the venerable school of the Pythagoreans used to erect a cenotaph to those who had apostatized from their system of philosophy, treating them as dead; but the Christians lament as dead those who have been vanquished by licentiousness or any other sin, because they are lost and dead to God, and as being risen from the dead (if they manifest a becoming change) they receive them afterwards, at some future time, after a greater interval than in the case of those who were admitted at first, but not placing in any office or post of rank in the Church of God those who, after professing the Gospel, lapsed and fell.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IV/Origen/Origen Against Celsus/Book III/Chapter L

Chapter L.
But let us see what those statements of his are which follow next in these words: “Nay, we see, indeed, that even those individuals, who in the market-places perform the most disgraceful tricks, and who gather crowds around them, would never approach an assembly of wise men, nor dare to exhibit their arts among them; but wherever they see young men, and a mob of slaves, and a gathering of unintelligent persons, thither they thrust themselves in, and show themselves off.” Observe, now, how he slanders us in these words, comparing us to those who in the market-places perform the most disreputable tricks, and gather crowds around them! What disreputable tricks, pray, do we perform? Or what is there in our conduct that resembles theirs, seeing that by means of readings, and explanations of the things read, we lead men to the worship of the God of the universe, and to the cognate virtues, and turn them away from contemning Deity, and from all things contrary to right reason? Philosophers verily would wish to collect together such hearers of their discourses as exhort men to virtue,—a practice which certain of the Cynics especially have followed, who converse publicly with those whom they happen to meet. Will they maintain, then, that these who do not gather together persons who are considered to have been educated, but who invite and assemble hearers from the public street, resemble those who in the market-places perform the most disreputable tricks, and gather crowds around them?  Neither Celsus, however, nor any one who holds the same opinions, will blame those who, agreeably to what they regard as a feeling of philanthropy, address their arguments to the ignorant populace.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Thon

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​ Thon, m., ‘clay,’ earlier ModHG. Than, Tahen, from MidHG. tâhe, dâhe, OHG. dâha, f., ‘clay, loam’ (also ‘earthen vessel’); corresponding to Goth. þâhô (from *þânhô), f., ‘clay,’ AS. þô (older þôhœ), f., ‘clay,’ OIc. þá, f., ‘clayey soil.’ No words occur in the other Aryan languages to elucidate the implied pre-Teut. tankân, ‘loam.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Thorheit

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​ Thorheit, f., ‘foolishness,’ from MidHG. tôrheit.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Thran

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​ Thran, m., ‘train-oil, blubber,’ ModHG. only, a LG. word, corresponding to Du. traan, Dan. and Swed. tran. The origin and prim. meaning of the word are unknown.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Thräne

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​ Thräne, f., ‘tear’ (in Swab. and Bav. Zähre is the popular term), from the equiv. late MidHG. trêne, f.; properly the plur. of the MidHG. sing. trahen (contracted trân), m.; corresponding to OHG. trahan (trân), m. (OSax. trahni, plur.), ‘tears’; Teut. base, trahnu-. The equiv. MidHG. traher recalls MidHG. zaher (see Zähre), so that Teut. tahru must have had the parallel ​forms trahru and trahnu. More definite information concerning the early history of MidHG. trahen, traher, cannot be ascertained.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Thier

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​ Thier, see Tier.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Theil

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​ Theil, see Teil.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Theriak

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​ Theriak, m., ‘antidote; treacle’; in MidHG. drîakel, trîakel, trîaker (Du. teriaak, triakel), from Gr.-MidLat. θηριακόν, ‘remedy for the bite of wild animals.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Theiding

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​ Theiding, n., in Narrentheiding, ‘empty talk,’ from MidHG. teidinc, tagedinc, ‘discussion, negotiation, talk’ (properly ‘the judicial proceeding’ appointed for a certain day or period). Comp. Ding and verteidigen.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Thor

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​ Thor (1.), m., ‘fool,’ from MidHG. tôre, tôr, m., ‘insane person, fool’; *tôro, m., has not yet been found in OHG. The r of the adj. has originated in s (z), as is shown by OHG. tusîg, AS. dysig, ‘foolish,’ E. dizzy, and Du. duizelig, ‘dizzy.’ For further Teut. cognates of the Aryan root dhus (dhaus, dhwē̆s) see under Dusel; it is uncertain whether Lat. furere, ‘to rage,’ is derived from this root dhus. —
​ Thor (2.), n., ‘gate, gateway,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. tor, n.; corresponding to Goth. daúr, OSax. dor, n., ‘gate, door.’ See Thür.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Thron

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​ Thron, m., ‘throne,’ from the equiv. MidHG. trôn, m., which originated in Fr. trône, or, with the lengthening of the vowel in an open syllable, in Lat. (Gr.) thronus (comp. Ital. trono).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Hohn

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Hohn. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Hohn, masculine, ‘scorn, scoffing,’ from Middle High German (very rare), hôn, masculine, Old High German (very rare), hôna, feminine, ‘scorn, mockery, ignominy’; a feminine substantive formed from an old adjective, Old High German *hôn, represented by hôni, ‘despised, ignominious, base,’ Gothic hauns, ‘base,’ Anglo-Saxon heán (obsolete in the beginning of the Middle English period), ‘base, miserable, ignominious.’ With this is connected the verb höhnen, from Middle High German hœnen, Old High German hônen, weak verb, ‘to abuse’; compare Gothic haunjan, ‘to degrade,’ to which hauneins, ‘humility,’ is allied; Anglo-Saxon hŷnan, ‘to degrade, humble’ (from the Old High German verb French honnir, ‘to cover with disgrace,’ and honte, ‘disgrace,’ are derived). It corresponds in the non-Teutonic language to Lettic kauns, ‘shame, ignominy, disgrace,’ Lithuanian kuveti-s, ‘to be ashamed’; hence Gothic hauns. ‘humble, base,’ can hardly have originated in the sensuous meaning ‘base.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Holfter

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Holfter. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Holfter, Hulfter (rarely Halfter), feminine, ‘holster,’ in which sense it is Modern High German only; Middle High German hulfter, ‘quiver,’ a derivative of hulft, ‘sheath, covering, case’ (Old High German huluft). These cognates are often wrongly connected with Gothic hulistr, neuter, ‘sheath, covering,’ which is said to be supported by the Middle High German variant huls, ‘sheath, covering,’ Dutch holster and its equivalent English holster. By such an assumption the f of the Old High German, Middle High German, and Modern High German form still remains obscure. It is more probably allied to forms with f, such as Gothic hwilftrjôs, ‘coffin.’ It is possible, of course, that there has been a confusion with the words from the stem hul (Gothic hulistr, ‘sheath, covering’).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Holunder

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Holunder. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Holunder, masculine, from the equivalent Middle High German holunder, holder, Old High German holantar, holuntar, masculine, ‘elder’; for Old High German -tar as a suffix see Wachholder, Maßholder. Its relation to the equivalent Anglo-Saxon ellen, English elder, is dubious. It is most closely allied to the equivalent Russian kalína.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Honig

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Honig. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Honig, masculine, ‘honey,’ from Middle High German honec (genitive -ges, variant hünic), Old High German honag, honang, neuter; compare Old Saxon honeg, Dutch honig, Anglo-Saxon huneg, neuter, English honey, Old Icelandic hunang, neuter; a common Teutonic word, wanting only in Gothic, in which an older term, miliþ (Greek μελιτ-, Latin mel, under Mehltau), is used. The origin is not certain; it has been referred to Greek κόνις, ‘dust’; Honig, ‘granular’?.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Holder

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Holder. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Holder, Upper German, the same as Holunder.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Holk

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Holk. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Holk, masculine, ‘large, heavy ship,’ from Middle High German holche, Old High German hoicho, transport ship; compare Low German holk, Dutch hulk, ‘transport ship,’ English hulk. This word, like other nautical terms (see Helm), appears earliest in English, in which hulc, ‘liburna,’ is found in the 9th century Middle Latin holcas is scarcely derived from ὁλκάς?. It is true that some etymologists also ascribe other Teutonic naval terns to a Greek origin. Compare Barke.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Hoffart

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Hoffart. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Hoffart, feminine, ‘haughtiness, arrogance,’ from Middle High German hôchvart, feminine, ‘living in high style, magnanimity, splendour, magnificence, haughtiness’; from hôch and vart; Middle High German varn, ‘to live,’ as in Wohlfahrt.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Hokuspokus

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Hokuspokus. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Hokuspokus, masculine, ‘hocus-pocus,’ Modern High German only. It became current in England, where a book on conjuring, with the title ‘Hocus Pocus junior,’ appeared in 1634 A.D. The early history of this apparently fantastic and jocose expression is still obscure; its connection with the phrase used in the celebration of mass, ‘hoc enim est corpus meum,’ cannot be established.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Holm

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Holm. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Holm, masculine, ‘holm,’ first occurs in Modern High German; a Low German word; compare Old Saxon, Anglo-Saxon, and English holm (Anglo-Saxon ‘sea, lake,’ Old Saxon ‘hill’), Old Icelandic holmr, ‘small island in a bay or river.’ Apart from the divergent sense in Anglo-Saxon, the words (whence Russian cholmŭ, ‘hill,’ from Slavonic *chŭlmŭ, is borrowed) are related to the cognates of English hill (allied to Latin collis, culmen). See Halde.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Holz

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Holz. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Holz, neuter, ‘wood, timber,’ from Middle High German and Old High German holz, neuter, ‘forest, thicket, timber.’ In the remaining dialects the meaning ‘forest’ preponderates. Compare Old Icelandic holt, neuter, ‘forest, thicket,’ so too Anglo-Saxon and Middle English holt, neuter, (wanting in English), but Dutch hout, ‘thicket, wood (as material).’ Teutonic type hultos, from pre-Teutonic kldos; compare Old Slovenian (with a different stage of gradation) klada, feminine, ‘beam, ​wood,’ Greek κλάδο-ς, masculine, ‘twig,’ Old Irish caill, coill, ‘forest’ (with ll from Id).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/jäten

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​ jäten, see gäten.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/kacken

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​ kacken, vb., ‘to cack, go to stool,’ early ModHG. only. Probably coined by schoolboys and students by affixing a G. termination to Lat.-Gr. caccare (κακκᾶν; allied to κακός?. Comp. MidHG. quât, ‘evil, bad, dirt’); the OTeut. words are scheißen and dial. drißen. In Slav. too there are terms similar in sound, Bohem. kakati, Pol. kakác. The primit. kinship of the G. word, however, with Gr., Lat., and Slav. is inconceivable, because the initial k in the latter would appear as h in Teut.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/kalt

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​ kalt, adj., ‘cold,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. kalt (gen. kaltes): corresponding to AS. ceald, cald, E. cold, OIc. kaldr, Goth. kalds,; an old partic. formation corresponding to the Lat. vbs. in -tus, Sans. ta-s (Goth. d from Aryan t), as in alt, laut, todt, traut, zart, &c. kal- as the root appears in a stronger stage of gradation in ModHG. kühl, and in a weaker stage in OIc. kulde, ‘cold.’ In OIc. and AS. the str. vb. of which ModHG. kalt and OIc. keldr are partics. is retained; Scand. kala, ‘to freeze,’ AS. calan, ‘to freeze’; allied to Swiss χale, ‘to cool,’ and hence ‘curdle.’ Note ModE. chill from AS. čyle (from čęli, kali). The root is identical with that of Lat. gelu, ‘frost,’ gelâre, ‘to congeal,’ gelidus, ‘cold.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/kappen

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​ kappen, vb., ‘to chop, lop,’ ModHG. simply, from Du. kappen, ‘to split’; comp. Dan. kappe and E. chap. In UpAlsat. kchapfe is found with the HG. form; allied also to the dial. graded forms kipfen, kippen; hence the Teut. root kep, kapp.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/kaput

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​ kaput, adj., lit. ‘lost at play,’ ModHG. simply, from Fr. capot; faire capot, ‘to cause to lose,’ être capot, &c. The Fr. expression was introduced into G. with a number of other terms orig. used at play (comp. Treff).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/jüngst

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​ jüngst, ‘recently,’ from MidHG. ze jungest; comp. der jüngste Tag, ‘doomsday,’ for der letzte Tag, ‘the last day.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/kapores

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​ kapores, adj., ‘broken, destroyed,’ ModHG. only; according to the general acceptation it is not allied to ModHG. kaput, but is rather derived from Hebr. kappârâh, ‘reconciliation, atonement.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/kasteien

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​ kasteien, vb., ‘to chastise,’ from MidHG. kastîgen (g for j), kę̂stigen, OHG. chęstîgôn, ‘to chastise, punish’; the alteration of the accent and the vowels corresponds to that in Kastanie (which see) compared with the dial. Keste. Lat. castîgare (whence also Fr. châtier, and further E. chastise) was adopted on the introduction of Christianity (comp. Kreuz, Priester, and predigen) from ecclesiastical Lat.; OHG. chę̂stîgôn, like many words borrowed in the OHG. period (see predigen), was accented after the G. method.