OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Bellamy, Edward

Edition of 1905. See also Edward Bellamy on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BEL'LAMY, Edward (1850-08). An American journalist and author. He was born at Chicopee Falls, Mass., studied at Union College, and in Germany; in 1871 was admitted to the bar, and in the same year became a member of the staff of the New York Evening Post. Subsequently he was a critic and editorial writer for the Springfield (Mass.) Union, and with others established at Springfield the Daily News. His best-known work is Looking Backward; or,
2000-1887 (1888), which has had an extraordinary sale, and has been translated into many languages. Although not written for such a purpose, the book was extensively received as a gospel of Socialism, and led to the organization of many Bellamy clubs, and of the Nationalist Party, in the promotion of which Bellamy himself was active as a writer and lecturer. Equality (1897), the sequel to Looking Backward, is an inferior volume on similar lines. Bellamy further published sociological essays, short stories, and some longer works of fiction, including Dr. Heidenhoff's Process (1879); Miss Ludington's Sister (1884); and The Duke of Stockbridge, the last appearing three year's after his death, which occurred on May 22, 1898, at Chicopee Falls. W. D. Howells has declared that in Bellamy America is “rich in a romantic imagination surpassed only by that of Hawthorne.”
# The New International Encyclopædia/Bendemann, Eduard Julius Friedrich

Edition of 1905. See also Eduard Bendemann on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BENDEMANN, bĕn'de-mȧn, Eduard Julius Friedrich (1811-89). A German painter. He was born in Berlin of Jewish parents December 3, 1811, and went, at sixteen years of age, to study in Düsseldorf. In 1828 he painted a portrait of his grandmother which attracted some attention. He went to Italy in 1830, and remained a year. On his return he began his first great picture, “The Jews Mourning in Exile,” which was exhibited in the following year at
Berlin, and, as the work of a youth of twenty-one, created a sensation. It is now in the Museum at Cologne. With it may be classed two other important pictures on kindred subjects, “Jeremiah amid the Ruins of Jerusalem” (1837) and “The Departure for Exile” (1872). Bendemann went to Dresden in 1838, as professor of painting at the Academy, and was soon commissioned by the King of Saxony to decorate some of the principal rooms in the royal palace there. For the throne-room he designed a frieze painted on a gold background running around the room, intended to show the whole of human life, from birth to death, in one continuous design. He also executed for this hall four large historical pictures from the life of Henry the Fowler. This exacting work occupied the greater part of his time for the next fifteen years. From 1859 to 1867 he was director of the Düsseldorf Academy. His better known paintings include “Shepherd and Shepherdess” (1845), “Cain and Abel” (1864), “Penelope” (1877), and “The Sacrifice of Iphigenia” (1882). He also made some illustrations for the Nibelungenlied which were much admired. He died in Düsseldorf December 27, 1889.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Benda, Franz

Edition of 1905. See also Franz Benda on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BENDA, bĕn'dȧ, Franz (1709-86). A German violin virtuoso and teacher. He was born at Alt-Benatek, Bohemia, and studied with Löbel, Konicek, and Graun. He joined the orchestra of the Crown Prince — afterwards Frederick the Great — with whom he played about 50,000 concertos during a period of forty years. He was considered one of the best performers of his day.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Bendavid, Lazarus

Edition of 1905. See also Lazarus Bendavid on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BENDAVID, bĕn-dä'vĭt, Lazarus (1762-1832). A German-Jewish philosopher and mathematician. He was born in Berlin, studied at Berlin and Göttingen, and for a number of years lectured very successfully in Vienna in exposition of the Kantian philosophy. Expelled thence by a general decree against foreigners, he continued to lecture and write in Berlin. His publications include Versuch über das Vergnügen (1794); Vorlesungen über die Kritik der reinen Vernunft (1795); Vorlesungen über die Kritik der praktischen Vernunft (1796) and Ueber den Ursprung unserer Erkenntnis (1802).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Becker, Wilhelm Gottlieb

Edition of 1905. See also Wilhelm Gottlieb Becker on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BECKER, Wilhelm Gottlieb (1753-1813). A German archæologist and author, born at Oberkallenberg, Saxony, and educated at Leipzig. He became professor at the Ritterakademie, in Dresden, in 1782. In 1795 he was appointed director of the Dresden Gallery of Antiques, and of the Coin Cabinet, and in 1805 he was also intrusted with the superintendence of the celebrated Green Vault. He published Augusteum, Dresdens antike Denkmäler enthaltend (1832-37), with 162 engravings, Zweihundert seltene Münzen des Mittelalters (1813), and a large number of popular handbooks of art.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Beckerath, Hermann von

Edition of 1905. See also Hermann von Beckerath on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer. The article mentions Otto Theodor von Manteuffel's return to power in 1858, but this was actually the date when he retired from office.
BECKERATH, bĕk'e-rät, Hermann von (1801-70). A Prussian statesman. He was born at Krefeld, in Rhenish Prussia, and after acquiring a considerable fortune in banking he turned his attention to politics. He served in the Diet of his province and in the Prussian Diet of 1847, and went as a deputy to the Frankfort Parliament of 1848, where he was an unswerving advocate of German unity and political liberty. His eloquence exercised considerable influence on this assembly. He was appointed Minister of Finance in the Ministry constituted for Germany under the auspices of the Parliament, and presently was called to Berlin to construct a Cabinet. He declined the task, because the King of Prussia would not give him a free hand in his scheme for the unification of Germany. When the reactionary movement set in, he resigned the posts he held under the Government, but continued, as a member of the Prussian Second Chamber, a vigorous opposition to the Manteuffel Ministry, which had deserted the cause of German unity. He withdrew from politics in 1852. After the return of Manteuffel to power in 1858, Beckerath was again elected a member of the Prussian Second Chamber, but was obliged to decline the honor on account of failing health. He devoted his later years to the affairs of Krefeld, his native town. Consult Kopstadt, Hermann von Beckerath (Brunswick, 1875).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Bellamy, George Anne

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
BELLAMY, George Anne (c.1731-88). An English actress. She was born, by her own account, at Fingal, Ireland. ‘George Anne’ was a name given by mistake for Georgiana. She was the illegitimate daughter of Lord Tyrawley, and was educated by him. Choosing, however, to live with her mother, she made the acquaintance of Mrs. Woffington and other actors, and was engaged at Covent Garden to play Monimia in The Orphan (November, 1744). Her success thereafter was rapid. Her Belvidera, in Venice Preserved, and her Desdemona were much admired. She participated in the rivalry for popular favor in Romeo and Juliet in 1750, playing with Garrick at Drury Lane, while Barry and Mrs. Cibber played at Covent Garden. She was thought the more charming of the Juliets. Mrs. Bellamy was extremely popular, and until she forfeited her character by her various liaisons, was received in the best society. She lost her beauty early, and her later life was unhappy, apparently through her own extravagance and reckless habits. Her last appearance was at Drury Lane May 24, 1785, in a benefit to herself, in which she was unable to act, but spoke a short address to the spectators. Consult: In Apology for the Life of George Anne Bellamy, late of Covent Garden Theatre, Written by Herself, 6 vols. (London, 1785); Matthew's and Hutton, Actors and Actresses of Great Britain and the United States (New York, 1886); and Galt, Lives of the Players (London, 1831).
# The London Magazine

* related portals: Periodicals.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Commons category, Wikidata item.
Title of several different British periodicals, focused on the arts, literature and miscellaneous topics
* 1732–1785
* 1820–1829
** Series 1 (1820–1824)
** Series 2 (1825–1828)
** Series 3 (1828–1829)
* 1840
* 1875–1879
* 1901–1930
* 1954–present

## Republished articles

* Bonmot, Egomet. Modest offer of service from Mr. Bonmot to the editor of the "London Magazine". Taken from Essays and Criticisms by Thomas Griffiths Wainewright (1880). January 1820.
* Bonmot, Egomet. Ancestral Enormities. Taken from Essays and Criticisms by Thomas Griffiths Wainewright (1880). 1823.
* Kant, Immanuel. Idea of a Universal History on a Cosmopolitical Plan. Trans. Thomas de Quincey. Vol. 10 (1824): pp. 385-393.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The London Magazine/1820–1829/Series 1/Volume 6

* Number 31 (July 1822)
* Number 32 (August 1822)
* Number 33 (September 1822)
* Number 34 (October 1822)
* Number 35 (November 1822)
* Number 36 (December 1822) (transcription project)
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The London Magazine/1820–1829/Series 1/Volume 6/Number 36

This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The London Guide and Stranger's Safeguard/Vocabulary

VOCABULARY.
Blow-up, an exposure.
Bolt, to start off.
Bone, to run away with.
Bowled out, discovered.
Bon Ton, high life women.
Botanical Excursion, Botany Bay, ag.
Canister, the head.
Carney, softening talk, common in Ireland.
C'est toute autre chose, French, quite a different sort of thing.
Cove, a man: thus, Mace Cove, Ding Cove, are 1. a cheating fellow; 2. a robbing fellow.
Covess, female cheat, bawdy-house keeper, old trull.
Cull, the dupe of prostitutes.
Dead Nail, one who cheats, preserving appearances.
Ding, to carry off hastily. See Cove.
Dive, to enter the pocket.
Dodge, to follow at a distance.
Down, to be knowing of a fact.
Drag, cart, or heavy coach.
Draw, an entrapping question: to pick a pocket.
Drops, glasses; gin generally.
Felo-de-se, Latin. Self murderer.
Flash, to be knowing to brag.
Flashman, preferred man.
Fib, to batter the head.
Fine-draw, to get at a secret.
Fence, or Hedge, receivers of stolen goods.
Flesh market, a resort of bad girls.
Foreign Parts, transportation generally.
Floor, to knock down.
​Galimaufry, odd mixture, revelry; from Gallimatia probably: see Amelia, B. 7. ch. 4.
Game, verb, to wink at or encourage theft.
Gob, the mouth.
Grab, to snatch up.
Gumption, knowingness.
Hum-Gumption, a pretending to the same.
Gusto, Italian, taste, feeling.
Had-Up, to be, police examination.
Harridan, worn out strumpet.
Havidge, collection of bad characters' dwellings.
Hempen Habeas, a halter.
Hygeia, Greek for health.
Item, hint or sly notice.
Kedge, to live upon precarious means.
Lag, transportation.
Lay, dishonest course of life.
Let In, at gambling, a betraying.
Massacree, vulgar for massacre, murder.
Mealy-Mouthed, backwardness of speech.
Mizzle (to) to get away slily.
Natives, silly people.
Nutty, amatory.
Outre Cela, French, beyond the mark or pitch' Pron. "outray slang."
Opaque, dull, stupid, senseless.
Open, (to) scold loudly.
Pads, street robbers.
Patter, examination before magistrates, &c.
Penchant, French, love, attachment.
Plant, cheatery, planned before hand.
Pound (to) to lay pounds in a wager.
Put up, to acquaint thieves what robbery to undertake.
​Reader, a pocket book.
Roost, bed.
Sanctum Sanctorum, Latin, inner or sacred place.
Scamps, ragged street thieves.
Seedy, shabby dress. No money.
Slang, covert language of thieves.
Snuffy, drunkish.
Snoozing Ken, a sleeping house.
Spar, fighting demonstrated.
Spree, fun.
Spill (to) to betray.
Stag (to) to look hard at; as slags or deers do on all intruders.
Sweet, kind, concilating.
Take In, a cheat.
Take it In, to swallow a lie.
Thing, (a) a robbery.
The Things, stolen articles.
Toggery, clothing.
Touting, eyeing the women, generally.
Town, London.
Upon the Town, street walkers, men or women.
Trade, (the) smuggling.
Transmogrify, to change.
Turned Up, ruined.
To have Turnips (turn-ups) a refusal or denial.
Twig (to) to eye one particularly.
Vestal, ironical for an incontinent person.
Verburn Sat. Latin, means—"a word to the wise is enough."
Whop, a blow or slap.
# The London Magazine/1820–1829/Series 1

* Volume 1 (January–June 1820)
* Volume 2 (July–December 1820)
* Volume 3 (January–June 1821)
* Volume 4 (July–December 1821)
* Volume 5 (January–June 1822)
* Volume 6 (July–December 1822)
* Volume 7 (January–June 1823) (transcription project)
* Volume 8 (July–December 1823) (transcription project)
* Volume 9 (January–June 1824) (transcription project)
* Volume 10 (July–December 1824)
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The London Magazine/1820–1829/Series 1/Volume 7

* January 1823 (transcription project)
* February 1823 (transcription project)
* March 1823 (transcription project)
* April 1823 (transcription project)
* May 1823 (transcription project)
* June 1823 (transcription project)
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The London Magazine/1820–1829

* Series 1 (1820–1824)
* Series 2 (1825–1828)
* Series 3 (1828–1829)
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New International Encyclopædia/Buffalo Bill

See also the disclaimer.
​ BUFFALO BILL. See Cody, William F.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Buffalo (Wyoming)

See also Buffalo, Wyoming on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ BUFFALO. A town and county-seat of Johnson County, Wyo., in the northern part of the county (Map: Wyoming, F 3). The people are engaged principally in agriculture and stock-raising. Population, in 1890, 1087; in 1900, 710.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Buffalo-fish

See also Ictiobus on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ BUFFALO-FISH. One of several suckers (Catastomidæ) of the Mississippi Valley, comprised in the genus Bubalichthys or Ictiobus, and so called because of the humped outline of the back, the large head, and dark colors. The red-mouthed buffalo-fish (Ictiobus cyprinella) is brownish-olive, and reaches a length of nearly 3 feet, and a weight of 20 to 30 pounds. The big-mouthed one (Ictiobus urus) is also large and very dark, with all the fins black; while the small-mouthed (Ictiobus bubalus altus) is paler and more southerly in its habitat. The flesh is poor.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Budgell, Eustace

See also Eustace Budgell on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BUDG′ELL, Eustace (1686-1737). An English essayist and miscellaneous writer. He studied at Trinity College, Oxford, and at the Inner Temple, and was admitted to the bar. In 1709 he was appointed a clerk, and in 1715 under-secretary to his second cousin, Joseph Addison, who in those years was Secretary for Ireland. He also held office as chief secretary to the lords justices and deputy clerk of the council, and was elected to the Irish House of Commons. In 1717, upon Addison's departure for England to become first Secretary of State, he obtained through him the lucrative post of Accountant-General. Soon, however, he quarreled with Webster, the new Secretary for Ireland, lost his places, and returned to England. Having invested in Law's South Sea Scheme, he lost, he says, “above twenty thousand pounds . . . by that notorious piece of villainy.” He wrote violent pamphlets against the Government, and from February, 1733, to June, 1735, published The Bee, a weekly periodical. Already in poverty, harassed by controversies and suits at law, and apparently mentally unbalanced, he was, in 1733, accused of having made away with a bond for £1000 advanced to him by Matthew Tindal, and with having entered interpolations in Tindal's will. The charge, though not proved, rendered him desperate, and he drowned himself in the Thames. He wrote for the Spectator, for the most part over the signature ‘X.,’ thirty-seven papers, of which “Sir Roger as a Hunter” (No. 110, Friday, July 13, 1711) is perhaps as good as any. He was also the author of a translation (1714) of the Χαρακτῆρες of Theophrastus, and of the Memoirs of the Life and Character of the Late Earl of Orrery and the Family of the Boyles (1732). For an autobiographic account of his grievances, consult his Liberty and Property: A Pamphlet (London, 1732).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Buffalo-gnat

See also Black fly on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ BUFFALO-GNAT. A gnat (Simulium meridionale), closely related and similar to the northern black fly (q.v.), which swarms in the valleys of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. “They rival the mosquito in their bloodthirsty tendencies,” says Howard, “and not only do they attack human beings, but poultry and domestic animals are frequently killed by them. . . . In certain seasons they multiply enormously, alight in thousands on cattle (as formerly they did on the bison), and produce death through their poisonous bites as well as from loss of blood. Unlike mosquitoes, they fly and bite in the daytime, and are often seen in large numbers flying in bright sunshine. The larvæ are aquatic, and unlike mosquitoes again, the larvæ of which live in stagnant water, Simulium larvæ frequent well-aërated and frequently swiftly running streams.” Consult: Osborn, Insects Affecting Domestic Animals (Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, 1896).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Budget

See also Government budget on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BUDGET (Fr. bougette, bag, wallet, dim. of OF. bouge, a leather bag; hence a bag with its contents, as e.g. of news, information; cf. Lat. fiscus, originally basket, then money-basket, then public treasury). In its primary significance a term which designates the periodical financial statements laid before a legislative body. As such it embraces the report of receipts and expenditures for a prior fiscal period, and an estimate of the receipts and expenditures for a future period. From these preliminary estimates, which are the basis of legislation, the term has been extended to cover the aggregate of legislative enactments relating to the receipts and expenditures of a given period. The method of preparing and voting the budget varies greatly. An ideal budget would calculate revenue and expenditure with such nicety as to bring about an exact balance; but such precision is practically impossible except when the revenue system by its elasticity permits an adjustment of income to expenditure.
In England the Chancellor of the Exchequer submits to Parliament an annual statement of the expenditures deemed necessary by the Government. He is responsible for the entire expenditure, both in the departments of other ministers and in his own. It is therefore his duty to harmonize the estimates of the several ministers, and in so doing he may curtail the appropriations requested by some of his colleagues. The revenue as a whole is fixed and is not voted annually by Parliament. Yet it is the practice in England to regard the income tax and the tea duties as variable elements to be increased or diminished, as occasion arises. Proposals for such changes are an essential part of the budget.
In the United States the budget is practically prepared in the House of Representatives. To the latter at the opening of each session of Congress the Secretary of the Treasury submits a book of estimates of expenditures to be made for the coming fiscal year. He transmits without revision the estimates made by the several Cabinet officers, and the heads of offices not directly subordinated to the eight executive departments. These estimates form the basis upon which the several appropriation bills are prepared by the committees of the House of Representatives. This the work of preparing the budget is decentralized, and the adjustment of expenditures to income which results is not so satisfactory as in other countries. Although the term ‘budget’ is a component part of parliamcntary language, it has not come into common use in the discussions of Congress. Consult: Wilson, The National Budget (London, 1882); Adams, Finance (New York, 1900). See Finance; Tax and Taxation; Debt, Public.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Buffalo-berry

See also Shepherdia argentea on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ BUFFALO-BERRY (Shepherdia argentea). While familiar to horticulturists for many years, the buffalo-berry has but recently taken rank as a fruit-plant. It is a native of the cold, dry northwestern part of North America, where it has achieved its greatest success under cultivation. The buffalo-berry is a shrub with small silvery leaves, short thorny spines or branches, upon which the fruits, of about the size of a common currant, are borne. The plant is dioecious, consequently both male and female forms must be planted in order to insure fruit production. The two forms are easily recognized by the form and distribution of the winter buds; the staminate or male plant bears small rounded buds in dense clusters scattered all along the spurs; the pistillate, or female plant, bears fewer and more elongated buds, usually in pairs along the sides of the spurs. The fruits are either red or yellow, are used for jellies, and often serve instead of currants for this purpose. There are no cultivated varieties on the market. The plant is valuable as an ornamental shrub. See Elæagnus.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Buffalo-bird

See also the disclaimer.
​ BUFFALO-BIRD. A bird closely associated with wild oxen or buffaloes, picking the parasites from their hides to eat, and warning the animal of possible danger by the expression of its own alarm. (1) An ox-pecker (q.v.). (2) A tick-bird. See Tick.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Budgerigar

See also Budgerigar on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BUDG′ERIGAR′ (Anglo-Australian). A dealer's name (variously spelled) for the common Australian grass-parrakeet. “Every one knows the little parrakeet, often called the Australian parrakeet, but which rejoices in such a multiplicity of names, among [them] . . . that by which it is most usually known in England, namely, budgerigar, undulated grass-parrakeet, zebra and shell parrot, warbling grass-parrakeet,” etc.—English Illustrated Magazine, Vol. IX. (London, 1893). See Parrakeet, and Plate of Parrots and Parakeets.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Schmid, Christoph von

Edition of 1905. See also Christoph von Schmid on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SCHMID, shmit, Christoph von (1768-1854). A German writer of juvenile works, born at Dinkelsbühl. His principal juveniles, which were very popular and were translated into French and English, are Biblische Geschichte für Kinder, Der Weihnachtsabend, Genofeva, Ostereier, Das Blumenkörbchen, and Erzählungen für Kinder und Kinderfreunde (1823-29). His autobiography, Erinnerungen aus meinem Leben, was published in 1871.