OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Blair, Robert

Edition of 1905. See also Robert Blair (poet) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BLAIR, Robert (1699-1746). A Scottish clergyman and writer. He was born in Edinburgh, was educated at the university there and in Holland, was licensed to preach in 1729, and from ​1731 until his death was settled at Athelstaneford in East Lothian. Besides an elegiac poem and several paraphrases of Scripture which have been totally forgotten, he wrote the forcible but strikingly lugubrious poem of "67 lines, entitled The Grave, which, first published in 1743, enjoyed considerable popularity and was frequently reprinted.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Blake, Eli Whitney

Edition of 1905. See also Eli Whitney Blake on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BLAKE, Eli Whitney (1795-1886). An American inventor. He was born in New Haven, Conn., and graduated at Yale in 1816. Blake assisted his uncle, Eli Whitney (q.v.), in the management of the gun-factory at Whitneyville, and on his uncle's death assumed full charge. In conjunction with his brother, he afterwards established a hardware factory at Westville. Blake is best known for his invention of a stone-breaking machine. He wrote several scientific papers, the most noteworthy being Original f^oliitions of Several Problems in Aerodynamics (1882). His son. Eli Whitney (1836-1895), graduated at Yale in 1857, and later studied in Germany. He served as professor of physics in the universities of Vermont, Cornell, Columbia, and Brown, and was connected with several scientific societies, including the Apierican Association for the Advancement of Science.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mieroslawski, Ludwik

Edition of 1905. See also Ludwik Mieroslawski on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MIEROSLAWSKI, myĕ'rṓ-släv'skḗ, Ludwik (1814-78). A Polish revolutionary leader, born at Nemours, France. He was the son of a Polish officer in the service of France, received his education at the military school in Kalisz, and joined the Polish insurgents in 1830. Mieroslawski distinguished himself greatly, and was made an officer, serving until the fall of Warsaw, when he settled in Paris. Here he published a number of books in Polish and French, particularly a military history of the Revolution in Poland. In 1846 he was at the head of another revolutionary movement in Poland, which resulted in his being captured and sentenced to death. From this fate he was rescued by the outbreak of
the general revolutionary movement of 1848. After fighting in Posen, Mieroslawski resigned his command in the face of ultimate defeat. In 1849 he participated in the revolutionary movement in Sicily, and after resigning his command placed himself at the head of the revolutionary army in Baden, but eventually retired to Paris. His last appearance as a revolutionist was in Poland in 1863, and, after the failure of that attempt, he spent the last years of his life writing political pamphlets. He died in Paris, November 23, 1878.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mier

Edition of 1905. See also Ciudad Mier on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MIER, mḗ-âr'. A Mexican town, situated on the Río Grande, 110 miles in a straight line from its mouth (Map: Mexico, J 4). It is noted in connection with an attempted invasion of Mexico by Texans in 1842. Population, 4000.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mierevelt, Michiel Jansze

Edition of 1905. See also Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MIEREVELT, mē're-vĕlt, Michiel Jansze (1567-1651). A Dutch painter, born at Delft. He was a pupil of A. van Montfoort, called Bloeklandt, of Utrecht. He received a pension from the Archduke Albert of Austria, at whose Court he
lived in Delft. Mierevelt's portraits are in many of the museums. They are of varying importance, as he was often assisted by his pupils, particularly by his son, Pieter van Mierevelt (1596-1623), who imitated the manner of his father with much success. Among the best portraits by the elder Mierevelt are those of William of Orange, and others of the Princes of Orange, John Barneveldt, and several of the Prince of Nassau.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Midrash

Edition of 1905. See also Midrash on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MID′RASH (Heb., from dārash, to seek, search). The general name given to the exposition of the Old Testament which, for about 1,500 years after the Exile, formed the centre of all mental activity both in and out of the schools, among the Jews. The prohibitions and ordinances contained in the Pentateuchal codes were specified and particularized according to certain hermeneutical rules, and further surrounded by traditional ordinances and inhibitions. This division of Midrash is represented by the Halacha (q.v.), the binding authoritative.
civil, and religous law as laid down in the Talmud. Another branch of the Midrash, however, is the Haggada (q.v.), a kind of free poetical homiletics, on the whole body of the Old Testament, and the term Midrash without further specification generally refers to this branch of rabbinical literature. The chief collections of this part of the Midrash are Midrash Rabba or Midrash haggadol (on the Pentateuch and the five scrolls), and Pesikta to various sections of the Bible. A complete German translation of the Midrash Rabba was begim by August Wünsche in 1880. Besides this there are Midrashim to the separate books of the Pentateuch, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. Consult: Steinschneider, Jewish Literature (London, 1857); Chenery, “Legends from the Midrash,” in Löwy, Miscellanies of Hebrew Literature (ib., 1877); Abrahams, Jewish Literature, c. iv. (Philadelphia, 1899).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Midsummer Night's Dream

Edition of 1905. See also A Midsummer Night's Dream on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MIDSUMMER NIGHT'S DREAM, A. A comedy by Shakespeare, written about 1595, printed in 1600, when two editions appeared, by Thomas Fisher and by James Roberts, the latter being used for the folio reprint. It is evidently a masque or festival play, and is a jumble of classic, mediæval, and fairy lore. The parts of Theseus and Hippolyta may have been taken from Chaucer's “Knight's Tale,” but more probably from North's translations of Plutarch's “Theseus” (1579). Pyranms and Thisbe, drawn from Ovid's Metamorphoses, may have come through Chaucer's Legend of Good Women, or was based on Robinson's Handfull of Pleasant Delights. Oberon, originating in the French Huon of Bordeaux in the Charlemagne cycle, is found in Greene's James IV. (1590). Titania, without the name, can be traced to Chaucer's “Wife of Bath's Tale.” Puck is the Robin Goodfellow of old English folk-lore. The rest of the fairy scenery is Shakespeare's own, except for a slight debt to John Lyly.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mieres

Edition of 1905. See also Mieres, Asturias on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MIERES, mḗ-ā'rắs. A mining town of Northern Spain in the Province of Oviedo. It is situated 9 miles southeast of the City of Oviedo, among forest-covered mountains, and is surrounded by gardens and orchards. It has a score of mines and extensive factories for iron and chemical products. In the neighborhood are important mines of coal, iron, and cinnabar. Population, in 1900, 17,867.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mieris

Edition of 1905. See also Frans van Mieris the Elder, Jan van Mieris, Willem van Mieris and Frans van Mieris the Younger on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MIERIS, mē'rĭs. A family of Dutch painters. Frans van Mieris, the elder (1635-81), a genre painter, was born in Leyden, April 12, 1635. He was a pupil of Torenvliet, of Gerard Dou, and of Adriæn van den Tempel. His pictures are characterized by elegance of drawing, and his coloring is clear, delicate, and rich, especially in painting velvets, satin, and other rich stuffs. They are treated too superficially and smoothly, however, to be strong. His principal works include the “Lady in the Crimson Jacket,” National Gallery, London; “Lady at Her Toilet,” “Two Ladies Drinking Tea,” “Interior of a Household,” and a “Male Portrait,” in the Louvre; “Boy Blowing Soap-Bubbles” and “Artist and His Wife” (1663), in the Hague Museum; a “Lady Writing a Letter” (1680); a “Lady Playing Guitar,” Amsterdam Museum; the “Soldier” (1662); “Woman Fainting,” Munich Gallery; and the “Tinker,” Dresden Gallery. — Jan van Mieris (1660-90), a genre and portrait painter, son and pupil of Frans the elder; he studied also under Lairesse. Examples of his work are an “Assembly of Ladies and Gentlemen with Lute-Player,” Gotha Museum; “Surgeon Dressing a Wound,” Hermitage, Saint Petersburg. — Willem van Mieris (1662-1747), a genre and mythological painter and sculptor, was born in Leyden, the son and pupil of Frans the elder. His work represents the school in its decline, and is inferior to his father's in drawing and impasto. He also modeled statuettes and vases adorned with bas-reliefs. Among his works are the “Trumpeter,” the “Poultry Dealer,” and the “Merry Toper,” all in the Dresden Gallery. — Frans van Mieris, the younger (1689-1763). A genre painter and writer. He was the son and pupil of Willem, and a distinguished antiquary, and published works of merit on numismatics and history. His books include the Historie der nederlandsche vorsten (1732-35) and Groot charterboek der graven van Holland, van Zeeland en heren van Vriesland (1753-56). Among his paintings are the “Pharmacy” (1714), Amsterdam Museum; portrait of his father (1737). Copenhagen Gallery; and the “Fishmonger” (1747), Rotterdam Museum.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mill, James

Edition of 1905. See also James Mill on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MILL, James (1773-1836). A British economist and philosopher. He was the son of a shoemaker, born near Montrose, Scotland, April 6, 1773. He studied at the University of Edinburgh, where he distingtiished himself in Greek
and in moral and metaphysical philosophy. He was licensed to preach in 1798; but instead of following this career, he went to London in 1802, as tutor to Sir John Stuart's children, and there settled as a literary man. He became editor of the Literary Journal and wrote for various periodicals. Not long after he settled in London he made the acquaintance of Jeremy Bentham, who influenced him greatly in his views. In 1806 he commenced his History of British India, which he carried on along with other literary work, and published in the winter of 1817-18. This important work, though containing an attack upon the administration of the East India Company, secured for him in 1819 the post of assistant examiner of Indian correspondence. Before his death he was appointed head of the examiner's office, where he had the control of all the departments of Indian administration — political, judicial, and financial — managed by the secret committee of the court of directors. He contributed many important articles to the Encyclopædia Britannica. These essays were printed in a separate form, and became widely known. In 1821-22 he published his Elements of Political Economy, a work prepared primarily with a view to the education of his eldest son, John Stuart Mill. In 1829 his magnum opus, the Analysis of the Human Mind, appeared. The work is almost the Bible of associationism, and deserves to be classed among the great English philosophical productions. He attempted to simplify associationism by recognizing only one principle at work, that which was later called association by contiguity. (See Association of Ideas.) This principle can so fuse various ideas and feelings that a result may be produced entirely different from the original element. This has been called ‘mental chemistry.’ Mill made great use of mental chemistry in support of the doctrine that morality is based on utility. (See Utilitarianism.) In this way he furnished a psychological basis for Bentham's ethical and legislative reforms. He took great interest in political questions and was a powerful advocate of an extended suffrage. Much of his influence was due to his strong personality and great conversational powers. In later life he entirely broke away from his early religious views and brought up his son John Stuart in utter religious indifference. He took a leading part in the founding of University College, London. He died at Kensington, June 23, 1836. See Autobiography of J. S. Mill (London, 1873); Bain, James Mill: A Biography (London, 1882); Bower, James Mill and Hartley (ib., 1881). All of these works are quite popular in character.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Midwife Frog

Edition of 1905. See also Midwife toad on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MIDWIFE FROG, or Obstetrical Toad. A smooth toad-like terrestrial frog (Alytes obstetricans) of the family Discoglossidæ, found along the Mediterranean coast, and numerous and ubiquitous. From March to August the double call-note of the male,, sounding like a small bell, is heard, but it is difficult to see the performer. The remarkable feature of this frog's life, however, is its egg-nurture. When the female is ready to extrude her eggs, which are of large size and attached to one another, in two rosary-like strings, to the number of several dozen, the accepted male mounts upon her back. During the expulsion of the eggs they are fecundated by the male, who then pushes his hind limbs through the tangled mass, after which he releases the female, and retires to his hole dragging with him the burden wrapped about his legs. He comes out each night to feed and to moisten the eggs
in the dew or the nearest puddle, and after about three weeks, when the eggs are nearly ready to hatch, he takes them into the water, where he remains until the tadpoles escape through the softened envelopes. Broods born in early summer mature the same autumn, but later broods remain as tadpoles until the following May. A second species (Alytes cisternasi), of similar habits, occurs in Central Spain and Portugal.
MIDWIFE FROG.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mill, John

Edition of 1905. See also John Mill on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MILL, John (1645-1707). A scholar of the Church of England. He was born at Shap, Westmoreland; studied at Queen's College, Oxford, and was elected a fellow in 1670. He entered the ministry, and became distinguished as a preacher; became rector in 1681 of the college living of Bletchington, Oxfordshire, and chaplain to Charles II. In 1685 he was principal of Saint Edmund Hall; in 1704 he became prebendary of Canterbury. The work for which he is most distinguished is his new edition of the Greek Testament, on which he spent thirty years, and which appeared only fourteen days before his death. It was undertaken at the advice and expense of Dr. Fell, Bishop of Oxford, but after the Bishop's death (1686) Mill continued it at his own expense, and repaid to the executors what he had received. The text which Mill adopted is that of Robert Stephens of 1550, and his work contains 30,000 various readings collected from manuscripts, commentaries, writings of the Fathers, etc. Dr. Daniel Whitby attacked the work in his Examen Variantium Lectionum Johannis Millii (London, 1709); but Dr. Richard Bentley approved the labors of Mill, and Michaelis, Marsh, and other critical scholars acknowledged the value of the edition.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Blum, Robert

Edition of 1905. See also Robert Blum on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BLUM, Robert (1807-48). A German patriot. He was born in very humble circumstances in Cologne, November 10, 1807, and after a brief military service in 1830, became scene-shifter, and afterwards secretary of a theatre in Cologne, and subsequently in Leipzig. In this situation he remained, devoting his leisure time to literature and politics until 1847, when he established himself as a bookseller and publisher. In 1840 he founded in Leipzig the Schillerverein, which celebrated the poet's anniversary, as a festival in honor of political liberty. In 1845 he acquired great reputation as a popular orator in connection with the German Catholic movement, and particularly through his action at a turbulent meeting of armed citizens and students of Leipzig, whom he dissuaded from storming the barracks. He became the champion of the Liberal Party of Saxony on the outbreak of the Revolution of February, 1848, and was elected vice-president of the Preliminary Parliament at Frankfort. In the National Assembly he became leader of the Left; and was one of the bearers of a congratulatory address from the Left to the people of Vienna when they rose in October. In Vienna he joined the Students' Corps, was arrested, and shot on November 9. Blum was a man of strong intelligence and great oratorical power. Consult Hans Blum, Robert Blum (Leipzig, 1878).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Blumauer, Aloys

Edition of 1905. See also Aloys Blumauer on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BLUMAUER, blōō'-mou-ẽr, Aloys (1755-98). A German poet, born in Steyer. His works, which are chiefly coarse satires on the clergy and on the Jesuit Order (of which he himself had become a member a year before its dissolution in 1773), enjoyed a wide popularity. He is remembered, however, chiefly for his Abenteuer des
frommen Helden Æneas (1784-88; published with introduction and commentary by E. Griesbach, 1872), a coarse travesty on Vergil's Æneid, which is still widely read in Germany. His complete works, Sämmtliche Werke, appeared after his death in 4 vols. (1801-03; republished 4 vols., 1884). Consult Hofmann-Willenhof, Aloys Blumauer (Vienna, 1885).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Blumenthal, Oskar

Edition of 1905. See also Oscar Blumenthal on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BLUMENTHAL, Oskar (1852—). A German dramatist and satirist, born in Berlin. He founded there the Lessing Theatre (1888), which he managed from 1888-97, and devoted chiefly to the production of contemporary comedies. Among his own works first produced at the Lessing Theatre, the most popular are the comedies, Der Probepfeil (1882); Die grosse Glocke; Im weissen Rössel, with G. Kadelburg (1898); Matthias Gollinger, with M. Bernstein (1898); Die strengen Herren, with G. Kadelburg (1900); Der schwarze Schleier (1887); and Heute und Gestern, with G. Kadelburg (1892). He has also published satirical articles and epigrams. Consult Wald (1885), and Wolff (Berlin, 1887).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Blumer, Johann Jakob

Edition of 1905. See also Johann Jakob Blumer on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BLUMER, blōō'mẽr, Johann Jakob (1819-75). A Swiss statesman and historian, born in Glarus. He studied in Zürich, Bonn, and Berlin. In 1843 he was elected to the Landrat, and in 1861 became president of the Court of Appeals. Between 1861 and 1874 he completed his revision of the civil and criminal law of Switzerland, and subsequently he was chosen president of the Permanent Court of the Swiss Federation. His books include Staats- und Rechtsgeschichten der schweizerischen Demokratien (1850-59), and Handbuch des schweizerischen Bundesstaatsrechts (1877-87).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich

Edition of 1905. See also Johann Friedrich Blumenbach on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BLUMENBACH, blōō'men-bȧG, Johann Friedrich (1752-1840). A German naturalist, physiologist, and anthropologist, born in Gotha. He studied in Jena and in Göttingen, where he graduated with the degree of M.D. in 1776. He began to teach in Göttingen in 1776, became a professor in 1778, and exercised the greatest influence as a teacher for more than fifty years. He founded the science of anthropology. His Collectio Craniorum Diversarum Gentium (1790-1828) gave the results of observations upon the skulls of different races. He advocated the theory of the unity of the human race, and divided it into five types — Caucasian, Mongolian, Malay, American, and Ethiopian. His Handbuch der Naturgeschichte (1780) has gone through many editions. He was the first to place comparative anatomy on a thoroughly scientific basis, and in 1805 published his Handbuch der vergleichenden Anatomie. He speculated on the power of generation and regeneration, and imagined that a nisus formativus, or formative tendency, was possessed by all living things. Consult his Ueber den Bildungstrieb und das Zeugungsgeschäft (Göttingen, 1791).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Blumenthal, Leonhard

Edition of 1905. See also Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BLUMENTHAL, Leonhard, Count von (1810-1900). A Prussian field-marshal. He was born July 30, 1810, at Schwedt-on-the-Oder. He received a military education in the Prussian Cadet Corps, and in 1827 became an officer in the Reserve Guard. From 1830 to 1833 he studied at the Berlin Military Academy, and later served in all branches of the army, in order to acquire a full military training. In 1848 he became a member of the Prussian General Staff. He was chief of staff of the Schleswig-Holstein Army in 1849; became aide-de-camp to Prince Frederick Charles (1858); colonel of the Seventy-first Infantry (1860); and chief of staff of the Austro-Prussian Army in the war against Denmark (1864). In the same year he was made a major-general, and in the campaign of 1866 against Austria acted as chief of staff to the Crown Prince Frederick William, and distinguished himself at Königgrätz. After the war Blumenthal became a lieutenant-general. During the Franco-Prussian War he again acted as chief of staff to the Crown Prince, and participated in the events leading up to Sedan and the capitulation of Paris. He was afterwards intrusted with the command of the Fourth Army Corps, with headquarters at Magdeburg, and given the rank of general of infantry in 1873. In 1888 he was created field-marshal, and given
important duties as inspector-general of the Fourth Division. He died December 22, 1900.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Blundell's School

Edition of 1905. See also Blundell's School on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BLUNDELL'S SCHOOL. One of the best of the smaller English public schools, especially noted in the west of England. It was founded in 1604 by Peter Blundell, in Tiverton, Devonshire. Beginning life as a poor boy, he amassed a considerable fortune, most of which was left to charities, the greatest of which was this school. There were founded in connection with it five scholarships at Balliol College, Oxford, for scholars of this school, which have brought many men from there to Balliol. Among the distinguished men who came from Blundell's are Bishops Bull, Hayter, and Conybeare, Abraham
Hayward, the essayist, and R. D. Blackmore, the novelist. John Ridd, the hero of Lorna Doone, was also a member of the school.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Blum, Robert Frederick

Edition of 1905. See also Robert Frederick Blum on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BLUM, blūm, Robert Frederick (1857-1903). An American painter, born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He studied at the Academy of Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pa., and exhibited in New York City in 1879. Among his works are “Going and Coming” (1881); “Bright Day at Venice” (1882), and some fine mural decorations, including those for Mendelssohn Hall, New York City.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Blumenthal, Jacob von

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
BLUMENTHAL, blōō'men-täl, Jacob von (1829—). A German pianist and composer, born in Hamburg. He studied under Grund, Bocklet, Sechter, Halévy, and Herz, and in 1849 went to London. There he was appointed pianist to Queen Victoria, taught music, and composed many brilliant pieces for the pianoforte and popular songs, of which “My Queen,” “The Bend in the River,” “The Broken Flower,” and “The Venetian Boat-Song” are the best known.