# Researches into the Early History of Mankind and the Development of Civilization/Index

INDEX.
Adobe, 97.
Æolian flutes, 177.
Africa, Beast-Fables of, 10–2, 365; Stone Age in, 220–3.
Alnajah of Ethiopia, 216.
Alphabets and Syllubaria, 100–3; Finger-alphabet, 17.
America, connexion of its civilization with that of the Old World, 206, 276, 339–71.
American chroniclers, 252.
Andaman Islanders, 160.
Archimedes, his burning mirrors, 249.
Architecture, evidence of progress in, 166.
Ark, 331.
Arrow-heads, stone, 209, 211, 224.
Articulation of deaf mutes, 71–5.
Arts, transmission of, 166, etc., 376.
Aryan race, their use of metal, 213; their fire apparatus, 242, 255.
Astrology, 132.
Aubin, M., on phonetic characters of Mexicans. 94–6.
Australians, 141, 145, 175–7, 201, 265, 282, 289, 373, etc.
Axes, stone, 200.
Bachofen, J. J., on couvade, 298.
Bakalahari, 185.
Baking in hollow trees, ant-hills, pits, 261.
Balsam of Judea, 218.
Bamboo, fire produced from, 238.
Barbecue, 262.
Basques, 301.
Beast-Fables in Europe and Africa, 10–2, 365; Lion and Mouse, 350.
Bee-hunting, Australian and American method of, 177.
Bellows for iron-smelting, 167.
Bewitching, by images, 119–22, 124; by earth-cutting, 119; by names, 124–7; by locks of hair, parings of nails, leavings of food, etc., 127–30; by symbolic charms, 130, 133; by 'wishing,' 134; by the evil eye, 134.
Bible, tales derived from, 337–39.
Bird-trap, rudimentary, 170.
Blast-pump for iron smelting, in East Archipelago and Madagascar, 107–9, 377.
Boats, remains of, on mountains, etc., 329–32.
Boats and rafts, 162.
Boiling, 263–74; with hot stones, 263–7; vessels for, 269–72.
Bolas, 177.
Bone-caves, 197, 321; stone implements of, 197.
Bones burnt for fuel, 183.
Boomerang, 175, 187, 374.
Bread-fruit paste, 179.
Bridge of Dead, 358–63.
Bronze Age in America, 206; in Asia, 207.
Bucaneers, 262.
Bucaning, 262.
Burial in canoes, etc., 362.
Burning-lens, 248.
Burning-mirror, 249–53.
Bushmen, 77, 185.
Calculation by stones, 163.
Calendars of N. A. Indians, 90; of Mexicans, 91, 339.
Caliban, 247.
Celts, stone, 199–202.
Central America, ruined cities of, 182, 206.
Charms, 130, etc.
Cherokees, their syllabarium, 102.
Chinampas, 171.
China, aboriginal tribes of, 208, 300.
Chinese, their clan names, 280; their phonetic writing, 98–100.
Chocolate, 178.
Christy, Mr. H., 13; his exploration of bone-caves of Périgord, 197; finding stone-implements in North Africa, 224.
Churn worked with cord, 242. ​Circumcision:—with stone knives among Jews, 214–19; Rabbinical law as to instrument, 216; among Alnajah in Ethiopia, 216; in Fiji islands, 216; in Australia, 219.
Cistercians, their gesture-language, 40–2.
Civilization, progress of, 2, 117, 136, 148, 150, etc., 198, 295, 372, etc., decline of, 181–90, 375.
Clan-names:—in China, 280; Australia, 282; persons of same, may not marry, 280–84.
Climbing by hoops, etc., 170.
Cloth of bundles of fibre, 188–91.
Cock and Bull stories, 10.
Colour of feathers changed in live birds, 177.
Cooking, 261–70; en papillote, 173; roasting and broiling, 261; baking, 261; underground ovens, 261; bucaning or barbecuing, 262; boiling, 263–70; stone-boiling, 263–7.
Copper, native, used by stone-age races in North America, 205.
Cord, hand-twisting of, 189.
Corsicans, 303.
Couvade, 291, 305, 380; in South America and West Indies, 292, etc.; North America, Africa, and Eastern Archipelago, 300; Asia, 300; Europe, 301; its ethnological value, 302.
Customs, 275, 305, 378; tying clothes of couple in wedding, 46; kissing, rubbing noses, etc., 51; fire not touched with sharp instrument, 277; sucking-cure, etc., 277–9, 302; restrictions from marriage of kindred, 279–88; Spartan marriage, 286; restrictions to intercourse of parents-in-law and children-in-law, 288-91; tabued relationships, 291; couvade, 291, etc., 379; usages concerning sneezing, 379.
Cybele, priests of, 218.
Dasent, Dr., his argument from Beast-Fables, 10, 365.
Dead, names of, not mentioned, 142, 145.
Dead, Bridge of, 358–63; River or Gulf of, 362.
Deaf and dumb, their mental condition and education, 17, 65–75; of themselves utter words, 71–4; their lip-imitation of words, 72.
Decline of culture, 161, 181–8, 375; Dr. Von Martius's theory of, 135, 375; A. von Humboldt on, 187.
Deluge, 88, 325–32, 337, 348.
Devil painted white, 112; attributes of Fire-god, etc., given to, 369.
Diable Boiteux, 369.
Digger Indians, 186.
Divination, 130.
Doing, in sense of practising magic, 135.
Dolls and toys, 106–9.
Dreams and phantasms, argument from, 5–10.
Drift gravels, stone implements in, 194–8; Mr. Prestwich on age of, 195; extinct animals of, 311–14.
Drills for boring holes and for fire-making, 188, 240–6.
Drink=river, 37.
Drum, 138.
Dumb, becomes term for foreign, barbarian, stupid, young, 34, 64.
Earrings, etc., 1.
Eclipse, 164.
Effigies, 122.
Eggs, artificial hatching of, 181.
Egypt: hieroglyphics. 96–100; Coptic alphabet, 100; decline in arts, 181; stone arrow-heads, 210; stone embalmer's knives, etc., 217.
Elephant, white, 276.
Erman, on rukh and griffin, 319.
Esquimaux, 166, 205, 242, 287, 327, etc.
Evans, Mr. J., on wattled cloth of Swiss lake-dwellings, 189.
Evil eye, 53, 134.
Father put to bed, etc., on birth of child, see Couvade, 291–305, 379; parentage ascribed only to, 299.
Fergusson, Mr., on wooden forms in architecture, 166.
Fetish, 135.
Finns, stone-boilers, 268.
Fire, myths of origin of, 229, etc., 254–6.
Fire; new, 250–60;—Vestal, 250; in Peru, 250; in India, 255; on Easter eve, 257; in Russia, 259; see also Needfire.
Fire, not touched with sharp instrument, 277.
Fire, races reported to be destitute of, 229–36; Guanches, 229; Islanders of Los Jardines, 231; of Fakaafo, 231; of the Ladrones and Philippines, 232; tribe in French Guiana, 233; Ethiopian tribes, 234.
Fire-drill:—simple, 238–41, 251–61; as carpenter's brace, 241; thong​drill, 241, 255; bow-drill, 244; pump-drill, 244–6.
Fire-making:—Tasmanians and Australians said to have no means of, 236; methods of, in different countries, 237–61; stick-and-groove, 237; striking fire with bamboo, 238; fire-drill, 233–46; striking fire with iron pyrites, 247, 260; with stones, etc., 248; flint and steel, 248; burning-lens, 248; burning-mirror, 248–52; lucifer matches, 253; wooden friction-apparatus, kept up to modern times, 253; evidence of early use of, in different countries, 253–61.
Fire-syringe, 246.
Flamen Dialis, 137.
Flint and steel, 248.
Floating gardens, etc., 171.
Food superstitions, 131.
Footmarks, in Mexican picture-writings, 183.
Footprints, mythic, 114–6.
Fork, eating-, 173–5.
Fossil bones, shells, etc., myths of observation connected with, 316–31.
Fountain of Youth, 363–65.
Fox, Col. A. Lane, on boomerangs, 175.
Fuegians, 162, 247, 260, 263, etc.
Gauchos, 241.
Gesture-language, 14–81; of deaf-and-dumb, 16–33; nature of, 15, etc.; arbitrary signs, 22; epithets, 24; absence of grammatical categories, 24, 62; grammar and syntax, 25–82; g. l. of savage tribes. 34–40; syntax, 39; g. l. of Cistercian monks, 40–2; the Pantomime, 42–4; g. l. as an accompaniment to speech, 44, etc.; common to mankind, 54; evidence of mental similarity, 54; compared with speech, 58–71; its dualism compared with that of speech, 59–63; prepositions, 61; theory that g. l. was the original utterance of man, 64; for numerals, 79.
Gesture-signs, 38, 43–53; translated in language, 37; nodding and shaking head, 37, 52; kissing hand, 38; sign of benediction, 38; beckoning, etc., 45, 50; snapping fingers, 45; grasping and shaking hands, 45–7; crouching, bowing, kneeling, etc., 47; gestures of prayer, 48; uncovering head, feet, and body, 48–51; rubbing noses, kissing, blowing, etc., 51; signs of contempt, etc., 52; against evil eye, 53.
Giants, 316–25.
Glass, legend of invention of, 150; substituted for stone in making knives, etc., 219.
Gold work of Mexico, 206.
Gourds, etc., plastered with clay, 272.
Griffins, 319.
Grinding and polishing stone implements, 197–203, 380.
Guanches, 229.
Guano, 178.
Hair, bewitching by locks of, etc., 127–9.
Hammers, stone, 192–4, 200, 225.
Hammock, 175.
Harpocrates, 41.
Heads, preserved, of New Zealand, 266.
Hebrides, inhabitants of, 270.
Heyse, on thought and speech, 67.
Horns, used to point weapons, etc., 221.
Hot stones, baking with, 261; boiling with, 263–70.
Hottentots, 10–2, 221.
Humboldt, A. v., on connexion of Mexicans with Asia, 91, 270, 339; on human degeneration, 187; on Mexican elephant-like head, 313.
Husband, name of, not mentioned by wife, 141.
Ichthyophagi, 210.
Ideas, association of, with images and words, 106–49.
Idiots, use of gesture-language in education of, 79.
Idols, 109–12.
Images, etc., 106–22.
Incubi and Succubi, 7.
India, stone implements in, 212; fire-making, 239, 255; marriage, 46, 280, 286.
Indians of N. America: gesture-language, 35–39; picture-writing, 82–91.
Individuals, not held to be physically separate by lower races, 295.
Inventors and civilizers, legends of, 150–4; 208, 231, 254, 307, etc.
Irish, stone-boilers, etc., 270.
Iron, meteoric, used by Indians of La Plata and Esquimaux, 205.
Irrigation, decline in art of, 184.
Island, monster mistaken for, 342.
Jack and the Beanstalk, 349–61.
Japan, stone implements in, 211.
Jews, their use of stone knives, 214–19.
Jonah, 345.
Jo-hua, stone knives in tomb of 214.
Kamchadals, 270, 239, 265, 277, 327, etc.
Kang-hi, his Encyclopædia, 209, 317, 328.
Kava or Ava. 180.
Kettles, of bark, paunch, hide, split bamboo, potstone, etc., 269–72.
Khorsabad, obsidian flake-knives under temple of, 211.
Kings' and chiefs' names not mentioned, 143–5.
Kissing, etc., 51.
Kjökkenmöddings, stone implements of, 196–8.
Knives, stone flake-, 195–9, 211.
Language, origin of, 15, 55–8, 62; Chinese myth of, 58; stories of attempts to discover original l. by experiments on children, 79–81; speech compared with gesture-language, 58–65; predicative and demonstrative roots compared with two classes of gesture-signs, 59–61; concretism, 62; verb-roots, 63; syntax, 63; relation of speech to thought, 67–74; deaf-and-dumb of themselves speak, 71–4; their lip-imitation of words, 72; language modified by superstitions concerning words in Polynesia, 145, Australia 145, Tasmania 145, among Abipones 146, Kafirs 147, Yezidis 147, English and Americans 148; evidence from language as to progress in culture, 163–6, 256; as to Stone Age, 213–5.
Lartet and Christy, on bone caves of Périgord, 197.
Lazarus, Prof., 216.
Letters. See Phonetic Characters.
Life, future, 5–10, 296, 354–7.
Little Red Riding-Hood, 346.
Livre des Sauvages, 88.
Lubbock, Sir J. , division of Stone Age, 194; on fireless tribes, 236.
M'Lennan, J. F., marriage-laws of lower races, 279; form of capture, 287.
Madagascar, 167–9, 225, 240.
Magic and sorcery, theory of, 116–39, 304, 380.
Malay stone-implements, 215.
Malayo-Polynesians, 167, 178, etc.
Mammoths and other extinct animals, possible recollection of, 311; myths derived from remains of, 313–20.
Man his degeneration in size and length of life, 324; mental uniformity of, 372–4; primary condition of, 379.
Man in the Moon, etc., 334.
Man swallowed by Fish, 344–46.
Map-making, 89.
Marriage, prohibition of, among Kindred, 279, etc.,; in Europe, 279; Asia, 280–2; Africa, 282; Australia, 282; America, 283–6; extended to imaginary kindred, 288; wife carried off by force, 286, 287; crossing male and female lines, 283–8.
Martins, Dr. v., his theory of degeneration, 135, 375.
Massagetæ, 207.
Metal-working in Mexico and Peru, 206.
Mexico;—picture-writing, 91-7, 312; calendars, 91, 339; phonetic characters, 92–6; Quetzalcohuatl and the Toltecs, 151–4; stone implements, 191; metal-work, 206; tire drill, 240; Humboldt on connexion of Mexican civilization with Asia, 91, 207, 276, 312, 339.
Mirrors of pyrites and obsidian, 250, 260.
Moslems, their opinion on images, 120.
Mound-builders of Mississippi Valley, 205.
Myths, 311–71, 378; of origin of language, 58; connected with shapes of rocks, stone circles, statues, 113; of footprints, 114; of sympathetic plants, 132; of Quetzalcohuatl, 151–4; Sun-myths, 150–3, 346–52, 364; myths relating to stone arrow-heads, 224; to dolmens in North Africa, 222; of thunderbolt, 223–7; of Prometheus, 229, 255; of origin of fire in Polynesia, 231; Chinese, 254; Phœnicia, 254; of monstrous tribes, 234; growth of, 233; permanence of, 234; of Old World transferred to New, 249; geographical distribution of, 333–71; common nature and character of, among different races. 333–37; man in the moon, etc., 334; sun and moon, brother and sister, 335; Castor and Pollux in Tasmania, 335; transmission of, 337, etc., 378; derived from Bible stories, etc., 337–9; of America compared with those of Old World, 339–71; World-Tortoise, Tortoise Island, etc., 340–4; Man swallowed by fish, 344–6; Sun-Catcher, 346–52; Tom Thumb, 344–6; Little lied Kiding-Hood, 346; Jack and the Beanstalk, 349–57: ascent to heaven by the Tree, 350–7; Swan-coat, 355; ​Bridge, River, etc. of Dead, 358–63; Fountain of Youth, 363–5; Tail-fisher, 365–9; Moon taken for cheese, 366; stumpy-tailed animals, 366; Diable Boiteux, 369; value of myths as historical evidence, 378. See also Myths of Observation, Beast-Fables and Traditions.
Nails, bewitching by, 128.
Names:—their association with objects, 124; their use in magic, etc., 124–7; concealed, 125; changed to deceive evil spirits, 125; exchanged in token of amity, 126; avoidance of use of certain personal names, own, of others, of husbands, of parents- and children-in-law, of other connexions, of kings and chiefs, of dead, of spirits, of superhuman beings, 139–49, 288–91.
Needfire, 253, 256-61.
New Zealanders, 161, 189, 202, 266, etc.
North-American Indians, their picture-writing, 82, 91, calendars, 91; syllabarium of Cherokees, 102.
Numa Pompilius, 250.
Numerals, by gesture, 79; Roman, etc., 104.
Objective and subjective impressions and connexions confused, 117–49, 295, 304, 381.
Ornamentation of urns, 273.
Ostyaks, images of dead, 109.
Parentage from father, 297.
Parents-in-law and children-in-law, observances concerning, 141–7; restrictions to intercourse of, 288–91.
peru:—metal-work of, 206; New Fire, 250; Virgins of the Sun compared with Vestal Virgins of Rome, 251.
Phonetic characters, 92–105; of Mexicans, 92–7: Egyptian hieroglyphs, 96–100; of Chinese, 99; of Central America, 98; alphabets and syllabaria, 100–5.
Picture-writing, etc., 82–105, 159; of North American Indians, 81–91; of Mexicans, 91–7; numerals, 104.
Plants, sympathetic, 132.
Polynesians, 142–5, 161, 173, 237, 265, 307, 346, etc.
Pottery, 174, 179, 264–8; Goguet's theory of origin of, 270–4; transition vessels, 269–74: gourd-shapes, 272; ornamentation, 273.
Prometheus, 229, 255.
Puris and Coroados, 76–8.
Pygmies, 236.
Pyrites striking fire with, 248, 260.
Quaternary deposits, 194; possible traditions of animals of, 311–14.
Quetzalcohuatl, 116, 151–4.
Quipus, 154–8.
Rabbinical law as to circumcision, 215.
Rainbow, bridge or ladder, 361.
Rainmakers, 133.
Rattles, 138.
Reindeer-tribes of Central France, 197.
Reynard, the Fox, 11, 365.
Rice, traditions of introduction of, 309–11, 355.
River of Death, 360.
Roasting and broiling food, 261.
Rukh, 319.
Sago, 179.
Samovar, 165.
Samson, 347, 352.
Sanchoniathon, cosmogony of, 254.
Semitic race, their alphabet, 101; stone implements, 215–19.
Shell heaps, stone implements of, 194, 198.
Signatures, doctrine of, 122.
Similarity in arts, customs, beliefs, etc., in distant regions, arguments from, 5, 139, 169, 201–3, 261, 275, 302, 331, etc., 370–2.
Sneezing, customs relating to. 379.
Sorcerers:—their arts, 127–39; rattles and drums, 138; cure by sucking, etc., 277–9.
Soul, future life of, 5–10, 206, 358–63.
Sound and colour, comparison of, 71.
Spartan marriage, 286.
Spindle, 190.
Stick-and-groove, 237.
Stone, ornaments of hard, made by low South American tribes, 187.
Stone Age, 192–228; unground, 194–8, 380; ground, 198–204; evidence of, in different parts of the world, 204–28: evidence of language as to, 213.
Stone-boiling, 263-9, 310.
Stone implements. 192–228; late surviving, 192; natural stones used, 192; implements of Drift, 194–7; similar ones elsewhere, 196; of bone caves, 197; of Scandinavian shell-heaps, 198; grinding and polishing, 198–202; flake-knives, 200; celts, 199–202; hammers, 200; axes, 200; special instruments, 200; high-class celts in Australia, 201; pátu-pátu, of New Zealand. 202; general similarity of stone implements of different countries, 203; countries found under Stone Age conditions, 204; stone implements of N. and S. America, 206; Kamchatka, 208; China, 208; Tartary, 209; lightning-stones, 209; stone arrow-heads of Tunguz, 209; of Egyptians, 210; of the field of Marathon, etc., 210; stone implements of Ichthyophagi, 210; of W. and N. Asia, 211; Japan, 211; Java, Malay Peninsula, etc, 212; India, 196, 212; Europe, 213; Aryans, 2 3; evidence of language as to, 213, etc.,; use of stone implements by Jews and Alnajah, 214–217; used for circumcising, 214–217; for slaughtering beasts. 217, 223, 227, for incision of corpse to he embalmed in Egypt. 217; for extracting balsam of Judaea, 219; stone implements in Arabia, 218; Africa, 220–3: Canary Islands. 222; thought to be thunderbolts, 223; to be natural stones, 209, 225: used to sacrifice victims with in Africa, 223; in Rome, 227.
Stumpy-tailed animals, myths relating to, 365.
Sugar, 179.
Sun-myths, 150–4, 346–53, 364.
Supernatural beings, 109; names of, not mentioned, 143, 147.
Superstitions, 123–49, 218, 304, 378; relating to thunderbolt, 225; needfire, 256; albino elephant, 276; seeds put with gold-dust, etc., 276; touching fire with knife, etc., 277; as to god-parents, 304. See also Customs.
Swan-coat, 355.
Swiss lake-dwellers, 189, 193.
Symbolic offerings, 121; charms, 131, etc.
Tabu, 130, 141, etc., 291.
Tail-fishing, etc., 365–9.
Tally, 166.
Tasmanians, 76, 196, 235, 335.
Tea-urn, 165.
Teeth, artificial, 173; stopping teeth with gold, 173.
Textile fabrics, 188–91.
Thunderbolt, 209, 212, 222, 224–8.
Toddy, 179.
Toltecs, 151–4.
Tom Thumb, 346–9.
Tortoise-myth, 313, 341–4.
Totem, 284.
Traditions, 306–14; of inventors and civilizers, 150–4; of quipu in China, 154, 307; of Polynesia, 307; Central America, 308; in tropics, apparently belonging to high latitudes, 308; of introduction of rice, 309; first appearance of white men among N. W. American tribe, 310; possible recollection of mammoth, colossal tortoise, great ape, etc., 312–4; deluge, 325–32.
Tree, Heaven-, 349–58.
Tribes said to be deficient in speech, 75–9; degraded, 184; said to have no fire, or no means of fire-making, 229–37.
Utterance, not by speech only, 14; its relation to thought, 68–74.
Veddahs, 76–8, 239, 291.
Vei syllabarium, 102.
Vessels:—for stone-boiling, 263–9, 310; of bark, paunch, hide, bamboo, etc., for setting over fire, 269–71; of pot-stone, 270; pottery, 270–4; gourds, etc., plastered with clay, 272.
Vestal Virgins, 250–2.
Wattled cloth, 189.
Weaving, 179, 189.
Whately, Archbishop, his theory of civilization, 160–3.
Wild fire, 254.
Words, superstitions concerning, 124–7, 139–49.
World, conception of, among lower races, 341, 358.