OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Carse, William

​CARSE, WILLIAM (fl. 1818–1845), painter, was a native of Edinburgh, and seems to have been the son of Alexander Carse [q. v.] In 1818 he was a student at the British Institution, and resided with Alexander Carse at Grenville Street, Somers Town. His first pictures were cattle pieces in the style of Paul Potter, but later he devoted himself to subject pictures, chiefly scenes from lowly Scottish life. In the years 1820–9 he exhibited pictures at the Royal Academy, the British Institution, and the Suffolk Street Exhibition. During the latter part of his residence in London he resided in Southampton Crescent, Euston Square. About 1830 he returned to Edinburgh, and exhibited pictures in the Royal Scottish Academy up to 1845, after which date he cannot be traced.
[Graves's Dict. of Artists; Catalogues of the Royal Academy and the British Institution; Annals of the Fine Arts, iii. 598; information from Mr. J. M. Gray.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Carsewell, John

John Carswell in the ODNB.
​CARSEWELL, JOHN (fl. 1560–1572), bishop of the Isles, was in his earlier years chaplain to the Earl of Argyll and rector of Kilmartin. When the assembly of the kirk, on 20 July 1560, appointed superintendents of the various districts of Scotland, Carsewell was appointed superintendent of Argyll and the Isles (Knox, Works, ii. 87; Calderwood, History, ii. 11). He was also dean of the Chapel Royal of Stirling (Keith, History, Appendix, p. 128). In his capacity of superintendent of Argyll he was appointed by the assembly, in 1567, to ‘take satisfaction’ from Argyll for separation from his wife, and for ‘other heinous offences’ (Calderwood, ii. 397). In July 1569 he was rebuked by the assembly for accepting the bishopric of the Isles, and for attending a parliament ‘holden by the queen after the murther of the king’ (ib. ii. 491). He died some time before 20 Sept. 1572.
[Keith's Scottish Bishops, 307–8; Calderwood's History of the Church of Scotland., vols. ii. and iii.]
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Carruthers, James

​CARRUTHERS, JAMES (1759–1832), historian, brother of Bishop Andrew Carruthers [q. v.], was a native of New Abbey in the stewartry of Kirkcudbright. He was educated in the Scotch college at Douay, and on his return to Scotland was ordained priest and appointed to the extensive charge of Glenlivet. Afterwards he was stationed successively at Buchan in Aberdeenshire, at Presholme in the Enzie, at Dumfries, and at New Abbey, where he died on 14 Feb. 1832. He wrote: 1. ‘The History of Scotland from the earliest period of the Scottish Monarchy to the Accession of the Stewart Family, interspersed with Synoptical Reviews of Politics, Literature, and Religion throughout the World,’ 2 vols., Edinburgh, 1826, 8vo. 2. ‘The History of Scotland during the reign of Queen Mary until the accession of her son James to the crown of England,’ Edinburgh, 1831, 8vo.
[Catholic Magazine and Review (Birmingham, 1832), ii. 379; Edinburgh Catholic Magazine (1832–3), i. 24; Gordon's Catholic Church in Scotland, 533.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Carson, Aglionby Ross

​CARSON, AGLIONBY ROSS (1780–1850), classical scholar and rector of the high school of Edinburgh, was born at Holywood, Dumfriesshire, in 1780. He was educated at Wallace Hall endowed school, in the parish of Closeburn, and at the university of Edinburgh, which he entered in 1797. In 1801 he was elected rector of the grammar school of Dumfries, and in 1806 a classical master of the high school of Edinburgh, of which he became rector in 1820. In 1826 he received the degree of LL.D. from the university of ​St. Andrews. On account of failing health he resigned the rectorship of the high school 9 Oct. 1845, and he died at Edinburgh 4 Nov. 1850. He was the author of a work on ‘The Relative, Qui, Quæ, Quod,’ and published editions of ‘Mair's Introduction,’ ‘Turner's Grammatical Exercises,’ ‘Phædrus,’ and ‘Tacitus.’ He was also a contributor to the ‘Classical Journal,’ the ‘Scottish Review,’ and the ‘Encyclopædia Britannica.’ His portrait by Sir John Watson Gordon is in the hall of the high school.
[Steven's History of the High School; Anderson's Scottish Nation.]
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Carruthers, Andrew

​CARRUTHERS, ANDREW (1770 –1852), Scotch catholic prelate, was born at Glenmillan, near New Abbey in the stewartry of Kirkcudbright, on 7 Feb. 1770. He studied for six years in the Scotch college at Douay, whence he returned to Scotland on the out-break of the French revolution. After a short time spent in superintending the studies at the seminary of Scalan, he was sent to complete his theology at Aberdeen under the direction of the Rev. John Farquharson, late principal of the Scotch college at Douay, and he was advanced to the priesthood in 1795. He was stationed first at Balloch, ​near Drummond Castle, in Perthshire, then at Traquair in Peeblesshire, and afterwards at Munches and at Dalbeattie in his native county. In 1832 he was made vicar-apostolic of the eastern district of Scotland, and consecrated at Edinburgh as bishop of Ceramis, in partibus infidelium, on 13 Jan. 1833. He died at Dundee on 24 May 1852.
[Gordon's Catholic Church in Scotland, 474, with portrait; Catholic Directory (1885), 61; Dick's Reasons for embracing the Catholic Faith (1848).]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Carse, Alexander

​CARSE, ALEXANDER (fl. 1812–1820), painter, was a native of Edinburgh, where he enjoyed a good reputation as a painter. About 1812 he came to London, and in the ensuing years exhibited several pictures at the Royal Academy and at the British Institution. His pictures chiefly represented scenes from Scottish domestic life, often of a humorous character. His colouring and drawing met with very favourable criticism. He resided for some years in Grenville Street, Somers Town, but seems about 1820 to have returned to Edinburgh, where he continued to paint for some years. He is sometimes described as ‘Old Carse,’ which seems to point to his being the father of William Carse [q. v.] The date of his death has not been ascertained. A picture by him has recently been presented to the Scottish National Gallery.
[Graves's Dict. of Artists; Catalogues of the Royal Academy and the British Institution; Annals of the Fine Arts, i. 423, ii. 44; information from Mr. J. M. Gray.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Carson, Alexander

​CARSON, ALEXANDER (1776–1844), baptist minister, was born near Stewartstown, co. Tyrone, in 1776. His parents were Scottish Calvinistic presbyterians, settled in Ireland, who consecrated their son to the ministry at an early age. He was sent to a classical school, and afterwards to the university of Glasgow, where he made himself a good Greek scholar — 'the first scholar of his time,' says Robert Haldane. He proceeded B.A and M.A. At twenty-two he was ordained pastor of the presbyterian congregation at Tobermore, near Coleraine. His rigid Calvinism caused a disagreement with his hearers, who inclined to Arianism. After a time Carson resigned the pastorate, shook off the shackles of presbyterianism, and published his 'Reasons for Separating' in 1804. Part of his congregation followed him. For some years he preached in barns and in the open air. In 1814 they built a small meeting-house, in which he devotedly laboured for thirty years. In the intervals of his ministry he employed his pen in vindicating the principles of his belief, and published books on biblical interpretation, Transubstantiation, the Trinity, &c. In 1827 he had a sharp controversy with Samuel Lee, professor of Hebrew at Cambridge, and published a book entitled 'The Incompetency of Prof. Lee for translating the Holy Scriptures,' followed by a reply to Lee's answer. In attempting to refute Haldane's 'New Views of Baptism' he converted himself, and afterswards published (1831) a book on 'Baptism, its Mode and Subjects.' Of this he printed an enlarged edition in 1844; it was subscribed for by four hundred baptist ministers. The whole impression was rapidly disposed of, and a new edition of ten thousand copies called for. By his writings and the publication of his books Carson became widely known; and so much were they esteemed in America that two universities simultaneously bestowed upon him the honorary degree of LL.D. He also became well known nearer home by travelling through most of the English counties, preaching ashe went on behalf of baptist missions. Returning from his last tour in 1844, while waiting at Liverpool for the steamer to Belfast, he fell over the edge of the quay, dislocated his shoulder, and was nearly drowned. He was rescued and taken to the steamer; but on his arrival at Belfast he was unable to proceed further, and after eight days he died, on 24 Aug. 1844, in the sixty-eighth year of his age. His remains were removed to 'Solitude,' his residence near Tobermore, and buried near the chapel where he had preached, and where six months before he had buried his wife. A collection of Carson's works has since been printed in six stout volumes. At the end of the sixth volume is a copious collection of extracts from sixteen different notices of Carson and his writings, in which he is said to be a second Jonathan Edwards, and the first biblical critic of the nineteenth century.
[Coleraine Chronicle, 24 and 31 Aug. 1844; Baptist Magazine, 1844, pp. 185-91, 525; G. C. Moore's Life of Alexander Carson, 1851; Douglas's Biographical Sketch of Alexander Carson, 1884.]
J. H. T.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Carson, James

​CARSON, JAMES, M.D. (1772–1843), physician, a Scotchman, was originally educated for the ministry, but his inclination leading him to the study of physic, he attended medical classes at Edinburgh, and graduated doctor of medicine there in the autumn of 1799 (inaugural essay, 'De Viribus quibus Sanguis circumvehitur'). He then removed to Liverpool, where he remained for the greater part of his professional career. In 1808 his name came prominently before the public in connection with the case of Charles Angus, a Liverpool merchant, who was charged with the murder of Miss Margaret Burns under what appeared to be circumstances of peculiar atrocity. At the trial held at Lancaster assizes on 2 Sept. of that year Carson in Angus's behalf stoutly maintained his opinion as to the cause of death against that of the four medical witnesses called for the crown, among whom was Dr. John Bostock the younger [q. v.] In the result a verdict of 'not guilty' was returned. Some angry pamphleteering ensued, and Carson defended himself in 'Remarks on a late Publication entitled "A Vindication of the Opinions delivered in Evidence by the Medical Witnesses for the Crown on a late Trial atLancaster,"' 8vo, Liverpool, 1808. He continued at Liverpool, and subsequently held several appointments there. He died at Sutton, Surrey, 12 Aug. 1843 (Annual Register, 1843, p. 286). He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society ​on 1 June 1837, having many years previously communicated a paper ‘On the Elasticity of the Lungs’ (Phil. Trans. cx. 29–44). Carson's other writings are:
* ‘Reasons for colonizing the Island of Newfoundland,’ 8vo, 1813.
* ‘A Letter to the Members of Parliament on the Address of the Inhabitants of Newfoundland to the Prince Regent,’ 8vo, 1813.
* ‘An Enquiry into the Causes of the Motion of the Blood,’ 8vo, Liverpool, 1815 (second and enlarged edition under the title of ‘An Inquiry into the Causes of Respiration,’ &c., 8vo, London, 1833).
* ‘A New Method of slaughtering Animals for Human Food,’ 8vo, London, 1839.
[Dict. of Living Authors, 1816, p. 56; Brit. Mus. Cat.]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Foley, Daniel

​FOLEY, DANIEL (1815–1874), professor of Irish, was born at Tralee, co. Kerry, in 1815. His parents were poor people, and he had never worn shoes, when he obtained employment in the shop of Patrick Grey in Tralee. Under the influence of a clergyman in the neighbourhood he left the church of Rome, and was sent to study for ordination in the then established church of Ireland at Trinity College, Dublin. He was in time ordained, and took the degree of B.D., and obtained the prebend of Kilbragh, in the cathedral of Cashel, and the rectory of Templetuohy. Irish was his native tongue, and in 1849 he was appointed professor of that language in the university of Dublin, and held the office till 1861. While holding this office he wrote a preface to a small Irish grammar by Mr. C. H. H. Wright, and ‘An English-Irish Dictionary, intended for the use of Students of the Irish Language,’ Dublin, 1855. This work is based upon a dictionary prepared early in this century by Thaddeus Connellan [q. v.], but published without date, long kept in sheets, and issued in Dublin from time to time with a variety of false title-pages. Foley altered some of the Irish interpretations, and added a good many words. Many of the Irish words are inventions of his own, as fuam-ainm (sound-name) for onomato-poeia; or paraphrases, as duine (person) for microcosm, eudaigh (clothes) for caparison; or errors due to defective education, as ainis (anise) for caraway. The university of Dublin made a grant towards the publication, but as a dictionary it is of no authority. Foley took an active part in opposition to disestablishment of the church in Ireland, and lectured on the subject in England. He died at Blackrock, near Dublin, 7 July 1874, and was buried in the cemetery of Kill o' the Grange.
N. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Foliot, Robert

​FOLIOT, ROBERT (d. 1186), bishop of Hereford, a near kinsman of Gilbert Foliot [q. v.], bishop of London, was a man of considerable learning, who, according to Bale (Scriptt. Illustr. p. 216, ed. Basil), quoting from Leland (Itin. viii. 78), was celebrated ​for his achievements in the liberal arts, both in England and in France, where he made the friendship of Thomas Becket, 'having him as a pupil whom he afterwards had as a patron.' Bale states that he was called 'Melundinensis,' from the place of his studies. This may mean either Melun or Meaux. By Becket's influence he was made archdeacon of Oxford towards the close of 1151. While holding this office he wrote a letter of consolation and advice to Gilbert Foliot, who, having been excommunicated by Becket, had written to him in very affectionate terms (Becket, Materials, vi. 606–9). In 1155 he was the first occupant of the newly founded stall of Wellington in Hereford Cathedral. In 1174 the see of Hereford had been vacant seven years, since the death of William of Maledon in 1167, in consequence of Henry II's refusal to issue a license of election. Foliot was then appointed, and after some further delay was consecrated with three other bishops at Canterbury by the recently appointed Archbishop Richard, 6 Oct. 1174. In 1179 he was one of the four English bishops deputed to attend the Lateran council (Holinshead, Chronicle, ii. 178; D'Achery, Spicileg. xii. 650). He consecrated the abbey church of Wigmore, to which, on the same day, he is said to have presented various jewels (Leland, Itin. viii. 78). He died 9 May 1186. His liberality was shown by his large gifts of lands, books, vases, and ornaments to his cathedral at Hereford, where a yearly commemoration was celebrated on the anniversary of his death. Bale attributes to him ‘a most lucid work,’ ‘De Sacramentis Antiquæ Legis,’ ‘Conciones Aliquot,’ and certain other unnamed works.
E. V.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Foley, Samuel

​FOLEY, SAMUEL (1655–1695), bishop of Down and Connor, was eldest son of Samuel Foley of Clonmel and Dublin (d. 1695), younger brother of Thomas Foley [q. v.], founder of the Old Swinford Hospital. His mother, Elizabeth, was sister of Colonel Solomon Richards of Polsboro, Wexford. He was born at Clonmel 25 Nov. 1655, was admitted fellow-commoner of Trinity College, Dublin, 8 June 1672, was elected fellow 11 June 1697, and was ordained in the church of Ireland in 1678. On 14 Feb. 1688–9 he was installed chancellor of St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, and was attainted by James II's parliament in the same year. On 4 April 1691 he became dean of Achonry and precentor of Killala. He proceeded D.D. of Trinity College in the same year. On 4 Oct. 1694 he was enthroned bishop of Down and Connor in succession to Thomas Hacket, who had been deprived for gross neglect of duty. He died of fever at Lisburn 22 May 1695, and was buried there. The bishop was married, and left issue. He wrote: 1. Two sermons, one preached 19 Feb. 1681–2, and the other 24 April 1682. 2. ‘An Account of the Giant's Causeway,’ published in the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ for 1694. 3. ‘An Exhortation to the Inhabitants of Down and Connor concerning the Religious Education of their Children,’ Dublin, 1695. Foley left some manuscripts on the controversy between protestantism and Roman catholicism to the library of Trinity College, Dublin.
S. L. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Courtenay, Henry Reginald

​COURTENAY, HENRY REGINALD (1741–1803), bishop of Exeter, was the eldest surviving son of Henry Reginald Courtenay, M.P., who married Catherine, daughter of Allen, first earl Bathurst. He was born in the parish of St. James, Piccadilly, 27 Dec. ​ 1741, and admitted at Westminster School in 1755, proceeding thence in 1759 to Christ Church, Oxford, where he took the degrees of B.A. 1763, M.A. 1766, and D.C.L. 1774. Having taken orders in the English church, some valuable preferments speedily fell to his lot. The rectory of Lee in Kent and the second prebendal stall in Rochester Cathedral were conferred upon him in 1773. In the following year he was appointed to the valuable rectory of St. George, Hanover Square, when he vacated his stall at Rochester; but he was one of the prebendaries of Exeter from 1772 to 1794, and he retained the fourth prebend at Rochester from 1783 to 1797. Early in 1794 he was nominated to the poor bishopric of Bristol (his consecration taking place on 11 May), and after three years' occupancy of that preferment was translated to the more lucrative see of Exeter (March 1797), holding the archdeaconry of Exeter in commendam from that year until his death, and retaining as long as he lived his rich London rectory. He died in Lower Grosvenor Street, London, 9 June 1803, and was buried in the cemetery of Grosvenor Chapel. His wife, Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Thomas Howard, second earl of Effingham, whom he married in January 1774, lived till 31 Oct. 1815. They had two sons and four daughters. The elder son, William, sometime clerk-assistant of the parliament, became in 1835 the eleventh earl of Devon; the younger son, Thomas Peregrine, is separately noticed. A letter from the bishop to the Rev. Richard Polwhele is printed in the latter's 'Traditions and Recollections,' ii. 536-7. Courtenay was stiff and reserved in social intercourse, but his letters were frank and unreserved. Several of his sermons for charities and on state occasions were printed between 1795 and 1802. His charge to the clergy of Bristol diocese at his primary visitation was printed in 1796, and that delivered to the clergy of the diocese of Exeter on the corresponding occasion was published in 1799.
W. P. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Courthope, William

​COURTHOPE, WILLIAM (1808–1866), Somerset herald, son of Thomas Courthope and his wife Mary, daughter of Thomas Buxton, born 6 May 1808, was engaged as private clerk by Francis Townsend, Rouge Dragon, in 1824, entered the office of the College of Arms as clerk in 1833, was appointed Rouge Croix in 1839, Somerset herald in 1854, and registrar of the college in 1859. He was called to the bar as a member of the Inner Temple in 1851, but did not practise. He accompanied several missions sent with the insignia of the Garter to foreign sovereigns. In 1838 he married Frances Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev. Frederic Gardiner, rector of Llanvetherine, Monmouthshire. He died without issue at Hastings, on 13 May 1866, at the age of fifty-seven. He was a learned and laborious genealogist, and his works are critical and generally trustworthy. He published: 1. An edition of Debrett's ‘Complete Peerage of Great Britain and Ireland,’ 1834, 1836. 2. An edition of Debrett's ‘Baronetage,’ 1835. 3. ‘Synopsis of Extinct Baronetage,’ 1835. 4. ‘Memoir of Daniel Chamier, minister of the Reformed Church, with notices of the Descendants,’ 1852, privately printed. Courthope was a descendant of Chamier. 5. A revised and corrected edition of Sir H. N. Nicolas's ‘Historic Peerage of England,’ 1857. 6. ‘A Pictorial History of the Earls of Warwick in the Rows Role,’ 1859; the date 1845 borne on the work refers to the plates and title-page, which were prepared in that year. He also contributed to ‘Collectanea Topographica et Genealogica’ and to the ‘Gentleman's Magazine.’
[Gent. Mag. ccxxi. 111, 336; Memoir of D. Chamier; Brit. Mus. Cat.]
W. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Courthopp, Nathaniel

Nathaniel Courthope in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
​COURTHOPP, NATHANIEL (d. 1620), sea-captain in the service of the East India Company, enlisted in the company's service in November 1609, and left England in the Darling, one of Sir H. Middleton's fleet. With his commander and others he was taken prisoner by the Turks and kept in captivity at Aden and Mocha. On regaining his freedom he was appointed agent to the company's factory at Succedana (Borneo). In 1616 he was placed in command of two ships which were sent from Bantam to the islands of Banda. After two months' sail he arrived at Pulo Roon, where the natives readily agreed to surrender themselves as subjects of the king. Courthopp, however, was unable to Carry on his expedition further, being compelled to fortify the island on account of the hostility of the Dutch, who seized one of his ships, and rendered his position one of great difficulty. With the exception of one or two flying visits to neighbouring islands, he remained at Pulo Roon for four years, undergoing great privations, till at last, in October 1620, he sailed to Lantore in pursuit of two Dutch ships which, as he was informed, had entered the harbour of that place. In an engagement which followed Courthopp received a shot in the breast, and leaping overboard was never seen again. The same year the Dutch expelled the English from both Pulo Roon and Lantore. In the preceding January the directors of the company had agreed that in recognition of his distinguished services Courthopp should receive 100l. per annum, and be recommended for preferment. In addition to Courthopp's journal, which has been preserved by Purchas, and some papers of his now in the Record Office, there are two letters written by him among the ‘Egerton MSS.’ at the British Museum (Eg. 2086, ff. 26, 44). One, dated from Neylacky, 29 June 1618, was addressed to Cassarian David, who occupied much the same uncomfortable position at Pulo Way as did Courthopp at Pulo Roon; and the other is a despatch to the president of the East India Company detailing the adventures of the expedition up to the date of writing, 15 April 1617.
[Purchas's Pilgrimes, vol. i. bk. v. pp. 664–79; Cal. State Papers, Col. Ser. vol. 1513–1616, vol. 1617–1621, passim.]
A. V.