OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Coelestius

​Coelestius occupies a unique position among the Hibernian Scots, as he taught not the faith, but heresy. The general belief is that he was a native of Ireland, of noble birth, and, in early years, of singular piety. About A.D. 405 he is found attached to Pelagius at Rome, and the names of these two figure largely in the history of the church, till they are finally condemned in the Ephesine council, A.D. 431. Coelestius had for some time studied law, and then become a monk, when his speculations upon the conditions of grace and nature attracted attention, as he affirmed the leading points of what were afterwards known as the Pelagian heresy upon the fall of man and the need of supernatural assistance, in effect denying both. These errors he had partly learned, as he said, from a holy presbyter, Rufinus, of whom nothing else is known. From Rome, on the approach of the Goths, he passed to Sicily, and thence to Carthage; by a council at Carthage, under Aurelius the bishop, his teaching was condemned, A.D. 412, though St. Augustine of Hippo had not yet taken up the controversy against him. He soon after retired to Ephesus, where he obtained the priesthood which he had sought in vain at Carthage. On an appeal to pope Zosimus, A.D. 417, he presented his teaching in such a light as to procure acquittal before the pope, who, however, in the following year saw good reason to condemn him. At Carthage he always met with a determined opposition, and at Constantinople and Rome both the imperial and the ecclesiastical powers were finally arrayed against him. After the condemnation of the doctrines of Pelagius by the oecumenical council at Ephesus, Coelestius passed from sight. His chief opponents were St. Augustine and St. Jerome Mosheim, Eccl. Hist. i. cent. v. c. 23 seq.; Gennadius, de Script. Eccl. c. 44; Robertson, Ch. Hist. i. B. ii. c. 8; O'Conor, Rer. Hib. Scrip. iv. 97 n.; Gieseler, i. 2; Dupin, Hist. Ch. cent. v. c. 2. [ Pelagius; Zosimus.]
[J.G.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Colluthus (2), presbyter and sect founder

​Colluthus (2), presbyter and founder of a sect at Alexandria early in the 4th cent. He claimed (on what grounds it is unknown) to exercise episcopal functions; but the council of Alexandria under Hosius (A.D. 324) decided that he was only a presbyter, from which it was held to follow necessarily that Ischyras and others ordained by him were only laymen (Ath. Apol. cont. Arian. 12, 75‒77, 80, pp. 106, 152). The passages cited mention also a sect of Colluthians. Bp. Alexander, in a letter preserved by Theodoret (Ecc. Hist. i. 4), seems to imply that Colluthus commenced his schismatical proceedings before Arius had separated from the church. A phrase used by Alexander (Χριστεμπορεία) has been understood by Valesius to charge Colluthus with taking money for conferring orders. Valesius also infers that the cause of Colluthus's separation was ​impatience that Alexander had not taken stronger measures against Arianism. The name Colluthus is the first among those presbyters who subscribed to Alexander's condemnation of Arius (Gelas. Cyzic. ii. 3). These authorities accuse Colluthus of schism, not heresy; as is also indicated by the mildness of the action of the council, which would probably have excommunicated him had he been deeply tainted with erroneous doctrine. Epiphanius mentions in general terms (Haer. 69, 728) that Colluthus taught some perverse things, and founded a sect, which was soon dispersed. The first to give Colluthus a separate heading in heretical lists is Philastrius (79), followed by Augustine and later heresiologists. Philastrius charges him with contradicting Is. xlv. 7, by teaching that God did not make evil. Tillemont, vi. 231; Walch, Hist. der Ketz. iv. 502; Harnack, Alt. Chr. Lit. i. 480.
[G.S.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Clemens (1), Flavius

​Clemens (1), Flavius, son of Sabinus, brother of the emperor Vespasian, and therefore first cousin to Domitian, whose niece Flavia Domitilla was his wife. Domitian regarded his kinsman with great favour, and placed his two sons, whom he caused to be named after himself and his brother, Vespasianus and Domitianus, under the tuition of Quintilian as his destined successors. Flavius Clemens was consul in A.D. 95, and had only just resigned the office when he and his wife Domitilla were suddenly arrested and convicted on the charge of "atheism," by which there is no reasonable doubt that Christianity is intended. The crime on which they were condemned was, according to Dio Cassius, that of "Judaizing," from which in the popular mind Christianity was hardly distinguishable. The religious charge was regarded by Suetonius as a most trivial one, the object of suspicion rather than of proof—"tenuissima ex suspicione"—but it was strengthened by a neglect of the ordinary usages of Roman social and political life, almost unavoidable by a Christian, which was regarded as a "most contemptible indolence" meriting severe animadversion. Clemens suffered death; his wife Domitilla was banished to an island off the W. coast of Italy. [ Domitianus, (1).] Sueton. Domit. § 15; Dio Cassius, Hist. lxvii. 14; Tillem. tom. ii. p. 124; Merivale, Romans under the Empire, vol. vii. c. lxii. p. 383; Lightfoot, Philippians, p. 22.
[E.V.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hamilton, William (1665?-1751)

​HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1665?–1751) of Gilbertfield, poet, was born at Ladyland, Ayrshire. He was the second son of Captain William Hamilton and his wife Janet daughter of John Brisbane of Brisbane; and as they were married in 1662, his birth is approximately dated 1665. The family was branch of the Hamiltons of Torrance, Lanarkshire, who were descended from Thomas, third son of Sir John Hamilton, lord of Cadzow, who was grandfather of James, first lord Hamilton [q. v.] As second son of a military man (who fell in battle against the French) Hamilton entered the army, and having seen service on the continent returned with the rank of lieutenant. Thenceforth he lived as a country gentleman, with leisure for field sports and considerable attention to literature.
Hamilton formed a close intimacy with Allan Ramsay, who informs him, in one of 'Seven Familiar Epistles which passed between Lieutenant Hamilton and the Author,' that he is indebted to certain of his lyrics for poetic inspiration and stimulus. Hamilton's contributions to this correspondence (which extended over three months in 1719) are direct and forcible in expression, and marked by very considerable metrical skill. The stanza employed is that which Burns afterwards favoured as an epistolary medium. Burns, in his 'Epistle to William Simpson,' no doubt thinking of these 'Familiar Epistles,' names Ramsay, Gilbertfield, and Fergusson as those in whose company he should desire 'to speel the braes of fame.' Hamilton's other notable poems are the elegy on his dog 'Bonny Heck,' admired by Ramsay and by John Wilson in his descriptive poem 'The Clyde,' and 'Willie was a Wanton Wag.' This song first appeared in Ramsay's 'Tea-Table Miscellany,' vol. ii., over the initials W. W., which probably represent his sobriquet 'Wanton Willy,' used by himself and Ramsay in the 'Familiar Epistles.' For dashing and effective verisimilitude, sparkling drollery, and vivacity of movement, this lyric holds a unique place in Scottish song. In 1722 Hamilton abridged and modernised Blind Harry's 'Wallace,' the result, as a matter of course, being a literary failure, although the version was long popular with uncritical readers. After living many years at Gilbertfield, on the north side of Dechmont Hill, Lanarkshire the 'Dychmont' of John Struthers's poem Hamilton changed to Latrick, on the south side of the same, and died there, 24 May 1751. The poems of Hamilton which aroused the interest and the genius of Ramsay appeared in Watson's 'Choice Collection of Comic and Serious Scots Poems,' Edinburgh, 1706. The 'Seven Familiar Epistles' are printed together in Ramsay's 'Works.'
[Biographies of Allan Ramsay; Anderson's Scottish Nation; Wilson's Poets and Poetry of Scotland.]
T. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hamilton, Thomas (1600-1640)

​HAMILTON, THOMAS, second Earl of Haddington (1600–1640), covenanter, eldest son of Thomas, first earl of Haddington [q. v.], by his second wife, Margaret, daughter of James Foulis of Colinton, was born 25 May 1600. In 1615 he received a license to go abroad, and had returned in 1621, when he took part in the pageant at the opening of the Scottish parliament on 25 July. In 1625 he attended along with his father the funeral of James I in Westminster Abbey (Balfour, Annals, ii. 118). On succeeding his father in 1637 he became a member of the privy council. He was one of those who signed the 'king's covenant' at Holyrood on 22 Sept. 1638 (Gordon, Scots Affairs, i. 108; Spalding, Memorials, i. 107), and also the letter of the council offering their lives and fortunes in maintenance of the 'foresaid religion and confession' (Gordon, i. 110). With the members of the council, Argyll excepted, he drew up, at the king's request, the famous proclamation published at Glasgow on 20 Nov. dissolving the assembly (ib. ii. 27). When General Leslie in 1640 led an army into England, Haddington was left in Scotland with a force of ten thousand men for the defence of the borders (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1640, p. 584). On 29 Aug. he beat back an attempt of the garrison of Berwick to capture a magazine of victuals and arms near Coldstream. He did not follow up the retreat of the garrison, but returned to his headquarters at Dunglass Castle, Haddington, where a huge quantity of gunpowder was stored. At midnight, after his return, the castle was suddenly blown up, the greater number of those within the building being instantly killed, as well as a large number in the courtyard (Baillie, Letters and Journals, i. 258; Gordon, Scots Affairs, iii. 262; Spalding, Memorials, i. 337; Balfour, Annals, ii. 396). The earl and his half-brother Robert were among those who perished. Suspicion fell on Haddington's page, Edward Paris, an Englishman, who been entrusted with the keys of the vault in which the powder was stored, but he also perished with the others, one of his arms being afterwards found 'holding ane iron spune in his hand' (Balfour, ii. 396). Haddington was twice married. By his first wife, Lady Catherine Erskine, he had six sons and one daughter, including Thomas, third earl, who married Henrietta de Coligny, granddaughter of Admiral Coligny, celebrated as the Countess de la Suze for her beauty and adventures, and died 8 Feb. 1645; and John, fourth earl, died 1 Sept. 1669. By his second wife, Lady Jean Gordon, third daughter of the second Marquis of Huntly, he had a posthumous daughter. Portraits of the earl by Vandyck, Theodore Russell, Jameson, and others are at Tynninghame.
[Robert Baillie's Letters and Journals (Bannatyne Club); Gordon's Scots Affairs (Spalding Club); Spalding's Memorials of the Troubles (Spalding Club); Sir James Balfour's Annals of Scotland; Douglas's Scottish Peerage (Wood), i. 680; Sir William Fraser's Earls of Haddington, 1889]
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cearbhall

Cerball mac Dúngaile in the ODNB.
​CEARBHALL, lord of Ossory (d. 888), son of Dunghal, was one of the most famous chiefs of the Gall Gaedhel, as the Irish chroniclers call those native tribes who lived in alliance with the Danes. He is called by the Danish writers Kiarvalr, and first appears in history as slaughtering the Danes of Dublin in 845. Six years later he slew the king of South Leinster, and in this war had Danes for his allies. Several of his clan intermarried with the foreigners, and the alliance continued. In 856 they together plundered part of the present Tipperary, and in 857 marched into Meath. Here, however, they made peace with the king of Ireland in the presence of the archbishop of Armagh and the abbot of Clonard. In 858 Cearbhall fought and defeated the Danes of Waterford, and in 859 he joined the king of Ireland in Meath and fought against an invading army of northern Irish. In 861 he defeated the Danes at Feartagh in Kilkenny, and in 862 he plundered Leinster. In 868 the Danes attacked his earthen dun, but were driven off with heavy loss, and Cearbhall was sufficiently secure afterwards to go a foray into Waterford. The next year he crossed the Shannon, and drove off the cattle of both Connaught and ​Munster, and two years later made a second raid into Connaught. Ossory, his home, being nearly in the centre of Ireland, afforded a good base for operations in any direction, and in 872 he again ravaged the part of Waterford now called Decies. In 875 he was chosen king of Dublin by his Danish kinsmen, and in 876 he gained a victory over the Munstermen near Clonmel. After all these battles he died peaceably in 888. His most constant allies were the Danes of Dublin, but he was ready to join almost any tribe against any other where there was hope of spoil, and was an Irish copy of a Scandinavian rover.
[Annala Rioghachta Eireann, vol. i.; O'Donovan's Tribes and Territories of Ancient Ossory, 1851; Cogadh Gaedhil re Gallaibh, Rolls Series.]
N. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cecil, Thomas (fl.1630)

​CECIL, THOMAS (fl. 1630), engraver, has the credit, rare in artists of his period, of being an Englishman. Beyond this there is not much to be said. John Evelyn speaks highly of him, and he seems to have been well thought of by his contemporaries. He was working in London 1627–35. The portrait of Henry VIII prefixed to some copies of the first edition of Lord Herbert of Cherbury's ‘History of Henry’ is by Cecil. His best works are portraits, often from his own drawings, ‘executed entirely with the graver.’ ​ His ‘Queen Elizabeth on Horseback’ is the most important of these. ‘His works are neat in finish, but stiff and wanting in taste; his drawing of the figure weak and incorrect, the extremities bad.’
[Vertue's Cat. of Engravers, 1794; Walpole's Anecdotes of Painters, iii. 875, ed. 1849; Redgrave's Dict. of Artists.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cecil, Richard

1904 Errata appended.
[Memoir of Rev. Richard Cecil, by his widow; A View of the Character of the Rev. R. Cecil, by the Rev. Josiah Pratt; Memoir of the Rev. Charles Jerram.]
E. V.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.59 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 399 | i | 32 | Cecil, Richard: for third read second |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cecil, James (d.1683)

​CECIL, JAMES, third Earl of Salisbury (d. 1683), was the son of Charles, lord Viscount Cranbourn, and Jane, daughter and coheiress of James Maxwell, earl of Dirleton in Scotland. He was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, where one of his acquaintances was Joshua Barnes [q. v.], author of the ‘Life of Edward III,’ who states that for ‘loyalty, generosity, and affability’ he was most likely to ‘advance the noble name of Cecil to the utmost period of glory.’ On 21 Oct. 1669 he took his seat in the House of Peers, where he was a zealous opponent of the Duke of York's succession. In February 1676–7 he was committed with other noblemen to the Tower for supporting the proposition of the Duke of Buckingham, that ‘the last prorogation of parliament was null and void in law’ (Eachard, History of England, 3rd ed. 928). In January 1678–9 he was sworn a privy councillor and took his seat at the board (Luttrell, Diary, i. 5). In August 1680 he was elected a knight of the Garter. He died in May 1683 (ib. 260). By his wife, Margaret, daughter of John Manners, earl of Rutland, who died in France 30 Aug. 1682 (ib. 215), he left five sons and five daughters.
[Collins's Peerage, 5th ed. iii. 148–9; Luttrell's Diary; Eachard's History of England.]
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cecil, James (d.1693)

​CECIL, JAMES, fourth Earl of Salisbury (d. 1693), was the eldest son of James, third earl of Salisbury [q. v.], and Margaret, daughter of John Manners, earl of Rutland. He married Frances, one of the three daughters and coheiresses of Simon Bennet of Beechampton, Buckinghamshire, when she was only thirteen years old (Luttrell, Diary, i. 209). ‘Salisbury,’ says Lord Macaulay, ‘was foolish to a proverb. His figure was so bloated by sensual indulgence as to be almost incapable of moving; and this sluggish body was the abode of an equally sluggish mind. He was represented in popular lampoons as a man made to be duped, as a man ​who had hitherto been the prey of gamesters, and who might as well be the prey of friars.’ In January 1688–9 he was committed to the Tower as a popish recusant (ib. 493), but the prosecution was finally waived (ib. ii. 123). His name was forged by Robert Young to a document purporting to be that of an association who had bound themselves to take arms for King James, and to seize on the Prince of Orange dead or alive. On this account he was on 7 May 1692 committed to the Tower (ib. 444), but nothing being proved against him his bail was finally discharged in the court of king's bench (ib. 629). He died 25 Oct. 1693, leaving an only son, three years old (ib. 388), who succeeded him as fifth earl. He was buried at Hatfield on 29 Oct.
[Luttrell's Diary; Reresby's Memoirs; Sprat's Relation of the late Wicked Contrivance of Stephen Blackhead and Robert Young, 1692; Macaulay's History of England; Clutterbuck's Hertfordshire; Chauncy's Hertfordshire; Collins's Peerage, 5th ed. iii. 149.]
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hatsell, John

​HATSELL, JOHN (1743–1820), clerk of the House of Commons, born in 1743, was educated at Queens' College, Cambridge, and afterwards studied law in the Middle Temple, of which society he became senior bencher. He was clerk assistant in the House of Commons at the close of the reign of George II, and became chief clerk in 1768. Lord Colchester knew him well, and acknowledged him to be the best authority on parliamentary procedure. Hatsell retired on 11 July 1797 with the thanks of the house. He died at Marden Park, near Godstone, Surrey, on 15 Oct. 1820, and was buried in the Temple Church.
He was the author of: 1. ‘A Collection of Cases of Privilege of Parliament, from the earliest records to 1628,’ London, 1776, 4to. In the British Museum there is a copy with copious manuscript notes by Francis Hargrave. 2. ‘Precedents of Proceedings in the House of Commons, under separate titles; with observations,’ 4 vols. London, 1781, 4to; second edit. 1785–96; third edit. 1796; fourth and best edit., with additions by Charles Abbot [q. v.], Lord Colchester, 1818.
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hatton, Edward

​HATTON, EDWARD (1701–1783), Dominican friar, born in 1701, was probably the son of Edward Hatton, yeoman, of Great Crosby, Lancashire. He was educated in the Dominican college at Bornheim, near Antwerp, and on being professed in 1722 took the name, in religion, of Antoninus. After teaching for some years he was ordained priest, and sent to the English mission in 1730. He officiated as chaplain to several gentlemen in Yorkshire, and in 1749 went to assist Father Thomas Worthington at Middleton Lodge, near Leeds. That mission he subsequently removed to Stourton Lodge, a few miles distant. In 1754 and again in 1770 he was elected provincial of his order. In 1776 he started the mission at Hunslet, near Leeds, but died at Stourton Lodge on 23 Oct. 1783.
He wrote:
* ‘Moral and Controversial Lectures upon the Christian Doctrines and Christian Practice. By E. H.,’ no place or date, 8vo, pp. 339.
* ‘Memoirs of the Reformation of England; in two parts. The whole collected chiefly from Acts of Parliament and Protestant historians, by Constantius Archæophilus,’ London, 1826, and again 1841, 8vo.
[Gillow's Bibl. Dict.; Catholic Miscellany, v. 290; Palmer's Obituary Notices of the Friar-Preachers, p. 18; Oliver's Catholic Religion in Cornwall, p. 458.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hatton, Frank

​HATTON, FRANK (1861–1883), explorer, second child of Joseph Hatton (1839–1907), journalist, born at Horfield, near Bristol, on 31 Aug. 1861, was educated at Marcq, near Lille, and King's College School. He afterwards attended the Royal School of Mines, South Kensington, of which he became an associate at the age of twenty. He gained a wide acquaintance with science, especially geology and chemistry, by practical work in the laboratory and the field, and had already made an important research on bacteria, when he was appointed mineral explorer to the British North Borneo Company. He left England in August 1881, and arrived at Labuan in October, and on 19 Nov. at Abai, Keppel province. After a two months' expedition to the Sequati and Kurina rivers, he had to recruit his health at Singapore. From March to June 1882 he explored the Labuk river round to Bongon, but found few traces of minerals. From July to October he explored the Kinoram district. After another rest at Singapore he started on 19 Dec. for Sandakan, and journeyed up and down the Kinabatangan until near the end of February, when he reached the Segamah river. On 1 March 1883, while returning from ​pursuing an elephant, he was killed by the accidental discharge of his rifle, which caught in the thick jungle. His work, so far as it had gone, and his diaries give evidence of high promise as a scientific explorer. He had the true explorer's temperament, power of command, fertility of resource in presence of danger, cool courage and self-control, and was a bright and engaging companion.
Hatton contributed to the ‘Biograph’ about twenty sketches of living men of science; to ‘Bradstreets’ (an American journal) several articles on technical chemistry; to the ‘Whitehall Review’ an article on ‘The Adventures of a Drop of Thames Water;’ and to the ‘Transactions’ of the Chemical Society (1881) two papers ‘On the Action of Bacteria on Various Gases,’ and ‘On the Influence of Intermittent Filtration through Sand and Spongy Iron on Animal and Vegetable Matters dissolved in Water, and the Reduction of Nitrates by savage and other agents.’
[Biographical Sketch, with letters and diaries from North Borneo, by Joseph Hatton, 1886.]
G. T. B.