OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Feverfew

Edition of 1802.
​FEVERFEW, or Matricaria, L. a genus of plants consisting of six species, three of which are indigenous. The principal of these are:
1. The parthenium, or Common Feverfew, which grows in waste grounds, hedges, and walls, and flowers in June or July. This plant is refused by horses; the whole has a strong, disagreeable smell, a bitter taste, and yields an essential oil by distillation.—It was formerly celebrated for its efficacy in hysteric, and other affections of the nerves; as well as for its tonic, stomachic, and resolvent properties. Dr. Lewis, however, thinks it much inferior to chamomile, with which it agrees in all its sensible qualities, excepting that the common feverfew is much weaker. But its odour, taste, and other constituents, prove that it is a medicine of considerable activity.—In Germany, it has been usefully employed in tanning and currying leather.
2. The chamomilla, or Chamomile Feverfew, which grows in corn-fields, dung-hills, as well as on road-sides, and is in flower from May to August. Its properties are similar to those of the common chamomile: it is eaten by cows, goats, and sheep, but not relished by horses; and hogs totally refuse it.—According to Pörner, the flowers of this species of feverfew afford a fine yellow pigment, which may be rendered more permanent by the addition of alum, cream of tartar, and gypsum.—Scheffer, another German chemist, informs us, that a decoction of these flowers imparts a beautiful yellow colour to silk, if a solution of tin, saturated with cream of tartar, be gradually dropped into the liquor, till it acquires a deep yellow tinge. Berthollet, however, on this occasion remarks, that pure water must be employed, which does not precipitate the solution of tin, and that the dyeing bath should be kept in a hot, though not boiling state.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Figwort

Edition of 1802.
​FIGWORT, or Scrophularia, L. a genus of plants consisting of twenty-one species, four of which are natives of Britain: the principal of these is the nodosa, or great figwort, which is perennial, grows in woods and moist hedges, and flowers in the month of July. It is eaten by goats, but refused by horses, cows, sheep, and swine. The animals last mentioned, when diseased with the scab, may be cured by washing them in a decoction of these leaves. Bechstein remarks, that the fibrous root, when overgrown with small knobs, is said to afford a good remedy for the worms in hogs.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Fennel, the Water

Edition of 1802.
​Fennel, the Water: See Water Starwort.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Fever-powders

Edition of 1802.
​FEVER-POWDERS are generally understood to be those originally prepared by the late Dr. Robert James, and by many still believed to be a certain remedy for fevers of every description. According to the recipe deposited in the records of Chancery (when Dr. James took out a patent for the sale of his powders), they consist of antimony calcined with a continued protracted heat, in a flat, unglazed earthen vessel, adding to it from time to time a sufficient quantity of any animal oil and salt, well dephlegmated; then boiling it in melted nitre for a considerable time, and separating the powder from the nitre, by dissolving it in water.—The chief intention in this process, is to divest the antimony of its sulphur, by mixing it with some animal substance, to prevent its running into glass during the calcination.
When this once celebrated ​empiric first administered those powders, he usually added a small proportion of the red ptecipitate of mercury to each dose; but he soon relinquished this practice, after observing that some patients were salivated by the use of his nostrum. Hence we find that he has conscientiously annexed the following clause at the end of his specification given into Chancery: "The dose of this medicine is uncertain; but, in general, thirty grains of the antimonial, and one grain of the mercurial, is a moderate dose." Signed and sworn to by Robert James.
It is to be lamented that regular practitioners have sometimes deviated from the more rational path of medical science, and degraded themselves by following the numerous herd of quacks: nay, it is still more surprizing, that even intelligent physicians have often humoured their prejudiced patients, by prescribing those fever powders, of which the inventor himself had but an indifferent opinion. For it is a well-attested fact, that the Peruvian bark, and not the antimonial powder, was the remedy to which the late Dr. James generally trusted in the cure of fevers. He gave his powders only to clear the stomach and bowels; after effecting that purpose, he poured in the bark as freely as the patient was able to swallow it; for he has repeatedly declared to Dr. Monro (see his Medical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, vol. i. p. 366, and foll.), that if there was a possibility of curing a fever, the bark was the remedy to be relied upon; and, if the disease did not yield to the latter, he was convinced that it could not be removed by any other medicine.—However empirical this declaration must appear to every professional man possessing a moderate share of medical knowledge, yet it is amply sufficient to evince the fallacy of Dr. James's Fever-powders, which, from the nature of their ingredients, are so violent in their operation, that we trust no prudent person will in future purchase, or use, them without submitting his case to the discretion of an unbiassed and competent judge.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Fennel

Edition of 1802.
​FENNEL, the Common, or Fennel Dill, Anethum fœniculum, L. a native perennial plant, growing on chalk cliffs, and common on the western coasts. Its yellow flowers appear in July or August.
The tender buds of this aromatic plant are useful in salads; its leaves are boiled, and used in sauces for several kinds of fish, and also eaten raw with pickled salmon, &c.— ​The seeds yield an excellent aromatic oil, which is carminative, resolvent, and diuretic, without heating the body: on account of these valuable properties, as well as for its strong, pulpy, and esculent root, this plant is industriously cultivated on the Continent: it delights in a rich, but not too moist soil; and the seed is put in the ground soon niter it becomes ripe.
There are two varieties of this excellent vegetable reared in Italy, both of which might be cultivated in Britain; namely, 1. The dulce, or sweet fennel; and 2. The azonicum, or Italian fennel. The former easily degenerates, and requires a frequent supply of seeds produced on its native soil; the latter is a delicious plant, the stalks of which, according to Bechstein, are thick, pulpy, and from four to five inches broad: they are highly esteemed by the Italians, who blanch and eat them as salad, prepared with flour, vinegar, and pepper. Hence the popular adage in that country, according to which "fennel and bread are the Italians' repast."
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Fenugreek

Edition of 1802.
​FENUGREEK, or Trigonella fœnumgræcum, L. is a native of the Southern parts of France, Germany and Italy, whence its yellowish seeds are annually imported. They possess a strong, disagreeable smell, and an unctuous, farinaceous, and somewhat bitter, taste. These seeds are chiefly employed in cataplasms, and fomentations, for softening, maturating, and discussing tumors: they are also occasionally used in emollient and carminative clysters.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Field

Edition of 1802.
​FIELD, in agriculture, a piece of land inclosed, either for the purpose of tillage, or for pasture.
The best season for laying land down to grass, is the latter end of August, or the beginning of September, when the roots of the young plants will have time to strike deeply, before the frost sets in. Moist weather is the most proper for this purpose, as the earth will then be sufficiently warm, and the seeds quickly vegetate: but, if that season prove unfavourable, they may be sown in the middle of the month of March following.
In order to obtain a fine pasture, the soil should be thoroughly cleared from all noxious weeds, by repeated ploughing; for, if any of them are suffered to remain, they will speedily outgrow, and destroy the young grass. These weeds ought next to be raked up into heaps, burnt on the land, and their ashes spread as a manure; but, if the soil be clayey, and wet, it will be necessary to make some drains to carry off the water; which, if suffered to stagnate, will both chill and sour the grass. Previously to sowing, the land ought to be laid as level and as fine as possible: thus, if the grass-seeds be clean, three bushels will be sufficient for an acre. After ​sowing, they should be gently harrowed, and smoothened over with a wooden roller. When the grass comes up, all the vacant spots are to be provided widi fresh seed; which, if it be properly rolled in, will in a short time attain the height of that first sown.
Few circumstances are of greater importance in rural economy, especially to graziers, than to ascertain the most valuable field for pasture. For this purpose, Mr. David Young ("Agriculture the primary Interest of Britain," 8vo. 1788, 6s.) proposes to weigh all cattle previously to their going into each field, and to allow them neither food nor water, for 12 hours before. After the whole pasture is consumed, they should stand for a similar length of time, without food and drink; and then again be weighed. Thus, the increase of weight in each animal, may be easily determined.
Fields ought not to be kept too long in pasture. When land is first laid down, with a view to ameliorate the soil, the common practice is to leave it in that state for many years: for it is the general opinion, that the longer it is thus suffered to lie, the richer it will become for bearing corn. But, though the truth of this position be evident, the most important object of inquiry is, to ascertain the most beneficial rotation of crops. (See Crop.)—The best criterion, perhaps, is to take up pasture for corn, as soon as the grass begins to be deficient both in quantity and quality; and, after a few crops, to lay it down again with grass-seeds: by this method the land may he kept in good heart, and considerable expence saved, while in the end, the soil will produce larger crops, and consequently afford greater profit.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/New Ireland

See also New Ireland on Wikipedia; the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​NEW IRELAND. See New Britain.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Nevis

See also Nevis on Wikipedia; Nevis on Wikipedia; Nevis in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
NEVIS, an island in the Federated Leeward group, British West Indies, in 17° 14′ N. lat. and 62° 33′ W. long., separated from St Christopher by a shallow strait 2 miles broad at the narrowest. It is a mountain rising gradually to a height of 3200 feet, the lower portion being cultivable; the total area is about 32,000 acres. The climate is healthy, the average height of the thermometer being 82° Fahr. Discovered by Columbus in 1498, and colonized by the English in 1628, it now forms one presidency with St Christopher, with one legislative council (meeting in St Kitts) of ten official and ten unofficial members, all nominated by the crown, Nevis sending three of the unofficial members. The revenue in 1882 was £9285, and the expenditure £8465. Its exports of sugar in the four years from 1879 to 1882 respectively were 3500, 1600, 1700, and 4000 tons,—the total exports in 1881 being £38,672, and in 1882 £75,000. The population is 11,864; the capital is Charlestown, on the shore of a wide bay on the south-west side of the island.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/New Albany

See also New Albany on Wikipedia; New Albany in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
NEW ALBANY, a flourishing manufacturing city of the United States, in Floyd county, Indiana, occupies a good position on the left bank of the Ohio, nearly opposite the west end of Louisville, 156 miles below Cincinnati. It is handsomely built, with wide and well-shaded streets, and among its public edifices are a city-hall, a court-house, an opera-house capable of containing 2500 persons, a masonic hall, and an oddfellows hall. Abundant water-power is obtained from the falls about two miles up the river. Besides the glass-works, which rank as the largest in the United States, the industrial establishments comprise foundries, pork-packing factories, boatbuilding yards, rolling mills, cotton and woollen mills, and hosiery mills. Laid out in 1813, and incorporated as a city in 1839, New Albany increased its population from 4226 in 1840 to 16,423 in 1880, and is still rapidly growing.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Nehemiah Grew

See also Nehemiah Grew on Wikipedia; Nehemiah Grew on Wikipedia, Grew in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​GREW, Nehemiah (1628-1711), the earliest vegetable anatomist and physiologist of England, was the son of Obadiah Grew, nonconformist divine of St Michael's, Coventry. At the Restoration, his father being ejected from his living, he went to a foreign university, where he took the degree of doctor of physic. Returning to Coventry, his native town, he commenced a series of observations on the physiology of plants, communicating the results to the Royal Society, by which they were so well received that he was induced to remove to London (1672). There he acquired an extensive practice as a physician. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society on the recommendation of Bishop Wilkins, and in 1677 he succeeded Mr Oldenburg as secretary, in which capacity he prepared a descriptive catalogue of the rarities preserved at Gresham College (1681). The following year appeared his celebrated work on the Anatomy of Plants, in which he displayed great originality as an investigator, especially in pointing out the sex-differences of plants. Linnæus named a genus of plants Grewia (natural family of Tiliaceæ) in his honour.
He edited the Philosophical Transactions, begun in 1665, and wrote treatises on Sea-Water made Fresh, which passed through several editions, and on the Nature and Use of the Salt contain'd in Epsom and such other Waters (1697), a rendering of the Tractatus de Salis, &c., Usu (1695). Besides the Anatomy of Plants, he wrote a Comparative Anatomy of Trunks (1675), and an Idea of a Phytological History (1673), as well as Cosmologia Sacra (1701). There is also a Disputatio de liquore nervoso by him (1672), and Recueil d'expériences . . . . sur le combat qui procède du mélange des corps (1679).
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Navigators' Islands

See also Samoan Islands on Wikipedia; the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
NAVIGATORS' ISLANDS, or Samoa, a group in the southern Pacific, 420 miles north-east of the Fiji Islands, lying between 13° 30' and 14° 20' S. lat., and between 169° and 173° W. long. It numbers in all thirteen islands, but most of these are little more than barren rocks, and
three only—Sawaii (Pola), Upolu (Oyalava), and Tutuila (Manna)—are large enough to be of any importance. Sawaii (700 square miles) is almost entirely occupied by lofty and barren mountains. It has no rivers or streams, the water filtering away through the porous soil; and there is but one harbour. Upolu (550 square miles) is also mountainous, but it is well-wooded and fertile, and possesses several considerable streams. Apia, the chief town, lies at the head of an oval bay on the north coast. Since 1879 it has been under a municipality directed by the consuls of Germany, Great Britain, and the United States. Tutuila (55 square miles, 17 miles long and 5 broad) is almost cut in two by the harbour of Pago-pago (Pango-pango), one of the best in the South Pacific. In general character the island is like Upolu. The Samoans are physically a fine race of men, and those on Upolu are all nominally Christian; but they discover a great lack of industry and perseverance. Both Upolu and to some extent Tutuila have attracted a considerable number of American and European (mostly German) capitalists, and a large portion of the land has passed into the hands of foreign residents (who number about three hundred). The bulk of the foreign trade belongs to the successors of the famous Hamburg firm of J. C. Godeffroy & Son. Cotton, cocoa-nuts, and breadfruit are cultivated for export, and maize, sugar, coffee, &c., for local consumption. Copra or cobra (i.e., dried cocoa-nuts) is the most important article of trade. In 1881 the planters had about 1800 labourers from the Line Islands, New Britain, New Hebrides, &c., the Samoans being too independent to hire themselves out. A series of petty wars, continued with little intermission from 1868, has greatly interfered with the prosperity of the native population, whose numbers have decreased from 56,600 in 1840 to 35,000 in 1872 and 30,000 in 1880.
The Samoan group are possibly the Baumann's Islands of the Dutchman Roggeveen (1722); but it was Bougainville who made them definitely known and who called them Îles des Navigateurs, owing to the skill with which the natives managed their canoes. At Asu or Massacre Bay La Pérouse lost two of his assistants—De Lamanon and De Langle—and a boat's crew. Christianity was introduced by John Williams in 1830.
See Meade, New Zealand and the South Sea Islands (1870), which has views of Pango-Pango and Apia; Dr Forbes in Proc. Roy. Geog. Soc., 1877; Journal des Museums Godeffroy, Hamburg, 1871-74.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Neviansk

See also Nevyansk on Wikipedia; Nevyansk on Wikipedia; Nevyansk in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
NEVIANSK (Nevianskiy, or Neivinskiy Zavod), a town of Russia, in the government of Perm, 62 miles to the north-north-west of Ekaterinburg, is situated on the eastern slope of the Ural mountains, in the populous valley of the Neiva, surrounded by mountains composed of talc and chlorite schists and granites, in a district very rich in iron and also in auriferous sands. The population in 1881 numbered 13,980 (17,950 with its suburb, the Byngovskiy iron-work), all Great-Russians, and mostly Nonconformists (edinovyertsy), of whom about 3000 are employed at the iron-works, while the others carry on various small trades, such as the manufacture of boxes widely sold in Siberia, small iron-wares, and boots, or engage in agriculture. The merchants of the town carry on an active trade, and its fairs are very animated. The iron industry produced in 1879 96,000 cwts. of cast iron and 45,000 cwts. of wrought iron, and the average yearly yield of gold is about 400 .
The iron-work at Neviansk is the oldest on the Ural, having been founded in 1699. In 1702 Peter I. presented it to Demidoff, with 3,900,000 acres of land around it, of which 522,000 acres, besides 60,000 acres of forest, still belong to the present proprietors of the works, the merchants Yakovleffs. Five iron-mines, seven gold-washings, and two iron-works are its dependencies. Several other important iron-works are situated within short distances of Neviansk, on the Neiva river, and are usually comprised under the same name of Neivinsk iron-works, the chief being Verkhne-Neivinsk (Upper Neivinsk), situated 14 miles to the south (3960 inhabitants); Neivo-Rudyansk, 8 miles to the south (4020); Petrokamensk, 32 miles to the north-east (2200); Neivo-Shaytansk, 8 miles lower down the Neiva (3000) ; and Neivo-Alapaevsk (6000).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Put, Phut

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​Put, Phut. (1.) One of the sons of Ham (Gen. 10:6).
(2.) A land or people from among whom came a portion of the mercenary troops of Egypt—Jer. 46:9 (A.V., "Libyans," but correctly, R.V., "Put"); Ezek. 27:10; 30:5 (A.V., "Libya;" R.V., "Put"); 38:5; Nahum 3:9.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Q

* Quails
* Quarantania
* Quarries
* Quartus
* Quaternion
* Queen
* Queen of heaven
* Quicksands
* Quiver
* Quotations
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Quarantania

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​Quaranta′nia, a mountain some 1,200 feet high, about 7 miles north-west of Jericho, the traditional scene of our Lord's temptation (Matt. 4:8).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Proverbs, Book of

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Proverbs, Book of A collection of moral and philosophical maxims of a wide range of subjects presented in a poetic form. This book sets forth the "philosophy of practical life. It is the sign to us that the Bible does not despise common sense and discretion. It impresses upon us in the most forcible manner the value of intelligence and prudence and of a good education. The whole strength of the Hebrew language and of the sacred authority of the book is thrown upon these homely truths. It deals, too, in that refined, discriminating, careful view of the finer shades of human character so often overlooked by theologians, but so necessary to any true estimate of human life" (Stanley's Jewish Church).
As to the origin of this book, "it is probable that Solomon gathered and recast many proverbs which sprang from human experience in preceeding ages and were floating past him on the tide of time, and that he also elaborated many new ones from the material of his own experience. Towards the close of the book, indeed, are preserved some of Solomon's own sayings that seem to have fallen from his lips in later life and been gathered by other hands' (Arnot's Laws from Heaven, etc.)
This book is usually divided into three parts: (1.) Consisting of ch. 1-9, which contain an exhibition of wisdom as the highest good.
(2.) Consisting of ch. 10-24.
(3.) Containing proverbs of Solomon "which the men of Hezekiah, the king of Judah, collected" (ch. 25-29).
These are followed by two supplements, (1) "The words of Agur" (ch. 30); and (2) "The words of king Lemuel" (ch. 31).
Solomon is said to have written three thousand proverbs, and those contained in this book may be a selection from these (1 Kings 4:32). In the New Testament there are thirty-five direct quotations from this book or allusions to it.