OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Muir, John

See also John Muir on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Muir, John, an American naturalist, geologist and explorer, was born at Dunbar, Scotland, on April 21, 1838. He was educated in Scotland until 1849, when his father came to Wisconsin and made a farm near Fox River. In 1860 Muir entered the University of Wisconsin, graduating in 1864. Then he began the many lonely journeys throughout Canada and the United States that made him a botanist and a geologist. In 1868, after exploring Yosemite Valley, he settled there, living alone in his mill and on the mountains for ten years and specially studying glacial traces in the Sierra Nevada. He contributed to The Tribune of New York City on the subject, and discovered 65 residual glaciers. In 1879 he visited Alaska, discovering Glacier Bay and the wonderful Muir Glacier, and explored the upper courses of Yukon and Mackenzie Rivers. In 1880 he visited the arctic regions with the American expedition in search of Lieutenant De Long. He has written over 150 articles on the natural history of Pacific America; has long urged the preservation of American forests and the establishment of national parks, the formation of the Sequoia and Yosemite reservations being due to his efforts; and has published The Mountains of California and Our National Parks. Harvard has honored itself by giving him the degree of master of arts, Wisconsin that of doctor of laws. He still lives in California. See Forest-Reserves and National Parks.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mullein

See also Mullein on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Mullein (mŭl'lĭn), the name of a species of the genus Verbascum, which belongs to the figwort family. The genus contains about 125 species, all of them natives of the eastern hemisphere. About five species have become naturalized in North America, the most conspicuous of which is the common mullein (V. thapsus), an erect, stout, simple plant, which is densely woolly all over and is exceedingly common in fields and waste places. It is a native of Europe and Asia, and is said to have received in England no less than 40 common names. The next best-known naturalized species is the moth mullein (V. blattaria), with a slender, merely pubescent stem, and a loose cluster of yellow or white flowers with brown marks.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mulatto

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​Mulat'to. See Negro.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mulch

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​Mulch (mŭlch) is a covering of straw, leaves, tan-bark, manure etc., placed on the soil that is not easily cultivated, to prevent loss of moisture by evaporation, as in closely planted orchards. Soil-mulch is a layer of soil loosened by raking, harrowing or shallow plowing, to break up capillarity (q. v.).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mudfishes

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​ Mudfishes, a group of widely differing fishes frequenting muddy waters. The term includes the bowfin or mudfish found throughout our central states from Lake Superior to Florida and Texas; a small marine goby occuring on the California coast; the killifish called the mummichog; and the lungfishes or Dipnoi. The flesh of the bowfin is eaten by our negroes, but not relished by whites. This fish is known in the south as mudfish or grindle; in the north it is sometimes called dogfish, sometimes lawyer. It is very gamy, makes a brave struggle before it surrenders, and also is very hardy, for it can live a considerable time out of water. It attains a length of about two feet, a weight of twelve pounds; the head is thick, the mouth filled with powerful teeth. It is very voracious. When frightened, the young seek safety in the mother's huge mouth. The mummichog is common in our brackish waters. The Dipnoi or double-breathers, in having lungs, approach the class of amphibia just above the fishes. They are descended from a very ancient stock of fishes, representatives of which are found in the mesozoic rocks. There are only three varieties now living: the ceratodus of Queensland, Australia; the protopterus of the rivers of tropical Africa; and the lepidosiren of the Amazon and its tributaries. All are fresh-water fish of an eel-like form, and attain a length of three to six feet. Ceratodus is the largest, reaching a weight of twenty pounds. Its flesh is highly esteemed as food. It feeds on plants and the insects found upon the leaves. Protopterus is smaller. It feeds on insects, frogs and smaller fishes. At the approach of the dry season it burrows in the mud, and forms a capsule of earth around itself. This is lined internally with a moist slime secreted by the glands in the skin. Within this case the fish lies in a dormant condition, feeding upon fatty material stored up mainly in the tail. These capsules of earth have been dug out, and the living fish safely transported to Europe and the United States. They are revived by immersion in the water. The lepidosiren is not so well-known as the other two forms.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Muensterberg, Hugo

See also Hugo Münsterberg on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Muen'sterberg, Hugo, a psychologist and professor at Harvard University and a distinguished scientist and writer, was born at Dantzig, Germany, in 1863. After ​studying in the gymnasium or classical secondary school at Dantzig, he entered the Universities of Leipzig and Heidelberg in turn, and became an instructor at Freiberg University in 1887 and adjunct-professor in 1891. In 1892 Professor Muensterberg accepted a chair of psychology in Harvard University. He belongs to the scientific rather than philosophic school of psychology; and has done much in America for the experimental method in this field. In addition to many publications in German, Professor Muensterberg is the author of two semipopular English works: American Traits and Psychology and Life.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Muhlenberg, William Augustus

See also William Augustus Muhlenberg on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Muhlenberg (mū'len-bẽrg}, William Augustus, an American divine, noted as a hymn-writer, was born at Philadelphia, Sept. 16, 1796. He graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1814, and became an Episcopal clergyman. Soon after becoming rector of a New York church, he set about getting funds to found St. Luke's Hospital, and it was due to his untiring efforts that the present great hospital on Fifth Avenue was built, Dr. Muhlenberg becoming its superintendent. He was the author of the well-known hymn, I Would Not Live Alway, and edited several collections of church-music. He died at New York, April 8, 1877.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mulberry

See also Morus (plant) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Mul'berry, species of Morus, a genus which belongs to a family closely related to the nettle family. About 100 species of mulberry have been described, all of which are trees of the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. In the United States the mulberry is known almost entirely as a fruit-bearing tree, although it is not cultivated in any general way. In the Old World mulberries are grown as food for silkworms as well as for the fruit. The silkworm mulberry is M. alba, and the chief fruit-producing mulberry is M. nigra. M. alba is a native of China, and has been cultivated from the earliest times in connection with the silk-worm industry. The fruit is small and white or violet. The tree is quite frequently seen here about old farm-houses, is small, has smooth, shiny leaves. The black mulberry is a native of Asia, and is cultivated chiefly in the Old World for its fruit, which is large and fleshy, mostly dark-colored. The native red mulberry of the United States is M. rubra, which grows mostly in rich soils and bottom lands. It is generally distributed, common east of the Mississippi. The tree varies in height from 15 to 60 feet, the branches grow low and spread wide, giving a rounded form. The bark is rough and grayish-brown. In early summer the brilliant yellow-green foliage of that time is markedly beautiful. In size and shape the fruit reminds one of a long, wild blackberry; the color is red, turning to a deep purple. The berries are juicy, rather insipid. The wood is soft, light yellow in color, and of value; from the inner bark a fibre is obtained that the Indians of the south weave into a cloth. The paper mulberry, growing here from New York southward, has been introduced into this country from China and Japan, where it is cultivated for its fibrous bark, utilized in making paper. It is a small, low-branched tree, its leaves closely resemble the red-mulberry leaves, but the fruit is quite different, club-shaped, unlike in taste.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Samaritan Pentateuch

Edition of 1905. See also Samaritan Pentateuch on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SAMARITAN PENTATEUCH. A recension of the commonly received Hebrew text of the Pentateuch, used by the Samaritans, and their only canonical book of the Old Testament. None of the manuscripts that have reached Europe is older than the tenth century. The variants which it presents from the Masoretic text are mostly of a trifling nature, representing chiefly diflerent fashions of spelling. There are, however, more important differences, such as the occurrence of Gerizim. (See Ebal and Gerizim.) In the figures of Genesis v. and xi. are likewise discrepancies between the Masoretic and the Samaritan recension, which appear to be due to varying traditions. There is also one essential alteration respecting the Pentateuchal ordinances. Exodus xiii. 6, where the Samaritan Pentateuch has “six days shalt thou eat unleavened bread,” instead of “seven.” The Samaritan Pentateuch was printed in the Paris and London polyglots, and an edition in square Hebrew characters was published by Blayney (Oxford, 1790), but a critical edition is still a desideratum. In the absence of such an edition it is difficult to do more than to speculate on the age and origin of the work, but there is no reason to suppose that it is earlier than the fourth century B.C., and it may even belong to the third. The translation of the Samaritan Pentateuch into the Samaritan idiom above referred to (the Samaritan Targum) is ascribed by the Samaritans to their high priest Nathaniel, who died twenty years before Christ, but it can hardly be older than the fourth century A.D. It follows the Hebrew original very closely. A critical edition of it was published by Petermann and Vollers (Berlin, 1872-91). Consult: Gesenius, De Pentateuchi Samaritani Origine, Indole, et Auctoritate (Halle, 1815); Nutt, Fragments of a Samaritan Pentateuch (London, 1874).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sambre

Edition of 1905. See also Sambre on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SAMBRE, säN′br’. A river of Belgium. It rises in the extreme northern part of France, in the Department of Aisne, flows northeastward, and enters the Meuse at Namur after a course of 118 miles (Map: Belgium, C 4). It is navigable 100 miles to Landrecies in France, whence the Canal de la Sambre connects it with the Oise. It flows through a very populous region, and forms an important part of the internal waterways of France and Belgium.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Samurai

Edition of 1905. See also Samurai on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SAMURAI, sä′mo͞o-rī′ (Jap., guard). The military clubs in Japan during the feudal period, or a member of that class. Originally the term denoted the soldiers who guarded the Mikado's Palace; later it was applied to the whole military system and included: (1) the shōgun or commander-in-chief; (2) the daimios or territorial nobles; and (3) their retainers, the privileged two-sworded men, the lighting men, the gentlemen, and the scholars of the country. In 1868 the shogunate, and in 1871 the whole feudal system were abolished; the daimios returned their lands to the Emperor, and they and their retainers were granted pensions. The practice of wearing swords was prohibited. Finally in 1878 the names daimio and samurai were changed to kwazokŭ or ‘nobility,’ and shizoki or ‘gentry’ respectively. See Bushido; Daimio. Consult Knapp, Feudal and Modern Japan (Boston, 1876).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sambucus

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​SAMBUCUS. See Elder.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sameaca

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​SAMEACA, sä′mā̇-ä′kȧ. Aborigines of Basilan Island, Sulu Archipelago. See Philippine Islands.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Samnites

Edition of 1905. See also Samnites on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SAM′NITES. An ancient people of Samnium or Sabinum, in the mountainous region of Middle and Southern Italy. As their name indicates, they were an offshoot of the Sabines, and belonged to the old long-headed prehistoric race. They comprised four divisions: (1) the Caraceni, on the north, whose capital was Anfidena; (2) the Pentri, in the centre, most powerful of all, with their capital Bovianum; (3) the Caudini, in the southwest; (4) the Hirpini, in the south, capital Beneventum. The earliest account of the Samnites relates to their conflict with the Oscans, whose speech they adopted. On the founding of Rome the Samnites took sides against the city. See Rome.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sambor

Edition of 1905. See also Sambir on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SAMBOR, säm′bō̇r. A town in the Crownland of Galicia, Austria, on the Dniester, 47 miles southwest of Lemberg (Map: Austria, H 2). It manufactures oil and linen, and trades in flax, hemp, agricultural produce, and cattle. Population, in 1900, 17,027, mostly Poles.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sambourne, Edward Linley

Edition of 1905. See also Edward Linley Sambourne on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SAM′BOURNE, Edward Linley (1845—). An English caricaturist and designer. He was born in London, and educated at the City of London School and at the College of Chester. He was intended for the engineering profession, but, his drawings having attracted the attention of Mark Lemon in 1867, Sambourne was employed by Punch, with which journal he has since been connected, having become its chief cartoonist January 1, 1901.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tetraspore

See also Glossary of botanical terms#T on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Tet'raspore (in plants), the asexual spore of red algae. It is so named because each sporangium produces just four spores. See Rhodophyceæ.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tennessee, University of

See also University of Tennessee on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Tennessee, University of, now at Knoxville, was established in 1794 as Blount College. In 1807 it became East Tennessee College, in 1809 East Tennessee University, in 1879 the University of Tennessee. It is connected with the public schools and is coeducational. The trustees are nominated by the board of trustees and elected for life by the legislature, the governor, however, the secretary and the superintendent of schools being members ex officio. The university consists of a college of agriculture and of mechanical arts and of a university department. The college includes agricultural, educational, engineering, industrial and literary departments, their courses being substantially the same as those in other colleges. But the industrial department is for negroes, and is in Knoxville College. The university consists of the academic, educational, legal, medical and dental departments, the last two being at Nashville. Military science and drill are parts of the course, and are required studies for male Freshmen and Sophomores. The agricultural department organizes farmers' institutes, and the university has a farm and the state's agricultural experiment-station. The faculty numbers 157, the students 850, the library 26,000 volumes. The university controls the congressional land-grant of 1862 to Tennessee, and its income is about $125,000.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Terry, Ellen

See also Ellen Terry on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* ELLEN TERRY
Terry, Ellen (Alice) [Mrs. E. A. Wardell], an English actress, was born at Coventry, Feb. 27, 1848, and made her first appearance on the stage with Charles Kean's Shakespearian revivals, in 1858, in The Winter's Tale and as Prince Arthur in King John. She subsequently joined a Bristol company, of which Mrs. Kendal was a member, and appeared in London in 1863 as Gertrude in The Little Treasure, as Hero in Much Ado About Nothing and as Mary Meredith in Our American Cousin. After her marriage she retired from the stage for a while, but in 1867 reappeared, and later joined Mr. and Mrs. Bancroft's company, acting the part of Portia and touring with Sir Henry Irving as leading lady of his troupe. Her impersonations include Viola in Twelfth Night, Ruth Meadows in Eugene Aram, Henrietta Maria in Charles I, Marguerite in W. G. Will's play of Faust, Rosamond in Becket, Lucy Ashton in Ravenswood, Lady Macbeth in Shakespeare's tragedy of Macbeth and others yet. In her repeated American tours she has won deserved praise, and is a welcome favorite of the modern stage.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Testing-Machine

See also Universal Testing Machine on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Test'ing=Machine, a machine for testing materials. Testing-machines are arranged so as to apply measured forces to a sample of the material and to observe the corresponding deformation or breaking of the sample. The common tests are stretching, crushing, bending and tension. It is usual to apply the force either by a system of levers or by means of a hydraulic press. The forces are usually measured by a scale-beam. When large samples are to be tested, as long, heavy beams, the machine must be very large. The largest and finest testing-machine ever constructed is that at the Watertown arsenal, belonging to the United States government. It can exert a force of 450 tons, and yet it is extremely sensitive. At the time of its trial a rod of iron five inches in diameter was broken with a measured force of 722,000 pounds and immediately afterward a horse-hair was broken with a measured force of one pound. For loads of 200 pounds it is sensitive to less than one two-millionth of the whole. Testing-machines have so many special forms and appliances that special treatises must be consulted for details. See Unwin's Materials of Construction.
* AN AMERICAN TESTING-MACHINE
# The New Student's Reference Work/Teutones

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​ Teu′tones, a tribe of ancient Germany living on the Baltic Sea. They were a powerful tribe, and with their neighbors, the Cimbri, invaded the Roman republic near the close of the 2d century B. C., and were almost destroyed by Marius (102 B. C.) The name is now given to all ancient German races.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Texarkana, Ark. and Tex.

See also Texarkana metropolitan area on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Tex′arkan′a, Ark., and Tex., two neighboring cities on the boundary between Arkansas and Texas, one in Bowie County, Tex., the other in Millie County, Ark., on the Texas and Pacific; St. Louis, Iron Mt. and Southern; Kans. City, Pittsburg and Gulf; and St. Louis Southwestern railways, 64 miles north northwest of Shreveport, La., and 145 southwest of Little Rock, Ark. The two cities, though adjoining and on the same railroads, have distinct municipal governments, and each has a large trade in cotton, cottonseed-oil, sewer-piping and lumber. The industrial plants of the combined cities embrace railway-shops, furniture and pottery works and lumber-mills. The local post-office is on the state-line between the two towns, while there are two city-halls and public offices, and each has its own school organizations. Combined population 15,405.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tennessee (river)

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​ Tennessee, a river of Tennessee, is one of the largest branches of the Ohio, which it enters at Paducah, Ky. Clinch and Holston Rivers rise in southwestern Virginia, and in eastern Tennessee unite to form the Tennessee. The river first flows south, going 300 miles in Alabama, turns north, and crosses Tennessee and Kentucky. It is 800 miles to the junction of the two rivers at Kingston, Tenn., but 1,100 miles to the source of the Holston, its longest branch.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Terry, Alfred Howe

See also Alfred Howe Terry on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* GENERAL TERRY
Ter'ry, Alfred Howe, an American soldier and general, was born at Hartford, Conn., Nov. 10, 1827, and died at New Haven, Conn., Dec. 16, 1890. After studying and practicing law he became colonel of a militia regiment in Connecticut, and on the outbreak of the Civil War his regiment was mustered into the United States service and took patt in the first battle of Bull Run. Colonel Terry was present at the capture of Port Royal, at the siege of Fort Pulaski and in the operations against Charleston. He was promoted to brigadier-general, shared in the capture of Fort Wagner, and acted in Virginia in 1864 as division and corps commander. He served at Drury's Bluff, at Bermuda Hundred, at the siege of Petersburg, but his chief achievement as a soldier was his assault and capture of Fort Fisher (Jan. 15, 1865). After this he served under Sherman as corps-commander, and was at the capture of Wilmington. He was brevetted major-general in the regular army in 1865, and commanded the departments of Dakota and the south, and was in charge of successful expeditions against Sitting Bull and the Sioux.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tesla, Nikola

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* NIKOLA TESLA
Tes'la, Nikola, electrician, physicist and inventor, was born in Austria-Hungary in 1857, and studied at the polytechnic school at Gratz, the capital of Styria. For a time he was in the government telegraph engineering service, and in 1881 was employed at Paris in one of the large electric lighting companies of that city. In these employments he devoted himself to experiments in electricity and magnetism. On coming to the United States in 1884, he for a time was in the Edison works at Orange, N. J., but afterwards became electrician in the Tesla Electric-Light Company, and established a laboratory at New York for independent research. He is the inventor of the modern principle of the rotary magnetic field embodied in the apparatus used in the transmission of power from Niagara Falls; of new forms of dynamos, transformers, induction-coils, condensers, arc and incandescent lamps; and of the oscillator combining steam engine and dynamo. His researches in electrical oscillation have created a new field of electrical investigation; while he has made many startling innovations and inventions in using currents of high tension. He continues to reside in New York.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tetrad

See also Glossary of botanical terms#T on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Tetrad (tĕt'răd) (in plants). In most of the higher plants each mother-cell organizes four asexual spores within itself. This group of four is called a tetrad. These four sister-spores cling together for a time, and sometimes always, but generally they soon separate from one another. For example, if a very young anther be sectioned and examined under the microscope, each spore-bearing cell (mother-cell) within it will be seen to contain just four forming pollen-grains. This tetrad formation of asexual spores is almost without exception from mosses to seed-plants.
* A MOTHER-CELL ORGANIZING FOUR SPORES WITHIN ITSELF (A TETRAD).
# The New York Times/1916/11/22/Defends the Chancellor

DEFENDS THE CHANCELLOR.
BERLIN, Nov. 21.—Emperor William has just taken occasion to declare publicly his support of Chancellor von Bethmann Hollweg against attacks upon him by his opponents at home.
A number of prominent persons in Karlsruhe and vicinity having recently sent the Chancellor a letter condemning the campaign of his opponents against him and the present methods of conducting the war, and having sent a copy of this document to the Emperor, the latter caused the Chief of the Civil Cabinet to reply in the Emperor’s behalf that he observed with lively satisfaction this demonstration from Karlsruhe.