OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Henley, Samuel

​HENLEY, SAMUEL, D.D. (1740–1815), commentator, commenced his career as professor of moral philosophy in William and Mary College, Williamsburg, Virginia, On the outbreak of the war of American independence he came to England, obtained an assistant-mastership at Harrow School, and soon afterwards received a curacy at Northall in Middlesex. In 1778 he was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, and four years later he was presented to the living of Rendlesham in Suffolk. His letters show that he continued to spend the greater part of his time at Harrow. Dr. Henley engaged largely in literary work, and maintained an extensive correspondence on antiquarian and classical subjects with Michael Tyson, Richard Gough [q. v.], Dawson Turner, Bishop Percy, and other scholars of the time. In 1779 he edited 'Travels in the Two Sicilies,' by Henry Swinburne, the well-known court-chronicler. In 1784 he published with notes an admirable English translation of 'Vathek,' the French romance, written (but as yet unpublished) by William Beckford (1759-1844) [q. v.] The French original was not published till 1787. Stephen Weston stated in the 'Gentleman's Magazine' in 1784 that 'Vathek' had been composed by Henley himself as a text 'for the purpose of giving to the public the information contained in the notes.' Henley replied that his book was merely a translation from an unpublished French manuscript. Beckford, in the preface to the French version of 1815, mentions that the appearance of the English translation before his original was not his intention, and mysteriously attributes it to circumstances 'peu intéressantes pour le public'. Henley was a frequent contributor to the 'Monthly Magazine.' He also occasionally wrote short poems for private circulation among his friends. In 1805 was appointed principal of the newly established East India College at Hertford. He resigned this post in January 1815, and died on 29 Dec. of the same year. He married in 1780 a daughter of Thomas Figgins, esq., of Chippenham, Wiltshire.
In addition to the above-mentioned and three separately-printed sermons preached at Williamsburg, Henley wrote:
* 'A Candid Refutation of the Heresy imputed by R. C. Nicholas to the Revd. Samuel Henley,' Williamsburg, 1774.
* 'Dissertation on the Controverted Passages of St. Peter and St.Jude concerning the Angels that Sinned,' London 1778.
* 'Observations on the subject of the Fourth Eclogue, the Allegory in the third Georgic, and the primary design of the Aeneid of Virgil, with incidental Remarks on some Coins of the Jews,' London, 1788.
* 'Essay towards a New Edition of the Elegies a Tibullus. with Translation and Notes, 1792.
* 'Ad Anglos … ode gratulatoria,' 1793.
* 'Explanation of the Inscription on a Brick from the Site of Ancient Babylon in 'Archaeologia,' 1803, xiv. 205.
[Nichols's Lit. Anecd. viii. 15-18, and references passim in index; Nichols's Lit. Illustr. iii. 759-6f5; Gent. Mag.vo1. lxxxvi. pt. i. p. 101; Watt's Bibl. Brit; Brit. Mus. Cat.; Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 19197. f, 202.]
G. P. M-y.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Henn, Thomas Rice

​HENN, THOMAS RICE (1849–1880), lieutenant royal engineers, third son of Thomas Rice Henn of Paradise Hill, co. Clare, esq., J.P. and D.L., recorder of Galway, by Jane Isabella, daughter of the Right Hon. Francis Blackburne, lord chancellor of Ireland, was born in Dublin on 2 Nov. 1849. He was educated at Windermere College, and entered the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, second in the list of successful candidates, at the age of seventeen. On 7 July 1869 he obtained a commission in the royal engineers, and after the usual course of study at Chatham was sent to India. He was posted to the Bombay sappers and miners at Kirkee, the second company of which he commanded in the Afghan war of 1880. He was present in the Bolan Pass, and also at Kandahar, when he was appointed brigade major of royal engineers. In July 1880 he took part in the advance of the brigade under General Burrows to the Helmund, and fell in the disastrous battle of Maiwand. When the battle became a rout Henn and his sappers were alongside the battery of horse artillery. Its commander, Major Blackwood, had been mortally wounded, and Captain Slade, who succeeded him, ordered the battery to limber up and retire. Henn, already wounded in the arm, successfully covered the operation with his handful of men, firing volleys upon the crowd of Ghazis pouring down upon them. Henn then fell steadily back, carrying the wounded Blackwood, and following the line of retreat of the 66th regiment across the nullah to a garden on the other side. Behind the wall of the garden Henn and the remnant of his company of sappers, supported by a gallant party of the 66th and some native grenadiers, took up their stand. Here they held the enemy at bay, fighting till every man was killed to cover the retreat of their comrades. Around the spot were afterwards found, lightly buried, the bodies of Henn and fourteen sappers, forty-six men of the 66th regiment, and twenty-three native grenadiers. In General Primrose's despatch of 1 Oct. 1880 he describes, on the authority of an eye-witness—an artillery colonel of Ayub Khan's army—the gallant stand made by this little party. A stained-glass window in Henn's memory has been placed in Rochester Cathedral by the corps of royal engineers.
[Despatches; Corps Records; Shadbolt's Afghan Campaigns of 1878–80.]
R. H. V.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hennedy, Roger

​HENNEDY, ROGER (1809–1877), botanist, was born in August 1809 at Carrickfergus, near Belfast, but was of Scottish extraction, his father being descended from the Kennedys of Ailsa Craig, Ayrshire, who changed their name to Hennedy in Ireland. His mother was born at Paisley. On leaving school he was apprenticed to cutting blocks for a firm of calico-printers. His master was of a tyrannical disposition. Hennedy ran away before his time was out, and somehow managed to get employment in a firm of calico-printers at Rutherglen, close to Glasgow, where he finished his time. In 1832 ​he was appointed to a post in the customs at Liverpool, but heartily disliking the new duties he quitted the place, and went back to his old employment at Glasgow. When the growing practice of lithography threatened to deprive him of his livelihood by substituting a new method of printing fabrics, he acquired the art of drawing on stone, and especially devoted himself to making designs for textiles. About this time he began the study of plants as a source of design, and in 1838 he was studying botany for its own sake while at Millport. The Athenæum at Glasgow was started in 1848, and in that year he began to teach a class in botany, and in the following year he was engaged in a similar capacity at the Mechanics' Institute.
In 1851 he embarked in business with a partner, but the concern does not appear to have been very successful, although prosecuted during six years. He was appointed professor of botany at the Andersonian University at Glasgow in 1863, which chair he occupied till his death, 22 Oct. 1877, at Whitehall, near Bothwell, Lanarkshire.
The manual which he drew up for the use of his botanical class, the ‘Clydesdale Flora,’ was published at Glasgow, 1865, and went through three editions in the lifetime of the author; a fourth, entitled ‘The Memorial Edition,’ came out after his death in 1878.
He married, in 1834, a daughter of David Cross of Rutherglen, who survived him.
[Preface, Clydesdale Flora, 4th edit.]
B. D. J.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Henley, William (fl.1775)

William Henly in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
​HENLEY or HENLY, WILLIAM (fl. 1775), electrician, was elected to the Royal Society on 20 May 1773, and admitted fellow 10 June. On 16 Dec. of that year he read a paper before the society, which in 1774 appeared in pamphlet form, under the title ‘Experiments concerning the Different Efficacy of Pointed and Blunted Rods in securing Buildings against the strike of Lightning.’ The details of seven experiments are given, with diagrams and certain evidence supposed to confirm Henley's theory, that a sharp point is greatly preferable as a conductor to a knob. This and other papers of Henley's on various electrical subjects and on a machine for perpetual motion are printed in the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ for 1772, 1774, 1776, and 1778. According to Thomson, Henley was a linendraper.
[Thomson's Hist. Royal Society, p. liv; Watt's Bibl. Brit.]
R. E. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ingram, Robert (1727-1804)

​INGRAM, ROBERT, D.D. (1727–1804), divine, born at Beverley, Yorkshire, on 9 March 1726–7, was descended from the family of Henry Ingram (1616–1666), viscount Irwine in the Scottish peerage. His father had retired from business in London, and settled at Beverley soon after his marriage with Theodosia, younger daughter of Joseph Gascoigne, sometime revenue collector at Minorca. He was educated at Beverley school under John Clarke (1706–1761) [q. v.], and in 1745 was admitted to Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1749 and M.A. in 1753. In 1758 he became perpetual curate of Bredhurst, Kent, and in the following year Dr. Green, bishop of Lincoln, presented him to the small vicarage of Orston, Nottinghamshire. In 1760 he obtained the vicarage of Wormingford, Essex, where he resided till within a year of his death. He also became, through the influence of his wife's family with Dr. Terrick, bishop of London, vicar of Boxted, Essex. He died in his son's house at Seagrave, near Loughborough, Leicestershire, on 3 Aug. 1804. He married in 1759 Catherine, eldest daughter of Richard Acklom, esq., of Weireton, Nottinghamshire, and by her left two sons, Robert Acklom Ingram, B.D. [q. v.], and Rowland Ingram, who succeeded Paley as head-master of Giggleswick school.
His works are: 1. ‘An Exposition of Isaiah's Vision, chap. vi.; wherein is pointed out a strong similitude betwixt what is said in it and the infliction of punishment on the Papists, by the witnesses, Rev. xi. 6,’ London, 1784, 8vo. 2. ‘A View of the great Events of the Seventh Plague, or Period, when the Mystery of God shall be finish'd,’ Colchester, 1785, 8vo. 3. ‘Accounts of the Ten Tribes of Israel being in America, originally published by Manasseh ben Israel, with ​Observations thereon,’ London, 1792, 8vo.
[Gent. Mag. lv. 732, lxii. 548, lxxiv. 343, 882; Chalmers's Biog. Dict.; Cantabrigienses Graduati, 1787, p. 217; Watt's Bibl. Brit.; Reuss's Reg. of Authors, p. 215; Bodleian Cat.; Masters's Corpus Christi Coll. List of Members, p. 28.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ingram, Robert Acklom

​INGRAM, ROBERT ACKLOM (1763–1809), political economist, eldest son of Robert Ingram [q. v.], was born in 1763, and educated first in Dr. Grimwood's school at Dedham, and afterwards at Queens' College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. as senior wrangler in 1784. He became fellow and tutor of his college, commenced M.A. in 1787, was moderator in 1790, and proceeded B.D. in 1796. On taking orders he was appointed curate of Boxted, Essex, and in 1802 he was presented by the master and fellows of Queens' College to the rectory of Seagrave, Leicestershire, where he died on 5 Feb. 1809. His principal works are:
* ‘The Necessity of introducing Divinity into the regular Course of Academical Studies considered,’ Colchester, 1792, 8vo.
* ‘An Enquiry into the present Condition of the Lower Classes, and the means of improving it; including some Remarks on Mr. Pitt's Bill for the better Support and Maintenance of the Poor: in the course of which the policy of the Corn Laws is examined, and various other important branches of Political Economy are illustrated,’ London, 1797, 8vo.
* ‘A Syllabus or Abstract of a System of Political Philosophy; to which is prefixed a Dissertation recommending that the Study of Political Economy be encouraged in our Universities, and that a Course of Lectures be delivered on that subject,’ London, 1800, 8vo.
* ‘An Essay on the importance of Schools of Industry and Religious Instruction; in which the necessity of Promoting the good Education of poor Girls is particularly considered,’ London, 1801, 8vo.
* ‘The Causes of the Increase of Methodism and Dissension, and of the Popularity of what is called Evangelical Preaching, and the means of obviating them, considered in a Sermon [on Rom. xiv. 17, 19]. To which is added a Postscript … on Mr. Whitbread's Bill … for encouraging of Industry among the Labouring Classes,’ London, 1807, 8vo.
* ‘Disquisitions on Population, in which the Principles of the Essay on Population, by T. R. Malthus, are examined and refuted,’ London, 1808, 8vo.
[Lit. Memoirs of Living Authors, 1798, i. 318; Reuss's Reg. of Authors, Suppl. i. 546; Gent. Mag. lxxix. 189, 275; Cooper's Memorials of Cambridge, i. 315; Graduati Cantabr.; Watt's Bibl. Brit.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ingram, John

​INGRAM, JOHN (1721–1771?), engraver, born in London in 1721, first practised engraving there. He subsequently went to Paris, and settled there for the remainder of his life. He both etched and engraved in line-manner. He engraved a number of plates after François Boucher, some after C. N. Cochin, and a set of emblematical figures of the sciences in conjunction with Cochin and Tardieu. He was employed in engraving small plates for book illustration, and more especially on plates for the ‘Transactions’ of the Académie des Sciences. He was an engraver of great merit.
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Inman, George Ellis

​INMAN, GEORGE ELLIS (1814–1840), song-writer, born in 1814, and well educated, was for some time clerk in the office of a firm of wine merchants in Crutched Friars, London. He obtained some reputation as a song-writer, fell a victim to opium-taking, and committed suicide on 26 Sept. 1840 in St. James's Park.
Two compositions of his, ‘The Days of Yore’ and ‘St. George's Flag of England,’ gained prizes of ten and fifteen guineas respectively from the Melodists' Club in 1838 and 1840. Other songs of his were ‘Sweet Mary mine,’ which enjoyed a concert season's popularity; ‘My Native Hills,’ set to music by Sir Henry Bishop; and ‘Wake, wake, my Love,’ set to music by Raffaelle Angelo Wallis. He wrote the libretto for Wallis's opera, ‘The Arcadians.’ He also contributed to various magazines. In the ‘Bentley Ballads,’ edited by Dr. Doran (new edition, 1861), are included two vigorous poems of his, ‘Old Morgan at Panama’ (p. 17) and ‘Haroun Alraschid’ (p. 80). In ‘La Belle Assemblée’ for September 1844 appeared posthumously a piece by him, ‘Le premier Grenadier des Armées de la République.’ He is said to have published a small volume of poems (Notes and Queries, 4th ser. v. 326).
F. W-t.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Inman, Thomas

​INMAN, THOMAS, M.D. (1820–1876), mythologist, born on 27 Jan. 1820 in Rutland Street, Leicester, was second son of Charles Inman (a native of Lancaster, descended from a Yorkshire family), who was sometime partner in Pickford's carrying company, and afterwards director of the Bank of Liverpool. William Inman [q. v.] was his younger brother. Thomas went to school at Wakefield, and in 1836 was apprenticed to his uncle, Richard Inman, M.D., at Preston, Lancashire. He entered at King's College, London, where he had a distinguished career, graduating M.B. in 1842 and M.D. in 1844 at the university of London. Declining a commission as an army surgeon, he settled in Liverpool as house-surgeon to the Royal Infirmary. He obtained a good practice as a physician, and was for many years physician to the Royal Infirmary. His publications on personal hygiene are full of shrewd practical counsel.
On 21 Oct. 1844 he became a member of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool, to whose ‘Proceedings’ he frequently contributed papers, chiefly on archæological subjects. He had little original scholarship, but read widely, and, although the philological basis of his researches is quite unscientific, his writings display great ingenuity. From Godfrey Higgins [q. v.] he derived the suggestion that the key to all mythology is to be sought in phallic worship. On 5 Feb. 1866 he first propounded this theory in a paper on ‘The Antiquity of certain Christian and other Names.’ The subject was pursued in other papers, and in three works on ‘Ancient Faiths,’ which he published between 1868 and 1876.
In 1871 he gave up practice and retired to Clifton, near Bristol, where he died on 3 May 1876. He was a man of handsome presence, and his genial temperament made him generally popular. He married in 1844 Jennet Leighton, daughter of Daniel Newham of Douglas, Isle of Man, and had six sons and two daughters, of whom two sons and two daughters survived him. His most important publications are: 1. ‘Spontaneous Combustion,’ Liverpool, 1855, 8vo. 2. ‘On certain Painful Muscular Affections,’ 1856, 8vo; 2nd edition, with title, ‘The Phenomena of Spinal Irritation,’ &c., 1858, 8vo; 3rd edition, with title, ‘On Myalgia,’ &c., 1860, 8vo. 3. ‘The Foundation for a new Theory and Practice of Medicine,’ 1860, 8vo; 2nd edition, 1861, 8vo. 4. ‘On the Preservation of Health,’ &c., Liverpool, 1868, 8vo; 2nd edition, 1870, 8vo; 3rd edition, 1872, 8vo. 5. ‘Ancient Faiths embodied in Ancient Names; or, an Attempt to trace the Religious Belief … of certain Nations,’ &c., vol. i. 1868, 8vo; vol. ii. 1869, 8vo; 2nd edition, 1872–3, 8vo. 6. ‘Ancient Pagan and Modern Christian Symbolism exposed and explained,’ &c., 1869, 8vo. 7. ‘The Restoration of Health,’ &c., 1870, 8vo; 2nd edition, 1872, 8vo. 8. ‘Ancient Faiths and Modern: a Dissertation upon Worships … before the Christian Era,’ &c., New York (printed at Edinburgh), 1876, 8vo.
A. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ingram, James

​INGRAM, JAMES (1774–1850), Anglo-Saxon scholar and president of Trinity College, Oxford, son of John Ingram, was born 21 Dec. 1774, at Codford St. Mary, near Salisbury, where his family had possessed property for several generations. He was sent to Warminster School in 1785, and entered as a commoner at Winchester in 1790. On 1 Feb. 1793 he was admitted a commoner at Trinity College, Oxford, and was elected scholar of the college 16 June 1794. He graduated B.A. in 1796, M.A. in 1800, and B.D. in 1808; was for a time an assistant master at Winchester, became fellow of Trinity College 6 June 1803, and acted as tutor there. From 1803 to 1808 he was Rawlinsonian professor of Anglo-Saxon. On the establishment of the examination for undergraduates called ‘Responsions,’ in 1809, ​Ingram acted as one of the ‘masters of the schools.’ From 1815 to 1818 he filled the office of keeper of the archives, and from 1816 to 1824 was rector of Rotherfield Grays, a Trinity College living, near Henley-on-Thames. On 24 June 1824 he was elected president of his college, and proceeded D.D. Ingram was too deeply absorbed in antiquarian research to take much part in the management of the college or in the affairs of the university. At Garsington, near Oxford, of which Ingram was rector in virtue of his presidency, he superintended and largely helped to pay for the erection of a new school, of which he sent an account to the ‘Gentleman's Magazine,’ 1841, vol. i. He died 4 Sept. 1850, and was buried at Garsington, where there is a brass plate to his memory inserted in an old stone slab. He was married, had no family, and survived his wife. By his will he left the greater part of his books, papers, drawings, &c., to Trinity College, some pictures to the university galleries, and some coins to the Bodleian Library. There are two portraits of him in the president's lodgings at Trinity.
Ingram was a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, and held a high rank among archæologists. As an Anglo-Saxon scholar he was perhaps the very best of his generation, and the most distinguished of John Mitchell Kemble's predecessors. In 1807 he published his inaugural lecture (as professor of Anglo-Saxon) on the utility of Anglo-Saxon literature, to which is added the geography of Europe by King Alfred (Oxford, 4to). His edition of the ‘Saxon Chronicle,’ London, 1823, 4to, was a great advance on Gibson's edition (Oxford, 1692, 4to), for Ingram had thoroughly explored the Cottonian MSS. in the British Museum. His edition of Quintilian (Oxford, 1809, 8vo) is correct and useful. The work by which Ingram is best known is his admirable ‘Memorials of Oxford,’ with a hundred plates by Le Keux, 3 vols. 8vo, Oxford, 1832–7 (reissued 1847, 2 vols.). Among his other publications are: ‘The Church in the Middle Centuries, an attempt to ascertain the Age and Writer of the celebrated “Codex Boernerianus”’ (anon.), 8vo, Oxford, 1842; ‘Memorials of the Parish of Codford St. Mary,’ 8vo, Oxford, 1844; and the descriptions of Oxford and Winchester cathedrals in Britton's ‘Beauties of England and Wales.’
W. A. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Inman, William

​INMAN, WILLIAM (1825–1881), founder of the Inman line of steamships, born at Leicester on 6 April 1825, was fourth son of Charles Inman, a partner in the firm of Pickford & Co., who died on 10 Nov. 1858, by Jane, daughter of Thomas Clay of Liverpool (she died 11 Nov. 1865). Thomas Inman [q. v.], the mythologist, was his elder brother. Educated at the Collegiate Institute at Liverpool and at the Liverpool Royal Institution, William served as a clerk successively to Nathan Cairns (brother of the first Earl Cairns), to Cater & Company, and to Richardson Brothers, all merchants at Liverpool. Of the latter firm he became a partner in January 1849, and managed their fleet of American sailing packets, then trading between Liverpool and Philadelphia. Here he first gained an intimate knowledge of the emigration business. Having watched with interest the first voyage to America, early in 1850, of Tod & Macgregor's screw iron ship the City of Glasgow of 1,600 tons and 350 horse-power, he was convinced of the advantages she possessed over both sailing ships and paddle steamers for purposes of navigation. In conjunction with his partners, he purchased the City of Glasgow, and on 17 Dec. in the same year despatched her with four hundred steerage passengers on a successful voyage across the Atlantic. In 1857 he formed the Liverpool, New York, and Philadelphia Steamship Company, better known as the Inman line. Between 1851 and 1856 the company purchased the City of Manchester, the City of Baltimore, the Kangaroo, and the City of Washington, all iron screw-ships. In 1857 the company enlarged the area of their operations by making New York one of their ports of arrival, and establishing a fortnightly line thither. In 1860 they introduced a weekly service of steamers; in 1863 they extended it to three times a fortnight, and in 1866 to twice a week during the summer. The failure of the Collins line was advantageous to Inman, for he adopted their dates of sailing, and henceforth carried the mails between England and America. Inman specially directed his attention to the removal of the discomforts of emigrant passengers. In 1875 the City of Berlin, the longest and largest steam-vessel afloat, the Great Eastern excepted, was launched. Inman was a member of the local marine board, of the Mersey Docks and Harbour Trust, and of the first Liverpool school board; was a captain of the Cheshire rifle volunteers, a magistrate for Cheshire, and chairman of the Liverpool Steam Shipowners' Association. He frequently gave evidence before committees of the House of Commons, more particularly in 1874 on the committee on Merchant Ships Measurement of Tonnage Bill (Parliamentary Papers, 1874, vol. x., Report 1874, pp. 182–8, 238–47).
He died at Upton Manor, near Birkenhead, on 3 July 1881, and was buried in Moreton parish church on 6 July. He married, on 20 Dec. 1849, Anne Brewis, daughter of William Stobart of Picktree, Durham, by whom he had twelve children, nine sons and three daughters.
G. C. B.