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# The Literary Digest History of the World War

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The Literary Digest History of the World War
Compiled from the Original and Contemporary Sources: American, British, French, German, and Other
By Francis Whiting Halsey
Author of “The Old New York Frontier,” Editor of “Great Epochs in American History,” “Seeing Europe with Famous Authors,” “Balfour, Viviani, and Joffre, Their Speeches in America,” etc.
In Ten Volumes—Illustrated
Funk & Wagnalls Company
New York and London
1920

## Contents

    See also the expanded table of contents.
* The Sources for This History
* Introduction: Why This War?
* Volumes and chapters:

### Volume 1

    Introduction—The Outbreak and the Causes—The Invasion of Belgium, Luxemburg and Alsace-Lorraine
    June 28, 1914–October 15, 1914
*   * The Tragedy at Serajevo and Austria's Ultimatum to Serbia (June 28–July 31, 1914)
*   * Austro-Serbo-Montenegrin Fighting (July 28–December 30, 1914)
*   * The Forcing of a Local Into a World War (1912–1914)
*   * Bosnia and Herzegovina and Affairs in Morocco (1878-1911)
*   * The Resources of the Belligerents and the Transformation of Europe
*   * Declarations in the First Months of the War
*   * Other States Eventually Drawn Into the Conflict
*   * Roads from the Rhine Valley Into France—“The Cockpit of Europe”
*   * Liége and Longwy (August 1–28, 1914)
*   * The Dash Into Alsace-Lorraine (August 4–25, 1914)
*   * Haelen, Louvain, and Brussels (August 12–26, 1914)
*   * Namur Falls—As to Modern Siege Guns (August 13–23, 1914)
*   * Dinant, Tamines, Malines, Aerschot, Termonde, Maubeuge (August 15–September 7, 1914)
*   * Zeppelin Bombs on Antwerp: the Siege, Fall and Exodus (August 25–October 15, 1914)
*   * As to Atrocities in Belgium—Edith Cavell's Death—Deportations and Relief Work

### Volume 10

This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New International Encyclopædia/Alexander, John White

Edition of 1905. See also John White Alexander on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ALEXANDER, John White. (1856—). An American portrait and figure painter, born in Allegheny City, Pa. He was a pupil at the Royal Academy in Munich, and also studied under Frank Duveneck, with whom he went to Italy. Returning to New York in 1881, he soon attained the highest rank as a figure and portrait painter. Besides numerous portraits in European and American collections, his works include the portrait of Walt Whitman (Metropolitan Museum, New York), "The Pot of Basil" (Boston Museum), "In the Café" (Philadelphia Academy). "La Femme Rose" (Carnegie Gallery, Pittsburg), "The Green Bow" (Luxembourg, Paris), and six large mural decorations in the Congressional Library. Washington. It is the decorative quality in his works which first arrests attention; they have a quality of distinction and a marked effect of chiaroscuro.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Alden, Isabella McDonald

Edition of 1905. See also Isabella Macdonald Alden on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ALDEN, Mrs. Isabella McDonald (1841 — ). An American author, who writes under the pseudonym of "Pansy." She was born at Rochester, N. Y., and in 1866 was married to the Rev. Dr. G. R. Alden. In addition to much fiction for older readers, her works include the Pansy Books, a series of about sixty juvenile works. She edited the young folks' journal Pansy from 1873 until 1896, and has been on the editorial staff of the Christian Endeavor World, of Boston, and various other religious magazines of Boston, Philadelphia, and New York. Her works have been translated into many foreign languages.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Alessi, Galeazzo

Edition of 1905. See also Galeazzo Alessi on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ ALESSI, ȧ-lĕs′sē̇, Galeazzo (1512-72). An Italian architect of the late Renaissance, born in Perugia. He was associated with Michelangelo at Rome in 1530, but followed more the manner of Vignola, and never reached the foremost rank. Aside from a few works at Perugia, his masterpieces are at Genoa, whose famous palace architecture he helped develop, especially in the Cambiaso, Spinola, and Serra palaces. Of his Genoese villas, the most beautiful is the Pallavicini. His influence was felt throughout Italy, and in France and Portugal, and especially Flanders.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Aleurone

Edition of 1905. See also Aleurone on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ ALEURONE, ȧ-lū′rōn (Gk. ἄλευρον, aleuron, wheaten flour). The stored proteid which occurs as minute granules in the food-bearing tissue (endosperm) and embryos of many seeds. The granules are much smaller than starch grains, with which they often occur. They are usually rounded in form (though the so-called proteid crystals of some plant tissues are angular), and may be simple or complex in structure. The more complex form of granule consists, in great part, of amorphous proteid substance, in which lie imbedded a large crystalloid and a much smaller globoid. The crystalloid is an angular mass of proteid material, differing from most true crystals by swelling in water; the globoid is a nearly spherical mineral concretion, consisting mainly of a double phosphate of magnesium and calcium. Seeds rich in aleurone are the castor bean (Ricinus), the Brazil nut (Bertholletia), peas, beans, etc. See Proteins.
* ALEURONE.
* 1. A cell from the castor bean, as seen in water, showing
* roundish aleurone grains imbedded in the protoplasm. In
* each, one or more crystals, c, and usually a globoid, g.
* 2. Isolated aleurone grains of the same, as seen in olive oil.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Aleuromancy

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ ALEU′ROMAN′CY, See Superstition.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Alcæus

Edition of 1905. See also Alcaeus of Mytilene on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ ALCÆ′US (Gk. Ἀλκαῖος, Alkaios). One of the first lyric poets of Greece, and contemporary with Sappho. He was a native of Mitylene, and flourished at the end of the seventh and the beginning of the sixth century B.C. Alcæus was of aristocratic birth, and became a leader against the tyrants of his native city, Myrsilus and Melanchrus. Being banished from home, he traveled during his exile, it is said, as far as Egypt. While he was absent, a former comrade in arms, Pittacus, was called to the head of the State by the people, whereupon Alcæus took up arms against him as a tyrant; but in attempting to force his way back he was captured by Pittacus, who, however, generously granted him his life and freedom. Alcæus's odes in the Æolic dialect—arranged in ten books by the Alexandrians—contained political songs bearing on the struggles against the tyrants, hymns, and drinking and love songs. Only fragments remain. Alcæus was the inventor of the form of stanza which is named after him, the Alcaic; this Horace, the most successful of his imitators, transplanted into the Latin language. The fragments were collected in Bergk's Poetæ Lyrici Græci, iii: fourth edition, pp. 147ff (Leipzig, 1882). Consult Smyth, Greek Melic Poets (New York, 1900).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Alewife

Edition of 1905. See also Alewife on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ ALE′WIFE (either aloofe, the Indian name of the fish, or from its resemblance to a corpulent woman who keeps an alehouse). A small clupeoid fish (Pomolobus pseudoharengus), 8 to 10 inches long, closely related to the herring and the shad, and resembling the latter in form and color. It is very abundant on the eastern coast of the United States, where it enters Chesapeake Bay and its rivers, the Hudson, and other streams to spawn. Their time of arrival depends upon the temperature, but usually is during the first week of April in the Hudson, somewhat in advance of other fishes. “Their eggs are adhesive, like those of the herring, and stick to the bottom in shoal water, or to anything they may touch, from 60,000 to 100,000 being laid by each female fish at once, almost all of which are devoured by countless enemies before they can hatch.” They have also become land-locked in several lakes of western New York. Though inferior to the shad in quality, they are taken in vast quantities (62,000,000 pounds reported in 1896), and are, next to the shad, the most important American anadromous food-fish. This fish is called gaspereau by French Canadian fishermen, and branch-herring and sawbelly are other local names. See Plate of Herring and Shad.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Alessandria

Edition of 1905. See also Alessandria on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ ALESSANDRIA, ä′lĕs-sän′drē̇-ȧ. The capital of the Italian province of the same name (1950 square miles; pop., 1900, 812,022), and a strong fortress, situated in a marshy region on the Tanaro, 47 miles from Genoa by rail (Map: Italy, C 3). Its chief ecclesiastical buildings are the cathedral, built in the beginning of the nineteenth century, and the old Church of Santa Maria di Castello. There are a royal palace, an old castle, and extensive barracks. Noteworthy is the Academy of Sciences and Arts, founded in 1562. Alessandria has cotton, woolen, and linen mills, hat factories, etc. The city derives considerable commercial importance from its position on the chief railway lines of Eastern Italy. Population of commune, 1881, 62,464; 1901, 71,293.
Alessandria was founded in 1168 by the inhabitants of Cremona, Milan, and Placentia, as a bulwark against Frederick Barbarossa, and was named Alessandria in honor of Pope Alexander III. Frederick tried to capture it, but failed. As it was a fortress to guard the passage of the Bormida and Tanaro, and also the central point of communication between Genoa, Milan, and Turin, the town was often a scene of battle. It was taken and plundered in 1522 by Duke Sforza; besieged, but without success, by the French, under the Prince of Conti, in 1057; and taken, in spite of obstinate resistance, by Prince Eugene, in 1707. After the prostration of Austria at the battle of Marengo, in 1800, Bonaparte concluded an armistice at Alessandria, in accordance with which upper Italy, as far as the Mincio, was ceded to the French, with twelve fortresses. It was the principal armory of the Piedmontese during the insurrection of Lombardy and Venetia in 1848-49, when many new fortifications were added.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Aleutian Islands

Edition of 1905. See also Aleutian Islands on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ ALEUTIAN ISLANDS, ȧ-lū′shan, also called the Catharine Archipelago. The name of a group of islands, numbering above 150, and consisting of several clusters, which form an insular continuation of the peninsula of Alaska (q.v.) (Map: Alaska, A 5). They lie on both sides of the parallel of 55° N. lat., separating the Sea of Kamtchatka from the Pacific, and naturally subdivide themselves into five groups: (1) the Komandorski Islands, sometimes not regarded as belonging to the Aleutian Islands; (2) the Sasignan, or “Nearest,” Islands; (3) the Rat Islands; (4) the Andreianowsky, very small and little frequented; (5) the Fox Islands, among which is Unimak, the largest in the archipelago. The islands are all craggy, and have a desolate appearance from the sea. Several volcanoes are periodically active, and warm volcanic springs are numerous. Cool springs are frequent and form broad, rapid streams, which empty into adjacent bays or collect in rocky depressions and form lakes which discharge their water into the sea by natural channels. The whole chain or group forms a connecting link between the volcanic range of the west coast of America and Kamtchatka. On account of numerous rocks they are not very accessible to ships. There are many low, scrubby bushes, grasses, moss, and lichens, but no strong and stately growth of trees. Cultivated plants do not succeed well. There are foxes and reindeer, and in the neighboring waters are seal, fish and otter.
The natives are known collectively as “Aleut” (“Aleuts,” “Aleutians,” or “Aleutian Islanders”), from the Russian designation of a people or tribe of Eskimoan stock calling themselves Unungun. They are closely allied in physical characteristics, as in language, to the Innuit, or Eskimo proper; their vocabulary differs ​considerably from that of the mainland Eskimo, though grammatic structure and many of the vocables are similar. They formerly occupied nearly all of the islands of the Aleutian chain, and were estimated to number 20,000 to 30,000; in 1900 the population was barely 2000. They are vaguely divided into two tribes or sub-tribes, known respectively as Unalaska and Atka. They are strong and agile, capable of enduring great fatigue and extremes of heat and scold, and are peaceful and cheerful. They subsist by hunting and fishing, using implements of wood, ivory, bone, and stone, with the two types of Eskimo water craft (kayak and umiak); their summer habitations are tents or huts like those of the mainland Eskimo, while in winter they occupy huts of stone, snow, or other material, or (especially on Fox Island) underground dwellings. Originally sharing the primitive pantheism of the Eskimo, they were Christianized by Russian missionaries, and are now nominally connected with the Greek Church.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Müller, August

Edition of 1905. See also August Müller (orientalist) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MÜLLER, August (1848-92). A German Orientalist, born at Stettin, and educated at the universities of Halle and Leipzig. In 1882 he accepted the post of professor of Oriental philology at the University of Königsberg. His numerous and valuable contributions to Oriental literature include: Die griechischen Philosophen in der arabischen Uebersetzung (1873); Der Islam im Morgen- und Abendland (1885-87); Hebräische Schulgrammatik (1878), the syntax of which was translated into English by James Robertson. He also reëdited (1876) Caspari's Arabische Grammatik, which he considerably enlarged, and with Nöldeke published a Delectus Veterum Carminum Arabicorum (1890), furnished with copious annotations, and thus rendered useful to those who desire to become acquainted with Arabic poetry. Especially creditable is his edition (1884) of the History of Physicians by Ibn Useibia, with Arabic text and a critical commentary. Several of his essays are contained in the Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft and Beiträge zur Kunde der indogermanischen Sprachen. In 1887 he was appointed editor of the Orientalische Bibliographie.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Müller, David Heinrich

Edition of 1905. See also David Heinrich Müller on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MÜLLER, mụ'lẽr, David Heinrich (1846—). An Austrian Orientalist, born at Buczacz, in
Galicia. He was educated in Vienna, Leipzig, Strassburg, and Berlin; became professor of Semitic philology at Vienna in 1881, and was an editor of the Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes. His very valuable works include: Himjaritische Inschriften (1875); Südarabische Studien (1877); Die Burgen und Schlösser Südarabiens (1879-81); Sabäische Denkmäler (with Mordtmann, 1883); Epigraphische Denkmäler aus Arabien (1889); Die altsemitischen Inschriften von Sendschirli (1893); Epigraphische Denkmäler aus Abessinien (1894); Ezechielstudien (1895); Die Propheten in ihrer ursprünglichen Form (1896); Südarabische Alterthümer (1899); Die Mahri- und Sokatri-Sprache (1901); and editions of Kitab al Farq (1876); of Hāmdāni, Geography of the Arabian Peninsula (1884-91); and of part of Tabarî, Annales (1888).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Müller, Eduard

Edition of 1905. See also Eduard Müller (sculptor) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MÜLLER, Eduard (1828-95). A German sculptor, born at Hildburghausen. His first occupation was that of a cook in the ducal kitchen at Coburg, and he practiced his trade subsequently in Munich and Paris, and thence went to Antwerp, where, on the advice of the sculptor Geefs, he proceeded to study at the Academy in 1850. Two years afterwards he continued his studies in Brussels, and in 1857 settled permanently in Rome. Masterly composition, great truthfulness to life, and a high degree of technical perfection are the chief characteristics of his ideal figures and mythological groups, the best known of which include: “Nymph Kissing Cupid” (1862); “Faith, Love, and Hope” (1869), Schröder Mausoleum, Hamburg; “Satyr with the Mask” (1870); “The Faun's Secret” (1874); and “Eve with Her Children” (1880). His masterpiece is the group in heroic size, “Prometheus Bound and the Oceanids” (1874-79), National Gallery, Berlin, chiseled out of a single block of marble.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Müller, Friedrich (engraver)

Edition of 1905. See also ADB:Müller, Johann Friedrich Wilhelm on German Wikisource; and the disclaimer. For his father, see Johann Gotthard von Müller on Wikipedia.
MÜLLER, Friedrich (1782-1816). A German engraver, born at Stuttgart. He first studied under his father, Johann Gotthard Müller, an engraver of note, and subsequently in Paris. In 1808 his engraving of “Saint John About to Write His Revelation,” after Domenichino, won him a high reputation, which was maintained by his “Adam and Eve Under the Tree of Life,” after Raphael. In 1814 he was appointed professor of engraving in the Dresden Academy, and the rest of his life was devoted to the execution of the plate of his greatest work, the “Madonna di San Sisto,” after Raphael. His health broke down under the labor imposed by this undertaking, and he did not live to see a finished print of his work. His engravings are only eighteen in number, mostly portraits, including Schiller, Jerome Bonaparte, Jacobi, and a medallion of Napoleon I.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Müller, Friedrich von

Edition of 1905. See also Friedrich von Müller (statesman) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MÜLLER, Friedrich von (1779-1849). A German statesman. He was born at Kunreuth, Bavaria; studied law at Erlangen and Göttingen, and in 1801 entered the administrative employ of Weimar. His greatest political achievement was his inducing Napoleon to keep Weimar independent (1806-07). For this he was rewarded by being ennobled and raised to the post of Privy Councilor. He wrote Erinnerungen aus den Kriegszeiten von 1806-13 (1851). Müller became Chancellor in 1815, and from 1835 to 1848 was Deputy. On his friendship with Goethe, consult Burkhardt, Goethes Unterhaltungen mit dem Kanzler Friedrich von Müller (Stuttgart, 1870).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Müller, Charles Louis

Edition of 1905. See also Charles Louis Müller on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MÜLLER, mụ'lâr', Charles Louis (1815-92). A French historical painter. He was born in Paris, December 22, 1815, and was a pupil of Baron Gros and Léon Cogniet. He received a first-class medal at the Paris Exposition of 1846. Müller is best known by his masterpiece, the “Roll-Call of the Last Victims of the Reign of Terror,” formerly in the Luxembourg Museum (replica in possession of J. J. Astor, New York). Other works are: “Lady Macbeth” (1849), Amiens Museum; “Charlotte Corday in Prison” (1875), Corcoran Gallery, Washington; “Primavera” (1846) and “Haydée” (1848), Lille Museum; he also decorated the Salle d'Etat in the Louvre. His pictures are skillfully composed, but the coloring and drawing are mediocre.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Müller, Ferdinand von

Edition of 1905. See also Ferdinand von Mueller on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MÜLLER, Ferdinand von (1825-96). A German naturalist. He was born in Rostock, studied at Kiel, and in 1848 went to Australia, where he was for several years engaged in botanic explorations, and was director of the Melbourne Public Garden (1857-73). His researches on the subject of the acclimatization of plants yielded highly valuable results. Müller wrote: Fragmenta Phytographia Australiæ (1862-81); Plants of Victoria (1860-65); Flora Australiana (7 vols., 1863-70); and Select Extratropical Plants (1891).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Müller, Friedrich (philologist)

Edition of 1905. See also Friedrich Müller (linguist) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MÜLLER, Friedrich (1834-98). An Austrian philologist. He was born at Jemnik, Bohemia; studied in Vienna and Göttingen, and from 1866 until his death was professor of comparative philology and Sanskrit at the University of Vienna. He was a member of the Academy of Sciences, and was one of the highest authorities on comparative philology and ethnology and the relations of the two sciences. Besides contributing largely on these subjects to the Mitteilungen der anthropologischen Gesellschaft and the Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, and editing these periodicals for a time, he wrote the linguistic and the ethnological parts of the Reise der österreichischen Fregatte Novara (1867-73); Allgemeine Ethnographie (1873); and a Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft (1876-87).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Müller, Friedrich (poet)

Edition of 1905. See also Maler Müller on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MÜLLER, Friedrich (called Maler Müller) (1749-1825). A German poet, painter, and engraver, born at Kreuznach. He showed in his youth a talent for art, and began to study painting at Zweibrücken, where his fascinating personality and varied endowments won him the favor of the Court circles. In 1774 he went to Mannheim, and soon acquired a reputation as a poet. His idyls were inspired, first by Gessner, afterwards by Voss, some of them being realistic descriptions of the life of the common people in the Palatinate. He is best known as a dramatist, and as such a true representative of the ‘Storm and Stress’ period, whose unbalanced enthusiasm is most apparent in Golo und Genoveva. To the theme attempted in Fausts Leben dramatisirt his powers were hardly adequate. In 1777 he had become electoral Court painter, and in 1778 means were provided to satisfy the artist's longing for Rome. Although he continued there his literary efforts for a time, he more especially
cultivated painting, setting up Michelangelo as his idol, but falling into exaggerations and never attaining any real success. Gradually estranged from his art through failures and distress, he devoted himself to art-historical studies, became a sort of ambulant antiquary, and was much sought as a cicerone. Through the patronage of the Crown Prince of Bavaria (afterwards King Louis I.) he was enabled to pass his declining years in comparative ease. Consult Seuffert, Der Maler Müller (Berlin, 1877).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mullet

See also Mullet on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Mul'let, a food-fish found in tropical and temperate waters. On the American coast it ranges as far north as Cape Cod. The mullet family contains mostly sea-fishes, but the representatives ascend streams, and a few forms are permanent residents of fresh water. They feed at the bottom, taking quantities of mud into their mouths and sifting out the small particles of animal and vegetable matter. The name is also given to a common sucker in inland streams in the United States. These fish grow to a length of two feet. Their lower fins are of an orange-red color, and they are often called red-horse.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mulock, Miss.

See also the disclaimer.
​ Mu'lock, Miss. See Craik.