OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Osiris

See also Osiris on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Osiris (ṓ-sī′rĭs), the greatest of Egyptian gods, is the son of Set (the earth) and Nut (heaven). He was slain by Set, his father, and avenged by his son, Horus. He judges the dead in the lower world. He is represented usually in human form, and always with the head of a man. His symbols are the evergreen and the tamarisk, and a kind of ibis, with long plumes. See Horus, Isis and Set.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Oskaloosa, Ia.

See also Oskaloosa, Iowa on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Os′kaloo′sa, Ia., county-seat of Mahaska County, on the Chicago Burlington and Quincy; Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific; and Iowa Central railroads, about 60 miles southeast of Des Moines. It is a commercial center of a large agricultural district, and has a number of manufacturing interests. It has good public schools, a public library and churches. It also is a seat of two small colleges, Penn College under the auspices of the Society of Friends and Oskaloosa College under the auspices of the Disciples of Christ. It was settled in 1843, and incorporated 10 years later. Population 9,466.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Otis, Harrison Gray

See also Harrison Gray Otis (politician) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Otis, Harrison Gray, an American statesman, was born at Boston, Mass., Oct. 8, 1765. He studied at Harvard College, and was admitted to the bar in 1786. Sent to the legislature in 1796, he soon became leader of the Federal party. He was one of three commissioners sent in 1814 by Massachusetts to Washington to present to the government the subject of the damages inflicted on New England by the war with Great Britain. As United States senator in 1820, in the debate on the Missouri question, he strongly favored the restriction of slavery. He was a popular orator, and opposed the antislavery movement in his later years. He died at Boston, Oct. 28, 1848.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ozark Mountains

See also The Ozarks on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
O'zark Mountains, a range in Missouri. They start from Missouri River, cross part of Missouri and Arkansas, and enter Indian Territory. The Black Hills and the Washita Mountains of Arkansas are parts of the range. The highest peaks have an elevation of 1,500 to 2,000 feet.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Oshkosh, Wis.

See also Oshkosh, Wisconsin on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Osh′kosh, Wis., the county seat of Winnebago County, is situated at the confluence of the upper Fox and Lake Winnebago in a thickly-settled and fertile region. Being naturally the center of the lumber interests of Fox and Wolf Rivers, it early became commercially important, and now has a population of 33,062. Besides its numerous sawmills, it is noted for its extensive manufactures of sash, doors, blinds, matches, carriages, sleighs, farm wagons, trunks, furniture, agricultural implements, flour, beer, logging tools, grass-twine goods and canned goods. It has fine public schools and churches, several large parochial schools, a state normal school, a state fish hatchery, and three miles north are the northern state hospital for the insane, a county hospital for the incurable insane and the county almshouse. The city has three hospitals, four parks, a beautiful library building of classic design, six banks, one daily paper, three railroads, a line of steamers for lake and river commerce and an electric railway system connecting the city with Neenah, Menasha, Appleton and other places. Near by is Lake Winnebago, 30 miles long and 12 broad, famous for fishing and for beautiful summer resorts.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Haupt, Lewis Muhlenberg

Edition of 1905. See also Lewis M. Haupt on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HAUPT, Lewis Muhlenberg (1841—). An American civil engineer, born in Gettysburg, Pa. He was educated at Harvard and at West Point, became lieutenant of lake surveyors by 1868, and in the following year was attached to a military district in Texas. From 1872 to 1892 he was professor of civil engineering in the University of Pennsylvania, and in 1885-86 was editor of the Engineering Register. In 1886 he invented a method for marking channels. He was a member of the Nicaraguan and the Isthmian Canal Commissions (1897-99), was president of the Colombia-Canea Arbitration (1897), and was chief engineer of the survey for ship canals across New Jersey, and was consulting engineer on the construction of the Ohio-Lake Erie ship canal. In addition to his numerous contributions to engineering journals, his publications include: Working Drawings and How to Make and Use Them (1881); The Topographer—His Methods and Instruments (1884); Physical Phenomena of Harbor Entrances (1887); Canals and Their Economic Relation to Transportation (1890); and A Move for Better Roads (1891).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Haupt, Moritz

Edition of 1905. See also Moritz Haupt on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HAUPT, houpt, Moritz (1808-74). A well-known German philologist. He was born at Zittau, and studied from 1826 to 1830 at Leipzig, where in 1841 he was appointed professor of the German language and literature. For having participated in the agitation of 1848-49, he was deprived of his professorship. In 1853, however, he was called to Berlin to succeed Lachmann as professor of classical literature. In 1861 he became perpetual secretary of the Academy of Sciences. By his painstaking and scholarly critical work he rendered distinguished service to both classical and German philology, chiefly as an editor of texts. In the former field he published: Quæstiones Catullinæ (1857); Observationes Criticæ (1841); editions of Horace (4th ed. 1881), Catullus, Tibullus, Propertius (5th ed. 1885), Vergil (2d ed. 1873), and other classical writers. His chief contributions to German philology were editions of Hartmann von Aue's Erec (1839), Lieder und Büchlein, and Der arme
Heinrich (1842); Rudolph von Ems's Der gute Gerhard (1840); the poems of Gottfried von Neifen (1851); and the Moritz von Craon (1858), and Von dem übeln Weibe (1871) of Neidhard von Reuenthal, and, above all, Konrad von Würzburg's Engelhard (1844, new ed. 1890). He also edited Æschylus from the papers of Hermann (2d ed. 1858), and completed Lachmann's edition of the Mediæval German lyrics of the Minnesingers (Des Minnesangs Frühling, 4th ed. 1888). In 1836, with Hoffman von Fallersleben, he founded the Altdeutsche Blätter, succeeded in 1841 by the Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum, which he edited until his death. His numerous briefer contributions are collected in his Opuscula (3 vols., 1875-76); and his Französische Volkslieder appeared posthumously in 1877. Consult: Belger, Haupt als akademischer Lehrer (Berlin, 1879); and Nettleship's lecture (Oxford, 1879).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Haviland, William

Edition of 1905. See also William Haviland on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​HAV′ILAND, William (1718-84). An English soldier in the French and Indian War in America. He was born in Ireland, and in 1739 was appointed ensign in an infantry regiment, with which he is believed to have served at Porto Bello and Cartagena. During part of the rebellion of 1745 he was aide-de-camp to Colonel (afterwards Lord) Blakeney, and subsequently returned to Ireland, where he remained until 1752, when he was appointed a lieutenant-colonel. In 1757 he went to America with a regiment, was in command at Fort Edward during the winter of 1757-58, served under Abercromby at Ticonderoga, and later under Amherst. In 1760 he was put at the head of a mixed force of colonists and Indians, 3400 strong, and ordered to force a way by Lake Champlain, defended by a French post at Isle aux Noix, and to join the armies of General Murray and Lord Amherst, which were converging on Montreal. He was entirely successful. After the capitulation of Montreal he served in the West Indies, and was present at the conquest of Havana in 1762. An energetic and resourceful officer, he was advanced in rank until he was made general in 1783.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Havlíček, Karel

Edition of 1905. See also Karel Havlíček Borovský on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​HAVLÍČEK, hȧv-lĕ′chĕk, Karel (1821-56). A Bohemian journalist, critic, and poet, born at Borová, whence his pseudonym, ‘Havel Borovský.’ He studied at Prague, taught at Moscow, and after his return to Bohemia wrote for the Národní Noviny at Prague, and at Kuttenberg for the Slovan. For his liberal articles in these journals he was imprisoned at Brixen in the Tyrol, where he wrote the sarcastic Tiroler Elegien. He returned to Bohemia in 1855, and died at Prague in the following year. He wrote many clever epigrams, which have not all been published; the satiric poem, Křest sv. Vladimira (1877); and translations from Gogol, Voltaire, and others. His collected works, Sebrané Spisy, contain a part of his epigrams. His biography, by Tuma, was published at Prague (1883).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Havildar

Edition of 1905. See also Havildar on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​HAV′ILDAR′ (Hind. havāldār, from Hind., Pers. havālah, Ar. havālat, charge, custody + Pers. dār, possessing). The highest non-commissioned rank in the native army of British India.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Havre, Le

Edition of 1905. See also Le Havre on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​HAVRE, ȧ′vr’, Le. The second seaport of France, and the capital of an arrondissement of the Department of Seine-Inferieure, on the estuary of the Seine, 108 miles northwest of Paris (Map: France, F 2). It is a well-built and regularly laid out city, with a number of fine boulevards and squares, as the Boulevard François I., Strasbourg, and the Course de la République, the chief boulevards occupying the site of the ancient ramparts. The most prominent public buildings are the city hall, built in Renaissance style; the Church of Notre Dame, dating from the sixteenth century; the exchange, the Palais de Justice, arsenal, and customhouse. The museum has fine statues of Bernardin de Saint-Pierre and Casimir Delavigne (both natives of Havre), and contains collections of paintings and sculptures and a library of about 50,000 volumes. The harbor, formed in part by an immense dam, is regarded as one of the best in France, and has a capacity of about 500 vessels. Its entrance, defended by two forts and a number of batteries, is barely 300 feet in width. The harbor is divided into nine separate basins, and has over eight miles of quays.
The situation of Havre at the mouth of the Seine gives it great advantage in regard to the internal trade of the country, while its position on the English Channel makes it one of the chief centres of the foreign trade. The annual imports and exports exceed 2,000,000 tons, valued at nearly 2,000,000,000 francs. The chief articles of import are coffee, cotton and cotton goods, grain, hides and skins, silk, etc. The exports are mainly silk and cotton goods, coffee, clothing, metal articles, and artificial flowers. Havre has a number of large industrial establishments, including sugar refineries, chemical and glass works, breweries, ship-building yards (for battleships as well as merchant vessels), electrical works, and works for the manufacture of guns and heavy ordnance. Population, in 1896, 119,470; in 1901, 130,196.
Havre, originally named Ville Françoise, or Françoiseville, and afterwards Havre de Grâce, was founded in 1517 by Francis I., from whom it received numerous privileges. It was surrendered to the English by the Huguenots in 1562, but was retaken by the French soon afterwards. It was bombarded by the English in 1694, 1759, 1794, and 1795. Havre owes its harbor improvements to Richelieu, Louis XIV. (who employed Vauban), Louis XVI., and Napoleon.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Havre de Grace

Edition of 1905. See also Havre de Grace, Maryland on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​HAVRE DE GRACE, hăv′ẽr de grȧs. A city in Harford County, Md., 30 miles northeast of Baltimore; on the Susquehanna River, near its mouth, in Chesapeake Bay, and on the Baltimore and Ohio and the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore railroads (Map: Maryland, N 2). It makes large shipments of coal and lumber, and has shad and herring fisheries, flour, cotton, saw, and planing mills, and can and shoe factories, and carries on fruit-canning. On Battery Island is a Government fish hatchery. Population, in 1890, 3244; in 1900, 3423.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Haupt, Erich

Edition of 1905. See also Erich Haupt on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HAUPT, houpt, Erich (1841—). A German Protestant theologian, born at Stralsund, and educated at Berlin. He was professor of New Testament exegesis, successively at Kiel (1878), Greifswald (1883), and Halle (l888). He wrote: Der erste Brief des Johannes (1869); Die alttestamentlichen Citate in den vier Evangelien (1871); Die Kirche und die theologische Lehrfreiheit (1881); Plus ultra, zur Universitätsfrage (2d ed. 1890); Die Bedeutung der heiligen Schrift für den evangelischen Christen (1891); Zum Verständnis des Apostolats im Neuen Testament (1896), etc.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Haupt, Herman

Edition of 1905. See also Herman Haupt on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HAUPT, Herman (1817—). An American engineer, born in Philadelphia, Pa. He graduated at West Point in 1835, but resigned a commission in the Second Infantry to become an assistant engineer on the public works of
Pennsylvania. In 1844 he became professor of civil engineering and mathematics in Pennsylvania College, but three years later he resumed the practice of his profession, as principal consulting engineer of the Philadelphia Railroad, of which he became, successively, the general superintendent and chief engineer. He was chief engineer of the Hoosac Tunnel from 1856 to 1861. In the Civil War he was chief of the United States Bureau of Military Railroads, and served on the staff of General McDowell with the rank of colonel. From 1872 to 1876 he was general manager of the Piedmont Air-line Railroad, from 1876 to 1878 was chief engineer of the Pennsylvania Transportation Company and Seaboard Pipe-line,, from 1881 to 1885 was general manager, and 1885 to 1886 was general superintendent of the Northern Pacific Railroad. He invented a drilling machine that won the highest prize of the Royal Polytechnic Society of Great Britain, and was the first to prove the practicability of transporting oil in pipes. He wrote: Hints on Bridge Building (1840); General Theory of Bridge Construction (1852); A Consideration of the Plans Proposed for the Improvement of the Ohio River (1855); Military Bridges (1864).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Havin, Léonor Joseph

Edition of 1905. See also Léonor-Joseph Havin on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​HAVIN, ȧ′văN′, Léonor Joseph (1799-1868). A French politician, born in Paris. He studied law, became Justice of the peace at Saint-Lô (1830), and for the following seventeen years was Deputy from the Department of La Manche. He was a prime mover in the agitation which led to the February Revolution, but allied himself with the Moderates in the National Assembly of 1848-49. He continued to take a prominent part in the Republican Government up to 1851, but after the coup d'état he lost his position in the State Council, and his influence was henceforth exerted through his journal, Le Siècle, which became noted for good judgment and loyalty to liberal principles.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Teledu

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ TELEDU. See Badger.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Telegonus

Edition of 1905. See also Telegonus on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ TELEG′ONUS (Lat., from Gk. Τηλέγονος). The son of Odysseus by Circe. Having been sent to Ithaca to find his father, he failed to recognize him in combat and slew him, afterwards taking the body home, together with Telemachus and Penelope, whom he married. He was looked upon as the founder of Tusculum and Præneste, and, through his daughter Mamilia, as the ancestor of the Roman Mamilii. His story is the theme of the Telegonia. See Trojan War.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Tautenhayn, Joseph

Edition of 1905. See also Josef Hermann Tautenhayn on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
TAUTENHAYN, tou′ten-hīn, Joseph (1837—). An Austrian medalist and sculptor, born in Vienna, where he studied at the academy (1854-60) under Radnitzky (1818-1901) and sculpture under Franz Bauer (1798-1872), then in the engravers' academy of the Imperial mint. After his return from a study trip through Italy, France, and England, undertaken in 1869-72, he was appointed Imperial engraver of coins and medals, and in 1881 professor at the academy. Among a large number of choice medals those commemorating the Coronation of Francis Joseph as King of Hungary (1867), the Imperial Silver Wedding (1879), and the Bicentennial of the Relief of Vienna from the Turks (1883), are the most noteworthy. His plastic work on a large scale includes a group of the “Birth of Athens,” and statues for the university, also statues for the Art-Historical Museum and the Houses of Parliament.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Tautog

Edition of 1905. See also Tautog on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
TAUTOG (Massachusetts Indian tautauog, pl. of taut, sheep's head, the Indian name of the fish). An American food-fish (Tautoga onitis) of the family (Labridæ) to which the wrasses of Europe belong. It is found from Maine to South Carolina, especially along the coast of Southern New England, on rocky and weedy bottoms, where it lives on mollusks, crustaceans, worms, sand-dollars, etc. It is abundant, is of considerable importance as a food-fish, and is
locally known as ‘blackfish’ and ‘oyster-fish.’ It may attain an extreme weight of 22 pounds, with a length of three feet, but the average weight is about three pounds. The annual catch amounts to about 1,500,000 pounds, valued at $60,000. The tautogs spawn in May and June, and are very prolific, a large fish yielding more than a million eggs, which are small and buoyant, and hatch in four or five days. Consult Goode, Fishery Industries, sec. i. (Washington, 1884).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Telegony

Edition of 1905. See also Telegony (pregnancy) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ TELEGONY (from Gk. τῆλε, tēle, afar + -γονία, -gonia, generation, from γόνος, gonos, seed, from γίγνεσθαι, gignesthai, to become, to be born). The influence of the first or of a previous sire on the subsequent progeny obtained by other sires. That the first impregnation has a lasting influence has been generally accepted by breeders. Weismann, however, states that the most competent judges in Germany, such as Stettegast, Nathusius, and Kühn, in spite of their extensive experience in breeding and crossing, have never known a case of telegony, and doubt its reality.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Taylor, John (successor)

Edition of 1905. See also John Taylor (Mormon) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
TAYLOR, John (1808-87). The successor of Brigham Young (q.v.) as President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. (See Mormons.) He was born in England, became a Methodist local preacher, and emigrated to Canada in 1829. In 1836, under the ministration of Parley P. Pratt, he joined the Mormon Church and was elected one of the Twelve Apostles. At the assassination of the Prophet Joseph Smith, Jr. (q.v.), he was himself wounded, but was one of those who counseled the Mormons to keep the peace. Opposing the claims of Sidney Rigdon (q.v.) to the headship of the Church, he started with the first emigrants for the Salt Lake Valley. Appointed in 1840 to the European mission, he published a Mormon monthly in Paris and translated the Book of Mormon into French and German. Returning to America in 1854, he was stationed in New York as superintendent over the Eastern churches and there published the Mormon. Having served as associate justice of the inchoate State of Descret, as a probate judge of Utah County, and a member of the Utah Legislature, in 1858 he was indicted for treason against the United States Government. On October 6, 1880, he was elected President of the Church.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Telav

Edition of 1905. See also Telavi on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ TELAV, tyĕ-lȧf′. A district town in the Government of Tiflis, Russian Transcaucasia, 63 miles east-northeast of Tiflis (Map: Russia, G 6). It was formerly the capital of Kachetia and has ruins of old palaces. Population, in 1897, 11,810, chiefly Armenians and Georgians.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Telegraphers' Cramp

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​TELEGRAPHERS' CRAMP. See Neurosis.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Stoke-upon-Trent

See also Stoke-upon-Trent on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Stoke-upon-Trent, a manufacturing town in Staffordshire, England, on Trent River. It is a modern town noted for its factories of porcelain, earthenware, tiles and tessellated pavements, which are among the largest in the world. Coal-mining, bricklaying and iron-works are also carried on. There are statues of Wedgwood and Minton in the city. Population 89,015. See Borough of Stoke-upon-Trent by Ward.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Stone-Circles

See also Stone circle on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Stone-Circles or Standing-Stones are groups of stones, sometimes two or three standing alone and sometimes arranged in circles, found in Britain, Scandinavia, France and elsewhere. They were called druidical circles in Britain, cromlechs in France and dom-rings in Scandinavia. Sometimes they are bowlders rolled into place, and sometimes pillar-stones, fastened in position by smaller ones at the base. Sometimes there is a single circle, and again there will be one or two smaller circles within. Examination of these circles in Scotland proves that they were cemeteries of the bronze age. The largest stone-circle in Scotland is that of Stennis, Orkney. It is surrounded by a trench 30 feet wide and six feet deep, inclosing two and a half acres. There are 13 stones still standing, the highest being 14 feet.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Stockton, Francis Richard

See also Frank R. Stockton on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Stockton, Francis Richard, American author and humorist, was born at Philadelphia, April 5, 1834, and, after graduating at the high school of that city, took to journalism as a profession and to contributing to the magazines. Joining the staff of Scribner's Monthly, he wrote much for it and St. Nicholas, of which he became assistant-editor. In this appeared many of his delightful stories for the young. He became a prolific and industrious author, his stories revealing quaint but unobtrusive humor, with a brightly graphic quality and a literary style that commend his work to the educated and refined. His more prominent works embrace Rudder Grange, The Lady or the Tiger, Pomona's Travels, The Casting Away of Mrs. Leeks and Mrs. Aleshine, The Dusantes, The Great Stone of Sardis, A Bicycle of Cathay and The Captain's Toll-Gate. He died on April 20, 1902.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Stolon

See also Stolon on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Stolon (stō′lŏn), a branch especially adapted for propagation, as in the ordinary houseleek. The houseleek, surrounded by its stolons, each bearing a young plant at its tip, is sometimes called “hen and chickens.” An equivalent word is “offset.”