OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Daisy

See also Daisy on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Daisy, a familiar wild flower and member of the Composite family. Alice Dowd speaks of it as “one of the most successful flowers in, the most successful of flower ​families.” The farmer often calls it a weed, thinking wrathfully of its “success.” The white rays of the White Daisy or White Weed attract insects, and in the closely-packed flowers that form the center the visitors find a feast that invites them to linger. It is also known as the Common Daisy, Ox-Eye Daisy, Love-Me, Love-Me-Not and Marguerite. The Daisy is the national flower of Italy. The name Daisy means Day's Eye, the English daisy closing with the close of day. This is a near relation of our white daisy, but has a pinkish tinge. It is the “wee, modest, crimson-tippit flower” of which Burns sang. Our Purple Daisy, the so-called Late Purple Aster, has a wide range, from Massachusetts to Minnesota and southward to the Gulf. The Blue Spring Daisy or Robin's Plantain flowers from April to June, is distributed east of the Mississippi, and prefers moist ground, grassy fields, hills and banks. The little Michaelmas Daisy bears a wealth of lovely feathery bloom, which may last to December. The Pig-Stye Daisy or Dog-Fennel is in ill-repute, as its name suggests; a rank weed, the unpleasant odor is repulsive to insects generally with the exception of flies, its chief fertilizers. From the western clover fields the ox-eye has even crossed the Atlantic, and in Europe found itself in high favor—no longer a weed, but given place in stately gardens.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Dakota River

See also James River (Dakotas) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Dakota River rises in the northeastern part of North Dakota, and flows south through South Dakota. It empties into the Missouri about eight miles below Yankton. Its length is estimated at 800 miles.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Dallas

See also Dallas on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Dallas, a city of Texas, the capital of Dallas County, situated on Trinity River, about one mile below the mouth of the West Fork and 315 miles north of Galveston. It is an important insurance and financial center of the southwest, and has extensive railroad connection through the following lines: The Texas & Pacific, Houston & Texas Central, Missouri, Kansas & Texas, Rock Island, Texas & New Orleans, Cotton Belt, Trinity & Brazos Valley, Santa Fe and the Frisco; and also electric lines to Ft. Worth 32 miles west and to Sherman 64 miles north. Dallas has good public schools and other institutions ​of learning, among which are the Texas Baptist University, St. Mary's Institute (an Episcopal college for women), Medical Department of Southwestern University, Medical Department of Baylor University and several academies and commercial colleges.
Among the important public buildings are Carnegie Library, Oriental Hotel, St. Paul's Sanitarium and the Baptist Memorial Sanitarium. Lying in a fine agricultural country, Dallas has a large trade in grain, cotton, hides, vehicles, farm and mill-machinery, saddlery and harness. It manufactures extensively cotton-gin machinery and presses, leather-goods, cotton-goods, cotton-oil products, candies, crackers, saddles, harness, buggies, furniture. It is the home of the state-fair of Texas, and has an abundant supply of good water and all modern city conveniences. Population, 92,104.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Dallas, George Mifflin

See also George M. Dallas on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Dal′las, George Mifflin, an American statesman and diplomat, was born at Philadelphia in 1792, and died there in 1864. He began his career by traveling as private secretary with Albert Gallatin to St. Petersburg and Ghent, and then entered upon the practice of law. Besides holding city and state positions, he was United States district-attorney, senator, minister to Russia and England and vice-president under Polk from 1845 to 1849.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Dalles of Wisconsin, The

See also Dells of the Wisconsin River on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Dalles of Wisconsin, The, near Kilbourne, Columbia County, are a picturesque gorge with high vertical walls through which the Wisconsin River rushes after rains with great violence; but in dry seasons not so fast as to prevent its navigation by small steamboats. Dalles is a French name for the rocky gorges in which rivers sometimes for a portion of their course are confined, and flow at great speed.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Dairy-Factory

See also Dairy farming on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Dairy-Factory. Dairying as a special business has been widely developed in America, during the latter half of the 19th century, through the use of the factory-system. The first factory was organized in New York in 1860; soon many others were started; and in 1866 in New York there were nearly 500 of them in operation, with a stock of cows worth over $10,000,000 and with farms covering about 1,000,000 acres. This industry soon spread over the country and into Canada, and was adopted in European countries as the American system of dairying. At first cheese alone was made, but soon butter was added; moreover, special factories for butter were introduced, called creameries. In the creamery the cream gathered from hundreds of cows is worked by one skillful butter-maker and commands a higher price than homemade butter. It is sent to great distances in cold-storage or refrigerator cars. Foreign buyers may have it on their tables within two weeks of churning. The dairy-interest has reached vast proportions in the United States and Canada; at least 1,500,000 farms, with 17,000,000 cows and 100,000,000 acres of land, are devoted to the various branches of the industry. In 1909 the milk-yield of the United States was 9,888 million pounds, while 311 million pounds of cheese and 627 million pounds of butter were produced.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Starch

See also Starch on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Starch, a vegetable substance found in most plants, particularly in the seeds, bulbs, tubers etc. For commercial purposes starch is obtained from numerous plants, chief among which are wheat, corn, rice and potatoes. It has the same elements as sugar—carbon, hydrogen and oxygen—but in different proportions. It is made of small round grains or granules, which differ in shape in each species of plant. As usually prepared, it either is a white powder or irregular white columns, which come from the breaking up of a dried cake of the material. It does not dissolve perfectly in cold water, but with hot water the granules burst, forming a clear paste, which is the starch used in the laundry. When heated to about 320°, it is changed into dextrine, the gum used on postage-stamps. Starch is found especially in cereals, potatoes, carrots, parsnips, sage, tapioca and rice. Potatoes are about one-fifth starch; rye, oats, wheat and corn ​nearly two thirds; and rice about nine tenths. Starch is made from corn by soaking it 48 hours in water, then grinding it and straining through sieves, after which the starch is allowed to settle in vats, when it is washed, bleached and dried. Potato-starch is made by grating potatoes, adding water and straining, settling, washing and drying. Wheat-starch and rice-starch are made by slightly different processes, to remove the gluten they contain. Arrowroot, tapioca, sago and cornstarch are forms of starch used as food. Starch is also used in the manufacture of calico and other cloths, in mounting photographs and in the laundry. It is also used in the manufacture of glucose, (q. v.). Cornstarch was first made in the United States in 1842. The factories at Oswego, N. Y., and Glen Cove on Long Island are the largest starch-factories in the world. There are about 100 starch-factories in the United States, making corn, wheat and potato starch, of which 10,000,000 pounds are exported yearly.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Starfish

See also Starfish on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Star′fish, the name for a number of marine animals having arms or rays arranged around a central disk. As these are symmetrically arranged, the animal is said to have radial symmetry. There are several varieties, but the common five-rayed starfish is the type. It is reddish, or yellow, in color, and those along the New England coast commonly vary from one inch to one foot in diameter. It lives on the sea bottom and crawls sluggishly by means of tube feet. It is often seen in shallow pools left by the retreating tide. The skin is stiffened with plates and nodules of lime. The mouth is in the center of the disk, on the under side, and the animals feed on decaying fish and other animal matter, as well as on small shelled mollusks. Their means of locomotion is peculiar. There are four rows of tube-feet in furrows along the lower sides of the arms. These tube-feet are filled with water and connected with a system of water tubes running through the body. On the back of every starfish may be seen a little rounded knob, which is porous and leads into the water-vascular system. From this tubercle, a tube leads downward to join a circular canal surrounding the mouth, and from this central canal a tube extends into each arm or ray. These latter canals are connected with the tube-feet and also with internal pockets, one for each tube-foot. The nervous system consists of a ring about the mouth and a nerve running from it into each arm. At the extremity of each arm is found a little red eye-spot which is sensitive to light. Some other starfish have 11 to 13 rays, and some resemble five-sided pin cushions in form. The brittle starfishes have a central disk, with long, slim, muscular rays by means of which they move. Their tube-feet are not developed. All starfishes possess the power of restoring, or regenerating, lost or injured parts. See Echinodermata and Sea-Urchin. Consult Romanes’ Jelly-fish, Starfish and Sea-Urchin.
STARFISH
COPYRIGHT 1904, BY C. B. BEACH :
SEA URCHINS AND STAR FISH. :
# The New Student's Reference Work/State University of Iowa

See also University of Iowa on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​State University of Iowa, located at Iowa City, was founded in 1847. It comprises a college of liberal arts, including civil and electrical engineering, colleges of law, medicine, dentistry, pharmacy and a school of pedagogy. It is open to students of both sexes, and has an attendance of 2,000, with a faculty of 165 and a library of 65,000 volumes. Its productive funds amount to $240,320; its income in 1907 was $324,048.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Star-Spangled Banner, The

See also The Star-Spangled Banner on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Star-Span′gled Banner, The. Words by Francis Scott Key, adapted to the old air Anacreon in Heaven. This air was the constitutional song of The Anacreontic Society of London, always sung by an official of the society at the supper with which it was customary to close the musical season, near the end of the 18th century. The tune was probably composed by Doctor Samuel Arnold (1740–1802). It became known in America in 1798, being sung at an anniversary meeting of the Massachusetts Charitable Fire-Society, to words by Thomas Paine, who later changed his name to Robert Treat Paine. Subsequently there were settings of other words to this tune, popularly known as Adams and Liberty. Further details regarding the tune and Key’s words may be found in a pamphlet by Stephen Salisbury, Esq., of Worcester, Mass., and in The National Music of America and its Sources by Elson, Boston, 1899. See Key, Francis Scott.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Starling

See also Starling on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Star′ling, a name for a number of common birds found only in the Eastern hemisphere, but lacking in Australia. This is the more remarkable as a starling is found in New Zealand, and others in various southern Pacific islands. The common starling of Europe is the best known. It is a beautiful bird with a dark plumage, having metallic green and purple reflections, and each feather tipped with buff. It nests near houses in bird boxes, when they are provided, and is easily tamed. It can be taught different notes and also to speak words; it is therefore often caged. They kill an immense number of insects and are beneficial to the gardener. A starling inhabiting the steppes and plains of Western Asia devours so many locusts that it is called the locust bird. The ox-pecker of Africa is also a starling.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Staten Island

See also Staten Island on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Stat′en Island, the chief island in New York Harbor, forming Richmond County, N. Y., and the borough of Richmond in the enlarged city now known as Greater New York. It received its name from early Dutch settlers in honor of the states-general (Dutch Staten). It has an area of 58½ square miles, and is about 13 miles in length and eight in breadth. It is separated from Long Island by the Narrows and from New Jersey by the Kill von Kull and Staten Island Sound, and has steam-ferry communication with New York City and with New Jersey, while the Staten Island Rapid Transit Railroad reaches the towns, villages and watering places of importance on the island. Close to Clifton is Fort Wadsworth, and on the north shore is Sailor’s Snug Harbor, an asylum for aged and infirm mariners. At Stapleton is a United States marine hospital, and between St. George and Tompkinsville is a United States lighthouse-station. On the island are the residences of many of the business men of New York City. Population 85,969.
# The New Student's Reference Work/States' Rights

See also States' rights on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​States' Rights, a term used in the United States to indicate a doctrine, based upon an understanding of the constitution, which assumes that the different states of the Union are independent and that the citizens of a state owe allegiance only to the state; that the states are joined together only for certain purposes; and that the acts of the general government must be approved by the separate states, which possess the right also to nullify or pronounce them of no authority or, if necessary, to secede from the Union. The first appearance of this idea was in 1798, when the legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia protested on this ground against the alien and sedition laws which permitted the president of the United States to remove from the states aliens or foreigners whose presence might be considered dangerous and to punish sedition in the states. In 1811 and in 1819 the matter recurred in connection with the United States Bank charter, Henry Clay and Maryland claiming that the government had no authority to create a bank. In 1832 South Carolina attempted to carry the principle into action by pronouncing the high tariff “null and void” and not binding on its citizens. The passage of a compromise tariff-law settled the trouble for that time. In 1860-61 the southern states carried out the principle by seceding from the Union, and their action was followed by the Civil War.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Stars

See also Star on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Stars, those heavenly bodies which appear as bright points having fixed positions in the sky. The spectroscope in the hands of Fraunhofer, Huggins and others has shown that these so-called fixed stars really are gigantic and very distant suns; for they give continuous spectra crossed by dark lines, indicating, as in the case of our central luminary, a solid or liquid core surrounded by incandescent vapor.
Ptolemy and Hipparchos divided the stars visible to the naked eye into six different groups, according to their brightness. These groups are called magnitudes, and since the invention of the telescope this classification has been so extended that astronomers grade stars into 14 or 15 groups. In the first magnitude they place the 14 brightest stars, including Sirius, Vega, Arcturus etc.; in the second group are 48 stars, including the Pole Star and two Pointers; in the third 152; in the fourth 313; in the fifth 854; and in the sixth 2,010, making a total of 3,391, which are practically all the stars which can be seen without the aid of a glass. The number of stars which can be photographed, or which can be seen with our largest refracting telescopes, runs into the millions. The distances of the fixed stars are known only in a few cases, and even then very roughly. This quantity is determined by measuring the annual parallax of the star, a quantity which, except in a very few cases, is so minute as not to exceed the errors of measurement. The nearest star, so far as known, is α Centauri, whose parallax is only ¾ of a second of arc, and even this, our nearest neighbor, is at the stupendous distance of four “light-years,” i. e., at a distance such that light would require four years to traverse it.
The student should bear in mind that, although these stars are said to be fixed, most of them exhibit, in fact, a small amount of motion, say, a second or so in a year. In addition to this motion across the heavens, which is measured in angle and is called proper motion, nearly all stars exhibit a motion toward us or away from us, which is called motion in the line of sight. The measurement of this latter motion is one of the recent achievements of the spectroscope, based on Döppler’s principle. Consult Miss Clerke’s System of the Stars; Chambers’ The Story of the Stars; Lockyer’s Meteoric Hypothesis; and Sheiner’s Astronomical Spectroscopy. See Nebula, Parallax and Telescope.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Star of Bethlehem

See also Gagea on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Star of Beth′lehem, a class of plants belonging to the lily family, somewhat like the hyacinth. It is a native of the eastern hemisphere. The common variety comes from France and Switzerland, and is found everywhere in gardens, with its clusters of white flowers and narrow, green leaves growing from bulbs.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Stark, John

See also the disclaimer.
​Stark, John, an American soldier, was born at Londonderry, N. H., Aug. 28, 1728. He served in the French-and-Indian wars and at Ticonderoga in 1758. At Bunker Hill he was colonel of a regiment which he had enlisted; and was at the front in the attack on Trenton and in the battle of Princeton. He raised a new regiment in 1777, and was given command of the New Hampshire troops sent against the British troops from Canada. On Aug. 16, 1777, he fought the battle of Bennington (known in New York as Walloomsac), receiving for it the thanks of Congress and the rank of general. With a new force recruited by him in New Hampshire he cut off Burgoyne’s retreat from Saratoga, and after serving in Rhode Island and New Jersey had charge in 1781 of the northern department, with headquarters at Saratoga. He died on May 8, 1822, the last but one of the generals of the Revolutionary army. See New Hampshire Soldiers in the War by Hammond and Life of John Stark, by Edward Everett, in Sparks’ “American Biography.”
# The Nibelungenlied (Shumway)

* related portals: Medieval poetry.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, quotes, Wikidata item.
THE NIBELUNGENLIED
THE NIBELUNGENLIED
TRANSLATED FROM THE MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN WITH AN INTRODUCTORY SKETCH AND NOTES
BY
DANIEL BUSSIER SHUMWAY Professor of German Philology in the University of Pennsylvania
BOSTON AND NEW YORK HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY The Riverside Press Cambridge 1909
COPYRIGHT, 1909, BY DANIEL BUSSIER SHUMWAY
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Published October 1909
TO MY WIFE
CONTENTS
| | Preface | vii |
| | Introductory Sketch | xi |
| | English Bibliography | li |
| I. | Of Kriemhild | 1 |
| II. | Of Siegfried | 4 |
| III. | How Siegfried came to Worms | 8 |
| IV. | How he fought with the Saxons | 20 |
| V. | How Siegfried first saw Kriemhild | 36 |
| VI. | How Gunther fared to Isenland for Brunhild | 44 |
| VII. | How Gunther won Brunhild | 53 |
| VIII. | How Siegfried fared to his Men-at-Arms, the Nibelungs | 65 |
| IX. | How Siegfried was sent to Worms | 72 |
| X. | How Brunhild was received at Worms | 79 |
| XI. | How Siegfried journeyed homeward with his Wife | 93 |
| XII. | How Gunther bade Siegfried to the Feasting | 98 |
| XIII. | How they journeyed to the Feasting | 106 |
| XIV. | How the Queens reviled each other | 111 |
| XV. | How Siegfried was betrayed | 120 |
| XVI. | How Siegfried was slain | 125 |
| XVII. | How Kriemhild mourned her Husband and how he was buried | 136 |
| XVIII. | How Siegmund journeyed Home again | 145 |
| XIX. | How the Nibelung Hoard was brought to Worms | 149 ​ |
| XX. | How King Etzel sent to Burgundy for Kriemhild | 155 |
| XXI. | How Kriemhild journeyed to the Huns | 174 |
| XXII. | How Etzel made Kriemhild his Bride | 180 |
| XXIII. | How Kriemhild thought to avenge her Wrongs | 187 |
| XXIV. | How Werbel and Swemmel brought the Message | 192 |
| XXV. | How the Lords all journeyed to the Huns | 203 |
| XXVI. | How Gelfrat was slain by Dankwart | 214 |
| XXVII. | How they came to Bechelaren | 223 |
| XXVIII. | How the Burgundians came to Etzel’s Castle | 232 |
| XXIX. | How Hagen would not rise for Kriemhild | 238 |
| XXX. | How they kept the Watch | 246 |
| XXXI. | How they went to Church | 250 |
| XXXII. | How Bloedel was slain | 259 |
| XXXIII. | How the Burgundians fought the Huns | 263 |
| XXXIV. | How they cast out the Dead | 271 |
| XXXV. | How Iring Was Slain | 274 |
| XXXVI. | How The Queen gave Orders to burn the Hall | 281 |
| XXXVII. | How Margrave Rüdeger was slain | 289 |
| XXXVIII. | How all Sir Dietrich’s Warriors were slain | 302 |
| XXXIX. | How Gunther and Hagen and Kriemhild were slain | 314 |
| | Notes | 321 |
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# The Next War (Owen)

"War's a joke for me and you, While we know such dreams are true." Siegfried Sassoon
Out there, we've walked quite friendly up to Death,- Sat down and eaten with him, cool and bland,- Pardoned his spilling mess-tins in our hand. We've sniffed the green thick odour of his breath,- Our eyes wept, but our courage didn't writhe. He's spat at us with bullets and he's coughed Shrapnel. We chorussed when he sang aloft, We whistled while he shaved us with his scythe.
Oh, Death was never enemy of ours! We laughed at him, we leagued with him, old chum. No soldier's paid to kick against His powers. We laughed, -knowing that better men would come, And greater wars: when each proud fighter brags He wars on Death, for lives; not men, for flags.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New Student's Reference Work/Wapiti

See also Elk on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Wap′iti, a member of the stag, elk or deer family often but erroneously called the American Elk. It is now met with only in the far west, among the foot hills of the Rockies, and across the western boundary of the Canadian Dominion, where it has received its latinized name, Cervus Canadensis. It is a large animal, akin to the red deer of Europe, though standing higher, and with broad, spreading antlers, and frequently weighing 1,000 pounds. Formerly it largely furnished the Indians with food, together with ample hides for their lodge-tents, besides buckskin clothing. It is a grazer rather than a browser.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Wark, Hon. David

See also David Wark on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Wark, Hon. David. Born near Londonderry, Ireland, in 1804. Came to New Brunswick, Canada, in 1825. Became a merchant. Elected to the New Brunswick Legislature in 1843. Appointed to the Legislative Council in 1851, Sat in the Council until the Union 1867. Appointed to the Senate at Federation. He wrote political pamphlets and was an active senator until within a few years of his decease. Called the Nestor of the Canadian Parliament. Died 1906.