OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Willy

See also Henri Gauthier-Villars on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WILLY, the pen-name adopted by the French novelist Henri Gauthier-Villars (1859- ), born at Villiers-sur-Orge Aug. 10 1859. He was educated at the Lycée Condorcet and the Collège Stanislas, and afterward adopted a literary career. His early works include a Recueil des Sonnets (1878), and various volumes of essays and criticism, including Essais sur Mark Twain et les Parnassiens (1882), but he is best known for his novels, many of which were written in collaboration with the actress and authoress Colette Willy. The most famous of these is Claudine à l'École (1900), with its sequels Claudine à Paris (1901), Claudine en Ménage (1902) and Claudine s'en va (1903). Willy contributed largely to leading reviews, and also published various plays, including a theatrical version of Claudine à Paris, produced in 1902.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Willcocks, Sir William

See also William Willcocks on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WILLCOCKS, SIR WILLIAM (1852-), British engineer, was born in India in 1852 and educated at Roorkee College, India. From 1872 to 1807 he was engaged successively in the Indian and Egyptian Public Works Departments. He designed and carried through the Assuan Dam in 1898, and for this work the C.M.G. was conferred upon him, followed by the K.C.M.G. in 1902. His most important undertaking, however, was the irrigation of Mesopotamia, begun in 1911 at an estimated cost of £26,195,000. The scheme provided for the irrigation of 3,500,000 acres. His published works include Egyptian Irrigation (1889); The Irrigation of Mesopotamia (1905) and From the Garden of Eden to the Crossing of the Jordan (1918). In Jan. 1921 he was put on trial before the Supreme Consular Court of Egypt on a charge of sedition and criminal libel, on account of statements made by him impugning the trustworthiness of the data concerning the Nile irrigation published by Sir Murdoch Macdonald, adviser of the Egyptian Ministry of Public Works. He was found guilty March 11, and on April 16 he was bound over to be of good behaviour for one year.
# A Conchological Manual/Plate 10

| Fig. 165. 167 to 182. | Fam. Malleacea. 165.  Malleus Vulgaris. Himantopoda, Schum. 167. Catillus Lamarckii. Inoceramus, Sow. (from Blainville.) 168. Crenatula mytoloides. $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ (from Sowerby's Genera.) Gervillia aviculoides. Pulvinites Adansonii. 169. 170. Fam. Pectinides. 171. Pecten varius. Janera, Schum. 172. —— Plica. Decadopecten, Rüppell. 173. Hinnites Pusio. Pecten Pusio, Lam. 174. Lima squamosa. 175. Dianchora striata, (from Sow. Min. Con.) 176. Plagiostoma spinosum, (from Sow. Min. Con.) 177. Spondylus Americanus, hinge. (See Frontispiece.) 178. Plicatula gibbosa. Harpax, Parkinson. 179. Pedum Spondyloideum, (from Sow. Gen.) Fam. Ostracea. 180. Ostrea edulis. 181. —— Folium. Dendostrea, Sw. 182. Gryphæa incurva. |
# A Conchological Manual/Plate 11

| Fig. 183 to 213. | Fam. Ostracea. 183. Exogyra conica, (from Sow. Min. Con.) 184. Placuna placenta. Gen. Placenta, Schum. 185. Vulsella lingulata. 186. Anomia Ephippium. 187. Hinge of the same, with bony process. 188. Hinge, showing the fissure. 189. Placunanomia Cumingii. 190. Hinge of the same, showing the fissure. 191. Hinge of the unattached valve. 192. Mulleria. (from Sow. Gen.) Fam. Rudistis. 193. Sphærulites foliacea. (Radiolites is more conical.) 194. Calceola Sandalina. 196. Birostrites inæquiloba, internal cast of Sphærulites. 197. a. Crania personata, dorsal valve; b. C. antiquata, interior. (This would be more properly placed in Brachiopoda.) 198. Hippurites Cornucopia, (from Blainville.) 199. Hipponyx Cornucopia, attached valve. 200. Upper valve of the same. Fam. Brachiopoda. 201. Orbicula lævis. 202. Terebratula Psittacea; a. anterior margin. 203. Atrypa reticularis. Trigonotreta, König. 204. Cyrtia exporrecta. 205. Delthyris plycotes, (from Dalman.) 206. Leptæna depressa, Dalman. Producta, Sow. (from Sow. Gen.) 206*.  Producta antiquata. 207. Orthis basalis, Dalman. Strophomena, Rafinesque. 208. Trigonosemus Lyra, König. 209. Magas pumilus, Sow. 210. Gypidia conchidium, (from Dalman.) 211. Interior of the large valve of the same. (from Dalman.) 212. Pentamerus Aylesfordii, (from Sow. Min. Con.) 213. —— lævis. |
# A Conchological Manual/Plate 15

| Fig. 318 to 348. | Fam. Peristomata. 318.  Ampullaria fasciata. Amphibola; a, aperture. 319. —— Guinaica. Lanistes, Montf. 320. —— Cornu-arietis. Ceradotes, Guild. 321. Paludina Bengalensis. 322. Valvata piscinalis. Fam. Neritacea. 323. Navicella elliptica. 324. Neritina virginea. Theodoxus, Montf. 325. —— spinosa. Clithon, Montf. 326. —— perversa. Velates, Montf. (from Sow. Gen.) 327. Natica mamilla. Polinices, Montf. 328. —— lineata. 330. Nerita peloronta. Peloronta, Oken. 331. Neritopsis granosa. 332. Pileolus plicatus. 333. Janthina fragilis. Fam. Macrostomata. 334. Sigaretus concavus. 335. Stomatia Phymotis. 336. Stomatella imbricata. 337. Velutina lævigata. Galericulus, Nonnul. 338. Haliotis rubra, young. 339. —— tricostalis, Lam. Padollus, Montf. 340. Scissurella elatior, magnified. $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ (from Sow. Gen.) Pleurotomaria reticulata. 341. Fam. Plicacea. 342. Pyramidella terebellum. 343. Tornatella solidula. Acteon, Montf. 344. Monoptygma elegans. (from Lea.) Fam. Scalariana. 345. Vermetus lumbricalis. 346. Rissoa reticulata. 347. Eulima labiosa. 348. —— marmorata. Bonellia, Desh. |
# A Conchological Manual/Plate 16

| Fig. 349 to 381. | Fam. Scalariana. 349. Cirrus nodosus, Sow. 350. Euomphalus pentangulus. (from Sow. Min. Con.) 351. Scalaria Pallassii. Aciona, Leach. 352. Delphinula laciniata. Fam. Turbinacea. 353. Solarium perspectivum. 354. —— Bifrons. Bifrontia and Omalaxis, Desh. 355. Orbis Rotella. (from Lea.) 356. Another view of the same. 357. Rotella vestiaria, Pitonellus, Montf. 358. Trochus stellaris, Lam. Calcar, Montf. Turbo, Sow. 359. —— maculatus. Tectus, Montf. 360. —— agglutinans. Phorus. 361. —— Pharaonis. Clauculus, Montf. 362. Margarita tæniata. 363. Littorina vulgaris. 363*. Assiminea Grayana. 364. Lacuna pallidula. 365. Planaxis sulcata. 366. Monodonta labeo; Odontis, Sow. 367. Phasianella variegata. 368. Turbo setosus. Marmarostoma, Sw. 369. Tuba striata. (from Lea.) 370. Turritella imbricata. 371. Monotygma, Gray. Fam. Canalifera. 372. Cerithium Aluco, front. 374. Nerinea Goodhallii. (from Geol. Trans.) 375. Triphora plicata. (from Deshayes.) 376. End view of the same. 379. Pleurotoma Babylonia; a, a, extremities of the axis. 381. —— strombiformis, Clavatula, Lam. |
# A Conchological Manual/Plate 12

| Fig. 214 to 242. | Fam. Brachiopoda. 214. Spirifer trigonalis. $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ Trigonotreta, König, (from Sow. Gen.) —— dorsatus. 215. 216. Thecidium recurvirostrum. (Here should come Crania, see Rudistes.) 217. Pycnodonta radiata, (from Fischer.) 218. Hinge of the same. 219. Lingula Anatina. Class, MOLLUSCA. Order, Pteropoda. 220. Atlanta helicialis. 221. Cleodora cuspidata. 222. Creseis spinifera. 223. Cuvieria columella. 224. Spiratella limacinea, with animal; Limacella, Lam. Limacina Cuvier. (from Blainville.) 225. Vaginula Daudinii. 226. Hyalæa tridentata. Archonte, Montf. Order, Gasteropoda. Fam. Phyllidiana. 227. Chiton spinosus. 228. Chitonellus striatus. (from Sow. Gen.) 229. Patella oculus; a. anterior. 230. Patella pellucida. Helcion, Montf. Ansates, Klein. 231. Patelloida Antillarum. Lottia, Gray. 231*. Siphonaria Sipho. Fam. Semiphyllidiana. 232. Pleurobranchus membranaceus. 233. Umbrella indica. Gastroplax, Bl. Fam. Calyptracea. 234. Calyptræe Equestris. 235. —— extinctorium. 236. —— auriculata. 237. —— Pileus. Infundibulum, Montf. 238. Side view of the same. 239. Crepidula Porcellana. 240. Capulus ungaricus, two views. Pileopsis, Lam. 241. Emarginula fissura. 242. Parmophorus elongatus. Scutus, Montf. |
# A Conchological Manual/Plate 17

| Fig. 377. 378. 382 to 397. 383 in the next | Fam. Canalifera. 377.  Potamis muricata. Pyrazus, Montf. Tympanostomata, Schum. 378. Cerithium Telescopium. Gen. Telescopium. 382. Turbinella corniger. Scolymis, Sw. 384. Spirillus. Gen. Pyrella, Sw. Turbinella spirillus, Auct. 385. Cancellaria reticulata. 386. Fasciolaria Trapezium. 387. Fusus Colus; a, anterior of the aperture; p, posterior. 388. Pyrula perversa. Fulgur, Montf. 389. —— papyracea. Rapanus, Schum. Bulbus, Humph. Rapella, Sw. 390. —— Ficus. Ficula, Sw. 391. Struthiolaria straminea. 393. Ranella ranina. Apollon, Montf. 394. —— neglecta. Bufo, Montf. 395. Murex inflatus. Chicoreus, Montf. 396. —— haustellum. Brontes, Montf. 397. Typhis tubifer. (from Deshayes.) |
# A Conchological Manual/Plate 13

| Fig. 243 to 278. | Fam. Calyptracea. 243.  Rimula Blainvillii. 244. Cemoria Flemingii. 245. Fissurella oriens. 246. Ancylus fluviatilis. Fam. Bullæana. 247. Bulla fragilis. Akera, Nonnul. 248. —— aperta. Bullæa, Lam. 249. —— aplustre. Aplustre, Schum. 250. —— Naucum. Atys, Montf. 251. —— lignaria. Scaphander, Montf. 252. —— Ampulla. 253. —— lineata. Fam. Aplysiacea. 254. Aplysia Petersoni. 255. Dolabella Rumphii. Fam. Limacinea. 256. Parmacella calyculata, Cryptella. Webb. 257. Parmacella Olivieri. (from De Ferussac.) 258. —— palliolum. (from De Ferussac.) 259. Limax antiquorum. 260. Plectophorus corninus. 261. Testacella Haliotoidea. 262. Helixarion, Cuv. $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ Vitrina, Drap. Cobresia, Haubner. Helicolimax pellucida. 263. Order, Trachelipoda. Fam. Colimacea. Sub-genera of De Fer. 264.  Helix brevipes, Drap. Helicophanta. 265. Succinea amphibia. $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ —— patula. Amphibulima, Lam. Cochlohydra. 266. 267. Helix hæmastoma. Acarus, Montf. $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ —— Pomatia. Streptaxis contusa, Gray. Another view of the same. Helicogena. 268. 269. 270. 271. Anastoma depressum. $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ Another view of the same. Helix nux-denticulata. Proserpina nitida. Polygyra septemvolva. Another view of the same. Helicodonta. 272. 273. 274. 275. 276. 277. Carocolla Lamarckii. $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ Helix pileus. Geotrochus, Sw. Helicigona. 278. |
# A Conchological Manual/Plate 14

| Fig. 279 to 317. | Fam. Colimacea. Sub-genera of De Fer. 279. —— algira. Zonites, Montf. $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ —— citrina. Naninia, Gray. Helicella. 280. 281. —— epistilum Helicostyla. 282. Bulinus rosaceus; a. apex. $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ —— Guadaloupensis; Bulinulus, Leach. —— Lyonetianus. Gibbus, Montf. —— lubricus. Cionella, Jeffreys. Cochlostyla. 283. 284. 285. 286. Achatina virginea Liguus, Montf. $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ Achatinella, Sw. Cochlitoma. 287. 288. Polyphemus Glans, Montf. Cochlicopa. 289. Bulinus decollatus, in a young state. Cochlicella. 290. Azeca tridens, Jeffreys. Turbo tridens, Gmelin. Cochlogena. 291. Pupa Uva. $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ Alæa marginata; Jeffreys. Vertigo pusilla. Megaspira Ruschenbergiana. Cochlodonta. 292. 293. 294. 295. Clausilia Macascarensis; a, a break, to show the clausium. $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ Balea fragilis. Cochlodina. 296. 297. Auricula Judæ. 298. —— coniformis. Conovulum, Lam. Melampus, Montf. 299. Pedipes Adansonii. 299*.  Scarabæus imbrium. 300. Chilina Dombeyana. 301. Carychium minimum. 302. Partula Australis. 303. Cyclostoma ferrugineum. 304. —— Involvulus. Cyclophorus, Montf. 305. Nematura Deltæ. 306. Helicina major. 307. Operculum of the same. Fam. Lymneana. 308. Limnæa stagnalis. 309. —— auricularia. Radix, Montf. 310. —— castanea. Physa, Drap. 311. Planorbis corneus. 312. Planaria niteus, (from Lea.) Fam. Melaniana. 313. Melania subulata. Melas, Montf. 314. Melania prærosa and monodontoides. Anculosa, Say. 315. Melanopsis costata. Faunus, Montf. 316. Pirena terebralis. 317. Pasithæa striata, (from Lea.) |
# A Conchological Manual/Plate 18

| Fig. 383. 398 to 406. 409 | Fam. Canalifera. 383.  Turbinella polygona. Polygonum, Schum. 398. Triton pilearis. 399. —— cutaceus. Aquillus, Montf. 400. —— Lotorium. Lotorium, Montf. 401. —— anus. Persona, Montf. Fam. Alatæ. 402. Rostellaria curvirostrum. 403. —— columbaria. Hippochrenes, Montf. (from Sow. Gen.) 404. —— Pes-pelicani. Aporrhais, Petiver. 405. Pteroceras aurantiacum. 406. Strombus pugilis. 409. Oniscia Oniscus. Cassidara. |
# A Conchological Manual/Plate 19

| Fig. 407 to 425. 409 in the last. | Fam. Purpurifera. 407.  Cassidaria echinophora. Morio, Montf. 408. Side view of the outer lip, to shew the canal. 410. Cassis tuberosa, reduced. 411. —— erinaceus. Cassidea, Sw. 412. —— testiculus. Cypræcassis, Stutchbury. 413. Ricinula horrida. Sistrum, Montf. 414. Purpura persica. 415. Tritonidea (Pollia, Gray.) articularis. 416. Phos senticosa. 417. Monoceros crassilabrum. 418. Concholepas Peruviana. 419. Harpa ventricosa. 420. Dolium maculatum. 421. Buccinum undatum; a, anterior of the aperture; p, posterior. 422. —— papillosum. Alectrion, Montf. 423. Nassa arcularia. 424. —— neritoidea. Cyclops, Montf. 425. Cyllene, Gray. |
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Saccharic Acid

See also Saccharic acid on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SACCHARIC ACID, C$_6$H$_{10}$O$_8$ or HO$_2$C[CH⋅OH]$_4$CO$_2$.H, in chemistry, a tetraoxydicarboxylic acid which exists in three stereo isomeric forms. The ordinary or dextro (d)-sacqharicsacid is formed in the oxidation of cane sugar, grape sugar, ligluconic acid and many other carbohydrates' with nitric* acid. yiltfforms a, deliquescent, mass. On standing, , the syrupy acid gives the crystalline lactonic acid, C¢HgQ7., Sodium amalgam reduces, it to glucuronic acid, C6H1001v . or' QH'C[CH-OHl4CO2H, | whilst hydriodiciacid reduce sit toadipicyacid, HO2C[CH2]4CO2H. Nitric acid oxidizes it to deyrtrmtartaric, acid and oxalic acid, Laevo (I), saccharicacid is formed by oxidizing l-gluconic aciclewith iriitriic acid, whilst the inafive (d+l)-acid is obtained similarly fion1 inactive gluconic- acid, Theseiacids closely resernbleethefd except, in etheirfactione onipolarized light. A 'For their relations ​to the glucoses see SUGAR. Mucic acid (q.v;) is isomeric with these acids. V
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sablé

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​SABLÉ, a town of western France, in the department of Sarthe, on the river Sarthe, 30 m. W.S.W. of Le Mans by rail. Pop. (1906) 4952. Sablé has a château of the 18th century, a fortified gateway, relic of a medieval stronghold, and a modern church with fine stained glass of the early 15th century. Its importance, however, is chiefly due to the marble quarries of the vicinity, the products of which are worked in the town, where flour-milling, the manufacture of farm-implements and trade in cattle are also carried on. A communal college is among the public institutions. From the 11th century Sablé was the seat of a powerful barony, which in 1602 was made a duchy-peerage in favour of Urbain de Laval, marshal of France. The place afterwards came into the possession of Colbert de Torcy, nephew of the great Colbert who built the château. In 1488 a treaty which resulted in the union of France and Brittany was concluded at Sablé, between Charles VIII. and Duke Francis II.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sabzevar

See also Sabzevar County and Sabzevar on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SABZEVAR, a district of the province of Khorasan in Persia, formerly called Baihak. It is situated between Nishapur on the east and Shahrud-Bostarrron the west, and has a lengthof about 80 m. and a breadth of 50; its population is about 60,000 and it pays to the government a yearly revenue of £8000. The district has many flourishing- villages and much cultivation; it produces much wool, excellent cotton, some silk, partly exported to Russia, partly .manufactured into various stuffs in the district, and fruits, exported dried in large quantities; Theiexport trade is chiefly done by a few Russian Armenians who reside in Sabzevar town.
Sabzevar, the capital of the district, is situated 150 m. E. of Shahrud and 65 m. W. of Nishapur, in 36° 12′ N., 57° 39′ E., at an elevation of 3100 ft. The population, which was 30,000 before the famine in 1871, is now about 15,000. There are some good caravanserais, a well-supplied bazaar, three colleges; two large, and thirty small mosques, and post and telegraph offices.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sable Island

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​SABLE ISLAND, an island of Nova Scotia, Canada, 110 m. S.E. of Cape Canso, in 43° 56' N. and 60° W. It is composed of shifting sand, and is about 20 m. in length by 1 m. in breadth, rising in places to a height of 85 ft. In the interior is a lake about 10 m. in length. At either end dangerous sandbars run out ​about 17 m. into the ocean. It has long been known as “the graveyard of the Atlantic”; over 200 known wrecks have been catalogued, and those unrecorded are believed greatly to exceed this number. The coast is without a harbour and liable to fogs and storms; irregular ocean currents of great strength sweep round it, and its colour makes it indistinguishable until close at hand. Since 1873 an efficient lighthouse system and life-saving station has been maintained by the Canadian government, and the danger has been much lessened. Since 1904 it has been connected with the mainland by wireless telegraphy. The island is constantly changing in shape, owing to the action on the sand of wind and wave, and tends to diminish in size. Since 1763, when taken over by Britain, it has shrunk from 40 m. in length to 20, from 21/2 in breadth to 1, and from 200 ft. in height to 85; since 1873 the western lighthouse has thrice been removed eastward. As this makes navigation still more dangerous, the Canadian government has planted thousands of trees and quantities of root-binding grass, and the work of destruction has been somewhat stayed. Wild fruits grow plentifully during the summer, and cranberries are exported. Wild ducks, gulls, and other birds nest in large numbers, and a native breed of ponies has long flourished.
Sable Island, estimated as being then over 100 m. in length, was known to the early navigators under the name of Santa Cruz. Early in the 16th century horses were left on its shores by the Portuguese, and the native ponies, supposed to be their descendants, are still exported. In 1598 a band of convicts were left by the marquis de la Roche, but in 1603 the survivors were restored to France.
See Rev. Geo Patterson in Transactions of Royal Society of Canada (1894 and 1897).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sable

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​SABLE, the name of a small quadruped, closely akin to the martens, and known by the Zoological name of Mustela zibellina. It is a native of Siberia and famous for its fur. The name appears to be Slavonic in origin, cf. Russian sobol, whence it has been adapted into various languages, cf. Ger. Zobel, Dutch Sabel; the Mod. Fr. zibelline and Med. Lat. zibellina derive from the Ital. form. The Eng. and Med. Lat. sabellum are from the O. Fr. sable or saible (see Marten and Fur). “ Sable ” in English is a rhetorical or poetical synonym for “ black.” This comes from the usage in heraldry (first in French) for the colour equivalent to black, represented conventionally by a crosshatching of vertical and horizontal lines. It has usually been assumed that this is an extension of the name of the fur, but sable fur is brown.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sable Antelope

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​SABLE ANTELOPE, the English name for a large and handsome South African antelope (Hippotragus niger), exhibiting the rare feature of blackness or dark colour in both sexes. The sable and the roan antelope (H. equinus) belong to a genus nearly related to the oryxes, with which they form a group or sub-family. In all these antelopes long cylindrical horns are present in both sexes; the muzzle is hairy; there is no gland below the eye; the tail is long and tufted; and in the breadth of their tall crowns the upper molar-teeth resemble those of the oxen. The sable and roan antelopes are distinguished from Oryx by the stout and thickly ringed horns rising vertically from a ridge over the eyes at an obtuse angle to the plane of the lower part of the face, and then sweeping backwards in a bold curve. Sable antelope are among the handsomest of South African antelopes, and are endowed with great speed and staying power. They are commonly met with in herds including from ten to twenty individuals, but on rare occasions as many as fifty have been seen together. Forest-clad highlands are their favourite resorts. The roan antelope is a larger animal, with shorter horns, whose general colour in both sexes is strawberry-roan. It is typically a South African species, but is represented by a local race in the eastern Sudan (H. equinus bakeri) distinguished by its redder colour and different face-markings.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sabzawar

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​SABZAWAR, a town of Afghanistan, situated at an elevation of 3550 ft. on the left bank of the river Harud, 93 m. S. of Herat. Sabzawar was once a city of considerable size, and still possesses a fortress with sides of about 200 or 250 yds. This fortress has been abandoned, and the town, which is the centre of a group of villages, is now fairly prosperous, with a bazaar of about 800 shops and a busy traffic with Seistan. The plains about Sabzawar are highly cultivated by the Nurzai Duranis, and each village boasts its own little mud fort.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sabinianus

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​SABINIANUS, pope from 604 to 606, successor of St Gregory the Great. He incurred unpopularity by his unseasonable economies. The erudite Italian Augustinian Onofrio Panvinio (1529–1568) in his Epitome pontificum Romanorum (Venice, 1557) attributes to this pope the introduction of the custom of ringing bells at the canonical hours and for the celebration of the Eucharist.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sablé, Madeleine de Souvré, Marquise de

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​SABLÉ, MADELEINE DE SOUVRÉ, Marquise de (1599-1678) French writer, was born in 1599, the daughter of Gilles de Souvré, marquis de Courtenvaux, tutor of Louis XIII., and marshal of France. In 1614 she married Philippe Emmanuel de Laval, marquis de Sablé, who died in 1640, leaving her in somewhat straitened circumstances. With her friend the comtesse de St Maur she took rooms in the Place Royale, Paris, and established a literary salon. Here originated that class of literature of which the Maximes of La Rochefoucauld are the best-known example. The Maximes of the marquise de Sablé were in fact composed before those of La Rochefoucauld, though not published till after her death. In 1655 she retired, with the comtesse de St Maur, to the Convent of Port Royal des Champs, near Marly, removing in 1661, when that establishment was closed, to Auteuil. In 1669 she took up her residence in the Port Royal convent in Paris, where she died on the 16th of January 1678.