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# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barclay, John (1741-1823)

​BARCLAY, JOHN (1741–1823), one of the oldest and most distinguished officers who ever served in the marines, entered that corps in 1755 as a second lieutenant, and became first lieutenant in 1756. He served throughout the seven years' war, at first in the Mediterranean, then in the expedition to Belle Isle in 1760, and lastly on the coast of Africa; he was promoted captain in 1762. He served with distinction through the American war, particularly at the Red Bank and in the mud forts, and was in command of the marines on board the Augusta, when that frigate answered the fire of the forts, and was deserted on being herself set on fire in the Delaware river. For these services he was promoted major by brevet in 1777. He was one of the commanding officers of marines in Rodney's great action with De Grasse, and was after it promoted lieutenant-colonel by brevet in 1783. He saw no further active service at sea, but was for the next thirty years chiefly employed on the staff of the marines in England. He became major in the marines in 1791, and lieutenant-colonel in the marines, and colonel by brevet in 1794. In 1796 he became major-general, and in 1798 second colonel commandant in his corps. In this capacity he had much to do with the organisation of the marines, and effected many reforms in their uniform and drill. In 1803 he became lieutenant-general and colonel commandant of the marines, and in 1806 resident colonel commandant. He was now practically commander-in-chief of the whole corps under the admiralty, and the universal testimony borne to its good character testifies to the excellence of its organisation, and it must be remembered that not only in the mutinies of Spithead and the Nore, but in all the mutinous manifestations which occurred, the marines proved that they could be depended on to check mutiny among the sailors. In 1813 he became general, and in 1814 retired from the service after continuous employment for fifty-nine years. He went to live at Taunton, where he died in November 1823.
[For Barclay's services see the Royal Military Calendar, and occasional allusions in the common military and naval histories.]
H. M. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barclay, George

​BARCLAY, Sir GEORGE (fl. 1696), the principal agent in the assassination plot against William III in 1696, was of Scotch descent, and at the time of the plot about sixty years of age. He is characterised as ‘a man equally intriguing, daring, and cautious.’ He appears to have been a favourite officer of Viscount Dundee, and at the battle of Killiecrankie was joint commander of the regiment of Sir Donald M'Donald of Sleat, along with that baronet's son (Macpherson, Original Papers, i. 370). After the death of Dundee he passed over into Ireland, landing there from Mull with the Pink, 19 March 1690 (Macpherson, i. 173). Being held by the Highlanders ‘in high esteem,’ ​he returned in 1691 to Scotland, with ‘a warrant under King James's hands to treat with the Highland clans’ (Carstares's State Papers, 140). As an opportunity for a rising did not present itself, he returned again to France; but though he held the appointment of lieutenant in the ex-king's regiment of horse guards, commanded by the Duke of Berwick, he was also frequently employed along with Captain Williamson in negotiations with the adherents of James in England. In 1696 he arrived in England with a commission from James ‘requiring our loving subjects to rise in arms and make war upon the Prince of Orange, the usurper of our throne.’ According to the Duke of Berwick, 2,000 horse were to be raised to join the king on his arrival from France, Sir John Fenwick to be major-general, and Sir George Barclay brigadier (Memoirs of the Duke of Berwick, i. 134). Barclay, however, interpreted his commission as allowing him a certain discretion in the methods to be employed against ‘the usurper.’ Making the piazza of Covent Garden his headquarters, he gathered around him a body of conspirators—forty men in all, well mounted—who were to pounce on William as he was returning from Richmond to London, the spot selected being a narrow lane between Brentford and Turnham Green, where his coach and six could not turn. The time fixed was 15 Feb., but the plot having been revealed, the king remained at home both on that day and on the 22nd. The principal subordinates were captured, with the exception of Barclay, who made his escape to France. In a narrative published in Clarke's ‘Life of James II,’ Barclay exonerates his master from all knowledge of the plot; but that he did not strongly reprobate it, is sufficiently proved by the fact that he received Barclay again into his service. During the negotiations with France in 1698, the Earl of Portland demanded that Barclay should be delivered up; but Louis replied that the regiment he commanded had been disbanded, and that he did not know what had become of him.
[Clarke's Life of James II; Howell's State Trials, vol. xiii.; Melville and Leven Papers; Macpherson's Original Papers; Carstares's State Papers; Memoirs of the Duke of Berwick; Dalrymple's Memoirs; Burnet's History of his own Times; Wilson's James II and the Duke of Berwick; the Histories of Macaulay, Ranke, and Klopp.]
T. F. H.
# Dartmouth College

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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.

## The College

* "Dartmouth College," in The American Cyclopædia (1879)
* "Dartmouth College," in The New International Encyclopædia, New York: Dodd, Mead and Co. (1905)
* "Dartmouth College," in Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed., 1911)
* "Dartmouth College," in The Encyclopedia Americana, New York: The Encyclopedia Americana Corporation (1920)
* "Dartmouth College," in Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed., 1922)

## The Case

* Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward
* "Dartmouth College Case," in The New International Encyclopædia, New York: Dodd, Mead and Co. (1905)
* "Dartmouth College Case, The," in The Encyclopedia Americana, New York: The Encyclopedia Americana Corporation (1920)
# Darwin and the Theory of Evolution/Introduction

INTRODUCTION
Although eminent in the fields of geology, botany, and systematic zoology, Charles Darwin's chief fame rests upon his part in the development of the theory of organic evolution. For decades this theory was considered to be almost inseparable from the man and his work; even today there are thousands of people who know nothing of it except as it is associated with Darwin. Their conception of evolution may be true, it may be partly true, or it may be as false as the combined forces of ignorance and distortion can make it; yet to them it is "Darwinism," to be accepted, tolerated, or attacked, as the case may be. What evolution may have been without Darwin it is useless to speculate; what its rate of progress would have been there is no need to wonder. The mere fact that there were no men of Darwin's generation who accomplished what he accomplished is enough to show that the theory would have had to wait decades had he been lacking. And that alone is enough to establish the importance of his work.
So we shall begin this volume with a study of his relation to, and his influence on, the theory of organic descent. Such an inquiry, compressed into fewer than three score pages obviously cannot do full justice to the subject, nor can it add a great deal that has not already been said in more pretentious criticisms. But it can ask, however, two questions that often are slighted, and by stressing the answers to them, give a background for further work. The first of these questions is, how much did Darwin owe to those who studied and speculated before him; the second, by what course of inquiry and thought did he arrive at his final position with regard to the origin and development of living things?
# Darwin and the Theory of Evolution

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No. 568 in the Little Blue Books series
LITTLE BLUE BOOK NO. 568 Edited by E. Haldeman-Julius
Darwin and the Theory of Evolution
Carroll Lane Fenton
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LITTLE BLUE BOOK NO. 568 Edited by E. Haldeman-Julius
Darwin and the Theory of Evolution
Carroll Lane Fenton
HALDEMAN-JULIUS COMPANY GIRARD, RANSAS
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Copyright, Haldeman-Julius Company
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
page
DARWIN AND THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION
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CHARLES DARWIN
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* Introduction
* Chapter I: The Origin of Species
* Chapter II: The War Over Species
* Chapter III: The Descent of Man, and Other Books
* Chapter IV: Darwin and the Gods
* Chapter V: The Personality of Darwin
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This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published in 1924, before the cutoff of January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1969, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 54 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Anderton, Laurence

​ANDERTON, LAURENCE, alias SCROOP (1577–1643), a learned Jesuit, was born in Lancashire in 1577, being the son of Thomas Anderton, of Horwick, and brother of Christopher Anderton, of Lostock. Having learned his rudiments at the grammar school of Blackburn, he was sent from thence to Christ's College, Cambridge, where he was admired for his brilliant genius and ready eloquence, upon which account he was commonly called ‘Golden-mouth Anderton.’ He took the degree of B.A. in 1596–7, and it is said that he became a clergyman of the established church. Dodd, the historian, relates that Anderton, ‘being much addicted to reading books of controversy, could not get over some difficulties he met with concerning the origin and doctrines of the Reformation, which at last ended in his conversion to the catholic church.’ Anthony à Wood, in reference to this turning-point in Anderton's career, observes that ‘his mind hanging after the Roman catholic religion, he left that college (at Cambridge) and his country, and, shipping himself beyond the seas, entered into Roman catholic orders, and became one of the learnedest among the papists.’ Proceeding to Rome, he entered the Society of Jesus in 1604, and became a very distinguished member of the English province. His missionary life, which extended over nearly forty years, in times of difficulty and danger, was chiefly passed in his native ​county, where he died on April 17, 1643. He was remarkable for his talent in preaching, and gave proof of his ability in controversy by the following performances:
* ‘One God, One Faith,’ under the initials of W. B., 8vo, 1625.
* ‘The Progenie of Catholics and Protestants, whereby on the one side is proved the lineal descent of Catholics, for the Roman faith and religion, from the Holie Fathers of the Primitive Church, even from Christs verie time until these our dayes, and on the other the never being of Protestants during al the foresayd time.’ Rouen, 1633, 4to.
* ‘The Triple Cord; or, a Treatise proving the Truth of the Roman Religion, by Sacred Scriptures, taken in the literall sense, expounded by ancient Fathers, interpreted by Protestant writers. With a Discouery of sundry subtile Sleights vsed by Protestants, for euading the force of strongest Arguments, taken from cleerest Texts of the foresaid Scriptures.’ St. Omer, 1634, 4to, a stout volume of 801 pages.
[MS. notes in a copy of ‘The Triple Cord’ in the British Museum; MS. Addit. 5862, f. 49; Jones's Catalogue of Books for and against Popery, 250; Oliver's Collectanea S. J., 45; Foley's Records of the English Province of the Society of Jesus, iii. 774, vii. 11, 951; Estwick's Funeral Sermon on Robert Bolton (1635), p. 63; Notes and Queries, 3rd series, ix. 38; Dodd's Church History (1737), iii. 100; Wood's Athen. Oxon., ed. Bliss, ii. 514; Life of Robert Boulton, by Edward Bagshaw (1635), p. 14; Gibson's Lydiate Hall, 165; De Backer's Bibliothèque des Ecrivains de la Compagnie de Jésus (1869), i. 146; Fuller's Worthies of England, ed. Nichols, i. 552; Ribadeneira, Bibl. Script. Soc. Jesu, ed. Southwell (1686), 538.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Anderson, William (1757-1837)

​ANDERSON, WILLIAM (1757–1837), marine painter, exhibited at the Academy between 1787 and 1814. He was born in Scotland and brought up as a shipwright. His works, usually of small size, show a seaman's knowledge, and his drawing is correct and careful in all that concerns shipping. His water-colour paintings are pleasing, and have an interest for those concerned in the development of the art, but are not otherwise noteworthy. He painted on one occasion the interior of Westminster Abbey, and some landscapes, but his subjects are most often river scenes ‘neatly painted, low and agreeable in colour.’ In the print room at the British Museum is a large water-colour drawing, dated 1791, excellently representative of the painter. Five ‘views of the battle of the Nile’ were engraved in aquatint by William Ellis (1800) after drawings by Anderson. At South Kensington there are two good examples of his work. His later work shows some advance upon his earlier, which was rather like tinted drawing than true water-colour painting.
[Redgrave, Dictionary of Painters; Nagler, Künstler-Lexicon, ed. 1872.]
E. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Anderson, William (d.1778)

​ANDERSON, WILLIAM (d. 1778), surgeon and naturalist, accompanied Captain Cook as surgeon's mate in the Resolution in 1772–75, and as naturalist on board the same vessel on that commander's third voyage. He contributed the vocabularies of the various languages printed in the official relation of the former voyage, and his observations during the early part of the latter are cited by Cook in his own words. Amongst these may be mentioned an account of the Kerguelen cabbage, Pringlea antiscorbutica. His health began to fail towards the end of 1777, and he died of consumption on 3 Aug. 1778; an island sighted the same day was named Anderson's Island in his memory. Two papers by him, upon poisonous fish and a detached rock near Cape Town, are in the ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ vols. 66 and 68. His commander, in the narrative of the voyage, testified in strong terms to his sense of his abilities and devotion; and Robert Brown, in founding the genus Andersonia chiefly in honour of him, speaks in eulogy of his devotion to botany. In the Banksian Library in the British Museum there are manuscript lists of animals and plants noted by him during his two voyages.
[Cook and King's Voyage to the Pacific Ocean, i. 84, 106, 145, 321, ii. 440–1; Brown's Prodromus Floræ Novæ Hollandiæ, p. 553; Dryander's Cat. Bibl. Banks. ii. 32, iii. 184; Hooker's Companion to Bot. Mag. ii. (1836) 227.]
B. D. J.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Anderton, Henry

​ANDERTON, HENRY (1630–1665?), portrait painter, born 1630, was a pupil of Robert Streater, at one time a famous painter, and in choice of subjects he followed his master. He painted portraits, landscapes, still-life and historical subjects. He made a tour in Italy, and was employed by the court on his return. In 1665, according to Nagler, he stood in high repute. He died soon after. His most celebrated work was a portrait of Mrs. Stuart, afterwards duchess of Richmond. His success with this portrait obtained for him a sitting from Charles II and many of his courtiers. There are no engraved portraits bearing his name, and it is supposed that much of his work may have been ascribed to Sir Peter Lely, of whom he was in some sort the rival.
E. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Anderson, Walter

​ANDERSON, WALTER (d. 1800), historian, was for fifty years minister of Chirnside, Berwickshire. He was the author of a rare (anonymous) book (said to have been suggested in joke by Hume), ‘The History of Crœsus, King of Lydia, in four parts, containing observations (1) on the Ancient Notions of Destiny; (2) on Dreams; (3) on the Origin and Credit of Oracles; (4) and the Principles on which their Responses were defended against any attack,’ 12mo, 1755. It is chiefly a translation from Herodotus, with a serious discussion of the inspiration of oracles. It was ridiculed in the first ‘Edinburgh Review,’ and in Smollett's ‘Critical Review.’ In 1769 he published a history of France under Francis II and Charles IX, in 1775 a continuation to the edict of Nantes, and in 1783 another to the peace of Munster. Each book, it is said, was paid for by the sale of a house. In 1791 he published a volume on the ‘Philosophy of Ancient Greece,’ said to show reading and an improved style. He died 31 Aug. 1800 at Chirnside.
[Burton in S.D.U.K. Dict.; Anderson's Scottish Nation; Chalmers's Biog. Dict.; Gent. Mag. lxx. 999.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Anderson, William (1766-1846)

​ANDERSON, WILLIAM (1766–1846), horticulturist, was born in Scotland, his father having been, just previous to the rising of 1745, forester and gardener to a Jacobite laird in the western highlands, who had some share in favouring the escape of Charles Edward. About 1790 he entered upon gardening work in some nurseries near Edinburgh, and subsequently made his way to London, where he became gardener to James Vere, of Kensington Gore, a wealthy silk merchant who had a large collection of plants. In 1814 he was appointed by the Society of Apothecaries gardener—a title changed during his occupancy of the office to curator—of their botanic garden at Chelsea, a post which he filled until his death. He at once set to work to raise the garden from the state of neglect into which it had fallen, and his efforts were attended with great success. In person he was tall and burly, somewhat rough in manners and appearance, but warm-hearted and charitable. He was elected an associate of the Linnean Society in 1798, and became a fellow in 1815; he contributed various papers on horticultural subjects to the ‘Gardener's Magazine’ and ‘Horticultural Society's Transactions.’ He died at Chelsea, 6 Oct. 1846, and is buried in the churchyard of the old church.
[Proceedings of Linnean Society, i. 331; Field and Semple, Mem. Bot. Gard. Chelsea (1878), 119, 203–5.]
J. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Anderson, William (1799-1873)

​ANDERSON, WILLIAM, LL.D. (1799–1873), theological writer and preacher, was born on 6 Jan. 1799, at Kilsyth, near Glasgow, where his father, Rev. John Anderson, was minister of a congregation of what was then called the Relief church, afterwards merged in the United Presbyterian. William Anderson became a minister in the same communion, having been ordained in 1822 pastor of the congregation in John Street, Glasgow, an office which he held till his death, though for some years he had retired from its more active duties. Very early in his career Dr. Anderson manifested an eccentricity which procured for him the sobriquet of ‘daft Willie Anderson.’ He showed much resolution in his early youth in insisting on his right to read his discourses in the pulpit from manuscript, and in his vindication of the use of the organ in public worship.
As a preacher he was popular, but his powers were more forcibly displayed on public platforms. He was an uncompromising opponent of slavery, an enthusiastic supporter of oppressed nationalities, an eager advocate of political reforms in the interest of the people, and a cordial supporter of liberal measures generally. He was likewise a strenuous advocate for the separation of church and state. On one occasion in London, in pleading the anti-slavery cause, he appeared on the same platform with Daniel O'Connell, and made so favourable an impression that O'Connell and the audience urged him to continue his speech when the time allotted to him came to an end.
Dr. Anderson was a great favourite with the community of Glasgow, and, in a sense, held a similar position to that of Dr. Chalmers before him, and that of Dr. Norman Macleod after him. He encouraged independence of thought and action, and had no ​fear of the traditionary opinion that politics ought not to be introduced into the pulpit. He was a strenuous opponent of the Church of Rome. He was a strong millennarian, and in early life had come under the influence of Edward Irving and Mr. Cunninghame of Lainshaw.
Dr. Anderson published many pamphlets and several books. His larger productions were two volumes of sermons, a volume on Regeneration, one on the ‘Filial Honour of God,’ and two volumes on the Mass and Penance. His theological position was that of a moderate Calvinist.
In social life his wide general knowledge, his humour, his store of anecdotes and memorable sayings, rendered him singularly attractive.
He received the degree of LL.D. from his own university of Glasgow in 1850.
W. G. B.