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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Eimhin

From volume 5 of the work.
Eimhin, Saint, Abbot and Bishop of Ros-mic-Truin (Ireland), probably in the sixth century. He came of the royal race of Munster, and was brother of two other saints, Culain and Dairmid. Of the early part of his religious life little is known. When he became abbot of the monastery of Ros-mic-Truin, in succession to its founder, St. Abban, he had been apparently connected with one of the religious houses of the south of Ireland, since it is recorded that a number of monks "followed the man of God from his own country of Munster". Ros-mic-Truin lies in South Leinster on the bank of the River Barrow, and is distant only eight miles, by water, from the confines of Munster, at the point where the Suir and Barrow meet, and in confluence enter the Atlantic. Although the Abbey of Ros-mic-Truin was founded by St. Abban, it is said to have been colonized by St. Eimhin, and from the number of religious and students belonging to the south of Ireland who dwelt there the place came to be called "Rosglas of the Munstermen". St. Eimhin is said by some to have been the author of the life of St. Patrick, called the "Vita Tripartita" (ed. Whitley Stokes in R. S.), originally published by Father John Colgan, O.S.F. It contains a greater variety of details concerning the mission of the Apostle of Ireland than any other of the lives extant. St. Eimhin was famous for many and great miracles. The date of his death has not been recorded; however competent authorities assign it to the earlier half of the sixth century. After St. Eimhin's death, it is said, his consecrated bell was held in great veneration, and was used as a swearing relic down to the fourteenth century, oaths and promises made upon it being deemed inviolable. Among the MSS. of the library of the Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, is a prose tract entitled "Caine Emine" (i.e. the tribute or rule of Eimhin), also a poem of several stanzas relating to the saint's bell. St. Eimhin is given in the Irish calendars on December 22.
J. B. CULLEN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Eithene

From volume 5 of the work.
Eithene, Saint, styled "daughter of Baite", with her sister Sodelbia, are commemorated in the Irish calendars under March 20. They were daughters of Aidh, son of Caibre, King of Leinster, who flourished about the middle of the sixth century. The designation "daughters of Baite" usually coupled with their names would seem not to refer to any title of their father, but might be more correctly interpreted as the "children of Divine or ardent love". This interpretation is further strengthened by an account of a vision, accorded the two virgins, in which it is related that Christ in the form of an infant rested in their arms. In one of the legends contained in the "Acts" of St. Moling, Bishop of Ferns, it is told that Eithene and her sister were visited by this venerable saint. The abode of St. Eithene, called Tech-Ingen-Baithe, or the "House of the daughters of Baite" lay near Swords, in the present Barony of Nethercross, County Dublin. This saint is also venerated at Killnais, the former name of a townland in the same locality.
J. B. CULLEN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Eleutherius

From volume 5 of the work.
Eleutherius (Fr. Eleutière), Saint, Bishop of Tournai at the beginning of the sixth century. Historically there is very little known about St. Eleutherius, but he was without doubt the first Bishop of Tournai. Theodore, whom some give as his immediate predecessor, was either a bishop of Tours, whose name was placed by mistake on the episcopal list of Tournai, or simply a missionary who ministered to the Christians scattered throughout the small Frankish Kingdom of Tournai. Before he became bishop, Eleutherius lived at court with his friend Medardus, who predicted that he would attain the dignity of a count and also be elevated to the episcopate. After Clovis, King of the Franks, had been converted to Christianity, in 496, with more than 3000 of his subjects, bishops took part in the royal councils. St. Remigius, Bishop of Reims, organized the Catholic hierarchy in Northern Gaul, and it is more than likely that St. Eleutherius was named Bishop of Tournai at this time.
The saint's biography in its present form was really an invention of Henri of Tournai in the twelfth century. According to this, Eleutherius was born at Tournai towards the end of the reign of Childeric, the father of Clovis, of a Christian family descended from Irene us, who had been baptized by St. Piatus. His father's name was Terenus, and his mother's Blanda. Persecution by the tribune of the Scheldt obliged the Christians to flee from Tournai and take refuge in the village of Blandinium. The conversion of Clovis, however, enabled the small community to reassemble and build at Blandinium a church, which was dedicated to St. Peter. Theodore was made Bishop of Tournai, and Eleutherius succeeded him. Consulted by Pope Hormisdas as to the best means of eradicating the heresy which threatened nascent Christianity, Eleutherius convened a synod and publicly confounded the heretics. They vowed vengeance, and as he was on his way to the church, one day, they fell on him and, after beating him unmercifully, left him for dead. He recovered, however, but his days were numbered. On his deathbed (529) he confided his flock to his lifelong friend, St. Medardus.
The motive underlying this biography invented by Canon Henri (1141), was to prove the antiquity of the Church of Tournai, which from the end of the eleventh century had been trying to free itself from the jurisdiction of the bishops of Noyon. The sermons on the Trinity, Nativity, and the feast of the Annunciation (Bibliotheca Patrum, vol. XV), sometimes attributed to St. Eleutherius, are also of a more than doubtful authenticity. His cult, however, is well established; there is record of a recovery of his relics during the episcopate of Hedilo in 897 or 898, and a translation of them by Bishop Baudoin in 1064 or 1065, and another in 1247. Relics of this saint were also preserved in the monastery of St. Martin at Tournai, and in the cathedral at Bruges. His feast is given in martyrologies on 20 or July 21, but is usually celebrated on the former date. The translation of his relics is commemorated August 25.
L. VAN DER ESSEN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Edward the Martyr

From volume 5 of the work.
Edward the Martyr, Saint, King of England, son to Edgar the Peaceful, and uncle to St. Edward the Confessor; b. about 962; d. March 18, 979. His accession to the throne on his father's death, in 975, was opposed by a party headed by his stepmother, Queen Elfrida, who was bent on securing the crown for her own son Ethelred, then aged seven, in which she eventually was successful. Edward's claim, however, was supported by St. Dunstan and the clergy and by most of the nobles; and having been acknowledged by the Witan, he was crowned by St. Dunstan. Though only thirteen, the young king had already given promise of high sanctity, and during his brief reign of three years and a half won the affection of his people by his many virtues. His stepmother, who still cherished her treacherous designs, contrived at last to bring about his death. Whilst hunting in Dorsetshire he happened (March 18, 979) to call at Corfe Castle where she lived. There, whilst drinking on horseback a glass of mead offered him at the castle gate, he was stabbed by an assassin in the bowels. He rode away, but soon fell from his horse, and being dragged by the stirrup was flung into a deep morass, where his body was revealed by a pillar of light. He was buried first at Wareham, whence three years later, his body, having been found entire, was translated to Shaftesbury Abbey by St. Dunstan and Earl Alfere of Mercia, who in Edgar's lifetime had been one of his chief opponents. Many miracles are said to have been obtained through his intercession. Elfrida, struck with repentance for her crimes, built the two monasteries of Wherwell and Ambresbury, in the first of which she ended her days in penance. The violence of St. Edward's end, joined to the fact that the party opposed to him had been that of the irreligious, whilst he himself had ever acted as a defender of the Church, obtained for him the title of Martyr, which is given to him in all the old English calendars on March 18, also in the Roman Martyrology.
G. E. PHILLIPS
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Edwin

From volume 5 of the work.
Edwin (Aeduini), Saint.—the first Christian King of Northumbria, (b. about 585, son of Aella, King of Deira, the southern division of Northumbria; d. October 12, 633. Upon Aella's death in 588, the sovereignty over both divisions of Northumbria was usurped by Ethebric of Bernicia, and retained at his death by his son Ethelfrid; Edwin, Aella's infant son, being compelled until his thirtieth year to wander from one friendly prince to another, in continual danger from Ethelfrd's attempts upon his life. Thus when he was residing with King Redwald of East Anglia, Ethelfrid repeatedly endeavored to bribe the latter to destroy him. Finally, however, Redwald's refusal to betray his guest led in 616 to a battle, fought upon the river Idle, in which Ethelfrid himself was slain, and Edwin was invited to the throne of Northumbria. On the death of his first wife, Edwin, in 625, asked for the hand of Ethelburga, sister to Eadbald, the Christian King of Kent, expressing his own readiness to embrace Christianity, if upon examination he should find it superior to his own religion. Ethelburga was accompanied to Northumbria by St. Paulinus, one of St. Augustine's fellow missionaries, who thus became its first apostle. By him Edwin was baptized at York in 627, and thenceforth showed himself most zealous for the conversion of his people. In instance of this, Venerable Bede tells how, at their royal villa of Yeverin in Northumberland, the king and queen entertained Paulinus for five weeks, whilst he was occupied from morning to night in instructing and baptizing the crowds that flocked to him. By Edwin's persuasion, moreover, Eorpwald, King of East Anglia, son of his old friend Redwald, was led to become a Christian. In token of his authority over the other kings as Bretwalda, Edwin used to have the tufa (a tuft of feathers on a spear, a military ensign of Roman origin) borne publicly before him, and he received tribute from the Welsh princes. Under him the law was so respected, that it became, as the Venerable Bede attests, a proverb that "a woman might travel through the island with a babe at her breast without fear of insult". St. Edwin was slain on October 12, 633, in repelling an attack made on him by Penda, the pagan King of Mercia, who, together with the Welsh prince Cadwallon (a Christian only in name), had invaded his dominion. Perishing thus in conflict with the enemies of the Faith, he was regarded as a martyr and as such was allowed by Gregory XIII to be depicted in the English College church at Rome. His head was taken to St. Peter's church at York, which he had begun. His body was conveyed to Whitby. Churches are said to have been dedicated to him at London and at Breve in Somerset.
G. E. PHILLIPS
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Egbert

From volume 5 of the work.
Egbert, Saint, a Northumbrian monk, born of noble parentage c. 639; d. 729. In his youth he went for the sake of study to Ireland, to a monastery, says the Venerable Bede, "called Rathmelsigi", identified by some with Mellifont in what is now County Louth. There, when in danger of death from pestilence, he prayed for time to do penance, vowing amongst other things to live always in exile from his own country. In consequence he never returned to England, though he lived to the age of ninety, and always fasted rigorously. Having become a priest, he was filled with zeal for the conversion of the still pagan German tribes related to the Angles, and would himself have become their apostle, if God had not shown him that his real calling was to other work. It was he, however, who dispatched to Friesland St. Wigbert, St. Willibrord, and other saintly missionaries. St. Egbert's own mission was made known to him by a monk, who, at Melrose, had been a disciple of St. Boisil. Appearing to this monk, St. Boisil sent him to tell Egbert that the Lord willed him instead of preaching to the heathen to go to the monasteries of St. Columba, "because their ploughs were not going straight", in consequence of their schismatic practice in the celebration of Easter. Leaving Ireland therefore in 716, Egbert crossed over to Iona, where the last thirteen years of his life were spent. By his sweetness and humility he induced the Iona monks to relinquish their erroneous mode of computation; in 729 they celebrated Easter with the rest of the Church upon April 24, although their old rule placed it that year upon an earlier day. On the same day, after saying Mass and joining joyfully in their celebration, the aged Egbert died. Though he is now honored simply as a confessor, it is probable that St. Egbert was a bishop. By Alcuin he is expressly called antistes and episcopus, and an Irish account of a synod at Birra names him "Egbert Bishop", whilst the term sacerdos used by the Venerable Bede, is sometimes applied by him to bishops.
G. E. PHILLIPS
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Eithne

From volume 5 of the work.
Eithne, Saint, styled "of the golden hair", is commemorated in the Irish martyrologies under the 11th of January. She was daughter of Leoghaire, Ard-Righ, or Hy-Sovereign of Ireland at the time of St. Patrick's first visit, as a missionary, to the court of Tara (433). According to the prevailing custom of those days the children of kings and princes were frequently placed, at an early age, in charge of the family of some of the chieftains who coveted the honor of guardianship of the royal offspring. Hence it is assumed that Eithne and her younger sister were fostered close to Cruachan Magh Ai, the dwelling-place, or royal residence, of the Gaelic kings of Connaught. However the brief story of the saint's life centers in the one scene, which took place beside the brook of Clebach, County Roscommon, and is described in the "Acts" of the national apostle of Ireland.
On his way to the royal abode, during his mission to the western province, it is told that St. Patrick and his disciples camped one evening close to the Well of Clebach. On the following day the clerics rose at dawn to chant the Divine Office, and prepare for the mystic sacrifice. It would appear that the two royal princesses were accustomed to visit the same fountain in the early morn, and on this occasion were surprised at the appearance of the strange company who were in possession of the place. They were not, however, dismayed, and Eithne, the elder of the sisters, accosted Patrick and his companions, asking who they were and whence they came. Whereupon the apostle said—"It were better for you to confess your faith in our true God than ask about our race." Then, at their request, St. Patrick unfolded to them the doctrines of Christianity, which, under the influence of Divine grace, they accepted with heart and soul. Having baptized them, the saint placed on their brows the veil of virginity.
Then, it is related, Eithne and her sister asked "to see the face of Christ, the Son of the true God", but Patrick said: "You cannot see the face of Christ unless you taste death, and receive the Sacrifice". Whereupon they besought him to give them the Sacrifice that they might see their Spouse, the Son of God. So, by the brink of the fountain, the Sacrifice was offered, and having received their First Communion, Eithne and her sister, in an ecstasy of rapture, swooned away and died. When the days of mourning were ended both were laid side by side, close by the scene of their death, where afterwards a church was raised over the grave.
J. B. CULLEN
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Merit, Order of

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​MERIT, ORDER OF, instituted in London, Jan. 26, 1902, by King Edward VII. to confer distinction on persons who have won prominence in science, army and navy, art, literature, and professional services, excepting political. The order consists of the sovereign and members, and initials, after the Bath, have precedence over all other knightly orders. Among distinguished men on whom the order was conferred were Lord Kitchener, Admirals Seymour, Wilson, and Lord Fisher, representing the navy. Sir William Crookes, Lord Raleigh, and Sir Archibald Geikie in science, and literature has been so honored in Viscount Morley, Lord Cromer, Sir George Trevelyan, and Thomas Hardy. Sir Edward Elgar received the honor for music. Honorary membership in the order has been conferred on distinguished men of other nations.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Meyer, Kuno

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
MEYER, KUNO, a German scholar of Celtic literature. In 1894 he became professor of Teutonic languages at the University College, Liverpool, and in 1911 profesor of Celtic at Berlin. He founded a school in Dublin for the study of Celtic, and the Irish patriots, anxious to make it the language of Ireland, accepted him with enthusiasium. His important contributions to Celtic literature led to an invitation from Harvard to lecture there, which he finally declined because of the strong pro-Ally leaning of that institution.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Meyer, Balthasar Henry

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
MEYER, BALTHASAR HENRY, American economist, born in Mequon, Wis. Studied at Berlin, Germany, and finished his education at University of Wisconsin. Taught sociology and political economy, then, in 1905, became chairman of Railroad Commission of Wisconsin. He was a member of the U. S. Railroad Securities Commission in 1910, and in 1911 was appointed member of Interstate Commerce Commission. He is the author of “Railway Legislation in the United States” (1903) and “A History of the Northern Securities Case” (1906).
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Merino

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​MERINO (me-rē′nō), a Spanish breed of the domestic sheep. It is extremely important commercially, on account of the excellence of its wool, which is close-set, soft, spirally twisted, and short. A fine French woolen material is made from the wool of the merino sheep.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Mexico, Gulf of

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
MEXICO, GULF OF, a basin of the Atlantic Ocean, closed in by the United States on the N., by Mexico on the W. and S., and its outlet on the E. narrowed by the jutting peninsulas of Yucatan and Florida, which approach within 500 miles of each other; length from S. W. to N. E. over 1,100 miles; area (est.) 716,200 square miles. Over a fourth of this area the ocean lies at a depth of between 1,000 and 2,000 fathoms, while 58,000 square miles is deeper still. The shores are very shallow, less than 100 fathoms deep over 400,000 square miles, etc. In the middle of the E. outlet is planted the island of Cuba, dividing the strait into two — the Strait of Florida and that of Yucatan, the former connecting the gulf with the Atlantic Ocean, the latter with the Caribbean Sea. Of the numerous bays, the largest is the Bay of Campeachy (Campeche). The coasts are mostly low and sandy or marshy, and are lined with numerous lagoons; the best of the few good harbors are those of New Orleans, Pensacola, Mobile, Tampa, Vera Cruz, Tampico, and Havana. The gulf is visited from September to March by violent N. E. gales called nortes. There are very few islands. The principal rivers it receives are the Mississippi and the Rio Grande del Norte. The Gulf Stream (q.v.) enters the Gulf of Mexico by the Strait of Yucatan, passes around it, and emerges through the Strait of Florida.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Meyer, George von Lengerke

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
MEYER, GEORGE VON LENGERKE, American political leader. Born in Boston in 1858, he graduated from Harvard in 1879, and was then for twenty years in business as merchant and trustee. During part of this time he was on the Boston Common Council and Board of Aldermen, and in the Massachusetts House of Representatives, serving as Speaker, 1894-7. He was Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotientary to Italy 1900-5, and Ambassador to Russia, 1905-7. President Roosevelt made him Postmaster-General in 1907, and he was Secretary of the Navy under President Taft, 1909-13. He died in 1918.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Mermaids

* related portals: Mermaids.
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Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​MERMAIDS and MERMEN, in the popular folklore of Europe, a class of creatures more or less like human beings, living in the sea, but in some circumstances capable of social relationship with men and women.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Meyer, Conrad Ferdinand

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
MEYER, CONRAD FERDINAND (mī'er), a Swiss poet and historical novelist; born in Zurich, Switzerland, Oct. 12, 1825. His style is graceful, and
he excels in character-drawing and in genre pictures of descriptive work. His chief novels are “Jürg Jenatsch” (1876), a story of Switzerland in the 17th century, and “The Saint” (1880); two of the best historical novels of modern German literature. His poetical works include: “Hutten's Last Days” (1872), in “Poems” (1882), and in “Engelberg” (1873). His works were collected in 8 vols. (1912). He died in 1898.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Meridian Circle

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​MERIDIAN CIRCLE, or TRANSIT CIRCLE, an instrument used in observatories in modern times to combine the functions of a transit instrument and of the old mural circle. A vertical circle is carried on the axis of the transit instrument and revolves with it, its divisions being read by micrometer microscopes mounted solidly on one of the piers. In this way both co-ordinates of the position of a heavenly body, its right ascension and declination are determined at the same meridian passage—a great saving of time over the old method with the instruments.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Merlin

​MERLIN, a prince of enchanters of the time of the Saxon invasion of England. He was the son of a damsel seduced by a fiend, but Blaise baptized the infant, and so rescued it from the power of Satan. He died spellbound by his mistress Vivian in a hawthorn bush.
# Chicago, Rock Island, & Pacific Railway Company v. Schwyhart

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
227 U.S. 184
Chicago, Rock Island, & Pacific Railway Company v. Schwyhart
Argued: January 21 and 22, 1913. --- Decided: February 3, 1913
Messrs. Paul E. Walker and F. C. Dillard for plaintiffs in error.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 185-189 intentionally omitted]
Messrs. Kendall B. Randolph, Boyd Dudley, and J. A. Selby for defendants in error.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 189-192 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Justice Holmes delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Christopher v. Brusselback

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
302 U.S. 500
Christopher v. Brusselback
Argued: Dec. 16, 1937. --- Decided: Jan 3, 1938
Mr. Wellmore B. Turner, of Dayton, Ohio, for petitioners.
Messrs. J. Arthur Miller, of Chicago, Ill., and Roy G. Fitzgerald, of Dayton, Ohio, for respondents.
Mr. Justice STONE delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse