OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/America Cup, The

See also America's Cup on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
America Cup, The, is a trophy offered for the first time at the London international exhibition of 1851 by the Royal Yacht Squadron; and now held subject to annual challenges by the New York Yacht Club. Its name is due to the fact that the cup was won in 1851 by the U.-S.-built yacht, America. The yacht America was the first vessel to be built upon anything like modern racing lines and to have a long bow and flat sails. Ever since the victory of the America, the cup has exercised a great influence upon yacht-builders. The deep, narrow knife-blade hull was popular until 1891, when the Gloriana won all her races, and showed the advantage of "overhangs." While American builders have aimed chiefly at racers, British builders have tried to combine the racer with the cruiser, but it would seem that the easy defeat of Sir Thomas Lipton's challenger Shamrock III by the Reliance, in 1903, shows that no vessel fitted for cruising is fitted for racing also.
# The New Student's Reference Work/American Indians

See also Indigenous people of the Americas on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
American Indians. See Indians.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ambassador

See also Ambassador on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Ambas'sador, an accredited diplomat of note and eminence sent by one nation, country or state to represent his country at a foreign court, nation or capital, and be the chief medium of diplomatic intercourse between them. In this high representative capacity the ambassador has right of audience with the sovereign or chief of the nation to which he is accredited, besides possessing or being accorded certain other privileges and immunities, including precedence on ceremonial occasions and at state functions over all save princes of the blood.
In its early history, the United States withheld for long the rank and title of ambassador to its accredited representatives abroad at foreign courts; but in 1893 Congress, when acting on the diplomatic or consular appropriation bill of that year, empowered the President to raise American plenipotentiaries and ministers at foreign courts and capitals of note to the rank of ambassadors, especially where these foreign courts and nations were represented at Washington by a plenipotentiary of equal ​rank. This was done, and the rule and practice are still in force.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ambulance

See also Ambulance on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Am'bulance, a name applied to the covered wagons used in our large cities to convey the wounded and sick to the hospitals. Strictly, it means a movable hospital attached to an army in the field, to afford early help to the wounded in battle. It was introduced by the surgeon Larrey, into the French army in 1792. Before that, wounded soldiers were either carried to the rear by their comrades, or left uncared for, sometimes until a day after the battle. The usual working of an ambulance during a battle is as follows: The field station is usually just in rear of the troops, and therefore under fire; the wounded are there treated hastily, then carried on stretchers to the transfer station, which is out of rifle range. Here they are put into ambulance wagons and driven to the dressing station, out of artillery range, where the wounds are dressed, and the sufferers are finally taken to the field-hospital.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Amber

See also Amber on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Am'ber is a hard, brittle, yellow substance. It is found in large and small pieces; the largest are in the museum at Berlin, weighing eighteen pounds. It is found mostly clinging to seaweed along the shores of the Baltic Sea, where divers dive for it and dredgers throw it up on the shore for women and children to gather and pick over. Some is found in New Jersey, Massachusetts and Maryland. When amber is rubbed, it develops electricity, and attracts light substances. This quality very much astonished the ancients, and they gave it the name "electron," from which we have the word "electricity." It is used mostly for beads, ornaments and mouthpieces for tobacco pipes, though large amber dishes have been found, showing that people long ago used it for manufacturing. The ancients valued amber highly, both as ornament and charm, amber necklaces being worn in the belief that the wearer would thereby be protected from witches, poisons and other evil.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Menabrea, Luigi Federigo

Edition of 1905. See also Luigi Federico Menabrea on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MENABREA, mā′nȧ-brā′ȧ, Luigi Federigo, Count (1809-96). An Italian general and statesman. He was born at Chambéry, in Savoy, September 4, 1809, and was educated for an engineer. On completing his studies he entered the Sardinian army as lieutenant in the engineer corps, but was soon called to a professorship of applied mathematics in the military academy and at the University of Turin. In 1848 he was promoted to the rank of captain, served in the war against Austria, and was then employed on diplomatic business. As a member of the Chamber, he inclined to believe in the possibility of an accord of the Papacy with Italian unity; but, influenced by Cavour, he soon abandoned that hope and ranged himself with the radical Unionists. During the war of 1859, Menabrea acted as chief of staff in the Sardinian army. After the defeat of the Austrians by the French and the handing over of Savoy to France, he left the province to retain his Italian citizenship, and was created a Senator by Victor Emmanuel, and made chief of the Department of Engineers. In 1860 he became a lieutenant-general, and was director of the siege operations against Gaeta, where the King of Naples had taken refuge. It surrendered after a three months' siege, for which success he was made a count. In 1861 he succeeded Ricasoli as Minister of Marine, to which he added in 1862 the duties of Minister of Public Works. He assisted in framing the Treaty of Prague in 1866, which gave Venice to Italy. He was called in 1867, on the retirement of Rattazzi, to form a new Cabinet. He continued to carry on the Government until near the close of 1869, and in the two years of his Premiership did much for Italian stability, both at home and abroad. After resigning, Menabrea was appointed Italian Ambassador to London (1876) and Paris (1882). He remained at Paris for ten years. He died at Chambéry, May 25, 1896. Among the works he wrote are: Etudes sur la série de Lagrange (Turin, 1844-47); Le génie italien dans la campagne d'Ancône et de la Basse-Italie (Paris, 1866); République et monarchie dans l'état actuel de la France (ib., 1871).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Menagerie

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​MENAGERIE. See Zoölogical Park.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Menado

Edition of 1905. See also Manado on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MENADO, mā̇-nä′dō̇. The capital of the Dutch Residency of Menado, in Northern Celebes. It is situated near the extremity of the northeastern peninsula of the island, on both sides of the river Tondano (Map: East Indies, F 4). It has an ethnological museum and is defended by the old Fort Amsterdam. Its unsafe roadstead detracts greatly from its commercial importance. Population, in 1895, 8996, including over 500 Europeans.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Menaccanite

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​MENAC′CANITE. See Ilmenite.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mena, Juan de

Edition of 1905. See also Juan de Mena on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MENA, mā′nȧ, Juan de (c.1411-56). A Spanish poet, born at Cordova. He studied at Salamanca and afterwards went to Rome. Here he became an admirer of the works of Dante and Petrarch, and from then continued to be influenced by them. He was secretary to King John II. of Castile, and Court historian. His principal work is El laberinto (1496), a poem modeled on the Divine Comedy, which is also called Las tres cientas, from the original number of its verses—300. It is an elaborate, tedious allegory.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Memphremagog

Edition of 1905. See also Lake Memphremagog on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MEM′PHREMA′GOG. A lake situated in the Province of Quebec, Canada, and extending a short distance into Vermont (Map: Quebec, D 5). It has an elongated, irregular shape, is 35 miles long by from two to five miles wide, and discharges its waters northeastward through the Magog River into the Saint Francis. Along the west shore is a range of mountains reaching a height of 3500 feet; the lake is noted for its picturesque scenery. It is a favorite summer resort; numerous handsome villas dot its shores, and in summer a line of steamers runs from Newport, Vt., at the south end, to the Canadian village of Magog at the northern extremity.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Menai Strait

Edition of 1905. See also Menai Strait on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MENAI (mĕn′ī) STRAIT. The channel which separates the island of Anglesey from the mainland of Wales (Map: England, B 3). It is 13 miles long and varies in width from about 250 yards to two miles, widening out north of Bangor into Beaumaris Bay. Navigation of it is hazardous, but the strait is nevertheless much used by vessels under 100 tons in order to save time. At the entrance of the strait the tides sometimes rise to a height of 30 feet, and the ordinary neap-tide rises from 10 to 12 feet. The strait is spanned by a suspension bridge, built in 1819-26, and by the Britannia Bridge.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Menander (poet)

Edition of 1905. See also Menander on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MENAN′DER (Lat., from Gk, Μένανδρος, Menandros) (B.C. 342–c.291). One of the greatest poets of the Attic New Comedy, born at Athens of a distinguished family. By his uncle, Alexis, the eminent poet of the Middle Comedy, he was initiated into the dramatist's art; his philosophical education he received from association with Theophrastus and Epicurus. He was handsome and fond of luxury. The greater part of his time he spent at his villa in the Peiræus with his beloved Glycera. When Ptolemy Soter gave him a flattering invitation to his Court, Menander declined, preferring his native city and easy independence to royal favor. About B.C. 291 he was drowned while swimming in the harbor of the Peiræus. Menander is said to have won a victory on the comic stage at the age of twenty-one. Yet during his lifetime he was less a favorite than his contemporary Philemon (q.v.). Of his 105 or 108 plays but eight won the highest place. After his death, however, he became the favorite above all other comic poets of his time, and was much read and quoted far into the Christian Era. We are unfortunately obliged to form our opinions of his comedies chiefly from the adaptations of them by Plautus and Terence. According to ancient critics he was distinguished for his wit, the refinement and perfection of his language, and his ingenious plots. Over a thousand fragments of his plays remain and a considerable collection of gnomes attributed to him. The latter collection has, however, suffered greatly from additions. The fragments are best published by Kock, Comicorum Atticum Fragmenta, vol. iii. (Leipzig, 1888). Two leaves of papyrus containing new fragments were published by Nicole, Le laborateur de Ménandre (Basle, 1898), by Grenfell and Hunt (Oxford, 1898).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Memphis (Missouri)

Edition of 1905. See also Memphis, Missouri on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MEMPHIS. A city and the county-seat of Scotland County, Mo., 45 miles west of Keokuk, Iowa; on the Keokuk and Western Railroad (Map: Missouri, D 1). It is a shipping centre of some importance for the adjacent farming and stock-raising district. There are deposits of coal in the vicinity. Population, in 1890, 1780; in 1900, 2195.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Johnson, Robert Underwood

Edition of 1905. See also Robert Underwood Johnson on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
JOHNSON, Robert Underwood (1853—). An American poet and editor, born at Washington, D. C., January 12, 1853. He joined the staff of the Century Magazine in 1873 and became associate editor in 1881. He early became noted for his services in behalf of international copyright, as secretary of the American Copyright League doing much to secure the passage of the law of 1891, for which he was decorated by the French and Italian governments. His writings include much occasional verse and three volumes: The Winter Hare and Other Poems (1891), and Songs of Liberty and Other Poems (1897). With C. C. Buel he edited the well-known Century articles relating to the Civil War afterwards published as Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (1887-88) — one of the most valuable compilations dealing with the subject.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Johnson, Rossiter

Edition of 1905. See also Rossiter Johnson on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
JOHNSON, Rossiter (1840—). An American editor and author, born at Rochester, N. Y. He graduated at the University of Rochester in 1863, from 1864 to 1869 was assistant editor of the Rochester Democrat, a Republican journal, and in 1869-72 edited the Concord (N. H.) Statesman. In 1873-77 he was an associate editor in the revision of the American Cyclopædia, in 1878 edited the authorized Life of Farragut, and in 1879-80 aided S. H. Gay in the preparation of the final two volumes of the latter's History of the United States (4 vols., 1876-80). He also became editor of the Annual Cyclopædia in 1883, and from 1886 to 1888 was managing editor of the Cyclopædia of American Biography. In 1891-94 he was on the editorial staff of the Standard Dictionary. Among other compilations edited by him are The British Poets (3 vols., 1876); Famous Single and Fugitive Poems (1877; revised and enlarged ed. 1891); Play-day Poems (1878), an anthology of humorous verse in English; with C. A. Dana, Fifty Perfect Poems (1882); the well-known Little Classics series of prose selections (16 vols., 1874-75: two additional vols., 1880; 30th ed. 1892); and The World's Great Books (1898-1901). His original publications include in fiction, Phaeton Rogers (1881); in verse, Idler and Poet (1883), containing “O for a lodge in a garden of cucumbers;” and in history, A History of the French War (1882); A History of the War Between the United States and Great Britain (1882); and A History of the War of Secession (1888). He also contributed “The Whispering Gallery” department to the Overland Monthly, and edited “The Literary Querist” of the Lamp (formerly the Book-Buyer). For six years he was secretary of the New York Authors Club, whose sumptuous and unique Liber Scriptorum (1893) he prepared with J. D. Champlin and G. C. Eggleston. He received the degrees of Ph.D. and LL.D. from the University of Rochester.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Johnson, Samuel (clergyman)

Edition of 1905. See also Samuel Johnson (clergyman) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
JOHNSON, Samuel (1822-82). An American clergyman and reformer. He was born at North Andover, Mass., and graduated at Harvard in 1842, and at the Harvard Divinity School in 1846. He preached for some time at Dorchester, but displeased his congregation there by his opposition to slavery. In 1851 he became pastor of a ‘free church’ in Lynn, Mass., being independent in his religious opinions, though agreeing generally with the Unitarians. He edited, jointly with Samuel Lougfellow, a collection of sacred poetry entitled Hymns of the Spirit; and was author of The Worship of Jesus (1868) and of Oriental Religions — India (1872), China (1877), Persia (1885). Consult Longfellow, Memoir of Samuel Johnson (Boston, 1883).
# The New International Encyclopædia/John, Eugenie

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
JOHN, yōn, Eugenie. The name of the German author who wrote under the pseudonym ‘E. Marlitt’ (q.v.).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Johnson, E. Pauline

Edition of 1905. See also Pauline Johnson on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
JOHNSON, E. Pauline (1862—). A Canadian poetess. She was born at Chiefwood, on the Grand River Reserve, in Ontario. Her father was George Henry M. Johnson, head chief of the Mohawk Indians. Her mother was Emily S. Howells, a native of Bristol, England. She was educated by private tutors and at the Brantford Model School. In 1894 she visited England,
where she published a collection of poems under the title The White Wampum. The volume gained wide attention because of the author's Indian blood and fresh passionate themes.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Jinn

Edition of 1905. See also Jinn on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
JINN (Ar., from janna, to be veiled, be dark), often written Genii. Supernatural beings of Arabic folk-lore and religion. Mohammed believed in their existence, and the seventy-second sura of the Koran is named after them. According to tradition, the Prophet recognized five orders of such creatures. They are both male and female; eat, drink, and propagate their kind, and die, though they generally live very long. Some are good, some bad; some are Mohammedans, some infidels. They were created two thousand years before Adam of smokeless fire, and in the early time were ruled by a race of kings each named Solomon. Their home is the mountains called Kaf, supposed to encompass the earth; but they haunt all sorts of places, rivers, ruined buildings, ovens, baths, etc. They are in the sea, on land, and in the air. They assume what form they choose, and appear to men as dogs, cats, serpents, and in other animal forms, as human beings, and in the whirlwinds, dust-clouds, and the like. They are the authors of many of the ills to which men are subject, but also confer benefits, and, in general, whatever the mind of the untutored cannot conceive of as done by human means is ascribed to them. It was they who built the pyramids. Solomon, son of David, acquired great power over them, and innumerable stories are told of the great things he accomplished with their help. They are identical with the spirits and demons that play so large a part in the religious literature of the Babylonians and Assyrians. Consult: Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, chap. xvi. (Boston, 1898); Fossey, La magie assyrienne, chap. ii. (Paris, 1902); and, for the Arabian demons, Lane, Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians (London, 1837); id., The Thousand and One Nights, notes (London, 1838-40).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Jirásek, Alois

Edition of 1905. See also Alois Jirásek on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
JIRÁSEK, yḗ'rä-shēk, Alois (1851—). A Bohemian historical novelist, born at Hronov. In 1888 he became professor in a gymnasium at Prague. His novels, covering Bohemian history from the earliest times, include: Nevolnice, on the heathen period; a trilogy Mezi proudy, on the times of Huss; and Maryla and Vei zich služach, dealing with the period after Huss. His collected works, including several dramas, were published at Prague (1899 sqq.).
# The New International Encyclopædia/John, Baptist Joseph Fabian Sebastian

Edition of 1905. See also Archduke John of Austria on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
JOHN, Baptist Joseph Fabian Sebastian, Archduke of Austria (1782-1852). An Austrian prince and general. He was born at Florence, the son of Leopold I., Grand Duke of Tuscany, afterwards the Emperor Leopold II. At an early age John showed considerable military talent, and in the wars with France he played an important part. As commander he was extremely unfortunate. His army was crushed by Moreau at Hohenlinden (1801); he was defeated at Salzburg soon afterwards; shared in the disaster of Austerlitz in 1805; was overthrown at Raab, June 14, 1809; and was unsuccessful in an attempt to join the army of his brother, Archduke Charles, at Wagram. He was popular, however, on account of his amiability, the interest he took in the sciences and public improvements, and above all his favorable attitude toward German unity, in which he stood alone among those who represented the Austrian policy. When the German National Assembly met at Frankfort, after the commotions of 1848, he was called by a great majority, on June 29th of that year, to be Vicar (Reichsverweser) of Germany. The progress of events being unfavorable to the Austrian interests, he resigned his office December 20, 1849. He died at Gratz.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Baker, Alfred, M. A.

See also Alfred Baker on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Baker, Alfred, M. A., professor of mathematics in the University of Toronto since 1887. Born in Toronto, of Yorkshire parents. Was educated at Toronto Grammar School and University of Toronto. Appointed mathematical tutor in University College, Toronto in 1875; registrar, 1880; dean of residence, 1884; elected by graduates a member of Senate of University of Toronto 1887–1906, in last year becoming a member ex-officio. Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada; member of the Societé Mathematique de France and of the American Mathematical Society; president of the Ontario Educational Association 1895; president of Section III Royal Society of Canada, 1905; member of Executive Committee British Empire League in Canada and of Navy League. In 1904, in conjunction with Dr. Seath, be reorganized geometrical teaching in the schools of Ontario. He has published articles relating to Geometry of Position, Quaternions and Foundations of Geometry, in proceedings of Royal Society of Canada, the last named article being translated into Japanese; also elementary treatises on Analytic and Synthetic Geometry, Trigonometry and Mechanics.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Baker, Edward Dickinson

See also Edward Dickinson Baker on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Baker, Edward Dickinson, an American senator and soldier. He was born in London in 1811, and came to the United States when three years old, living first at Philadelphia and then at Belleville, Illinois. He practiced law in Springfield, Illinois, when he was elected to the legislature, state senate and finally to the house of representatives. In 1846 he resigned his seat in Congress to become colonel of a regiment of volunteers from Illinois in the Mexican War, and was present at the siege of Vera Cruz, and commanded a brigade at Cerro Gordo. He was elected to the United States senate from Oregon in 1860. At the breaking out of the Civil War he was appointed colonel of a regiment he had raised in New York and Philadelphia. He was killed when in command of a brigade at the battle of Ball's Bluff, October 21, 1861.