OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Logan, James Richardson

​LOGAN, JAMES RICHARDSON (d. 1869), scientific writer, was bred to the law, and went out between 1830 and 1840 to the Straits Settlements, finally settling at Penang, Prince of Wales's Island. His ability at once gave him a leading position among the colonists, and he was able to render very great services to the then struggling settlement. It was he who, by an urgent demonstration of the facts, induced Lord Palmerston to resist the encroachments of the Dutch upon the west coast of Sumatra, and by a cogent ‘Petition’ to the Peninsular and Oriental Company prevailed upon that firm to maintain direct communication between Penang and this country. One of his last public services was the exposure in the ‘Penang Gazette’ of the dangerous methods of the secret societies which had for a long time been the bane of the Straits.
Logan's first important scientific publication was a paper ‘On the local and relative Geology of Singapore, including Notices of Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, &c.,’ written in 1846, and printed in the ‘Journal of the ​Asiatic Society of Bengal’ (vol. xvi.; republished in Trübner's Oriental Series, ‘Essays relating to Indo-China,’ ii. 64). His chief other papers are: ‘The Rocks of Pulohbin,’ in vol. xxii. of the ‘Verhandelingen van het Bataafsche Genootschap,’ 1846. Notices of the geology of the straits of Singapore, in the ‘Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,’ 1851, vol. vii.; and a ‘Journal of an Excursion from Singapore to Malacca and Pinang,’ in vol. xvi. of the Geological Society's ‘Journal.’ Logan also started and edited for about ten years the ‘Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia,’ printed first at the Singapore mission press in 1847. In 1857 he collected several of his numerous papers in the ‘Journal,’ and issued them in eight parts, under the title of ‘The Languages [and Ethnology] of the Indian Archipelago.’ The work, which treats not only of the classification and structure of the languages (together with a study of dialects and materials for a vocabulary), but also of the physical characteristics, the ethnic boundaries, and the origin, development, and changes of spiritualism within the region specified, is an important contribution to anthropological knowledge. Logan subsequently started and edited the ‘Penang Gazette,’ a journal which in his hands became an acknowledged authority on Indian matters. He died at Penang on 20 Oct. 1869, at which time he was notary public of the supreme court of the island. After his death it was decided to erect a monument to commemorate his important services.
Logan was a member of the Asiatic Society, and an honorary member of the Ethnological and Geological Societies of Great Britain. He was succeeded in the editorship of the ‘Penang Gazette’ by his son, Alexander Logan.
[Penang Argus, 21 and 28 Oct. 1869; Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, vol. vii.; Athenæum, 1869, ii. 820; Logan's Works in British Museum Library.]
T. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Loggon, Samuel

​LOGGON, SAMUEL (1712–1778?), writer, son of William Loggon of Herefordshire, was born in 1712. He matriculated at Balliol College, Oxford, on 23 Jan. 1729-1730, graduated B.A. in 1733, and proceeded M.A. in 1736. He became curate of Estrop ​and Sherborne St. John, near Basingstoke, and on 15 Oct. 1740 was elected usher of the free school of the Holy Ghost at Basingstoke. In 1743 he became curate of Stratfield Turgis in Hampshire, and on 18 July 1743, through the influence of Lord Portsmouth with the lord chancellor, he was appointed master of the free school of the Holy Ghost by letters patent. This ancient foundation was at the time in a ruinous condition, and in 1743 Loggon had the estate surveyed, and suggested means for its improvement in a letter to John Russell, the town clerk of Basingstoke. He presented in 1744 a petition on the subject to Lord Hardwicke, and as he alleged that the corporation wrongfully withheld certain of the property, he treated the town council with insolence. On 7 Oct. 1745 the town clerk was authorised to take proceedings against him for neglecting his duties as schoolmaster, but as the inhabitants generally sided with Loggon nothing was done. On 16 Dec. 1746 he was instituted to the rectory of Stratfield Turgis, which he resigned in November 1748 on being presented to the vicarage of Damerham in Wiltshire by George Pitt of Strathfieldsaye, afterwards Lord Rivers. He died, unmarried, at Basingstoke about 1778, and was buried by his own desire, in a sawpit, in the churchyard of Strathfield Turgis.
Loggon was eccentric in his habits, wore two shirts, and drank stale beer. He collected a large number of manuscripts, which he offered to the corporation of Basingstoke if they would give him a piece of plate, but they declined the offer on this condition; the manuscripts passed to his nephew. He wrote:
* ‘The History of the Brotherhood or Guild of the Holy Ghost in the Chapel of the Holy Ghost near Basingstoke,’ Reading, 1742, 8vo; dedicated to Lord Hardwicke, with the suggestion that the author was a suitable person for the mastership. It was incorporated in a work on the same subject published anonymously at Basingstoke in 1819.
* ‘M. Corderii Colloquia,’ a very popular school-book, which reached a fourth edition, London, 1759, 8vo; 21st edition, London, 1830, 8vo.
[Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1715-1886; Braigent and Millard's Hist. of Basingstoke; Loggon's Works.]
W. A. J. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Loingsech

​LOINGSECH (d. 704), king of Ireland, succeeded Finachta Fleadhach as ardrigh in 695. His father was Œngus, grandson of Aedh mac Ainmire, king of Ireland from 568 to 595. The first mention of him in the annals (O'Donovan, Annals of Ireland, p. 68) is in 672, when he won a battle at Tulachard over the king of Banagh, co. Donegal. In 699 there was a severe murrain, while in three subsequent years plague and famine were epidemic. The establishment of the Cain Adhamhnain, which exempted women from military service, took place in his reign, and may have been a result of these misfortunes. In 704 Loingsech led a plundering expedition into Connaught. Ceallach mac Raghallaigh, king of Connaught, an aged man whose infirmities had been satirised by the poets of Loingsech, assembled his tribes and led them to battle in his chariot with such spirit that Loingsech and his three sons were slain. The battle was fought at Corann in the north of Connaught, and was celebrated in a satirical poem beginning, 'Basa adhaigh i ccorann, basa uacht, basa omum,' of which the best version, obviously an ancient one, is in a fragment of annals preserved by Mac Firbisigh (O'Donovan, Three Fragments, pp. 106-8).
[Annala Rioghachta Eireann, i. 296-303; O'Donovan's Annals of Ireland and Three Fragments; Annala Uladh, ed. Hennessy, i. 152; Book of Ballymote, fol. 52; R. O'Flaherty's Ogygia.]
N. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Kyd, Robert

​KYD, ROBERT (d. 1793), founder of the Botanical Gardens, Calcutta, obtained a cadetship in 1764, was appointed ensign in the Bengal infantry 27 Oct. 1764, lieutenant 16 Oct. 1765, captain 3 April 1768, major 4 Sept. 1780, lieutenant-colonel 7 Dec. 1782. On the latter date he was appointed secretary to the military department of inspection in Bengal, which post he seems to have held until his death. He was a man of cultivated tastes, fond of botany and horticulture. About 1786 he laid out the Botanical Garden, near Calcutta, which was taken over by the company, and of which Dr. Roxburgh was appointed superintendent on Kyd's death. Sir Joseph Hooker, describing a visit to these gardens in 1848, has said that ‘they have contributed more useful and ornamental tropical plants to the public and private gardens of the world than any other establishment before or since’ (Himalayan Journals, i. 3–4). Kyd died at Calcutta 26 May 1793.
Derozario (Complete Monumental Register) states that Kyd was buried in the old burial-ground of Fort William, under a flat marble slab level with the ground, on the right of the entrance. A memorial urn, executed by the sculptor, Thomas Banks, was put up in the centre of the gardens, where it still stands. Some of Kyd's letters to Warren Hastings are in the British Museum (Addit. MSS. 29169 f. 311, 29171 f. 327, 29172 ff. 40, 424), and other letters are among Lord Braybrooke's manuscripts (Hist. MSS. Comm. 8th Rep. i. 290 sq.)
Writers on India sometimes confuse Robert Kyd with Lieutenant-general Alexander Kyd, Bengal engineers, who built the government dockyard at Kidderpur, near Calcutta, which village is named after him. Alexander Kyd was the author of some tidal observations on the Hooghly, and died in London 25 Nov. 1826.
[Information supplied by the India Office. As the Cadet Papers there commence in 1789, it has not been possible to get details of Kyd's parentage, &c. Hunter's Gazetteer of Bengal, vol. viii. (Kidderpur); Murray's Handbook of Bengal; Derozario's Complete Monumental Register, Calcutta, 1815.]
H. M. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Kyd, Stewart

​KYD, STEWART (d. 1811), politician and legal writer, a native of Arbroath, Forfarshire, went at the age of fourteen from Arbroath grammar school to King's College, Aberdeen. Abandoning a design of entering the church, he settled in London, and was called to the bar from the Middle Temple. He became a firm friend of Thomas Hardy [q. v.] and John Horne Tooke, whose political opinions he admired. In November 1792 he joined the Society for Constitutional Information. On 29 May 1794 he was arrested and examined by the privy council, but was soon discharged. On 4 June he was again summoned before the council, and three days later was committed to the Tower on a charge of high treason, with Hardy, Tooke, and ten others. On 25 Oct. all the prisoners were brought up for trial before a special commission at the Old Bailey, but after the acquittal of Hardy, Tooke, and Thelwall, the attorney-general declined offering any evidence against Kyd, and he was discharged. In June 1797 he ably defended Thomas Williams, a bookseller, who was indicted for blasphemy in publishing Paine's ‘Age of Reason.’ His speech was printed during the same year. Kyd died in the Temple on 26 Jan. 1811 (Scots Mag. lxxiii. 159). His portrait has been engraved.
Besides a continuation of Comyn's ‘Digest’ (8vo, London, 1792), Kyd published:
* ‘A Treatise on the Law of Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes,’ 8vo, London, 1790; 3rd edit. 1795; 2nd American edit., Albany, New York, 1800.
* ‘A Treatise on the Law of Awards,’ 8vo, London, 1791; 2nd edit. 1799.
* ‘A Treatise on the Law of Corporations,’ 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1793–4.
* ‘The Substance of the Income Act,’ 8vo, London, 1799, two editions.
* ‘Arrangement under distinct Titles of all the ​Provisions of the several Acts of Parliament relating to the Assessed Taxes,’ 8vo, London, 1799 (Postscript, 1801).
[Gent. Mag. 1811, pt. i. p. 190; Cobbett and Howell's State Trials, vols. xxiv. xxv. xxvi.; Bridgman's Legal Bibliogr.; Evans's Cat. of Engraved Portraits, vol. ii.; Reuss's Reg. of Authors, 1790–1803, pt. i. p. 589; Rivers's Memoirs of Living Authors, i. 352–3; Notes and Queries, 6th ser. ii. 12.
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Krause, William Henry

​KRAUSE, WILLIAM HENRY (1796–1852), Irish divine, was born on 6 July 1796 in the island of St. Croix, West Indies. At an early age he was brought to England, and placed for education in a school at Fulham, from which he was afterwards sent to another at Richmond. In 1814, having made up his mind to enter the army, he obtained a commission in the 51st light infantry, then in the south of France. Next year he was present at the battle of Waterloo. On the termination of the war he was placed on half-pay, and soon afterwards returned to St. Croix, where his father still resided. In 1822, being on a visit at the house of a brother officer in Ireland, he came under deep religious impressions and resolved to take holy orders. It was a long time, however, before he succeeded in receiving ordination. In 1826 he was appointed by the Earl of Farnham ‘moral agent’ on his Irish estates, his duty being to look after the schools and endeavour to promote the religious and moral welfare of the tenantry. While discharging these functions with great zeal, he also entered himself at Trinity College, Dublin, and on 27 Feb. 1838 received the degree of M.A. On 26 March 1838 he was ordained for the curacy of Cavan by the Bishop of Kilmore, and for two years ministered most earnestly there. In 1840 he was appointed incumbent of the Bethesda Chapel, Dublin, and soon became one of the most noted of the evangelical clergy of that city. He died on 27 Feb. 1852. Three volumes of his ‘Sermons’ were published after his death (Dublin, 1859).
[Memoir by the Rev. C. S. Stanford, D.D., Dublin, 1854.]
T. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Kotzwara, Franz

​KOTZWARA or KOCSWARA, FRANZ (1750?–1793), musician, of Bohemian origin, was born in Prague about 1750. He seems to have led a vagabond life in Germany and Holland previous to 1784, when he was attracted to England by the Handel commemoration in Westminster Abbey, in which he took part as a member of the band. He was subsequently in Ireland, but returned to London in 1791, when he was engaged by Giovanni Gallini [q. v.] as a double-bass player at the new Italian opera-house. He was about the same time engaged by various music-sellers to compose trios and quartets. His sonata, the ‘Battle of Prague,’ for pianoforte, violin, and violoncello (which is still performed), at once achieved popularity and success. He wrote also three sonatas for piano and violin, three for the piano alone, besides some serenades, and three solos for the viola. In the spring of 1792 he was travelling on the continent, and François Joseph Fétis, then a boy of eight years old, describes a visit which Kotzwara paid to his father at Mons. After Kotzwara had heard Fétis play a sonata of Mozart, he invited him to play at sight on the harpsichord his ‘Battle of Prague.’ Fétis's father accompanied him on the violin, and Kotzwara himself on the 'cello.
Kotzwara was very versatile, and played a great number of instruments with fluency if not distinction. He was, however, as dissipated as he was clever, and on 2 Feb. 1793 he was discovered hanging in a house of ill-fame in Vine Street, Covent Garden. He had been making experiments in hanging in the company of some half-drunken women, and his death was the result of an accident; the parties implicated were arrested, but were ultimately acquitted.
[Fétis, v. 380; Imperial Dict. of Biog. pt. xii. p. 115; Reissmann's Musikalisches Conversations-Lexikon; Champlin's Cyclop. of Music, ii. 388; Dictionary of Music (1827), ii. 24; Grove, ii. 69; Brown's Dict. of Musicians, p. 364. The five last-mentioned authorities all give the date of Kotzwara's death wrongly as 1791.]
T. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Kurz, Sulpiz

​KURZ, SULPIZ (1833?–1878), botanist, was a native of Munich, and a pupil of Martius the Brazilian traveller, and professor of botany. Having quarrelled with his family, he sailed to Java and entered the Dutch service, in which he stayed for several years. In 1864 he was induced by Dr. T. Anderson, who was visiting the Dutch possessions, to return with him to Calcutta as curator of the herbarium, which post he held till his death, to the great advantage of Indian botany. Kurz had an intimate acquaintance with Indian and Malayan plants, and was frequently despatched on botanical missions. He explored Burma and Pegu, and spent three months in the Andaman Islands, of which he gave an exhaustive report in 1870. His most extensive work is his ‘Forest Flora of Burma,’ Calcutta, 1877, 2 vols. 8vo, and many articles in the ‘Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal’ and the ‘Journal of Botany.’ He died at Pulo-Penang on 15 Jan. 1878, his death being probably hastened by neglect of the precautions needful when exploring tropical countries.
[Journ. Bot. 1878, p. 127; Jackson's Guide Lit. Bot. p. 397.]
B. D. J.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Konig, Charles Dietrich Eberhard

​KONIG or KÖNIG, CHARLES DIETRICH EBERHARD (1774–1851), mineralogist, was born in Brunswick in 1774, educated at Göttingen, and came to this country to arrange the collections of Queen Charlotte at the end of 1800. On the completion of this work he became assistant to Dryander, librarian to Sir Joseph Banks. In 1807 he succeeded Dr. Shaw as assistant-keeper of the department of natural history in the British Museum, and on the death of his superior in 1813 he took his place. Afterwards he turned his attention to minerals and fossils, ​ and arranged the recently acquired collection of Mr. Greville. At the time of his sudden death, 6 Sept. 1851, in London, he had charge of the mineralogical department of the British Museum.
Besides various papers in journals, he was associated with Dr. Sims in the issue of ‘Annals of Botany,’ 1805-7.
B. D. J.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Kyan, Esmond

Esmonde Kyan in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
​KYAN, ESMOND (d. 1798), Irish rebel, was a landowner, residing at Monamolin, near Oulart, co. Wexford, Ireland. On the outbreak of the rebellion in Wexford, early in 1798 Kyan joined the insurgents. He commanded the rebel artillery at the battle of Arklow, where he lost an arm. Owing to this wound he was compelled to remain for some time in Wexford itself. Ac​cording to the unanimous authority of contemporary writers, Kyan distinguished himself by his efforts to prevent the massacre of loyalist prisoners by the rebels on Wexford bridge. After the fall of Wexford he joined a band of insurgents who tried to penetrate the county Carlow, and took a part in the last scenes of the war in the Wicklow mountains. On the suppression of the rebellion Kyan returned home in disguise to see his relatives, but was discovered and arrested. He was executed in July 1798, after a short trial before a court-martial.
[Webb's Compendium of Irish Biography; George Taylor's History of the Wexford Rebellion of 1798; Memoirs of Miles Byrne. See also Lecky's England during the Eighteenth Century, vol. viii.]
G. P. M-y.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Kilmaine, Charles Edward Saul Jennings

Charles Edward Saul Jennings de Kilmaine in the ODNB.
​KILMAINE, CHARLES EDWARD SAUL JENNINGS (1751–1799), general in the French army, was born at Dublin 19 Oct. 1751, accompanied his father, whose surname ​was Jennings, at eleven years of age to France, and took the name of Kilmaine from a village in Mayo where a branch of the Jennings family had resided. He entered the army as a cavalry officer in 1774, serving in the American war of independence under Rochambeau, and in Senegal under Biron. In August 1791, as a retired captain, he took the civic oath and, being recalled to active service, became brigadier-general in March 1793 and lieutenant-general in the following May. He commanded the vanguard in the Ardennes and Flanders, distinguished himself at Jemappes, and was reported by the convention commissaries as brave, active, and dashing, though they did not think it prudent to allow an Irishman a command-in-chief. ‘He is a foreigner,’ they said; ‘he is Irish; republicanism does not easily penetrate such skulls.’ He was, however, recommended by Dubois-Dubay, though unsuccessfully, for the command in Vendée, as the only general whose ability and energy could be relied on. In August 1793 he temporarily succeeded Custine, against whom he gave evidence before the revolutionary tribunal; but being forced to retreat before the superior forces of the Duke of York, he was superseded, and was imprisoned for eighteen months. Susan Kilmaine, who was also imprisoned, was apparently his wife. In 1795 he helped to defend the convention against the Prairial insurgents. In 1796 he served in Italy under Bonaparte, and by establishing a second blockade contributed to the reduction of Mantua. Summoned to Paris to discuss a descent on Ireland, he was appointed, in the absence of Desaix, to the temporary command of the so-called army of England. On this expedition being abandoned, he had, in June 1798, the command of the territorial (inland) troops, and was for a time general-in-chief in Switzerland, but, not giving satisfaction in that capacity, was superseded by Masséna. He returned to Paris, where he died 15 Dec. 1799. His great failing was rapacity.
[Moniteur, 28 Nov. 1799; Webb's Compendium of Irish Biography; Fieffé's Hist. des Troupes Etrangères, ii. 62, Paris, 1854; Alger's Englishmen in French Revolution, pp. 152–3.]
J. G. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Killingworth, Grantham

​KILLINGWORTH, GRANTHAM (1699–1778), baptist controversialist, grandson of Thomas Grantham (1634–1692) [q. v.], was born in Norwich in 1699. He was a layman, a personal friend of William Whiston, whom he supplied with evidence of cures effected through ‘prayer, fasting, and annointing with oyl’ by a unitarian baptist minister, William Barron (d. 7 Feb. 1731, aged 51). Killingworth wrote on the perpetuity of baptism, against Thomas Emlyn [q. v.]; in favour of adult baptism, against John Taylor, D.D., and Michajah Towgood; and of close communion, against James Foster [q. v.], John Wiche, and Charles Bulkley [q. v.] He died in 1778, leaving a considerable endowment to the Priory Yard general baptist chapel, Norwich.
Among his publications are:
* ‘A Supplement to the Sermons … at Salters' Hall against Popery,’ 1735, 8vo; 3rd ed. 1736, 8vo; 5th ed. 1738, 8vo, with appendices, including his answer to Emlyn's ‘Previous Question,’ 1710, 4to.
* ‘An Examination,’ &c., 1741, 8vo, of Foster's ‘Discourse’ (1744) on ‘catholic communion.’
* ‘An Answer to the Defence of Dr. Foster,’ &c., 1752, 8vo (the ‘Defence’ was by ‘Philocatholicus,’ i.e. John Wiche, general baptist minister at Maidstone).
* ‘An Answer to Mr. Charles Bulkley's Pleas for Mixt Communion,’ 1756, 8vo.
* ‘A Letter … to the late … Mr. Whiston,’ &c., 1757, 8vo.
[Whiston's Memoirs, 1753, pp. 297, 306, 372; Bulkley's Notes on the Bible, 1802, iii. xv sq.; Toulmin's Historical View of Dissenters, 1814, p. 353; Neal's Puritans, 1822, i. xxvii.; Christian Life, 12 Aug. 1876, p. 164.]
A. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Kimber, Edward

​KIMBER, EDWARD (1719–1769), novelist and compiler, born in 1719, was son of Isaac Kimber [q. v.] He gained a scanty subsistence by compiling for booksellers, and died, worn out with such drudgery, in 1769 (R. Johnson, preface to Wotton's Baronetage, 1771). His works are: 1. ‘The Life and Adventures of Joe Thompson, a Narrative founded on fact, written by himself’ [anon.], 2 vols. 12mo, London, 1750; other editions, 1751, 1775, 1783. A French translation appeared in 1762. 2. ‘The Peerage of England,’ 12mo, London, 1766; 2nd edit. 1769. 3. ‘The Peerage of Scotland,’ 8vo, London, 1767. 4. ‘The Peerage of Ireland,’ 8vo, London, 1768. 5. ‘The Extinct Peerage of England,’ 12mo, London, 1769. He also wrote memoirs of his father, together with a poem to his memory, prefixed to the latter's ‘Sermons,’ 1756. With Richard Johnson he edited and continued Thomas Wotton's ‘Baronetage of England,’ 3 vols. 8vo, London, 1771. Kimber's father, not himself, as Nichols (Lit. Anecd. v. 251) asserts, superintended a third edition of Ainsworth's ‘Latin Dictionary’ in 1751.
[Chalmers's Biog. Dict. xix. 349; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. iii. 441; Cat. of Advocates' Library.]
G. G.