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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nasik

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​NASIK, a town and district of British India, in the central division of Bombay. The town is on the Godavari river, connected by a tramway (5 m.) with Nasik Road railway station, 107 m. N.E. of Bombay. Pop. (1901) 21,490. It is a very holy place of Hindu pilgrimage, being 30 m. from the source of the Godavari. Shrines and temples line the river banks, and some stand even in the river. In the vicinity there are a number of sacred caves, among which those of Pandu Lena are the most noteworthy. They are ancient Buddhist caves dating from the 3rd century before Christ to the 6th century after. There are numerous inscriptions of the highest historical value. Nasik has manufactures of cotton goods, brass-ware and mineral waters.
The District of Nasik has an area of 5850 sq. m. With the exception of a few villages in the west, the whole district is situated on a tableland from 1300 to 2000 ft. above sea-level. The western portion is hilly, and intersected by ravines, and only the simplest kind of cultivation is possible. The eastern tract is open, fertile and well cultivated. The Sahyadri range stretches from north to south; the watershed is formed by the Chander range, which runs east and west. All the streams to the south of that range are tributaries of the Godavari. To the north of the watershed, the Girna and its tributary the Mosam flow through fertile valleys into the Tapti. The district generally is destitute of trees, and the forests which formerly clothed the Sahyadri hills have nearly disappeared; efforts are now being made to prevent further destruction. and to reclothe some of the slopes. The district contains several old hill forts, the scenes of many engagements during the Mahratta wars. Nasik district ​became British territory in 1818 on the overthrow of the peshwa. The population in 1901 was 816,504, showing a decrease of 3% in the decade. The principal crops are millet, wheat, pulse, oil-seeds, cotton and sugar cane. There are also some vineyards of old date, and much garden cultivation. Yeola is an important centre for weaving silk and cotton goods. There are flour-mills at Malegaon, railway workshops at Igatpuri, and cantonments at Deolali and Malegaon. At Sharanpur is a Christian village, with an orphanage of the C.M.S., founded in 1854. The district is crossed by the main line and also by the chord line of the Great Indian Peninsula railway.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nasirabad

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​NASIRABAD, or Mymensingh, a town of British India, headquarters of Mymensingh district in Eastern Bengal and Assam, situated on the left bank of the old channel of the Brahmaputra, which is only navigable during the rainy season. Pop. (1901) 14,668. It has a station on the branch of the Eastern Bengal railway from Dacca to Jagannathganj, on the Jamuna or main stream of the Brahmaputra. The earthquake of the 12th of June 1897 destroyed the church and the high school, and seriously damaged other public buildings.
Nasirabad is also the name of a town and cantonment in the district of Ajmere, Rajputana. Pop. (1901) 22,494. It forms the headquarters of a brigade in the 5th division of the Southern army.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nasmyth, James

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​NASMYTH, JAMES (1808–1890), Scottish engineer, was born in Edinburgh on the 19th of August 1808, and was the youngest son of Alexander Nasmyth, the “father of Scottish landscape art.” He was sent to school in his native city, and then attended classes in chemistry, mathematics and natural philosophy at the university. From an early age he showed great fondness for mechanical pursuits, and the skill he attained in the practical use of tools enabled him to make models of engines, &c., which found a ready sale. In 1829 he obtained a position in Henry Maudslay’s works in London, where he stayed two years, and then, in 1834, started business on his own account in Manchester. The beginnings were small, but they quickly developed, and in a few years he was at the head of the prosperous Bridgewater foundry at Patricroft, from which he was able to retire in 1856 with a fortune. The invention of the steam-hammer, with which his name is associated, was actually made in 1839, a drawing of the device appearing in his note-book, or “scheme-book;” as he called it, with the date 24th November of that year. It was designed to meet the difficulty experienced by the builders of the Great Britain steamship in finding a firm that would undertake to forge the large paddle-wheel shaft required for that vessel, but no machine of the kind was constructed till 1842. In that year Nasmyth discovered one in Schneiders’ Creuzot works, and he found that the design was his own and had been copied from his “scheme-book.” His title, therefore, to be called the inventor of the steam-hammer holds good against the claims sometimes advanced in favour of the Schneiders, though apparently he was anticipated in the idea by James Watt. Nasmyth did much for the improvement of machine-tools, and his inventive genius devised many new appliances—a planing machine (“Nasmyth steam-arm”), a nut-shaping machine, steam pile-driver, hydraulic machinery for various purposes, &c. In his retirement he lived at Penshurst in Kent, and amused himself with the study of astronomy, and especially of the moon, on which he published a work, The Moon considered as a Planet, a World and a Satellite, in conjunction with James Carpenter in 1874. He died in London on the 7th of May 1890.
His Autobiography, edited by Dr Samuel Smiles, was published in 1883.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nast, Thomas

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​NAST, THOMAS (1840–1902), American caricaturist, was born on the 27th of September 1840, in the military barracks of Landau, Germany, the son of a musician in the Ninth regiment Bavarian band. His mother took him to New York in 1846. He studied art there for about a year with Theodore Kaufmann and then at the school of the National Academy of Design. At the age of fifteen he became a draughtsman for Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper; three years afterwards for Harper’s Weekly. In 1860 he went to England for the New York Illustrated News to depict the prize-fight between Heenan and Sayers, and then joined Garibaldi in Italy as artist for The Illustrated London News. His first serious work in caricature was the cartoon “Peace” in 1862, directed against those in the North who opposed the prosecution of the Civil War. This and his other cartoons during the Civil War and Reconstruction days were published in Harper’s Weekly; they attracted great attention, and Nast was called by President Lincoln “our best recruiting sergeant.” Even more able were Nast’s cartoons against the Tweed Ring conspiracy in New York city; his caricature of Tweed being the means of the latter’s identification and arrest at Vigo. In 1873, 1885 and 1887 Nast toured the United States as lecturer and sketch-artist, but with the advent of new methods and younger blood his vogue decreased. He had been an ardent Republican in his earlier years; had bitterly attacked President Johnson and his Reconstruction policy; had ridiculed Greeley’s candidature, and had opposed inflation of the currency, notably with his famous “rag-baby” cartoons, but his advocacy of civil service reform and his distrust of Blaine forced him to become a Mugwump and in 1884 an open supporter of the Democratic party, from which in 1892 he returned to the Republican party and the support of Harrison. He had lost practically all of his earnings by the failure of Grant and Ward, and in May 1902 was appointed by President Roosevelt consul-general at Guayaquil, Ecuador, where he died on the 7th of December in the same year. He did some painting in oil and some book illustrations, but these were comparatively unimportant, and his fame rests on his caricatures and political cartoons. Nast introduced the donkey to typify the Democratic party, the elephant to typify the Republican party, and the tiger to typify Tammany Hall, and introduced into American cartoons the practice of modernizing scenes from Shakespeare for a political purpose.
See A. B. Paine, Thomas Nast, his Period and his Pictures (New York, 1904).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sandefjord

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​SANDEFJORD, the oldest and most famous spa in Norway, in Jarlsberg-Laurvik amt (county), 86 m. S.S.W. of Christiania by the Skien railway. Pop. (1900) 4847. The springs are sulphurous, saline and chalybeate. Specimens of jaettegryder or giant's cauldrons may be seen at Gaardaasen and Vindalsbugt, some upwards of 23 ft. in depth.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sandford, John de

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​SANDFORD, JOHN DE (d. 1294), archbishop of Dublin, was probably an illegitimate son of the baronial leader, Gilbert Basset (d. 1241), or of his brother Fulk Basset, bishop of London from 1241 until his death in 1259, a prelate who was prominent during the troubles of Henry III.'s reign. John was a nephew of Sir Philip Basset (d. 1271), the justiciar. He first appears as an official of Henry III. in Ireland and of Edward I. in both England and Ireland; he was appointed dean of St Patrick's, Dublin, in 1275. In 1284 he was chosen archbishop of Dublin in succession to John of Darlington; some, however, objected to this choice and Sandford resigned his claim; but was elected a second time while he was in Rome, and returning to Ireland was allowed to take up the office. In 1288, during a time of great confusion, the archbishop acted as governor of Ireland. In 1290 he resigned and returned to England. Sandford served Edward I. in the great case over the succession to the Scottish throne in 1292 and also as an envoy to the German king, Adolph of Nassau, and the princes of the Empire. On his return from Germany he died at Yarmouth on the 2nd of October 1294.
Sandford's elder brother, Fulk (d. 1271), was also archbishop of Dublin. He is called Fulk de Sandford and also Fulk Basset owing to his relationship to the Bassets. Having been archdeacon of Middlesex and treasurer and chancellor of St Paul's Cathedral, London, he was appointed archbishop of Dublin by Pope Alexander IV. in 1256. He took some slight part in the government of Ireland under Henry III. and died at Finglas on the 4th of May 1271.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sandberger, Karl Ludwig Fridolin von

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​SANDBERGER, KARL LUDWIG FRIDOLIN VON (1826–1898), German palaeontologist and geologist, was born at Dillenburg, Nassau, on the 22nd of November 1826. He was educated at the universities of Bonn, Heidelberg and Giessen, at the last of which he graduated Ph.D. in 1846. He then studied at the university of Marburg, where he wrote his first essay, Übersicht der geologischen Verhältnisse des Herzogtums Nassau (1847). In 1849 he became curator of the Natural History Museum at Wiesbaden, and began to study the Tertiary strata of the Mayence Basin, and also the Devonian fossils of the Rhenish provinces, on which he published elaborate memoirs. In 1855 he was appointed professor of mineralogy and geology at the Polytechnic Institute at Karlsruhe, and he took part in the geological survey of Baden. From 1863 to 1896 he was professor of mineralogy and geology at the university of Würzburg. His great work Die Land- und Süsswasser-Conchylien der Vorwelt was published in 1870–1875. Later he issued an authoritative work on mineral veins, Untersuchungen über Erzgänge (1882–1885). He died at Würzburg on the 11th of April 1898. His brother Guido Sandberger (1821–1869) was an authority on fossil cephalopoda, and together they published Die Versteinerungen des rheinischen Schichtensystems in Nassau (1850–1856).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sandby, Paul

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​SANDBY, PAUL (1725–1809), English water-colour painter, was born at Nottingham in 1725. In 1746 he was appointed by the duke of Cumberland draughtsman to the -survey of the Highlands. In 1752 he quitted this post and retired to Windsor, where he occupied himself with the production of water-colour drawings of scenery and architecture. Sir Joseph Banks commissioned him to bring out in aquatint (a method of engraving then peculiar to Sandby) forty-eight plates drawn during a tour in Wales. Sandby displayed considerable power as a caricaturist in his attempt to ridicule the opposition of Hogarth to the plan for creating a public academy for the arts. In 1768 he was chosen a foundation-member of the Royal Academy and appointed chief drawing-master to the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich. He held this situation till 1799. Sandby is best remembered, however, by his water-colour paintings. They are topographical in character, and, while they want the richness and brilliancy of modern water-colour, he nevertheless impressed upon them the originality of his mind. His etchings, such as the Cries of London and the illustrations to Ramsay's Gentle Shepherd, and his plates, such as those to Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered, are numerous and carefully executed. He died in London on the 9th of November 1809.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sanders, Daniel

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​SANDERS, DANIEL (1819–1896), German lexicographer, was born on the 12th of November 1819 at Altstrelitz in Mecklenburg, of Jewish parentage. He was educated at the “Gymnasium Carolinum” in the neighbouring capital Neustrelitz, and the universities of Berlin and Halle, where he took the degree of doctor philosophiae. From 1842 to 1852 he conducted with success the school at Altstrelitz.
In 1852 he subjected Grimm’s Deutsches Wörterbuch to a rigorous examination, and as a result published his dictionary of the German language, Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache (3 vols., 1859–1865). This was followed by his Erganzungswérterbuch der deutschen Sprache (1878–1885). Among others of his works in the same field are Fremdwörterbuch (Leipzig, 1871; 2nd ed., 1891), Wörterbuch der Hauptschwierigkeiten in der deutschen Sprache (1872; 22nd ed., 1892) and Lehrbuch der deutschen Sprache für Schulen (8th ed., 1888). Sanders laid down his views in his Katechismus der deutschen Orthographie (1856, 4th ed., 1878), and was an active member of the orthographical conference in Berlin in 1876. He published a translation in verse of the Song of Songs (1866), and wrote some poems for the young, Heitere Kinderwelt (1868). In 1887 he founded the Zeitschrift für die deutsche Sprache, which he conducted almost down to his death at Altstrelitz on the 11th of March 1897.
See Friedrich Düsel, Daniel Sanders (1886; 2nd ed., 1890); A. Segert-Stein, Daniel Sanders, ein Gedenkbuch (1897).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sanderson, Robert

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​SANDERSON, ROBERT (1587–1663), English divine, was born probably at Sheffield, Yorkshire, in September 1587. He was educated at Rotherham grammar school and at Lincoln College, Oxford, took orders in 1611, and was promoted successively ​to several benefices. On the recommendation of Laud he was appointed one of the royal chaplains in 1631, and was a favourite preacher with the king, who made him regius professor of divinity at Oxford in 1642. The Civil War kept him from entering the office till 1646; and in 1648 he was ejected by the Parliamentary visitors. He recovered his position at the Restoration, was moderator at the Savoy Conference, 1661, and was promoted to the bishopric of Lincoln. He died two years later on the 29th of January 1663.
His most celebrated work is his Cases of Conscience, deliberate judgments upon points of morality submitted to him. They are distinguished by moral integrity, good sense and learning. His practice as a college lecturer in logic is better evidenced by these “cases” than by his Compendium of Logic, first published in 1618. A complete edition of Sanderson's works (6 vols.) was edited by William Jacobson in 1854. It includes the Life by Izaak Walton, revised and enlarged.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sandbach

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​SANDBACH, a market town in the Crewe parliamentary division of Cheshire, England, 5 m. N.E. of Crewe, on the London & North-Western and North Staffordshire railways. Pop. of urban district (1901) 5558. It lies on a head stream of the small river Wheelock, a tributary of the Weaver. The parish church of St Mary is Perpendicular, with a fine carved roof of the 17th century. A few old timbered houses, of the same period, remain. In the market-place are two remarkable crosses covered with rude carvings, and assigned by some to the 7th century, being similar to those at Monasterboice and elsewhere in Ireland. There are boot and shoe factories, chemical works and a manufactory of fustians, with salt-works and iron-works in the adjacent township of Wheelock.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sandeman, Sir Robert Groves

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​SANDEMAN, SIR ROBERT GROVES (1835–1892), Indian officer and administrator, was the son of General Robert Turnbull Sandeman, and was born on the 25th of February 1835. He was educated at Perth and St Andrews University, and joined the 33rd Bengal Ihfantry in 1856. When that regiment was disarmed at Phillour by General Nicholson during the Mutiny in 1857, he took part in the final capture of Lucknow as adjutant of the 11th Bengal Lancers. After the suppression of the Mutiny he was appointed to the Punjab Commission by Sir John Lawrence. In 1866 he was appointed district officer of Dera Ghazi Khan, and there first showed his capacity in dealing with the Baluch tribes. He was the first to break through the close-border system of Lord Lawrence, by extending British influence to the independent tribes beyond the border. In his hands this policy worked admirably, owing to his tact in managing the tribesmen and his genius for control. In 1876 he negotiated the treaty with the khan of Kalat, which subsequently governed the relations between Kalat and the Indian government; and in 1877 he was made agent to the governor-general in Baluchistan, an office which he held till his death. During the second Afghan War in 1878 his influence over the tribesmen was of the utmost importance, since it enabled him to keep intact the line of communications with Kandahar, and to control the tribes after the British disaster at Maiwand. For these services he was made K.C.S.I. in 1879. In 1889 he occupied the Zhob valley, a strategic advantage which opened the Gomal Pass through the Waziri country to caravan traffic. Sandeman's system was not so well suited to the Pathan as to his Baluch neighbour. But in Baluchistan he was a pioneer, a pacificator and a successful administrator, who converted that country from a state of complete anarchy into a province as orderly as any in British India. He died at Bela, the capital of Las Bela state, on the 29th of January 1892, and there he lies buried under a handsome tomb.
See T. H. Thornton, Sir Robert Sandeman (1895); and R. I. Bruce, The Forward Policy (1990).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sandeau, Léonard Sylvain Julien

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​SANDEAU, LÉONARD SYLVAIN JULIEN [Jules] (1811–1883), French novelist, was born at Aubusson (Creuse) on the 19th of February 1811. He was sent to Paris to study law, but spent much of his time with unruly students. He met Madame Dudevant (George Sand) at Le Coudray in the house of a friend, and when she came to Paris in 1831 she joined Sandeau. The intimacy did not last long, but it produced Rose et Blanche (1831), a novel written in common under the pseudonym Jules Sand, from which George Sand took the idea of her famous nom de guerre.
Sandeau continued for nearly fifty years to produce novels and to collaborate in plays. His best works are Marianna (1839), in which he draws a portrait of George Sand; Le Docteur Herbeau (1841); Catherine (1845); Mademoiselle de la Seiglière (1848), a successful picture of society under Louis Philippe, dramatized in 1851; Madeleine (1848); La Chasse au roman (1849); Sacs et parchemins (1851); La Maison de Penarvan (1858); La Roche aux mouettes (1871). The famous play of Le Gendre de M. Poirier is one of several which he wrote with Émile Augier—the novelist usually contributing the story and the dramatist the theatrical working up. Meanwhile Sandeau had been made conservateur of the Mazarin library in 1853, elected to the Academy in 1858, and next year appointed librarian of St Cloud. At the suppression of this latter office, after the fall of the empire, he was pensioned. He died on the 24th of April 1883. He was never a very popular novelist, and the quiet grace of his style, and his refusal to pander to the popular taste in the morals and incidents of his novels, may have disqualified him for popularity.
See G. Planche, Portraits littéraires (1849), vol. i.; J. Clarétie, J. Sandeau (1883); F. Brunetière in the Revue des deux rondes (1887).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Latuka

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​LATUKA, a tribe of negroid stock inhabiting the mountainous country E. of Gondokoro on the upper Nile. They have received a tinge of Hamitic blood from the Galla people, and have high ​foreheads, large eyes, straight noses and thick but not pouting lips. They are believed by Sir H. H. Johnston to be the original and purest type of the great Masai people, and are assimilated to the Nilotic negro races in customs. Like their neighbours the Bari and Shilluk tribes, they despise clothing, though the important chiefs have adopted Arab attire. Their country is fertile, and they cultivate tobacco, durra and other crops. Their villages are numerous, and some are of considerable size. Tarangole, for instance, on the Khor Kohs, has upwards of three thousand huts, and sheds for many thousands of cattle. The Latuka are industrious and especially noted for skill as smiths. Emin Pasha stated that the lion was so little dreaded by the Latuka that on one being caught in a leopard trap they hastily set it free.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lattice Leaf Plant

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​LATTICE LEAF PLANT, in botany, the common name for Ouvirandra fenestralis, an aquatic monocotyledonous plant belonging to the small natural order Aponogetonaceae and a native of Madagascar. It has a singular appearance from the structure of the leaves, which are oblong in shape, from 6 to 18 in. long and from 2 to 4 in. broad; they spread horizontally beneath the surface of the water, and are reduced to little more than a lattice-like network of veins. The tuberculate roots are edible. The plant is grown in cultivation as a stove-aquatic.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Laud

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​LAUD (Lat. laus), a term meaning praise, now rarely found in this sense except in poetry or hymns. Lauds is the name for the second of the offices of the canonical hours in the Roman breviary, so called from the three laudes or psalms of praise, cxlviii.-cl. which form part of the service (see Breviary and Hours, Canonical).