OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Arms and the Man (Shaw)

The play, written in 1894, takes place during the 1885 Serbo-Bulgarian War. It tells the story of a young Bulgarian woman, Raina, who encounters Bluntschli, a mercenary Swiss soldier for the Serbian army, when he bursts into her bedroom and begs her to hide him. Through the course of the play, her affections shift from Sergius, her fiancé—an idealistic but blundering hero of the war— to Bluntschli. a man who is ruled by reason.
Introduction
Act I
Act II
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1950, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 73 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Armour v. Hahn/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
111 U.S. 313
Armour v. Hahn
This court is of the opinion that the circuit court erred in not rendering judgment for the defendant on his demurrer to the plaintiff's evidence. There was no evidence tending to prove any negligence on the part of the firm of which the defendant was a member, or of their superintendent, or of the foreman of the gang of carpenters. The obligation of a master to provide reasonably safe places and structures for his servants to work upon does not impose upon him the duty, as towards them, of keeping a building, which they are employed in erecting, in a safe condition at every moment of their work, so far as its safety depends upon the due performance of that work by them and their fellows. The plaintiff was not a minor, employed in work which was strange to him, but was a man of full age, engaged in ordinary work of his trade as a carpenter. The evidence tended to show that he and one of his comrades were directed by their foreman to push the joist out on the projecting sticks of timber, not that he told them to go out themselves. The projecting timber upon which the plaintiff placed his foot was inserted in a wall which was in the course of being built, and which at the time had been bricked up only so far as to be on a level with the upper surface of the timber. The usual course, as the plaintiff himself testified, was to put the timber in, and leave it in that way temporarily, and afterwards build the wall up over it. It is not pretended that the stick of timber was in itself unsound or unsuitable for its purpose. If it was at the time insecure, it was either by reason of the risks ordinarily incident to the state of things in the unfinished condition of the building, or else by reason of some negligence of one of the carpenters or bricklayers, all of whom were employed and paid by the same master, and were working in the course of their employment at the same place and time, with an immediate common object, the erection of the building, and therefore, within the strictest limits of the rule of law upon the subject, fellow servants, one of whom cannot maintain an action for injuries caused by the negligence of another against their common master. Hough v. Ry. Co. 100 U.S. 213; Randall v. Baltimore & O. R. R. 109 U.S. 478; S.C.. 3 SUP. CT. REP. 322.
The judgment of the circuit court must therefore be reversed, and the case remanded for further proceeding in conformity with this opinion.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Arms and the Man

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Arms and the Man."
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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* Arms and the Man (1894), a play by George Bernard Shaw.
* Arms and the Man (1917), a poem by Siegfried Sassoon.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume I/IRENAEUS

Irenæus

## Contents

* Introductory Note to Irenaeus Against Heresies
* Against Heresies: Book I
* Against Heresies: Book II
* Against Heresies: Book III
* Elucidation
* Against Heresies: Book IV
* Against Heresies: Book V
* Fragments from the Lost Writings of Irenaeus
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume I/IGNATIUS

Ignatius

## Contents

* Introductory Note to the Epistles of Ignatius
* Epistle to the Ephesians: Shorter and Longer Versions
* Epistle to the Magnesians: Shorter and Longer Versions
* Epistle to the Trallians: Shorter and Longer Versions
* Epistle to the Romans: Shorter and Longer Versions
* Epistle to the Philadelphians: Shorter and Longer Versions
* Epistle to the Smyrnaeans: Shorter and Longer Versions
* Epistle to Polycarp: Shorter and Longer Versions
* Introductory Note to the Syriac Version of the Ignatian Epistles
* Epistle to Polycarp: Syriac Version
* Epistle to the Ephesians: Syriac Version
* Epistle to the Romans: Syriac Version
* Introductory Note to the Spurious Epistles of Ignatius
* Epistle to the Tarsians
* Epistle to the Antiochians
* Epistle to Hero, a Deacon of Antioch
* Epistle to the Philippians
* Epistle from Maria of Cassobelae
* Epistle to Mary at Neapolis
* First Epistle to St John
* Second Epistle to St John
* Epistle to Mary the Virgin
* Epistle from Mary the Virgin
* Introductory Note to the Martyrdom of Ignatius
* The Martyrdom of Ignatius
# Ashe v. Swenson

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
Ashe v. Swenson, 397 U.S. 436 (1970), was a decision by the United States Supreme Court, which held that "when an issue of ultimate fact has once been determined by a valid and final judgment, that issue cannot again be litigated between the same parties in any future lawsuit." The Double Jeopardy Clause prevents a state from relitigating a question already decided in favor of a defendant at a previous trial. Here, the guarantee against double jeopardy enforceable through the Fourteenth Amendment provided that the government could not prosecute the criminal defendant in a second trial as it related to a different victim but the same robbery the criminal defendant was acquitted of in the first trial.

## Concurring Opinions

    Black
    Harlan
    Brennan

## Dissenting Opinion

    Burger
United States Supreme Court
397 U.S. 436
Ashe v. Swenson
Argued: Nov. 13, 1969. --- Decided: April 6, 1970
Clark M. Clifford, Washington, D.C., for petitioner.
Gene E. Voigts, Jefferson City, Mo., for respondent.
Mr. Justice STEWART delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Ashe v. Swenson/Concurrence Harlan

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Concurring Opinions Black Harlan Brennan
* Dissenting Opinion Burger
* Wikipedia article
United States Supreme Court
397 U.S. 436
Ashe v. Swenson
Argued: Nov. 13, 1969. --- Decided: April 6, 1970
Mr. Justice HARLAN, concurring.
If I were to judge this case under the traditional standards of Fourteenth Amendment due process, I would adhere to the decision in Hoag v. New Jersey, 356 U.S. 464, 78 S.Ct. 829, 2 L.Ed.2d 913 (1958), believing that regardless of the reach of the federal rule of collateral estoppel, it would have been open to a state court to treat the issue differently. However, having acceded in North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711, 744, 89 S.Ct. 2072, 2085, 23 L.Ed.2d 656 (1969), to the decision in Benton v. Maryland, 395 U.S. 784, 89 S.Ct. 2056, 23 L.Ed.2d 707 (1969), which, over my dissent, held that the Fourteenth Amendment imposes on the States the standards of the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment. I am satisfied that on this present record Ashe's acquittal in the first trial brought double jeopardy standards into play. Hence, I join the Court's opinion. In doing so I wish to make explicit my understanding that the Court's opinion in no way intimates that the Double Jeopardy Clause embraces to any degree the 'same transaction' concept reflected in the concurring opinion of my Brother BRENNAN.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Ashdown v. Utah/Dissent Douglas

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Dissenting Opinion Douglas
United States Supreme Court
357 U.S. 426
Ashdown v. Utah
Argued: April 1, 1958. --- Decided: June 30, 1958
Mr. Justice DOUGLAS, with whom Mr. Justice BLACK concurs, dissenting.
The uncle and the father of petitioner appeared at the sheriff's office shortly after petitioner was arrested. The uncle testified that he said, 'I don't think she has got a right to be questioned without her father's presence or some attorney.' The father testified that he said, 'I made the remark that it didn't look to me like a fair, square deal, to railroad that girl into that sheriff's office without counsel or friends of any description.'
The uncle and the father were denied admission. They were calmed by the assurance that the accused had a lawyer at her side to aid her under the questioning of the police which was not true.
The request of a next of kin or friend outside the jail that counsel be furnished the accused who was inside under examination should be demand enough. Certainly those on the outside would have calmer judgment than the accused. They should speak for her unless it is clear, as it was not in this case, that the accused had waived her right to a lawyer and had elected to talk instead. For the reasons stated in my dissent in Crooker v. California, 357 U.S. 441, 78 S.Ct. 1287. I would reverse this judgment of conviction.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Ashdown v. Utah

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.

## Dissenting Opinion

    Douglas
United States Supreme Court
357 U.S. 426
Ashdown v. Utah
Argued: April 1, 1958. --- Decided: June 30, 1958
Mr. J. Vernon Erickson, Richfield, Utah, for petitioner.
Mr. Walter L. Budge, Salt Lake City, Utah, for respondent.
Mr. Justice BURTON delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Ashe v. Swenson/Concurrence Black

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Concurring Opinions Black Harlan
* Dissenting Opinion Burger
* Wikipedia article
United States Supreme Court
397 U.S. 436
Ashe v. Swenson
Argued: Nov. 13, 1969. --- Decided: April 6, 1970
Mr. Justice BLACK, concurring.
I join in the opinion of the Court although I must reject any implication in that opinion that the so-called due process test of 'fundamental fairness' might have been appropriate as a constitutional standard at some point in the past or might have a continuing relevancy today in some areas of constitutional law. In my view it is a wholly fallacious idea that a judge's sense of what is fundamentally 'fair' or 'unfair' should ever serve as a substitute for the explicit, written provisions of our Bill of Rights. One of these provisions is the Fifth Amendment's prohibition against putting a man twice in jeopardy. On several occasions I have stated my view that the Double Jeopardy Clause bars a State or the Federal Government or the two together from subjecting a defendant to the hazards of trial and possible conviction more than once for the same alleged offense. Bartkus v. Illinois, 359 U.S. 121, 150, 79 S.Ct. 676, 695, 3 L.Ed.2d 684 (1959) (dissenting opinion); Abbate v. United States, 359 U.S. 187, 201, 79 S.Ct. 666, 674, 3 L.Ed.2d 729, (1959) (dissenting opinion); Cuicci v. Illinois, 356 U.S. 571, 575, 78 S.Ct. 839, 841, 2 L.Ed.2d 983 (1958) (dissenting statement); Green v. United States, 355 U.S. 184, 78 S.Ct. 221, 2 L.Ed.2d 199 (1957). The opinion of the Court in the case today amply demonstrates that the doctrine of collateral estoppel is a basic and essential part of the Constitution's prohibition against double jeopardy. Accordingly, for the reasons stated in the Court's opinion I fully agree that petitioner's conviction must be reversed.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Ridgway, Robert

Edition of 1900.
​RIDGWAY, Robert, ornithologist, b. in Mount Carmel, Ill., 3 July, 1850. He was educated at common schools in his native town, where he showed a special fondness for natural history. A correspondence with Spencer F. Baird in 1864 led to his appointment, three years later, as naturalist to the U. S. geological exploration of the 40th parallel, under Clarence King. Since that time he has been chiefly occupied in government work, and in 1879 he was appointed curator of the department of birds in the U. S. national museum, which place he now (1898) holds. Mr. Ridgway received the degree of M. S. from the Indiana state university in 1884, and has been vice-president of the Ornithologists' union since its organization in 1884. He is also corresponding member of the Zoological society of London, and the Academies of science of New York, Davenport, and Chicago, foreign member of the British ornithologists' union, and member of the permanent ornithological committee (Vienna), also honorary member of the Nuttall ornithological club of Cambridge, Mass., the Brookville, Ind., society of natural history, and of the Ridgway ornithological club of Chicago, Ill. His published papers exceed 300 in number. Many of them have appeared in the “Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum” and are descriptive of new species and races of American birds, as well as several catalogues of North American and other birds contained in the museum. He was joint author with Spencer F. Baird and Thomas M. Brewer of “A History of North American Birds” (3 vols., Boston, 1874), and of “The Water Birds of North America” (2 vols., 1884), in which he wrote the technical parts. He is the author of “Report on Ornithology of the Fortieth Parallel” (Washington, 1877); “A Nomenclature of Colors for Naturalists” (Boston, 1886); and “Manual of North American Birds” (Philadelphia, 1887).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Ridpath, John Clark

Edition of 1900.
​RIDPATH, John Clark, educator, b. in Putnam county, Ind., 26 April, 1840. His parents were from West Virginia, and began life under circumstances of great discouragement and hardship. The son had no early educational advantages besides those that he obtained at frontier schools, but his appetite for books was insatiable, and at seventeen he was a teacher. At nineteen he entered Asbury (now De Pauw) university, where he was graduated with the highest honors of his class, Before graduation he had been elected to an instructorship in the Thorntown, Ind., academy, and in 1864 he was made its principal. This office he held until 1867, when he was chosen to fill the chair of languages at Baker university, Baldwin City, Kan. During the same period he served as superintendent of the Lawrenceburg, Ind., public schools. In 1869 he was elected professor of English literature in Asbury university, and two years later he was assigned to the chair of belles-lettres and history of the same institution. In 1879 he was elected vice-president of the university, and he was largely the originator of the measures by which that institution was placed under the patronage of Washington C. De Pauw, and took his name. In 1880 he received the degree of LL. D. from the University of Syracuse, N. Y. He has published “Academic History of the United States” (New York, 1874-'5); “Popular History of the United States” (1876); “Grammar-School History” (1877); “Inductive Grammar of the English Language” (1878-'9); “Monograph on Alexander Hamilton” (1880); “Life and Work of Garfield” (1881-'2); “Life of James G. Blaine,” and a “History of Texas” (1884); and a “A Cyclopædia of Universal History” (3 vols., 1880-'4).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Ripley, Ezra

Edition of 1900.
​RIPLEY, Ezra, clergyman, b. in Woodstock, Conn., 1 May, 1751; d. in Concord, Mass., 21 Sept., 1841. He was graduated at Harvard in 1776, taught, and subsequently studied theology, and in 1778 was ordained to the ministry in Concord, Mass., where he continued for sixty-three years, preaching his last sermon the day after his ninetieth birthday. Harvard gave him the degree of D. D, in 1818. Dr. Ripley was a leader in the temperance cause. At the time of his settlement in Concord the town was divided into two religious factions, but he quickly succeeded in binding them in a union that existed for nearly fifty years. He married the widow of the Rev. William Emerson, and his stepson, Ralph Waldo Emerson, said of him: “With a limited acquaintance with books, his knowledge was an external experience, an Indian wisdom. In him perished more personal and local anecdote of Concord and its vicinity than is possessed by any survivor, and in his constitutional leaning to their religion he was one of the rear-guard of the great camp and army of the Puritans.” He gave the land in 1836 upon which the monument is built to commemorate the battle of Concord, 19 April, 1775. From the Revolution for fifty years there was a controversy between Concord and Lexington for the honor of “making the first forcible resistance to British aggression.” Dr. Ripley wrote an interesting pamphlet on that subject, entitled a “History of the Fight at Concord,” in which he proved that, though the enemy had fired first in Lexington, the Americans fired first in his own town (Concord, 1827). He also published several sermons and addresses, and a “Half-Century Discourse” (1828).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Rider, George Thomas

Edition of 1900.
​RIDER, George Thomas, clergyman, b. in Rice City, R. I., 21 Feb., 1829; d. in New York, 14 Aug., 1894. He was graduated at Trinity, and took orders in the Protestant Episcopal church. From 1853 till 1855 he was rector of St. John's, Canandaigua. N. Y., and from 1856 till 1860 of St. John's, Pittsburg, Pa., which latter church edifice was built under his supervision. In 1860 he removed to Poughkeepsie, N. Y., where he conducted the Cottage Hill seminary for young ladies till 1874. He had since devoted his time to literary labor, and had been a contributor to many journals and periodicals. For many years he was on the editorial staff of the New York “Churchman.” Mr. Rider had published “Plain Music for the Book of Common Prayer” (New York, 1854); “Lyra Anglicana, or a Hymnal of Sacred Poetry, selected from the Best English Writers, and arranged after the Order of the Apostles' Creed”; and “Lyra Americana, or Verses of Praise and Faith from American Poets” (1864).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Ridgaway, Henry Bascom

Edition of 1900.
​RIDGAWAY, Henry Bascom, clergyman, b. in Talbot county, Md., 7 Sept., 1830. He was graduated at Dickinson in 1849, studied theology, and was ordained a minister of the Methodist Episcopal church. He held pastorates successively in Virginia, Baltimore, Portland, Me., New York city, and Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1882 he became professor of historical theology in Garrett biblical institute, Evanston, Ill., and in 1884 he was transferred to the chair of practical theology. He was fraternal delegate to the Methodist Episcopal church, south, in 1882, and was one of the regular speakers in the Centennial conference at Baltimore in 1881. He is the author of “The Life of Alfred Cookman” (New York, 1871); “The Lord's Land: A Narrative of Travels in Sinai and Palestine in 1873-'4” (1876); “The Life of Bishop Edward S. Janes” (1882); “Bishop Beverly Waugh” (1883); and “Bishop Mathew Simpson” (1885).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Ridge, Major

Edition of 1900.
​RIDGE, Major, Cherokee chief, b. in Highwassee, in what is now the state of Georgia, about 1771; d. on the Cherokee reservation, 22 June, 1839. From his early years he was taught patience and self-denial, and to undergo fatigue; on reaching the proper age he was initiated as one of the warriors of the tribe with due solemnities. At fourteen he joined a war-party against the whites at Cheestoyce, and afterward another that attacked Knoxville, Tenn. When he was twenty-one years old he was chosen a member of the Cherokee council. He proved a valuable counsellor, and at the second session proposed many useful laws. Subsequently he won the confidence of his people, and became one of the chief men of the nation. When the question of deporting the Cherokees from the state of Georgia to a reservation west of Mississippi was mooted, it was found that the nation was divided into two hostile camps, one of which bitterly opposed removal, while the other favored it. The former was headed by John Ross, the principal chief, while the other was represented by Major Ridge, his son John, Elias Boudinot, Charles Vann, and others. Two commissioners on the part of the United States held several meetings with both parties, and finally made a treaty, the negotiations extending over a period of three years. The westward journey of 600 or 700 miles was performed in four or five months, during which time, on account of the intense heat and other discomforts, over 4,000 Indians perished. In June, 1839, Major Ridge, his son John, and Elias Boudinot were assassinated by members, it is supposed, of the party that were opposed to removal. Major Ridge was waylaid about fifty miles from his home and shot. — His son, John, Indian chief, was the second of five children. He received a good education, being first taught by Moravian missionaries, then at an academy at Knoxville, Tenn., and finally in the foreign mission-school in Connecticut. On returning home he began his career as a public man, and devoted all his energies to endeavoring to organize the Cherokee nation into an independent government. Having taken an active part in negotiating the unpopular treaty at New Echota, by which the removal of his nation was finally agreed upon, he was taken from his bed in the early morning and nearly cut to pieces with knives. — John's son, John R., journalist, d. in Grass Valley, Nevada co., Cal., 5 Oct., 1867, was a writer of much ability, and possessed some poetic talent. He was at different times connected with several California journals.