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# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Livingstone, George (1616-1690)

1904 Errata appended.
​LIVINGSTONE, GEORGE, third Earl of Linlithgow (1616–1690), eldest son of Alexander, second earl, by Lady Elizabeth Gordon, second daughter of George, first marquis of Huntly [q. v.], was born in July 1616. He was appointed constable and keeper of the palace of Linlithgow on his father's resignation on 15 Dec 1642. The date of the fathers death, and the son's consequent succession to the earldom, is uncertain, but it was not so late as 1653, as supposed by Wood, and occurred previous to 4 Dec. 1650, when George, earl of Linlithgow, was admitted to the house of parliament, and his incapability by his accession to the 'Engagement' for the rescue of Charles taken off (Sir James Balfour, Annals, iv. 198). On 20 Dec. he was nominated colonel of one of the Perth regiments of horse (ib. p. 210). He was member for the sheriffdom of Perthshire in Cromwell's parliament, 1654-5 (Foster, Members of Parliament, Scotland). At the Restoration he was appointed colonel of the royal regiment of horse guards, and sworn a privy councillor. On 18 Dec. 1677 he obtained a commission to succeed Sir George Monro as major-general of the forces in Scotland, his principal duty being the suppression of covenanting conventicles. After the defeat of Claverhouse [see Graham, John, of Claverhouse, Viscount Dundee] at Drumelog on 1 June 1679, Linlithgow acted very irresolutely. The forces of Claverhouse were directed to return to the main body under him at Stirling, and without daring to risk an engagement, he finally fell back on Edinburgh until assistance could be obtained from England. On the arrival of the English reinforcements the supreme command was transferred to Monmouth. After the battle of Bothwell Bridge Linlithgow, on 25 July, was sent by the council along with Claverhouse to London to advocate the adoption of more severe measures against those who had been in arms. On 10 July 1684 he was appointed justice-general in room of the Earl of Perth (Fountainhall, Hist. Notices, p. 542), but he was deprived of his office at the Restoration. Linlithgow had some connection with the Montgomery plot, but died on 1 Feb. 1690, before its betrayal.
By his wife Elizabeth Maule, second daughter of Patrick, first earl of Panmure, and dowager of John, second earl of Kinghorn, he had two sons—George, fourth earl of Linlithgow [q. v.], and Alexander, third earl of Callendar—and one daughter, Henriet, married to Robert, second viscount Oxford.
T. F. H.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.183 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
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| 396 | ii | 13 f.e. | Livingstone, George, 3rd Earl of Linlithgow: for the Restoration read the Revolution |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Living (d.1020)

Lyfing in the ODNB.
​LIVING, LYFING, ELFSTAN, or ETHELSTAN (d. 1020), archbishop of Canterbury, was consecrated to the see of Wells in 999, and was appointed by Ethelred the Unready [q. v.] to Canterbury, in succession to Ælfheah [q. v.] or Alphege. He is said to have received the pall from Benedict VIII (Gervase). Godwin states that he was kept in prison by the Danes for seven months. This statement is evidently founded on a misunderstanding of a passage in the ‘Gesta Pontificum,’ which refers to his predecessor. Dean Hook says that it is an historical fact that he fled from England, but there seems to be no authority for this assertion. He must have taken a large part in framing the laws published with his approval in the witenagemot of 1014; they are mainly ecclesiastical. He crowned Edmund Ironside [q. v.] in 1016, and Canute [q. v.] in January 1017. He is said to have been an active prelate and a wise and religious man, and to have enriched his church with noble ornaments. Living died on 12 June 1020, and was buried in his cathedral church.
[Godwin, De Præsulibus, p. 54; Hook's Archbishops of Canterbury, i. 471; Kemble's Codex Dipl. Nos. 703, 727, 730 (Engl. Hist. Soc.); A.-S. Chron. ann. 1013, 1020 (Rolls Ser.); Gervase of Canterbury, i. 14, 24, ii. 55, 361 (Rolls Ser.); Will. of Malmesbury's Gesta Pontiff. pp. 33, 34 (Rolls Ser.)]
W. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Living (d.1046)

Lyfing in the ODNB.
​LIVING or LYFING (d. 1046), bishop of Crediton, was a monk of St. Swithun's, Winchester, and became abbot of Tavistock in Devonshire. Canute [q. v.] held him in high esteem, took him with him on his pilgrimage to Rome, and when the king left Rome sent him home with his famous letter to the English people. On Living's return to England he was consecrated bishop of Crediton in 1027. He further obtained from the king a promise that on the death of his uncle Brihtwold, bishop of Cornwall, he should receive Brihtwold's bishopric also, and so merge the see of Cornwall in that of Crediton. It is not certain when Brihtwold's death took place, and this arrangement was carried out, possibly not until 1043 (Florence, i. App. p. 238), though an earlier date is more probable. From King Harold (called Harefoot) [q. v.] he further obtained in 1038 the see of Worcester, which he held in plurality. He was with Harold in his last sickness (Kemble, Codex Diplomaticus, No. 758). He was a strenuous adherent of Earl Godwin, and being an eloquent speaker was of much service to the earl, in common with whom he was in 1040 accused of being concerned in the death of Ælfred the ætheling. Thereupon Harthacnut [see Hardecanute] took his bishopric from him, but a year later Living regained it by paying the king a sum of money. He joined with Godwin in promoting the election of Edward the Confessor in 1042, and was no doubt one of the embassy sent to invite him to accept the crown (Norman Conquest, ii. 7; Vita Eadwardi, ll. 195, 196). He died on 23 March 1046, and was buried at Tavistock. There his memory was held in honour, for he had been a liberal benefactor to the house, and William of Malmesbury records that down to his time the monks regularly chanted psalms for the bishop's repose. He is described as a man of great prudence and capacity, and his eloquence is noticed by the Worcester chronicler. He was evidently a worldly-minded, greedy, and unscrupulous man. William of Malmesbury says that old men had told him that the bishop's death was accompanied by an evil portent.
[Oliver's Bishops of Exeter, p. 5; Freeman's Norman Conquest, i. 563, 575, ii. xxix, 81–3; Anglia Sacra, i. 473; Haddan and Stubbs's Councils and Eccl. Docs. i. 688; Dugdale's Monasticon, ii. 490; A.-S. Chron. ann. 1038, 1044, 1045, 1047 (Rolls Ser.); Flor. Wig. i. 183, 193, 199, 238 (Engl. Hist. Soc.); Will. of Malmesbury's Gesta Regum, ii. cc. 182, 188 (Rolls Ser.), and Gesta Pontiff. pp. 200, 201 (Rolls Ser.); Kemble's Codex Dipl. (Engl. Hist. Soc.) Nos. 758, 760, 764, 765; Vita Eadw. ll. 195, 196 ap. Lives of Edw. the Conf. pp. 394, 395 (Rolls Ser.)]
W. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Livingstone, Alexander (d.1450?)

​LIVINGSTONE, Sir ALEXANDER (d. 1450?), of Callendar, guardian of James II of Scotland, was eldest son of Sir John Livingstone of Callendar, who was killed at the battle of Homildon on 14 Sept. 1402. His mother was a daughter of Menteith ​of Carse. On 23 Feb. 1423–4 he received a safe-conduct till 30 April as hostage for James I at Durham (Cal. Documents relating to Scotland, iv. entry 942). He was also one of the jury at the trial of Murdac, duke of Albany, in 1424. After the assassination of James I in 1437 Livingstone seems to have been entrusted with the guardianship of the infant prince James II. To frustrate the designs of Sir William Crichton [q. v.], he aided the queen in removing the prince to Stirling in 1439. Shortly afterwards he came to terms with Crichton, and on 3 Aug. he forcibly entered the queen's chamber at Stirling, and placed her under restraint; but difficulties were finally arranged between them, and by a solemn indenture of 4 Sept. Livingstone was to retain the custody of the king till his majority (Acta Parl. Scot. ii. 54).
In 1443 Livingstone entered into a coalition with the Douglases against Crichton, and although through the influence of the Douglases he was in 1445 denounced a rebel and imprisoned, he gained his liberty on payment of a large sum of money, and was subsequently restored to the king's favour. In 1449 he was appointed justiciary of Scotland. The same year he was named one of the commissioners to England, and on 18 Sept. he signed a prorogation of the truce till 19 Nov. following (Cal. Documents relating to Scotland, iv. entry 1216). Towards the close of the year he, however, fell again into disfavour, and was imprisoned in Blackness, while his son Alexander, at a parliament held at Edinburgh on 19 Jan. 1449–50, was condemned to be executed on the Castle Hill. About the father nothing further is known.
By a daughter of Dundas of Dundas he had two sons—Sir James Livingstone of Callendar, and Alexander, ancestor of the Livingstones of Dunipace—and two daughters, Janet, married to Sir James Hamilton of Cadzow, and Elizabeth to James Dundas of Dundas.
[Auchinleck Chron.; Histories of Boece, Major, and Lindsay of Pitscottie; Exchequer Rolls of Scotland, vol. iii.; Cal. Documents relating to Scotland, vol. iv.; Douglas's Scottish Peerage (Wood), ii. 124.]
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Livingstone, James (1616-1661)

​LIVINGSTONE, Sir JAMES, of Barncloich, first Viscount Kilsyth (1616–1661), born on 25 June 1616, was younger son of Sir William Livingstone of Kilsyth, a lord of session, by his second wife, Margaret, daughter of Sir John Houston of Houston. On 23 April he was served heir male of his brother's grandson. Being a devoted loyalist he garrisoned Kilsyth Castle against Cromwell, for which and for other services he received from Charles II a letter of thanks dated 7 Oct. 1650. He was excepted from Cromwell's act of grace in 1654, and fined 1,500l. After the Restoration he was on 17 Aug. 1661 raised to the peerage of Scotland by the title of Viscount Kilsyth and Lord Campsie. He died in London on 7 Sept. following. By Eupheme, daughter of Sir Robert Cunningham of Robertland, he had two sons, James, second viscount, and William, third and last viscount, who having engaged in the rebellion of 1715 was attainted of high treason, and died an exile in ​Holland in 1733. Of his two daughters, Elizabeth married General the Hon. Robert Montgomery, fifth son of Alexander, sixth earl of Eglinton, and Anne died unmarried.
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Holland, Robert

​HOLLAND, ROBERT (1557–1622?), clergyman and poet, the third son of Hugh Holland, by Jane, daughter of Hugh Conway of Bryneurin, was born in 1557 at Conway, where the Holland family, though of English origin, had already been settled for many generations. They eventually became owners of most of the town, including the castle, as well as of good estates in the neighbourhood. Robert Holland studied at Cambridge as a member of Clare, Magdalene, and Jesus Colleges successively, graduating B.A. in 1578, and M.A. in 1581. We learn from the dedication of his paraphrase of the gospels that ‘the race of his youth was unadvisedly run,’ but that, after he had been ‘four years or more tossed with sundry troubles,’ the hearts of his friends had been stirred up ‘to favour his innocency, and to grant him breathing time after his travels.’ In 1591 he was presented to the rectory of Prendergast, in 1607 to that of Walwyn's Castle, and in 1612 to that of Robeston West, all in Pembrokeshire, and in the gift of the lord chancellor. He was also rector of Llanddowror in Carmarthenshire. He died about 1622. By Jane, daughter and heiress of Robert Meylir of Haverfordwest, he had six sons, of whom Nicholas was rector of Marloes, Pembrokeshire.
Holland was the author of:
* ‘The Holie Historie of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ's Nativitie, Life, Actes, &c., gathered into English meter, and published to withdraw vayne wits from all unsaverie and wicked rimes and fables, to some love and liking of spirituall songs and holy Scriptures,’ London, 1594, 12mo.
* ‘Darmerth, neu Arlwy Gweddi, &c. (i.e. a prayer, preparation, or feast, conceived with a view to the great exaltation of godliness and the increase of the knowledge and the desire of the ignorant willing rightly to serve the true God),’ Rhydychain (i.e. Oxford), 1600, 4to.
* ‘Dav Cymro yn taring yn Bell o'u Gwlad, ac ymgyffwrdd ar fynydd, &c.’ (Stories told by two Welshmen meeting on a mountain, about all they had seen and heard with regard to conjurers, wizards, and the like).
T. E. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Holland, Nathaniel Dance-

​HOLLAND, Sir NATHANIEL DANCE- (1735–1811), painter, was third son of George Dance the elder [q. v.], and elder brother of George Dance the younger [q. v.] He was born on 18 May 1735 (School Register), and entered Merchant Taylors' School in 1744 (ib.) He studied art under Francis Hayman [q. v.] for some years, and also in Italy, where he became acquainted with and hopelessly attached to Angelica Kauffmann. In 1761 he was elected a member of the Incorporated Society of Artists, and two years afterwards sent to their exhibition from Rome his picture of ‘Dido and Æneas.’ On his return to England he took up portrait-painting, and attained considerable distinction in that branch of art, contributing to the first exhibition of the Royal Academy (of which he was a foundation member) full-length portraits of George III and his young queen. Until 1776 he was a frequent exhibitor of portraits and historical pieces, but after that date ceased to exhibit, and in 1790 retired from his profession on his marriage with Harriet, daughter of Sir Cecil Bisshopp, bart., and widow of Thomas Dummer, esq. Having taken the additional name of Holland, he entered parliament, and was M.P. for East Grinstead for many years. In 1800 he was created a baronet, but dying without issue on 15 Oct. 1811, the title became extinct. Through his marriage and by his profession he had amassed considerable wealth, and even late in life continued to paint landscapes with considerable success. His best-known pictures are the royal portraits already mentioned (now at Up Park, Sussex), a portrait of Captain Cook at Greenwich Hospital, ‘Timon of Athens,’ a subject picture in the royal collection, and a portrait of ‘Garrick as Richard III,’ which was engraved in mezzotint by Dixon.
[Robinson's Reg. of Merchant Taylors' School, ii. 101; Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Burke's Extinct Baronetage.]
C. J. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Holland, Thomas (1350-1397)

​HOLLAND, THOMAS, second Earl of Kent of the Holland family (1350–1397), born in 1350, was son of Thomas Holland, first earl of Kent [q. v.], by Joan, daughter of Edmund of Woodstock [q. v.] He succeeded to the barony of Holland in 1360, on the death of his father, and in 1366 was made captain of the English forces in Aquitaine. He was knighted by his stepfather, Edward the Black Prince, in 1367, when fighting in Castile. In 1375 he was appointed K.G. In that and the year following he was again engaged in the French wars, and accompanied the expedition of the Earl of Cambridge and the Duke of Brittany into Brittany with two thousand men-at-arms and three thousand archers. Over his half-brother, Richard II, Holland exerted an evil influence. He was cruel and selfish, and chiefly aimed at enriching himself. In the first year of Richard II's reign his income was increased by a grant of 200l. a year; he was also made warden of the New Forest, and in that and the next year had other similar appointments and pensions given him, so that he received in all 1,000l. a year. From 1380 to 1385 he was earl-marshal of England. In December 1380 he went as ambassador to the Emperor Wenceslaus, to arrange a marriage between Anne, the emperor's sister, and Richard. In 1381 he was created Earl of Kent. When, in 1381, the rebellion of the commons broke out in Kent, he was made captain of the king's forces, but he does not appear to have taken a very active part against the rebels. He was with Richard in the Tower when the rebels approached London, but when the king went out to Mile End Kent left him, in fear of his own life. Probably through the favour of Richard he received his mother's lands, which she held largely in right of dower, on her death in 1385. He held many other offices, among them those of constable of the Tower (1389), was a privy councillor (1389), was one of those who guaranteed the queen's marriage settlement, and had just been appointed governor of Carisbrooke Castle when he died on 25 April 1397. He was buried in Brune Abbey.
Kent married, in 1366, Alice, daughter of Richard Fitzalan, fifth earl of Arundel [q. v.], and by her left two sons and five daughters. His eldest son, Thomas [q. v.], is separately noticed. His second son, Edmund Holland, became fourth Earl of Kent after the death of his brother Thomas in 1400; married, in 1407, Lucia (d. 1424), sister of Barnabo Visconti, duke of Milan, and died, 18 Sept. 1408, of a wound received in the head while besieging the castle of Briant in Brittany (Thomas of Walsinhgam, Hist. Angl. in Chron. Mon. Sc. Alb., Rolls Series, ed. Riley, ii. 274, 279).
[Doyle's Official Baronage, vol. ii.; Burke's Extinct and Dormant Peerages, p. 279; Dugdale's Baronage, ii. 75; Wallon's Richard II, i. 63, 72, ii. 120; Stubbs's Const. Hist. vol. ii. chap. xvi.; Chron. Angl. auct. Mon. Sancti Albani, ed. E. M. Thompson (Rolls Ser.), p. 285, &c.; Froissart's Chronicle, ed. Johnes, vol. ii. chaps. cxxxv–cxl. (with add.); Syllabus to Rymer's Fœdera, pp. 495, 508; Beltz's Memorials of the Garter, p. 217.]
W. A. J. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Holland, Richard (1596-1677)

​HOLLAND, RICHARD (1596–1677), mathematician, born at Lincoln in 1596, was educated at Oxford, but appears to have taken no degree there. His life was mainly spent as a teacher of mathematics and ‘geology’ to the junior university students, and he wrote two books for the use of his pupils. The first, entitled ‘Globe Notes,’ Oxford, 1678, reached a second edition in 1684. It contains many of the simple propositions in astronomy still occurring in some elementary text-books, with definitions of such terms as colure, solstice, equinoxial. The other book is ‘Notes how to get the Angle of Parallax of a Comet or other phenomenon at two Observations,’ Oxford, 1668. It contains diagrams, with practical directions implying some knowledge of trigonometry.
According to Wood, Holland had such repute as a teacher that he became wealthy. He died on 1 May 1677, and was buried in the parish church of St. Peter-in-the-East, Oxford. Another Richard Holland, of Emanuel College, Cambridge, was incorporated M.A. at Oxford in 1679; was rector of Stanford, Lincolnshire, and author of five sermons published between 1698 and 1702.
[Wood's Athenæ Oxon. ed. Bliss, iii. 1109; Fasti, ii. 371.]
R. E. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Holland, Seth

​HOLLAND, SETH (d. 1561), dean of Worcester, was educated at All Souls' College, Oxford, where he was admitted b.A. 19 Dec. 1534, and commenced M.A. 31 March 1539 (Oxf. Univ. Reg. Oxf. Hist. Soc., i. 179). He was elected a fellow of his college, and after taking orders became rector of Fladbury, Worcestershire, and chaplain to Cardinal Pole. In 1555 he was chosen warden of All Souls' College, and on 26 April in that year he was installed as prebendary of Worcester. On 12 Aug. 1557 he was installed dean of Worcester in the place of Philip Hawford, alias Ballard, the last abbot of Evesham, and about the same time he was instituted to the rectory of Bishop Cleeve, Gloucestershire. Shortly before Mary's death, Cardinal Pole, then lying on his deathbed, sent Holland to the queen, with a letter in which he dwelt on his fidelity, and begged Mary 'to give credit to whatever he shall say on my behalf' (Phillips, Life of Pole, 1767, ii. 277). As Holland refused to comply with the religious changes introduced after Elizabeth's accession, he was removed from the wardenship of All Souls, and in October 1559 he was deprived of the deanery of Worcester. He was committed prisoner to the Marshalsea, and, dying in confinement, was buried on 6 March 1560-1 in St. George's parish, Southwark, 'out of the King's Bench prison,' being brought to the church by about threescore gentlemen of the Inns of Court and Oxford, 'for he was a grett lernydman' (Machyn, Diary, p. 252).
[Bridgewater's Concertatio Ecclesiae Catholicae. iii. 104; Burrows's Worthies of All Souls, pp. xiv, 75; Chambers's Worcestershire Biog., p. 59; Dodd's Church Hist. i. 510; Kennett's MSS. 46 f. 309; Maitland's Reformation Essays, p. 445: Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy), iii. 70, 80, 559; Strype's Annals, i. 50, 246, fol.; Wood's Fasti Oxon. (Bliss), i. 26, 107.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Holland, Richard (fl.1450)

​HOLLAND, Sir RICHARD (fl. 1450), Scottish poet, author of the alliterative poem in the Bannatyne MS. called ‘The Buke of the Howlat,’ lived in the reign of James II, and was a partisan of the Douglases. He wrote the poem for ‘Ane Dow (i.e. Dove) of Dunbar, dowit with ane Douglas,’ a description which identifies the lady with Elizabeth, daughter of James Dunbar, earl of Moray, who married Archibald, son of James, seventh earl of Douglas. The marriage took place about 1442, and the fall of the Douglas family in 1452 [see Douglas, William, eighth earl] fixes the date of the poem between 1442 and 1452; it was evidently written during the ascendency of the Douglases, whose virtues from the days of Good Sir James it celebrates. It is from this poem, probably, that the famous epithet of the Douglases, ‘Tender and true,’ originated.
After the defeat of Arkinholm in 1455, in which Archibald, earl of Moray, was slain, his brother James, earl of Douglas, and his followers fled to England; and in an act of the Scottish parliament in 1482 a pardon offered to those who should return to their allegiance specially excepts ‘Schir Richard Holland.’ This has been reasonably conjectured to be the poet, and Irving adds, ‘nor is it improbable that he had been the Earl of Moray's chaplain.’
The ‘Buke of the Howlat,’ like most of the alliterative class, is tedious to modern readers, ​but contains some curious antiquarian matter. The allegory of the owl dressed in the feathers of other birds was supposed by Pinkerton to refer to James II, but this view, which partly rested on the false reading of a word, ‘crowne’ for ‘rowme,’ has been proved groundless by Sir Walter Scott and Mr. David Laing. It certainly seems to have no application to the king, but it is impossible not to suspect some personal allusion besides the general satire on pride. More interesting than the allegory itself, which is explained at full length by Irving (Hist. of Scottish Poetry, p. 166), and in Mr. Laing's preface, are the incidental passages, which give notices of early heraldic blazons, of the musical instruments then in use, and of the highland bards, already a subject for jest to the poets of the lowlands. The singular prophecy,
Our soveraine of Scotland his armes to knowe, Quilk sall be lord and ledar Our [or over] braid Brettane all quhar, As Sanct Mergaretis air,
there seems no reason to suppose interpolated. Holland was esteemed by subsequent Scottish poets. His poem is referred to by Blind Harry, or Henry the Minstrel [q. v.] William Dunbar [q. v.] names him in his ‘Lament for the Makaris,’ and Lyndsay as one of the poets ‘who, though they be dead, their libelles [i.e. books] are yet living.’ A few quarto pages of a printed edition of ‘The Howlat’ were found by D. Laing in the old covers of a Protocol Book written before 1530, but no other portions of this edition are known. ‘The Buke of the Howlat’ was edited for the Bannatyne Club from the Bannatyne MS. in 1823 by Mr. Laing. A reprint appeared at Paisley, 1882.
[Laing's Preface, with notes by Sir W. Scott; Irving's Hist. of Scottish Poetry.]
Æ. M.