OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Say, William (1768-1834)

​SAY, WILLIAM (1768–1834), engraver, son of William Say, a Norfolk land-steward, was born at Lakenham, near Norwich, in 1768, and, being left an orphan when five years old, was brought up by his maternal aunt. At about the age of twenty he came to London, and obtained instruction from James Ward (1769–1859) [q. v.], who was then practising mezzotint engraving. Say became an able and extremely industrious engraver, working entirely in mezzotint, and between 1801 and 1834 executed no fewer than 335 plates, a large proportion of which are portraits of contemporary celebrities, from pictures by Beechey, Hoppner, Lawrence, Northcote, Reynolds, and others. His subject-plates include Correggio's ‘Holy Family with St. Catherine,’ Murillo's ‘Spanish peasant boys,’ Raphael's ‘Madonna di San Sisto,’ Hilton's ‘Raising of Lazarus,’ one of Reynolds's two groups of members of the Dilettanti Society, and various fancy and historical compositions by H. Thomson, H. Fradelle, A. E. Chalon, and others. Say was one of the engravers employed by Turner upon his ‘Liber Studiorum,’ for which he executed eleven of the published and two of the unpublished plates. He also engraved two of the plates in Turner's ‘River Scenery of England.’ These, with a fine view of Lincoln Cathedral after Mackenzie, constitute his chief work in landscape. In 1807 he was appointed engraver to the Duke of Gloucester. In 1820 Say scraped a small portrait of Queen Caroline after Devis, which was the first attempt made in mezzotint on steel; twelve hundred impressions were taken from the plate. Say died at his residence in Weymouth Street, London, on 24 Aug. 1834, and his stock of plates and prints was sold in the following July. By his wife, whose maiden name was Francis, he had one son, mentioned below, and three daughters. Of these the eldest, Mary Anne, became the wife of John Buonarotti Papworth [q. v.], and the youngest, Leonora, married William Adams Nicholson [q. v.] An almost complete set of Say's works, in various states, was presented to the British Museum by his son in 1852.
Frederick Richard Say (fl. 1826–1858), ​only son of William Say, became a portrait-painter, and for some years enjoyed a fashionable practice. George IV, Earl Grey, the Marquis of Normanby, Sir W. Follett, E. Bulwer-Lytton, and other distinguished persons sat to him, and many of his portraits were well engraved by S. Cousins, G. R. Ward, J. Thomson, and W. Walker. He exhibited largely at the Royal Academy from 1826 to 1854, his address after 1837 being at 18 Harley Street. There he was still residing in 1858.
F. M. O'D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Sayer, Augustin

1904 Errata appended.
​SAYER, AUGUSTIN (1790–1861), physician and medical writer, born at Bexley in Kent in 1790, was the grandson of Valentine Sayer of Sandwich, who was thrice mayor of that town (information kindly given by Mr. Gerald Brenan). When twelve years of age Augustin travelled with his family in France, and was made a prisoner of war, but was soon permitted his liberty within certain limits, and is said to have supported himself as a tutor in a French school. He was, in after life, an excellent French scholar, a good classic, and an able mathematician. As soon as he was fully restored to liberty he commenced his medical studies in England. In the ‘Medical Directory’ it is stated that he graduated B.A. in 1811, and M.A. in 1813; at what university he took these degrees is unknown. After studying medicine for seven years, he entered, on 31 Jan. 1815, as a student at Leyden, where, four days later, he graduated as doctor of medicine. It is said that he was afterwards an army surgeon. He was admitted a licentiate of the College of Physicians on 22 Dec. 1820, and elected a fellow on 11 July 1843. He was a fellow of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, and was elected president in 1840. He was a member of the Medical Society of London, and for some years took an active part in the proceedings of the Westminster Medical Society, of which he was president from 1830 to 1846. He was physician to H.R.H. the Duke of Kent, and honorary physician to Prince Frederick of the Netherlands. His chief public appointment was that of physician to the Lock Hospital and Asylum, which he held for many years. Through a long professional life he was an earnest advocate of sanitary reform, and for years he was a conspicuous member of the Marylebone representative council. He died at his residence in Upper Seymour Street, Portman Square, on 15 Nov. 1861, aged 71. He bequeathed to the library of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society a copy of the ‘Dictionnaire de Science Médicale’ in sixty volumes.
The following were his chief works: 1. ‘Inquiry to ascertain the maximum Limit of the Annual Taxation required from the Sewers Ratepayers,’ 8vo, London, 1855. 2. ‘Metropolitan and Town Sewage: their Nature, Value, and Disposal,’ 8vo, London, 1857. 3. ‘London Main Drainage: the Nature, and Disposal of Sewage,’ 2nd ed. 8vo, 1858.
W. W. W.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.241 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
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# Early Daniel Company v. United States

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
271 U.S. 140
Early Daniel Company v. United States
Argued: April 30, 1926. --- Decided: May 3, 1926
Mr. Benton S. Oppenheimer, of Cincinnati, Ohio, for appellant.
Mr. Chief Justice TAFT delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Early Christianity outside the Roman Empire/By the same author

BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
THE RULES OF TYCONIUS (Texts & Studies iii 1). Cambridge, at the University Press, 1894.
THE OLD LATIN AND THE ITALA (Texts & Studies iv 3). Cambridge, at the University Press, 1896.
FRAGMENTS OF THE BOOKS OF KINGS ACCORDING TO THE TRANSLATION OF AQUILA, from a MS. formerly in the Geniza at Cairo. With 6 facsimiles. Cambridge, at the University Press, 1897.
Also in paper covers, without facsimiles.
THE HYMN OF BARDAISAN, rendered into English. Essex House Press, 1899.
# Early Days

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Early Days."
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* "Early Days," a collection of two stories by Tolstoy, translated by Dole
* Early Days (journal)
# Early Days (journal)

annual journal of the Royal Western Australian Historical Society. It has been published regularly since 1927 and includes articles relating to the history of Western Australia written by society members or delivered at the monthly general meetings. Until 1938 it bore the unlikely title Journal and Proceedings
Volumes 1 and 2 appeared under the title Journal and proceedings.
Note that not all of the articles in the following volumes are in the public domain; the copyright status of an article depends upon the year of death of its author.
* Volume 3 (1938–1948)
* Volume 4 (1949–1954)
Articles published from Volume 5 onwards are necessarily still under copyright.
* Volume 5 (1955–1961)
* Volume 6 (1962–1969)
* Volume 7 (1969–1976)
* Volume 8 (1977–1982)
* Volume 9 (1983–1988)
* Volume 10 (1989–1994)
* Volume 11 (1995–2000)
* Volume 12 (2001–2006)
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Barrenness

Edition of 1802.
​BARRENNESS, a term synonimous to sterility, in opposition to fecundity. That the creation might not degenerate, Nature has wisely ordained barrenness to all monstrous productions; and hence the sterility of mules, &c.
Women frequently become barren after a miscarriage, or difficult labour. Sterility in either sex may also arise from a schirrosity or induration in the organs, by which their functions become impaired, and sometimes even destroyed. The causes of sterility, however, are much more frequent in the female than in the male sex: and these causes, in general, are, schirrosities and obstructions, arising from fear, grief, inordinate passions, intemperance, neglect of cleanliness; but more frequently, in consequence oi inveterate complaints of a periodical nature, peculiar to the sex.
Dr. Haselquist, in his Travels to the Levant, advises married persons to drink, every night, a teacupful of clove-water for the cure of this complaint.—We have inserted this whimsical recipe, not because any reliance can be placed on so trifling a remedy, but in order to attest the inefficacy of medicines on such occasions, and to assure those who forsake the path of Nature, and expert relief from Art, that they will certainly be disappointed, unless they adopt a more temperate and regular mode of life.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Basilicon Ointment

Edition of 1802.
​BASILICON OINTMENT, in pharmacy, a preparation consisting of eight parts of hog's lard; five of white resin; and two of yellow wax: or, according to the London College, of nearly equal parts of yellow resin, bees wax, and olive oil.—The former ingredients, prescribed by the Edinburgh College, are cheaper and equally efficacious.
This ointment is generally ​employed in the dressing of wounds and ulcers, for digesting and cleansing them, as well as for promoting their cicatrization. Modern surgeons, however, are not willing to attribute any considerable effect to external applications; for they are well convinced, that the healing of wounds depends more on the spontaneous efforts of Nature, especially in a sound and healthy constitution, than upon any artificial aid by liniments, unguents or plasters; and that little benefit can be derived from them, unless the diseased part be properly dressed and cleansed; while the internal state of the body should also be duly attended to. Yet, there are instances on record, in which the basilicon, combined either with a small proportion of the red precipitate of mercury, or, which is still better, the juice of the burdock-root, has proved efficacious in healing scrophulous ulcers, especially those situated near the articulations of bones.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Basket

Edition of 1802.
​BASKET, a well known utensil, made of twigs interwoven together. Considered as a measure in commerce, it denotes an uncertain quantity, as a basket of medlars is two bushels; of asafœtida from 20 to 50 pounds weight, &c. The Ancient Britons were celebrated for their ingenuity in manufacturing baskets of very elegant workmanship, which they exported in large quantities.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Barrel

Edition of 1802.
​BARREL, in commerce, is a vessel of an oblong size, made of wood, the form of which is generally known, as well as its use for holding various sorts of merchandize: it is also used as a measure for liquids.
The English barrel, wine measure, contains the eighth part of a tun, the fourth part of a pipe, and one half of a hogshead, or 31 1/2 gallons. A barrel of beer should contain 36, and one of ale 32 gallons. The barrel of beer, vinegar, or liquor preparing for vinegar, ought to contain 34 gallons, according to the standard of the ale quart.
Barrel is also used to denote a certain weight of merchandizes, and which differs according to various commodities. A barrel of Essex butter weighs 106 pounds, and of Suffolk butter 256 pounds. The barrel of herrings ought to contain 32 gallons, wine measure; which amount to about 28 gallons, old standard, and consists of about 1000 herrings. The barrel of salmon ought to contain 42 gallons, and a barrel of eels the same quantity: the barrel of soap must weigh 256 pounds.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Basaltes

Edition of 1802.
​BASALTES, in natural history, a hard stone of a black, grey, or sometimes greenish colour; and on account of its constituent parts, and resemblance to lava, generally classed among the volcanic productions. Its specific gravity is to that of water, as three to one. The component parts of basaltes are in the following proportion: siliceous earth 50, argillaceous 15, calcareous 8, magnesia 2, and iron 25. It is remarkable, that this fossil is disposed either in solid or jointed columns; the former consisting of five or six pillars, either of an uniform size, or conical, and generally standing close to each other perpendicularly, of different, and sometimes equal length, as if they had been arranged by a skilful artist. The Hebridic island of Staffa is entirely composed of lofty and capacious basaltic columns, the most curious arrangement of which, perhaps on the whole globe, is the celebrated Fingal's cave. In Germany, also, there are several basaltic mountains; for instance, those on the Rhine, and near Freyberg, in Saxony, where basaltes is frequently found of an oval or spherical figure. Spain, Russia, Poland, and Silesia, also produce various basaltic rocks. Great quantities of this fossil are deposited in the neighbourhood of Mount Etna, in Sicily; of Hecla, in Iceland, &c. But the largest mass yet discovered are, what is called the Giant's Causeway, in Ireland.
As naturalists differ in their opinion concerning the origin of this curious substance, whether it be the production of volcanos arising from subterraneous fires, or derive its origin from crystallization by water, we shall state only the result of M. Bergmann's inquiry into this subject, as his explanation appears to be conclusive. He asserts, that both fire and water contribute to form basaltes, and it cannot be doubted that there has been some connection between the basaltic pillars and subterraneous fire, as they are found mixed with lava, and other substances, produced by that element.
Uses.—Basaltes is an excellent material for building houses, and paving streets: it is also employed by lapidaries and statuaries for various productions of art; as well as by artists working in gold and silver, for touch or test-stones. Gold-beaters and book-binders, on the continent, make their anvils of this firm and massy stone; which is also used as an ingredient in the manufacture of glass, especially for producing the common window-glass, and green bottles.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Barberries

Edition of 1802.
​Barberries: See Berberries.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Barm

Edition of 1802.
​Barm. See Yeast.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Barbel

Edition of 1802.
​BARBEL, in ichthyology, a genus of fresh-water fishes, comprising thirty-one species, which are principally distinguished by the number of rays in the vent-fin: their general characters are, a toothless mouth; three rays in the gills; a smooth and white body; and the belly-fins have frequently nine rays. The following ten are the most remarkable species: 1. The Carp; 2. The Barbel (of which we have here subjoined a more particular account); 3. The Tench; 4. The Gudgeon; 5. The Bream; 6. The Roach; 7. The Dace; 8. The Chub; 9. The Bleak; and 10. The Golden Fish;—for a description of which we refer to the order of the alphabet.
The Barbel, or Barbus, is one of the coarsest fresh-water fish, and therefore eaten almost exclusively by the industrious poor, who boil it with bacon, to render it more palatable. Its roe is not wholesome, and ought therefore to be thrown away, as the eating of it is frequently attended with nausea, vomiting, purging, &c.—The natural history of this fish has escaped the attention of the ancients, though it is sufficiently curious.
Barbels resemble pike in their general shape, the head excepted; for the upper jaw of the former is more projecting, and they are also provided with four dependent fibres or rays in the gills, with which, while dexterously playing, they allure their prey, consisting of insects and small fishes. Their dorsal fin is armed with a remarkably strong and sharp spine, serving them as means of defence or attack, and with which they frequently cut the nets, or when incautiously handled, inflict severe wounds on their captors.
In size, the barbel rarely exceeds the length of three feet, and weighs from twelve to eighteen, or twenty-five pounds. Its most frequent places of abode are the sides of hollow banks, in calm and deep waters. In the months of May and June, it deposits its spawn on the stones lining the beds of deep rivers, and between which, as well as poles, roots of trees, &c. barbels harbour during winter, in a compact and social state. Not unlike swine, they dig and excavate the soft banks with their noses, are fond of animal carcasses (particularly of human flesh, according to C. P. Funke, a reputed German naturalist), and become exceedingly fat by living on the refuse of flax steeped in stagnant waters. Hence we may also account for their unpalatable, and, perhaps, unwholesome flesh. They are so tame, that they may be easily caught by the hand; though we do not suggest so dangerous a method of taking them.—For the particulars relative to the method of angling for barbel, we refer to the article Carp.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Barter

Edition of 1802.
​BARTER, or Truck, is the exchanging of one commodity for another; and forms a rule in the ​commercial part of arithmetic, by which the commodities are properly calculated and equalled, by computing the respective value of the different articles offered for exchange.
The proper way of ascertaining the difference of prices in barter would be, to find the price of one of the commodities, and an equivalent quantity of the other, either by practice, or by the rule of three.
# Divine Grace

This hymn was first published in Henry Formby's Catholic Hymns, 1853.
* "Divine Grace" in Catholic Hymns (1st ed.), 1853.
* "Divine Grace" in Catholic Hymns (2nd ed.), 1860.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Simon, John (1675?-1751)

​SIMON, JOHN (1675?–1751), engraver, was born in Normandy of a Huguenot family about 1675, and studied line engraving in Paris, where he executed some good plates. Coming as a refugee to England early in the reign of Queen Anne, he took up mezzotint, which was then almost exclusively in vogue here, and practised it with great success. He rivalled John Smith (1652–1742) [q. v.] in the number and quality of his plates, which were chiefly portraits of royal and other distinguished personages, from pictures by Kneller, Dahl, Gibson, Murray, Mercier, Seeman, and others. He also scraped a set of plates from Raphael's cartoons and many others of biblical, historical, and fancy subjects after Laguerre, Watteau, Barocci, and Rosalba. Simon published some of his prints himself at different addresses about Covent Garden, and also worked for Cooper, Overton, Bowles, and other printsellers. His plates are less brilliant than those by Smith, the grounds being less finely laid, but they are highly artistic in execution and excellent translations of the originals. He worked until about 1742, and died on 22 Sept. 1751.
F. M. O'D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Simon, John (1818-1897)

​SIMON, Sir JOHN (1818–1897), serjeant-at-law, born at Montego Bay, Jamaica, on 9 Dec. 1818, was the only son of Isaac Simon, a Jewish merchant, by Rebecca, only daughter of Jacob Orobio Furtado. The latter was descended from Balthasar Orobio, who, on account of his adherence to the Jewish faith, spent three years (1655 to 1658) in the prison of the Spanish inquisition, and whose father, Cæsar Orobio, was burned at the stake. Simon studied at University College, London, and graduated LL.B. in 1841 at London University. In the following year he was called to the bar of the Middle Temple, being, after Sir Francis Henry Goldsmid [q. v.], the first Jew to be admitted to the bar. After practising for two years in Jamaica he returned to England in 1845, and became a leader on the common-law side on the northern circuit. In April 1858 he successfully defended Simon Bernard from the accusation of complicity with Orsini in the attempt to assassinate Napoleon III. In February 1864 he was appointed a serjeant-at-law, and in February 1868 he received a patent of precedence, which gave him the privileges of queen's counsel, with the right of holding briefs against the crown (London Gazette, 9 Feb. 1864, and 21 Feb. 1868). On 27 Nov. 1868 he was returned to parliament in the liberal interest for the borough of Dewsbury in Yorkshire. In the House of Commons he soon commanded attention as an authority on legal questions. He made weighty speeches on the Oaths Bill (1880–3), and on the government of Jamaica in 1884.
In parliament and outside Simon was an untiring advocate of Jewish interests. Besides organising the Mansion House meeting in 1870 to protest against the persecution of the Jews in Roumania and Servia, he entered a vigorous protest in parliament against their ill-treatment in Russia in 1882. He was one of the founders of the Anglo-Jewish Association in 1871. On 24 Aug. 1886 he received the honour of knighthood. Two years later he retired from parliament. He died at Tavistock Square, London, on 24 June 1897, and was buried at Golder's Green cemetery, Hendon. On 12 July 1843 Simon married Rachel, fifth daughter of Simeon Kensington Salaman of Portman Square, London, and sister of Charles Kensington Salaman, the musical composer. By her he had five surviving children—two sons, Charles Moncrieffe Simon and Oswald John Simon, and three daughters.
A portrait, by Mr. S. J. Solomon, R.A., is the property of Lady Simon at 63 Tavistock Square. Simon also figures in Walter Goodman's picture of Bernard's trial, which is likewise at Tavistock Square.
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Simon Sudbury

​SIMON SUDBURY (d. 1381), archbishop of Canterbury. [See Sudbury.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Simon de Senlis

​SIMON de Senlis, Earl of Northampton and Huntingdon (d. 1109). [See Senlis.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Simon de Wells

​SIMON de Wells (d. 1207), bishop of Chichester, was the son of one Robert, who is perhaps identical with the Robert de Wattelai whose lands at Stawell and Meleburn, Somerset, were estreated in consequence of the felony of his wife Alice, who murdered him, and were confirmed to Simon on 7 and 22 Feb. 1201 (Rot. Chart. pp. 86, 88). It is possible that Simon was a relative of Hugh de Wells, bishop of Lincoln, and Josceline de Wells [q. v.], bishop of Bath; and the ‘Winchester Annals’ (Ann. Mon. ii. 257) actually style him younger brother of Hugh, but clearly, as it would seem, in error. Simon was provost of Beverley, and on 26 June 1199 was confirmed by Innocent III in the archdeaconry of Wells, receiving at the same time the churches of Huish and South Brent (Cal. Papal Registers, i. 7). He also held the living of Monkton, Kent, and about 1201 was presented by the king to the church of Faversham. The monks of Faversham claimed the advowson, and, after a hot dispute, the king, by the advice of Hubert Walter [q. v.], gave way (Thorn, Chron. cols. 1843–59, ap. Scriptores Decem). Thorn styles Simon ‘archiepiscopi vicecancellarius,’ and some have therefore supposed that Simon was a keeper of the seal under Hubert. Many early charters of John are attested by Simon de Wells and John de Gray, probably as officers of the treasury of the exchequer, where the great seal was kept. In his official capacity Simon was with John in France during 1200 and 1201. Simon was elected bishop of Chichester between 1 and 9 April 1204, and was consecrated by Hubert Walter on 11 July following. He seems to have enjoyed the favour of the king, who granted him a charter of privileges, and gave him licences to bring marble from Purbeck for the repair of his cathedral on 17 April 1205 and 24 May 1207. He died at St. Gilles in France on 21 Aug. 1207 (Ann. Mon. ii. 57). By his will he left one hundred marks for a chantry for Archbishop Hubert.
C. L. K.