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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tavira

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​TAVIRA, a seaport of southern Portugal, in the district of Faro (formerly the province of Algarve); at the mouth of the river Seca, 21 m. E.N.E. of Faro. Pop. (1900) 12,175. The harbour is protected by two forts, and the public buildings include a Moorish citadel, a Renaissance church, and a ruined nunnery founded by King Emanuel (1495–1521). Tavira has sardine and tunny fisheries, and carries on a considerable coasting trade. Excellent fruit is grown in the neighbourhood.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tavoy

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​TAVOY. a town and district in the Tenasserim division of Lower Burma. The town is on the left bank of the river of the same name, 30 m. from the sea. Pop. (1901) 22,371. It carries on a considerable coasting trade with other ports of Burma, and with the Straits Settlements. The chief industry is silk-weaving, but there are also rice and timber mills.
The district has an area of 5308 sq. m. It lies between Siam and the Bay of Bengal, enclosed by mountains on three -sides, viz., the main chain of the Bilauktaung on the east, rising in places to 5000 feet, which, with its densely wooded spurs, forms an almost impassable barrier between British and Siamese territory; the Nwahlabo in the centre, which takes its name from its loftiest peak (5000 ft.); and a third range, under the name of Thinmaw, between the Nwahlabo and the sea-coast. The chief rivers are the Tenasserim and Tavoy, the former being formed by the junction of two streams which unite near Met-ta; for the greater part of its course it is dangerous to navigation. The Tavoy is navigable for vessels of any burden. It is interspersed with many islands, and with its numerous smaller tributaries affords easy and rapid communication. The climate is on the whole pleasant. The annual rainfall averages 228 inches. Pop. (1901) 109,979, showing an increase of 16 per cent. in the decade. The staple crop is rice. Forests cover an area of nearly 5000 sq. m., of which 960 sq. m. are “ reserved.”
Tavoy, with the rest of Tenasserim, was handed over to the British at the end of the first Burmese war in 1824. A revolt broke out in 1829, headed by the former governor, which was at once quelled, and since then the district has remained undisturbed.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tawdry

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​TAWDRY, an adjective used to characterize cheap finery, and especially things which imitate in a cheap way that which is rich or costly, or adornments of which the freshness and elegance have worn off. The word is first used in combination in the phrase “ tawdry lace,” a shortened form or corruption of St Audrey's or St Awdrey's lace. St Audrey was St Etheldreda, who founded Ely cathedral, and it is generally accepted that tawdry-laces or tawdries were necklaces bought at St Audrey's Fair on the 17th of October. Nares (Glossary to the Works of English Authors, 1859) gives as an alternative the story that the saint died of a swelling in the throat, which she took as a judgment for having worn fine necklaces in her youth.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tayabas

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​TAYABAS, a town of the province of Tayabas, Luzon, Philippine Islands, 8 m. N. of Lucena, the capital. Pop. of the municipality (1903) 14,740. Tayabas is picturesquely situated on the slopes of the extinct volcano, Banajao, and commands a magnificent view of the surrounding country, which is extremely fertile, and is planted in rice and coco-nuts. Its climate, although cool, is Very unhealthy, malignant malarial fevers causing a high death-rate. It has a church and convent of large size and massive construction. During the revolt of 1896 a Spanish garrison occupying these buildings withstood a siege of fifty-eight days, at the end of which time it was forced to surrender by lack of food. Tagalog and Bicol are the languages spoken. Until 1901 Tayabas was the capital of the province.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Taygetus

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​TAYGETUS (Ταΰγετος or Ταΰγετον, mod. St Elias or Pentedaktylon), the highest mountain ridge in the Peloponnese, separating Laconia from Messenia. Height 7900 ft. The highest point is H. Elias; here horses are said to have been sacrificed to Helios.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tay, Loch

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​TAY, LOCH, the largest lake in Perthshire, Scotland. It is situated about the middle of the county and has a flattened ogee form, with a general trend from N.E. to S.W. It is 14½ m. long from Killin at the head to Kenmore at the foot, from ½ m. to fully 1 m. wide. The maximum depth is 508 ft., the mean depth 200 ft. The lake lies 355 ft. above the sea, covers an area of 6550 acres, or over 10 sq. m., and has a drainage basin of 232 sq. m., including the overflow from Lochs Dochart and Tubhair. It receives at Killin the rivers Lochay and Dochart and discharges by the Tay at Kenmore. Ben Lawers (3984 ft.) rises near the left bank. There are piers at Killin, Ardeonaig, Lawers, Fernan and Kenmore, at which the steamers call during the tourist season; ferries at Ardeonaig and Lawers; and a coaching road on the left shore and a somewhat longer and more hilly road on the right. At the foot of the lake is an island containing the ruins of the priory which was founded in 1121 by Alexander I. in memory of his wife Sibylla, daughter of Henry I. She was buried here. Loch Tay enjoys great repute for its salmon-fishing.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Owen Sound

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​OWEN SOUND, a town and port of entry in Ontario, Canada, and capital of Grey county, situated 99 m. N.W. of Toronto, on Georgian Bay. Pop. (1901) 8776. It is the terminus of branches of the Canadian Pacific and Grand Trunk railways, and of the Canadian Pacific and other steamship lines plying to ports on Lakes Huron and Superior. Its harbour is one of the best on Lake Huron, and navigable by lake vessels of the largest size. It is a flourishing town, containing shipbuilding yards. and manufactories of mill machinery, agricultural implements, furniture and sewing-machines, flour-mills, saw-mills and large grain elevators.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Owosso

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​OWOSSO, a city of Shiawassee county, Michigan, U.S.A., on Shiawassee river, about 79 m. N.W. of Detroit and 28 m. N.E. of Lansing. Pop. (1900) 8696, of whom 1396 were foreign-born; (1906 estimate) 9369. It is served by the Michigan Central, the Grand Trunk, and the Ann Arbor railways, and is a division point of the last. It is situated in the coal area of Michigan, and has various manufactures, including beet-sugar, for which Owosso is an important centre. The value of the city’s factory products increased from $2,055,052 in 1900 to $3,109,232 in 1905, or 51·3%. The municipality owns and operates its water-works. Owosso was settled about 1834 and chartered as a city in 1859.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Owensboro

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​OWENSBORO, a city and the county-seat of Daviess county, Kentucky, U.S.A., on the Ohio river, 112 m. by rail W.S.W. of Louisville. Pop. (1890) 9837; (1900) 13,189, of whom 3061 were negroes; (1910 census) 16,011. The city is served by the Illinois Central, the Louisville & Nashville, and the Louisville, Henderson & St Louis railways, and by steamboat lines to river ports. At Owensboro are the Owensboro College for women (nonsect.), opened in 1890, Saint Francis Academy, and a Roman Catholic school for boys. Two miles S. of the city is Hickman Park (20 acres), a pleasure resort, and E. of the city is a summer Chautauqua park. Owensboro is situated in a good agricultural region; coal, iron, building stone, clay, oil, lead and zinc abound in the vicinity; and the city has a notably large trade in tobacco (especially strip tobacco) and has various manufactures. The value of the city's factory products increased from $1,740,128 in 1900 to $4,187,700 in 1905, or 140.6%. The municipality owns and operates its electric-lighting plant and water-works. Owensboro was settled about 1798, and for several years was commonly known as Yellow Banks; in 1816 it was laid out as a town and named Rossborough, and two years later the present name was adopted in honour of Colonel Abraham Owen (1769–1811), a Virginian who removed to Kentucky in 1785, served in several Indian campaigns, and was killed in the battle of Tippecanoe. Owensboro was incorporated as a city in 1866.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Owens, John

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​OWENS, JOHN (1790–1846), English merchant, was born at Manchester in 1790, the son of a prosperous merchant. Early in life he became a partner in his father's business and was soon noted for his ability as a cotton buyer. His business prospered, and the firm traded with China, India, South America and the United States, dealing in many other commodities. His large fortune he suggested leaving to his friend and partner George Faulkner (1790–1860), already a rich man. But by the latter's advice he bequeathed it to trustees for the foundation of a college (Owens College, Manchester, opened 1851, now part of Victoria University), based upon his own ideas of education. He died in Manchester on the 29th of July 1846. His bequests to friends and charities amounted to some £52,000, while for the college he left £96,654. Among the conditions for its foundation the most important was that which discountenanced any sort of religious test for students or teachers.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Owling

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​OWLING, in English law, the offence of transporting wool or sheep out of the kingdom, to the detriment of the staple manufacture of wool. The name is said to owe its origin to the fact that the offence was usually carried on at night-time, when the owls were abroad. The offence was stringently regulated by a statute of Edward III. (1336–7), while many subsequent statutes also dealt with it. In 1566 the offence was made punishable by the cutting off of the left hand and nailing it in a public place. By a statute of 1660 the ship and cargo were to be forfeited. In the reign of George I. (1717–1718) the penalty was altered to transportation for seven years. The offence was abolished in 1824.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Oxalis

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​OXALIS, in botany, a large genus of small herbaceous plants, comprising, with a few small allied genera, the natural order Oxalidaceae. The name is derived from Gr. ὄξυς, acid, the plants being acid from presence of acid calcium oxalate. It contains about 220 species, chiefly South African and tropical and South American. It is represented in Britain by the wood-sorrel, a small stemless plant with radical trefoil-like leaves growing from a creeping scaly rootstock, and the flowers borne singly on an axillary stalk; the flowers are regular with five sepals, five obovate, white, purple-veined, free petals, ten stamens and a central five-lobed, five-celled ovary with five ​free styles. The fruit is a capsule, splitting by valves; the seeds have a fleshy coat, which curls back elastically, ejecting the true seed. The leaves, as in the other species of the genus, show a “sleep-movement,” becoming pendulous at night.
Oxalis crenata, Oca of the South Americans, is a tuberous-rooted half-hardy perennial, native of Peru. Its tubers are comparatively small, and somewhat acid; but if they be exposed in the sun from six to ten days they become sweet and floury. In the climate of England they can only be grown by starting them in heat in March, and planting out in June in a light soil and warm situation. They grow freely enough, but few tubers are formed, and these of small size. The fleshy stalks, which have the acid flavour of the family, may, however, be used in the same way as rhubarb for tarts. The leaves may be eaten in salads. It is easily propagated by cuttings of the stems or by means of sets like the potato.
* Wood-sorrel (Oxalis Acetosella), 3/4 nat. size, 1. Fruit which has split open; the seeds are shot out by the elastic contractions of their outer coat, s.
Oxalis Deppei or O. tetraphylla, a bulbous perennial, native of Mexico, has scaly bulbs, from which are produced fleshy, tapering, white, semi-transparent roots, about 4 in. in length and 3 to 4 in. in diameter. They strike down into the soil, which should therefore be made light and rich with abundance of decayed vegetable matter. The bulbs should be planted about the end of April, 6 in. apart, in rows 1 ft. asunder, being only just covered with soil and having a situation with a southern aspect. The roots should be dug up before they become affected by frost, but if protected they will continue to increase in size till November. When taken up the bulbs should be stored in a cool dry place for replanting and the roots for use. The roots are gently boiled with salt and water, peeled and eaten like asparagus with melted butter and the yolks of eggs, or served up like salsafy and scorzonera with white sauce.
Many other species are known in cultivation for edgings, rockwork or as pot-plants for the greenhouse, the best hardy and half-hardy kinds being O. arenaria, purple; O. Bowiei, crimson; O. enneaphylla, white or pale rose; O. floribunda, rose; O. lasiandra, pink; O. luteola, creamy yellow; O. variabilis, purple, white, red; and O. violacea, violet.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Musschenbroek, Pieter van

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​MUSSCHENBROEK, PIETER VAN (1692–1761), Dutch natural philosopher, was born on the 14th of March 1692 at Leiden, where his father johann Joosten van Musschenbroek (1660–1707) was a maker of physical apparatus. He studied at the university of his native city, where he was a pupil and friend of W. J. s’G. Gravesande. Graduating in 1715 with a dissertation, De aeris praesentia in humoribus animalium, Musschenbroek was appointed professor at Duisburg in 1719. In 1723 he was promoted to the chair of natural philosophy and mathematics at Utrecht. In 1731 he declined an invitation to Copenhagen, and was promoted in consequence to the chair of astronomy at Utrecht in 1732. The attempt of George II. of England in 1737 to attract him to the newly-established university of Göttingen was also unsuccessful. At length, however, the claims of his native city overcame his resolution to remain at Utrecht, and he accepted the mathematical chair at Leiden in 1739, where, declining all offers from abroad, he remained till his death on the 9th of September 1761.
His first important production was Epitome elementorum physico-mathematicorum (12mo, Leiden, 1726)—a work which was afterwards gradually altered as it passed through several editions, and which appeared at length (posthumously, ed. by Johann Lulofs, one of his colleagues as Leiden) in 1162, under the title of Introductio ad philosophiam naturalem. The Physicae experimentales et geometricae dissertationes (1729) threw new light on magnetism, capillary attraction, and the cohesion of bodies. A Latin edition with notes (1731) of the Italian work Saggi di naturali esperienze fatte nell-l’Accademia del Cimento contained among many other investigations a description of a new instrument, the pyrometer, which Musschenbroek had invented, and of several experiments which he had made on the expansion of bodies by heat. Musschenbroek was also the author of Elementa physica (8vo, 1729), and his name is associated with the invention of the Leyden jar (q.v.).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mussoorie

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​MUSSOORIE, or Masuri, a town and sanitarium of British India, in the Dehra Dun district of the United Provinces, about 6600 ft. above the sea. Pop. (1901), 6461, rising to 15,000 in the hot season. It stands on a ridge of one of the lower Himalayan ranges, amid beautiful mountain scenery, and forms with Naini Tal the chief summer resort for European residents in the plains of the United Provinces. The view from Mussoorie over the valley of the Dun and across the Siwalik hills to the plains is very beautiful, as also is the view towards the north, which is bounded by the peaks of the snowy range. Mussoorie practically forms one station with Landaur, the convalescent depot for European troops, 7362 ft. above the sea. Some distance off, on the road to Simla, is the cantonment of Chakrata, 7300 ft. It was formerly approached by road from Saharanpur in the plains, 58 m. distant, but in 1900 the railway was opened to Dehra, 21 m. by road. There are numerous schools for Europeans, including St George's college, the Philander-Smith institute, the Oak Grove school of the East Indian railway, and several Church of England and Roman Catholic institutions, together with a cathedral of the latter faith. The first brewery in India was established here in 1850. The town has botanical gardens, and is the summer headquarters of the Trigonometrical Survey.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mustard Oils

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​MUSTARD OILS, organic chemical compounds of general formula R·NCS. They may be prepared by the action of carbon bisulphide on primary amines in alcoholic or ethereal solution, the alkyl dithio-carbamic compounds formed being then precipitated with mercuric chloride, and the mercuric salts heated in aqueous solution,
| 2R·NH$_2$ | CS$_2$ | CS | NHR | HgCl$_2$ | [RHNCS$_2$]$_2$Hg→HgS+H$_2$S+2RNCS, |
| 2R·NH$_2$ | → | CS | S·NH$_3$R | → | [RHNCS$_2$]$_2$Hg→HgS+H$_2$S+2RNCS, |
or the isocyanic esters may be heated with phosphorus pentasulphide (A. Michael and G. Palmer, Amer. Chem. Jour., 1884, 6, 257). They are colourless liquids with a very pungent irritating odour. They are readily oxidized, with production of the corresponding amine. Nascent hydrogen converts, them into the amine, with simultaneous formation of thio-formaldehyde, RNCS+4H＝R·NH$_2$+HCSH. When heated with acids to 100° C, they decompose with formation of the amine and liberation of carbon bisulphide and sulphuretted hydrogen. They combine directly with alcohols, mercaptans, ammonia, amines and with aldehyde ammonia.
Methyl mustard oil, CH$_3$NCS, melts at 35° C. and boils at 119° C. Allyl mustard oil, C$_3$H$_5$NCS, is the principal constituent of the ordinary mustard oil obtained on distilling black mustard seeds. These seeds contain potassium myronate (C$_{10}$H$_{18}$NS$_2$O$_{10}$K) which in presence of water is hydrolysed by the myrosin present in the seed,
C$_{10}$H$_{18}$NS$_2$O$_{10}$K＝C$_6$H$_{12}$O$_6$+KHSO$_4$+C$_3$H$_5$NCS.
It may also be prepared by heating allyl sulphide with potassium sulphocyanide. It is a colourless liquid boiling at 150·7° C. It combines directly with potassium bisulphite. Phenyl mustard oil C$_6$H$_5$NCS, is obtained by boiling sulphocarbanilide with concentrated hydrochloric acid, some triphenylguanidine being formed at the same time. It is a colourless liquid boiling at 222° C. When heated with copper powder it yields benzonitrile.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mustafa Reshid Pasha

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​MUSTAFA RESHID PASHA (1800–1858), Turkish statesman and diplomatist, was born at Constantinople in 1800. He entered the public service at an early age and rose rapidly, becoming ambassador at Paris in 1834 and in London 1836, minister for foreign affairs 1837, again ambassador in London 1838, and in Paris 1841. Appointed vali of Adrianople in 1843, he returned as ambassador to Paris in the same year. Between 1845 and 1857 he was six times grand vizier. One of the greatest and most brilliant statesmen of his time, thoroughly acquainted with European politics, and well versed in affairs, he was a convinced if somewhat too ardent partisan of reform and the principal author of the legislative remodelling of Turkish administrative methods known as the Tanzimat. His ability was recognized alike by friend and by foe. In the settlement of the Egyptian question in 1840, and during the Crimean War and the ensuing peace negotiations, he rendered valuable services to the state.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mustang

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MUSTANG, the wild or semi-wild horse of the prairies of America, the descendant of the horses imported by the Spaniards after the conquest in the 16th century (see Horse). The word appears to be due to two Spanish words, mestrenco, or mostrenco, defined by Minsheu (1599) as "a strayer." Mestrenco (now mesteno) means "wild, having no master," and appears to be derived from mesta, a grazier-association, which among other functions appropriated any wild cattle found with the herds.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Voss, Richard

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​VOSS, RICHARD (1851-), German dramatist and novelist, was born at Neugrape, in Pomerania, on the 2nd of September 1851, the son of a country squire. Though intended for the life of a country gentleman, he showed no inclination for outdoor life, and on his return from the war of 1870-71, in which he was wounded, he studied philosophy at Jena and Munich, and then settled at Berchtesgaden. In 1884 Voss was appointed by the grand duke of Weimar librarian of the Wartburg, but, in consequence of illness, he resigned the post.
Chief among his dramas are Savonarola (1878); Magda (1879); Die Patricierin (1880); Der Mohr des Zaren (1883); Unehrlich Volk (1885); Alexandra (1888); Eva (1889); Wehe dem Besiegten (1889); Die neue Zeil (1891); Schuldig (1892). Among his novels may be mentioned San Sebastian (1883); Der Sohn der Volskerin (1885); Die Sabinerin (1888); Der Mönch von Berchtesgaden (1891); Der neue Gott (1898); Die Rächerin (1899); Allerlei Erlebtes (1902); and Die Leute von Valdaré (1902).
See M. Goldmann, Richard Voss, ein literarisches Charakterbild (1900).