OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wildman, Sir John

See also John Wildman on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WILDMAN, SIR JOHN (c. 1621–1693), English agitator, was educated at the university of Cambridge, and during the Civil War served for a short time under Sir Thomas Fairfax. He became prominent, however, not as a soldier but as an agitator, being in 1647 one of the leaders of that section of the army which objected to all compromise with the king. In a pamphlet, Putney Projects, he attacked Cromwell; he was responsible for The Case of the Army stated, and he put the views of his associates before the council of the army at a meeting in Putney church in October 1647. The authorities looked upon him with suspicion, and in January 1648 he and John Lilburne were imprisoned, preparations, says Clarendon, being made “for his trial and towards his execution.” However, he was released in the following August, and for a time he was associated with the party known as the levellers, but he quickly severed his connexion with them and became an officer in the army. He was a large buyer of the land forfeited by the royalists, and in 1654 he was sent to the House of Commons as member for Scarborough. In the following year he was arrested for conspiring against Cromwell, and after his release four months later he resumed the career of plotting, intriguing alike with royalists and republicans for the overthrow of the existing regime. In 1659 he helped to seize Windsor castle for the Long Parliament, and then in November 1661 he was again a prisoner on some suspicion of participating in republican plots. For six years he was a captive, only regaining his freedom after the fall of Clarendon in October 1667.
In or before 1681 Wildman became prominent among those who were discontented with the rule of Charles II., being especially intimate with Algernon Sydney. He was undoubtedly concerned in the Rye House Plot, and under James II. he was active in the interests of the duke of Monmouth, but owing to some disagreements, or perhaps to his cowardice, he took no part in the rising of 1685. He found it advisable, however, to escape to Holland, and returned to England with the army of William of Orange in 1688. In 1689 he was a member of the convention parliament.
Wildman was postmaster-general from April 1689 to February 1691, when some ugly rumours about his conduct brought about his dismissal. Nevertheless, he was knighted by William III. in 1692, and he died on the 2nd of June 1693. Sir John, who was the author of many political pamphlets, left an only son, John, who died childless in 1710.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wilhelmina, queen of the Netherlands

See also Wilhelmina of the Netherlands on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WILHELMINA [Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria of Orange-Nassau] (1880-), queen of the Netherlands, was born at the Hague on the 31st of August 1880. Her father, William III. (Willem Paul Alexander Frederik Lodewijk), had by his first wife, Sophia Frederika Mathilde of Württemberg, three sons, all of whom predeceased him. Having been left a widower on the 3rd of June 1877, he married on the 7th of January 1879 Adelheid Emma Wilhelmina Theresia, second daughter of Prince George Victor of Waldeck-Pyrmont, born on the 2nd of August 1858, and Wilhelmina was the only issue of that union. She succeeded to the throne on her father's death, which took place on the 23rd of November 1890, but until her eighteenth year, when she was “inaugurated” at Amsterdam on the 6th of September 1898, the business of the state was carried on under the regency of the queen-mother, in accordance with a law made on the 2nd of August 1884. On the 7th of February 1901 Queen Wilhelmina married Henry Wladimir Albert Ernst, duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (born on the 19th of April 1876). To the great joy of the Dutch people. Queen Wilhelmina, on the 30th of April 1909, gave birth to an heir to the throne, the Princess Juliana (Juliana Louise Emma Maria Wilhelmina). (See Holland: History.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Parini, Giuseppe

See also Giuseppe Parini on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PARINI, GIUSEPPE (1729–1709), Italian poet, was born at Bosio in the Milanese, on the 22nd of May 1729. His parents, who possessed a small farm on the shore of Lake Pusiano, sent him to Milan, where he studied under the Barnabites in the Academy Arcimboldi, maintaining himself latterly by copying manuscripts. In 1752 he published at Lugano, under the pseudonym of Ripano Eupilino, a small volume of sciolto verse which secured his election to the Accademia dei Trasformati at Milan and to that of the Arcadi at Rome. His poem, Il Mattino, which was published in 1763, and which marked a distinct advance in Italian blank verse, consisted of ironical instructions to a young nobleman as to the best method of spending his mornings. It at once established Parini’s popularity and influence, and two years later a continuation of the same theme was published under the title of Il Mezzogiorno. The Austrian plenipotentiary, Count Firmian, interested himself in procuring the poet’s advancement, appointing him, in the ​first place, editor of the Milan Gazette, and in 1769, in despite of the Jesuits, to a specially created chair of belles lettres in the Palatine School. On the French occupation of Milan he was appointed magistrate by Napoleon and Saliceti, but almost immediately retired to resume his literary work and to complete Il Vespro and La Notte (published after his death), which with the two other poems already mentioned compose what is collectively entitled Il Giorno. Among his other poems his rather artificial Odi, composed between 1757 and 1795, have appeared in various editions. He died on the 15th of August 1799.
His works, edited by Reina, were published in 6 vols. 8vo (Milan, 1801–1804); and an excellent critical edition by G. Mazzoni appeared at Florence in 1897.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pariah

See also Paraiyar on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PARIAH, a name long adopted in European usage for the “outcastes” of India. Strictly speaking the Paraiyans are the agricultural labourer caste of the Tamil country in Madras, and are by no means the lowest of the low. The majority are ploughmen, formerly adscripti glebae, but some of them are weavers, and no less than 350 subdivisions have been distinguished. The name can be traced back to inscriptions of the 11th century, and the “Pariah poet,” Tiruvalluvar, author of the famous Tamil poem, the Kurral, probably lived at about that time. The accepted derivation of the word is from the Tamil parai, the large drum of which the Paraiyans are the hereditary beaters at festivals, &c. In 1901 the total number of Paraiyans in all India was 21/4 millions, almost confined to the south of Madras. In the Telugu country their place is taken by the Malas, in the Kanarese country by the Holeyas and in the Deccan by the Mahars. Some of their privileges and duties seem to show that they represent the original owners of the land, subjected by a conquering race. The Pariahs supplied a notable proportion of Clive’s sepoys, and are still enlisted in the Madras sappers and miners. They have always acted as domestic servants to Europeans. That they are not deficient in intelligence is proved by the high position which some of them, when converted to Christianity, have occupied in the professions. In modern official usage the “outcastes” generally are termed Panchamas in Madras, and special efforts are made for their education.
See Caldwell, Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages (pp. 540–554), and the Madras Census Reports for 1891 and 1901.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Parian Chronicle

See also Parian Chronicle on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PARIAN CHRONICLE (Chronicon or Marmor Parium), a marble tablet found in the island of Paros in 1627, now among the Arundel Marbles at Oxford. It originally embraced an outline of Greek history from the reign of Cecrops, legendary king of Athens, down to the archonship of Diognetus at Athens (264 B.C.). The Chronicle seems to have been set up by a private person, but, as the opening of the inscription has perished, we do not know the occasion or motives which prompted the step. The author of the Chronicle has given much attention to the festivals, and to poetry and music; thus he has recorded the dates of the establishment of festivals, of the introduction of various kinds of poetry, the births and deaths of the poets, and their victories in contests of poetical skill. On the other hand, important political and military events are often entirely omitted; thus the return of the Heraclidae, Lycurgus, the wars of Messene, Draco, Solon, Cleisthenes, Pericles, the Peloponnesian War and the Thirty Tyrants are not even mentioned. The years are reckoned backwards from the archonship of Diognetus, and the dates are further specified by the kings and archons of Athens. The reckoning by Olympiads is not employed. The Chronicle consists of 93 lines, written chiefly in the Attic dialect.
The Parian Chronicle (first published by Selden in 1628) is printed by A. Böckh in the Corpus inscriptionum graecarum, vol. ii., No. 2374, and by C. W. Müller in the Fragmenta historicorum graecorum, vol. i.; there are separate editions by J. Flach (1883) and F. Jacoby (1904). A New fragment was discovered in 1897, bringing the Chronicle down to the year 299 (ed. Crispi and Wilhelm in Mittheilungen des archaeologischen Instituts, athenische Abtheilung, vol. xxii., 1897). See also “Notes on the Text of the Parian Marble” and review of Jacoby’s edition by J. A. R. Munro in Classical Review (March and October 1901 and June 1905).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Paris, François de

See also François de Pâris on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PARIS, FRANÇOIS DE (1690–1727), French theologian, was born in Paris on the 3rd of June 1690. He zealously opposed the bull Unigenitus (1713), which condemned P. Quesnel’s ​annotated translation of the Bible. He gave further support to the Jansenists, and when he died (May 1, 1727) his grave in the cemetery of St Medard became a place of fanatical pilgrimage and wonder-working. The king ordered the churchyard to be closed in 1732, but earth which had been taken from the grave proved equally efficacious and helped to encourage the disorder which marked the close of the Jansenist struggle (see Jansenism).
Lives by B. de la Bruyère and B. Doyen (1731). See also P. F. Matthieu, Histoire des miracles et des convulsionnaires de St Médard; M. Tollemache, French Jansenists (London, 1893).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pariah Dog

See also Pariah dog on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PARIAH DOG, a dog of a domesticated breed that has reverted, in a greater or less degree, to a half-wild condition. Troops of such dogs are found in the towns and villages of Eastern Europe, Asia and Africa; and they probably interbreed with wolves, jackals and wild dogs. The Indian breed is near akin to the Australian dingo.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Paris, Alexis Paulin

See also Alexis Paulin Paris on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800–1881), French savant, was born at Avenay (Marne) on the 25th of March 1800. He published in 1824 an Apologie pour l’école romantique, and took an active part in Parisian journalism. His appointment, in 1828, to the department of manuscripts in the Bibliothèque royale left him leisure to pursue his studies in medieval French literature. Paulin Paris lived before minute methods of research had been generally applied to modern literature, and his chief merit is that by his numerous editions of early French poems he continued the work begun by Dominique Méon in arousing general interest in the then little-known epics of chivalry. Admitted to the Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres in 1837, he was shortly afterwards appointed on the commission entrusted with the continuation of the Histoire littéraire de la France. In 1853 a chair of medieval literature was founded at the Collège de France, and Paulin Paris became the first occupant. He retired in 1872 with the title of honorary professor, and was promoted officer of the Legion of Honour in the next year. He died on the 13th of February 1881 in Paris.
His works include: Manuscrits français de la bibliothèque du roi (7 vols., 1836–1848); Li Romans di Garin le Loherain, précédé d’un examen des romans carlovingiens (1883–1885); Li Romans de Berte aux grans piés (1832); Le Romancero français, histoire de quelques anciens trouvères et choix de leurs chansons (1833); an edition of the Grandes chroniques de France (1836–1840); La Chanson d’Antioche (1848); Les Aventures de maître Renart et d’Ysengrin (1861) and Les Romans de la table ronde (1868–1877), both put into modern French.
His son Gaston Paris contributed a biographical notice to vol. xxix. of the Histoire littéraire.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tigré

See also Tigray Province, Tigray (people) and Tigrinya on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer. See also the Bogos people of nearby Italian Eritrea, whose serf class were known as the “Tigré.”
​TIGRÉ, a northern province of Abyssinia; one of the three principal divisions of the country, the others being Amhara or Gondar in the centre and Shoa in the south. The ras (or prince) of Tigré has been often a more powerful potentate than the nominal emperor. Tigré contains the town of Axum (q.v.), capital of the ancient Ethiopic Empire. Adua (Adowa, q.v.) is the capital of the province. (See Abyssinia.)
Tigrina, the dialect spoken in Tigré and Lasta, is nearer the ancient Geez than is Amharic, the official and more widely diffused language of Abyssinia. See J. Schreiber, Manuel de la langue tigrai (Vienna, 1887–1893); and L. de Vito, Grammatica della lingua tigrigna (Rome, 1895).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tiger-flower

See also Tigridia on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TIGER-FLOWER, known botanically as Tigridia, a genus of bulbous plants (natural order Iridaceae), natives of Mexico, Central America, Peru and Chile. They have long narrow plicately-veined leaves springing from the bulb and a stem bearing two or three scattered smaller leaves and above a few flowers emerging from a spathe. The flowers are spotted (whence the name tiger-flower or tiger-iris) and have free segments springing from a tube; the three large broad outer segments are concavely spreading, the three inner are much smaller and more erect. T. pawnia (Flower of Tigris) has large flowers with a golden orange, white or yellow ground colour.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tighe, Mary

See also Mary Tighe on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TIGHE, MARY (1772–1810), Irish poet, daughter of the Rev. William Blachford, was born on the 9th of October 1772. In 1793 she contracted what proved to be an unhappy marriage with her cousin, Henry Tighe, of Woodstock, Co. Wicklow. She died on the 24th of March 1810, at Woodstock, Co. Kilkenny, and was buried at Inistioge. Mrs Tighe was the author of a poem of unusual merit, Psyche or the Legend of Love, printed privately in 1805 and published posthumously in 1811 with some other poems. It is founded on the story as told by Apuleius, and is written in the Spenserian stanza. The poem had many admirers, and high praise is awarded it in a contemporary notice in the Quarterly Review (May 1811).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tilburg

See also Tilburg on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TILBURG, a town in the province of north Brabant, Holland, and a junction station 131/2 m. by rail E. by S. of Breda. A steam tramway connects it northwards with Waalwijk. Pop. (1905), 46,517. Tilburg has risen into importance since the separation of Belgium from Holland as one of the chief industrial centres of the south. It has Roman Catholic and Protestant churches, a synagogue, a cloth hall, a higher-burgher school, an art and music school, and a Roman Catholic seminary. The woollen manufacture is the chief industry, besides which there are leather, soap, oil and tobacco factories, as well as breweries, tanneries and iron foundries.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tilbury Docks

See also Port of Tilbury on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TILBURY DOCKS, on the north shore of the Thames, in the county of Essex, England. They lie opposite Gravesend 25 m. below London Bridge and about the same distance from the Nore, being thus within the port of London. They were constructed in 1886 by the East & West India Docks Company, and were later owned by the London & India Docks Company. The docks are four in number, having, with tidal basin and entrance locks, a total area of 74 acres. The depth of water in the tidal basin is 25 ft. at low tide and 44 ft. at high tide. The length of quayage is about 21/2 m., and there is extensive warehousing as well as accommodation for passengers, as the largest passenger steamers trading with the Port of London lie here. Railway communication is provided by the London, Tilbury & Southend line, and there is direct connexion for goods traffic with all the northern lines.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Prejudice

See also Prejudice on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PREJUDICE (Lat. praejudicium), literally 'judgment or decision beforehand, which in classical usage meant a precedent, a preceding judgment, also a special form of judicial examination precedent to a trial, especially in matters relating to status. The transferred sense, of injury or damage inflicted by decisions or judgments disregarding interests affected, does not appear till post-classical times in Latin. This last use of damage appears in English in relation to legal matters, especially in the phrase “ without prejudice,” i.e. without detriment to rights or claims. When two parties are negotiating for the settlement of a dispute, statements or admissions made by or on behalf of either, with a stipulation, expressed or implied, that the statements are made “ without prejudice ” to the party's claims in the dispute, cannot be put in evidence in litigation to settle the dispute (see Evidence). The general meaning of the word is that of opinion, favourable or hostile, based on prepossessions, and therefore biassed or unreasonable.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Preller, Friedrich

See also Friedrich Preller the Elder on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
PRELLER, FRIEDRICH (1804–1878), German landscape-painter, was born at Eisenach on the 25th of April 1804. After studying drawing at Weimar, he went in 1821, on Goethe's advice, to Dresden, where in 1824 he was invited to accompany the grand duke of Weimar to Belgium. He became a pupil in the academy at Antwerp. From 1827 to 1831 he studied in Italy, and in 1831 received an appointment in the Weimar school of art. In 1834–1836 he executed in tempera six pictures on subjects taken from the Odyssey in the “ Roman House ” at Leipzig, in 1836–1837 the landscapes with scenes from Oberon in the Wieland room in the grand-ducal palace at Weimar, and in 1836–1848 six frescoes on Thuringian subjects commissioned by the grand duchess. In 1840 he visited Norway and produced a number of easel works, some of which are preserved at Weimar. In 1859 he revisited Italy, and on his return in 1861 he completed for the grand-ducal museum the frescoes illustrative of the Odyssey, which are held to constitute his chief claim to fame. Preller, who was also a successful etcher, died at Weimar on the 23rd of April 1878.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Preface

See also Preface on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand), an introduction to a book,, also any preliminary or introductory statement. In liturgical use the term is applied to that portion of the Eucharistic service which immediately precedes the canon or central portion; the preface, which begins at the words Vere dignum, " It is very meet, right, &c.," is ushered in, in all liturgies, with the Sursum Corda, "Lift up your hearts," and ends with the Sanctus, "Holy, Holy, Holy, &c." In the Western liturgies proper prefaces are appointed for particular occasions (see Liturgy) .
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Prel, Karl, Freiherr von

See also Karl, Freiherr von Prel on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PREL, KARL, Freiherr von (1839–1899), German philosopher, was born at Landshut on the 3rd of April 1839. After studying at the university of Munich he served in the Bavarian ​army from 1859 to 1872, when he retired with the rank of captain. He then gave himself up to philosophical work, especially in connexion with the phenomena of hypnotism and occultism from the modern psychological standpoint. He attempted to deduce the existence of spirit, apart from, and yet entering from time to time into connexion with, the phenomena of the senses, by an examination of the relation between the ego of thought and the age of sensible experience as understood by Kant. In 1868 he received the degree of doctor from the university of Tübingen in recognition of a treatise on the psychology of Dreams (Oneirokritikon. Der Traum vom Standpnnkt des transcendental en Idealismus) .
Subsequently, he published numerous works on various psychological and scientific subjects, of which the more important are: Der gesunde Mensehenverstand vor den Problemen der Wissensehaft (1872); Der Kampf ums Dasein am Himmel (1874), republished in 1882 under the title Entwiekelungsgeschichte des Weltalls Die Planetenbewohner und die Nebularhypothese (1880); Die Philosophie der Mystik (1885); Justinus Kerner und die Seherin von Prevorst (1886); Die monistische Seelenlehre (1888); Die Mystik der alten Griechen (1888); Kants mystische Weltanschauung (1889); Studien aus dem Gebiete der Geheimwissenschaften (1890); Der Spiritismus (1893); Die Entdeekung der Seele durch die Geheimwissenschaften (1894-1895). In Der Kampf ums Dasein am Himmel von Prel endeavoured to apply the Darwinian doctrine of organic evolution not only to the sphere of consciousness but also even more widely as the philosophical principle of the world. He was one of a large number of German thinkers who during the latter half of the 19th century endeavoured to treat the mind as a mechanism. He died on the 4th of August 1899.
See Evolution; in Philosophy.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Preller, Ludwig

See also Ludwig Preller on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
PRELLER, LUDWIG (1809–1861), German philologist and antiquarian, was born at Hamburg on the 15th of September 1809. After having studied at Leipzig, Berlin and Göttingen, in 1838 he was appointed to the professorship of philology at Dorpat, which, however, he resigned in 1843. He afterwards spent some time in Italy, but settled in Jena in 1844, where he became professor in 1846. In the same year he removed as head librarian to Weimar, where he died on the 21st of June 1861. His chief works are: Demeter u. Persephone (1837); Griechische Mythologie (1854–1855; 4th ed., by C. Robert, 1887 seq.); and Römische Mythologie (1858; 3rd ed. by H. Jordan, 1881–1883). He also co-operated with H. Ritter in the preparation of the most useful Historia philosophiae graecae et romanae ex fontium locis contexta (1838; ed. E. Wellmann, 1898). He contributed extensively to Ersch and Gruber's Allgemeine Encyklopädie and Pauly's Realencyklopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft. A complete list of his works will be found in Ausgewählte Aufsätze aus dem Gebiete der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft (ed. R. Köhler, 1864).
See G. T. Stichling, Ludwig Preller. Eine Gedächtnisrede (Weimar, 1863); C. Bursian, Geschichte der klassischen Philologie in Deutschland (1883).