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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Francis Xavier Schmalzgrueber

From volume 13 of the work.
Canonist, b. at Griesbach, Bavaria, 9 Oct., 1663; d. at Dillingen 7 Nov., 1735. Entering the Society of Jesus in 1679 he made his studies at Ingolstadt, obtaining the doctorate both in theology and canon law. He taught humanities at Munich, Dillingen, and Neuburg; philosophy at Mindelheim, Augsburg, and Ingolstadt; dogmatic theology at Innsbruck and Lucerne. From 1703 to 1716 (with an interruption of two years when he occupied the chair of moral theology) he was professor of canon law, alternating between Dillingen and Ingolstadt. He was twice chancellor of the University of Dillingen; for two years censor of books for the Jesuits at Rome, and for a like period prefect of studies at Munich. His judgment and clearness in expounding questions in ecclesiastical jurisprudence cause him to be held in great esteem even to-day. His chief work, "Jus Ecclesiasticum Universum", first published at Ingolstadt in 1817, underwent various editions, the last appearing at Rome (1843-5) in twelve quarto volumes. A compendium of this work was styled "Succincta sacrorum canonum doctrina"; another, "Compendium juris ecclesiastici"; both were published at Augsburg in 1747. Grandclaude's work (Paris, 1882-3) is practically a compendium of Schmalzgrueber. Other writings are: "Judicium ecclesiasticum", "Clerus saecularis et regularis", "Sponsalia et matrimonia", "Crimen fori ecclesiastici", "Consilia seu responsa Juris"; all appeared at Augsburg between 1712 and 1722.
MEDERER, Annales Ingolstadiensis Academiae, III (Ingolstadt, 1782), 142; DE BACKER, Bibliotheque, ed. SOMMERVOGEL, VII (1896), 795 sq.; Allg. Realencyk. (Ratisbon, 1886).
ANDREW B. MEEHAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Francis a Paula Triesnecker

From volume 15 of the work.
Astronomer, b. at Kirchberg on the Wagram, in Lower Austria, 2 April, 1745; d. at Vienna 29 January, 1817. At the age of sixteen he entered the Society of Jesus, and, after several years' study of philosophy (Vienna) and mathematics (Tyrnau), he taught at various Jesuit colleges. After the suppression of the Society he went to Gras, where he completed his theological studies and was ordained shortly afterwards. He soon attained a reputation as a mathematician and astronomer and was appointed assistant to the director of the Vienna Observatory, Father Max Hell, whom he succeeded in 1792. He occupied this post during the remainder of his life. Triesnecker was thoroughly grounded in the science of mathematics and its applications to astronomy; and the accuracy of his observations, which in spite of ill-health he pursued till an advanced age, was universally recognized. His numerous treatises mainly deal with geography and astronomy. A considerable portion of his time was taken up by the "Ephemerides" of Vienna, the editorship of which, after Father Hell's death, he shared with the ingenious computer Burg. In this periodical he published, between the years 1787-1806, his "Tabulae Mercurii, Martis, Veneris, Solares", and the greater part of his micrometrical observations of the sun, moon, planets, and positions of stars. His "Novae motuum lunarium tabulae" were published separately in 1802. Other astronomical investigations may be found in "Zach's monatliche Correspondenz", in the "Commentarii soc. leg. Götting.", and in Bode's "Astron. Jahrbuch". In geography he determined or corrected the longitude and latitude of various places from the best available data. The results of this labour are embodied in the periodicals referred to above, the "Transactions of the Royal Soc. of Bohemia", and Zach's "Allgemeine geographische Ephemeriden". He completed Father Metzburg's triangulation of lower Austria, using it as a basis for the production of a new map of that country, and assisted him with the triangulation of Galicia. The erection of the "New Observatory" of Vienna (which afterwards gave place to the new structure on the "Turkenschanze") was Triesnecker's work. He was a member of the scientific associations of Breslau, Göttingen, Munich, St. Petersburg, and Prague.
J. Stein.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Franciscan Crown

From volume 4 of the work.
(Or Seraphic Rosary.)
A Rosary consisting of seven decades in commemoration of the seven joys of the Blessed Virgin (the Annunciation, Visitation, Birth of our Lord, Adoration of the Magi, Finding of the Child Jesus in the Temple, the Resurrection of Our Lord, and the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin and her Coronation in heaven), in use among the members of the three orders of St. Francis.
The Franciscan Crown dates back to the year 1422. Wadding tells us that a young novice who had that year been received into the Franciscan Order had, previous to his reception, been accustomed to adorn a statue of the Blessed Virgin with a wreath of fresh and beautiful flowers as a mark of his piety and devotion. Not being able to continue this practice in the novitiate, he decided to return to the world. The Blessed Virgin appeared to him and prevented him from carrying out his purpose. She then instructed him how, by reciting daily a rosary of seven decades in honour of her seven joys, he might weave a crown that would be more pleasing to her than the material wreath of flowers he had been wont to place on her statue. From that time the practice of reciting the crown of the seven joys became general in the order.
The manner of reciting the Franciscan Rosary is as follows: The Apostles' Creed, the Our Father, and three Hail Marys having been said as usual, the mystery to be meditated upon is introduced after the word Jesus of the first Hail Mary of each decade, thus: "Jesus, whom thou didst joyfully conceive", "Jesus, whom thou didst joyfully carry to Elizabeth", and so on for the remaining five decades, which are given in most manuals of Franciscan devotion. At the end of the seventh decade two Hail Marys are added to complete the number of years (72) that the Blessed Virgin is said to have lived on earth.
There are other ways of reciting the Crown but the one given seems to be in more general use. The plenary Indulgence attached to the recitation of the Franciscan Crown, and applicable to the dead, may be gained as often as the crown is recited.
It is not required that the beads be blessed, or in fact that beads be used at all, since the Indulgence is not attached to the material rosary, but to the recitation of the prayers as such. In 1905 Pope Pius X, in response to the petition of the Procurator General of the Friars Minor, enriched the Franciscan Crown with several new Indulgences that may be gained by all the faithful. Those who assist at a public recitation of the Franciscan Crown participate in all the Indulgences attached to the Seraphic Rosary that are gained by the members of the Franciscan Order. It is required, however, that beads be used and that they be blessed by a priest having the proper faculties. A translation of the pontifical Brief is given in "St. Anthony's Almanac" for 1909.
STEPHEN M. DONOVAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Francis de Sales Brunner

From volume 3 of the work.
The founder of the Swiss-American congregation of the Benedictines, b. 10 January, 1795, at Muemliswil, Switzerland; d. at the Convent of Schellenberg, Duchy of Lichtenstein, 29 December, 1859. He received in baptism the name of Nicolaus Joseph. After the death of his father he entered, 11July, 1812, the Benedictine monastery near his residence in Maria Stein. He made his vows two years later and studied for the priesthood under the direction of the pious Abbot Pfluger. Ten years after his ordination (1819) he felt a vocation for a stricter life and joined the Trappists of Oehlemberg, also near his home. This convent being suppressed, he offered his services for foreign missions to Gregory XVI, and was to have gone as Apostolic missionary to China, but shortly before the time set for his departure the order was recalled. Next he founded a school for poor boys in the castle of Löwenberg, which he had purchased from the Count de Montfort. In 1833 with his mother he made a pilgrimage to Rome, where they were both enrolled in the Archconfraternity of the Most Precious Blood. Returned to Lowenberg, his mother gathered around her pious virgins to "hold a perpetual (day and night) adoration and dedicate their lives to the education of orphans and the furnishing of vestments for poor churches".
Thus began the Sisters of the Most Precious Blood; their foundress died in 1836, and the community was brought to America under the second mother superior, Sister Clara, who died in 1876 at Grunewald, Ohio. Meanwhile, in 1838, Father Brunner had made a second visit to Rome, and had entered the Congregation of the Most Precious Blood at Albano. After his novitiate he returned, continued the work he had previously begun, and also began educating boys for the priesthood, so as to inaugurate a German province of the congregation. The Government interfering more and more with his school, he accepted the invitation of Archbishop Purcell of Cincinnati, brought to him by Monsignor Henni, to establish his community in America. Accompanied by eight priests, he landed, 21 December, 1843, at New Orleans and, ascending the Ohio River, arrived at Cincinnati on New year's Day. From Cincinnati they proceeded to St. Alphonsus, near Norwalk, Ohio, where the first station was erected. Their missionary circuit included all the Germans within a radius of 100 miles; they began to erect convents and parishes and entrusted the schools to the Sisters of the most Precious Blood, who had followed them on the 22nd of July, 1844. After this Father Brunner made several trips to Europe in the interest of his institution, and it was during the last of these that he died. He was an indefatigable missionary and a very prolific writer on religious subjects. Many of his writings, all of which in German, still await publication.
Leben und Wirken des P.F.S. Brunner (Carthagena, 1882); Nuntius Aulæ, I-X.
U. F. Müller.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Francis Xavier Weninger

From volume 15 of the work.
Jesuit missionary and author, born at Wildhaus, Styria, Austria, 31 October, 1805; died at Cincinnati, Ohio, 29 June, 1888. When already a priest and doctor of theology, he joined the Society of Jesus in 1832 and in 1841 was sent to Innsbruck, where he taught theology, history, and Hebrew. As the Revolution of 1848 impeded his further usefulness at home, he left Europe and went to the United States. During his forty years he visited almost every state of the Union, preaching to vast multitudes in English, French, or German, as best suited the nationality of his hearers. In the year 1854 alone he delivered nearly a thousand sermons, and in 1864 he preached about forty-five missions. His zeal also prompted Father Weninger to win souls with the pen and he published forty works in German, Sixteen in English, eight in French, three in Latin. Among his principal works are: "Manual of the Catholic Religion" (Ratisbon, 1858); "Easter in Heaven" (Cincinnati, 1862); "Sermons" (Mainz, 1881-86).
Woodstock Letters, XVIII, 43-68; HURTER, Nomenclator, III, 1217 sqq.
A. C. Cotter.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Front Matter

Typogravure Groupil o Paris France
APSE OF CHURCH OF SAINT AGNES, ROME
THE CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA
AN INTERNATIONAL WORK OF REFERENCE ON THE CONSTITUTION, DOCTRINE, DISCIPLINE, AND HISTORY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH
EDITED BY CHARLES G. HERBERMANN, Ph.D., LL.D. EDWARD A. PACE, Ph.D., D.D.CONDÉ B. PALLEN, Ph.D., LL.D.
THOMAS J. SHAHAN, D.D.JOHN J. WYNNE, S.J. ASSISTED BY NUMEROUS COLLABORATORS
FIFTEEN VOLUMES AND INDEX VOLUME I
SPECIAL EDITION
UNDER THE AUSPICES OF
THE KNIGHTS OF COLUMBUS CATHOLIC TRUTH COMMITTEE
New York
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA PRESS, INC.
Nihil Obstat, November 1, 1907
REMY LAFORT, S.T.D.,
CENSOR
Imprimatur
JOHN CARDINAL FARLEY
ARCHBISHOP OF NEW YORK
Copyright, 1907
By Robert Appleton Company
Copyright, 1913
By THE ENCYCLOPEDIA PRESS, INC.
The articles in this work have been written specially for The Catholic Encyclopedia and are protected by copyright. All rights, including the right of translation and reproduction, are reserved.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Friedrich von Hausen

From volume 6 of the work.
(HUSEN)
Medieval German poet, one of the earliest of the minnesingers; date of birth unknown; d. 6 May, 1190. His name is mentioned frequently in legal documents, for the first time in one from Mainz dated 1171. He was born in middle Rhenish territory, as is shown by his dialect, especially by his rhymes, but several towns claim the honour of being his birthplace, and the question cannot be definitely decided. In 1175 he was in Italy, and again in 1186 in the suite of Henry VI. The next year he was present when Frederick I (Barbarossa) and Philip Augustus met between Mouzon and Yvois, and in 1188 he was at Worms in the company of Count Baldwin V of Hennegau. He accompanied the Emperor Frederick, by whom he was held in high esteem, on the crusade of 1189, and met his death at the battle of Philomelium, when he fell with his horse while pursuing the enemy. His popularity was great; the whole army, we are told, mourned his death.
Friedrich von Hausen is one of the earliest of the minnesingers who are known to have imitated French models, with which he became acquainted on his travels through Burgundy and Provence. Together with Veldeke he introduced the Romance element into the minnesong. The Provençal influence is especially evident in the dactylic rhythm of his verses, which resulted from the adoption into German of a Romance ten-syllable line with four or five stresses. His rhymes are still occasionally imperfect and his songs contain more than one strophe. Hausen's poetry is not at all popular, but rather artificial in form and often abstruse in spirit. He is fond of dallying with a word. Like most of the troubadours or minnesingers he sings chiefly of love's pangs, but he never degenerates into effeminacy. Friedrich von Hausen's poems are printed in F. H. von der Hagen's "Minnesinger" (Leipzig, 1838, 4 vols.), I 212-217; a selection may also be found in K. Lachmann and M. Haupt, "Des Minnesangs Fruhling" (Leipzig, 1888), 42 sqq.; in Friedrich Pfaff, "Der Minnesang des 12 bis 14 Jahrhunderts" (Kürschners deutsche National-Litteratur, VIII, pt. I, 17-24); and in Karl Bartsch, "Deutsche Liederdichter des 12 bis 14 Jahrhunderts" (4th edition, by W. Golther, Berlin, 1901).
ARTHUR F.J. REMY
# The New Student's Reference Work/Æcidium

See also Rust (fungus) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Æcidium (ē-sĭd′ĭ-ŭm). See Æcidiomycetes.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Zygospore

See also Zygospore on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Zygospore (zǐg'ō-spōr) (in plants), a spore formed by the union of two similar gametes, as in some of the lower Thallophytes (Spirogyra, for example). It merely is a sexual spore or oöspore, but the name is convenient in indicating the nature of the gametes. The word "zygote" is sometimes used instead of zygospore.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Zürich (city)

See also Zürich on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Zürich (zē' rĭk), a city of Switzerland, capital of the canton of the same name, is at the point where the Limmat issues from the lake of Zürich and unites with its tributary, the Sihl. It is one of the most prosperous manufacturing and commercial towns of Switzerland. Yet the narrow streets and lofty houses of its older quarters give it the appearance of a medieval city. There are many interesting old buildings, the most remarkable being the cathedral erected in the 11th century. The town's library is an extensive one, and numerous museums of natural history and other similar institutions indicate the intelligence and cultivated tastes of the inhabitants. There is a polytechnic school with 935 students and 455 listeners, and the University of Zürich has 133 instructors and 1,412 students. Population 189,088.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Æneas

See also Aeneas on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Æneas (ē-nē'ăs), a Trojan warrior and hero of the Æneid, the great epic poem of ​Vergil; the son of Anchises and the goddess Venus he married Creusa, the daughter of King Priam. After the sack of Troy he left the city, carrying his father on his shoulders and leading his son Ascanius. Building a fleet, he set sail with a few chosen companions, but was shipwrecked on the coast of Africa, near Carthage. He was received kindly by Queen Dido, whom he would have married had he not been warned by the gods to seek Italy. On setting out thither, his ship, as it left port, was lighted by the funeral pyre of Dido, who had killed herself in grief at his departure. After celebrating the national games on the coast of Sicily in honor of Anchises, who had died there, and paying a visit to the lower world, where the future was unfolded to him, Æneas reached the Tiber. He was received by King Latinus, whose daughter he married. He fell in battle with the Etruscans, and after his death received the honors of a god. His son Ascanius or Iulus founded Alba Longa, one of whose kings, Numitor, was the grandfather of Romulus, who founded Rome. Hence the Romans claimed to derive their origin from Æneas.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Æolian Harp

See also Aeolian harp on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Æolian (ē-ō′lĭ-an) Harp, a musical instrument named from Æolus, god of the winds. It is made by stretching catgut strings or wires over a thin sounding box. The strings are tuned as in a violin. When placed in a partially closed window, where there is a draught, the passing of the wind over its strings produces strange and melancholy musical sounds, varying with the force of the wind.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Zygote

See also Zygote on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Zyg'ote. See Zygospore.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Zürich (lake)

See also Lake Zurich on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Zürich, a lake of Switzerland, surrounded by the three cantons of Zürich, St. Gall and Schwyz. It is between 20 and 25 miles in length, about two in breadth, and about 500 feet deep. It is noted for beautiful scenery, the hills around being covered with numerous gardens, vineyards and orchards.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Æcidiomycetes

See also Rust (fungus) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* Phases of wheat rust:
* (I) cluster-cups on barberry (lower side);
* (II) winter spores (teleutospores) on wheat;
* (III) summer spores (uredospores) on wheat.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Æolus

See also Aeolus on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Æolus (ē′ō-lus), the mythical god of the winds. He is said to have ruled over the Æolian islands, now the Lipari group in the Tyrrhenian sea. Here he kept the winds shut up in a cave, loosing them and calling them back at the command of Neptune.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ægean Sea

See also Aegean Sea on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ægean (ē-jē′ăn) Sea, an arm of the Mediterranean between Greece and Asia Minor, is now called the Grecian Archipelago. One fable traces its name to Ægeas, king of Athens, who threw himself into its waters. It is over 400 miles in length, with an average breadth of 200 miles. It is studded with islands, many of which have played an important part in Grecian history.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Bl. Gil of Santarem

From volume 6 of the work.
A Portuguese Dominican: b. at Vaozela, diocese of Viseu, about 1185; d. at Santarem, 14 May, 1265. His father, Rodrigo Pelayo Valladaris, was governor of Coimbra and councillor of Sancho I. It was the wish of his parents that Gil should enter the ecclesiastical state, and the king was very lavish in best caving ecclesiastical benefices upon him. When he was still a boy, he already held prebends at Braga, Coimbra, Idanha, and Santarem. Gil, hovvever, held no desire to be an ecclesiastic; his ambition was to become a famous physician. After devoting some time to the study of philosophy and medicine at Coimbra he set out for Paris, with the intention of perfecting himself in the science of medicine and obtaining the doctor's degree. If we may give credence to his unknown contemporaneous biographer, he was accosted on his journey by a courteous stranger who promised to teach the art of magic at Toledo. As payment, so the legend runs, the stranger required that Gil should make over his soul to the devil and sign the compact with his blood. Gil obeyed and after devoting himself seven years to the study of magic under the direction of Satan, went to Paris, easily obtained the degree of doctor of medicine, and performed many wonderful cures. One night while he was locked up in his library a gigantic knight, armed head to foot, appeared to him and, with his sword drawn, demanded that Gil should change his wicked life. The same spectre appeared a second time, and threatened to kill Gil if he would not reform. Gil now repented of his evil ways, burnt his books of magic and returned to Portugal, where he took the habit of St. Dominic in the newly-erected monastery at Palencia, about 1221. Shortly after, his superiors sent him to the Dominican house at Scallabis, the present Santarem. Here he led a life of prayer and penance, and for seven years his mind was tormented by the thought of the compact which was still in the hands of Satan. Finally, his biographer narrates, the devil was compelled to surrender the compact and place it before the altar of the Blessed Virgin. Gil returned to Paris to study theology and on his return to Portugal became famous for his piety and learning. He was twice elected provincial of his order in Spain. Benedict XIV ratified his cult on 9 March, 1748.
MICHAEL OTT
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Bl. Hadewych

From volume 7 of the work.
(HADEWIG, HEDWIG).
Prioress of the Premonstratensian convent of Mehre (Meer), near Büderich, in Rhenish Prussia; b. about 1150; d. 14 April, about the year 1200. She was a daughter of Hildegundis, with whom she founded the convent of Meer about 1165, and whom she succeeded as prioress at the convent in 1183. Her brother Herman was provost of the Premonstratensian monastery of Kappenberg, in the Diocese of Münster, from 1171-1210. She, as well as her mother and her brother, are counted among the Blessed.
MICHAEL OTT