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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 2:9

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| Arthritis — Arundel | Arundel — Aschaffenburg | Ascham — Ashburton | Ashby — Asia |
| Arthritis Arthropoda Arthur Arthur I Arthur III Arthur, Chester Alan Arthurian Legend Artichoke Article Articles of Association Articulata Articulation Artillery Artiodactyla Artisan Artois Art Sales Arts and Crafts Art Societies Art Teaching Artusi, Giovanni Maria Aru Islands Arundel, Earldom of Arundel, Earls of Arundel, Thomas | Arundel Arundell of Wardour, Thomas Arundell, 1st Baron Arusianus Messius Arval Brothers Arvals Arverni Aryan Arya Samaj Arytenoid Arzamas As Asa Asafetida Asaf-ud-Dowlah Asaph Asbestos Asbjörnsen, Peter Christen Asbury, Francis Asbury Park Ascalon Ascanius Ascension Ascension, Feast of the Asceticism Aschaffenburg | Ascham, Roger Aschersleben Asciano Ascitans Ascites Asclepiades (physician) Asclepiades (of Samos) Asclepiodotus Ascoli, Graziadio Isaia Ascoli Piceno Asconius Pedianus, Quintus Ascot Ascus Aselli, Gasparo Asgill, John Ash A'Shā Ashanti Ash'arī Ashbourne Ashburnham, John Ashburton, Alexander Baring Ashburton, John Dunning Ashburton (river) Ashburton (town) | Ashby, Turner Ashby-de-la-Zouch A-she-ho Asher 'Asher Ben Yehiel Asheville Ashford 'Ashi Ashington 'Ashkenazi, Sebi Ashland (Kentucky) Ashland (Pennsylvania) Ashland (Virginia) Ashland (Wisconsin) Ashlar Ashley, William James Ashmole, Elias Ashraf Ashref Ashtabula Ashton-in-Makerfield Ashton-under-Lyne Ash Wednesday Ashwell, Lena Asia |
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 2:13

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| Auk — Auricle | Auricula — Australia | Austrasia — Austria | |
| Auk Aulard, François Victor Alphonse Aulic Council Aulie-Ata Aulis Aulnoy, Marie Catherine le Jumel de Barneville de la Motte Aulos Aumale, Henri Eugène Philippe Louis d'Orléans, Duc d' Aumale Aumont Auncel Aundh Aungervyle, Richard Aunt Sally Aura Aurangabad Aurangzeb Auray Aurelia, Via Aurelian Aurelianus, Caelius Aurelle de Paladines, Louis Jean Baptiste d' Aureola Aurich Auricle | Auricula Aurifaber Auriga Aurillac Aurispa, Giovanni Aurochs Aurora (goddess) Aurora (Illinois) Aurora (Missouri) Aurora (New York) Aurora Polaris Aurunci Auscultation Ausonius, Decimus Magnus Aussig Austen, Jane Austerlitz Austin, Alfred Austin, John Austin, Sarah Austin, Stephen Fuller Austin (Minnesota) Austin (Texas) Australasia Australia | Austrasia Austria |
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 2:8

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| Army — Arnold | Arnold — Array | Arrenotokous — Arsot | Arsuf — Art Galleries |
| Army Arnal, Étienne Arnaldus de Villa Nova Arnaud, Henri Arnauld Arnault, Antoine Vincent Arndt, Ernst Moritz Arndt, Johann Arne, Thomas Augustine Arneth, Alfred Arnhem Arnica Arnim, Elisabeth (Bettina) von Arnim, Harry Karl Kurt Eduard von, Count Arnim, Ludwig Achim (Joachim) von Arnim-Boytzenburg, Hans Georg von Arno (bishop) Arno (river) Arnobius (writer) Arnobius (priest) Arnold of Brescia Arnold, Benedict Arnold, Sir Edwin Arnold, Gottfried Arnold, Matthew | Arnold, Samuel Arnold, Thomas Arnott, Neil Arnould-Plessy, Jeanne Sylvanie Arnsberg Arnstadt Arnswalde Arnulf Aroideae Arolsen Arona Arpeggio Arpi Arpino Arquà Petrarca Arquebus Arques-la-Bataille Arrack Arrah Arraignment Arran, Earls of Arran Arrant Arras Array | Arrenotokous, Arrenotoky Arrest Arrestment Arretium Arrhenius, Svante August Arria Arrian Arris Arrondissement Arrowroot Arrowsmith Arroyo Arsaces Ars-an-der-Mosel Arschot, Philippe de Croy Arsenal Arsenic Arsenius Arsenius Autorianus Arses Arsinoë Arsinoitherium Arson Arsonval Arsot | Arsuf Arsure Arsures Art Arta Arta, Gulf of Artabanus Art and Part Artaphernes Artaxerxes Artedi, Peter Artega Artel Artemidorus Artemis Artemisia (daughter of Lygdamis) Artemisia (wife of Mausolus) Artemon Artena Arteries Artern Artesian Wells Artevelde, Jacob van Artevelde, Philip van Art Galleries |
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 2:2

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| Anne of Cleves — Anorthite | Anquetil — Ante-choir | Ante-fixae — Anthropoid Apes | Anthropology — Anti-Masonic Party |
| Anne of Cleves Anne of Denmark Anne of France Annealing, Hardening and Tempering Annecy Annelida Annet, Peter Annexation Anniceris Anning, Mary Anniston Anno, Saint Annobon Annona Annonay Annoy Annuity Annular, Annulate Annunciation Annunzio, Gabriele D' Anoa Anodyne Anointing Anomaly Anorthite | Anquetil, Louis Pierre Anquetil Duperron, Abraham Hyacinthe Ansa Ansbach Ansdell, Richard Anselm Anselm of Laon Anselme Anson, George Anson, Baron Anson, Sir William Reynell Ansonia Ansted, David Thomas Anstey, Christopher Anstruther Answer Ant Antae Antaeus Antalcidas Antanànarìvo 'Antara ibn Shaddād Antarctic Anteater Ante-chapel Ante-choir | Ante-fixae Antelope Antemnae Antenor (sculptor) Antenor (mythology) Antequera Anteros Anthelion Anthem Anthemion Anthemius Anthesteria Anthim the Iberian Anthology Anthon, Charles Anthony, Saint Anthony of Padua, Saint Anthony, Susan Brownell Anthozoa Anthracene Anthracite Anthracotherium Anthraquinone Anthrax Anthropoid Apes | Anthropology Anthropometry Anthropomorphism Anti Antibes Antichrist Anticlimax Anticosti Anticyclone Anticyra Antietam Anti-Federalists Antigo Antigone Antigonus Cyclops Antigonus Gonatas Antigonus of Carystus Antigua Antilegomena Antilia Antilles Antilochus Antimacassar Antimachus Anti-Masonic Party |
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 2:4

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| Apolda — Aponeurosis | Apophthegm — Apparitions | Apparitor — Apportionment | Apportionment Bill — Apulia |
| Apolda Apollinaris Apollinaris, Sulpicius Apollinaris Sidonius, Caius Sollius Apollo Apollodorus (painter) Apollodorus (grammarian) Apollodorus (of Carystus) Apollodorus (of Damascus) Apollonia Apollonius (the Surly) Apollonius (the Effeminate) Apollonius (the Sophist) Apollonius Molon Apollonius of Perga Apollonius of Rhodes Apollonius of Tralles Apollonius of Tyana Apollonius of Tyre Apollos Apollyon Apologetics Apologue Apology Aponeurosis | Apophthegm Apophyge Apophyllite Apophysis Apoplexy Aporose Aposiopesis Apostasy Apostil Apostle Apostle Spoons Apostolical Constitutions Apostolic Canons Apostolic Fathers Apostolici Apostolic Majesty Apostolius, Michael Apostrophe Apotactites Apothecary Apotheosis Appalachian Mountains Appanage Apparel Apparitions | Apparitor Appeal Appearance Appendicitis Appendiculata Appendini, Francesco Maria Appenzell (canton) Appenzell (town) Apperception Apperley, Charles James Appert, Benjamin Nicolas Marie Appian Appiani, Andrea Appia, Via Appin Applause Apple Appleby Appleton, Nathan Appleton Appoggiatura Appointment, Power of Appomattox Court House Apponyi, Albert Apportionment | Apportionment Bill Appraiser Apprehension Apprenticeship Appropriation Appurtenances Apraksin, Thedor Matvyeevich Apricot Apries April April-Fools' Day A Priori Apron Apsaras Apse Apse and Apsides Apsines Apt Aptera Apteral Aptian Apuleius, Lucius Apulia |
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 2:5

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| Apuré — Aquino | Aquitaine — Aral | Aram — Arber | Arbitrage — Arch |
| Apuré Apurimac (river) Apurimac (department) Apyrexia 'Aqība ben Joseph Aquae Aquae Cutiliae Aquamarine Aquarelle Aquarii Aquarium Aquarius Aquatint Aquaviva, Claudio Aqueduct Aquila Aquila, Caspar Aquila, Serafino dell' Aquila (city) Aquila (constellation) Aquila Romanus Aquileia Aquillius, Manius Aquinas, Thomas Aquino | Aquitaine Arabesque Arabgir Arabia Arabian Philosophy Arabian Sea Arabici Arabi Pasha Arabistan Arabs Aracajú Aracaty Arachne Arachnida Arad Araeostyle Araeosystyle Arago, Dominique François Jean Aragon Aragonite Aragua Araguaya Arakan Arakcheev, Aleksyei Andreevich Aral | Aram, Eugene Aramaic Languages Aranda, Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea Aran Islands Aranjuez Arany, János Arapaho Ararat (mountain) Ararat (Victoria) Araroba Powder Aras Arason, Jon Arator Aratus of Sicyon Aratus of Soli Araucania Araucanians Araucaria Arauco Aravalli Hills Arawak Arbaces Arbe Arbela Arber, Edward | Arbitrage Arbitration Arbitration, International Arbitration and Conciliation Arbogast Arbois Arbois de Jubainville, Marie Henri d' Arbor Day Arboretum Arboriculture Arbor Vitae Arbos, Fernandez Arbour Arbroath Arbuthnot, Alexander Arbuthnot, John Arcachon Arcade Arcadelt, Jacob Arcadia Arcadius Arcadius (grammarian) Arcella Arcesilaus Arch, Joseph Arch |
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 2:6

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| Archaeology — Archil | Archilochus — Ardebil | Ardèche — Arethas | Arethusa — Argostoli |
| Archaeology Archaeopteryx Archaism Archangel (government) Archangel (town) Archbald Archbishop Archchancellor Archdeacon Archduke Archean System Archelaus of Cappadocia Archelaus, King of Judaea Archelaus, King of Macedonia Archelaus of Miletus Archenholz, Johann Wilhelm von Archer, William Archermus Archery Arches, Court of Archestratus Archiac, Étienne Jules Adolphe Desmier de Saint Simon Archias, Aulus Licinius Archidamus Archil | Archilochus Archimandrite Archimedes Archimedes, Screw of Archipelago Archippus Architecture Architrave Archive Archivolt Archon Archpriest Archytas Arcis-sur-Aube Arcola Arcos de la Frontera Arcosolium Arcot Arctic Arctinus Arcturus Arcueil Arculf Ardashir Ardea Ardebil | Ardèche Ardee Arden, Forest of Ardennes (district) Ardennes (department) Ardglass Arditi, Luigi Ardmore Ardres Ardrossan Area Arecibo Aremberg Arena Arendal Arenig Group Areoi Areopagus Arequipa (department) Arequipa (city) Ares Aretaeus Aretas Arête Arethas | Arethusa Aretino, Pietro Arezzo Argali Argao Argaum Argei Argelander, Friedrich Wilhelm August Argens, Jean Baptiste de Boyer Argensola, Lupercio Leonardo de Argenson Argentan Argenteuil Argentina Argentine Argentite Argenton Arghandab Arghoul Argol Argon Argonauts Argonne Argos Argostoli |
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rosswein

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​ROSSWEIN, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of Saxony, situated on the Freiberger Mulde, 46 m. S.E. from Leipzig by the railway via Dobeln to Dresden. Pop. (1905) 9297. It is famous for its technical schools, among which are one for builders, another for furniture-makers, and a third for ironmongers. The industries are considerable, and include woollen and cloth manufactures, dyeing, spinning, and the making of agricultural machinery, cigars, chemicals, bricks and iron goods. Rosswein is an old town, cloth-making being a flourishing industry here in the 14th century.
See C. V. Böhmert, Die Stadt Rosswein, 1883–94 (Dresden, 1895).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rostov Velikiy

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​ROSTOV VELIKIY, a town of Russia, in the government of Yaroslavl, 35 m. by rail S.W. of the town of Yaroslavl, near Lake Rostov or Nero. Pop. (1897) 14,342. It has numerous cotton and linen mills. The great fair for which it was formerly famous has lost its importance, but the town remains the centre of a variety of domestic trades-tailoring, the manufacture of leather, and the making of boots and small enamelled ikons (sacred images); it is also famous for its kitchen gardening and the export of pickled and dried vegetables and medical herbs. Fishing is carried on. The restoration of the buildings (royal palace, archiepiscopal palace, and five churches) of the kreml or citadel was begun in 1901. The other public buildings include six 17th-century churches, a museum and a cathedral, consecrated in 1231 and having its interior walls covered with paintings.
Rostov was founded by Slavs in or before 862, and played so prominent a role in the history of that part of Russia that it used to be known as Rostov the Great. From the beginning of the 11th century to the 13th it was the chief town of a territory which included large parts of the present governments of Yaroslavl, Vladimir and Novgorod. After the Mongol invasion of 1239–42 it rapidly declined, and in 1474 it was purchased by Ivan III. and annexed to Moscow. It was repeatedly plundered by Tatars, Lithuanians and Poles in the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rosstrevor

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​ROSSTREVOR, a watering-place of county Down, Ireland, on Carlingford Lough. See Warrenpoint.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rosslyn, Earls of

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​ROSSLYN, EARLS OF. The first earl of Rosslyn was Alexander Wedderburn (see below), who was succeeded by his nephew, James St Clair Erskine (1762-1837), a son of ​Wedderburn’s sister by her marriage with Sir Henry Erskine (d. 1765), a Scottish baronet and soldier. Entering the army in 1776, James Erskine served in Portugal, in Denmark and in the Netherlands, and became a general in 1814. From 1782 until 1805, when he became a peer, he was a member of parliament; a Tory politician and an associate of the duke of Wellington, he was lord privy seal in 1829–30 and lord president of the council in 1834–35. He inherited the estates of the family of St Clair and took this name in 1789, and he died on the 18th of January 1837. His son, James Alexander (1802–1866), became 3rd earl, and in 1890 the latter’s grandson, James Francis Harry (b. 1869), became 5th earl.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rostand, Edmond

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​ROSTAND, EDMOND (1869–), French dramatist, was born on the 1st of April 1869, the son of Joseph Eugene Herbert Rostand (b. 1843), a prominent journalist and economist of Marseilles. His first play, a burlesque, Les romanesques, was produced on the 21st of May 1894 at the Théâtre Français. He took the motive of his second piece, La Princesse lointaine (Théâtre de la Renaissance, 5th April 1895), from the story of the troubadour Rudel and the Lady of Tripoli. The part of Mélissande was created by Sarah Bernhardt, who also was the original Photine of La Samaritaine (Théâtre de la Renaissance, 14th April 1897), a Biblical drama in three scenes taken from the gospel story of the woman of Samaria. The production of his “ heroic comedy ” of Cyrano de Bergerac (28th December 1897, Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin), with Coquelin in the title-rôle, was a triumph. No such enthusiasm for a drama in verse had been known since the days of Hugo's Hernani. The play was quickly translated into English, German, Russian and other European languages. For his hero he had drawn on French 17th-century history; in L'Aiglon he chose a subject from Napoleonic legend, suggested probably by Henri Welschinger's Roi de Rome, 1811–32 (1897), which contained much new information about the unhappy life of the duke of Reichstadt, son of Napoleon I. and Marie Louise, under the surveillance of Metternich at the palace of Schonbrunn. L'Aiglon, in six acts and in verse, was produced (15th March 1900) by Sarah Bernhardt at her own theatre, she herself undertaking the part of the duke of Reichstadt. In 1902 Rostand was elected to the French Academy. His Chantecler, produced in February 1910, was awaited with an interest (enhanced by considerable delay in the production) hardly equalled by the enthusiasm of its reception. Lucien Guitry was in the title-rôle and Mme. Simone played the part of the pheasant, the play being a fantasy of bird and animal life, and the characters denizens of the farmyard and the woods. Rostand's wife, née Rosemonde Étienette Gérard, published in 1890 Les Pipeaux, a volume of verse crowned by the Academy.
See a notice by Henry James in vol. 84, pp. 477 seq. of the Cornhill Magazine.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rostoptschin, Count Feodor Vassilievich

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​ROSTOPTSCHIN, COUNT FEODOR VASSILIEVICH (1763-1826), Russian general, was born on the 23rd of March 1763, in the government of Orel. He had great influence with the Tsar Paul, who made him in 1796 adjutant-general, grand-marshal of the court, then minister of the interior. In 1799 he received the title of count. He was disgraced in 1801 for his opposition to the French alliance, but was restored to ​favour in 1810, and was shortly afterwards appointed military governor of Moscow. He was therefore charged with its defence against Napoleon, and took every means to rouse the population of the town and district against the invader. He has been generally charged with instigating the burning of Moscow the day after the French had made their entry; it is certain that the prisons were opened by his order, and that he took no means to stop the outbreak. He defended himself against the charge of incendiarism in a pamphlet printed in Paris in 1823, La Vérité sur l’incendie de Moscou, but he subsequently made grave admissions. Shortly after the congress of Vienna, to which he had accompanied the Tsar Alexander, he was disgraced. He only returned to Russia in 1825, and died at Moscow on the 12th of February of the next year.
His Mémoires écrits en dix minutes were posthumously published at St Petersburg in 1853, his Œuvres inédites in Paris in 1894. A partial account of his life was written by his grandson A. de Ségur (Paris, 1872). See also Varnhagen von Ense, Denkwürdigkeiten, vol. ix.; G. Tzenoff, Wer hat Moskau im Jahre 1812 in Brand gesteckt (Berlin, 1900).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rostov-on-the-Don

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​ROSTOV-ON-THE-DON, a seaport of Russia, in the territory of the Don Cossacks, well situated on the high right bank of the Don, 13 m. from its mouth in the Sea of Azov. In 1731 a small fort was erected on an island in the Don, near its mouth. Thirty years later the fortifications were transferred to the site now occupied by Rostov, 5 m. above the head of the first branch of the delta of the Don. The Don, which has here a breadth of 230 to 250 yds., with a hardly perceptible current, offers an excellent road stead. The navigation, however, is considerably impeded by the shallowness of the river. Dredging operations have but partially remedied this. Moreover, the river is frost bound for more than one hundred days in the year. The population has grown rapidly: while in 1881 it was 70,700, in 1807 it numbered 119,889, and in 1905 126,375, exclusive of the suburbs; if these, which comprise Nakhichevan (32,582 in 1905) be included, the population is well over 160,000, a figure which is still further swollen in the summer by the influx of about 60,000 men, who find work in connexion with the shipment of grain for export. The permanent population includes 15,000 Jews, 5000 Armenians, with Tatars, Poles, Germans and others. In Nakhichevan there are 20,500 Armenians. Owing to its situation on the navigable river Don and at the junction of three railways, radiating to north-western Russia, Caucasia and the Volga respectively, Rostov has become the chief seaport of south-eastern Russia, being second in importance on the Black Sea to Odessa only. It is the chief centre for the supply of agricultural machinery to the steppe governments of south-eastern Russia. On an average, £3,000,000 to £4,000,000 worth of wheat, about £1,000,000 worth of rye, and over £1,500,000 worth of barley are exported annually, besides oats, flax, linseed, rape seed, oilcake, bran, flour, vegetable oils, raw wool and caviare. The imports average between four and five millions sterling annually, and consist largely of agricultural machinery. There are a shipbuilding yard, flour-mills, tobacco factories, iron works, machinery works, distilleries, soap works, timber mills, bell foundries, paper mills and rope works. Rostov is the chief centre of steam flour-mills for south-eastern Russia and Caucasia. Two fairs, one of which has considerable importance for the whole of south-eastern Russia, are held here yearly. Rostov has excellent fisheries. The town has a cathedral, a fine town hall (1897–99), navigation schools, technical schools, and a good municipal library.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wise, Bernhard Ringrose

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WISE, BERNHARD RINGROSE (1858-1916), Australian lawyer, was born at Sydney Feb. 10 1858, the second son of Edward Wise, Judge of the Supreme Court of N.S.W. He was educated in England at Rugby and Queen's College, Oxford, where he won the Cobden prize and was proxime for the Lothian Historial Essay, finally graduating 1st-class in law. He was also a prominent athlete, and represented Oxford in the mile race against Cambridge. He was called to the bar at the Middle Temple (1883), then returned to Australia, was elected to the N.S.W. legislature and became Attorney-General of N.S.W. 1887-8, and Q.C. in 1898, being again Attorney-General from 1899 to 1904 and, in addition, Minister of Justice 1901-4. For part of 1903-4 he was Acting-Premier of N.S.W. He did distinguished service to the cause of Federation but was defeated in the elections for the first Commonwealth Parliament, and his abilities therefore were never called upon for Federal service. From 1915 until his death, Sept. 19 1916, he was acting as Agent-General for N.S.W. in London.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wooldridge, Harry Ellis

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​WOOLDRIDGE, HARRY ELLIS (1845–1917), English musical antiquary, was born in 1845. He studied art, and became a student of the Royal Academy in 1865, about the same time commencing his researches into early music. He received various commissions for artistic works, the most important being a reredos for St. Martin's church, Brighton, and the frescoes in St. John's church, Hampstead. At the same time his reputation as ​in authority on music was steadily rising, and in 1895 he was elected Slade professor of Fine Arts at Oxford, a post which he held until 1904. His chief works on music are a new edition of Chappel’s Popular Music of the Olden Time, which appeared under the title Old English Popular Music (1893) and The Polyphonic Period, parts I. and II. (vols. i. and ii. of the Oxford History of Music, 1901–5). He died in London on Feb. 13 1917.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Woolworth, Frank Winfield

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​WOOLWORTH, FRANK WINFIELD (1852–1919), American merchant, was born near Rodman, N.Y., April 13 1852. He was reared on a farm, studied in the public schools, and graduated from a business college at Watertown, N.Y., in 1872. He began his career as a clerk in Watertown, and it is said that a bargain counter in his employer’s store first suggested to him the idea that resulted in the establishment of the long chain of “five and ten cent” stores that bear his name. Early in 1879 he opened at Utica, N.Y., his first “five cent” store which, however, was a failure. Later in the same year he established a similar store at Lancaster, Pa., followed by another at Harrisburg. The chain in 1920 was composed of about 987 “five and ten cent” stores in the United States, 94 in Canada, and 81 in England. When the F. W. Woolworth Co. was incorporated in New York in Dec. 1911 he became president. In 1912 the Woolworth building in New York City, costing $13,000,000, was completed from the designs of Cass Gilbert. It is 760 ft. high, has 57 storeys, and, excepting the Eiffel Tower in Paris, is the tallest building in the world. The gross sales of the company in 1920 amounted to $140,918,981 and the net profits $9,775,251, as compared with $119,496,107 and $10,361,557 respectively in 1919. Woolworth died at Glen Cove, L.I., April 8 1919, leaving an estate appraised at $27,000,000.