OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/McKenzie, Hon. John

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​McKenzie, Hon. John, M.H.R., Minister of Lands and Immigration, New Zealand, was born at Ardross, in Ross-shire, Scotland, in 1838. In 1860 he went to Otago, N.Z., and soon acquired sufficient experience to become working manager of the Pakitapu station, near Palmerston. He then took to farming on his own account in the Shag Valley. In 1865 he was made clerk and treasurer to the local Road Board and secretary to the local School Committee. In 1868 he contested Waikouaiti for a seat in the Provincial Council of Otago, Mr. George MᶜLean being his opponent, but he lost the election. In 1871, however, he was successful, beating his opponent, Mr. John Douglas, for the Waihemo seat by two to one. He retained this position until the abolition of provinces, having been elected a second time for Waihemo without opposition. In 1881 he was sent to the House of Representatives by the electors of Moeraki, and has sat in the House for various constituencies for the same part of the country ever since. In 1884 he went to Sydney to attend the Stock Conference. Mr. McKenzie was whip to the Stout-Vogel combination in 1884, and did good service for his party, being rewarded by the portfolio of Lands and Immigration when the Ballance Government came into office in Jan. 1891.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/McLean, Peter

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​McLean, Peter, was born in Sept. 1837, in Glasgow, and educated at the Normal School. In 1854 he arrived in Victoria, and worked on the goldfields until 1862, when he returned to the old country and engaged in agricultural pursuits. His health failing, he went to Queensland in 1865, where he commenced dairying operations. He was returned to the Assembly in 1876 for the Logan, and was appointed Secretary for Public Lands and Mines in the Douglas Ministry on Dec. 7th, 1878, just six weeks before their defeat. After being returned three times for the Logan, Mr. McLean, who has been a prominent advocate of total abstinence, was defeated in 1883, and became Inspecting Commissioner of Crown Lands in Nov. 1883, a post which he held until his nomination as Under-Secretary of the newly created Department of Agriculture in July 1887. In March 1889 he received the additional appointment of Curator of Botanic Gardens, Parks, and Preserves.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/McLellan, Hon. William

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​McLellan, Hon. William, M.L.A., was born at Crieff, Perthshire, Scotland, on August 12th, 1831. He was educated at local schools, and was brought up to the trade of a builder. He left Scotland in June 1850 for Victoria, then a portion of New South Wales. When gold was discovered by Hargreaves, he went to Summer Hill and Turon diggings, New South Wales, and worked with some success. Returning to Victoria in July 1851, on discovery of gold there, he went to Ballarat and Forest Creek, and was amongst the first pioneers of Bendigo, where he worked at Golden Gully. After an extensive experience on the principal diggings, Mr. McLellan settled in Melbourne in 1853. In 1857, the time of the Canton Lead, he proceeded to Ararat, where fifty thousand miners were collected, and was elected a member of the Mining Board. In 1859, the amended Constitution Act having made Ararat an electoral district returning two members, he was returned to the Assembly by a large majority. Mr. McLellan represented Ararat till the general election in May 1877, when he was beaten by Mr. D. Gaunson by five votes. He had in the meantime been a member of three Ministries, taking office first as successor to Mr. I. G. Reeves as Commissioner of Public Works and Vice-President of the Board of Land and Works in Jan. 1870, and retiring with his chief, Mr. Macpherson, in April of the same year. He was subsequently Minister of Mines, under Mr. (now Sir) Charles Gavan Duffy from June 1871 to June 1872 and under Sir James M‘Culloch from Oct. 1875 to May 1877. Mr. McLellan remained out of Parliament till 1883, when he was re-elected for Ararat. He occupied the position of Chairman of Committees of the Legislative Assembly till 1892.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/McNeill, Major-General Sir John Carstairs

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​McNeill, Major-General Sir John Carstairs, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., V.C., Equerry-in-Ordinary to the Queen, eldest son of the late Captain Alexander M'Neill, of Colonsay, by Elizabeth his wife, daughter and co-heiress of John Carstairs, and nephew of the late Lord Colonsay, was born on March 29th, 1831, and entered the army in 1850. He retired on half-pay as major in 1867, became colonel in 1872, and major-general in 1882. Sir John M'Neill has had a long and varied experience in active service. He served as A.D.C. to Sir Edward Lugard in the Indian Mutiny in 1858, being present at the siege and capture of Lucknow, and at the operations of the Azimghur field force, and was mentioned in despatches and received a medal with a clasp. In 1861 he went to ​New Zealand, and was A.D.C. to Sir Duncan Cameron during the Maori war till 1865. He took part in the actions at the Gate Pah, Rangiriri, Rangiaohia, and Nukumaru, receiving a medal and the Victoria Cross for his gallantry. In 1866-7 he was in command of the Tipperary Flying Column during the Fenian disturbance. From 1869 to 1872 he was military secretary to Lord Lisgar, Governor-General of Canada, and in 1870 was attached to the staff of the Red River Expedition. He was colonel on the staff, and second in command of the Ashantee Expedition in 1873-4; was present at the destruction of Essaman, where he was very severely wounded, and at Amquana, Akimfoo and Ampenee. Sir John MᶜNeill served through the Egyptian campaign of 1882, receiving a medal, a bronze star, and the second class Medjidie, as well as a K.C.B. He was brigadier-general in the Suakim Expedition in 1885, and commanded the force at Tofrik. In 1874 he was A.D.C. to H.R.H. the Commander-in-Chief, and has been equerry to Her Majesty since 1874. In 1880 he accompanied Prince Leopold to Canada, and in 1882 the Duke of Connaught to Egypt. He is a J.P. and a D.L. for Argyleshire. Sir John was created C.M.G. in 1870, C.B. in 1878, K.C.M.G. in 1880, and K.C.B. in 1882.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/McKerrow, James

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​McKerrow, James, F.R.A.S., Chief Commissioner of Railways, New Zealand, is the son of Andrew McKerrow and Margaret (Steven) his wife, and was born at Kilmarnock, Scotland, on July 7th, 1834. Mr. McKerrow emigrated to Dunedin, N.Z., in Nov. 1859, and was District and Geodetical Surveyor of Otago from that year till 1873, Chief Surveyor of Otago from 1873 to 1877, Assistant Surveyor-General of New Zealand from Jan. 1877 to Oct. 1879, also Secretary of Crown Lands and Mines from Feb. 1878 to Jan. 1889. From Oct. 1878 he held the latter office in conjunction with that of Surveyor-General of New Zealand, being appointed in Jan. 1889 to his present office of Chief Commissioner of New Zealand Railways. In 1861 to 1863 Mr. McKerrow made the reconnaissance survey of the Otago Lake districts, an area of eight thousand square miles. The reports of these surveys were read before the Royal Geographical Society of London, and received the special commendation of the President, Sir Roderick Murchison, in his annual address. In 1874 and 1882 Mr. McKerrow was associated with the British expeditions for the observation of the transit of Venus in New Zealand. In 1884 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society of London. He was married on August 5th, 1859, at Fenwick, Ayrshire, Scotland, to Miss Martha Dunlop.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/McLean, Sir Donald

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​M‘Lean, Sir Donald, K.C.M.G., fourth son of the late John M‘Lean, of Kilmonaig, Tiree, Argyllshire, and Margaret, daughter of the Rev. D. McColl, was born on Oct. 27th, 1820. At the age of seventeen he emigrated to Sydney, and entered the office of a merchant there. Going to New Zealand, two years later, he was appointed clerk and interpreter in the office of the Chief Protector of the Aborigines, and soon gained a thorough acquaintance with Maori affairs. He became Protector of the Aborigines in Taranaki, and as such came into relation with the chief Te Heu Heu; in 1850 he was made resident magistrate for a native district. In 1847 he was instructed by the Governor (Sir George Grey) to secure the land at Waitara, which Commissioner Spain had decided was the property of the Government (an account of which will be found in the biography of Sir George Grey). After a varied experience as Chief Commissioner of Land Purchases, Mr. M‘Lean was made Native Secretary in 1856, as a permanent officer under the control of the Governor. This dual arrangement, by which there was a Native Secretary outside the responsible ministry, led to much confusion, but Mr. M‘Lean agreed that the Governor should retain the control of native affairs. In 1866 he was charged by Mr. Weld, then premier, with the task of reducing to order the hostile natives on the east coast. On June 28th, 1869, the Stafford Government went out of office, and Mr. Fox formed a ministry in which Mr. M‘Lean was Native Minister and Minister for Colonial Defence. He held these positions till Sept. 10th, 1872, when the Government was defeated. Shortly after entering upon office he succeeded in making peace in the Waikato with the king party. At this time the colony was troubled by the outlaw Te Kooti, and Mr. M‘Lean hit upon the idea of handing the chase over to the friendly Maoris, under Major Ropata; and subsequently adhered to a stedfast policy of peace, arranging for the return of Te Rangitake, one of the figures in the Waitara trouble, to Taranaki. So successful was he, and so trusted by the Maoris, that, upon the resignation of the Fox Ministry, in 1872, Mr. Stafford, in forming a Cabinet, offered to take over Mr. M‘Lean as Native Minister. The Stafford Government had but a brief life, and on Oct. 11th, 1872, Mr. M‘Lean became again Native Minister under Mr. Waterhouse. While in power he carried through the House a valuable Land Bill, which gave satisfaction to Maoris and colonists alike; and also a Native Reserves Bill. Mr. M‘Lean continued in office through successive reconstructions of the Ministry from Oct. 1872 to Dec. 1876, when he resigned from ill-health. He died in Jan. 1877, and after his death his honourable policy was continued. He was the first Superintendent of the Province of Hawkes Bay, and was created K.C.M.G. in 1874.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/McKinlay, John

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​McKinlay, John, the famous explorer, was born at Sandbank, on the Clyde, in 1819, and in 1836 emigrated to New South Wales, to join his uncle, a prosperous squatter in that colony. He quickly became an expert bushman, and took up several runs near the South Australian border, thus becoming especially identified with that colony, the Government of which, in 1861, appointed him leader of an expedition organised to search for traces of Burke and Wills. He was also instructed to acquire a knowledge of the country between Eyre's Creek and Central Mount Stuart, and to visit the western shores of Lake Eyre. Starting in August, Mr. McKinlay penetrated to Cooper's Creek, and was shown by the natives the remains of Gray, the first victim of the ill-fated Burke and Wills expedition. Sending back the news to Adelaide, he subsequently learnt that Mr. Howitt had already ascertained the fate of the party and found the bodies of Burke and Wills. He then determined to push on to the northern coast, and reached the Gulf of Carpentaria, after great hardships, in May 1862; but not finding, as he had expected, a vessel laden with provisions to replenish his supplies, he had to retrace his steps and endeavour to reach the settled districts of Queensland. Reduced to scant rations of horse and camel's flesh, the party ultimately reached an out-station in the valley of the Burdekin River, seventy miles from Port Denison, which place they ultimately reached without much difficulty, and thence made their way to Melbourne, where an ovation awaited them on their arrival, on Sept. 25th, 1862. The Royal Geographical Society of England presented McKinlay with a gold watch, the South Australian Parliament voted him £1000, and the public of the colony subscribed for an elaborate tea and coffee service. In Sept. 1865 the South Australian Government despatched McKinlay to explore the Northern Territory. It turned out one of the rainiest seasons ever known; and, being environed by water, but for Mr. McKinlay's ingenuity in killing the remaining horses and constructing a raft out of their skins, stretched on a framework of saplings, the whole party must have perished. As it was, they managed to drift down the Alligator River to the open sea, at Adam's Bay, where they were safe. On his return from this journey, Mr. McKinlay reverted to his former pastoral occupations, but died of ailments brought on by hardships and ​exposure, on Dec. 31st, 1872. A monument was erected to his memory by the residents of Gawler, S.A. Mr. John Davis, who formed one of the party on his great expedition, commemorated its incidents in an interesting work entitled "Tracks of McKinlay across Australia."
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/McMillan, Angus

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​McMillan, Angus, the discoverer of Gippsland, Victoria, was born at Glenbrittle, Skye, in 1810, and went to Sydney in 1830, residing on various stations in the interior till May 1839, at which time he was overseer on Lachlan Macalister's station in the Maneroo district of New South Wales. He had won the confidence of the blacks in the neighbourhood, who had traditions of a fine country to the south; and, with the intention of finding fresh pastoral areas, he started with one of them from Corrowong on May 28th. In June he was at Omeo, and subsequently explored the Tambo river, obtaining in September a view of the plain country further south. On a second expedition, in Dec. 1839, undertaken for the exploration of the plain country previously seen, he reached Lake King, which he mistook for Corner Inlet on the sea coast. He also discovered and ​named the Nicholson, Mitchell, Macalister, Thomson, Glengarry, Tangil, and Avon rivers and Mount Wellington. In the meantime Strzelecki and James Macarthur and James Riley were making their venturesome overland journey from Sydney to Westernport in Victoria. They left Sydney on Jan. 20th, and arrived at Westernport on May 11th, 1840, calling en route, on March 7th, at McMillan's camp on the Tambo river, and were supplied with provisions, a camp kettle, and a guide, who went a day's journey with them over the tracks into what McMillan, who was absent at the time, had called Caledonia Australis, but which, at the suggestion of Strzelecki, was named after Sir George Gipps, the governor of New South Wales. Mr. McMillan occupied a station on the Avon river, near to Macalister, in Oct. 1840, and in Feb. 1841 penetrated to Corner Inlet. Without detracting from the eminent services of Strzelecki, there can be no doubt that the honour of the first exploration of Gippsland and the marking of a road to a seaport belongs to McMillan, who died in May 1865.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/McMillan, William

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​McMillan, William, M.L.A., ex-Colonial Treasurer, New South Wales, is a partner in the well-known firm of McArthur & Co., Sydney, and has represented East Sydney in the Legislative Assembly since Feb. 1887. On the formation of the late Ministry by Sir Henry Parkes, in March 1889, he accepted the post of Colonial Treasurer, and was re-elected unopposed for East Sydney on taking office. Mr. McMillan, who is a staunch free trader, resigned his seat in the cabinet in 1890, owing to some comments made by Sir Henry Parkes on language used by him in reference to the repression of disorders during the great strike in the shipping trade. Ultimately, however, explanations were tendered, and he withdrew his resignation, which, if persisted in, would have seriously injured the Government. Mr. McMillan was one of the delegates of New South Wales to the Federation Conference held in Melbourne in Feb. 1890, and was appointed one of the representatives of the colony at the Convention held in Sydney in March 1891. In August 1891 he resigned the office of Treasurer, with the view of paying more exclusive attention to his private affairs. Mr. McMillan was appointed President of the New South Wales Commission for the Chicago Exhibition in Sept. 1891. He is the second son of the Rev. Gibson McMillan, of Melbourne, Vict. (formerly Wesleyan minister at Londonderry, Ireland), by his marriage with the daughter of Rev. John McArthur, of Londonderry, and sister of the late Sir William McArthur and of Mr. A. McArthur (q.v.). He was born on Nov. 14th, 1850, and arrived in Sydney in Nov. 1869.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Sturluson, Snorri

Edition of 1920. See also Snorri Sturluson on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
STURLUSON, stoor'lā-sŏn, Snorri, Icelandic author and politician: b. 1178; d. Reykholt, 22 Sept. 1241. He was well educated in Scandinavian history, mythology and poetry. He soon rendered himself popular by his bravery on the field and eloquence in the assemblies of the people and was elected by the unanimous voice of the people supreme judge of the island. In 1213 he composed his first poem which became widely known, a panegyric of Hako IV, king of Norway. In 1218 he paid a visit to Norway, where he was well received by Jarl Skule, who loaded him with rich presents and high dignities on the eve of his return to Iceland in 1220. In 1237, being forced by feuds to leave Iceland, he made a second voyage to Norway, where he was once more warmly welcomed by Skule, now become duke. Snorri composed some poetical pieces warmly laudatory of his patron, and promising him success in the struggle going on between him and Hako V. That prince forbade Snorri to return to his native land, but the order was unheeded, and Sturluson, being informed of the decline of the power of his enemies, returned to Iceland in 1239, and was there murdered. His principal work, which he completed about 1230, is the ‘Heimskringla’ (Circle of the World), in which he records the lives of the legendary and historical kings of
Norway down to the death of Magnus Erlingsson in 1177. It was translated into Danish by Peder Clausson, and published in Copenhagen by Olaf Worm in 1633. A recent edition is that by Jónson (1893 onward). The work has also been translated into German, Norwegian, Swedish, Latin and English (by S. Laing, 1844; new ed. by R. B. Anderson, 1889; by W. Morris and E. Magnússon, 1893-94). He composed numerous eulogistic poems on the princes and jarls whose courts he had visited; and wrote, it is believed, the first part (‘Gylfa-Ginning’) of the ‘Snorra-Edda,’ or ‘Younger Edda.’ See Eddas, The.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Swain, George Fillmore

Edition of 1920. See also George Fillmore Swain on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SWAIN, swān, George Fillmore, American civil engineer: b. San Francisco, Cal., 2 March 1857. He was graduated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1877 and then studied in Berlin, Germany. In 1887 he accepted the chair of civil engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he remained until 1909. He also served as consulting engineer of the Massachusetts Railroad Commission and was member of the Boston Transit Commission and its chairman in 1913. In 1909 he was made professor of civil engineering at the Harvard Graduate School of Applied Science. He is the author of ‘Notes on Hydraulics’ (1885); ‘Notes on Theory of Structures’ (1893); ‘Report on the Water Power of the Atlantic Watershed’ (in Vol. XVII of the ‘Tenth United States Census’) and ‘Conservation of Water by Storage’ (1915).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Sun-Yat-Sen

Edition of 1920. See also Sun Yat-sen on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SUN-YAT-SEN, Chinese revolutionary leader: b. Fatshan, near Canton, 1866. He was graduated (1892) at Hongkong School of Medicine, and started practice at Macao when he became one of the plotters resolved on forcing the Manchu dynasty from power. He fled from Canton after the first failure at revolt and went to Japan, thence to San Francisco. He formed the revolutionary association Kao Lao Hwei and carried on his propaganda all over the world, making the United States his headquarters and domicile. Dr. Sun's life was jeopardized by the standing reward of $50,000 for his assassination, but the revolution of 1911 in China succeeded, thanks largely to his indefatigable energy and resourcefulness in propagating the work in every country. He was rewarded by being made Provisional President of the new Chinese Republic but resigned in 1912 in favor of Yuan Shih-kai in order to bring the great Northern influence of the latter into the cause. Sun's later opposition to Yuan Shih-kai in the Peking Parliament caused his expulsion and he had to flee to Japan. Consult Cantlie and Jones, ‘Sun-Yat-Sen and the Awakening of China’ (3d ed., New York 1913).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Strauss, David Friedrich

Edition of 1920. See also David Strauss on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
STRAUSS, David Friedrich, German theologian: b. Ludwigsburg, Württemberg, 27 Jan. 1808; d. there, 8 Feb. 1874. He studied in Tübingen University; became assistant to a country clergyman in 1830; was appointed temporary professor in the seminary at Maulbronn; resigned this position and went to Berlin in 1831 to study under Schleiermacher and Hegel. He returned to Tübingen and lectured on logic and philosophy; and published in 1835 his famous ‘Life of Jesus,’ in which he attempted to prove that the gospel narratives had a mythical origin and growth. To his numerous critics he replied in ‘Streitschriften’ and ‘Zwei friedliche Blätter.’ Appointed in 1839 to the chair of dogmatic theology in Zürich he was prevented from entering upon his duties by a storm of popular indignation, but received a small pension in recompense. In 1848 he was elected a member of the Württemberg Diet; a position he resigned because he found it uncongenial. His subsequent writings were ‘Christliche Glaubenslehre’ (1839-41); ‘Life of Schubart’ (1849); ‘Life of Christian Märklin’ (1851); ‘Life of Ulrich von Hutten’ (1858-60); ‘Leben Jesu für das Deutsche Volk’ (‘Life of Jesus for the German People,’ 1877); ‘Der Christus des Glaubens und der Jesus der Geschichte’ (‘The Christ of Faith and the Jesus of History,’ 1865), and ‘Der alte und der neue Glaube’ (‘The Old and the New Faith,’ 1872), in which he defines his final attitude to Christianity, that being now entirely hostile. His more important works have been translated into English. He also gave much attention to literary criticism and wrote critical biographies of Schubart.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Sturm, Jacques-Charles-Francois

Edition of 1920. See also Jacques Charles François Sturm on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
STURM, stoorm, Jacques-Charles-Francois, French mathematician: b. Geneva, 29 Sept. 1803; d. Paris, 18 Dec. 1855. He studied at the Geneva College, passing the course before his 14th year, to enter the Academy course. He became, teacher to the son of Madame de Staël. In 1827 he was awarded the grand prize in mathematics and by 1829 he had propounded his great theorem “the solution of numercial equations,” which has done so much to assist in the advance of scientific research. He was successively appointed professor of special mathematics at the Rollin College (1830); was made member of the Académie des Sciences (1836), succeeding Ampère, and in 1840 he was made professor of analysis in the École Polytechnique and professor of mechanics to the faculty of sciences. Consult Liouville, ‘Discourse prononcé sur la tombe de Sturm,’ in Siècle (1855); Prouhet's ‘Notice’ in Nouvelles Annales Mathematiques (1856).