# Treaty of London, 1949

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The Treaty of London of 1949, signed on 5 May 1949, created the Council of Europe. The original signatories were Belgium, Denmark, France, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and United Kingdom.
The Governments of the Kingdom of Belgium, the Kingdom of Denmark, the French Republic, the Irish Republic, the Italian Republic, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Kingdom of Norway, the Kingdom of Sweden and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
Convinced that the pursuit of peace based upon justice and international co-operation is vital for the preservation of human society and civilisation;
Reaffirming their devotion to the spiritual and moral values which are the common heritage of their peoples and the true source of individual freedom, political liberty and the rule of law, principles which form the basis of all genuine democracy;
Believing that, for the maintenance and further realisation of these ideals and in the interests of economic and social progress, there is a need of a closer unity between all like-minded countries of Europe;
Considering that, to respond to this need and to the expressed aspirations of their peoples in this regard, it is necessary forthwith to create an organisation which will bring European States into closer association,
Have in consequence decided to set up a Council of Europe consisting of a committee of representatives of governments and of a consultative assembly, and have for this purpose adopted the following Statute:
Chapter I – Aim of the Council of Europe
Article 1
The aim of the Council of Europe is to achieve a greater unity between its members for the purpose of safeguarding and realising the ideals and principles which are their common heritage and facilitating their economic and social progress. This aim shall be pursued through the organs of the Council by discussion of questions of common concern and by agreements and common action in economic, social, cultural, scientific, legal and administrative matters and in the maintenance and further realisation of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Participation in the Council of Europe shall not affect the collaboration of its members in the work of the United Nations and of other international organisations or unions to which they are parties. Matters relating to national defence do not fall within the scope of the Council of Europe. Chapter II – Membership
Article 2
The members of the Council of Europe are the Parties to this Statute.
Article 3
Every member of the Council of Europe must accept the principles of the rule of law and of the enjoyment by all persons within its jurisdiction of human rights and fundamental freedoms, and collaborate sincerely and effectively in the realisation of the aim of the Council as specified in Chapter I.
Article 4
Any European State which is deemed to be able and willing to fulfil the provisions of Article 3 may be invited to become a member of the Council of Europe by the Committee of Ministers. Any State so invited shall become a member on the deposit on its behalf with the Secretary General of an instrument of accession to the present Statute.
Article 5
In special circumstances, a European country which is deemed to be able and willing to fulfil the provisions of Article 3 may be invited by the Committee of Ministers to become an associate member of the Council of Europe. Any country so invited shall become an associate member on the deposit on its behalf with the Secretary General of an instrument accepting the present Statute. An associate member shall be entitled to be represented in the Consultative Assembly only. The expression "member" in this Statute includes an associate member except when used in connexion with representation on the Committee of Ministers. Article 6
Before issuing invitations under Article 4 or 5 above, the Committee of Ministers shall determine the number of representatives on the Consultative Assembly to which the proposed member shall be entitled and its proportionate financial contribution.
Article 7
Any member of the Council of Europe may withdraw by formally notifying the Secretary General of its intention to do so. Such withdrawal shall take effect at the end of the financial year in which it is notified, if the notification is given during the first nine months of that financial year. If the notification is given in the last three months of the financial year, it shall take effect at the end of the next financial year.
Article 8
Any member of the Council of Europe which has seriously violated Article 3 may be suspended from its rights of representation and requested by the Committee of Ministers to withdraw under Article 7. If such member does not comply with this request, the Committee may decide that it has ceased to be a member of the Council as from such date as the Committee may determine.
Article 9
The Committee of Ministers may suspend the right of representation on the Committee and on the Consultative Assembly of a member which has failed to fulfil its financial obligation during such period as the obligation remains unfulfilled.
Chapter III – General
Article 10
The organs of the Council of Europe are:
the Committee of Ministers; the Consultative Assembly.1 Both these organs shall be served by the Secretariat of the Council of Europe.
Article 11
The seat of the Council of Europe is at Strasbourg.
Article 12
The official languages of the Council of Europe are English and French. The rules of procedure of the Committee of Ministers and of the Consultative Assembly shall determine in what circumstances and under what conditions other languages may be used.
Chapter IV – Committee of Ministers
Article 13
The Committee of Ministers is the organ which acts on behalf of the Council of Europe in accordance with Articles 15 and 16.
Article 14
Each member shall be entitled to one representative on the Committee of Ministers, and each representative shall be entitled to one vote. Representatives on the Committee shall be the Ministers for Foreign Affairs. When a Minister for Foreign Affairs is unable to be present or in other circumstances where it may be desirable, an alternate may be nominated to act for him, who shall, whenever possible, be a member of his government.
Article 15
On the recommendation of the Consultative Assembly or on its own initiative, the Committee of Ministers shall consider the action required to further the aim of the Council of Europe, including the conclusion of conventions or agreements and the adoption by governments of a common policy with regard to particular matters. Its conclusions shall be communicated to members by the Secretary General. In appropriate cases, the conclusions of the Committee may take the form of recommendations to the governments of members, and the Committee may request the governments of members to inform it of the action taken by them with regard to such recommendations.
Article 16
The Committee of Ministers shall, subject to the provisions of Articles 24, 28, 30, 32, 33 and 35, relating to the powers of the Consultative Assembly, decide with binding effect all matters relating to the internal organisation and arrangements of the Council of Europe. For this purpose the Committee of Ministers shall adopt such financial and administrative arrangements as may be necessary.
Article 17
The Committee of Ministers may set up advisory and technical committees or commissions for such specific purposes as it may deem desirable.
Article 18
The Committee of Ministers shall adopt its rules of procedure, which shall determine amongst other things:
the quorum; the method of appointment and term of office of its President; the procedure for the admission of items to its agenda, including the giving of notice of proposals for resolutions; and the notifications required for the nomination of alternates under Article 14. Article 19
At each session of the Consultative Assembly the Committee of Ministers shall furnish the Assembly with statements of its activities, accompanied by appropriate documentation.
Article 20
Resolutions of the Committee of Ministers relating to the following important matters, namely: recommendations under Article 15.b; questions under Article 19; questions under Article 21.a.i and b; questions under Article 33; recommendations for the amendment of Articles 1.d, 7, 15, 20 and 22; and any other question which the Committee may, by a resolution passed under d below, decide should be subject to a unanimous vote on account of its importance, require the unanimous vote of the representatives casting a vote, and of a majority of the representatives entitled to sit on the Committee. Questions arising under the rules of procedure or under the financial and administrative regulations may be decided by a simple majority vote of the representatives entitled to sit on the Committee. Resolutions of the Committee under Articles 4 and 5 require a two-thirds majority of all the representatives entitled to sit on the Committee. All other resolutions of the Committee, including adoption of the budget, of rules of procedure and of financial and administrative regulations, recommendations for the amendment of articles of this Statute, other than those mentioned in paragraph a.v above, and deciding in case of doubt which paragraph of this article applies, require a two-thirds majority of the representatives casting a vote and of a majority of the representatives entitled to sit on the Committee. Article 21
Unless the Committee decides otherwise, meetings of the Committee of Ministers shall be held: in private, and at the seat of the Council. The Committee shall determine what information shall be published regarding the conclusions and discussions of a meeting held in private. The Committee shall meet before and during the beginning of every session of the Consultative Assembly and at such other times as it may decide. Chapter V – Consultative Assembly
Article 22
The Consultative Assembly is the deliberative organ of the Council of Europe. It shall debate matters within its competence under this Statute and present its conclusions, in the form of recommendations, to the Committee of Ministers.
Article 232
The Consultative Assembly may discuss and make recommendations upon any matter within the aim and scope of the Council of Europe as defined in Chapter I. It shall also discuss and may make recommendations upon any matter referred to it by the Committee of Ministers with a request for its opinion. The Assembly shall draw up its agenda in accordance with the provisions of paragraph a above. In so doing, it shall have regard to the work of other European intergovernmental organisations to which some or all of the members of the Council are parties. The President of the Assembly shall decide, in case of doubt, whether any question raised in the course of the session is within the agenda of the Assembly. Article 24
The Consultative Assembly may, with due regard to the provisions of Article 38.d, establish committees or commissions to consider and report to it any matter which falls within its competence under Article 23, to examine and prepare questions on its agenda and to advise on all matters of procedure.
Article 253
The Consultative Assembly shall consist of representatives of each member, elected by its parliament from among the members thereof, or appointed from among the members of that parliament, in such manner as it shall decide, subject, however, to the right of each member government to make any additional appointments necessary when the parliament is not in session and has not laid down the procedure to be followed in that case. Each representative must be a national of the member whom he represents, but shall not at the same time be a member of the Committee of Ministers. The term of office of representatives thus appointed will date from the opening of the ordinary session following their appointment; it will expire at the opening of the next ordinary session or of a later ordinary session, except that, in the event of elections to their parliaments having taken place, members shall be entitled to make new appointments. If a member fills vacancies due to death or resignation, or proceeds to make new appointments as a result of elections to its parliament, the term of office of the new representatives shall date from the first sitting of the Assembly following their appointment. No representative shall be deprived of his position as such during a session of the Assembly without the agreement of the Assembly. Each representative may have a substitute who may, in the absence of the representative, sit, speak and vote in his place. The provisions of paragraph a above apply to the appointment of substitutes. Article 264
Members shall be entitled to the number of representatives given below:
Albania 4 Andorra 2 Armenia 4 Austria 6 Azerbaijan 6 Belgium 7 Bosnia and Herzegovina 5 Bulgaria 6 Croatia 5 Cyprus 3 Czech Republic 7 Denmark 5 Estonia 3 Finland 5 France 18 Georgia 5 Germany 18 Greece 7 Hungary 7 Iceland 3 Ireland 4 Italy 18 Latvia 3 Liechtenstein 2 Lithuania 4 Luxembourg 3 Malta 3 Moldova 5 Monaco 2 Netherlands 7 Norway 5 Poland 12 Portugal 7 Romania 10 Russia 18 San Marino 2 Serbia and Montenegro 7 Slovakia 5 Slovenia 3 Spain 12 Sweden 6 Switzerland 6 "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" 3 Turkey 12 Ukraine 12 United Kingdom 18
Article 272
The conditions under which the Committee of Ministers collectively may be represented in the debates of the Consultative Assembly, or individual representatives on the Committee or their alternates may address the Assembly, shall be determined by such rules of procedure on this subject as may be drawn up by the Committee after consultation with the Assembly.
Article 28
The Consultative Assembly shall adopt its rules of procedure and shall elect from members its President, who shall remain in office until the next ordinary session. The President shall control the proceedings but shall not take part in the debate or vote. The substitute of the representative who is President may sit, speak and vote in his place. The rules of procedure shall determine inter alia: the quorum; the manner of the election and terms of office of the President and other officers; the manner in which the agenda shall be drawn up and be communicated to representatives; the time and manner in which the names of representatives and their substitutes shall be notified. Article 29
Subject to the provisions of Article 30, all resolutions of the Consultative Assembly, including resolutions:
embodying recommendations to the Committee of Ministers; proposing to the Committee matters for discussion in the Assembly; establishing committees or commissions; determining the date of commencement of its sessions; determining what majority is required for resolutions in cases not covered by sections i to iv above or determining cases of doubt as to what majority is required, shall require a two-thirds majority of the representatives casting a vote.
Article 30
On matters relating to its internal procedure, which includes the election of officers, the nomination of persons to serve on committees and commissions and the adoption of rules of procedure, resolutions of the Consultative Assembly shall be carried by such majorities as the Assembly may determine in accordance with Article 29.v.
Article 31
Debates on proposals to be made to the Committee of Ministers that a matter should be placed on the agenda of the Consultative Assembly shall be confined to an indication of the proposed subject-matter and the reasons for and against its inclusion in the agenda.
Article 32
The Consultative Assembly shall meet in ordinary session once a year, the date and duration of which shall be determined by the Assembly so as to avoid as far as possible overlapping with parliamentary sessions of members and with sessions of the General Assembly of the United Nations. In no circumstances shall the duration of an ordinary session exceed one month unless both the Assembly and the Committee of Ministers concur.
Article 33
Ordinary sessions of the Consultative Assembly shall be held at the seat of the Council unless both the Assembly and the Committee of Ministers concur that the session should be held elsewhere.
Article 342
The Consultative Assembly may be convened in extraordinary session, upon the initiative either of the Committee of Ministers or of the President of the Assembly after agreement between them, such agreement also to determine the date and place of the session.
Article 35
Unless the Consultative Assembly decides otherwise, its debates shall be conducted in public.
Chapter VI – Secretariat
Article 36
The Secretariat shall consist of a Secretary General, a Deputy Secretary General and such other staff as may be required. The Secretary General and Deputy Secretary General shall be appointed by the Consultative Assembly on the recommendation of the Committee of Ministers. The remaining staff of the Secretariat shall be appointed by the Secretary General, in accordance with the administrative regulations. No member of the Secretariat shall hold any salaried office from any government or be a member of the Consultative Assembly or of any national legislature or engage in any occupation incompatible with his duties. Every member of the staff of the Secretariat shall make a solemn declaration affirming that his duty is to the Council of Europe and that he will perform his duties conscientiously, uninfluenced by any national considerations, and that he will not seek or receive instructions in connexion with the performance of his duties from any government or any authority external to the Council and will refrain from any action which might reflect on his position as an international official responsible only to the Council. In the case of the Secretary General and the Deputy Secretary General this declaration shall be made before the Committee, and in the case of all other members of the staff, before the Secretary General. Every member shall respect the exclusively international character of the responsibilities of the Secretary General and the staff of the Secretariat and not seek to influence them in the discharge of their responsibilities. Article 37
The Secretariat shall be located at the seat of the Council. The Secretary General is responsible to the Committee of Ministers for the work of the Secretariat. Amongst other things, he shall, subject to Article 38.d, provide such secretariat and other assistance as the Consultative Assembly may require. Chapter VII – Finance
Article 385
Each member shall bear the expenses of its own representation in the Committee of Ministers and in the Consultative Assembly. The expenses of the Secretariat and all other common expenses shall be shared between all members in such proportions as shall be determined by the Committee on the basis of the population of members. The contributions of an associate member shall be determined by the Committee. In accordance with the financial regulations, the budget of the Council shall be submitted annually by the Secretary General for adoption by the Committee. The Secretary General shall refer to the Committee requests from the Assembly which involve expenditure exceeding the amount already allocated in the budget for the Assembly and its activities. The Secretary General shall also submit to the Committee of Ministers an estimate of the expenditure to which the implementation of each of the recommendations presented to the Committee would give rise. Any resolution the implementation of which requires additional expenditure shall not be considered as adopted by the Committee of Ministers unless the Committee has also approved the corresponding estimates for such additional expenditure. Article 39
The Secretary General shall each year notify the government of each member of the amount of its contribution, and each member shall pay to the Secretary General the amount of its contribution, which shall be deemed to be due on the date of its notification, not later than six months after that date.
Chapter VIII – Privileges and immunities
Article 40
The Council of Europe, representatives of members and the Secretariat shall enjoy in the territories of its members such privileges and immunities as are reasonably necessary for the fulfilment of their functions. These immunities shall include immunity for all representatives to the Consultative Assembly from arrest and all legal proceedings in the territories of all members, in respect of words spoken and votes cast in the debates of the Assembly or its committees or commissions. The members undertake as soon as possible to enter into agreement for the purpose of fulfilling the provisions of paragraph a above. For this purpose the Committee of Ministers shall recommend to the governments of members the acceptance of an agreement defining the privileges and immunities to be granted in the territories of all members. In addition, a special agreement shall be concluded with the Government of the French Republic defining the privileges and immunities which the Council shall enjoy at its seat. Chapter IX – Amendments
Article 41
Proposals for the amendment of this Statute may be made in the Committee of Ministers or, in the conditions provided for in Article 23, in the Consultative Assembly. The Committee shall recommend and cause to be embodied in a protocol those amendments which it considers to be desirable. An amending protocol shall come into force when it has been signed and ratified on behalf of two-thirds of the members. Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding paragraphs of this article, amendments to Articles 23 to 35, 38 and 39 which have been approved by the Committee and by the Assembly shall come into force on the date of the certificate of the Secretary General, transmitted to the governments of members, certifying that they have been so approved. This paragraph shall not operate until the conclusion of the second ordinary session of the Assembly. Chapter X – Final provisions
Article 42
This Statute shall be ratified. Ratifications shall be deposited with the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The present Statute shall come into force as soon as seven instruments of ratification have been deposited. The Government of the United Kingdom shall transmit to all signatory governments a certificate declaring that the Statute has entered into force and giving the names of the members of the Council of Europe on that date. Thereafter each other signatory shall become a Party to this Statute as from the date of the deposit of its instrument of ratification. In witness whereof the undersigned, being duly authorised thereto, have signed the present Statute. Done at London, this 5th day of May 1949, in English and French, both texts being equally authentic, in a single copy which shall remain deposited in the archives of the Government of the United Kingdom which shall transmit certified copies to the other signatory governments.
(1) In February 1994 the Committee of Ministers decided to use in future the denomination "Parliamentary Assembly" in all Council of Europe documents. (2) As amended in May 1951. (3) First sentence of paragraph a, as amended in May 1951. The last two sub-paragraphs of paragraph a were added in May 1953; first sub-paragraph of paragraph a amended in October 1970. (4) As amended in December 1951, in May 1958, in November 1961, in May 1963, in May 1965, in February 1971, in December 1974, in October 1976, in January 1978, in November 1978, in November 1988, in May 1989, in November 1990, in November 1991, in May 1992, in May 1993, in June 1993, in October 1993, in November 1994, in February 1995, in November 1995, in February 1996, in November 1996, in April 1999, in January 2001, in May 2002, in April 2003 and in October 2004. (5) Paragraph e of Article 38 was added in May 1951.
Texts of a statutory character1 adopted by the Committee of Ministers in the course of its 8th and 9th Sessions with a view to their ultimate inclusion in a revised Statute 1This edition of the "Texts of a statutory character" incorporates the verbal emendations with a view to a precise concordance of the French and English versions which were approved at the 40th meeting of the Ministers' Deputies (8-16 June 1956).
I – Resolution adopted by the Committee of Ministers at its 8th Session, May 1951 The Committee of Ministers;
Having regard to certain proposals made by the Consultative Assembly for the revision of the Statute of the Council of Europe;
Considering that the provisions hereinafter set out are not inconsistent with the present Statute;
Declares its intention of putting into effect the following provisions:
Admission of new members
The Committee of Ministers, before inviting a State to become a member or associate member of the Council of Europe, in accordance with Articles 4 and 5 of the Statute, or inviting a member of the Council of Europe to withdraw, in accordance with Article 8, shall first consult the Consultative Assembly in accordance with existing practice.
Powers of the Committee of Ministers
(Article 15 of the Statute) The conclusions of the Committee may, where appropriate, take the form of a convention or agreement. In that event the following provisions shall be applied:
The convention or agreement shall be submitted by the Secretary General to all members for ratification; Each member undertakes that, within one year of such submission or, where this is impossible owing to exceptional circumstances, within eighteen months, the question of ratification of the convention or agreement shall be brought before the competent authority or authorities in its country; The instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Secretary General; The convention or agreement shall be binding only on such members as have ratified it. Joint Committee
The Joint Committee is the organ of co-ordination of the Council of Europe. Without prejudice to the respective rights of the Committee of Ministers and the Consultative Assembly, the functions of the Joint Committee shall be, in particular: to examine the problems which are common to those two organs; to draw the attention of those two organs to questions which appear to be of particular interest to the Council of Europe; to make proposals for the draft agenda of the sessions of the Committee of Ministers and of the Consultative Assembly; to examine and promote means of giving practical effect to the recommendations adopted by one or other of these two organs.
The Joint Committee shall be composed in principle of twelve members, five representing the Committee of Ministers and seven representing the Consultative Assembly, the latter number to include the President of the Consultative Assembly, who shall be a member ex officio. The number of members may be increased by agreement between the Committee of Ministers and the Assembly. Nevertheless, the Committee of Ministers shall, at its discretion, be entitled to increase the number of its representatives by one or two. The Committee of Ministers and the Consultative Assembly shall each be free to choose its own method of selecting its representatives on the Joint Committee. The Secretary General shall be entitled to attend the meetings of the Joint Committee in an advisory capacity.
The President of the Consultative Assembly shall be the Chairman of the Joint Committee. No proceedings of the Committee shall be regarded as valid unless there is a quorum consisting of three of the representatives of the Committee of Ministers and five of the representatives of the Consultative Assembly. The conclusions of the Joint Committee shall be reached without voting. The meetings of the Joint Committee shall be convened by the Chairman and shall take place as often as is necessary and, in particular, before and after the sessions of the Committee of Ministers and of the Consultative Assembly. Subject to the foregoing provisions, the Joint Committee may adopt its own Rules of Procedure. Specialised authorities
The Council of Europe may take the initiative of instituting negotiations between members with a view to the creation of European specialised authorities, each with its own competence in the economic, social, cultural, legal, administrative or other related fields. Each member shall remain free to adhere or not to adhere to any such European specialised authority. If member States set up European specialised authorities among themselves on their own initiative, the desirability of bringing these authorities into relationship with the Council of Europe shall be considered, due account being taken of the interests of the European community as a whole.
The Committee of Ministers may invite each authority to submit to it a periodical report on its activities. In so far as any agreement setting up a specialised authority provides for a parliamentary body, this body may be invited to submit a periodical report to the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe.
The conditions under which a specialised authority shall be brought into relationship with the Council may be determined by special agreements concluded between the Council and the specialised authority concerned. Such agreements may cover, in particular: reciprocal representation and, if the question arises, appropriate forms of integration between the organs of the Council of Europe and those of the specialised authority; the exchange of information, documents and statistical data; the presentation of reports by the specialised authority to the Council of Europe and of recommendations of the Council of Europe to the specialised authority; arrangements concerning staff and administrative, technical, budgetary and financial services. Such agreements shall be negotiated and concluded on behalf of the Council of Europe by the Committee of Ministers after an opinion has been given by the Consultative Assembly. The Council of Europe may co-ordinate the work of the specialised authorities brought into relationship with the Council of Europe in accordance with the foregoing provisions by holding joint discussions and by submitting recommendations to them, as well as by submitting recommendations to member governments. Relations with intergovernmental and non-governmental international organisations The Committee of Ministers may, on behalf of the Council of Europe, conclude with any intergovernmental organisation agreements on matters which are within the competence of the Council. These agreements shall, in particular, define the terms on which such an organisation shall be brought into relationship with the Council of Europe. The Council of Europe, or any of its organs, shall be authorised to exercise any functions coming within the scope of the Council of Europe which may be entrusted to it by other European intergovernmental organisations. The Committee of Ministers shall conclude any agreements necessary for this purpose. The agreement referred to in paragraph i may provide, in particular: that the Council shall take appropriate steps to obtain from, and furnish to, the organisations in question regular reports and information, either in writing or orally; that the Council shall give opinions and render such services as may be requested by these organisations. The Committee of Ministers may, on behalf of the Council of Europe, make suitable arrangements for consultation with international non-governmental organisations which deal with matters that are within the competence of the Council of Europe. II – Partial Agreements Resolution adopted by the Committee of Ministers at its 9th Session, 2 August 1951. III – Statutory resolutions No. (93) 26 on observer status No. (93) 27 on majorities required for decisions of the Committee of Ministers No. (93) 28 on partial and enlarged agreements No. (2000) 1 relating to the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe Appendix: Charter of the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe