OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Russell, John Fuller

​RUSSELL, JOHN FULLER (1814–1884), theological writer, born in 1814, was son of Thomas Russell (1781?–1846) [q. v.], and brother of Arthur Tozer Russell [q. v.] He was admitted a pensioner of Peterhouse, Cambridge, on 4 June 1832. In 1836, while an undergraduate there, he entered into a correspondence with Pusey, and was one of the first sympathisers with the ‘Oxford movement’ at Cambridge. He became a regular correspondent of Pusey, and in 1837 visited him at Christ Church. He was ordained deacon in 1838, and appointed to the curacy of St. Peter's, Walworth, Surrey. In 1839 he graduated LL.B., and in the same year he was admitted into priest's orders. He held the perpetual curacy of St. James, Enfield, from 1841 to 1854, and in 1856 he was presented to the rectory of Greenhithe, Kent. He died on 6 April 1884 at his house in Ormonde Terrace, Regent's Park, London.
He was a member of the council of the Society of Antiquaries, of the central committee of the Royal Archæological Institute, and of the committee of the Ecclesiological Society.
Among his works, which relate chiefly to the doctrine and discipline of the church of England, are: 1. ‘Letter to the Right Hon. H. Goulburn on the Morals and Religion of the University of Cambridge,’ Cambridge, 1833, 8vo. 2. ‘The Exclusive Power of an episcopally ordained Clergy to administer the Sacraments,’ 1834. 3. ‘The Judgment of the Anglican Church (posterior to the Reformation) on the Sufficiency of Holy Scripture, and the Authority of the Holy Catholic Church in Matters of Faith,’ London, 1838, 8vo. 4. ‘Strict Observance of the Rubric recommended,’ 1839. 5. ‘Anglican Ordinations valid; a Refutation of certain Statements in … “The Validity of Anglican Ordinations examined,” by Peter Richard Kenrick, V.G.,’ London, 1846, 8vo. 6. ‘The Life of Dr. Samuel Johnson,’ London, 1847, 12mo. 7. ‘The Ancient Knight, or Chapters on Chivalry,’ London, 1849, 12mo. 8. ‘Oral and Written Evidence in regard to the post-Reformation symbolical Use of Lights in the Church of England,’ in the second report of the Ritual Commission, London, 1867, fol. He was co-editor with Dean Hook of the ‘Voice of the Church’ (2 vols. 1840), and with Dr. Irons of ‘Tracts of the Anglican Fathers’ (1841). He was also editor of ‘Hierurgia Anglicana, or Documents and Extracts illustrative of the Church of England after the Reformation’ (1848).
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Russell, John (fl.1440-1470)

Date of death 1437 in the ODNB.
​RUSSELL, Sir JOHN (fl. 1440–1470), speaker of the House of Commons, was son of Sir Henry Russell, a west of England knight who had fought in France in the ​hundred years' war, who was several times M.P. for Dorchester and once for Dorset, and who married a lady of the family of Godfrey of Hampshire. John was a member of parliament in 1423, when he was chosen speaker of the House of Commons (Statutes of the Realm, ii. 216, &c.) He was again speaker in 1432, and a third time in 1450. The inquisition post mortem on one John Russell, whose lands were in Wiltshire, was taken in 1473. The speaker is doubtfully said to have had two sons, John and Thomas. John (1432?–1505) married Elizabeth, daughter of John Froxmere of Froxmere Court, Worcestershire, and by her left two daughters and a son James (d. 1509); the latter was father of John Russell, first earl of Bedford [q. v.]
W. A. J. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Russell, John (fl.1450)

​RUSSELL, JOHN (fl. 1450), author of a ‘Book of Nurture,’ was usher in chamber and marshal in hall to Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, and evidently took great interest in his various duties. He made his experience serve as the basis of a handbook of contemporary manners and domestic management, which he entitled a ‘Book of Nurture.’ He probably derived much from an earlier work with like views, which is preserved at the British Museum as Sloane MS. 2027. The copy of his work in Sloane MS. 1315 seems to represent it in its original shape, while that in the Harleian MS. 4011 embodies a later revision. The ‘Book of Nurture’ has been edited from Harleian MS. 4011 by Dr. Furnivall for the Roxburghe Club, London, 1867, 4to, and for the Early English Text Society in ‘The Babees Book,’ 8vo, 1868. It gives a complete picture of the household life of a noble from a servant's point of view; setting out the duties of a butler, the way to lay a table, the art of carving, and other particulars. The manuscript has no title. Parts of Russell's work are to be found in the ‘Boke of Keruynge,’ printed by Wynkyn de Worde in 1513.
W. A. J. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Russell, John (1842-1876)

​RUSSELL, JOHN, Viscount Amberley (1842–1876), eldest son of John, first earl Russell [q. v.], by his second wife, was born on 10 Dec. 1842. He was educated at Harrow, Edinburgh, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he went into residence in 1862, but did not graduate. Returned as a liberal to parliament for Nottingham on 11 May 1866, he made a promising maiden speech in the debate on the second reading of the Parliamentary Reform Bill of the following year (25 March); but on the dissolution of 1868 he declined to stand again for Nottingham, unsuccessfully contested south Devonshire, and retired from public life. He died of bronchitis at his seat, Ravenscroft, near Chepstow, on 9 Jan. 1876, and was buried at Chenies.
He married, on 8 Nov. 1869, at Alderley, Cheshire, Katharine Louisa (d. 28 June 1874), sixth daughter of Edward John, second baron Stanley of Alderley, by whom he had, with other issue, John Francis Stanley, who succeeded his grandfather in 1878 as second Earl Russell.
Amberley held advanced views in religious matters, and in ‘An Analysis of Religious Belief’ (London, 1876, 2 vols. 8vo) made a somewhat crude attempt to disengage the universal and permanent from the particular and transitory elements in religion. He was also author of a paper ‘On Clerical Subscription in the Church of England’ (reprinted from the ‘North British Review’), Edinburgh, 1864; London, 1865.
[G. E. C[okayne]'s Complete Peerage; Burke's Peerage; Ann. Reg. 1876, ii. 129; Athenæum, 1 July 1876.]
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Russell, Joseph

​RUSSELL, JOSEPH (1760–1846), agriculturist, son of Richard Russell, of the Forge in the parish of Lillington, Warwickshire, was born at Ashow, Warwickshire, in 1760. Educated at Birmingham, he settled at Cubington about 1780, renting a farm of 320 acres from Edward Leigh, fifth lord Leigh. He introduced the breed of Leicester sheep into Warwickshire, and imported Talavera wheat into England as early as 1810. He also improved the subsoil plough, and invented the clover-head gathering machine. A model of the latter was exhibited at the Society of Arts. Abandoning the pursuit of agriculture, he removed in 1820 to London, and in 1829 to Kenilworth, where he died in 1846.
Russell published: 1. ‘A Treatise on Practical and Chemical Agriculture,’ Warwick, 1831, 8vo; 2nd ed. with additions, 1840. 2. ‘Observations on the Growth of British Corn,’ 1832. 3. ‘A New System of Agriculture,’ 1840, 8vo.
W. A. S. H.
# Doe v. Beebe/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
54 U.S. 25
Doe v. Beebe
This is an action of ejectment; and the plaintiffs in error claim title to the premises under a contract of sale made by Morales, the Spanish Intendant at Pensacola, with a certain William McVoy, for twenty arpents of land on the west side of the River Mobile, bounding on the river; which contract was afterwards confirmed by an act of Congress.
The contract with McVoy was made in 1806. He subsequently assigned his interest to William J. Kennedy and Joshua Kennedy, and the latter became the sole owner by an assignment from the former. An act of Congress was passed in 1832, confirming the title of Joshua Kennedy upon two conditions: 1st. That the confirmation should amount to nothing more than the relinquishment of the right of the United States at that time in the land; and, 2dly, That the lands before that time sold by the United States, should not be comprehended within the act of confirmation. And in 1837, a patent was issued to Joshua Kennedy, reciting in full this act of Congress under which it was granted.
It is admitted in the record, that the land in question was below high-water mark when the United States sold the land on which Fort Charlotte stood, in the town of Mobile. These lands were divided into lots and sold in 1820 and 1821, and patents were issued to the purchasers in the year last mentioned. The defendants made title to three of these lots, which bounded on the river, and it was admitted that at the time of the sale high water extended over their eastern limits; and that the land now in controversy was reclaimed from the water and filled up by those under whom the defendants claimed.
The question, therefore, to be decided in this case is, whether the title obtained under McVoy's contract, confirmed by the act of Congress in 1832; or the title obtained under the sale of the lots in 1820 and 1821, is the superior and better title.
The principles of law on which this question depends, have already been decided in this court in Pollard v. Hagan, 3 How. 212, and in Goodtitle v. Kibbe, 9 How. 477, 478. And, according to the decisions in these two cases, the title under the sale of the lots is the superior one.
The judgment of the Supreme Court of the State of Alabama must, therefore, be affirmed.
This cause came on to be heard on the transcript of the record, from the Supreme Court of the State of Alabama, and was argued by counsel. On consideration whereof, it is now here ordered and adjudged, by this court, that the judgment of the said Supreme Court in this cause be, and the same is hereby affirmed with costs.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Doe v. Bush

323 F.3d 133 (1st Cir. 2003), was a court case challenging the constitutionality of the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The case was dismissed, since the plaintiffs failed "to raise a sufficiently clear constitutional issue." The Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 was challenged by "a coalition of U.S. soldiers, parents of U.S. soldiers, and members of Congress" prior to the invasion to stop it from happening. They claimed that an invasion of Iraq would be illegal.
* Court Documents
* Opinion of the Court
* Wikipedia article
* 323 F.3d 133
* JOHN DOE I, JOHN DOE II, JOHN DOE III, JOHN DOE IV, JANE DOE I, SUSAN E. SCHUMANN, CHARLES RICHARDSON, NANCY LESSIN, JEFFREY MCKENZIE, JOHN CONYERS, DENNIS KUCINICH, JESSE JACKSON, JR., SHEILA JACKSON LEE, JIM MCDERMOTT, JOSE E. SERRANO, SALLY WRIGHT, DEBORAH REGAL, ALICE COPELAND BROWN, JERRYE BARRE, JAMES STEPHEN CLEGHORN, LAURA JOHNSON MANIS, SHIRLEY H. YOUNG, JULIAN DELGAUDIO, ROSE DELGAUDIO, DANNY K. DAVIS, MAURICE D. HINCHEY, CAROLYN KILPATRICK, PETE STARK, DIANE WATSON, LYNN C. WOOLSEY, Plaintiffs, Appellants
* v.
* GEORGE W. BUSH, President, DONALD H. RUMSFELD, Secretary of Defense, Defendants, Appellees
* No. 03-1266
* United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.
* March 13, 2003, Decided
* As Amended March 18, 2003
John C. Bonifaz, with whom Cristobal Bonifaz, Law Offices of Cristobal Bonifaz, Margaret Burnham, Max D. Stern, and Stern Shapiro Weissberg & Garin were on the brief, for appellants.
Michael Avery on the brief for seventy-four concerned law professors, amici curiae.
D. Lindley Young on the brief amicus curiae in propria persona.
Gregory G. Katsas, Deputy Assistant Attorney General, with whom Robert D. McCallum, Jr., Assistant Attorney General, Michael J. Sullivan, United States Attorney, Douglas N. Letter, Attorney, Civil Division, Scott R. McIntosh, Attorney, Civil Division, and Teal Luthy, Attorney, Civil Division, were on the brief, for appellees.
Before Lynch, Circuit Judge, Cyr and Stahl, Senior Circuit Judges.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Monarda

Edition of 1802.
​Monarda. See Spice.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Mouth

Edition of 1802.
​MOUTH, in anatomy, a part of the face, comprehending the lips, gums, inside of the cheeks, palate, &c.
The mouths of different animals are admirably adapted to various uses, according to their size and nature; being well formed and calculated for the reception and mastication of food, the seizing of prey, &c. It would, however, be incompatible with our design, to enter into any details relative to the organization of this part; we shall, therefore, concisely state only a few of the diseases incident to the human mouth.
1. Affections of the Teeth, and Gums, which are discussed in their respective places.
2. Cancers, which see.
3. If the mouth be affected with excruciating pain, the internal application of opium will afford considerable relief. But, if any tumors or swellings arise, it will be advisable to apply externally cataplasms of marsh-mallow, and other emollient vegetables, or poultices of bread and milk. When the tumefied parts continue very painful, without suppurating, it will be proper to lance them, in order to reduce the swelling. The patient ought, at the same time, to avoid speaking; and to take no such food as is either of an acrid and stimulating nature, or requires any efforts of mastication. Hence, he ought to subsist principally on liquid, mucilaginous aliment; and his drink should be sweetened with honey, which in itself is one of the best balsamics.—See Gargle.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Money

Edition of 1802.
​MONEY, a piece of metal, which by public authority bears a certain weight and value, so that it may serve as a circulating medium in commerce.
Money is, in general, divided into two kinds, viz. imaginary, or money of account; and real, or effective. The former class includes such as never was coined in specie; and, though a certain term tor expressing it has been invented or retained in different countries, with a view to facilitate the stating of accounts, by keeping them on an uniform basis, yet this ideal money is not liable to be changed in the same manner as current ​coins, which are raised, or lowered, as the exigencies of the State may require. Of this nature, for instance, is the Pound Sterling, as well as the nominal money of other countries.
Real money comprehends all coins or species of gold, silver, copper, &c. which do exist, and are commonly current. Such are guineas, half-guineas, seven shilling pieces; crowns, half-crowns, shillings, six-pences; two-penny and penny pieces; half-pence, and farthings.
As money is the common measure of every kind of commodities, the fabricating of base coin has at all times, and in every State, been considered as treasonable. Hence, to preserve public faith, the law of England considers not only the coining, but also the uttering of money or notes (knowing them to be forged) as felony without benefit of clergy. These penalties are certainly dictated by the soundest policy; but, so long as the Bank of England notes are formed on a principle capable of being imitated by perverse ingenuity, we fear the wisdom of the legislature will be ineffectual; and the number of those, who are annually sacrificed to the offended laws of their country for this crime, far from being diminished, will probably continue to increase.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Morning

Edition of 1802.
​Morning. See Day.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Moon

Edition of 1802.
​MOON, in astronomy, one of the heavenly bodies, usually, though erroneously, classed among the planets; for it is with more propriety considered as a satellite, or secondary planet.
The mean distance of the moon from the earth, is computed by astronomers, to be about 240,000 miles: her diameter is as 100 to 365, that is, about 2180 miles.
The moon appears to us under various forms; being sometimes horned, at others semi-circular; then full and round. Sometimes this celestial body increases; at others, it is on the wane: illumining the globe, we inhabit, at certain periods throughout the whole night, at others only for a few hours.—The cause of these appearances is believed to arise from the moon being an opaque dark body, which shines only with the light she receives from the sun; hence only the part turned towards that luminary can be illuminated, and consequently transmit light; as the other side is involved in its native darkness. These phenomena, however, it is not within our province to explain; and, as the inquisitive reader will doubtless consult the profound writings of Maskelyne, Herschel, and other astronomers, who have devoted their sleepless nights to the observation of this satellite, we shall not enter into any farther details.—See also Astronomy.
Formerly, the moon was believed to possess considerable influence on the human body; but such opinion, though sanctioned by the name of Mead, and other eminent physicians, is now generally exploded. This luminary, however, greatly influences the vegetable creation, and likewise appears to affect quadrupeds, especially horses. It is well known, that these useful animals are subject to a weakness of the eyes (particularly when they are somewhat advanced in years); and that such debility increases, or decreases, according to the course of the moon; whence they are said to have moon-eyes. Thus, in the wane, they are dull and muddy, or troubled; but, on the approach of ​the new moon, they re-assume their former lustre.—No remedy has hitherto been discovered for this affection, which generally terminates in total blindness.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Music

* related portals: Literature on music.
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Edition of 1802.
​MUSIC, denotes the art of producing and combining sounds, in such a manner as to render them agreeable to the ear.
Music forms a pleasing recreation, and is calculated to produce the happiest effects upon the mind, or to exhilarate the animal spirits. Hence it has with the greatest advantage been employed medicinally; several instances having occurred, in which patients labouring under delirious fever, were calmed; and, a critical sleep succeeding, they were eventually cured.
​This art may be likewise, beneficially practised by persons of low melancholic temperament; as, according to the nature of the tunes played, it is equally calculated to excite pity, to sooth the mind, and to rouse the social affections. But, as the principles by which these various combinations are regulated, constitute a profound and extensive science, our limits will not permit us to enter into any analysis. The curious reader will derive amusement and instruction from the perusal of Mr. Kollman's Essay on Musical Harmony (fol. 1l. 1s. 1796); the same author's Essay on Practical Musical Composition (fol. 1799, 1l. 1s.), and Mr. Shield's Indroduction to Harmony (4to. Robinsons, 1800): in which the subject is scientifically discussed.—The History of Music, as well as its present state, in France, Italy, Germany, &c. has been ably treated in the voluminous publications of Dr. Burney, whose writings on this interesting topic possess classical merit.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Stuart, John (1743-1821)

​STUART, JOHN (1743–1821), Gaelic scholar, son of James Stuart, minister of Killin, and Elizabeth Drummond, was born at Killin in 1743. He was licensed by the presbytery of Edinburgh on 27 Feb. 1771, was presented to the living of Arrochar by Sir James Colquhoun in October 1773, and was ordained on 12 May 1774. He was translated to Weem on 26 March 1776, and to Luss on 1 July 1777. He received the degree of D.D. from Glasgow University in 1795.
Stuart was an expert Gaelic scholar. His father had already translated the New Testament into Gaelic, and at the time of his death had begun a translation of the Old Testament. This work was continued by his son, and the complete translation was published at Edinburgh in 1767, under the auspices of the Society for Propagating Christian Knowledge; another edition was published in London in 1807. For his valuable services as translator he received from the lords of the treasury 1,000l. in 1820, and the thanks of the general assembly were conveyed to him from the chair on 28 May 1819. He was also a devoted student of natural history and botany. He died at Luss on 24 May 1821.
Dr. Stuart married, 24 July 1792, Susan, daughter of Rev. Dr. McIntyre, Glenorchy. She died on 7 July 1846, leaving a son, Joseph, minister of Kingarth, and a daughter.
Besides his Gaelic translation of the Scriptures, Dr. Stuart was the author of ‘The Account of the Parish of Luss’ in vol. xvii. of Sinclair's ‘Statistical Account of Scotland.’
G. S-h.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Stuart, Robert

​STUART, ROBERT (1812–1848), author of ‘Caledonia Romana,’ was the eldest son of William Stuart, a merchant in Glasgow, where he was born on 21 Jan. 1812. Owing to his father's absence abroad on business, he was placed, when about a year old, with his maternal grandfather, George Meliss, resident near Perth, and was strongly influenced by his grandmother, a descendant of the Stewarts of Invernahyle (see Introd. to Waverley, ed. 1829). In 1819 Stuart joined his parents at Nice, presently accompanying them to Gibraltar. In 1821 he was sent to a boarding-school near Perth, and in 1825 his parents returned to Glasgow, where he settled with them and attended school. Prevalent business depression in 1826 caused the father to become bookseller and publisher, with his son as assistant. In 1836 the father turned to some new enterprise, whereupon Stuart undertook the business himself and married. His literary faculty received special direction in 1841 when his friend John Buchanan of Glasgow, after showing him inscribed altars and other memorials of the Roman occupation of Scotland, expressed surprise that authors should have neglected such a fascinating subject. The result was Stuart's great work, ‘Caledonia Romana’ (1845). Stuart died at Glasgow of cholera, after a few hours' illness, on 23 Dec. 1848. He was survived by a widow and family.
Stuart early contributed verses, in the manner of Byron, to his father's ‘Literary Rambler’ and his own ‘Scottish Monthly Magazine,’ which he issued for a year in 1836. He also wrote for Blackwood's and Tait's magazines. In 1834 he published ‘Ina and other Fragments in Verse,’ displaying respectable workmanship but little poetic distinction. The ‘Caledonia Romana: Roman Antiquities in Scotland,’ appeared in 1845. It is methodical and accurate, if a little diffuse. After an introductory and an historical chapter, Stuart devotes the third chapter to a careful consideration of the influence of the Romans in Scotland, and in the fourth he presents a minute account of the wall of Antoninus Pius. The second edition, furnished with good maps, illustrative plates, and a memoir by David Thomson, appeared in 1852. Stuart published in 1848 an interesting work, ‘Views and Notices of Glasgow in former Times.’
[Memoir prefixed to Caledonia Romana.]
T. B.