OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Pittsburg (Kansas)

Edition of 1905. See also Pittsburg, Kansas on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ PITTSBURG. A city in Crawford County, Kan., 130 miles south of Kansas City; on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe, the Missouri Pacific, the Saint Louis and San Francisco, and the Kansas City Southern railroads (Map: Kansas, H 4). It has extensive coal-mining interests, being situated in the centre of productive coal fields and near the great mineral district of southwestern Missouri. There are also shops of the Kansas City Southern, a foundry and machine shops, brick and sewer pipe plants, lumber and flour mills, grain elevators, a packing house, etc. The city maintains a public library. Settled in 1870, Pittsburg was incorporated in 1880. It is governed by a mayor, elected biennially, and a unicameral council. Population, in 1890, 6697; in 1900, 10,112.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Pittsburg Landing, Battle of

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ PITTSBURG LANDING, Battle of. See Shiloh, Battle of.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Pittsburg Orchestra

Edition of 1905. See also Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ PITTSBURG ORCHESTRA. The permanent orchestra of Pittsburg, Pa. It was founded in 1895, and is maintained by public subscriptions guaranteed by a few public-spirited citizens. It has a membership of about seventy, and ranks with the great orchestras of America. Frederick Archer was its first conductor. In 1898 Victor Herbert became its conductor and brought the organization to a high degree of efficiency.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Pittsfield

Edition of 1905. See also Pittsfield, Massachusetts on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ PITTS′FIELD. A city, including several villages within its corporate limits, and the county seat of Berkshire County, Mass., 150 miles west of Boston; on the Boston and Albany and the New York, New Haven and Hartford railroads (Map: Massachusetts, A 3). Its site in a hill-girt valley of the Berkshires, over 1000 feet above sea level, is of great natural beauty. In the vicinity are several picturesque lakes. There are public parks, one of which, in the heart of the city, has the fine statue of “The Color Bearer.” Among the noteworthy structures are the court house, built of white marble, the Crane Art Museum, the Berkshire Athenæum, the latter containing a public library of 36,000 volumes and the rooms of the Berkshire Historical Society; the House of Mercy and the Henry W. Bishop Training School for nurses, and the Berkshire County Home for Aged Women; the high school, the Berkshire Life Insurance Building, and the Berkshire County Savings Bank. The city is the headquarters of the Agassiz Association (q.v.). Pittsfield is an attractive residential place and a popular summer resort. It is known also for its manufacturing interests. As shown by the census of 1900, $6,085,000 was invested in the various industries, which had a production valued at $7,136,000. The leading establishments are woolen mills, a silk mill, foundry and machine shops, shoe factory, works making electrical machinery and supplies, paper mills, etc.
The government, under a charter of 1895, is conducted by a mayor, chosen annually, and a bicameral council that elects most administrative officers. The school committee is chosen by popular vote. The mayor appoints license commissioners. The water-works are owned and operated by the municipality. Settled in 1743 as Pontoosuck or Boston Plantation, Pittsfield was incorporated as a town under its present name in 1761 and in 1891 was chartered as a city. Longfellow stayed for a time at the Appleton House here and Oliver Wendell Holmes and Herman Melville lived in the vicinity. Population, in 1890, 17,281; in 1900, 21,766. Consult Smith, The History of Pittsfield (Boston, 1876).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Pittston

Edition of 1905. See also Pittston, Pennsylvania on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ PITTS′TON. A city in Luzerne County, Pa., ten miles southwest of Scranton; on the Susquehanna River, above the mouth of the Lackawanna, and on the Lehigh Valley, the Central of New Jersey, the Delaware and Hudson, the Lackawanna, and other railroads (Map: Pennsylvania, F 2). Situated in the anthracite region of the State, it is engaged principally in mining and preparing coal for market, the coal traffic being very important. There are also valuable deposits of fire clay in the vicinity. The manufacturing establishments include foundries and machine shops, stove and engine works, knitting mills, flour, paper, and lumber mills, breweries, terracotta and brick works, etc. Pittston is one of the leading commercial and industrial centres of this region. West Pittston (q.v.), across the river, is more distinctly a residential section. The city maintains a public library. Laid out in 1768 and named in honor of William Pitt, Pittston was settled about 1770, was incorporated as a borough in 1803, and was chartered as a city in 1894. Population, in 1890, 10,302; in 1900, 12,550.
# The Natural History of Ireland/Volume 4

* Mus Hibernicus, Thompson
* The Common Dolphin
* The Grampus
* The Spermaceti Whale
# The Natural History of Pliny (Holland)

Fully, The Natural History of Pliny, commonly called The Naturall Historie of C. Plinius Secundus. A translation of Pliny's Naturalis historia.

## Contents

* Book 1: Table of contents, index, and bibliography (transcription project)
* Book 2: Astronomy and meteorology
* Book 3: Geography of the Western Mediterranean
* Book 4: Geography of the Eastern Mediterranean, the Black Sea, continental and northern Europe.
* Book 5: Geography of Africa, the Middle East and Turkey
* Book 6: Geography of Asia; summary overview and wrap-up of world geography
* Book 7: Anthropology and human physiology
* Book 8: Land animals: elephants, lions, tigers, panthers; cows, horses, asses, mules, sheep, goats; mice, dormice and a few others
* Book 9: Marine animals: whales, dolphins, fish, shellfish, etc
* Book 10: Birds; animal reproduction; the five senses
* Book 11: Insects, then comparative zoology, fumblings toward a taxonomy
* Book 12: Exotic plants, spices and perfumes: from India, Egypt, Mesopotamia etc
* Book 13: More plants, including aquatic plants
* Book 14: Plants: the vine and wine
* Book 15: Plants: the olive tree; oil and its uses; fruit and nut trees
* Book 16: More trees, mostly evergreens
* Book 17: Fruit trees and vines and the art of planting them
* Book 18: How to run a farm
* Book 19: Garden plants, including a long section on flax
* Book 20: More garden plants: mostly vegetables.
* Book 21: Flowers.
* Book 22: Miscellaneous plants, including dye plants.
* Book 23: Medicinal properties of wine, vinegar, oil, nuts, fruit.
* Book 24: Medicinal properties of trees and herbs.
* Book 25: Medicinal properties of herbs.
* Book 26: Major medicinal herbs. The book opens with a section on new diseases.
* Book 27: Minor medicinal herbs, in roughly alphabetical order.
* Book 28: Medicinal uses of the human body's own products (and discussion of charms); of animal products.
* Book 29: Medicinal uses of animal products, continued; but the book starts with a long stiff diatribe against doctors.
* Book 30: Medicinal uses of animal products, continued; this time the book starts with a preamble about magic arts.
* Book 31: Medicinal uses of marine products: salt, plants, sponges, etc.
* Book 32: Medicinal uses of marine animals.
* Book 33: Metals: mostly gold, silver and mercury.
* Book 34: Metals: bronze and lead; but mostly a discussion of statues, in fact.
* Book 35: Uses of earth; but starting with pigments, is mostly a discussion of painters, although the end of the Book goes back to sulphur.
* Book 36: Stone. One of the better books. The first half is about sculpture; then a bit of fascinating architecture (obelisks, the Pyramids, the Cretan labyrinth), finally various building materials (plaster, sand, stone), then glass. Ends with a paean to fire and an utterly peculiar story in the very last paragraph.
* Book 37: Stones: rock crystal, amber, gemstones; semi-precious stones. At the very end of the Book, Pliny gives his list of "best of categories"; the best of countries is Italy
# The Natural History of Pliny (Holland)/Book 1

Preface to Vespasian, his friend C. Plinius Secundus sendeth greeting.
# The Natural History of Selborne

The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne was first published 1789. Subsequently many editions were published.
* The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne (1789)
* The Natural History of Selborne, and the Naturalist's Calendar (1879), edited by George Christopher Davies
# The Natural History of Ireland/Volume 4/The Common Dolphin

CETACEA. The Common Dolphin, Delphinus delphis, Linn.,
Is found on the coast from north to south of at least the mord easterly half of the island.—I have not heard of its occurrence on the western coast. Templeton notices it as common, alluding, it may be presumed, to the north-east coast :—heads of this species, without labels indicating localities attached to them, are in the Belfast Museum, some of which are probably from this quarter. The dolphin seems to be of rare occurrence on the Dublin coast, as Dr. Jacob informed me in January, 1839), that in the course of many years he could obtain but one specimen. Dr. R. Ball considers it as not uncommon on the southern coast, and it is named in the Cork Fauna of Dr. Harvey.
The following notes were made by me on the Mediterranean when on board H. M. S. Beacon in 1841 :— April 16th. A herd of dolphins, in size and colour like the common species, kept rolling about near our vessel in the Straits of Messina. May 4th. Egean Sea. A round-backed species of Delphinus with a large dorsal fin, to which the sailors gave the name of Porpoise, rolling near the ship : three passed with amazing velocity, close under the bow where I was standing. May 5th Several of them near the ship when we were close to Syra ;two rolling about with their young so near to them that the dorsal fins of the two individuals in each case appeared to belong to one animal :—they thus exhibited themselves rising to the surface and going down again several times with as much regularity as a pair of horses in harness. May not their appearance in this manner have given rise to the fable of their drawing the chariot of Amphitrite across the sea ? May 13th. Dardanelles ; saw the same species at Koum Kali. May 17 th. Bosphorus; several of the same, going northwards towards the Black Sea. This Delphinus was not either of Risso's- D. globiceps, or D. Risso. Cuv. Hist. Nat. L. Eur. Merid. tome iii. p. 23, pl. 1, f. 1, 2. It is worthy of remark that no species of Dclphinus (Linn.) appeared in the open sea between Marseilles and Malta or thence to the Levant.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mustard

See also Mustard plant on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Mus′tard, species of Brassica, a genus belonging to the mustard family. The genus contains about 100 species of herbs, natives to north temperate regions. To the same genus belongs the cabbage, with its cauliflower and kale varieties, rape, rutabaga and common turnip. The true mustards are B. alba (white mustard), B. nigra (black mustard) and B. juncea (Chinese mustard). Table mustard is the flour formed from grinding the seeds, mostly from black mustard, though the white and Chinese mustards are also used. The white and black mustards often become widely distributed weeds. The large, soft, basal leaves of these forms are also frequently used for “greens.” The pale yellow flowers of the black mustard are very familiar; they bloom all summer on a many-branched plant from three to six feet high, the half-inch-long pods filled with dark-colored, pungent seeds. The seeds of the white mustard are light-colored, flowers yellow. In England mustard is planted for forage and cut before the seeds are ripe.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mycelium

See also Mycelium on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Mycelium (mī́-sē′ lĭ-ŭm), (in plants), the ordinary body of a fungus, consisting of branching, colorless threads more or less interwoven. Sometimes the threads are so loosely interwoven, that the mycelium resembles a delicate cobweb; at other times so closely, that the mycelium becomes a felt-like mass. The latter form of mycelium may often be seen upon preserved fruit or jelly, in which case it can be removed like a thick piece of felt. See Fungi.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Myrrh

See also Myrrh on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Myrrh (mẽr), a gum-resin produced by a tree growing in Arabia and in Somaliland, Africa. The myrrh tree is small and scrubby, spiny, with whitish-gray bark, with smooth, brown fruit about as big as a pea. The myrrh flows from the pores of the bark in oily, yellowish drops, which slowly thicken, harden and become darker colored. Myrrh was known and highly valued in very early times. It was among the presents which the wise men from the east brought to the Christ-child. Myrrh is sold in tears and grains or in irregular-shaped and various-sized pieces, yellow, red or reddish brown in color. It was used by the Egyptians in embalming, and is employed now in medicine. All myrrh comes from Aden or from Bombay.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mutualism

See also Mutualism on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Mutualism (mū′ tū́-al-is’m), (in plants), that form of symbiosis in which the two plants are of mutual benefit. By many this condition is thought to be illustrated by the lichens, the algæ and fungi constituents being thought to be mutually helpful. See Symbiosis.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mycenæ

See also Mycenae on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Mycenæ (mī́-sē′ nḗ), a very old city in the northeastern part of Argolis, in the Peloponnesus, built upon a high crag and said to have been founded by Perseus. It was the capital of Agamemnon’s kingdom, and at that time the chief town of Greece. It was destroyed by the people of Argos, and, though rebuilt, never afterward prospered. Its ruins are still to be seen. The most celebrated of them are the Gate of Lions and the Treasury of Atreus. Excavations carried out by Dr. Henry Schliemann brought to light, in 1876, another underground treasury and several ancient tombs, vases, weapons, gold death-masks and other ornaments of hammered gold. These objects seem to show a type of art coming from Mesopotamia through Phœnicia and Asia Minor, and manifesting little or no trace of Greek tastes or customs. Their date seems to be about that of the Doric invasion of the Peloponnesus.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mycorrhiza

See also Mycorrhiza on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Mycorrhiza (mī′ kŏr-rī′ zȧ), (in plants). The name means root-fungus, and refers to the fact that there exists an intimate association between certain fungi of the soil and the roots of higher plants, as orchids, heaths, oaks and their allies. The delicate mycelial threads of the fungus spread through the soil, enwrap the rootlets with a mesh of threads, and penetrate into the cells. By this means the fungus obtains food from the rootlet as a parasite. But it is also thought that the fungus threads spreading through the soil are of great service to the host-plants in aiding their rootlets in absorbing. If this be true, there is a mutual advantage in the association, for the small amount of nourishment taken up by the fungus is more than repaid by its assistance in absorption. See Mutualism.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Myriapoda

See also Myriapoda on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Myriapoda (mĭr′ ī-ăp′ ṓ-dȧ), a class of jointed animals containing the centipedes and thousand-legged worms. The name signifies many-footed. The body is worm-like and jointed. There is a pair of legs for each joint. The head carries antennas, jaws and eyes, and there is no distinction between thorax and abdomen. The myriapods form a group equivalent, respectively, to that of the Crustacea, spiders and insects, and these four classes make the subkingdom of arthropoda. See Arthropoda and Centipede.
# The New Student's Reference Work/My Old Kentucky Home

See also My Old Kentucky Home on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
My Old Kentucky Home. Words and music by Stephen Collins Foster (1826–64). One of the most beautiful of American folksongs. It is marked by the simplicity and pathos characteristic of the best of Foster’s 160 songs.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Myrmidons

See also Myrmidons on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Myrmidons (mẽr′ mĭ-dŏnz), the famous followers of Achilles in the Trojan War. They were an old Thessalian race who colonized the island of Ægina. According to Greek story Zeus peopled Thessaly by changing the ants into men; hence the myrmidons, which means ants.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Shreve, Henry Miller

Edition of 1905. See also Henry Miller Shreve on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SHREVE, Henry Miller (1785-1854). An American inventor and steamboat builder, born in Burlington County, N. J. He was reared in western Pennsylvania, adopted the career of a river boatman, and early became interested in the problem of steam navigation on the Ohio and Mississippi. In 1814 he was at New Orleans, and with boats protected by cotton bales ran the gantlet of the British batteries to carry supplies to Fort Saint Philip, and later had charge of a gun in the battle of New Orleans. In 1815, in the Enterprise, he made the first trip ever accomplished by a steamboat from New Orleans to Louisville. Subsequently he constructed a river steamboat known as the Washington, which had many points of improvement over the boats of the Fulton model. The success of the Washington was followed by lawsuits brought by Fulton and his associates, who claimed the exclusive right to steam river navigation, but the cases were eventually decided in Shreve's favor. From 1826 to 1841 he was employed by the Government as superintendent of improvements on the Western rivers, and successfully opened the Red River to navigation. He invented many improvements in steamboat machinery and construction, as well as the steam ‘snag-boat’ and a ram for harbor defense.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Siebold, Karl Theodor Ernst von

Edition of 1905. See also Karl Theodor Ernst von Siebold on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SIEBOLD, zē'bṓlt, Karl Theodor Ernst von (1804-85). A German physiologist and zoölogist, born in Würzburg. In 1840 he was appointed to the chair of physiology at Erlangen, in 1845 at Freiburg, in 1850 at Breslau, and in 1853 at the University of Munich. Siebold was the originator, after Cuvier, of the first important reforms in systematic zoölogy, and established the unicellular nature of the Protozoa, which he first combined into a phylum. He produced in 1856 an epoch-making work, translated into English under the title “On a True Parthenogenesis in Moths and Bees” (1857). This was followed, in 1871, by a work in the same line (Beiträge zur Parthenogenesis der Arthropoden) in which he established the fact of parthenogenesis in two wasps, in a saw-fly, in several moths, and in certain phyllopod crustacea. Besides many papers giving the results of special investigations among the lower animals, he was the author in 1848, with Stannius, of a manual of the anatomy of animals, in which he established the branch of animals called Arthropoda. His last general work was a volume on the fresh-water fishes of Central Europe, in which he pointed out certain of the hybrid forms. With Kölliker he founded the Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie, still the leading morphological and anatomical journal of Europe.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Siedlce (capital)

Edition of 1905. See also Siedlce on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SIEDLCE. The capital of the Government of Siedlce in Russian Poland, about 50 miles east-southeast of Warsaw (Map: Russia, B 4). It is little more than an administration centre of the government, and its economic importance is slight. It was for a long time in the possession of the Czartoryskis. Population, in 1897, 17,300.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Shrapnel, Henry

Edition of 1905. See also Henry Shrapnel on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SHRAPNEL, Henry (1761-1842). An English inventor, born at Bradford-on-Avon. In 1784 he began to study hollow projectiles. He spent three years in Gibraltar and in 1803 his shot case or shell was recommended for adoption into the service. He improved the construction of howitzers and mortars and invented the brass tangent slide. In 1837 he was promoted to be lieutenant-general. See Projectiles; Shrapnel.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Shreveport

Edition of 1905. See also Shreveport, Louisiana on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SHREVE′PORT. The parish seat of Caddo Parish, La., 170 miles east of Dallas, Texas; on the Red River, and on the Texas and Pacific, the Saint Louis South western, the Kansas City Southern, the Houston and Shreveport, and other railroads. (Map: Louisiana, B 1). Among the noteworthy features of the city are the Charity Hospital, a sanatorium, Cooper Building, First National Bank Building, the United States post-office, the court-house, and the high school building. Shreveport is in a rich cotton and stock raising region, and is of considerable commercial importance. It carries on a large wholesale trade, especially in groceries, dry goods, and hardware. In addition to several establishments connected with cotton—cotton factory, large compressors, and warehouses—there are molasses works, foundries and machine shops, lumber mills, etc. The government, under the charter of 1898, is vested in a mayor, chosen every two years, and a unicameral council. Shreveport was settled in 1833, and was first incorporated in 1839. Population, in 1890, 11,979; in 1900, 16,013.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Siebold, Philipp Franz von

Edition of 1905. See also Philipp Franz von Siebold on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SIEBOLD, Philipp Franz von (1796-1866). A Bavarian physician, naturalist, and traveler, born at Würzburg. After studying medicine and science he entered the service of the Dutch East India Company in 1822, and proceeded to Batavia. From Java he went in 1823 to Nagasaki, as the leader of a scientific mission to Japan. He quickly mastered the Japanese language, and in 1820 reached Yedo with the Dutch Embassy, remaining in that city, but getting into trouble through the purchase of a map, such transfer of knowledge to an alien being then forbidden. He was imprisoned, and banished from Japan in 1830. After his return to Europe he spent nearly thirty years in writing his great work, entitled Nippon, Archiv zur Beschreibung von Japan (1832-51); in arranging his collections at the museums of Leyden, Munich, and Würzburg; and in the composition of works on the fauna, flora, and bibliography of Japan. In 1859 he revisited Japan, and was invited to Court by the Emperor, and in 1861 entered the Japanese service as a negotiator with the Powers, but difficulties arose which compelled him to retire. He returned to Europe in 1862, where he published various papers relating to Japan. He died at Munich. A monument of him has been erected in Japan by the Japanese. Consult Siebold, Leben und Wirken von P. F. von Siebold (Würzburg, 1896).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Siedlce (government)

Edition of 1905. See also Siedlce Voivodeship on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SIEDLCE, syĕd'l-tse. A government in the east of Russian Poland, between the Bug on the east and the Vistula on the west (Map: Russia, B 4). Area, about 5540 square miles. It is mostly flat, and marshy in the southeast. Agriculture is the principal industry and is carried on by modern methods. Stock-raising is also important. The chief manufactures are spirits, sugar, and glass. Population, in 1897, 797,725.