OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Eakins, Thomas

Edition of 1900.
​EAKINS, Thomas, artist, b. in Philadelphia, 25 July, 1844. He was graduated at the high school of Philadelphia, and went to Paris, where he received his art education at L'Ecole des beaux arts under Gérôme. He also studied in the atelier of Bonnat, and with the sculptor Dumont. After returning to Philadelphia, he was appointed demonstrator of anatomy, and afterward professor of painting and director of the Pennsylvania academy of fine arts. For several years he was teacher in the Brooklyn art guild, and lecturer on anatomy and perspective in the art student's league of New York. He is now professor in the art student's league of Philadelphia. He has painted many small pictures of domestic life in the early days of America, of American sporting and athletic games, studies of the American negroes, etc., which have been exhibited in the Paris salons, the National academy, New York, the Water-color society, American art association, and elsewhere. Among his noted pictures are “Dr. Gross in his Clinic”; “William Rush carving an Allegorical Figure”; “A Lady Singing”; “The Chess-Players”; “Mending the Net”; “The Writing-Master”; and “The Zither-Player.” He sent “The Chess-Players,” several portraits in oil, and the water-colors “Whistling for Plover” and “Base-Ball” to the Centennial exhibition in 1876.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Eckman, Julius

Edition of 1900.
​ECKMAN, Julius, journalist, b. in Rawicz, Prussia, in 1805; d. in San Francisco, Cal., 5 July, 1874. He studied at Berlin, and, after teaching for a few years, came to Mobile, Ala., in 1846. Subsequently he officiated in New Orleans, Charleston, San Francisco, and Portland, Oregon. Dr. Eckman established the “Gleaner” (now the “Hebrew Observer”) in San Francisco, and worked zealously to arouse the religious sentiment of the community. He belonged to the strict conservative school, and was noted for his scholarship.
# Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities (1879)/Kappa Kappa Kappa

This fraternity was founded at Dartmouth College, in 1842, through the efforts of C. B. Haddock, then a professor in the college. The founders were six in number, but like all the fraternity chapters at Dartmouth the membership has always been large. At the time of its foundation the Zeta Chapter of Psi Upsilon had just been established, and the remaining societies were literary and anti-secret.
Among Tri-Kappa’s eminent members are Ron. John D. Philbrick, Hon. S. G. Nash, of Boston; Hon. Charles H. Bell, H. P. Holfe, Hon. Benjamin F. Ayer, Rev. Arthnr Little, of Chicago; Prof. Mark Bailey, of Yale, and many others.
The society has led a very prosperous life, and like the other local fraternities of New England has been a successful competitor of the chaptered fraternities. It built a hall in 1860, the first in Hanover, and measnres are now being taken for the erection of another and more pretentious building. The society has published its catalogue, a very neat little book, and a collection of songs. Its total membership to date is about 600.
The badge of the society is a gold Corinthian column, surmounted by a capital; at the base are the letters “Κ Κ Κ,” which the society is named. The whole badge is a little over an inch in length.
Among the honorary members were Prof. Haddock, Daniel Webster, Rufus Choate, Joseph Bell, Levi Woodbury, Lewis Cass, George P. Marsh, Daniel Clark, and Ira Perley, all lawyers of national reputations.
# Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities (1879)/Kappa Alpha (Northern Order)

For current information, see Kappa Alpha Society.
Kappa Alpha is the oldest undergraduate fraternity, which has had it continuous existence since its foundation. Chi Phi, though founded one year earlier, was dormant for nearly twenty years, while Kappa Alpha was flourishing. The society was founded at Union College, in 1825, by the Rev. John Hunter, D.D., I. W. Jackson, late Professor in Union College, Thomas Hun, Ph.D., and Orlando Meads, LL.D. The new organization met with much opposition at the outset, and before it had lived two years two powerful rivals started up to dispute the field with it. Its chapters have been established as follows:
* Union College, 1825.
* Williams College, 1833.
* Hobart College, 1844 (re-established 1879).
* Princeton College, 1852 (died 1855).
* Virginia University, 1857 (died 1861).
* Cornell University, 1868.
It will be seen from the above list that, until this year, Kappa Alpha has never possessed more than three chapters at one time.
The Union Chapter has always been a good one, and many of its alumni have made famous names for themselves. The Williams Chapter was the pioneer at that college, and has a fine chapter house. The Hobart Chapter lived but six years. Its charter was withdrawn, and the field left to younger rivals. It was, however, re-established in June, 1879. The Princeton Chapter fell a victim to anti-fraternity laws, and the Virginia Chapter was killed by the war. The Cornell Chapter was placed at Ithaca soon after the university opened, and is at present flourishing; the sad death of Mr. Mortimer Leggett,* which took place previous to an intended initiation into the society, no doubt injured its reputation for a time, although the members of the chapter were exonerated from all blame by the public and by Mr.Leggett's family.
Among Kappa Alpha's eminent members are Hon. Ward Hunt, of the U. S. Supreme Court; Gen. Albert J. Myers (“Old Probabilities”), Rev. E. N. Potter, President of Union College; President Chadbourne, of Williams, and Prof. C. F. Chandler, of Columbia; Hon. John K. Porter, Rev. Henry L. Storrs, Hon. Francis H. Dewey, and Gen. Ed. S. Bragg, of Wisconsin.
The Kappa Alpha badge is a watch-key of gold, on one side of which are displayed the signs of the zodiac, encircling the letters “K A.” On the reverse is a rising sun, with other symbols and hieroglyphics. The society’s color is scarlet. The total membership is about 870.
* Mr. Leggett, previous to an initiation, was led blindfolded outside the town. He fell over the banks of a ravine, was picked up stunned, and died soon afterwards. The event happened in October, 1873.
# Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities (1879)/Kappa Alpha (Southern Order)

For current information, see Kappa Alpha Order.
The fraternity of this name was founded at Lexington, Va., in 1865. Current rumor has it that there is some connection between this fraternity and the Northern one bearing the same name, but the rumor is denied by the authorities of both organizations. The present chapter list is as follows:
* Alpha, Washington-Lee University, 1865.
* Beta, Virginia Military Institute, 1868.
* Gamma, Georgia University, 1868.
* Delta, Wofford College, 1869.
* Epsilon, Emory College, 1869.
* Zeta, Randolph-Macon College, 1869.
* Eta, Richmond College, 1870.
* Theta, Oglethorpe University, 1870 (died 1874).
* Theta, Atlanta Medical College, 1879.
* Iota, Furman University, 1872.
* Kappa, Mercer University, 1873.
* Eta, Richmond College, 1870.
* Lambda, Virginia University, 1873.
* Mu, Newberry College, 1873.
* Nu, Philadelphia College of Dental Surgery, 1877.
* Xi, Virginia Agricultural College, 1878.
* Pi, Gordon Institute, 1879.
The Alpha was suspended for a short time in 1878, but is now in full operation. The Theta became extinct when the college was closed, but has since been revived and transferred to Atlanta. There is also an alumni chapter at Richmond, Va.
The catalogue has been once published. Several songs have been issued, and an instrumental piece called the “K. A. March.“ The “K. A. Fraternity Journal” is also published quarterly. The total number of members is about 1500.
Prominent members are Hon. John B. Gordon, U. S. Senator; Hon. M. A. Candler, ex-M.C.; Professors Bonnell, of Emory College, J. W. Morris, of Georgia University, P. H. Mill, Alabama State College; J. L. Stern, of Richmond, Va.; and Hon. Samuel McLaurason, of Supreme Court of Louisiana.
The badge is a gold shield, on whiih is displayed a cross on a circle. Above the circle are the letters “Κ. Α.” This badge is sometimes mounted on a second shield, which is generally handsomely jewelled.
# Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities (1879)/Kappa Kappa Gamma

For current information, see Kappa Kappa Gamma.
This society, composed of ladies, was founded at Monmouth College, Monmouth, Ill., by Miss Anna Willits, Mrs. Minnie Nelson, née Stewart, Miss Jennie Boyd, and Mrs. Louise Boyd, née Beunett. A proposition to establish a chapter of another society resulted in the foundation of this new one, which was formally organized Oct. 13, 1870. The chapter roll is as follows:
* Alpha, Monmouth College, 1870.
* Beta, Knox College, 1871 (died 1874).
* Gamma, Smithson College, 1872 (died 1875).
* Gamma, Wooster University, 1876.
* Delta, Indiana University, 1873.
* Epsilon, Illinois Wesleyan University, 1874.
* Zeta, Rockford Seminary, 1874 (died 1876).
* Eta, Wisconsin University, 1875.
* Theta, Missouri University, 1875.
* Iota, Indiana Asbury University, 1875.
* Lambda, Bechtel College, 1876.
* Mu, Butler University, 1878.
* Nu, Franklin College (Indiana), 1879.
Although anti-fraternity laws have been passed by the faculty of Monmouth College, they do not seem to have affected the ladies, and the Alpha Chapter is yet flourishing. Knox College has declined in number and reputation for some time past, and this fact was undoubtedly the reason for the decease of the Beta. The charters of the Gamma and Zeta have both been withdrawn. The average membership of the chapters has been small, and the total membership to date is 250. The society admits of honorary members.
The badge is a gold key a little over an inch in length; the key is jewelled, and on it are the letters “ΚΚΓ” and “ΑΩΟ” in black enamel. It is unique in design and very pretty. The colors are pale blue and bronze.
# Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities (1879)/Mystic Seven

This fraternity was founded after the war in the South. It had a chapter at the Mississippi University, which died in 1878, and still possesses one at the Virginia University. Nothing further is known of it.
# Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities (1879)/Kappa Alpha Theta

For current information, see Kappa Alpha Theta.
The society of Kappa Alpha Theta was the first of the ladies' societies organized with principles and methods akin to those of the Greek-Letter fraternities. It was founded at Indiana Asbury University, Indiana, Jan. 27, 1870, the charter members being Mrs. B. M, Hamilton, née Locke, Mrs. Alice O’Brandt, née Allen, Miss Bettie Tipton, and Mrs. Jennie Shaw, née Fitch. The chapter was founded with a national charter, and established branches elsewhere, as follows:
* Indiana Alpha, Indiana Asbury University, 1870.
* Indiana Beta, Indiana University, 1870.
* Indiana Gamma, Moore's Hill College, 1871
* Indiana Delta, Butler University, 1874
* Illinois Alpha, Illinois Wesleyan University, 1875
* Ohio Alpha, Wooster University, 1875.
* Ohio Beta, Ohio University, 1876.
* Pennsylvania Alpha, Allegheny College, 1876 (not in organization)
The chapters are all of them prosperous, and the same care and discrimination in selecting members, and the same electioneering methods are adopted as those used by the fraternities in the same col1eges. The society is too young to have many eminent alumni as yet, though many have distinguished themselves while active members.
The badge of the society is a gold plate about an inch in length, having four curved sides which are equal in length two and two, one pair being much longer than the other. In the irregular space so enclosed is a chevron on which are inscribed the letters “Κ Α Θ,” above are two stars, and below the letters "αωο" The society's colors are black and gold. The total number of members is about 275.
# Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities (1879)/Kappa Sigma

For current information, see Kappa Sigma.
The date of the foundation of this fraternity is now unknown to the members. It took place, however, at Baltimore, a short time previous to the outbreak of the Rebellion. During that conflict the records were all lost or destroyed. In 1869 the fraternity was reorganized at the University of Virginia, and has since grown and prospered. The chapter roll is as follows:
* Zeta, Virginia University, 1869.
* Eta, Trinity College (North Carolina), 1870.
* Beta, Mercer College, 1871.
* Alpha, Baltimore Graduate Chapter, 1872.
* Epsilon, Baltimore Medical College, 1873 (died 1875).
* Delta, — —, 1873.
* Mu, Washington-Lee University, 1873.
* Gamma, — —,1874.
* Nu, Virginia Agricultural College, 1874.
* Lambda, — —, 1874.
* Omicron, Emory and Henry College, 1874.
* Xi, Virginia Military Institute, 1873.
* Theta, — —, 1875.
All the chapters are alive and prosperous except the Epsilon, which, from the nature of the institution and the transient character of the students, had its charter withdrawn. Chapters Rho, Pi, and Kappa are chartered, but not yet in organization.
The badge of the fraternity is a five-pointed star surmounted by a crescent. The crescent is of chased gold, and on it are wrought the skull and bones, crossed keys, and crossed daggers. The star is enamelled black and white, and in the centre displays the letters “ΚΣ” in burnished go1d. The badge is sometimes jewelled with the fraternity colors and sometimes plain.
Among the prominent alumni of Kappa Sigma are Dr. G. M. Arnold, of New York City; Surgeon A. C. Heffinger, of the U. S. Navy; Lyon G. Tyler, a son of the ex-President, of Memphis; Prof. E. M. Goolsby, of Weaverville, N. C.; G. D. Williams, of Baltimore; and James H. Durham, of Wilmington, N. C.
The government of the fraternity is vested in the biennial convention, but during its recess the Zeta Chapter is the grand chapter, and governs the order.
Catalogues, songs, etc., have been issued by the society, and efforts are now being made to establish a fraternity magazine.
No honorary members are admitted to the order, and the total membership to date is about 600. The colors are white, green, and purple.
# Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities (1879)/Kappa Sigma Kappa

For current information, see Kappa Sigma Kappa.
The above fraternity was founded at the Virginia Military Institute, in September, 1867, by Messrs. Worrell, Hurst, Tuwiller, and McDonald, together with one or two others. The chapter roll is as follows:
* Gamma, Virginia Military Institute.
* Epsilon, Washington-Lee University.
* Zeta, Virginia Agricultural College.
* Delta, Virginia University.
* Omicron, New Orleans, Louisiana.
* Alpha, Savannah, Georgia.
* Theta, Alexandria, Virginia.
* Lambda, Lynchburg, Virginia.
Alpha, Theta, Omicron, and Lambda are graduate chapters; the remaining four are all active, and are in a flourishing condition. The total number of members is probably near 250. The fraternity’s color is light blue. The badge is a Greek cross, in the centre of which is placed a circular disk displaying the letters “ΚΣΚ.” The arms of the cross are chased, and the disk is either jewelled or plain.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Pettee, Otis

Edition of 1900.
​PETTEE, Otis, inventor, b. in Foxborough, Mass., 5 March, 1795; d. in Newton Upper Falls, Mass., 12 Feb., 1853. He was a manufacturer in Newton Upper Falls, and made several inventions in cotton-machinery, notably in roving frames or double speeders, by introducing a geared cone, with gears arranged in a hyperbolic series. This invention, according to Prof. Daniel Treadwell, was “absolutely perfect and founded upon principles that are eternal.” Mr. Pettee was postmaster of Newton Upper Falls in 1828-'33, and selectman for several years. In 1848 he became president of the Charles River railroad, which place he filled until his death, and he was also director of the Newton bank. — His son, William Henry, mining engineer, b. in Newton Upper Falls, Mass., 13 Jan., 1838, was graduated at Harvard in 1861, and continued there in 1863-'5 as assistant in chemistry. During 1865-'8 he studied at the Freiberg, Saxony, mining-school, and was appointed in 1869 instructor in mining, and in 1871 assistant professor in that subject at Harvard, also serving as assistant in 1870-'1 to Prof. Josiah D. Whitney on the geological survey of California. In 1875 he was called to the University of Michigan, where he has since remained, and now fills the chair of mineralogy, economic geology, and mining engineering. Prof. Pettee is a member of various scientific societies, was vice-president of the American institute of mining engineers in 1880-'2, and in 1887 was general secretary of the American association for the advancement of science. Besides his scientific papers, he prepared the “Contributions to Barometric Hypsometry,” issued by the survey of California in 1874, a supplementary chapter in 1878, and appendices A and C of Josiah D. Whitney's “Auriferous Gravels of the Sierra Nevada” (Cambridge, 1880).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Phillipps, Adelaide

Edition of 1900.
PHILLIPPS, Adelaide, singer, b. in Stratford-on-Avon, England, 26 Oct., 1833; d. in Carlsbad, Germany, 3 Oct., 1882. She came to the United States with her family at the age of seven. Her parents placed her on the stage at an early age, and she made her first appearance in January, 1842, at the Tremont theatre, Boston. The following year she obtained an engagement at the Boston museum, where she remained about eight years. When Jenny Lind appeared in Boston in 1850, Adelaide sang for her, and was advised to go to Europe. It was largely owing to the Swedish singer's generosity and aid that Miss Phillipps's father was enabled to take her abroad. They arrived in London in March, 1852, and Adelaide became the pupil of Manuel Garcia. In 1853 she went with her father to Italy to continue her studies, and made her début the same year at Brescia, as Arsace in “Semiramide.” She sang also in Milan and other cities, and then in 1855 returned to the United States. She made an engagement to appear in Italian opera in Philadelphia and New York under Max Maretzek, and later went with him to Havana, Cuba. In 1860 she made her first appearance in oratorio before the Handel and Haydn society, Boston, in the “Messiah.” The following year she went abroad again, and appeared in Paris as Azucena in “Il Trovatore.” After a professional tour in Europe she returned to this country. In 1864 she went again to Havana, and ​from that time until her death she appeared in opera, oratorio, and concerts in most of the states of the Union. The Adelaide Phillipps opera company was organized in 1876, and in 1879 she joined the Ideal opera company, remaining with the latter until 1881, when she made her last appearance on the stage in Cincinnati. Failing health compelled her to rest, and she went to Europe in the hope of recovery, but died suddenly at Carlsbad. Her stage name in Europe was Signorina Fillippi. Miss Phillipps's voice was a contralto, with a compass of two and one half octaves. The characters in which she excelled were Rosina, Leonora, and Azucena. See “Adelaide Phillipps, a Record,” by Mrs. Robert C. Waterston (Boston, 1883).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Phelan, John Dennis

Edition of 1892.
​PHELAN, John Dennis, jurist, b. in New Brunswick, N. J., 23 March, 1809; d. in Birmingham, Ala., 9 Sept., 1879. He removed with his parents to Huntsville, Ala., in 1818, was graduated at the University of Nashville in 1828, studied law in Virginia, and was admitted to the bar of that state, but returned to Alabama in 1830. He became editor of the Huntsville “Democrat,” was in the legislature in 1833-'5, attorney-general of the state in 1836, speaker of the house in 1839, and a judge of the circuit court in 1841-'51. He was then elevated to the supreme bench, held office for two years, and again in 1863-'5. In the interval he was clerk to that body, and subsequently in 1865-'8. He became professor of law in the University of the south in 1869, holding the chair till his death. — His brother, James, jurist, b. in Huntsville, Ala., 11 Oct., 1821; d. in Memphis, Tenn., 17 May, 1873, was apprenticed as a printer to the “Democrat” at fourteen years of age, subsequently edited the “Flag of the Union,” a Democratic organ, and became state printer in 1843. He was admitted to the bar in 1846, removed to Mississippi in 1849, and settled in Aberdeen, where he soon established a large practice. He was elected to the state senate in 1860, and on the organization of the Confederate congress was chosen senator, and was an active member of that body. In 1863 he introduced what was called the “Crucial bill of the Confederacy,” which was a proposition to impress all the cotton in the south, paying for it in Confederate bonds, and using it as a basis for a foreign loan. The bill passed the house, but was defeated in the senate, and created so much indignation among the planters that Mr. Phelan was burned in effigy, and defeated in the next canvass. He then served as judge-advocate till the end of the war, when he settled in Memphis, and practised law in that city until his death. — James's son, James, congressman, b. in Aberdeen, Miss., 7 Dec., 1856; d. in Nassau, Bahama Islands, 30 Jan., 1891, in 1874 went abroad, studied in the University of Leipsic, and received the degree of Ph. D. there. He returned to the United States in 1878, began the practice of law in Memphis, and in 1886 was elected to congress and re-elected in 1888. In 1884 he became proprietor of the “Memphis Avalanche.” He was the author of “Philip Massinger and his Plays” (Leipsic, 1878) and “History of Tennessee, the Making of a State” (Boston, 1888).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Pfeiffer, Ludwig Georg

Edition of 1892.
​PFEIFFER, Ludwig Georg, German physician, b. in Cassel, 4 July, 1805; d. there, 2 Oct., 1877. He received his education in Cassel, and became professor of pathology there in 1828. He served as surgeon-major in Cracow during the Polish rebellion of 1831, travelled afterward through Europe for the interest of science, and was given in 1839 by the Bavarian government a mission to study the natural history of the West Indies. He remained for more than two years in Cuba, then visited most of the West India islands, and on his return to Europe published “Monographia Heliceorum viventium” (4 vols., Leipsic, 1847-'8; supplement, 1853); “Symbola ad historiam heliceorum” (3 vols., Cassel, 1851-'6); and other works.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Philes, George Philip

Edition of 1900.
​PHILES, George Philip, bibliographer, b. in Ithaca, N. Y., 15 April, 1828. He was educated at Ithaca academy and the classical institute of Dr. August Maasberg, Göttingen, and has resided in New York city since 1854, engaged as a bookseller and publisher. Dartmouth gave him the degree of M. A. in 1858. Mr. Philes is a fine linguist and a high authority on American bibliography. He has contributed to literary journals under the pen-name of “Paulus Silentiarius,” edited “The Philobiblion” (2 vols., New York, 1862-'3), and assisted in preparing the “Bibliotheca Americana Vetustissima,” compiled by Henry Harrisse (1866). He has also issued “The Bhagvat-Geeta, or Dialogues of Kreeshna and Arjoon” (1807); a reprint in black letter of the “Proverbes, or Adagies translated from Erasmus,” by Rycharde Tauerner, London, 1550 (1867); “How to Read a Book in the Best Way” (1873); “Bibliotheca Curiosa: Catalogue of the Library of Andrew J. Odell,” (2 vols., printed privately, 1878-'9); and “Monograph on the 'First English Bible' printed in the United States of America,” with fac-similes, of which twenty-five copies were printed for private distribution (1887).