OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Firmament

From volume 6 of the work.
(Sept. stereoma; Vulgate, firmamentum).
The notion that the sky was a vast solid dome seems to have been common among the ancient peoples whose ideas of cosmology have come down to us. Thus the Egyptians conceived the heavens to be an arched iron ceiling from which the stars were suspended by means of cables (Chabas, LÆAntiquiteÆ historique, Paris, 1873, pp. 64-67). Likewise to the mind of the Babylonians the sky was an immense dome, forged out of the hardest metal by the hand of Merodach (Marduk) and resting on a wall surrounding the earth (Jensen, Die Kosmologie der Babylonier, Strasburg, 1890, pp. 253, 260). According to the notion prevalent among the Greeks and Romans, the sky was a great vault of crystal to which the fixed stars were attached, though by some it was held to be of iron or brass. That the Hebrews entertained similar ideas appears from numerous biblical passages. In the first account of the creation (Gen., i) we read that God created a firmament to divide the upper or celestial from the lower or terrestrial waters. The Hebrew word means something beaten or hammered out, and thus extended; the Vulgate rendering, ôfirmamentumö corresponds more closely with the Greek stereoma (Septuagint, Aquila, and Symmachus), ôsomething made firm or solidö. The notion of the solidity of the firmament is moreover expressed in such passages as Job, xxxvii, 18, where reference is made incidentally to the heavens, ôwhich are most strong, as if they were of molten brassö. The same is implied in the purpose attributed to God in creating the firmament, viz. to serve as a wall of separation between the upper and lower of water, it being conceived as supporting a vast celestial reservoir; and also in the account of the deluge (Gen., vii ), where we read that the ôflood gates of heaven were openedö, and shut upö (viii, 2). (Cf. also IV 28 sqq.) Other passages e.g. Is., xlii, 5, emphasize rather the idea of something extended: ôThus saith the Lord God that created the heavens and stretched them outö (Cf. Is., xliv, 24, and xl, 22). In conformity with these ideas, the writer of Gen., i, 14-17, 20 represents God as setting the stars in the firmament of heaven, and the fowls are located beneath it, i.e. in the air as distinct from the firmament. On this point as on many others, the Bible simply reflects the current cosmological ideas and language of the time.
LeseÆtre in Vig., Dict. de la Bible, s. v.: Whitehouse in Hastings, Dict. of the Bible. s. v. Cosmogony, I, 502.
James F. Driscoll.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Fintan Mundwiler

From volume 10 of the work.
Abbot of the Benedictine monastery of St. Meinrad, Indiana, born at Dietikon in Switzerland, 12 July, 1835; died at St. Meinrad's Abbey, 14 February, 1898. He studied at the monastic school of Einsiedeln in Switzerland, where he took the Benedictine habit in 1854, made profession on 14 Oct., 1855, and was raised to the priesthood on 11 Sept., 1859. A year later he accompanied his confrère, Martin Marty, afterwards Bishop of St. Cloud, to the newly founded monastery of St. Meinrad in Indiana. Having arrived there in September, 1860, he taught in the seminary and attended a few neighbouring missions. While stationed at Terre Haute Indiana (1864), he organized the German Catholic Congregation of St. Benedict, for which he built a church in 1865. In 1869, when St. Meinrad was raised to an abbey and Father Marty became its first abbot, Father Fintan was appointed prior and master of novices. While Abbot Marty worked among the Indians in Dakota (1876-80), Prior Fintan was administrator of the abbey, and, upon the resignation of the former, who had meanwhile been appointed Vicar Apostolic of Dakota, Fintan was elected Abbot of St. Meinrad on 3 February, 1880, and received abbatial benediction from Bishop Chatard of Vincennes on 16 May, 1880. Though above all intent upon the observance of monastic discipline, he in no way neglected the secular interests of his abbey. He enlarged the college, founded the Priory (now Abbey) of Subiaco in Arkansas and the Priory (now Abbey) of St. Joseph in Louisiana, and obtained from Rome the permission to erect the Helvetico-American Congregation of Benedictines, of which he became the first president. When St. Meinrad's Abbey was destroyed by fire on 2 Sept., 1887, the undaunted abbot rebuilt the monastery on even a greater scale, founded a commercial college at Jasper, Indiana, and assisted in the foundation of the Priory of St. Gall in North Dakota. But, in the midst of temporal cares, he remained a man of prayer. He laboured most zealously for the spread of the adoration of the Blessed Sacrament and was a fervent promoter of the Priest's Eucharistic League. In 1893 he took part in the Eucharistic Congress held at Jerusalem.
Necrologies in Paradiesesfrüchte, III (St. Meinrad, Indiana, 1898), 65-8; St. John's University Record, IX (Collegeville, Minnesota, 1898), 31-2; Revue Bénédictine, XV (Maredsous, 1898), 188-90.
MICHAEL OTT
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Filippo Archinto

From volume 1 of the work.
An Italian theologian and diplomatist, born 1500 at Milan of the distinguished family of that name; died 1558. At the age of twenty he obtained the doctorate in law, at the University of Padua, and revealed such talents for diplomacy that Paul III named him successively Governor of the City of Rome, Vice-Chamberlain Apostolic, Bishop of the Holy Sepulchre, and of Saluzzo. He also sent him to preside in his name at the Council of Trent, then transferred to Bologna. St. Ignatius Loyola found in him a powerful protector, in the early years of the Society of Jesus, and only his death prevented his installation in the archiepiscopal chair of Milan to which Paul IV had nominated him. His theological works are "De fide et sacramentis" (Cracow, 1545; Ingolstadt 1546; Turin, 1549); "Oratio de nova christiani orbis pace habita" (Rome, 1544).
PALLAVICINI, Histoire du concile de Trente (edit. MIGNE) III, 1122.
THOMAS WALSH
# The New Student's Reference Work/Yellow Fever

See also Yellow Fever on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Yellow Fever (Yellow Jack), an acute specific disease occurring within certain geographical limits; mostly in the West Indies, whence it is carried to climates where the temperature is above 72° F. It is characterized by a fever of short duration, a yellow tint of the skin, gastrointestinal disturbances and hemorrhages into the skin and mucous membranes. The precise nature of its virus is unknown. A severe visitation occurred in the lower Mississippi Valley in 1874, with 5,000 deaths in New Orleans and Memphis. Until the American occupation of Cuba yellow fever was practically never absent from that island. Experiments carried on in Cuba by the medical department of the United States army proved that the disease is communicated from one individual to another only by a single species of mosquito (Stegomyia Fasciata). Sanitary scientists predict confidently that the world will soon be rid of this scourge through improvement of hygienic conditions and the avoidance of the mosquito.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Yellowstone

See also Yellowstone River on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Yel'lowstone, a river of the United States, rises in a beautiful lake of the same name high up in the Rocky Mountains. Receiving numerous branches from the south, it flows northeasterly through Montana and empties into Missouri River, in North Dakota, in 48° N. and 104° W. It is 800 yards wide at its mouth; 1,000 miles long; and navigable for 700 or 800 miles. The Grand Cañon of the Yellowstone is 3,000 feet deep, and to one looking up from the bottom stars are visible in broad daylight. The grandeur of the cañon is at once heightened and diversified by the upper and lower falls, the latter being one unbroken and symmetrical expanse 350 feet in height. The beautiful lake from which the river issues is about 300 square miles in area, and is between 7,000 and 8,000 feet above the sea.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Yellow Race, The

See also Mongoloid on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Yellow Race, The, often called the Mongolian race, includes that part of mankind which is regarded as most characteristically Asiatic. More specifically, the yellow race includes Chinese, Japanese, Tartars, Cochin-Chinese, Burmese, Tibetans, Samoyeds, Tamuls, Turks, Finns and Hungarians or Magyars. (See articles under titles above.) Some authorities believe that the Malayans and many Polynesians are distinctly Mongolian. The theory that the American Indian is descended from the Mongolian race is not generally accepted. The Celts, too, have certain traits in common with the Mongolians; but there is no proof of an actual racial connection. The characteristics of the yellow race are straight hair, coarse in texture and black in color, more abundant on the head than the face, least abundant on the body, a somewhat square head, small black eyes, narrow eyelids, which turn obliquely upwards at the outer end, small, flattish nose, high and prominent cheek-bones, rather prominent chin and yellowish skin. The yellow race probably is not inferior to the white race in intellect and fortitude; though anthropologists incline to the opinion that physically it is nearest of all races to the child and that it may represent the most primitive extant type of man.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Yellow Springs, O.

See also Yellow Springs, Ohio on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Yellow Springs, O., a village of Greene County, 75 miles from Cincinnati, on the Springfield branch of the Panhandle railroad. It is situated in a fine agricultural region and is chiefly noted as being the seat of Antioch College, a Unitarian institution, of which the distinguished Horace Mann was the first president. Population 1,360.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Yen

See also Yen on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Yen, the unit of value and account in Japan, its value being 48.5 cents in American money. Japan mints the following coins in gold (besides the silver yen): 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 yen pieces — the value of the 10-yen piece being $4.85; and of the 20-yen piece $9.70, the rough equivalent of our $5 and $10 gold coins.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Yenisei

See also Yenisei River on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Yenisei (yĕn′ ḗ-sā′ ḗ), one of the largest rivers of Siberia, formed by the junction of the Onlon-Keme and the Bey-Keme, which rise in the mountains on the southern border of the country. It flows northward through the center of Siberia into the Arctic Ocean, forming at its mouth a long estuary. In the earlier part of its course it is interrupted by falls and rapids, but afterwards flows through a great plain or steppe, receiving many tributaries, its total length being over 3,000 miles.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Yezo

See also Hokkaido on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Yez′o or Yes′so, the most northerly of the four principal islands which compose the empire of Japan. It is known also as Hokkaido. This island is mountainous and has volcanoes; it is rich in fine timber and valuable minerals, especially coal; and the rivers and coasts abound in fish. Area of Yesso or Yezo 36,299 square miles. Population 1,137,455.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Yellow Sea

See also Yellow Sea on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Yellow Sea, an important inlet of the Pacific Ocean, washes the northeastern coast of China and is bounded on the west by the Chinese provinces of Shangtung and Keang-su and on the east by the peninsula of Korea and by Japan. It is more than 600 miles in length and about 400 in average breadth. Its waters are shallow and are gradually becoming still shallower, owing to the deposits of earth borne down into it by Hoang-ho and Yang-tse-Kiang Rivers.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Yew

See also Taxus on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Yew, the common name of species of Taxus, a genus of conifers, distributed throughout the northern temperate regions. The most noticeable peculiarity of the genus is the development of a fleshy (usually scarlet) cup ("aril") about the naked seed, making the fruit look like an open berry. The common yew of Europe (T. baccata), very often cultivated, especially in cemeteries, is a tree of somber aspect. Veneration and superstition have long clung about it. It lives to a great age in the Old World. The American (T. Canadensis) is a more or less prostrate form, which is especially abundant northward; a stunted shrub with very tough wood.
# The Poems and Prose Remains of Arthur Hugh Clough/Volume 2/Mari Magno/The Clergyman's First Tale: Love is Fellow-service

THE CLERGYMAN'S FIRST TALE.
Love is fellow-service.
# The Poems and Prose Remains of Arthur Hugh Clough/Volume 2/Mari Magno/The Lawyer's Second Tale: Christian

CHRISTIAN.
The Lawyer's Second Tale.
# The Poems and Prose Remains of Arthur Hugh Clough/Volume 2/Noli æmulari

NOLI ÆMULARI.
In controversial foul impureness The peace that is thy light to thee Quench not: in faith and inner sureness Possess thy soul and let it be.
No violence—perverse, persistent— What cannot be can bring to be; No zeal what is make more existent, And strife but blinds the eyes that see.
What though in blood their souls embruing, The great, the good, and wise they curse, Still sinning, what they know not doing; Stand still, forbear, nor make it worse.
By curses, by denunciation, The coming fate they cannot stay; Nor thou, by fiery indignation, Though just, accelerate the day.
# The Poems and Prose Remains of Arthur Hugh Clough/Volume 2/Qui Laborat, Orat

QUI LABORAT, ORAT.
O only Source of all our light and life, Whom as our truth, our strength, we see and feel, But whom the hours of mortal moral strife Alone aright reveal!
Mine inmost soul, before Thee inly brought, Thy presence owns ineffable, divine; Chastised each rebel self-encentered thought, My will adoreth Thine.
With eye down-dropt, if then this earthly mind Speechless remain, or speechless e'en depart; Nor seek to see—for what of earthly kind Can see Thee as Thou art?—
If well-assured 'tis but profanely bold In thought's abstractest forms to seem to see, It dare not dare the dread communion hold In ways unworthy Thee,
O not unowned, thou shalt unnamed forgive, In worldly walks the prayerless heart prepare; And if in work its life it seem to live, Shalt make that work be prayer.
Nor times shall lack, when while the work it plies, Unsummoned powers the blinding film shall part, And scarce by happy tears made dim, the eyes In recognition start.
But, as thou wiliest, give or e'en forbear The beatific supersensual sight, So, with Thy blessing blest, that humbler prayer Approach Thee morn and night.
# The Poems and Prose Remains of Arthur Hugh Clough/Volume 2/Mari Magno/The Lawyer’s First Tale: Primitiæ or Third Cousins

THE LAWYER'S FIRST TALE.
Primitiæ, or Third Cousins.
I
# The Poems and Prose Remains of Arthur Hugh Clough/Volume 2/Mari Magno/The Mate's Story

THE MATE'S STORY.
# The Poems and Prose Remains of Arthur Hugh Clough/Volume 2/Parting

PARTING.
O tell me, friends, while yet we part, And heart can yet be heard of heart, O tell me then, for what is it Our early plan of life we quit; From all our old intentions range, And why does all so wholly change? O tell me, friends, while yet we part!
O tell me, friends, while yet we part,— The rays that from the centre start Within the orb of one warm sun, Unless I err, have once begun,—
Why is it thus they still diverge? And whither tends the course they urge? O tell me, friends, while yet we part!
O tell me, friends, while yet ye hear,— May it not be, some coming year, These ancient paths that here divide Shall yet again run side by side, And you from there, and I from here, All on a sudden reappear? O tell me, friends, while yet ye hear!
O tell me, friends, ye hardly hear,— And if indeed ye did, I fear Ye would not say, ye would not speak,— Are you so strong, am I so weak, And yet, how much so e'er I yearn, Can I not follow, nor you turn? O tell me, friends, ye hardly hear!
tell me, friends, ere words are o'er,— There 's something in me sad and sore Repines, and underneath my eyes 1 feel a somewhat that would rise,— O tell me, O my friends, and you, Do you feel nothing like it too? O tell me, friends, ere words are o'er!
O tell me, friends that are no more, Do you, too, think ere it is o'er Old times shall yet come round as erst, And we be friends, as we were first? Or do you judge that all is vain, Except that rule that none complain? O tell me, friends that are no more!
# The Poems and Prose Remains of Arthur Hugh Clough/Volume 2/Mari Magno/My Tale: A la banquette, or a Modern Pilgrimage

MY TALE.
A la Banquette, or a Modern Pilgrimage.
Currente calamo.
# The Poems and Prose Remains of Arthur Hugh Clough/Volume 2/Mari Magno/The Clergyman's Second Tale

THE CLERGYMAN'S SECOND TALE.
# The Poems and Prose Remains of Arthur Hugh Clough/Volume 2/Qua Cursum Ventus

QUA CURSUM VENTUS.
As ships, becalmed at eve, that lay With canvas drooping, side by side, Two towers of sail at dawn of day Are scarce long leagues apart descried;
When fell the night, upsprung the breeze, And all the darkling hours they plied, Nor dreamt but each the self-same seas By each was cleaving, side by side:
E'en so—but why the tale reveal Of those, whom year by year unchanged, Brief absence joined anew to feel, Astounded, soul from soul estranged?
At dead of night their sails were filled, And onward each rejoicing steered— Ah, neither blame, for neither willed, Or wist, what first with dawn appeared!
To veer, how vain! On, onward strain, Brave barks! In light, in darkness too, Through winds and tides one compass guides— To that, and your own selves, be true.
But O blithe breeze! and O great seas, Though ne'er, that earliest parting past, On your wide plain they join again, Together lead them home at last.
One port, methought, alike they sought, One purpose hold where'er they fare,— O bounding breeze, O rushing seas! At last, at last, unite them there!
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Francis Xavier Haberl

From volume 16 of the work.
An historian of sacred music, editor, born at Oberellenbach, Lower Bavaria, 12 April, 1840; died at Ratisbon, 5 Sept., 1910. He made his classical and theological studies at Passau, Bavaria where he was ordained priest, 12 August, 1862. Showing decided aptitude for music, be was given every opportunity for study of the art, and was entrusted with the direction of music in the seminary. From 1867 to 1870 Haberl resided in Rome, where he was active as choirmaster at the German national church, Santa Maria del Anima, and also made historical and archæological researches. From 1871 to 1882 he directed the choir at the Ratisbon cathedral, his incumbency forming one of the most brilliant periods in the history of this famous institute. In 1874 Haberl founded a school for church musicians at Ratisbon, thus realizing the desire of his predecessors and co-workers in the cause of church music reform. This school, which began with three professors, Dr. Haberl, Dr. Jacob, and Canon Haller, and only three pupils, has since become the centre whither priests and laymen from every country in Christendom have gone to equip themselves with the necessary knowledge to execute reform measures in their dioceses. By his foresight and practical wisdom Haberl not only secured permanency for the school in the shape of endowment, but he built next to it a church, dedicated to St. Cecilia, where pupils are given opportunities for practising the knowledge they have acquired in theory. In 1868 Haberl re-edited the Medicæa version of the Gregorian chant, and the Holy See declared his edition authentic and official for the universal Church. This form of the chant has since been superseded by the traditional version now in course of publication under the name of "Editio Vaticana".
As president of the St. Cecilia Society, which position he held from 1899 until his death, as editor of "Musica Sacra" and "Fliegende Blätter für Kirchenmusik", the official organ of the society, as the author of "Magister Choralis", now in the twelfth edition, and of innumerable articles on historical, theoretical, and scientific subjects, but especially as director of the school which he founded, Dr. Haberl was always the champion of the spirit and authority of the Church in musical matters and a bulwark against the modernizing tendencies of the present day. For thirty years he gathered data and material for a critical edition of the works of Palestrina, completed in 1908 in thirty-three volumes, the first ten of which were prepared by the joint labour of Th. de Witt, J.N. Rauch, Fr. Espagne, and Fr. Commer. A similar edition of the works of Orlando Lasso, undertaken by him in company with Dr. Sanberger, he left unfinished. In a time of frequent and vehement controversies, of which he was often the object, Dr. Haberl was always a model of charity.
Musica sacra (Ratisbon, 1910); Fliegende Blätter für Kirchenmusik (Ratisbon, 1910); RIEMANN, Musiklexikon (Leipzig, 1908).
JOSEPH OTTEN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Francis Xavier Patrizi

From volume 11 of the work.
Jesuit exegete, b. at Rome, 19 June, 1797; d. there 23 April, 1881. He was the eldest son and heir of the Roman Count Patrizi, entered the Society of Jesus, 12 November, 1814, was ordained priest in 1824, and soon became professor of Sacred Scripture and Hebrew in the Roman College. The revolution of 1848 caused Patrizi and his fellow professor Perrone to take refuge in England. Here, and afterwards at Louvain, Patrizi taught Scriptures to the Jesuit scholastics. When peace was restored at Rome, he again began to lecture in the Roman College. The revolution of 1870 ended his career as a teacher, and he found a home in the German-Hungarian College of Rome, remaining there till death.
He wrote twenty-one biblical and ascetical works. Of the former the most important are: "De interpretatione scriptararum sacrarum" (2 vols., Rome, 1844); "De concensu utriusque libri Machabæorum" (Rome, 1856); "De Evangeliis" (3 vols., Freiburg im Breisgau, 1853); "In Joannem commentarium" (Rome, 1857); "In Marcum commentarium" (Rome, 1862); "In Actus Apostolorum commentarium" (Rome, 1867); "Cento salmi tradotti litteralmente dal testo ebraico e commentati" (Rome, 1875); "De interpretatione oraculorum ad Christum pertinentium" (Rome, 1853); "De immaculata Mariæ origine" (Rome, 1853); "Delle parole di San Paolo: In quo omnes peccaverunt" (Rome, 1876). His Latin is classic, but only the earnest biblical student appreciates the immense erudition of his heavily burdened sentences. No one has better stated the rules of sane interpretation and illustrated those rules in practice. His master-work on interpretation has gone through many editions. The Gospel commentaries are meant especially to refute the rationalistic errors of the time.
HURTER in Kirchenlexicon, s. v.; SOMMERVOGEL, Bibliothèque de la C. de J., VI, 366-69; Cività Cattolica, 11th series, VI, 491.
WALTER DRUM