OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hawes, William (1736-1808)

​HAWES, WILLIAM, M.D. (1736–1808), founder of the Royal Humane Society, was born at Islington, London, on 28 Nov. 1736, and was educated at first by John Shield, and afterwards at St. Paul's School. After passing some time with Mr. Carsan, a medical practitioner, of Vauxhall, he became assistant to a Mr. Dicks in the Strand, and eventually succeeded him in his practice. About 1773 he became well known in consequence of the energy with which he maintained the possibility of resuscitating persons apparently dead from drowning or other causes of asphyxia. During a whole year he gave out of his own pocket a reward to any one who brought to him or to some of his supporters the body of a person who had been taken out of the Thames insensible, within a reasonable time after immersion. The reward was paid whether the attempt to resuscitate proved successful or not. Dr. Thomas Cogan (1736–1818) [q. v.], who translated in 1773 an account of an Amsterdam society for the resuscitation of the apparently drowned, objected to his bearing all the expense of the rewards, and it was arranged in 1774 that he and Cogan should each bring fifteen friends to the Chapter coffee-house to consider further operations. This was done, and at the meeting the Humane Society was formed. Hawes became its registrar. He was also physician to the London Dispensary. From 1791 he lived in Spital Square, and in 1793 made great efforts to alleviate the distress which then prevailed among the Spitalfields weavers. He died 5 Dec. 1808. He wrote the following works: 1. ‘An Account of Dr. Goldsmith's Illness,’ 1774. 2. ‘An Examination of the Rev. John Wesley's Primitive Physic,’ 1776; 3rd ed. 1780. 3. ‘An Address on Premature Death and Premature Interment,’ 1777. 4. ‘An Address to the Public on the Dangerous Custom of laying out persons as soon as Respiration ceases, with a Reply by W. Renwick, and Observations on that Reply,’ 1778. 5. ‘An Address to the Legislature on the importance of a Humane Society,’ 1781. 6. ‘An Address to the King and Parliament of Great Britain on the important subject of preserving the Lives of its Inhabitants,’ 1782, 3rd ed., to which are now added Observations on the ‘General Bills of Mortality,’ 1783. 7. ‘The Transactions of the Royal Humane Society from 1774 to 1784, with an Appendix of Miscellaneous Observations on Suspended Animation to the year 1794.’
[Gent. Mag. 1808 lxxviii. 1121–4, 1811 lxxxi. pt. i. p. 305; European Mag. 1802, pp. 427–31; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. vi. 627; Watt's Bibl. Brit.; Brit. Mus. Cat. of Printed Books.]
E. C-n.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hawker, Edward

​HAWKER, EDWARD (1782–1860), admiral, son of Captain James Hawker [q. v.], had his name placed by Prince William Henry on the books of the Pegasus in 1786, but he first went to sea in 1793 on board the Pegasus frigate, and afterwards in the Swiftsure, with his brother-in-law, Captain Charles Boyles. In July 1796 he was promoted to be lieutenant of the Raisonnable, also with Captain Boyles; in 1799–1800 he was in the Spitfire sloop with his brother-in-law, Commander (afterwards Sir Michael) Seymour (1768–1834) [q. v.], and from 1801 to 1803 in the Thames frigate with Captain Aiskew Paffard Hollis [q. v.], at Gibraltar and on the coast of Egypt. He afterwards commanded the Swift cutter in the West Indies, and in August 1803 was promoted to the command of the Port Mahon brig. In June 1804 he was advanced to post rank, and in the following ​month was appointed to the Theseus, bearing the flag of Rear-admiral Dacres, on the West Indian station. He afterwards commanded, on the same station, the Tartar and the Melampus till 1812, being continually engaged in active and successful cruising against the enemy's privateers. From 1813 to 1815, first in the Bellerophon and afterwards in the Salisbury, he was flag-captain to Sir Richard Goodwin Keats, commander-in-chief at Newfoundland, and from 1827 to 1830 was flag-captain to the Earl of Northesk at Plymouth. He had no further service afloat, but became in due course rear-admiral in 1837, vice-admiral in 1847, admiral in 1853, and died at Brighton 8 June 1860.
During his later years he was a frequent correspondent of the ‘Times,’ writing on naval subjects under the signature of ‘A Flag Officer.’ A letter to Wellington in 1840 was published separately. He was also well known in religious and philanthropic circles. He was married and left issue.
[O'Byrne's Nav. Biog. Dict.; Record, 18 June 1860; information from the family.]
J. K. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Montgomerie, Archibald (1726-1796)

​MONTGOMERIE, ARCHIBALD, eleventh Earl of Eglinton in the peerage of Scotland (1726–1796), born 18 May 1726, was third son (by his third wife, Susannah, daughter of Sir Archibald Kennedy, bart., of Culzean, Ayrshire) of Alexander, ninth earl [q. v.] When Pitt decided to form regiments of highlanders at the beginning of the seven years' war, Montgomerie was a young major in the 36th foot, a high-spirited young fellow, with a strong dash of romantic enthusiasm about him, and very popular in the highlands, where he had two sisters married to influential lairds. He accordingly raised in a short time a very fine regiment of highlanders of thirteen companies of 105 rank and file each. It at first appeared in the 'Army List' as the 2nd highland regiment, but immediately afterwards was numbered as the 77th foot, being the first of the three regiments that have successively borne that number.
​Montgomerie was appointed lieutenant-colonel commandant 4 Jan. 1757. He took the regiment out to America, where it formed the advance in the second expedition to Fort Duquesne, under Brigadier-general Forbes, in 1758, and afterwards went through much adventurous service in the remote wilds of the neighbouring country. Montgomerie was sent with twelve hundred men against the Cherokees; he destroyed Estatoe and other Indian villages, and defeated the Indians in a pitched battle at Etchocy in 1760, and again at War-Woman's Creek in 1761. He was put on half-pay when his regiment was disbanded in 1764. In 1769 he was appointed colonel 51st foot, and succeeded his elder brother, Alexander, tenth earl [q. v.], in the earldom the same year. He became a major-general in 1772, lieutenant-general in 1777, and governor of Edinburgh Castle in 1782. He died a full general and colonel of the Scots greys 30 Oct. 1796. Eglinton married, first, in 1772, Lady Jean Lindsay, eldest daughter of George, eighteenth earl of Crawford, who died childless; secondly, in 1783, Frances, only daughter of Sir William Twysden, bart., of Roydon Hall, Kent, by whom he had two daughters. The elder, Mary, married Archibald, lord Montgomerie, eldest son of Hugh, twelfth earl [q. v.], a kinsman who succeeded to the title, while most of the family estates passed to Lady Mary. The eleventh earl's widow remarried Francis, brother of General Sir John Moore [q. v.]
[Foster's Peerage, under 'Eglinton' and 'Winton;' Army Lists; Stewart's Scottish Highlanders, ii. 59 et seq.; Parkman's Montcalm and Wolfe, ii. 158, and Conspiracy of Pontiac, vol. ii.]
H. M. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Montgomerie, John

John Montgomery of Eaglesham in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
​MONTGOMERIE, Sir JOHN, ninth of Eaglesham and first of Eglinton and Ardrossan (d. 1398?), was the only son of Sir Alexander de Montgomerie, eighth of Eaglesham and first of Eglinton and Ardrossan, by a daughter of William, first earl of Douglas. The Montgomeries of Scotland trace their descent from Robert de Montgomerie (d. 1177), a supposed descendant of Roger of Montgomery (d. 1094) [q. v.], who ​ was created Earl of Shrewsbury, and was father of Hugh, earl of Shrewsbury (d. 1098) [q. v.] Robert de Montgomerie accompanied Walter, son of Alan, first high steward of Scotland, from Wales to Scotland, and received from him the manor of Eaglesham, Renfrewshire.
Sir John Montgomerie, ninth of Eaglesham, succeeded his father about 1380, and by his marriage with Elizabeth de Eglinton, sole heiress of Sir Hugh de Eglinton of Eglinton, justiciary of Lothian in 1361, obtained the baronies of Eglinton and Ardrossan. In 1388 he accompanied his brother-in-law, Sir James Douglas, second earl of Douglas [q. v.], in an expedition to England. At the battle of Otterburn, where Douglas was slain, Montgomerie, according to the Scots version of the ballad on the battle, worsted Sir Henry Percy, surnamed Hotspur, the commander of the English, in single combat and took him prisoner. With the ransom of Percy he built at Eaglesham the castle of Polnoon, now in ruins, but long the chief seat of the Eglinton family. In 1391 Montgomerie, for service to the king and the Duke of Rothesay, received an annuity from the customs of Edinburgh and Linlithgow (Exchequer Rolls of Scotland, iii. 280 et seq.) He died about 1398, leaving three sons—Sir John, who succeeded him, and was father of Sir Alexander, first lord Montgomerie [q. v.]; Alexander of Bonnington, and Hugh, shot with an arrow through the heart at Otterburn.
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Graham, Robert (1744-1836)

​GRAHAM, Sir ROBERT (1744–1836), judge, born at Hackney on 14 Oct. 1744, was son and heir of James Graham, a schoolmaster of Dalston in Middlesex, a descendant of George Graham of Calendar, second son of William, lord Graham. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was third wrangler, besides being high in classics, was elected a fellow and graduated B.A. in 1766, M.A. in 1769, and was made an LL.D. in 1835. In 1766 he entered at the Inner Temple, where he was called to the bar. In February 1793 he was appointed attorney-general to the Prince of Wales, and was made a king's counsel in the following April. In November 1799 he was appointed a baron of the exchequer, and knighted 19 June 1800. In February 1827 he retired, but in the following reign he was sworn of the privy council. On 28 Sept. 1836 he died at his sister's house at Long Ditton in Surrey, and was buried on 7 Oct. at Kingston. He was an urbane but inefficient judge; on his appointment Sir Edward Law (afterwards Lord Ellenborough) said of him 'that he placed Mr. Justice Rooke on a pinnacle.'
[Foss's Lives of the Judges; Gent. Mag. 1836; Bruce's Handbook to Newcastle.]
J. A. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Graham, Richard (fl.1680-1720)

​GRAHAM, RICHARD (fl. 1680–1720), author, compiled a 'Short Account of the most Eminent Painters, both Ancient and Modern,' which was appended as a supplement to Dryden's translation of Du Fresnoy's 'Art of Painting,' published in 1695; a second edition of this translation appeared in 1716; 'a third in 1750; and a fourth, with additions, in 1769. Graham was an acquaintance of Vertue, the engraver, and supplied him with some of the information worked up by Horace Walpole into his 'Anecdotes of Painting,' notably from a manuscript notebook of paintings sold at several sales, extracted from catalogues, 'alphabetically digested, &c. (Brit. Mus. Addit. MSS. 23073, f. 28). In the preface to the translation of De Piles's 'Art of Painting,' published in 1706, (illusion is made to Graham's treatise, and it is regretted that he was unable to compile a similar account of the English school. He is probably identical with the R. Graham who published in 1680 'Poems upon the Death of the most Honorable the Marchioness of Winchester,' and possibly with Richard Graham, F.R.S., who contributed a paper to the 'Philosophical Transactions' of 1734.
[Books referred to in the text; Notes and Queries, 5th ser. x. 282; Universal Catalogue of Works on Art; Brit. Mus. Cat.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Graham, Robert (d.1437)

​GRAHAM, Sir ROBERT (d. 1437), conspirator, was the uncle of Malise Graham, earl-palatine of Strathern, who had been deprived by James I. This indignity embittered Graham agninst the king, and in the parliament of 1435 he expressed his resentment in such language as led to his arrest and banishment. He quitted the court determined on revenge, and came to be the most prominent actor in the conspiracy by which James's life was lost. All contemporary authorities are, however, agreed that the real originator of the plot was not so much Graham as Walter, earl of Atholl, the king's uncle, who aspired to the crown in respect of the supposed superior legitimacy of the second family of Robert II. Despite the repeated benefits heaped on him by the king, Atholl had all along been maturing his designs on the throne, with his grandson Robert Stewart as his accomplice, and Graham as his tool. On 20 Feb. 1436-7 the court were occupying the Dominican convent at Perth. Graham, with a band of three hundred highlanders, burst into the king's chamber, and James, who had taken refuge in a vault under the floor, was discovered, dragged out, and brutally murdered. The necessity of escaping without loss of time alone saved the queen from a similar fate. Graham was followed to the fastnesses of the highlands and arrested by John Stewart Gorme of Atholl and Robert Duncanson, ancestor of the Robertsons of Strowan, who both received substantial rewards. Graham was tortured to death at Stirling. Undaunted to the end, he endured the dreadful torments inflicted on him with fortitude, justifying his conduct on the ground that he had first renounced his allegiance to James.
[The Exchequer Rolls of Scotland (Burnett), iv. lxxxix, cxix-cxxi, v. xli, xlii, 55; Burton's Hist. of Scotland.]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Graham, John Murray

​GRAHAM, JOHN MURRAY (1809–1881), historian, was eldest son of Andrew Murray (1782–1847) of Murrayshall, Perthshire, at one time sheriff of Aberdeenshire, by his wife Janet, daughter of Oliver Thomson of Leckiebank. He was born in Aberdeenshire 15 Oct. 1809, and educated at Edinburgh University, where he graduated M.A. in 1828. He became an advocate in 1831. Graham was a near kinsman of Thomas Graham, lord Lynedoch [q. v.], to a part of whose estates he succeeded in 1859, and whose name he adopted. He died 18 Jan. 1881, having married on 22 Nov. 1853 Robina, daughter of Thomas Hamilton.
Graham wrote: 1. ‘A Month's Tour in Spain in the Spring of 1866,’ 1867. 2. ‘Memoir of General Lord Lynedoch,’ 1869; 2nd edition, with additions and portraits, 1877; a useful memoir compiled from family papers. 3. ‘An Historical View of Literature and Art in Great Britain from the accession of Queen Victoria,’ 1871; 2nd edit. 1872. 4. ‘Annals and Correspondence of the Viscount and the first and second Earls of Stair,’ London, 1875.
C. L. K.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Graham, Robert (1786-1845)

​GRAHAM, ROBERT (1786–1845), M.D. and botanist, third son of Dr. Robert Graham, afterwards Moir of Leckie, was born at Stirling on 3 Dec. 1786. After studying medicine at Edinburgh and Glasgow Universities, he practised for some years in Glasgow. In 1818, on the creation of a separate chair for botany in Glasgow, Graham was appointed the first professor. In 1820 he obtained the regius professorship of botany in Edinburgh University, and also became physician to the infirmary. He was a strong believer in drugs, and gave enormous doses of calomel and opium (Life of Sir R. Christison, ii. 133, 134). Besides his inaugural dissertation for M.D. he wrote only one medical treatise, viz. 'Practical Observations on Continued Fever,' pp. 84, Glasgow, 1818. As a botanical lecturer he attained fair success, and under his care the Edinburgh Botanical Garden flourished. He published a number of botanical papers, chiefly describing new species, in the 'Edinburgh New Philosophical Magazine,' Curtis's 'Botanical Magazine,' and Hooker's 'Companion.' He also spent much time in preparing a 'Flora of Great Britain,' which he did not complete. He died at Coldoch in Perthshire on 7 Aug. 1845, after a long illness.
[Ransford's Biographical Sketch, 1846; Biog. Dict. of Eminent Scotsmen, ed. Thomson, 1869; Duns's Life of Sir James Simpson, pp. 108–10.]
G. T. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Graham, Robert (d.1701)

​GRAHAM or GRIMES, ROBERT (d. 1701), colonel and Trappist monk, was son of a certain 'Colonel' William Grimes, who is described in the contemporary letters of Lord Manchester as a lieutenant of horse under John Graham of Claverhouse, viscount Dundee, who was afterwards commander of the Bass Rock, later a recipient of Jacobite bounty in Edinburgh, and (in 1701) an alleged conspirator against the life of William of Orange. He had two sons, both notorious libertines who turned monks, the elder becoming a Capuchin friar as Brother Archangel, the younger a Trappist, Brother Alexis. The life of the younger was a stormy one. He had been whipped in his boyhood by a presbyterian tutor for attending a Romish service in Edinburgh, which led to his being transferred to the guardianship of a kinsman, Lord Perth; but when that nobleman's affairs became involved he passed into the hands of a gloomy presbyterian uncle, whose harsh asceticism no doubt influenced his after course. His name cannot be traced with certainty in the military entry books in the Public Record Office, but he appears to have served in Flanders under William III. His excesses are said to have startled London, Flanders, and Paris, and when he left the service and was presented to James II at the fugitive English court at St. Germain he was one of the most accomplished scoundrels of his day. After alternate fits of rioting and fasting, of drinking and religion, he entered the monastery of La Trappe, and became one of the most ingenious and cruel of self-tormentors so that he may be said virtually to have committed suicide. Before he died it was the custom of English courtiers serving either king to visit the recluse, to whose cell King James and bevies of court ladies were wont to repair. His death, early in 1701, deprived the English court of one of its most edifying distractions.
H. M. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Graham, Robert (d.1797?)

​GRAHAM, afterwards CUNNINGHAME-GRAHAM, ROBERT (d. 1797?), song-writer, only surviving son of Nicol or Nicolas Graham (d. 16 Nov. 1775) of Gartmore, on the borders of Perthshire and Stirlingshire, and Lady Margaret Cunninghame, daughter of William, twelfth earl of Glencairn, was educated at Glasgow University. In early life he was a planter in Jamaica, and for some time held the office of receiver-general in that island. He was chosen rector of Glasgow University in 1785, in opposition to Burke. He represented Stirlingshire in parliament from 1794 to 1796. He was the mover of a rejected Bill of Rights, which to some extent foreshadowed the Reform Bill of 1832. He was an earnest advocate of the principles of the French revolution. He wrote various lyrical pieces, the best known of which, 'If doughty deeds my lady please,' is deservedly famous. In 1796 (see Foster, Members of Parliament, Scotland), owing to the death of John Cunninghame, fifteenth and last earl of Glencairn, he succeeded to the Finlaystoun estates, and assumed the additional surname of Cunninghame. He married, first, Anne, daughter of Patrick Taylor of Jamaica, sister of Sir John Taylor, bart.; secondly, Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Buchanan of Spital. He left two sons, William, his heir, and Nicol, maréchal-de-camp in the Austrian service, and two daughters.
[Private information; Scott's Border Minstrelsy; Palgrave's Golden Treasury of English Songs and Lyrics, p. 126.]
W. B-e.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hampole, Richard of

​HAMPOLE, RICHARD of (d. 1349), hermit. [See Rolle, Richard.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hanbury, Daniel

​HANBURY, DANIEL (1825–1875), pharmacist, was born in London on 11 Sept. 1825. His parents, Daniel Bell and Rachel Hanbury, were well-known members of the Society of Friends. He left school early, his proficiency in languages and drawing being acquired in after life. At the age of sixteen he entered the house of Allen & Hanbury of Plough Court, Lombard Street, in which his father was a partner. Three years later, in 1844, he entered as a student in the laboratory of the Pharmaceutical Society, of which he became a member in 1857, and from I860 to 1872 he was on the board of examiners. He was especially, though not exclusively, de- ​ voted to pharmaceutical subjects, and his many papers, published at various times, were collected in a memorial volume after his death. He took particular interest in the materia medica of the Chinese, on the derivation of storax, and the various descriptions of cardamom. He became a fellow of the Linnean Society in 1855, and was its treasurer at the time of his death; he also joined the Chemical Society in 1858, and the Microscopical in 1867, in which year he was elected into the Royal Society, and five years afterwards was a member of its council. He much enjoyed foreign travel, and in 1860 he visited Palestine with Dr. (now Sir Joseph) Hooker. In 1870 he retired from business. He died on 24 March 1875.
Hanbury wrote: 1. 'Inquiries relating to Pharmacology and Economic Botany' (in the 'Admiralty Manual of Scientific Inquiry') 2. 'Pharmacographia,' 1874; his most important work, written in conjunction with Professor Flückiger of Strasburg. 3. 'Science Papers . . .,' edited, with memoir, by J. Ince, 1876.
Dr. Seemann in 1858 named the cucurbitaceous genus Hanburya in his friend's honour.
[Memoir by J. Ince in Science Papers as above; Roy. Soc. Cat. Sci. Papers, and Jackson's Veget. Technology, 8vo, pp. 80-2; Proc. Linn. Soc., 1874-5, pp. 47-9.]
B. D. J.