OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Taylor, (James) Bayard

Edition of 1920. See also Bayard Taylor on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
TAYLOR, tā'lȯr, (James) Bayard, American writer: b. Kennett Square, Pa., 11 Jan. 1825; d. Berlin, Germany, 19 Dec. 1878. He had a secondary education at West Chester and Unionville, and in 1842 was apprenticed to a printer in the former town, but did not serve out his apprenticeship. In 1844 he set sail for Liverpool, and during the next two years he traveled, chiefly on foot, in Great Britain, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Italy and France. He described his journeys for several American newspapers, his letters being collected and published on his return under the title ‘Views Afoot or Europe Seen with Knapsack and Staff’ (1846). In 1847 he received an appointment on the staff of the New York Tribune, and two years later went to California as special correspondent of that newspaper at the gold-fields, his letters being republished in 1850 as ‘Eldorado, or Adventures in the Path of Empire.’ In 1851 he was again in Europe, and before returning to the United States in 1854 he visited Egypt, Asia Minor, India, Hong-kong, China and Japan. Among the literary results of this tour were ‘A Journey to Central Africa’ (1854); ‘The Land of the Saracen’ (1854), and ‘A Visit to India, China and Japan’ (1855). On these traveling experiences he lectured with much success. He had by this time gained some reputation as a poet by ‘Ximena and Other Poems’ (1844); ‘Rhymes of Travel, Ballads, and Other Poems’ (1848); ‘A Book of Romances, Lyrics and Songs’ (1851), and ‘Poems of the Orient’ (1855); and in 1855 he published a collective edition of these under the title ‘Poems of Home and Travel.’ ‘Northern Travel’ (1857) contains an account of a visit to Sweden, Denmark and Lapland. In 1862-63 he was secretary of legation and for a time chargé-d'affaires at Saint Petersburg, and in 1870 he lectured at Cornell University on German literature. He became United States Ambassador at Berlin in May
1878. In addition to works already mentioned the following may be enumerated: 'At Home and Abroad' (1859-62); 'Byways and Europe' (1869); a translation of Goethe's 'Faust' in the original metres (1870); the novels; ‘Hannah Thurston’ (1863); ‘John Godfrey's Fortunes’ (1864); ‘The Story of Kennett’ (1886); ‘Joseph and His Friend’ (1870); ‘The Poet's Journal’ (1863), and other volumes of verse. Two collections of miscellaneous writings appeared posthumously, ‘Studies in German Literature’ (1879), and ‘Essays and Notes’ (1880). It is by his translation of ‘Faust,’ one of the finest attempts of the kind in any literature, that Taylor is generally known; yet as an original poet he stands well up in the second rank of Americans. His ‘Poems of the Orient’ and his Pennsylvania ballads comprise his best work. His verse is finished and sonorous, but at times over-rhetorical. Consult the ‘Life and Letters’ by his wife and H. E. Scudder (1884).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Tesla, Nicola

Edition of 1920. See also Nikola Tesla on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
TESLA, tĕz'lä, Nicola: b. in Smiljan, province of Lika, Austrian Croatia, in 1857; early education in Gospich; graduated from Real Schule, Karlstadt, in 1873; studied at Polytechnic School, Gratz, capital of Croatia, with the intention of becoming a professor of mathematics and physics, but became interested in electricity and took up and completed an engineering course. He afterward studied philosophy and languages at Prague and Budapest, keeping up meantime his electrical and engineering studies. For some time he was employed in the government telegraph engineering department as an assistant and while there invented several improvements which attracted notice. Then he became engineer for a large lighting company in Paris and next turned his attention to the United States as a promising field for electrical talent and experience. Here he formed a connection with the Edison Company at Orange, N. J., but gave up this engagement in order to be entirely free in his electrical work. He has made himself well known by his many practical inventions and the boldness and brilliancy of his ideas as to the possibilities of electrical science. These ideas, which have aroused widespread interest, have also in some degree diverted attention from the many useful contributions of Tesla to the world's fund of scientific achievement, most of which have been developed in the Tesla laboratory in New York, which he established for the purpose of independent electrical research.
Tesla's researches in electrical oscillation created a new field of electrical investigation, the full possibilities of which have by no means been exhausted. He was the first electrician to conceive an effective method of utilizing the undulating current, converting electrical into mechanical energy more simply, effectively and economically than by the direct current. He invented the modern principle of the rotary
magnetic field, embodied in the apparatus used in the transmission of power from Niagara Falls. He has also invented many new forms of dynamos, transformers, induction coils, condensers, arc and incandescent lamps, the oscillator combining steam-engine and dynamo, etc. Consult Martin, T. C., ‘Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nicola Tesla’ (1894) and the files of electrical trade journals.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Tewfik Pasha, Mohammed

Edition of 1920. See also Tewfik Pasha on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
TEWFIK PASHA, tū'fĭk päsh'â, MOHAMMED, khedive of Egypt: b. 15 Nov. 1852; d. 7 Jan. 1892. He was declared heir apparent in 1866, when the sultan granted the right of primogeniture to the Egyptian reigning family, and in 1879 he succeeded to the throne on the abdication of his father, Ismail Pasha.
He was a ruler chiefly in name, the control of the government being virtually in the hands of foreign powers. A national party was formed of which Arabi Pasha, Minister of War, was at the head, and the friction between the khedive, who favored the English, and Arabi resulted in an insurrection in 1882. Through the intervention of England the uprising was quelled and a species of constitutional monarchy was adopted, giving an English financial adviser a place in the council in 1883. During the Mahdi troubles in 1884 Tewfik was forced to give up the Sudan. He was a man of simple tastes, married but one wife and was deeply interested in educational advancement and in the improvement of public works.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Tautog

Edition of 1920. See also Tautog on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
TAUTOG, a marine fish (Tautoga onitis) of the Atlantic Coast of the United States, related to the dinners and wrasses of the family Labridæ, and locally known as blackfish or oysterfish. It is from two to three feet in length, when large, blackish or greenish in color, the young with about three pairs of obscure dark bars; chin white; eye greenish. It abounds about weedy rocks, oyster reefs, etc near shore, feeding on mollusks, barnacles, etc., and is easily caught. It is one of the best table-fishes of the American coast. The annual catch off the New England coast is about 750 tons.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Thaxter, Roland

Edition of 1920. See also Roland Thaxter on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
THAXTER, Roland, American botanist: b. Newton, Mass., 28 Aug. 1858. After receiving a Harvard education and securing his Ph.D. there, in 1888 he became a professor of biology and botany in the university and a noted authority on the fungous diseases of animals and on cryptogamic botany. From 1885 to 1891 he was expert mycologist of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. He was chosen American editor of the British ‘Annals of Botany’; elected president of the American Botanical Society and in 1912 made a member of the National Academy of Science. He has contributed to many scientific publications dealing with his specialties.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Tewksbury

Edition of 1920. See also Tewksbury, Massachusetts on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
TEWKSBURY, Mass., town in Middlesex County on the Boston and Maine Railroad, five miles south of Lowell. It has large horticultural interests, a chemical factory and contains the State infirmary. It was founded in 1654 and formed a part of the town of Billerica from which it was taken and incorporated 23 Dec. 1734, being named after the ancient town in Gloucestershire, England, famous for its abbey. Pop. 5,265.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Ellsworth

Edition of 1920. See also Ellsworth, Maine on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ELLSWORTH, Maine, city, port of entry and county-seat of Hancock County, on both sides of the Union River, and on the Maine Central Railroad; 30 miles southeast of Bangor. It is the trade centre of the county and has extensive timber, ship-huilding and fishing interests, exporting over 50,000,000 feet of lumber annually. It has shoe, woolen, leather, carriage, sails, gasoline engines and other manufacturing industries. The city contains a
court-house, custom-house, public library and a city hall. The Union River is crossed by several bridges and furnishes good water power for manufacturing purposes, A fish hatchery is maintained here by the Federal government. The city was settled in 1763, was incorporated as a town in 1800 and as a city in 1869. A mayor and a board of aldermen administer the affairs of the municipality which controls the water-supply system and the electric plant. Pop. 3,549.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Ellsworth, Oliver

Edition of 1920. See also Oliver Ellsworth on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ELLSWORTH, Oliver, American jurist: b. Windsor, Conn., 29 April 1745; d. there, 26 Nov. 1807. He was graduated at the College of New Jersey in 1766, and soon after commenced the practice of law. In 1777 he was chosen a delegate to the Continental Congress, and in 1780 was elected a member of the council of Connecticut, in which body he continued till 1784, when he was appointed a judge of the Superior Court. In 1787 he was elected to the convention which framed the Federal Constitution, and was afterward a member of the State convention, where he earnestly advocated the ratification of that important instrument, which his exertions had essentially aided in producing. In 1789 he was chosen a Senator of the United States, which station he filled till 1796, when he was nominated by Washington Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. In 1799 he was appointed envoy extraordinary to paris, and with his associates successfully negotiated a treaty with the French. He resigned his office of chief justice in 1800. In 1803 he was made a member of the governor's council of Connecticut, andin 1807, chief justice of that State. His biography was written by W. G. Brown (New York 1905).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Elective Affinities, The

Edition of 1920. See also Wahlverwandtschaften on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ELECTIVE AFFINITIES, The. Goethe's ‘Wahlverwandtschaften’ (Elective Affinities), first intended for insertion among the numerous short stories in the second part of ‘Wilhelm Meister,’ grew beyond the limits of availability for such use, and was published independently in 1809. Its composition is in the leisurely and somewhat oracular style which makes many of the episodes in ‘Wilhelm Meister’ seem more like the deliverance of a seer than a mirror of actual life; but here as elsewhere Goethe develops a significant motif in terms of human experience, and the symbolical title befits the manner in which his narrative of what happens to a particular group of persons invites the mind to ponder the inscrutable laws governing human behavior in general. The analogy between chemical reactions and the solution of personal bonds in the moral sphere has for us less of mystical fatality than it had for Goethe's romantic contemporaries; for us, however, as for them the issue raised is momentous, and the treatment—in many respects romantic—leads us to examine the sanctions of the first of all social institutions.
The story deals primarily with a wedded couple into whose domestic circle two other persons are introduced; but of these four, the young girl Ottilie is the one upon whom our
attention is focused. The others, even the wife, persons of experience in the world, may be left to accommodate themselves to changed conditions; with Ottilie we profoundly sympathize; for she, a being of celestial purity and devotedness, becomes unwittingly involved in the toils of earthly life to which she is a stranger, and must by renunciation and death atone for an involuntary fault. Conceived in dramatic terms, the theme might be said to be the conflict of individual right with social convention. But Goethe's concern is not with any moral question or any dramatic demonstration; it is with the martyrdom of a hapless maiden, considered in its psychological aspect. The work, too restricted in scope to be called a novel, too diffuse to be a Novelle, is a study of singular penetration and completeness in the inner life of a beautiful soul. Translated by J. A. Froude and R. D. Boylan, London 1854. Consult “The German Classics” (New York 1913, Vol. II).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Elective Affinity

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
ELECTIVE AFFINITY, a term formerly used in chemistry, in connection with the supposed fact that when a given chemical substance is mixed with two or more others with which it is capable of combining, it will exhibit a preferential affinity for one of them, and combine with that to the exclusion of the others. This view of chemical action is now known to be incorrect. See Equilibrium, Chemical.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Ellsworth, Ephraim Elmer

Edition of 1920. See also Elmer E. Ellsworth on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ELLSWORTH, Ephraim Elmer, American soldier: b. Mechanicsville, N. Y., 23 April 1837; d. Alexandria, Va., 24 May 1861. He organized about 1859 a zouave corps which became noted for the excellence of its discipline. In March 1861 he accompanied President Lincoln to Washington, and in April he went to New York, where he organized a zouave regiment of firemen, of which he became colonel. Ordered to Alexandria, he lowered a Confederate flag floating over a hotel, for which act the hotelkeeper shot him dead.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Ellwood, Thomas

Edition of 1920. See also Thomas Ellwood on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ELLWOOD, Thomas, English Quaker: b. Crowell, near Thame, Oxfordshire, 1639; d. Amersham, 1 March 1714. About 1660 he was induced to join the Society of Friends, and subsequently became reader to Milton, with whom he improved himself in the learned languages, but was soon obliged to quit London on account of his health. In the year 1665 he procured a lodging for Milton at Chalfont, Bucks, and was the occasion of his writing ‘Paradise Regained’ by the following observation made on rereading the ‘Paradise Lost’ which the poet had lent him to read in manuscript: “Thou hast said much of paradise lost, but what hast thou to say of paradise found?” In 1705 he published the first part of ‘Sacred History, or the Historical Parts of the Old Testament’; and in 1709 ‘Sacred History, etc., of the New Testament.’ His other works are numerous; among them ‘Davideis, the Life of David, King of Israel,’ a poem, which is more distinguished for piety than poetry. His life, written by himself, and published the year after his death, affords many interesting particulars of the history of his sect.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Ellis, George Edward

Edition of 1920. See also George Edward Ellis on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ELLIS, George Edward, American Unitarian clergyman and historical writer: b. Boston, Mass., 8 Aug. 1814; d. there, 20 Dec. 1894. He was pastor of the Harvard (Unitarian) Church, Charlestown, Mass. (1840-69); and held the professorship of systematic theology in the Cambridge Divinity School (1857-63). He was also a lecturer of Lowell Institute in 1864, 1871 and 1879, and was editor of the Christian Register and Christian Examiner. As president of the Massachusetts Historical Society he made valuable contributions to an early colonial history. He published ‘A Half-Century of the Unitarian Controversy’ (1857); ‘History of the Battle of Bunker's Hill’ (1875); ‘The Red Man and the White Man’ (1882); ‘The Puritan Age and Rule in the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, 1629-85’; various memoirs, and several biographies in Sparks' ‘American Biography.’
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Ellwood, Charles Abram

Edition of 1920. See also Charles A. Ellwood on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ELLWOOD, Charles Abram, American sociologist: b. near Ogdensburg, N. Y., 20 Jan. 1873. He was graduated at Cornell University in 1896 and studied also at the Universities of Chicago and Berlin. For one year he was lecturer and instructor at the University of Nebraska and in 1900 became professor of sociology at the University of Missouri. He became also advisory editor of the American Journal of Sociology and associate editor of the Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. In 1904 he served as president of the Missouri Confederated Charities. He has published ‘Sociology and Modern Social Problems’ (1910); ‘Sociology in its Psychological Aspects’ (1912; French trans., 1914); also monographs and special articles on social psychology.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Mueller, Baron Sir Ferdinand von

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​Mueller, Baron Sir Ferdinand von, K.C.M.G., M.D., Ph.D., F.R.S., son of the late Frederick Mueller, of Rostock, Germany, and Louisa his wife, daughter of George Mertens, of Aschersleben, was born at Rostock in 1825, and was educated, after the early death of his parents, in Schleswig. He studied in Kiel, and devoted much time to the study of the flora of Schleswig and Holstein from 1840 to 1847, when he emigrated to Australia. He travelled through the extensive territory of South Australia, employed in botanical researches, from 1848 till 1852, at his private expense. In 1852 he accepted the then newly created office of Government Botanist for Victoria, explored there till 1855, examining also the whole alpine vegetation of Australia, which was previously utterly unknown; he ascended and named Mount Hotham, the Barkly ranges, and many other mountains, and joined as phytographic naturalist the expedition sent out under Augustus Gregory, by the Duke of Newcastle, to explore the river Victoria and other portions of the north parts of the Australian continent. He was one of the four who reached Termination Lake in 1856, and accompanied Gregory's expedition overland to Moreton Bay. He accepted the directorship of the Botanical Gardens of Melbourne in 1857, which office he held till 1873, raising that institution to high repute and establishing scientific relations with all parts of the globe, in order to introduce useful and rare plants into the colony, and to make known Australian plants ​abroad. He was one of the Commissioners for the Industrial Exhibitions in Melbourne in 1854, 1862, and 1867; and has issued eleven volumes of his "Fragmenta Phytographica Australiæ," two volumes on the "Plants of Victoria," and others on the Eucalyptus, Myoporinæ, Acacias, and Salsolaceæ, all largely illustrated, irrespective of many other publications. He co-operated in the elaboration of Bentham's "Flora Australiensis," of which seven volumes have appeared. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1861, and is a member of numerous foreign orders, besides being created a hereditary baron by the King of Wurtemberg in 1871. He has persistently and effectually promoted geographic research in Australian territory. The Baron still continues his researches in Melbourne. In 1879 he had conferred on him the Knight Commandership of the Order of St. Michael and St. George, of which he had been appointed a Companion in 1869. In 1888 he was the recipient of one of the royal medals of the Royal Society of London. The Baron is corresponding member of over a hundred and fifty scientific societies, including many academies in various parts of the world.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Morris, Edward Ellis

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​Morris, Edward Ellis, M.A., the son of the late John Carnac Morris, of the Madras Civil Service, and grandson of John Morris, for many years director, and for some years chairman, of the Hon. East India Company. He was born at Madras on Dec. 25th, 1843, and educated at Temple Grove, East Sheen, and at Victoria College, Jersey. He was also at Rugby under Dr. Temple, and was an exhibitioner of Lincoln College, Oxford, in 1862, second class in classics (Final school) in June 1866, and second class in law and modern history in the following November. He was assistant master of St. Peter's College, Badley, and afterwards at Haileybury, near Hertford. Between these two appointments he was for a short time at the University of Berlin. In 1871 he was elected head master of the Bedfordshire Middle-Class Public School; at Easter 1875 he became head master of the Church of England Grammar School, Melbourne; and in Jan. 1884 was appointed Professor of English, French, and German Languages and Literature at the Melbourne University, a position he still holds. Professor Morris is the projector and original editor of "Epochs of Modern History," a series of school histories published by Messrs. Longmans & Co., of London; author of "The Age of Anne" and "The Early Hanoverians" in that series, besides some small editions of English authors for school use. He was also editor of Cassell's "Picturesque Australasia." The Melbourne Shakespeare Society and the Melbourne Charity Organisation Society owe their origin to his suggestions. He married a daughter of Mr. George Higinbotham, Chief Justice of Victoria.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Moulden, Beaumont Arnold

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​Moulden, Beaumont Arnold, M.P., son of Joseph Eldin Moulden by his marriage with Margaret Perkins Hinton, was born in Southwark, London, on Oct. 11th, 1849. He arrived in South Australia with his parents in Oct. 1850. He is a legal practitioner in Adelaide, and represents the Albert district in the Legislative Assembly of South Australia. He was appointed Attorney-General in the Cockburn Ministry in June 1889, but retired in March 1890, prior to the defeat of the Ministry, owing to his disapproval of some items of their policy. Mr. Moulden married in 1873 Miss Anna Mary Cramond.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Morphett, Sir John

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​Morphett, Sir John, son of Nathaniel Morphett, of London, solicitor, was born in the Metropolis on May 4th, 1809. He emigrated to South Australia in one of the South Australian Company's pioneer ships, the Cygnet, arriving at Kangaroo Island in Sept. 1836. The next year when the Company removed their headquarters to Port Adelaide, Mr. Morphett also took up his residence on the mainland. In June 1843 he was appointed one of the seven members of the first Legislative Council of South Australia, and in 1851 he was nominated to the mixed council established under the new Constitution Act. He was also chosen Speaker. In 1857, at the first election held under responsible government, he was returned to the existing Legislative Council, and in March 1865 succeeded Sir J. H. Fisher as President of that body, a post which, having been thrice re-elected, he held till Feb. 1875, when his seat becoming vacant by effluxion of time, he did not seek re-election. He was knighted in 1870. Sir John was Chief Secretary in the two succeeding Reynolds Ministries, from Feb. to Oct. 1861. He married, in 1838, Elizabeth, daughter of the late Sir James Hurtle Fisher.