OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Roe, Captain John Septimus

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​Roe, Captain John Septimus, R.N., sometime Surveyor-General, Western Australia, was born in 1797, and entering; the navy, accompanied Captain Phillip King in his expedition to survey the north and north-west coasts of the continent of Australia in 1818, and was a member of King's fourth expedition in 1821. He was one of the founders of Western Australia, going out as surveyor with Governor Stirling on the Parmelia, and landing on Garden Island with the pioneer party on June 1st, 1829. He took part in nearly every exploring expedition sent forth in that colony. He started from York in Sept. 1848 with a party of six persons, eleven horses, and provisions for four months. In Oct. ​they reached the Pallinup, the last water crossed by Eyre, and steering north-east, crossed several good streams. Then succeeded dense scrubs, dry watercourses, and salt lakes till they reached the Bremer range. No better view could be obtained from the Fitzgerald Peaks at a thousand feet above the level of the plains. A retreat to the south towards Mount Ridley showed no better country. Four days and three nights they were without water, and the flashes of the Aurora Australia added to the horrors of the scene. Still struggling to attain the Russell mountains, cutting their way with axes through thickets fifteen feet high, they at length reached the range in lat. 38° 27', and found further progress impossible. The party returned by Esperance Bay. On the Phillips river they found extensive coal deposits, and on Feb. 2nd returned to Perth, after an exploration of eighteen hundred miles. Roe is styled by Australian writers the "father of modern explorers." Mrs. Roe, who accompanied her husband to Western Australia in 1829, died on July 22nd, 1870. Captain Roe, who was Surveyor-General of Western Australia for forty-two years, died at Perth, in that colony, on May 28th, 1878.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Rogers, John William Foster

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​Rogers, John William Foster, son of Thomas George Rogers and Sarah (Smith) his wife, was born at Leeds, Yorkshire, on July 16th, 1842, and was educated at Stonyhurst College Lancashire. He went to Victoria in Jan. 1850, and was engaged in scholastic work till 1885, founding a collegiate school in Ballarat, which prospered till the great mining collapse of 1869-70. Later on Mr. Rogers conducted a high school at St. Kilda, and contributed at that time to the Melbourne Review articles on the English and Chinese languages. In 1883 he was appointed Inspector of Schools at Sydney, N.S.W. In the same year he published a treatise on "Grammar and Logic in the Nineteenth Century." In 1887 Mr. Rogers visited London for the purpose of printing the first issue of "The Australasian Federal Directory." Mr. Rogers, who is now established in Melbourne as a publisher, was married at St. Kilda, Victoria, on Oct. 1st, 1881, to Miss Letitia Moroney.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Robinson, Right Hon. Sir Hercules George Robert

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​Robinson, Right Hon. Sir Hercules George Robert, Bart., G.C.M.G., sometime Governor of New South Wales and New Zealand, is the second son of the late Admiral Hercules Robinson, of Rosmead, co. Westmeath, author of "Harry Evelyn," a naval romance, and of "Sea Drift," by his marriage with the only daughter and heiress of Henry Widman Wood, of Rosmead. His elder brother, Sir Henry Robinson, K.C.B., is Vice-President of the Irish Local Government Board; and his younger brother, Sir William Cleaver Francis Robinson (q.v.), is Governor of Western Australia. He was born in 1824. and educated at Sandhurst Military College. After serving in the 87th Royal Irish Fusiliers, he retired from the army in 1846, and was employed during the Irish famine under the Commissioners of Public Works and the Poor Law Board; being appointed Chief Commissioner to inquire into the fairs and markets of Ireland in 1852. He became President of Montserrat in 1854, Lieut.Governor of St. Christopher in the same year (holding also the dormant commission of Governor-in-Chief of the Leeward Islands), and Governor of Hong Kong in 1859, in which year he was knighted. Sir Hercules was a member of the Commission appointed in 1863 to enquire into the financial condition of the Straits Settlements, was Governor of Ceylon from 1865 to 1871, and of New South Wales from June 1872 to March 1879. During his term of office in New South Wales he made several suggestive speeches, especially one on the question of Intercolonial Federation, which has since ripened so remarkably. His patronage of the turf and his participation in the sport as an owner of racehorses also added greatly to his personal popularity. Immediately on the expiry of his term of office in New South Wales he was transferred to New Zealand, where he administered the government until August 1880, when he was appointed Governor of the Cane of Good Hope and Her Majesty's High Commissioner for South Africa. Sir Hercules, who was created K.C.M.G. in 1869 and G.C.M.G. in 1875, in recognition of his services in negotiating the cession to the British Crown in 1874 of the islands of Fiji, of which he was acting Governor until the arrival of Sir Arthur Gordon, was sent on a special mission to Mauritius in 1886, and as the result of his inquiries suspended the Governor, Sir John Pope Hennessy, who was, however, subsequently reinstated. Sir Hercules, who was appointed to the Privy Council in 1882, resigned his official connection with South Africa in 1889, and has since resided in England. He married, in 1846, Hon. Nea Arthur Ada Rose d'Amour, fifth daughter of the 9th Viscount Valentia, whose elder sister Ada subsequently married his elder brother Sir Henry. He was created a baronet in 1891.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Rogers, G. H.

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​Rogers, G. H., the well-known comedian, was originally a private soldier and went to Hobart, Tas., with his regiment. In 1842, having meantime become sergeant, he retired from the army, and was employed as a civil officer in the convict department. Subsequently he took to the stage, and played at all the principal theatres in Australasia. His forte was old men's parts, and he was for many years leading old man at the Theatre Royal, Melbourne. He died on Feb. 12th, 1872.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Rogers, John Warrington

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​Rogers, John Warrington, M.A., Q.C., eldest son of the late John Warrington Rogers, of London, entered as a student of the Middle Temple in June 1843, and was called to the bar in Nov. 1846. Having emigrated to Tasmania, he was admitted to practise there in August 1865, and was Solicitor-General in the first Ministry formed under responsible government from Dec. 1856 to Feb. 1857. In the latter year he removed to Victoria, where he was admitted to the Bar in March. In 1858 he was appointed a County Court Judge in Victoria, and held that position for many years, when he retired on a pension. Mr. Rogers, who is an M.A. of Melbourne University, was appointed a Law Lecturer at that University in 1878, and the same year was made Q.C. He was President of the Royal Commission on Education appointed by the O'Loghlen Government.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Rolleston, Hon. William

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​Rolleston, Hon. William, M.H.R., is the son of the late Rev. George Rolleston, M.A., who for over fifty years was rector of Maltby, near Doncaster, in Yorkshire. His brother, George Rolleston, F.R.S., was the well-known Professor of Physiology at the university of Oxford. Mr. Rolleston was born on Sept. 19th, 1831, and was educated at Rossall School, Lancashire, under the late Dr. Woolley (q.v.). Entering at Emanuel College, Cambridge, in 1851, he became foundation scholar of his college in the following year. In 1855 he graduated with classical honours. Mr. Rolleston emigrated to New Zealand in 1858, and settled near Lake Coleridge. In 1863 he was appointed a member of the Education Commission, which framed the educational system of the province of Canterbury, and in 1864 became provincial secretary and a member of the Canterbury Board of Education. He was subsequently Under-Secretary for Native Affairs and Inspector of Native Schools under the Colonial Government. Mr. Rolleston was Superintendent of the province of Canterbury from 1868 to 1876. From 1868 to 1884 he was M.H.R. for Avon, and in the latter year was returned for Geraldine. He was a member of the Hall Government from Oct. 1879 to April 1882, holding the portfolios of Minister of Lands, Immigration, Justice, Mines, and Native Affairs, for successive periods. In the Whitaker and Atkinson administrations which succeeded, he was Minister of Lands, Immigration, and Mines from April 1882 to August 1884. In 1891, on the retirement of Mr. John Bryce from the leadership of the opposition to the Ballance Government, he was unanimously selected to succeed him. He did much to promote the adoption of the system of perpetual leases.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1906)/Munroe, Robert

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Munroe, Robert, Scottish archæologlst: b. Ross-shire 21 July 1835. He was educated at the University of Edinburgh and was a physician at Kilmarnock till 1886 when he turned his whole attention to archæological researches. He is a member of many learned societies at home and abroad and has published 'Ancient Scottish Lake Dwellings' (1882); 'The Lake Dwellings of Europe' (1890); 'Rambles and Studies in Bosnia, Herzegovina and Dalmatia, (1895); 'Prehistoric Problems' (1897); 'Prehistoric Scotland and its Place in European Civilization' (1899).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1906)/Munsey, Frank Andrew

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Munsey, mŭn'sĭ or -zĭ, Frank Andrew, American publisher: b. Mercer, Maine, 21 Aug. 1854. After receiving a common school education, he began his business career in a country store, and then became manager of a telegraph office in Augusta, Maine. He went to New York in 1882 and started 'The Golden Argosy,' a juvenile weekly which he afterward changed into a monthly for adults under the style of 'The Argosy.' 'Munsey's Weekly' appeared in 1890, and after issuing this for one year he transformed it also into a monthly calling it 'Munsey's Magazine.' He also founded 'The Junior Munsey' and 'The Puritan.' He might be said to be the pioneer in the publication of cheap illustrated publications. He also controls the New York Daily News, the Boston Journal and the Washington Times. He is a popular member of many clubs in New York city and elsewhere, and is the author of several books for boys: 'Afloat in a Great City' (1887); 'The Boy Broker' (1888); 'A Tragedy of Errors' (1889); 'Under Fire' (1890); and 'Derringforth' (1894).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1906)/Munsell, Joel

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Mun'sell, Joel, American printer: b. Northfield, Mass., 14 April 1808; d. Albany, N. Y., 15 Jan. 1880. He established himself in Albany in 1827, and was publisher and editor of the 'New York State Mechanic' from 1841 to 1843. At various times he was the publisher of the 'Unionist,' the Albany Daily State Register, Morning Express and Statesman, and other journals. MunselI made a close study of the art of printing, in its history and application, and his collection of works on the subject, the largest in America, was in part purchased by the State for the New York State library. He contributed papers to the 'Transactions' of the Albany Institute, of which he was a founder, and published: 'Outlines of the History of Printing' (1839); 'Annals of Albany' (1849-59); 'Every-Day Book of History and Chronology' (1856); 'Chronology of Paper and Paper-Making' (1857, enlarged 1870); and 'Manual of the 1st Lutheran Church of Albany, 1670-1870' (1871).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1906)/Munson, James Eugene

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Mun'son, James Eugene, American inventor: b. Paris, N. Y., 12 May 1825. He was educated at Amherst College and in 1857 removed to New York, where he was court stenographer for 30 years. He invented the "Munson System" of shorthand, a machine for operating the typewriter by telegraph, and a type-setting machine. He published: 'The Complete Phonographer' (1866); 'Dictionary of Practical Phonography' (1875); 'A Shorter Course in Munson Phonography' (1900); etc.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1906)/Munster, Ireland

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Mun'ster, Ireland, the southwest and largest of the four provinces of that country, bounded on the north by Connaught, on the east by Leinster, and on the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean. It has an area of 9,52I square miles and is divided into the counties of Clare, Cork, Kerry, Limerick, Tipperary, and Waterford. Pop. (1901) 1,076,188.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1906)/Munroe, Charles Edward

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Munroe, mŭn-rō', Charles Edward, American chemist and expert on explosives: b. Cambridge, Mass., 24 May 1849. He was graduated at Harvard in 1871; was assistant in chemistry there for three years; professor of chemistry United States Naval Academy 1874–86; chemist to United States Naval Torpedo Station 1886–92; and since the last date professor of chemistry and dean of Columbian University, Washington, D.C. He was a special agent on chemical industries for the United States Census of 1900; is president of the American Chemical Society; received the decoration of the Order of the Medjidje from the Sultan of Turkey, 1901; has invented a smokeless powder; and is the author of various monographs on chemistry, notably of explosives.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1906)/Munroe, Charles Kirk

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Munroe, Charles Kirk, American writer for boys: b. Appleton, Wis., 15 Dec. 1856. He was educated at Harvard and was editor of 'Harper's Round Table' 1879-82. For many years he has made Florida his home. Among his numerous works are: 'The Flamingo Feather' (1887); 'Wakulla' (1888); 'Campmates'; 'Canoemates'; 'Raftmates'; 'Rick Dale'; 'Dorymates'; 'The White Conquerors'; 'Big Cypress'; 'At War with Pontiac'; 'Life of Mrs. Stowe' (with her son); 'Copper Princess' (1898); 'Forward March' (1899); 'Under the Great Bear' (1900), etc.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1906)/Munsee Indians

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Mun'see Indians, an American tribe of the Delaware family, originally one of the three great divisions of that race. They were sometimes called the Wolf tribe of the Delawares. They resided along the Delaware River, and in New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. During the Revolution many of the Munsees removed to Canada, where at Thames, Ontario, in 1903, there were about 100 survivors. At Green Bay, Wis., is another tribal remnant of several hundred. See Delaware Indians.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1906)/Munn, Orson Desaix

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Munn, Orson Desaix, American publisher: b. Monson, Hampden County, Mass., 11 June 1824. He was educated at the academy in Monson, was a clerk and country store-keeper there until 1846, and then bought the 'Scientific American,' which he has published since that date. He is also head of Munn & Company, patent solicitors.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1906)/Munro, Neil

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Munro, mŭn-rō, Neil, Scottish novelist: b. Inveray[sic! Inveraray], Scotland, 3 June 1864. He has published 'The Lost Pibroch: Celtic Tales and Sketches' (1896); 'John Splendid,' a Highland romance (1898); 'Gilian the Dreamer' (1899); 'Doom Castle' (1900); 'The Shoes of Fortune' (1901).
# The Girl Who Trod on the Loaf

English-language translations of Pigen, som trådte på brødet include:
* "The Girl who Trod on the Loaf" in Fairy Tales of Andersen (1888), translated by Mrs. Henry H. B. Paull
* "The Girl Who Trod on the Loaf" in The Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen (1899), translated by Mary Howitt, illustrated by Helen Stratton
* "The Girl who trod on the Loaf" in Fairy Tales and Other Stories (1914), translated by W. A. Craigie and J. K. Craigie
* "The Girl Who Trod on a Loaf" in Fairy tales from Hans Christian Andersen (1914), translated by unknown translator, illustrated by Dugald Stewart Walker
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Forests, Petrified

Edition of 1920. See also Petrified wood on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FORESTS, Petrified. Logs of trees petrified or replaced by silica and buried in sands and clays occur in various geological formations
in many parts of the world. Probably the most notable occurrence of this kind is the petrified forest in northeastern Arizona. This forest or series of forests lies 9 to 16 miles south of Adamana, a small station on the Santa Fé Railroad. They are so remarkable that in 1906 they were made a National Monument by President Roosevelt and placed in charge of a keeper under control of the Department of Agriculture. The trunks are all prostrate and mostly broken. They were of Araucarioxylon arizonicum, now extinct but related to the Norfolk Island pine, and existed in Triassic time. They grew near by and after falling drifted down a water course, lodged in some eddy, and were finally deeply buried by sand and clay. The conversion to stone was effected by gradual replacement of woody matter by silica deposited by underground water. A small amount of iron has given the beautiful brown, yellow and red tints for which this “wood” is noted. In thin slices under microscope the original cell structure of the wood is beautifully distinct. Some of the trunks are six feet in diameter and more than 100 feet in length, one forming a small natural bridge, the clay having been washed out beneath it. Some logs are in place where buried, but most of them roll down slopes as the sand and clay is washed away. Petrified wood occurs at other places in Arizona and New Mexico, and there are many trunks, some upright, in the eastern part of the Yellowstone Park. See Palæobotany.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fox-hound

Edition of 1920. See also Foxhound on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FOX-HOUND, a breed of hounds, concerning whose origin practically nothing is known, save that they were probably first bred in Great Britain. This, perhaps the handsomest and most perfect of all hounds, is essentially a field dog, presenting an eminently powerful, well-built appearance, with his clean-cut, compact body, and giving evidence of muscular strength and endurance in the hunt. The head is full, with a broad brow, a long, wide muzzle, and open nostrils. The ears are set low and lie close to the cheek. The eyes are soft and brown. The chest is broad, and the ribs are deep, so as to afford plenty of breathing space. The muscular body is set on legs as straight as a post, and very strong; and the feet are round and cat-like. The color varies from black to tan and white, and the coat is hard, smooth and glossy. The American breed is lighter and finer in lines than the English fox-hound, has longer, thinner and more pendant ears; a slightly narrower chest, and a rougher coat. He is used in fox-hunting as is the English fox-hound; but is also employed in hunting the moose, and other large game, especially in the Canadian forests. See Dog.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fox-dog

Edition of 1920. See also Fox dog on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FOX-DOG, a name given by certain naturalists to the wild dogs of South America, because of their fox-like appearance. Among these are the crab-eating dog (C. cancrivorous); the zono, or Azara's dog (C. azaræ), of which the “colpeo” of the pampas and southward is probably
a local variety; the small-eared Brazilian dog (C. microtis, of Mivart), and two other aberrant Brazilian dogs (C. urostictus, and C. parvidens) for which a separate genus (Nothocyon) has been proposed by Wortman. All these animals have a striking external resemblance in color and form to the foxes, and connect them with the typical dogs. They are not well known, however. Consult Mivart in the 'Proceedings' of the Zoological Society of London (1890) ; Beddard, 'Mammalia' (1902), and writers upon the zoology of South America. See Bush-dog.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fort Griswold, Massacre of

Edition of 1920. See also Fort Griswold on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FORT GRISWOLD, Massacre of, 6 Sept. 1781. Hearing of Washington's southern march, Sir Henry Clinton, as the only available diversion, sent an expedition against New London, Conn., where a quantity of stores was collected, with slight defense from Fort Trumbull on the New London side and Fort Griswold on the Groton side of the Thames, and which was a nest of privateers that had greatly annoyed the British. Benedict Arnold was selected to head it, as a Connecticut man; an ugly method of sealing his new allegiance. On taking possession of Fort Trumbull, it became evident that the American shipping would escape unless Fort Griswold were captured also; it was reported unfinished and occupied only by 20 or 30 men, and Arnold ordered an attack on it. Shortly seeing that it was stronger than he supposed, and garrisoned by those who had escaped from Fort Trumbull, and that the ships were escaping up the river, he countermanded the order, but too late. The British detachment of 600 regulars had assailed the fort, where 157 militia had gathered; and after 40 minutes' assault, with the loss of 192 men, the British carried it, and despite appeals for quarter,
massacred nearly the whole garrison. Colonel Ledyard, the commander, and 70 others were killed, 60 wounded, 35 mortally, and only 26 escaped unhurt. The British officers, however, did their best to stop the slaughter, and the atrocious story formerly told of the murder of the colonel is fiction. The massacre of garrison in terrorem, to teach them not to defend untenable places, was justified by the European rules of war at the time, but had not been practised in America. Even American officers, however, spoke of it at the time as a regrettable but almost inevitable incident of war. Consult ‘The Massacre of Fort Griswold’ (in ‘Magazine of American History,’ Vol. VII, 1880).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Forty

Edition of 1920. See also 40 (number) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FORTY, a number that has sometimes been regarded as peculiarly significant. The idea may have originated with readers of the Bibles, who notice that Moses was 40 days on the mount; Elijah was 40 days fed by ravens; the rain of the flood fell 40 days, another 40 days expired before Noah opened the window of the ark; 40 days was the period of embalming; Jonah gave Nineveh 40 days to repent; our Lord fasted 40 days. He was seen 40 days after his resurrection, etc.
The weather on Saint Swithin's Day portends, as it is foul or fair, 40 days' rain or dry weather; a quarantine extends to 40 days; 40 days, in the old English law, was the limit for the payment of the fine for manslaughter; the privilege of the sanctuary was for 40 days; the widow was allowed to remain in her husband's house for 40 days after his decease; a knight enjoyed 40 days' service of his tenant; a stranger at the expiration of 40 days was compelled to be enrolled in some tithing; members of Parliament were protected from arrest 40 days after the prorogation of the House, and 40 days before the House was convened.