OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Gros Ventres

Edition of 1920. See also Gros Ventre on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
GROS VENTRES, grō văntr (Fr. “big bellies”). (1) The Minnetari or Hidatsa Indians, on the Missouri River. (2) A band of the Arapaho, who separated from the main body about 1800: the name was a misunderstanding of their own term, which meant “hungry men” or “beggars.” After conflicts with the Sioux, and being plundered by the Crows, whom they had joined, they settled among the Blackfeet near Milk River about 1824; prospered, and were very hostile to the whites. About 1830 they had some 400 lodges and 3,000 souls. But about 1866 they were decimated by the measles, and thus weakened, received a terrible defeat from the Piegans; reduced to about 1,300 by smallpox in 1870, they were plundered and many killed by the Sioux. Later they were joined by the main body of Arapaho and Cheyennes. They are now settled among the Blackfeet in Montana.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Grosart, Alexander Balloch

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
GROSART, Alexander Balloch, Scottish editor: b. Stirling, Scotland, 18 June 1827; d. 1899. He studied at Edinburgh University and received ordination in the Presbyterian Church. In 1856 he was minister at Kinross, and after several years at Liverpool (1865-69) was called to the pastorate at Blackburn, Lancashire, where he remained until his resignation in
1892. His principal achievement was the editing and reprinting of many old Elizabethan and post-Elizabethan authors. These include a series of Puritan writers such as Richard Sibbes, Thomas Brooks, Herbert Palmer and Richard Gilpin. From 1868 to 1876 he published the ‘Fuller Worthies' Library,’ then began the ‘Chertsey Worthies' Library,’ which he completed in 1881. ‘The Huth Library’ followed. Among the authors whom he presented to his subscribers were Thomas Fuller, Sir John Davies, Fulke Greville, Henry Vaugnan, Andrew Marvell, George Herbert, Richard Crashaw, John Donne, Sir Philip Sidney, Cowley, Henry More, John Davies, Dr. J. Beaumont, Robert Greene, Thomas Nash, Gabriel Harvey, the prose extracts of Thomas Dekker and Edmund Spenser. English literature owes him a great debt for having unearthed and preserved for study much valuable literary material.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Groschen

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
GROSCHEN. See Groat.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Grimmelshausen, Hans Jakob Kristoffel von

Edition of 1920. See also Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
GRIMMELSHAUSEN, grim'mels-how-sen, Hans Jakob Kristoffel von, German novelist: b. Gelnhausen, about 1625; d. Renchen, 17 Aug. 1676. At an early age he appears to have been
present in the Thirty Years' War, and on his return entered the service of the bishop of Strassburg, Franz Egon von Fürstenberg. His appointment to the post of magistrate at Renchen gave him the opportunity of developing his literary proclivities. In 1668 appeared his ‘Der abenteuerliche Simplicissimus, Teutsch, das ist; Aie Beschreibung des Lebens eines seltsamen Vaganten, genannt Melchior Sternfels von Fuchsheim.’ It is a tale of adventure, remarkable for the vivid descriptions of the Thirty Years' War. Its style shows the marked influence of the Spanish picaresque novel and is highly colored by the military experiences of the author. Against the staid literature of the century in Germany, ‘Simplicissimus’ stands out in bold relief. In the same vein Grimmelshausen wrote ‘Simplicianische Schriften: Die Erzbetrügerin und Lanstörtzerin Courascheliche Vogelnest’ (about 1669); ‘Der seltsame Springinsfeld’ (1670); ‘Das wunderbarliche Vogelnest’ (1672); ‘Dietwalt und Amelinde’ (1670), a group of satirical studies of the times; and ‘Joseph,’ a novel based on the biblical narrative. The ‘Simplicissimus’ has been edited by A. von Keller (in ‘Bibliotek des litterarischen Vereins’ (4 vols., Stuttgart 1852-62); by H. Kurz (in ‘Deutschen Bibliotek,’ Vols. III-VI, Leipzig 1863-64); by von Tittman (in ‘Deutsche Dichter des 17ten Jahrhunderts,’ Vols. VII, VIII, X and XI, Leipzig 1877).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Gröben, Otto Friedrich von der

Edition of 1920. See also Otto Friedrich von der Groeben on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
GRÖBEN, grė'bĕn, Otto Friedrich von der, German author: b. Prussia, 1657; d. 1728. He traveled in Italy, the Orient and Western Africa, where he founded Fort Grossfriedrichsburg on the coast of Guinea. He served as major-general in the wars of Poland and Venice against the Turks. His publications include ‘Orientalische Reisebeschreibung . . . nach Guinea und der Verrichtung zu Morea’ (1694); and ‘Eine Geschichte des Lebens und der Liebe von Bergonnen und der tugendhafte Areta’ (Dantzig 1700).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Groat

Edition of 1920. See also Groat (coin) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
GROAT (from Dutch groot, great), any large or thick coin of the Middle Ages in Europe. It was usually made of silver and. varied greatly in value from time to time. In England it appeared in 1351 and was once worth fourpence. The German word “groschen” is of the same origin. In the second half of the 14th century the groat was coined in Scotland; and in the 15th century in Ireland.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Grosbeak

Edition of 1920. See also Grosbeak on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
GROSBEAK, grōs'bēk, any of various birds whose beaks seem disproportionately large. They are mainly finches such as the hawfinch and bullfinch in Europe, and their relatives in the Orient. Bird-dealers call “grosbeaks” a great number of African, Asiatic and American line cage-birds, some of which are weaver-birds, or tanagers, etc. The term is more exactly given to certain North American fringilline birds with big swollen bills, such as the cardinal (q.v.), the evening grosbeak (q.v.), and the pine, blue, rose-breasted and black-headed grosbeaks. The pine grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator) is a greenish yellow finch which dwells exclusively in the coniferous forests of northern Europe and America, and is only seen in the United States when forced southward by hard winters; it feeds on the seeds of the pine, spruce, etc, wrenching open the cones with its powerful beak. The blue grosbeak (Guiraca cærulea) is a large, richly blue southern and western bird, nearly related to the indigo-finch, which makes its nest in a bush, and lays pale blue eggs, wholly unmarked. The rose-breasted and black-headed grosbeaks represent the genus Zamelodia, the former (Z. ludoviciana) in the Eastern States, and the latter (Z. melanocephala) in the Rocky Mountain region. Both are birds of brushy places, making large, rude nests in bushes and laying greenish, heavily marked eggs; and in the breeding-season both are among the loudest and most brilliant of American song-birds. As in nearly all the grosbeaks the females of these species are inconspicuous in brown tints, while the males are dressed in gay colors. The male rose-breasted has the head, neck and upper parts mostly black, with the rump, wings, tail and abdomen, white; while the breast and lining of the bend of the wing are exquisite rose-red, which the bird is fond of displaying. The male blackhead has a wholly black head and upper parts, off by a collar and other marks of dull orange, which color also suffuses the whole lower parts.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Groton

Edition of 1920. See also Groton, Connecticut on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
GROTON, Conn., town in New London County, on the Thames River, the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad; opposite New London. In 1637 Captain Mason stormed the fortress held by the Pequots, and many lives were lost, both white and Indians. A more disastrous fight occurred here 6 Sept. 1781, when 800 British troops under Benedict Arnold attacked Fort Griswold (q.v.), which was garrisoned by 150 soldiers. The Americans heroically resisted, but were overwhelmed by numbers, and Arnold and his force entering the fort butchered 8S men and wounded 65. Soon after 35 of the 65 died from the effects of their wounds. This battle is known in history as the “Massacre of Fort Griswold.” The site is now a State reservation, with a fine monument in commemoration of the defenders. Groton contains ship-building yards, several manufactories and the Bill Memorial Library. The government is regulated by annual town meetings. The waterworks and electric-light plants are municipally owned. Pop. 6,495. Consult Burgess, ‘Historic Groton’ (Moosup, Conn., 1909); Caulkins, ‘The Stone Records of Groton’ (1903); ‘History of New London County’; ‘Magazine of American History,’ Vol. VII (New York 1880); ‘The Massacre of Fort Griswold.’
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Plant, Morton F.

Edition of 1920. See also Morton Freeman Plant on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
PLANT, Morton F., American financier: b. New Haven, Conn., 18 Aug. 1852. He was educated at Russell's Military School, New Haven, and began his business career, in 1868, in the service of the Southern Express Company at Memphis, Tenn. From 1884 he was connected with the Plant system of railroads, of which he was vice-president until 1902, when the system was merged in the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Company. Mr. Plant is a director of the Atlantic Coast Line and vice-president of the Chicago, Indianapolis and Louisville Railway and chairman of the board of directors of the Southern Express Company. He is a director of the National Bank of Commerce and trustee of the Connecticut Trust and Safe Deposit Company.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Piombo, Sebastiano del

Edition of 1920. See also Sebastiano del Piombo on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
PIOMBO, pē-ŏm'bō, Sebastiano del, Italian painter: b. Venice, 1485; d. Rome, 21 June 1547. His family name was Luciani. Having renounced music, to which he had early devoted himself, for painting, he studied under Giovanni Bellini and Giorgione, the latter of whom he especially imitated. Something of the fine coloring of Giorgione appears in the figure of Saint Chrysostom writing, in the altarpiece of the church of that name at Venice, which is Piombo's earliest fresco. In 1510 he went to Rome and became acquainted with Michelangelo, whose mastery of form he tried to make his own and to combine with his own Venetian skill in coloring. He also vied with Raphael, and the so-called ‘Fornarina’ in the Uffizi and the ‘Saint Dorothea’ at Berlin were both for a long time attributed to Raphael. When Raphael had painted his ‘Ascension,’ Sebastiano was induced by Michelangelo to attempt to surpass it by the ‘Raising of Lazarus,’ considered his greatest work. His ‘Martyrdom of Saint Agatha’ also ranks among the masterpieces of the Italian school. His chief merit, however, lay in single figures and portraits. His ‘Pietro Aretino’ and his ‘Clement VII’ are admirable likenesses and perfect in coloring. He was high in favor with Clement; who created him one of the keepers of the Papal seals, Frate del Piombo; hence his surname, the seals attached to the papal bulls being at that time of lead (piombo). This post made it necessary for him to assume the clerical habit, and from that time he painted hut little. He invented a peculiar method of painting in oil on walls, in which manner there is a ‘Scourging of Christ’ to be seen in Saint Pietro in Montorio.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Piotrkow

Edition of 1920. See also Piotrków Trybunalski on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
PIOTRKOW, pēy-ŏtr'kŏv, Russian Poland, (1) the capital of a government of the same name, 90 miles by rail southwest of Warsaw. Cotton and wool spinning, with the manufacture of agricultural implements, are the chief industries. The town dates from before the 12th century and is one of the oldest in Poland. In its ancient castle still standing, diets were held in the 15th and 16th centuries and the kings elected. After being captured by the
German army in 1915, the fortifications were strengthened. Pop. about 41,181. (2) The government in the west of Russian Poland, south of the government of Warsaw, has an area of 4,730 square miles. The surface is undulating and diversified by hills from 1,000 to 1,600 feet high, extending southwest to northeast. It is rich in coal deposits and iron, zinc and lignite are also mined. Agriculture and stock-raising are important industries and there are manufactures of textiles and ironware. Pop. 2,097,900.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Piozzi, Hester Lynch Salisbury

Edition of 1920. See also Hester Thrale on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
PIOZZI, pĭ-ŏz'ĭ (Ital. pē-ŏt'sē), Hester Lynch Salisbury, English author: b. Bodvel Carnarvonshire, Wales, 16 Jan. 1741; d. Clifton, Gloucestershire, 2 May 1821. In 1763 she was married to Henry Thrale, a wealthy brewer of Southwark, which borough he afterward represented in Parliament. In 1764 the Thrales made the acquaintance of Dr. Johnson, who lived much with them for more than 16 years and of whom she published ‘Anecdotes’ in 1786. Thrale dying in 1781, his widow married in 1784 Gabriel Piozzi, a Florentine music master, then resident in Bath. This alliance annoyed her friends and Johnson gave up her society. She accompanied her husband to Florence and while there contributed several poems to the Florence Miscellany, founded by the leaders of the Della Cruscan School, much ridiculed by Gifford. Among her writings are ‘British Synonym, or an Attempt at regulating the Choice of Words in Familiar Conversation’ (1794); ‘Retrospection, or a Review of the most Striking Events and Characters of the last 1,800 Years’ (1801). Consult ‘Autobiography, Letters and Literary Remains’ (1861); Seeley, ‘Mrs. Thrale’ (1891); Countess Cæsaresco, ‘Glimpses of
Italian Society in the 18th Century’ (1892); Boswell, ‘Life of Samuel Johnson’ (1791).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Pitman, Benn

Edition of 1920. See also Benjamin Pitman on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
PITMAN, Benn, American phonographer: b. Trowbridge, Wiltshire, 24 July 1822; d. Cincinnati, Ohio, 28 Dec. 1910. He was educated in the academy of his brother, Sir Isaac Pitman (q.v.), and for 10 years engaged in lecturing on and teaching phonography in England. In 1853 he came to this country and established the Phonographic Institute at Cincinnati, Ohio, of which he was long president. His latter teaching differed in several particulars from
that of his brother. He was military recorder of State trials during the Civil War, invented the electro-process of relief engraving, and in 1873-92 was lecturer on art and teacher of artistic wood-engraving in the Cincinnati Art Academy. He has published ‘Manual of Phonography’ (1854); ‘History of Shorthand’ (1858); ‘A Plea for American Decorative Art’ (1895); ‘Phonographic Dictionary’ (1899).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Plant

Edition of 1920. See also Plant on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
PLANT, in its most general sense, one of the vegetable order of organized things, possessed of life, but not of feeling; in more restricted and popular usage, any small herb, thus excluding the larger shrubs and trees. Originally the term denoted a short, cutting or sapling, as shown by its derivation from the Greek πλατύς, broad, Latin Planus, flat. In modern times the term has come to denote the buildings, machinery, fixtures, etc., necessary for the operation of an industry or business, and in a colloquial sense, also denotes a plot or swindle. In this work plants in the botanical sense are treated under Alpine Plants; Beach Plants; Plants, Breeding of; Plants, Classification of; Plants, Diseases of; Embryology of Plants; Fertilization in Plants; Plant Foods; Plant Geography; Plants, Malformations in; Plants, Migration of; Plants, Morphological Evolution of; Plants, Ornamental; Plants, Physiology of; Plants, Poisonous; Plants, Recapitulation in;
Plants, Vascular Anatomy of. See also Agricultural Chemistry.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Pilot Chart

Edition of 1920. See also Pilot Chart on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
PILOT CHART. See Chart.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Pilot and His Wife, The

Edition of 1920. See also The Pilot and His Wife on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
PILOT AND HIS WIFE, The (‘Lodsen og hans Hustru’), a novel by Jonas Lie, appeared in 1874. Lie is above all the story-teller of maritime life, and he has written many excellent novels dealing especially with sailors and fishermen and with scenes on the Norwegian coast. ‘The Pilot and His Wife’ portrays the life of the sailor both at home and abroad and gives us many a vivid picture of varied experiences out on the stormy deep as well as in distant ports. The work is noted for its vigor of description. With a background of ocean waves it is a story of married life full of serious meaning. Salve Kristiansen loved a beautiful woman named Elisabeth and was evidently loved in return. But for a time Elisabeth was attracted to a young officer who wished to marry her. The old love for Salve prevailed, however, and Elisabeth spurned the officer, but Salve had already left his native land in desperation and was sailing toward foreign shores. When he finally, after some years, returned to his old home, he found that Elisabeth, after all, had been true to him. He married her, and it would seem that all was well, but such was not the case. The thought of Elisabeth's momentary hesitation did not leave Salve, and this unfortunate circumstance made life miserable for both. Ten years elapsed before husband and wife finally came to a clear understanding and a genuine appreciation of one another, and now at last they were enabled to lay the foundation for a happy life together. What the novel emphasizes is the need of implicit confidence and trust, if two persons united in wedlock are to live hapfuly together. The author showed that there can be no joy in married life, if misgivings and doubts are allowed to flourish. If there is to be love, there must be no hypocrisy. Consult Henrik Jaeger, ‘Illustreret norsk Literaturhistorie’ (II: 768-825); Arne Garborg, ‘Jonas Lie, en Udviklingshistorie.’
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Pioneers

Edition of 1920. See also Pioneer (military) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
PIONEERS, in old-time warfare, a detachment of soldiers equipped with pickax, spade, etc., in the proportion of 10 to every battalion of infantry, whose duty it was to clear and repair roads, bridges, etc., as far as possible, for troops on the march. They were placed at the head of the battalion of which they form a part and commanded by a pioneer sergeant. They have long been replaced by the engineer corps. However, the engineers are sometimes termed the “pioneer battalion.”
# The Empire and the century

THE EMPIRE AND
THE CENTURY
A SERIES OF ESSAYS ON IMPERIAL PROBLEMS AND
POSSIBILITIES BY VARIOUS WRITERS
WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY CHARLES SYDNEY
GOLDMAN, AUTHOR OF 'WITH GENERAL FRENCH
AND THE CAVALRY IN SOUTH AFRICA,' AND A
POEM BY RUDYARD KIPLING, ENTITLED 'THE
HERITAGE'
WITH SEVEN MAPS
LONDON JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET 1905
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1967, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 56 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Emphasised Bible

THE
EMPHASISED BIBLE.
A New Translation
DESIGNED
TO SET FORTH THE EXACT MEANING, THE PROPER TERMINOLOGY AND THE GRAPHIC STYLE OF THE SACRED ORIGINALS;
ARRANGED
TO SHOW AT A GLANCE NARRATIVE, SPEECH, PARALLELISM, AND LOGICAL ANALYSIS, ALSO TO ENABLE THE STUDENT READILY TO DISTINGUISH THE SEVERAL DIVINE NAMES;
AND EMPHASISED THROUGHOUT
AFTER THE IDIOMS OF THE HEBREW AND GREEK TONGUES.
WITH
EXPOSITORY INTRODUCTION, SELECT REFERENCES, & APPENDICES OF NOTES.
THIS VERSION HAS BEEN ADJUSTED, IN THE OLD TESTAMENT, TO THE NEWLY REVISED "MASSORETICO-CRITICAL" TEXT (OR ASSURED EMENDATIONS) OF DR. GINSBURG; AND, IN THE NEW TESTAMENT, TO THE CRITICAL TEXT ("FORMED EXCLUSIVELY ON DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE") OF DRS. WESTCOTT AND HORT.
BY
JOSEPH BRYANT ROTHERHAM,
TRANSLATOR OF "THE NEW TESTAMENT CRITICALLY EMPHASISED."
CINCINNATI
THE STANDARD PUBLISHING COMPANY
Copyright, 1897, by Joseph Bryant Rotherham
Reprinted in the United States by The Standard Publishing Company, 1916
CONTENTS.
PAGE
EXPOSITORY INTRODUCTION:—
PAGt II. CHRONICLES 437 EZRA 469 NEHEMIAH 479 ESTHER 493 JOB 500 PSALMS 529 Special Note on the Psalms . . 606 PROVERBS 609 ECCLESIASTES 035 SONG OF SONGS 643 ISAIAH 648 JEREMLAH 712 LAMENTATIONS 779 EZEKIEL 785 DANIEL 844 HOSEA 860 JOEL 869 AMOS 873 OBADIAH 880 JONAH 882 MICAH 884 NAHUM 890 HABAKKl'K 892 ZEPHANLH 896 HAGGAI 899 ZECHARTAH 901 MALACHl 912 Special Nutk on the Apocrypha . 916 Appendix ...... 917
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Nore

Edition of 1920. See also River Nore on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
NORE, nōr, a river in Ireland which has its rise in the mountains in the northeastern part of Tipperary, flows northeast into Queen's County, then southeast through Kilkenny, and after a course of about 70 miles, joins the Barrow River about two miles above New Ross. Kilkenny is the largest city on its banks.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Norfolk, Charles Howard, 11th Duke of

Edition of 1920. See also Charles Howard, 11th Duke of Norfolk on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
NORFOLK, nôr'fȯk, Charles Howard, 11th Duke of, English politician: b. 5 March 1746; d. London, 1815. Breaking with the traditions of his family, notably his father, a Roman Catholic and author of pamphlets on penal laws
against the Catholics, the son became a Protestant and a Whig; opposed the war with America; sat in Parliament 1780-84; became a lord of the treasury in the Portland Cabinet in 1783, and was dismissed in 1798 from the lord-lieutenancy of the West Riding for toasting the “sovereign English people” in terms displeasing to the Crown. He was noted for his convivial habits and his dislike of soap and water. At his death the title passed to Bernard Edward Howard, the first Roman Catholic peer to sit in the House after the Act of Emancipation in 1829.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Oberhausen

Edition of 1920. See also Oberhausen on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
OBERHAUSEN, ō'bĕr-how-zĕn, Germany, a town of Rhenish Prussia, in the Rhine valley, a few miles northeast of Duisburg, an important railway centre and seat of industry, having blast-furnaces, rolling-mills, forges, railway shops, extensive chemical works, porcelain, tinware, soap, wire-rope, glass factories and productive coal mines, etc. Pop. over 100,000.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Nägeli, Karl Wilhelm

Edition of 1920. See also Karl Wilhelm von Nägeli on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
NÄGELI, nā'gĕ-lē, Karl Wilhelm, Swiss botanist: b. Kilchberg, near Zürich, 27 March l8l7; d. Munich, 10 May 1891. He studied in Zürich, Geneva and Berlin; began (1842) the teaching of botany in Zürich; became extraordinary professor at the university there in 1848, full professor in 1852 at Freiburg, and at Zürich three years later. Afterward he held the professorship of botany at Munich. His most important work for science was in the physiology and morphology of plants. His writing deal chiefly with morphological and cytological subjects, and the transformation of species is fully treated in his ‘Merchanisch-physiologische Theorie der Abstammungslehre’ (1883). Most of his publications appeared first in scientific journals, those contributed to the Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences being published as three volumes of ‘Botanische Mitteilungen’ (1861-81).