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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Phillips, William

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​PHILLIPS, WILLIAM (1775–1828), British mineralogist and geologist, son of James Phillips, printer and bookseller in London, was born on the 10th of May 1775. He early became interested in mineralogy and geology, and was one of the founders of the Geological Society of London (1807). His Outlines of Mineralogy and Geology (1815) and Elementary Introduction to the Knowledge of Mineralogy (1816) became standard textbooks. His digest of English geology, A selection of Facts from the Best Authorities, arranged so as to form an Outline of the Geology of England and Wales (1818), formed the foundation of the larger work undertaken by Phillips in conjunction with W. D. Conybeare, of which only the first part was published, entitled Outlines of the Geology of England and Wales (1822). This volume made an era in geology As a model of careful original observation, of judicious compilation, of succinct description and of luminous arrangement it has been of the utmost service in the development of geology in Britain. In this work Phillips reprinted his admirable description of the chalk cliffs of Dover and other parts of East Kent, published in 1819 in Trans. Geol. Soc vol v. Phillips was a member of the Society of Friends. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1827. He died on the 2nd of April 1828.
His brother, Richard Phillips (1778–1851), was distinguished as a chemist, and became F.R S. in 1822. He was appointed chemist and curator to the Museum of Economic (afterwards Practical) Geology, then situated in Craig's Court (1839). He was the author of papers published in the Annals of Philosophy and Philosophical Magazine In 1796 the two brothers, together with William Allen and Luke Howard, took part in forming the Askesian Society.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Phillips, Adelaide

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​PHILLIPS, ADELAIDE (1833–1882), American contralto singer, was born at Stratford-on-Avon, England, her family emigrating to America in 1840. Her mother taught dancing, ​and Adelaide began a career on the Boston stage at ten years old. But in 1850 her talent for singing became evident, and through Jenny Lind and others she was sent to London and to Italy to study. In 1855 she returned to America an accomplished vocalist; and for many years she was the leading American contralto, equally successful in oratorio and on the concert platform. She died at Carlsbad on the 3rd of October 1882.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Phillipsburg

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​PHILLIPSBURG, a town of Warren county, New Jersey, U.S.A, on the Delaware river, opposite Easton, Pennsylvania, and about 51 m. N.N.W. of Trenton, N.J. Pop. (1900) 10,052, of whom 990 were foreign-born; (1910 US census) 13,903. Served by the Central of New Jersey and other railways, the town is situated in the river bottom and on a bluff which commands beautiful views. The river is spanned here by several bridges. The town has railway shops and various manufactures. In 1905 the value of the factory products was $6,684,173 (45·8% more than in 1900). Phillipsburg was settled about 1750. It was only a straggling village when the Morris Banking and Canal Company was chartered in 1824, but its growth was accelerated by the canal (no longer used), by the establishment in 1848 of an iron furnace, and by the completion of the Central Railroad of New Jersey to this point in 1852; the town was incorporated in 1861.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Phillipsite

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​PHILLIPSITE, a mineral of the zeolite group; a hydrated potassium, calcium and aluminium silicate, approximating to (K$_2$, Ca)Al$_2$(SiO$_3$)$_4$·4H$_2$O. It varies somewhat in composition, and a variety (“pseudophillipsite”) containing rather less silica has the formula (K$_2$, Ca)$_2$Al$_4$Si$_5$O$_{18}$·9H$_2$O. Crystals are monoclinic, but only complex cruciform twins are known, these being exactly like twins of harmotome (q.v.). Crystals of phillipsite are, however, usually smaller and more transparent and glassy than those of harmotome. Spherical groups with a radially fibrous structure and bristled with crystals on the surface are not uncommon. The hardness is 41/2, and the specific gravity 2·2. The species was established by A. Lévy in 1825 and named after William Phillips. French authors use the name christianite (after Christian VIII. of Denmark), given by A. Des Cloizeaux in 1847.
Phillipsite is a mineral of secondary origin, and occurs with other zeolites in the amygdaloidal cavities of basic volcanic rocks: e.g. in the basalt of the Giant's Causeway in County Antrim, and near Melbourne in Victoria, and in lencitite near Rome. Small crystals of recent formation have been observed in the masonry of the hot baths at Plombières and Bourbonne-les-Bains, in France. Minute spherical aggregates embedded in red clay were dredged by the “Challenger” from the bottom of the Central Pacific, where they had been formed by the decomposition of lava. (L. J. S.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Phillips, Samuel

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​PHILLIPS, SAMUEL (1814–1854), English journalist, the son of a Jewish tradesman in London, was born on the 28th of December 1814. He was educated at University College, London, and then at Göttingen. Having renounced the Jewish faith, he returned to England and entered Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, with the design of taking orders. His father’s death, however, prevented this, and in 1841 he took to literary work. He wrote a novel, Caleb Stukely (1862), and other tales, and about 1845 began a connexion with The Times as literary critic. In the following year he purchased the John Bull newspaper, and edited it for a year. Two volumes of his Essays from The Times appeared in 1852 and 1854. Phillips took an active part in the formation of the Crystal Palace Company, and wrote their descriptive guides. In 1852 the university of Göttingen ​conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL D. He died at Brighton on the 14th of October 1854.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Phillips, Thomas

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​PHILLIPS, THOMAS (1770-1845), English portrait and subject painter, was born at Dudley in Warwickshire on the 18th of October 1770. Having acquired the art of glass-painting at Birmingham he visited London in 1790 with an introduction to Benjamin West, who found him employment on the windows in St George's Chapel at Windsor. In 1792 Phillips painted a view of Windsor Castle, and in the next two years he exhibited the “Death of Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, at the Battle of Castillon,” “Ruth and Naomi,” “Elijah restoring the Widow's Son,” “Cupid disarmed by Euphrosyne,” and other pictures. After 1796, however, he mainly confined himself to portrait-painting. It was not long before he became the chosen painter of men of genius and talent, notwithstanding the rivalry of Hoppner, Owen, Jackson and Lawrence; and he left behind portraits of nearly all the illustrious characters of his day. In 1804 he was elected associate and in 1808 member of the Royal Academy. In 1824 Phillips succeeded Fuseli as professor of painting to the Royal Academy, an office which he held till 1832. During this period he delivered ten Lectures on the History and Principles of Painting, which were published in 1833. He died on the 20th of April 1845.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pittacus

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​PITTACUS, of Mytilene in Lesbos (c. 650–570 B.C.), one of the Seven Sages of Greece. About 611, with the assistance of the brothers of the poet Alcaeus, he overthrew Melanchrus, tyrant of Lesbos. In a war (606) between the Mytilenaeans and Athenians for the possession of Sigeum on the Hellespont he slew the Athenian commander Phrynon in single combat. In 589 his fellow citizens entrusted Pittacus with despotic power (with the title of Aesymnetes) for the purpose of protecting them against the exiled nobles, at the head of whom were Alcaeus and his brother Antimenides. He resigned the government after holding it for ten years, and died ten years later. According to Diogenes Laërtius, who credits him with an undoubtedly spurious letter to Croesus (with whom his connexion was probably legendary), Pittacus was a writer of elegiac poems, from which he quotes five lines. His favourite sayings were: “It is hard to be good,” and “Know when to act.”
See Herodotus v. 27, 94; Diog. Laërt i. 4; Lucian, Macrobii, 18; Strabo xiii. 600, 617–618; Aristotle, Politics, ii. 12, iii. 14; T. Bergk, Poetae lyrici graeci.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pitt, Thomas

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​PITT, THOMAS (1653–1726), British East India merchant and politician, usually called “Diamond Pitt,” was born at Blandford, Dorset, on the 5th of July 1653. In early life he went to India, and from his headquarters at Balasore he made trading journeys into Persia and soon became prominent among those who were carrying on business in opposition to the East India Company. Twice he was arrested by order of the company, the second time being when he reached London in 1683, but after litigation had detained him for some years in England he returned to India and to his former career. Unable to check him the East India Company took him into its service in 1695, and in 1697 he became president of Fort St George, or Madras. Pitt was now very zealous in defending the interests of his employers against the new East India Company, and in protecting their settlements from the attacks of the natives; in directing the commercial undertakings of the company he also appears to have been very successful. Soon, however, he had a serious quarrel with William Fraser, a member of his council, and consequently he was relieved of his office in 1709, although he was afterwards consulted by the company on matters of importance. During his residence in India Pitt bought for about £20,000 the fine diamond which was named after him; in 1717 he sold this to the regent of France, Philip duke of Orleans, for £80,000 or, according to another account, for £135,000. It is now the property of the French government. During his former stay in England Pitt had bought a good deal of property, including the manor of Old Sarum, and for a short time he had represented this borough in parliament. After his final return from India in 1710 he added to his properties and again became member of parliament for Old Sarum. He died at Swallowfield near Reading on the 28th of April 1726. His eldest son, Robert, was the father of William Pitt, earl of Chatham (q.v.), and of Thomas Pitt (d.1761), whose son became the first Lord Camelford; his second son, Thomas Pitt (c. 1688–1729), having married Frances (d. 1772), daughter of Robert Ridgeway, 4th earl of Londonderry (d. 1714), was himself created earl of Londonderry in 1726.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pittsburg (Kansas)

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​PITTSBURG, a city of Crawford county, Kansas, U.S.A., about 130 m. S. of Kansas City. Pop. (1880), 624; (1890), 6697; (1900) 10,112, of whom 860 were foreign-born; (1910 census), 14,755. It is situated at the intersection of four great railway systems—the Atchison Topeka & Santa Fe, the St Louis & San Francisco, the Kansas City Southern (which maintains shops here), and the Missouri Pacific, and is served by inter-urban electric railways. The city is the seat of the State Manual Training Normal School (1903) and of the Pittsburg Business College. Pittsburg is situated near the lead and zinc region of south-east Kansas and south-west Missouri, is in the midst of a large and rich bituminous coalfield, and lies near natural gas and oil fields. Among the manufactures are zinc spelter—there are large smelters here—clay products (chiefly vitrified brick, sewer pipe and tile; the clay being obtained from a great underlying bed of shale), blasting powder, packing-house products and planing-mill products. The total value of the city's factory products in 1905 was $1,824,929. Pittsburg was settled about 1879, was chartered as a city in 1880, and became a city of the first class in 1908.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pitt-Rivers, Augustus Henry Lane-Fox

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​PITT-RIVERS, AUGUSTUS HENRY LANE-FOX (1827–1900), English soldier and archaeologist, son of W. A. Lane-Fox, was born on the 14th of April 1827. It was not till 1880 that he assumed the name of Pitt-Rivers, on inheriting the Dorsetshire and Wiltshire estates of his great-uncle, the second Lord Rivers. Educated at Sandhurst, he received a commission in the Grenadier Guards in 1845, being captain 1850, lieutenant-colonel 1857, colonel 1867, major-general 1877 and lieutenant-general 1882. He served in the Crimean War, and was at the Alma and the siege of Sebastopol. His talent for experimental research was utilized in investigation into improvements of the army rifle, and he was largely responsible for starting the Hythe School of Musketry. It is not, however, for his military career, but for his work as an anthropologist and archaeologist, that General Pitt-Rivers will be remembered. His interest in the evolution of the rifle early extended itself to other weapons and instruments in the history of man, and he became a collector of articles illustrating the development of human invention. His collection became famous, and, after being exhibited in 1874–1875 at the Bethnal Green Museum, was presented in 1885 to the university of Oxford. When, in 1880, General Pitt-Rivers obtained possession of his great-uncle’s estates—practically untouched by the excavator since they had been the battleground of the West Saxons, the Romans and the Britons—he devoted himself to exploring them. His excavations round Rushmore resulted in valuable “finds”; he founded a local museum and published several illustrated volumes. As a scientific archaeologist he attained high rank. Oxford gave him the D.C.L. in 1886; he was president of the Anthropological Institute, and F.R.S. He married, in 1855, Alice Margaret, daughter of the second Lord Stanley of Alderley, and had a numerous family; his second daughter became in 1884 the wife of Sir John Lubbock (Lord Avebury). General Pitt-Rivers died at Rushmore on the 4th of May 1900.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pitta

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​PITTA, in ornithology, from the Telugu pitta, meaning a small bird, latinized by Vieillot in 1816 (Analyse, p. 42) as the name of a genus, and since adopted by English ornithologists as the general name for a group of birds, called by the French Brêves, and remarkable for their great beauty. For a long while the pittas were commonly supposed to be allied to the Turdidae, and some English writers applied to them the name of “water-thrushes” and “ant-thrushes,” though there was no evidence of their having aquatic habits or predilections, or of their preying especially upon ants, but the fact that they formed a separate ​family was gradually admitted. Their position was partly determined by A. H. Garrod, who, having obtained examples for dissection, in a communication to the Zoological Society of London, printed in its Proceedings for 1876, proved (pp. 512, 515) that the Pittidae belonged to that section of Passerine birds which he named Mesomyodi, since their syrinx, like that of the Tyrannidae (see King-Bird), has its muscles attached to the middle of its half-rings, instead of to their extremities as in the higher Passerines or Acromyodi. They are now placed as a separate family Pittidae of the Clamatores division of the Anisomyodine Passeres. There are about fifty species, divided into a number of genera, confined to the Old World, and ranging from India and North China to Australia, New Guinea and New Britain, with one species in West Africa, the greatest number being found in Borneo and Sumatra. Few birds can vie with the pittas in brightly-contrasted coloration. Deep velvety black, pure white and intensely vivid scarlet, turquoise-blue and beryl-green—mostly occupying a considerable extent of surface—are found in a great many of the species—to say nothing of other composite or intermediate hues; and, though in some a modification of these tints is observable, there is scarcely a trace of any blending of shade, each patch of colour standing out distinctly. This is perhaps the more remarkable as the feathers have hardly any lustre to heighten the effect produced, and in some species the brightest colours are exhibited by the plumage of the lower parts of the body. Pittas vary in size from that of a jay to that of a lark, and generally have a strong bill, a thick-set form, which is mounted on rather high legs with scutellated “tarsi,” and a very short tail. In many of the forms there is little or no external difference between the sexes.
Placed originally among the Pittidae, but now created to form an allied family Philepittidae, is the genus Philepitta, consisting of two species peculiar to Madagascar. The two species which compose it have little outward resemblance to the pittas, not having the same style of coloration and bein apparently of more arboreal habits. The sexes differ greatly in plumage, and the males have the skin round the eyes bare of feathers and carunculated. (A. N.)
Pitta elegans, male and female.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pittance

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​PITTANCE (through O. Fr. pitance, from Lat. pietas, loving-kindness), properly a gift to the members of a religious house for masses, consisting usually of an extra allowance of food or wine on occasions such as the anniversary of the donor’s death, festivals and the like. The word was early transferred to a charitable donation and to any small gift of food or money.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Kayak

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​KAYAK, or Cayak, an Eskimo word for a fishing boat, in common use from Greenland to Alaska. It has been erroneously derived from the Arabic caique, supposed to have been applied to the native boats by early explorers. The boat is made by covering a light wooden framework with sealskin. A hole is pierced in the centre of the top of the boat, and the kayaker (also dressed in sealskin) laces himself up securely when seated to prevent the entrance of water. The kayak is propelled like a canoe by a double-bladed paddle. The name kayak is properly only applied to the boat used by an Eskimo man—that used by a woman is called an umiak.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Kazvin

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​KAZVIN, a province and town of Persia. The province is situated N.W. of Teheran and S. of Gilan. On the W. it is bounded by Khamseh. It pays a yearly revenue of about £22,000, and contains many rich villages which produce much grain and fruit, great quantities of the latter being dried and exported.
Kazvin, the capital of the province, is situated at an elevation of 4165 ft., in 36° 15′ N. and 50° E., and 92 m. by road from Teheran. The city is said to have been founded in the 4th century by the Sassanian king Shapur II (309–379). It has been repeatedly damaged by earthquakes. Many of its streets and most of the magnificent buildings seen there by Chardin in 1674 and other travellers during the 17th century are in ruins. The most remarkable remains are the palace of the Safawid shahs and the mosque with its large blue dome. In the 16th century Shah Tahmasp I. (1524–1576) made Kazvin his capital, and it remained so till Shah Abbas I. (1587–1629) transferred the seat of government to Isfahán. The town still bears the title Dar es Salteneh, “the seat of government.” Kazvin has many baths and cisterns fed by underground canals. The system of irrigation formerly carried on by these canals rendered the plain of Kazvin one of the most fertile regions in Persia; now most of the canals are choked up. The city has a population of about 50,000 and a thriving transit trade, particularly since 1899 when the carriage road between Resht and Teheran with Kazvin as a half-way stage was opened under the auspices of the Russian “Enzeli-Teheran Road Company.” Great quantities of rice, fish and silk are brought to it from Gilan for distribution in Persia and export to Turkey.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Kaye, Sir John William

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​KAYE, SIR JOHN WILLIAM (1814–1876), English military historian, was the son of Charles Kaye, a solicitor, and was educated at Eton and the Royal Military College, Addiscombe. From 1832 to 1841 he was an officer in the Bengal Artillery, afterwards spending some years in literary pursuits both in India and in England. In 1856 he entered the civil service of the East India Company, and when the government of India was transferred to the British crown succeeded John Stuart Mill as secretary of the political and secret department of the India office. In 1871 he was made a K.C.S.I. He died in London on the 24th of July 1876. Kaye’s numerous writings include History of the Sepoy War in India (London, 1864–1876), which was revised and continued by Colonel G. B. Malleson and published in six volumes in 1888–1889; History of the War in Afghanistan (London, 1851), republished in 1858 and 1874; Administration of the East India Company (London, 1853); The Life and Correspondence of Charles, Lord Metcalfe (London, 1854); The Life and Correspondence of Henry St George Tucker (London, 1854); Life and Correspondence of Sir John Malcolm (London, 1856); Christianity in India (London, 1859); Lives of Indian Officers (London, 1867); and two novels, Peregrine Pultney and Long engagements. He also edited several works dealing with Indian affairs; wrote Essays of an Optimist (London, 1870); and was a frequent contributor to periodicals.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Kazala

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​KAZALA, or Kazalinsk, a fort and town in the Russian province of Syr-darya in West Turkestan, at the point where the Kazala River falls into the Syr-darya, about 50 m. from its mouth in Lake Aral, in 45° 45′ N. and 62° 7′ E., “at the junction,” to quote Schuyler, “of all the trade routes in Central Asia, as the road from Orenburg meets here with the Khiva, Bokhara and Tashkent roads.” Besides carrying on an active trade with the Kirghiz of the surrounding country, it is of growing importance in the general current of commerce. Pop. (1897), 7600. The floods in the river make it an island in spring; in summer it is parched by the sun and hot winds, and hardly a tree can be got to grow. The streets are wide, but the houses, as well as the fairly strong fort, are built of mud bricks.