# An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions/Glossary of Special Terms

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

## A

| Acaulescent. | With stem subterranean, or nearly so. |
| Accumbent. | Cotyledons with margins folded against the hypocotyl. |
| Achene. | A dry one-seeded indehiscent fruit with the pericarp tightly fitting around the seed. |
| Acicular. | Needle-shaped. |
| Acuinate. | Gradually tapering to the apex. |
| Acute. | Sharp pointed |
| Adnate. | An organ adhering to a contiguous differing one; an anther attached longitudinally to the end of the filament. |
| Adventive. | Not indigenous, but apparently becoming naturalized. |
| Albumen. | See Endosperm. |
| Alliaceous. | Onion-like, in aspect or odor. |
| Alternate. | Not opposite; with a single leaf at each node. |
| Alveolate. | Like honeycomb; closely pitted. |
| Ament. | A spike of imperfect flowers subtended by scarious bracts, as in the willows. |
| Amphibious. | At times inhabiting the water. |
| Amphitropous. | Term applied to the partly inverted ovule. |
| Amplexicaul. | Clasping the stem, or other axis. |
| Anastomosing. | Connecting so as to form a well-defined network. |
| Anatropous. | Applied to an inverted ovule with the micropyle very near the hilum. |
| Androgynous. | Flower clusters having staminate and pistillate flowers; in Carex, a spike with upper flowers staminate and lower pistillate. |
| Angiospermous. | Pertaining to the Angiospermae; bearing seeds within a pericarp. |
| Anther. | The part of the stamen which contains the pollen. |
| Antherid. | The male organ of reproduction in Pteridophyta and Bryophyta. |
| Anthesis. | Period of flowering. |
| Apetalous. | Without a corolla. |
| Aphyllopodic. | In Carex, with lower leaves bladeless or with rudimentary leaves only. |
| Apical. | At the top, or referring to the top. |
| Apiculate. | With a minute pointed tip. |
| Appressed. | Lying against another organ. |
| Arborescent. | Tree-like, in size or shape. |
| Archegone. | The female reproductive organ in Pteridophyta and Bryophyta. |
| Areolate. | Reticulated. |
| Areolation. | The system of meshes in a network of veins. |
| Areole. | A mesh in a network of veins. |
| Aril. | A fleshy organ growing about the hilum. |
| Arillate. | Provided with an aril. |
| Aristate. | Tipped by an awn or bristle. |
| Aristulate. | Diminutive of aristate. |
| Ascending. | Growing obliquely upward, or upcurved. |
| Asexual. | Without sex. |
| Assurgent. | See Ascending. |
| Auricled.  (Auriculate) | with basal ear-like lobes. |
| Awn. | A slender bristle-like organ. |
| Axil. | The point on a stem immediately above the base of a leaf. |
| Axile. | In the axis of an organ. |
| Axillary. | Borne at, or pertaining to an axil. |

## B

| Baccate. | Berry-like. |
| Barbellate. | Furnished with minute barbs. |
| Basifixed. | Attached by the base. |
| Berry. | A fruit with pericarp wholly pulpy. |
| Bilabiate. | With two lips. |
| Bipinnate. | Twice pinnate. |
| Bipinnatifid. | Twice pinnatifid. |
| Blade. | The flat expanded part of a leaf. |
| Bract. | A leaf, usually small, subtending a flower or flower-cluster, or a sporange. |
| Bracteate. | With bracts. |
| Bracteolate. | Having hractlets. |
| Bractlet. | A secondary bract, borne on a pedicel, or immediately beneath a flower; sometimes applied to minute bracts. |
| Bulb. | A bud with fleshy scales, usually subterranean. |
| Bulblet. | A small bulb, especially those borne on leaves, or in their axils. |
| Bulbous. | Similar to a bulb; bearing bulbs. |

## C

| Caducous. | Falling away very soon after development. |
| Caespitose. | Growing in tufts. |
| Callosity. | A small, hard protuberance. |
| Callus. | An extension of the inner scale of a grass spikelet; a protuberance. |
| Calyx. | The outer of two series of floral leaves. |
| Campanulate. | Bell-shaped. |
| Campylotropous. | Term applied to the curved ovule. |
| Cancellate. | Reticulated, with the meshes sunken. |
| Canescent. | With gray or hoary fine pubescence. |
| Canaliculate. | Channelled; longitudinal1y grooved. |
| Capitate. | Arranged in a head; knob-like. |
| Capsular. | Pertaining to or like a capsule. |
| Capsule. | A dry fruit of two carpels or more, usually dehiscent by valves or teeth. |
| Carinate. | Keeled; with a longitudinal ridge. |
| Carpel. | The modified leaf forming the ovary, or a part of a compound ovary. |
| Caruncle. | An appendage to a seed at the hilum. |
| Carunculate. | With a caruncle. |
| Caryopsis. | The grain; fruit of grasses, with a thin pericarp adherent to the seed. |
| Caudate. | With a slender tail-like appendage. |
| Caudex. | The persistent base of perennial herbs, usually only the part above ground. |
| Caudicle. | Stalk of a pollen-mass in the Orchid and Milkweed Families. |
| Cauline. | Pertaining to the stem. |
| Cell. | A cavity of an anther or ovary. |
| Chaff. | Thin dry scales. |
| Chalaza. | The base of the ovule. |
| Chartaceous. | Papery in texture. |
| Chlorophyll. | Green coloring matter of plants. |
| Chlorophyllous. | Containing chlorophyll. |
| Ciliate. | Provided with marginal hairs. |
| Ciliolate. | Minutely ciliate. |
| Cilium. | A hair. |
| Cinereous. | Ashy; ash-colored. |
| Circinnate. | Coiled downward from the apex. |
| Circumscissile. | Transversely dehiscent, the top falling away as a lid. |
| Clavate. | Club-shaped. |
| Cleistogamous. | Flowers which do not open but are pollinated from their own anthers. |
| Cleft. | Cut about halfway to the midvein. |
| Clinandrium. | Cavity between the anther-sacs in orchids. |
| Cochleate. | Like a snail shell. |
| Coma. | Tuft of hairs at the ends of some seeds. |
| Commissure. | The contiguous surfaces of two carpels. |
| Conduplicate. | Folded lengthwise. |
| Confluent. | Blended together. |
| Connate. | Similar organs more or less united. |
| Connective. | The end of the filament, between the anther-sacs. |
| Connivent. | Converging. |
| Convolute. | Rolled around or rolled up longitudinally. |
| Coralloid. | Resembling coral. |
| Cordate. | Heart-shaped. |
| Coriaceous. | Leathery in texture. |
| Corm. | A swollen fleshy base of a stem. |
| Corolla. | The inner of two series of floral leaves. |
| Corona; Crown. | An appendage of the corolla; a crown-like margin at the top of an organ. |
| Coroniform. | Crown-like. |
| Corymb. | A convex or flat-topped flower-cluster of the racemose type with pedicels or rays arising from different points on the axis. |
| Corymbose. | Borne in corymbs; corymb-like. |
| Costate. | Ribbed. |
| Cotyledon. | A rudimentary leaf of the embryo. |
| Crenate. | Scalloped; with rounded teeth. |
| Crenulate. | Diminutive of crenate. |
| Crustaceous. | Hard and brittle. |
| Cucullate. | Hooded, or resembling a hood. |
| Culm. | The stem of grasses and sedges. |
| Cuneate. | Wedge-shaped. |
| Cusp. | A sharp stiff point. |
| Cuspidate. | Sharp-pointed; ending in a cusp. |
| Cyme. | A convex or flat flower-cluster of the determinate type, the central flowers first unfolding. |
| Cymose. | Arranged in cymes; cyme-like. |

## D

| Deciduous. | Falling away at the close of the growing period. |
| Decompound. | More than once-divided. |
| Decumbent. | Stems or branches in an inclined position, but the end ascending. |
| Decurrent. | Applied to the prolongation of an organ, or part of an organ running along the sides of another. |
| Deflexed. | Turned abruptly downward. |
| Dehiscence. | The opening of an ovary, anther-sac or sporange to emit the contents. |
| Dehiscent. | Opening to emit the contents. |
| Deltoid. | Broadly triangular, like the Greek letter delta, Δ. |
| Dentate. | Toothed, especially with outwardly projecting-teeth. |
| Denticulate. | Diminutive of dentate. |
| Depauperate. | Impoverished, small. |
| Depressed. | Vertically f1attened. |
| Dextrorse. | Spirally ascendmg to the rIght. |
| Diadelphous. | Stamens united into two sets. |
| Diandrous. | Having two stamens. |
| Dichotomous. | Forking regularly into two nearly equal branches or segments. |
| Dicotyledonous. | With two cotyledons. |
| Didymous. | Twin-like; of two nearly equal segments. |
| Diffuse. | Loosely spreading. |
| Digitate. | Diverging, like the fingers spread. |
| Dimorphous. | Of two forms. |
| Dioecious. | Bearing staminate flowers or antherids on one plant, and pistillate flowers or archegones on another of the same species. |
| Discoid. | Heads of Compositae composed only of tubular flowers, rayless; like a disk. |
| Disk. | An enlargement or prolongation of the receptacle of a flower around the base of the pistil; the head of tubular flowers in Compositae. |
| Dissected. | Divided into many segments or lobes. |
| Dissepiment. | A partition-wall of an ovary or fruit. |
| Distichous. | Arranged in two rows. |
| Distinct. | Separate from each other; evident. |
| Divaricate. | Diverging at a wide angle. |
| Divided. | Cleft to the base or to the mid-nerve. |
| Dorsal. | On the back, or pertaining to the back. |
| Drupaceous. | Drupe-like. |
| Drupe. | A simple fruit, usually indehiscent with fleshy exocarp and bony endocarp. |
| Drupelet. | Diminutive of drupe. |

## E

| Echinate. | Prickly. |
| Ellipsoid. | A solid body, elliptic in section. |
| Elliptic. | With the outline of an ellipse; oval. |
| Emarginate. | Notched at the apex. |
| Embryo. | A rudimentary plant in the seed. |
| Embryo-sac. | The macrospore of the flowering plants, contained in the ovule. |
| Endocarp. | The inner layer of the pericarp. |
| Endogenous. | Forming new tissue within. |
| Endosperm. | The substance surrounding the embryo of a seed; albumen. |
| Ensiform. | Shaped like a broad sword. |
| Entire. | Without divisions, lobes, or teeth. |
| Ephemeral. | Continuing for only a day or less. |
| Epigynous. | Adnate to or borne on the upper part of the ovary. |
| Epiphytic. | Growing on other plants, but not parasitic. |
| Equitant. | Folded around each other; straddling. |
| Erase. | Irregularly margined, as if gnawed. |
| Evanescent. | Early disappearing. |
| Evergreen. | Bearing green leaves throughout the year. |
| Ex-current. | With a tip projecting beyond the main part of the organ. |
| Exfoliating. | Peeling off in layers. |
| Exocarp. | The outer layer of the pericarp. |
| Exogenous. | Forming new tissue outside the older. |
| Exserted. | Prolonged past surrounding organs. |
| Exstipulate. | Without stipules. |
| Extrorse. | Facing outward. |

## F

| Falcate. | Scythe-shaped. |
| Farinaceous. | Starchy, or containing starch. |
| Fascicle. | A dense cluster. |
| Fascicled. | Borne in dense clusters. |
| Fastigiate. | Stems or branches which are nearly erect and close together. |
| Fenestrate. | With window-like markings. |
| Fertile. | Bearing spores, or bearing seed. |
| Fertilization. | The mingling of the contents of a male and female cell. |
| Ferruginous. | Color of iron-rust. |
| Fetid. | Ill-smelling. |
| Fibrillose. | With fibres or fibre-like organs. |
| Filament. | The stalk of an anther; the two forming the stamen. |
| Filamentous. | Composed of thread-like structures; thread-like. |
| Filiform. | Thread-like. |
| Fimbriate. | With fringed edges. |
| Fimbrillate. | Minutely fringed. |
| Fistular. | Hollow and cylindric. |
| Flabellate. | Fan-shaped, or arranged like the sticks of a fan. |
| Flaccid. | Lax; weak. |
| Flexuous. | Alternately bent in different directions. |
| Floccose. | With loose tufts of wool-like hairs. |
| Foliaceous. | Similar to leaves. |
| Foliolate. | With separate leaflets. |
| Follicle. | A simple fruit dehiscent along one suture. |
| Follicular. | Similar to a follicle. |
| Foveate.   Foveolate. | More or less pitted. |
| Free. | Separate from other organs; not adnate. |
| Frond. | The leaves of ferns. |
| Frutescent.   Fruticose. | More or less shrub-like. |
| Fugacious. | Falling soon after development. |
| Fugitive. | Plants not native, but occurring here and there, without direct evidence of becoming established. |
| Funiculus. | The stalk of an ovule or seed. |
| Fusiform. | Spindle-shaped. |

## G

| Galea. | A hood-like part of a perianth or corolla. |
| Galeate. | With a galea. |
| Gametophyte. | The sexual generation of plants. |
| Gamopetalous. | With petals more or less united. |
| Gemma. | A bud-like propagative organ. |
| Gibbous. | Enlarged or swollen on one side. |
| Glabrate. | Nearly without hairs. |
| Glabrous. | Devoid of hairs. |
| Gladiate. | Like a sword-blade. |
| Gland. | A secreting cell, or group of cells. |
| Glandular. | With glands, or gland-like. |
| Glaucous. | Covered with a fine bluish or white bloom; bluish-hoary. |
| Globose. | Spherical or nearly so. |
| Glomerate. | In a compact cluster. |
| Glomerule. | A dense capitate cyme. |
| Glumaceous. | Resembling glumes. |
| Glume. | The scaly bracts of the spikelets of grasses and sedges. |
| Granulose. | Composed of grains. |
| Gregarious. | Growing in groups or colonies. |
| Gynaecandrous. | In Carex, a spike with upper flowers pistillate and lower staminate. |
| Gynobase. | A prolongation or enlargement of the receptacle, supporting the ovary. |

## H

| Habit. | General aspect. |
| Habitat. | A plant's natural place of growth. |
| Hastate. | Halberd-shaped; like sagittate, but with the basal lobes diverging. |
| Haustoria. | The specialized roots of parasites. |
| Head. | A dense round cluster of sessile or nearly sessile flowers. |
| Herbaceous. | Leaf-like in texture and color; pertaining to an herb. |
| Hilum. | The scar or area of attachment of a seed or ovule. |
| Hirsute. | With rather coarse stiff hairs. |
| Hispid. | With bristly stiff hairs. |
| Hispidulous. | Diminutive of hispid. |
| Hyaline. | Thin and translucent. |
| Hypocotyl. | The rudimentary stem of the embryo; also termed radicle. |
| Hypogynium. | Organ supporting the ovary in some sedges. |
| Hypogynous. | Borne at the base of the ovary, or below. |
| Hyponym. | A generic or specific name untypified. |

## I

| Imbricated. | Overlapping. |
| Imperfect. | Flowers with either stamens or pistils, not with both. |
| Incised. | Cut into sharp lobes. |
| Included. | Not projecting beyond surrounding parts. |
| Incumbent. | With the back against the hypocotyl. |
| Indehiscent. | Not opening. |
| Indusium. | The membrane covering a sorus. |
| Inequilateral. | Unequal sided. |
| Inferior. | Relating to an organ which arises or is situated below another. |
| Inflexed. | Abruptly bent inward. |
| Inflorescence. | The flowering part of plants; its mode of arrangement. |
| Integument. | A coat or protecting layer. |
| Internode. | Portion of a stem or branch between two successive nodes. |
| Introrse. | Facing inward. |
| Involucel. | A secondary involucre. |
| Invollucellate. | With a secondary involucre. |
| Involucrate. | With an involucre, or like one. |
| Involucre. | A whorl of bracts subtending a flower or flower-cluster. |
| Involute. | Rolled inwardly. |
| Irregular. | A flower in which one or more of the organs of the same series are unlike. |

## L

| Labiate. | Provided with a lip-like organ. |
| Laciniate. | Cut into narrow lobes or segments. |
| Lanceolate. | Considerably longer than broad, tapering upward from the middle or below; lance-shaped. |
| Latex. | The milky sap of certain plants. |
| Leaflet. | One of the divisions of a compound leaf. |
| Legume. | A simple dry fruit dehiscent along both sutures. |
| Lenticular. | Lens-shaped. |
| Ligulate. | Provided with or resembling a ligule. |
| Ligule. | A strap-shaped organ, as the rays in Compositae. |
| Limb. | The expanded part of a petal, sepal, or gamopetalous corolla. |
| Linear. | Elongated and narrow with sides nearly parallel. |
| Lineolate. | With fine or obscure lines. |
| Lobed. | Divided to about the middle. |
| Lament. | A jointed legume, usually constricted between the seeds. |
| Loculicidal. | Applied to capsules which split longitudinally into their cavities. |
| Lodicules. | Minute hyaline scales subtending the flower in grasses. |
| Lunate. | Crescent-shaped. |
| Lyrate. | Pinnatifid, with the terminal lobe or segment considerably larger than the others. |

## M

| Macrosporange. | Sporange containing macrospores. |
| Macrospore. | The larger of two kinds of spores borne by a plant, usually giving rise to a female prothallium. |
| Marcescent. | Withering but remaining attached. |
| Medullary. | Pertaining to the pith or medulla. |
| Mericarp. | One of the carpels of the Carrot Family. |
| Mesocarp. | The middle layer of a pericarp. |
| Micropyle. | Orifice of the ovule, and corresponding point on the seed. |
| Microsporange. | Sporange containing microspores. |
| Microspore. | The smaller of two kinds of spore borne by a plant, usually giving rise to a male prothallium; pollen-grain. |
| Midvein (Midrib). | The central vein or rib of a leaf or other organ. |
| Monadelphous. | Stamens united by their filaments. |
| Moniliform. | Like a string of beads. |
| Monoecious. | Bearing stamens and pistils on the same plant, but in different flowers. |
| Monstrous. | Unusual or deformed. |
| Mucronate. | With a short sharp abrupt tip. |
| Mucronulate. | Diminutive of mucronate. |
| Muricate. | Roughened with short hard processes. |
| Muticous. | Pointless, or blunt. |

## N

| Naked. | Lacking organs or parts which are normally present in related species or genera. |
| Naturalized. | Plants not indigenous to the region, but so well established as to have become part of the flora. |
| Nectary. | A sugar-secreting organ. |
| Node. | The junction of two internodes of a stem or branch, often hard or swollen, at which a leaf or leaves are usually borne. |
| Nodose. | Similar to nodes or joints; knotty. |
| Nodulose. | Diminutive of nodose. |
| Nut. | An indehiscent one-seeded fruit with a hard or bony pericarp. |
| Nutlet. | Diminutive of nut. |

## O

| Obcordate. | Inversely heart-shaped. |
| Oblanceolate. | Inverse of lanceolate. |
| Oblong. | Longer than broad with the sides nearly parallel, or somewhat curving. |
| Obovate. | Inversely ovate. |
| Obovoid. | Inversely ovoid. |
| Obsolete. | Not evident; gone, rudimentary, or vestigial. |
| Obtuse. | Blunt, or rounded. |
| Ochreae. | The sheathing united stipules of Polygonaceae. |
| Ochreolae. | The ochreae subtending flowers in the Polygonaceae. |
| Ochroleucous. | Yellowish white. |
| Oösphere. | The cell of the archegone which is fertilized by spermatozoids. |
| Operculate. | With an operculum. |
| Operculum. | A lid. |
| Orbicular. | Approximately circular in outline. |
| Orthotropous. | Term applied to the straight ovule, having the hilum at one end and the micropyle at the other. |
| Ovary. | The ovule-bearing part of the pistil. |
| Ovate. | In outline like a longitudinal section of a hen's egg. |
| Ovoid. | Shaped like a hen's egg. |
| Ovule. | The macrosporange of flowering plants, becoming the seed on maturing. |

## P

| Palate. | The projection from the lower lip of two-lipped personate corollas. |
| Palet. | A bract-like organ enclosing or subtending the flower in grasses. |
| Palmate. | Diverging radiately like the fingers. |
| Pandurate;  Panduriform. | Fiddle-shaped. |
| Panicle. | A compound flower cluster of the racemose type, or cluster of sporanges. |
| Paniculate. | Borne in panicles or resembling a panicle. |
| Papilionaceous. | Term applied to the irregular flower of the Pea Family. |
| Papillose. | With minute blunt projections. |
| Pappus. | The bristles, awns, teeth, etc., surmounting the achene in the Chicory and Thistle Families. |
| Parasitic. | Growing upon other plants and absorbing their juices. |
| Parietal. | Borne along the wall of the ovary, or pertaining to it. |
| Parted. | Deeply cleft. |
| Pectinate. | Comb-like. |
| Pedicel. | The stalk of a flower in a flower-cluster, or of a sporange. |
| Peduncle. | Stalk of a flower, or a flower-cluster, or a sporocarp. |
| Pedunculate. | With a peduncle. |
| Peltate. | Shield-shaped; a flat organ with a stalk on its lower surface. |
| Penicillate. | With a tuft of hairs or hair-like branches. |
| Perfect. | Flowers with both stamens and pistils. |
| Perfoliate. | Leaves so clasping the stem as to appear as if pierced by it. |
| Perianth. | The modified floral leaves (sepals or petals), regarded collectively. |
| Pericarp. | The wall of the fruit, or seed-vessel. |
| Perigynium. | The utricle enclosing the ovary or achene in the genus Carex. |
| Perigynous. | Borne on the perianth, around the ovary. |
| Peripheral. | Pertaining to the periphery. |
| Persistent. | Organs remaining attached to those bearing them after the growing period. |
| Petal. | One of the leaves of the corolla. |
| Petaloid. | Similar to petals; petal-like. |
| Petiolate. | With a petiole. |
| Petiole. | The stalk of the leaf. |
| Phyllode. | A bladeless petiole or rachis. |
| Phyllopodic. | In Carex, with lower leaves of the fertile culms normally blade-bearing. |
| Pilose. | With long soft hairs. |
| Pinna. | A primary division of a pinnately compound leaf. |
| Pinnate. | Leaves divided into leaflets or segments along a common axis. |
| Pinnatifid. | Pinnately cleft to the middle or beyond. |
| Pinnule. | A division of a pinna. |
| Pistil. | The central organ of a flower containing the macrosporanges (ovules). |
| Pistillate. | With pistils; and usually employed in the sense of without stamens. |
| Placenta. | An ovule-bearing surface. |
| Plicate. | Folded into plaits, like a fan. |
| Plumose. | Resembling a plume or feather. |
| Plumule. | The rudimentary terminal bud of the embryo. |
| Pollen. | Pollen-grain. Contents of the anther. See Microspore. |
| Pollinia. | The pollen-masses of the Orchid and Milkweed Families. |
| Polygamous. | Bearing both perfect and imperfect flowers. |
| Polypetalous. | With separate petals. |
| Pome. | The fleshy fruit of the Apple Family. |
| Procumbent. | Trailing or lying on the ground. |
| Prophylla. | Bractlets. |
| Prothallium. | The sexual generation of Pteridophyta. |
| Puberulent. | With very short hairs. |
| Pubescent. | With hairs. |
| Punctate. | With translucent dots or pits. |
| Pungent. | With a sharp stiff tip. |
| Pyriform. | Pear-shaped. |

## R

| Raceme. | An elongated determinate flower-cluster with each flower pedicelled. |
| Racemose. | In racemes, or resembling a raceme. |
| Rachilla. | The axis of the spikelet in grasses. |
| Rachis. | The axis of a compound leaf, or of a spike or raceme. |
| Radiant. | With the marginal flowers enlarged and ray-like. |
| Radiate. | With ray-flowers; radiating. |
| Radicle. | The rudimentary stem of the embryo; hypocotyl. |
| Radicular. | Pertaining to the radicle or hypocotyl. |
| Raphe (Rhaphe). | The ridge connecting the hilum and chalaza of an anatropous or amphitropous ovule; the ridge on the sporocarp of Marsilea. |
| Ray. | One of the peduncles or branches of an umbel; the flat marginal flowers in Compositae. |
| Receptacle. | The end of the flower stalk, bearing the floral organs, or, in Compositae, the flowers; also, in some ferns, an axis bearing sporanges. |
| Virgate. | Wand-like. |
| Recurved. | Curved backward. |
| Reflexed. | Bent backward abruptly. |
| Regular. | Having the members of each part alike in size and shape. |
| Reniform. | Kidney-shaped. |
| Repand. | With a somewhat wavy margin. |
| Reticulate. | Arranged as a network. |
| Retrorse. | Turned backward or downward. |
| Refuse. | With a shallow notch at the end. |
| Revolute. | Rolled backward. |
| Rhachis. | See Rachis. |
| Rhizome. | See Rootstock. |
| Ringent. | The gaping mouth of a two-lipped corolla. |
| Rootstock. | A subterranean stem, or part of one. |
| Rostellum. | Beak of the style in Orchids. |
| Rostrate. | With a beak. |
| Rosulate. | Like a rosette. |
| Rotate. | With a flat round corolla-limb. |
| Rugose. | Wrinkled. |
| Runcinate. | Sharply pinnatifid, or incised, the lobes or segments turned backward. |

## S

| Sac. | A pouch, especially the cavities of anthers. |
| Saccate. | With a pouch or sac. |
| Sagittate. | Like an arrow-head, with the lobes turned downward. |
| Samara. | A simple indehiscent winged fruit. |
| Saprophyte. | A plant which grows on dead organic matter. |
| Scabrous. | Rough. |
| Scale. | A minute, rudimentary or vestigial leaf. |
| Scape. | A leafless or nearly leafless stem or peduncle, arising from a subterranean part of a plant, bearing a flower or flower-cluster. |
| Scapose. | Having scapes, or resembling a scape. |
| Scarious. | Thin, dry, and translucent, not green. |
| Scorpioid. | Coiled up in the bud, unrolling in growth. |
| Secund. | Borne along one side of an axis. |
| Segment. | A division of a leaf or fruit. |
| Sepal. | One of the leaves of a calyx. |
| Septate. | Provided with partitions. |
| Septicidal. | A capsule which splits longitudinally into and through its dissepiments. |
| Serrate. | With teeth projecting forward. |
| Serrulate. | Diminutive of serrate; serrate with small teeth. |
| Sissile. | Without a stalk. |
| Setaceous. | Bristle-like. |
| Setose. | Bristly. |
| Silicle. | A silique much longer than wide. |
| Silique. | An elongated two-valved capsular fruit, with two parietal placentae, usually dehiscent. |
| Sinuate. | With strongly wavy margins. |
| Sinuous. | In form like the path of a snake. |
| Sinus. | The space between the lobes of a leaf. |
| Sorus (Sori). | A group or cluster of sporanges. |
| Spadiceous. | Like or pertaining to a spadix. |
| Spadix. | A fleshy spike of flowers. |
| Spathaceous. | Resembling a spathe. |
| Spathe. | A bract, usually more or less concave, subtending a spadix. |
| Spatulate. | Shaped like a spatula; spoon-shaped. |
| Spermatozoids. | Cells developed in the antherid, for the fertilization of the oosphere. |
| Spicate. | Arranged in a spike; like a spike. |
| Spike. | An elongated flower cluster or cluster of sporanges, with sessile or nearly sessile flowers or sporanges. |
| Spikelet. | Diminutive of spike; especially applied to flower-clusters of grasses and sedges. |
| Spinose. | With spines or similar to spines. |
| Spinule. | A small sharp projection. |
| Spinulose. | With small sharp processes or spines. |
| Sporange. | A sac containing spores. |
| Spore. | An asexual vegetative cell. |
| Sporocarp. | Organ containing sporanges or sori. |
| Sporophyte. | The asexual generation of plants. |
| Spreading. | Diverging nearly at right angles; nearly prostrate. |
| Spur. | A hollow projection from a floral organ. |
| Squarrose. | With spreading or projecting parts. |
| Stamen. | The organ of a flower which bears the microspores (pollen-grains). |
| Staminodium. | A sterile stamen, or other organ in the position of a stamen. |
| Standard. | The upper, usually broad, petal of a papilionaceous corolla. |
| Stellate. | Star-like. |
| Sterigmata. | The projections from twigs, bearing the leaves in some genera of Pinaceae. |
| Sterile. | Without spores, or without seed. |
| Stigma. | The summit or side of the pistil to which pollen-grains become attached. |
| Stipe. | The stalk of an organ. |
| Stipitate. | Provided with a stipe. |
| Stipules. | Appendages to the base of a petiole, often adnate to it. |
| Stipulate. | With stipules. |
| Stolon. | A basal branch rooting at the nodes. |
| Stoloniferous. | Producing or bearing stolons. |
| Stoma  (Stomata). | The transpiring orifices in the epidermis of plants. |
| Strict. | Straight and erect. |
| Strigose. | With appressed or ascending stiff hairs. |
| Strophiole. | An appendage to a seed at the hilum. |
| Strophiolate. | With a Strophiole. |
| Style. | The narrowed top of the ovary. |
| Stylopodium. | The expanded base of a style. |
| Subacute. | Somewhat acute. |
| Subcordate. | Somewhat heart-shaped. |
| Subcoriaceous. | Approaching leathery in texture. |
| Subfalcate. | Somewhat scythe-shaped. |
| Subligneous. | Somewhat woody in texture. |
| Subterete. | Nearly terete. |
| Subulate. | Awl-shaped. |
| Subversatile. | Partly or imperfectly versatile. |
| Succulent. | Soft and juicy. |
| Sulcate. | Grooved longitudinally. |
| Superior. | Applied to the ovary when free from the calyx; or to a calyx adnate to an ovary. |
| Suture. | A line of splitting or opening. |
| Symmetrical. | Applied to a flower with its parts of equal numbers. |
| Syncarp. | A fleshy multiple or aggregate fruit. |

## T

| Tendril. | A slender coiling organ. |
| Terete. | Circular in cross section. |
| Ternate. | Divided into three segments, or arranged in threes. |
| Tetradynamous. | With four long stamens and two shorter ones. |
| Thallus. | A usually flat vegetative organ without differentiation into stem and leaves. |
| Thyrsoid. | Like a thyrsus. |
| Thyrsus. | A compact panicle. |
| Tomentose. | Covered with tomentum. |
| Tomentulose. | Diminutive of tomentose. |
| Tomentum. | Dense matted wool-like hairs. |
| Torsion. | Twisting of an organ. |
| Tortuous. | Twisted or bent. |
| Tracheae. | The canals or ducts in woody tissue. |
| Tracheids. | Wood-cells. |
| Triandrous. | With three stamens. |
| Tricarpous. | Composed of three carpels. |
| Trimorphous. | Flowers with stamens of three different lengths or kinds; in three forms. |
| Triquetrous. | Three-sided, the sides channeled. |
| Truncate. | Terminated by a nearly straight edge or surface. |
| Tuber. | A thick short underground branch or part of a branch. |
| Tubercle. | The persistent base of the style in some Cyperaceae; a small tuber. |
| Tuberculate. | With rounded projections. |
| Turbinate. | Top-shaped. |

## U

| Uliginous. | Inhabiting mud. |
| Umbel. | A determinate, usually convex flower-cluster, with all the pedicels arising from the same point. |
| Umbellate. | Borne in umbels; resembling an umbel. |
| Umbellet. | A secondary umbel. |
| Umbelloid. | Similar to an umbel. |
| Uncinate. | Hooked, or in form like a hook. |
| Undulate. | With wavy margins. |
| Urceolate. | Urn-shaped. |
| Utricle. | A bladder-like organ; a one-seeded fruit with a loose pericarp. |

## V

| Valvate. | Meeting by the margins in the bud, not overlapping; dehiscent by valves. |
| Vascular. | Relating to ducts or vessels. |
| Vein. | One of the branches of the woody portion of leaves or other organs. |
| Veinlet. | A branch of a vein. |
| Velum. | A fold of the inner side of the leafbase in Isoetes. |
| Velutinous. | Velvety; with dense fine pubescence. |
| Venation. | The arrangement of veins. |
| Vernation. | The arrangement of leaves in the bud. |
| Versatile. | An anther attached at or near its middle to the filament. |
| Verticillate. | With three or more leaves or branches at a node; whorled. |
| Vestigial. | In the nature of a vestige or remnant. |
| Villous. | With long soft hairs, not matted together. |

## W

| Whorl. | A group of three similar organs or more, radiating from a node. Verticil. |
| Whorled. | See Verticillate. |
| Winged. | With a thin expansion or expansions. |