# Island Life/Index

INDEX
                A.
    Acacia, wide range of in Australia, 185
    Acacia heterophylla, and Acacia koa, 443
    Acæna in California, 527
    Accipiter hawaii, 314
    Achatinellinæ, average range of, 317
    Ægialitis sanctæ-helenæ, 305
    Africa, characteristic mammalia of, 416
       former isolation of, 418
    Africa and Madagascar, relations of, 418
       early history of, 419
    African highlands as aiding the migration of plants, 524
    African reptiles absent from Madagascar, 418
    Aggressive power of the Scandinavian flora, 511
    Air and water, properties of, in relation to climate, 131
    Alectorænas pulcherrimus, 429
    Allen, Mr. J. A., on variation, 58
    Allied species occupy separate areas, 478
    Alpine plants, their advantages as colonisers, 503
    Alternations of climate in Switzerland and North America, 121
    Alternations of climate, palæontological evidence of, 119
    Amazon, limitation of species by, 18
    Amblyrhynchus cristatus, 279
    American genera of reptiles in Madagascar, 417
    Amphibia, dispersal of, 76
       of the Seychelles, 432
       introduced, of Mauritius, 435
       of New Zealand, 483
    Amphioxus, 63
    Amphisbænidæ, 28
    Amydrus Tristramii, restricted range of, 16
    Anas Wyvilliana, 314
    Ancient continental islands, 244, 411
    Ancient glacial epochs, 169
       what evidence of may be expected, 175
    Ancient groups in Madagascar, 419
    Andersson, N. J., on the flora of the Galapagos, 287
    Andes, migration of plants along the, 520
    Angræcum sesquipedale, 440
    Animal life, effects of glacial epoch on, 117
    Animal life of Formosa, 401
    Anoa depressicornis, 456
    Antarctic continent as a means of plant-dispersion, 521
    Antarctic islands, with perpetual snow, 136
    Antelopes, overlapping genera of, 29
    Antiquity of Hawaiian fauna and flora, 328
       of land-shells, 79
       of New Zealand, 526
       of plants as affecting their dispersal, 82
    Apera arundinacea, 503
    Apium graveolens in New Zealand, 515
    Apteryx, species of, 476
    Arabis hirsuta on railway arch, 514
    Archaic forms still existing, 229
    Arctic and Antarctic regions, contrasts of, 135
    Arctic current, effects of a stoppage of, 150
    Arctic plants in the southern hemisphere, 509
    Arctic regions, mild climates of, 181
       recent interglacial mild period in, 182
    Arctic warm climates of Secondary and Palæozoic times, 201
    Areas of distribution, 13
       separate and overlapping, 17, 28
    Ascension, former climate and productions of, 303
    Astronomical and geographical causes, comparative effects of, on climate, 207
    Astronomical causes of change of climate, 126
       of glaciation, 140
    Atlantic isles, peculiar mosses of, 368
    Atlantosaurus, the largest land-animal, 98
    Atriplex patula on a railway bank, 515
    Auchenia, 27
    Austen, Mr. Godwin, on littoral shells in deep water, 337
    Australia, two sets of Northern plants in, 523
       South European plants in, 523
    Australia and South Africa, supposed connection of, 525
    Australian Alps, indications of glaciation in, 163
       birds absent from New Zealand, 483
       flora, general features of, 491
       richest in temperate zone, 491
       recent and derivative in the tropics, 492
       its south-eastern and south-western divisions, 493
       Sir Joseph Hooker on, 494
       geological explanation of, 494
       its presence in New Zealand, 498
       natural orders of, wanting in New Zealand, 490
       orchideæ in China, 527
       genera of plants in India, 524
       plants absent from New Zealand, 488, 490
       none in north temperate zone, 527
       running wild in Neilgherrie mountains, 528
       region, definition of, 45
       mammals and birds of, 46
       seeds scattered in New Zealand, 508
    Aylward, Captain, on glaciation of South Africa, 163
    Azores, 247
       absence from, of large-fruited trees or shrubs, 260
       zoological features of, 248
       birds of, 249
       insects of, 253
       beetles of, 253
       land-shells of, 256
       flora of, 256
    Azores and New Zealand, identical plants in both, 512
    Azorean bird-fauna, origin of, 250
       fauna and flora, deductions from, 261
       plants, facilities for the dispersal of, 260
                B.
    Babirusa alfurus in Celebes, 456
    Badgers, 41
    Bahamas contrasted with Florida, 5
    Baker, Mr., on flora of Mauritius and the Seychelles, 441
    Bali and Lombok, contrasts of, 4
    Banca, peculiar species of, 386
    Barbarea precox on railway bank, 514
    Barn-owl, wide range of, 15
    Baron, Rev. R., on the flora of Madagascar, 441
    Barriers to dispersal, 73
    Batrachia, 30
    Bats in Bermuda, 269
    Bears of Europe and America, 14
    Beaver of Europe and America, 14
    Beetles of the Azores, 253
       remote affinities of some of, 255
       of the Galapagos, 284
       of St. Helena, 298
       of the Sandwich Islands, 318
       peculiar British species of, 351
    Bell-birds, distribution of, 24
    Bennett, Mr. Arthur, on peculiar British plants, 360
       on the vegetation of railway banks, 514
    Bentham, Mr., on the compositæ of the Galapagos, 288
       on the compositæ of St. Helena, 307
       on the Mascarene compositæ, 445
       on Sandwich Island compositæ, 325
    Bermuda, 262
       soundings around, 263
       red clay of, 265
       zoology of, 266
       reptiles of, 266
       birds of, 266
       insects of, 269
       land-mollusca of, 270
       flora of, 271
    Bermuda and Azores, comparison of bird-faunas of, 268
    Bernicla sandvichensis, 314
    Biological causes which determine distribution, 532
    Biological features of Madagascar, 416
    Birds as plant-dispersers, 81
       as seed-carriers, 81, 258
       common to Great Britain and Japan, 396
       common to India and Japan, 399
       specific range of, 15
       range of British, 34
       range of East Asian, 38
       variation in N. American, 58
       dispersal of, 75
       of the Azores, 249
       of Bermuda, 266
       of Bermuda and Azores compared, 268
       of the Galapagos, 280
       of the Sandwich Islands, 313
       peculiar to Britain, 340
       of Borneo, 377
       of Java, 382
       of the Philippines, 388
       of Japan, 396
       peculiar to Japan, 398
       peculiar to Formosa, 404
       common to Formosa and India or Malaya, 407
       of Madagascar, and their teachings, 422
       of Comoro Islands, 429
       of the Seychelles, 430
       of the Mascarene islands, 436
       of islands east and west of Celebes, 454
       of Celebes, 458
       peculiar to Celebes, 459
       Himalayan types of, in Celebes, 462
       list of, in Celebes, 466
       of New Zealand, 476, 482
       wingless, of New Zealand, 476
    Blackburn, Mr. T., on the beetles of the Sandwich Islands, 318
    Blakiston and Pryer on birds of Japan, 396
    Bland, Mr., on land-shells of Bermuda, 270
    Blanford, Mr. W. T., on small effect of marine denudation, 225
    Blanford, Mr. H. F., on former connection of Africa and India, 426
    Blocks, travelled and perched, 109
    Blue magpies, range of, 15
    Borneo, geology of, 375
       mammalia of, 376
       birds of, 377
       affinities of fauna of, 381
    Borneo and Asia, resemblance of, 6
    Borneo and Java, 373
    Boulder-beds of the carboniferous formation, 201
    Boulder clays of east of England, 118
    Bovidæ, 29
    Brady, Mr. H. B., on habitat of globigerinæ, 92
    Braithwaite, Dr. R., on peculiar British mosses, 365
    Britain, probable climate of, with winter in aphelion, 156
    British birds, range of, 34-38
    British Columbia, interglacial warm periods in, 121
    British fauna and flora, peculiarities of, 370
    British Isles, recent changes in, 332
       proofs of former elevation of, 334
       submerged forests of, 335
       buried river channels of, 336
       last union of, with continent, 337
       why poor in species, 338
       peculiar birds of, 339
       fresh-water fishes of, 340
       peculiar insects of, 344
       peculiar Lepidoptera of, 347
       peculiar Coleoptera of, 351
       peculiar Trichoptera of, 355
       peculiar land and fresh-water shells of, 356
       peculiarities of the flora of, 360
       peculiar mosses and Hepaticæ of, 366
    British mammals as indicating a zoological region, 33
    Buller, Sir W. L., on the New Zealand rat, 475
    Buried river-channels, 336
    Buteo solitarius, 314
    Butterflies of Celebes, peculiar shape of, 463
    Butterflies, peculiar British, 347
                C.
    Caddis-flies peculiar to Britain, 355
    Cæcilia, species of, in the Seychelles, 432
       wide distribution of, 432
    Cæciliadæ, 28
    Callithea Leprieuri, distribution of, 18
    Callithea sapphira, 18
    Camels as destroyers of vegetation, 296
       former wide distribution of, 421
    Camelus, 17, 27
    Campanula vidalii, 261
    Canis, 17, 26
    Carabus, numerous species of, 42
    Carboniferous boulder-beds, 201
       warm Arctic climate, 201
    Carnivora in Madagascar, 417
    Carpenter, Dr., on habitat of globigerinæ, 92
    Carpenter, Mr. Edward, on Mars and glacial periods, 164
    Carduus marianus in New Zealand, 515
    Carpodacus purpureus and P. californicus, 68
    Castor, 17
    Casuarina, 185
       in India, 527
    Cause of extinction, 63
    Caves of Glamorganshire, 336
    Cebibæ, overlapping genera of, 29
    Celebes, physical features of, 451
       islands around, 452
       zoology of, 455
       derivation of mammals of, 457
       birds of, 458
       not a continental island, 461
       insect peculiarities of, 462
       Himalayan types in, 462
       peculiarity of butterflies of, 463
       list of land-birds of, 466
    Centetidæ, 27
    Centetidæ, formerly inhabited Europe, 420
    Central America, mixed fauna of, 53
    Ceratodus, or mud-fish, 69
    Cervus, 17, 26
    Chalk a supposed oceanic formation, 89
    Chalk at Oahu, analysis of, 90
    Chalk, analysis of, 91
    Chalk mollusca indicative of shallow water, 93
    Chalk sea, extent of, in Europe, 93
    Chalk-formation, land-plants found in, 94
       deposited in an inland sea, 93
       of Faxoe an ancient coral-reef, 94
       modern formation of, 95
       supposed oceanic origin of, erroneous, 96
    "Challenger" soundings and shore-deposits, 86
    "Challenger" ridge in the Atlantic, 101
    Chameleons very abundant in Madagascar, 430
    Chamois, distribution of, 13
    Changes of land and sea, 83
    Chasmorhynchus, distribution of, 24
    C. nudicollis, 24
    C. tricarunculatus, 24
    C. variegatus, 24
    C. niveus, 24
    Chilomenus lunata, 300
    Chinchillas, 26
    Chrysochloridæ, 29
    Cicindela, 17
    Cicindelidæ common to South America and Madagascar, 28
    Clay, red, of Bermuda, 265
    Climate, astronomical causes of changes of, 126
       properties of snow and ice in relation to, 131
       of Britain with winter in aphelion, 156
       of Tertiary period in Europe and N. America, 178
       temperate in Arctic regions, 181
       causes of mild Arctic, 190
       of Tertiary and Secondary periods, 199, 202
       of the Secondary and Palæozoic epochs, 200
       change of, during Tertiary and Secondary Periods, 200
       affected by arrangement of the great continents, 205
       nature of changes of, caused by high excentricity, 230
       exceptional stability of the present, 232
       changes of, as affecting migration of plants, 517
    Climatal changes, 106
       change, its essential principle restated, 158
       changes as modifying organisms, 229
    Clouds cut off the sun's heat, 145
    Coal in Sumatra, 385
    Coast line of globe, extent of, 221
    Cochoa, distribution of, 25
    Cockerell, Mr. Th. D. A., on slugs of Bermuda, 271
       on British land and fresh-water shells, 356
    Cold alone does not cause glaciation, 135
       how it can be stored up, 133
    Coleoptera of the Azores, 253
       of St. Helena, 298
       of the Sandwich Islands, 318
       peculiar British species of, 351
    Comoro Islands, 428
       mammals and birds of, 428
    Compositæ of the Galapagos, 288
       of St. Helena, 307
       of the Sandwich Islands, 325
       of the Mascarene Islands, 445
       species often have restricted ranges, 504
    Conclusions on the New Zealand flora, 506
    Contemporaneous formation of Lower Greensand and Wealden, 221
    Continental conditions throughout geological time, 97-99
       changes and animal distribution, 102
       extensions will not explain anomalous facts of distribution, 449
    Continental islands, 243
       of recent origin, 331
       general remarks on recent, 408
       ancient, 411
    Continental period, date of, 337
    Continents, movements of, 88
       permanence of, 97
       general stability of, 101, 103
       geological development of, 205
    Continuity of land, 74
    Continuity of now isolated groups, proof of, 70
    Cook, Captain, on a native quadruped in New Zealand, 476
    Cope, Professor, on the Bermuda lizard, 266
    Coracias temminckii, in Celebes, 463
    Corvus, 17
    Cossonidæ, in St. Helena, 299
    Cretaceous deposits in North Australia, 493, 496
    Cretaceous flora of Greenland, 185
       of the United States, 189
    Croll, Dr. James, on Antarctic icebergs, 136
       on winter temperature of Britain in glacial epoch, 141
       on diversion of gulf-stream during the glacial epoch, 143
       on loss of heat by clouds and fogs, 145
       on geographical causes as affecting climate, 148
       on ancient glacial epochs, 170
       on universality of glacial markings in Scotland, 174
       on mild climates of Arctic regions, 189
       on ocean-currents, 190, 204
       on age of the earth, 213
       on mean thickness of sedimentary rocks, 220
       on small amount of marine denudation, 225
       on buried river-channels, 336
    Ctenodus, 69
    Cyanopica, distribution of, 24
    Cyanopica cooki, restricted range of, 15, 24
    Cyanopica cyanus, 24
    Cynopithecus nigrescens, in Celebes, 456
                D.
    Dacelo, 47
    Dana on continental upheavals, 88
       on chalk in the Sandwich Islands, 90
       on elevation of land causing the glacial epoch, 152
       on elevation of Western America, 194
       on the development of continents, 205
       on shore-deposits, 222
       on life extermination by cold epochs, 230
    Darwin, experiment on Helix pomatia, 78
       on the permanence of oceans, 100
       on cloudy sky of Antarctic regions, 146
       on glaciers of the Southern Andes, 147
       on geological time, 211
       on complex relations of organisms, 226
       on oceanic islands, 242
       on seeds carried by birds, 257
       experiments on seed-dispersal, 258
       on natural history of the Keeling Islands, 286
       theory of formation of atolls, 397
       on cultivated plants not running wild, 507
    Dawkins, Professor Boyd, on animal migrations during the glacial epoch, 120
    Dawson, Mr. G. M., on alternations of climate in British Columbia, 121
       Professor, on Palæozoic boulder-beds in Nova Scotia, 201
    De Candolle on dispersal of seeds, 80
    Deep-sea deposits, 219
    Deer in Celebes, 456
    Delphinium ajacis, on a railway bank, 515
    Dendrœca, 19
    D. cœrulea, 19
    D. discolor, 19
    D. dominica, 19
    Dendrœca coronata, variation of, 58
    Dendrophidæ, 29
    Denudation destroys the evidences of glaciation, 172
    Denudation and deposition as a measure of time, 213
    Denudation in river basins, measurement of, 215
    Denudation, marine as compared with sub-aerial, 225
    Deposition of sediments, how to estimate the average, 221
    Deserts, cause of high temperature of, 132
    Diagram of excentricity and precession, 129
    Diagram of excentricity for three million years, 171
    Dididæ, how exterminated, 436
    Didunculus, keeled sternum of, 437
    Diospyros, in upper greensand of Greenland, 186
    Diplotaxis muralis, on railway banks, 513
    Dipnoi, discontinuity of, 69
    Dipterus, 69
    Discontinuity among North American birds, 67
    Discontinuity a proof of antiquity, 69
    Discontinuous generic areas, 23
    Discontinuous areas, 64
       why rare, 64
    Dispersal of animals, 72
       of land animals, how effected, 73, 76
       along mountain-chains, 81
       of seeds by wind, 80, 257
       by birds, 81, 258
       by ocean-currents, 81, 258
       of Azorean plants, facilities for, 260
    Distribution, changes of, shown by extinct animals, 102
       how to explain anomalies of, 420
    Drontheim mountains, peculiar mosses of, 368
    Dobson, Mr., on bats of Japan, 394
       on the affinities of Mystacina tuberculata, 474
    Dodo, the, 436
       aborted wings of, 437
    Dryiophidæ, 28
    Dumeril, Professor, on lizards of Bourbon, 435
    Duncan, Professor P. M., on ancient sea of central Australia, 496
                E.
    Early history of New Zealand, 484
    Earth's age, 210
    East Asian birds, range of, 38
    East and West Australian floras, geological explanation of, 494
    Echidna, 30
    Echimyidæ, 27
    Elevation of North America during glacial period, 154
       causing diversion of gulf-stream, 154
    Elwes, Mr. H. J., on distribution of Asiatic birds, 380
    Emberiza schœniclus, discontinuity of, 66
    E. passerina, range of, 66
    E. pyrrhulina, 66
    Endemic genera of plants in Mauritius, &c., 443
    Endemic genera of plants in New Zealand, 526
    English plants in St. Helena, 297
    Environment, change of, as modifying organisms, 225
    Eriocaulon septangulare, 363
    Ethiopian Region, definition of, 42
       birds of, 43
    Ettingshausen, Baron von, on the fossil flora of New Zealand, 499
       on Australian plants in England, 518
    Eucalyptus, wide range of, in Australia, 185
    Eucalyptus and Acacia, why not in New Zealand, 507
    Eucalyptus in Eocene of Sheppey, 518
    Eupetes, distribution of, 25
    Europe, Asia, &c., as zoological terms, 32
    European birds, range of, 16
       in Bermuda, 269
    European occupation, effects of, in St. Helena, 294
    European plants in New Zealand, 507
       in Chile and Fuegia, 521
    Everett, Mr., on Bornean birds, 377
       on mammalia of the Philippines, 387
       on Philippine birds, 388
       on raised coral-reefs in the Philippines, 389
    Evolution necessitates continuity, 70
    Excentricity and precession, diagram of, 129
    Excentricity, variations of, during three million years, 171
    Excentricity a test of rival theories of climate, 171
    Excentricity, high, its effects on warm and cold climates, 198
    Explanation of peculiarities of the fauna of Celebes, 460
    Extinct animals showing changes of distribution, 102
    Extinct birds of the Mascarene Islands, 436
       of New Zealand, 476
    Extinction caused by glacial epoch, 122
                F.
    Families, restricted areas of, 29
       distribution and antiquity of, 68
    Fauna and flora, peculiarities of British, 370
    Fauna of Borneo, affinities of, 381
       of Java, 382
       of Java and Asia compared, 384
    Faunas of Hainan, Formosa, and Japan compared, 407
    Felis, 17, 26
    Ferns, abundance of, in Mascarene flora, 445
    Ficus, fossil Arctic, 186
    Fire-weed, the, of Tasmania, 513
    Fisher, Rev. O., on temperature of space, 131
    Fishes, dispersal of, 76
       peculiar British, 340
       cause of great speciality in, 343
       mode of migration of fresh-water, 344
       fresh-water, of New Zealand, 484
    Floating islands, and the dispersal of animals, 74
    Flora of the Azores, 256
       of Bermuda, 271
       of the Galapagos, 287
       of St. Helena, 305
       of the Sandwich Islands, 321;
       peculiar features of, 323
       peculiarities of the British, 360
       of Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands, 439
       of Madagascar and South Africa allied, 445
       of New Zealand, 487
       very poor, 488
       its resemblance to the Australian, 489
       its differences from the Australian, 490
       origin of Australian element in, 498
       tropical character of, explained, 500
       summary and conclusion on, 506
    Floras of New Zealand and Australia, summary of conclusion as to, 542
    Florida and Canada, resemblances of, 5
       and Bahamas, contrasts of, 5
    Fogs cut off the sun's heat in glaciated countries, 145
    Forbes, Mr. D., analysis of chalk, 91
    Forbes, Mr. H. O., on plants of the Keeling Islands, 286
    Formosa, 400
       physical features of, 401
       animal life of, 401
       list of mammalia of, 402
       list of land-birds peculiar to, 404
    Forests, submerged, 335
    Fowler, Rev. Canon, on peculiar British coleoptera, 346, 351
    Freezing water liberates low-grade heat, 145
    Fresh-water deposits, extent of, 97
       organisms absent in St. Helena, 304
       snail peculiar to Ireland, 356
       fishes of the Seychelles, 433
    Frogs of the Seychelles, 432
       of New Zealand, 483
    Fuegia, European plants in, 521
    Fulica alai, 313
                G.
    Galapagos Islands, 275
    Galapagos, absence of mammalia and amphibia from, 278
       reptiles of, 278
       birds of, 280
       insects of, 284
       land-shells of, 285
       flora of, 287
       and Azores contrasted, 290
    Galbula cyaneicollis, distribution of, 18
       rufoviridis, 18
       viridis, 18
    Galeopithecus, 63
    Gallinula sandvichensis, 313
    Gardner, Mr. J. S., on Tertiary changes of climate, 203
    Garrulus, distribution of species of, 20
    Garrulus glandarius, 21, 23, 65
    G. cervicalis, 21
    G. krynicki, 21
    G. atricapillus, 21
    G. hyrcanus, 21
    G. brandti, 21, 23
    G. lanceolatus, 22
    G. bispecularis, 22
    G. sinensis, 22
    G. taivanus, 22
    G. japonicus, 22, 65
    Geikie, Dr. James, on interglacial deposits, 121
       Sir Archibald, on age of buried river-channels, 337
       on stratified rocks being found near shores, 87
       on formation of chalk in shallow water, 96
       on permanence of continents, 104
       on variation in rate of denudation, 173
       on the rate of denudation, 215
       on small amount of marine denudation, 225
    Genera, extent of, 17
       origin of, 61
       rise and decay of, 64
    Generic areas, 17
    Generic and Family distribution, 25
    Genus, defined and illustrated, 17
    Geographical change as a cause of glaciation, 148
       changes, influence of, on climate, 150, 152
       changes, effect of, on Arctic climates, 195
       changes of Java and Borneo, 385
       changes as modifying organisms, 228
    Geological climates and geographical conditions, 204
       time, 210
       change, probably quicker in remote times, 223
       time, value of the estimate of, 224
       time, measurement of, 235
       changes as aiding the migration of plants, 519
       climates as affecting distribution, 534
       climates, summary of causes of, 536
       time, summary of views on, 539
    Geology of Borneo, 375
       of Madagascar, 412
       of Celebes, 451
       of New Zealand, 472
       of Australia, 494
    Geomalacus maculcosus, 356
    Glacial climate not local, 113
       deposits of Scotland, 112
    Glacial epoch, proofs of, 107
       effects of, on animal life, 117
       alternations of climate during, 118
       as causing migration and extinction, 122
       causes of, 125
       the essentials to the production of, 136
       probable date of the, 160
       and the climax of continental development, 206
       date of last, 233
    Glacial phenomena in North America, 116
    Glaciation was greatest where rainfall is now greatest, 139
       action of meteorological causes on, 142
       summary of chief causes of, 144
       in Northern Hemisphere, the only efficient cause of, 144
       of New Zealand and South Africa, 162
       local, due to high excentricity, 207
       widespread in recent times, 536
    Gleichenia in Greenland, 186
       in relation to chalk, 89
    Globigerina-ooze, analysis of, 91
    Globigerinæ, where found, 92
    Glyptostrobus, fossil, 186
    Goats, destructiveness of, in St. Helena, 295
    Godman, Mr., on birds reaching the Azores, 248, 250
    Gray, Professor Asa, on extinction of European plants by the glacial epoch, 123
    Great Britain and Japan, birds common to, 396
    Greene, Dr. J. Reay, on chameleons in Bourbon and Mauritius, 435
    Greenland, loss of sun-heat by clouds in, 147
       an anomaly in the Northern Hemisphere, 154
       Miocene flora of, 183
       Cretaceous flora of, 186
       flora of ice-surrounded rocks of, 522
    Grinnell Land, fossil flora of, 184
    Guernsey, peculiar caddis-fly in, 355
    Gulick, Rev. J. T., on Achatinellinæ, 318
    Günther, Dr., on gigantic tortoises, 279
       on peculiar British fishes, 341
       on Urotrichus gibsii, 394
       on lizards in the London Docks, 431
       on Indian toads in Mauritius, 438
    Guppy, Mr., on chalk of Solomon Islands, 91
                H.
    Haast, Dr., on otter-like mammal in New Zealand, 475
    Habitability of globe due to disproportion of land and water, 209
    Haplothorax burchellii, 299
    Hartlaub, Dr., on "Lemuria," 423, 426
    Hatteria punctata, 483
    Haughton, Professor, on heat carried by ocean-currents, 194
       comparison of Miocene and existing climates, 197
       on geological time, 211, 219
       on thickness of sedimentary rocks, 219
    Hawaiian fauna and flora, antiquity of, 328
    Heat and cold, how dispersed or stored up, 131
    Heat required to melt snow, 134
       evolved by frozen water, its nature and effects, 145
       cut off by cloud and fogs, 145
    Hector, Dr., on Triassic and Jurassic flora of New Zealand, 526
    Heer, Professor, on chalk sea in Central Europe, 93
    Heilprin, Professor, on insects of Bermuda, 269
       on land-shells of Bermuda, 270
    Helianthemum Breweri, 360, 363
    Heliodus, an American fossil, 69
    Helix, 17
    Hemiptera of St. Helena, 303
    Hepaticæ, peculiar British, 366
       non-European genera of, in Britain, 367
    Hesperomys, 26
    Hesperornis allied to ostriches, 481
    Hieracium iricum, 362
    High land essential to the production of a glacial epoch, 195
    Hildebrand, Dr. W., on flora of the Sandwich Islands, 321
    Himalayan birds and insects in Celebes, 462
    Hippopotamus in Yorkshire as proving a mild climate, 119
    Hochstetter on the aquatic mammal of New Zealand, 475
    Hooker, Sir Joseph, on the Galapagos flora, 287
       on affinities of St. Helena plants, 306
       on peculiar British plants, 360, 363
       on the flora of New Zealand, 488
       on proportion of temperate and tropical Australian floras, 492
       on current of vegetation from north to south, 510
       on supposed occurrence of Australian plants in England in the Tertiary period, 518
    Horne, Mr. John, on ice-sheet covering the Isle of Man, 115
    Hull, Professor, on Permian breccias in Ireland indicating ice-action, 201
    Humming-birds, restricted ranges of, 16
    Hutton, Captain, on struthious birds of New Zealand, 479
    Huxley, Professor, on geological time, 211
       on European origin of African animals, 419
    Hyomoschus, 27
    Hyracoidea, restricted range of, 30
                I.
    Ice-action, what evidences of, during the Tertiary period, 178
       indications of ancient, 200
    Ice-borne rocks, a test of a glacial epoch, 176
       in Miocene of N. Italy, 178
       in Eocene of Alps, 178
       in Eocene of Carpathians and Apennines, 179
       absence of, in English and N. American Tertiaries, 180
    Ice-cap, why improbable or impossible, 161
    Iceland, a continental island, 450
    Icteridæ, 50
    Iguanidæ, 50
    Indian birds in Formosa, 407
    Indian Ocean as a source of heat in Tertiary times, 192
    Indian genera of plants in Australia, 492
    Indicator, distribution of, 25
    Insectivora in Madagascar, 417
    Insects, dispersal of, 77
       of the Miocene period, 77
       restriction of range of, 78
       of the Azores, 253
       of Bermuda, 269
       of the Galapagos, 284
       of St. Helena, 298
       of the Sandwich Islands, 318
       peculiar British, 344
       of Celebes, peculiarities of, 462
       scarcity of, in New Zealand, 505
    Insular faunas, summary of conclusions as to, 539, 542
    Interglacial warm periods on the continent and in North America, 121
    Interglacial periods and their probable character, 152
    Interglacial periods will not occur during an epoch of extreme glaciation, 155
    Interglacial climates never very warm, 159
    Ireland, poverty of, in reptiles, 339
       in plants, 339
       peculiar fishes of, 342
       plants of, not found in Great Britain, 364
    Islands, classification of, 242
       importance of, in study of distribution, 241
       remote, how stocked with plants and animals, 261
       submerged between Madagascar and India, 425
    Isle of Wight, peculiar beetle of, 351
    Isatis tinctoria, on railway bank, 513
    Ithaginis, 26
                J.
    Japan, zoological features of, 393
       mammalia of, 394
       birds of, 396
       birds peculiar to, 398
       birds in distant areas, 399
    Japan and Formosa, 391
    Java, fauna of, 382
       Asiatic species in, 384
    Java and Borneo, past changes of, 385
    Jays, distribution of species of, 20
       of Europe and Japan, 67
    Jeffreys, Dr. Gwyn, on shallow-water mollusca in chalk, 92
       on fossil shallow-water shells in deep water, 337
    Jones, Mr., on migration of birds to Bermuda, 268
       on vegetation of the Bermudas, 272
    Juan Fernandez, flora and fauna of, 287
    Judd, Prof. J. W., on absence of glaciation in east Europe, 139
       on glaciation of the Alps produced by elevation, 179
    Juniperus barbadensis, 272
    Jura, travelled blocks on, 110
    Jurassic warm Arctic climate, 202
                K.
    Keeling Islands, animals of, 286
    Kirk, Mr. T., on temporary introduced plants, 515
    Knowledge of various kinds required for study of geographical distribution, 7, 9
                L.
    Lagopus scoticus, 340
    Land as a barrier to ocean-currents, 150
    Land and sea, changes of, 83
       how changes of, affect climate, 148, 150
    Land and water, disproportion of, renders globe habitable, 209
    Land-birds of Celebes, list of, 466
    Land-connection, how far necessary to dispersal of mammals, 73
    Land-shells, great antiquity of, 79
       universal distribution of, 79
       causes favouring the abundance of, 79
       of the Azores, 256
       of Bermuda, 270
       of the Galapagos, 284
       of St. Helena, 304
       of the Sandwich Islands, 316
       of the Seychelles, 434
    Laurus canariensis, 260
    Leguat on animals of Bourbon, 435
       on the Solitaire, 436
    Leguminosæ, abundance of, in Australia, 490
    "Lemuria," a supposed submerged continent, 422-426
    Lemurs in Madagascar, 416
    Lendenfeld, Dr. R. von, on glaciation in the Australian Alps, 163
    Leopard, enormous range of, 14
    Lepidoptera, list of peculiar British, 347
    Lepidosiren, 63
    Lepidosiren paradoxa and L. annectens, 69
    Lepidosternidæ, 27
    Limestone as indicating change of sea and land, 84
    Limnæa involuta, 356
    Linaria purpurea, on railway bank, 514
    Liopelma hochstetteri, in New Zealand, 483
    Liotrichidæ, 29
    List of the land-birds of Celebes, 466
    Lizard peculiar to the Mascarene Islands, 438
    Lizards of the Galapagos, 278
       local variation of colour of, 431
       of New Zealand, 483
    Lobeliaceæ, abundance of, in the Sandwich Islands, 324
    Locality of a species, importance of, 12
    Loddigesia mirabilis, rarity of, 16
    Lord, Mr., on species of Urotrichus, 394
    Low-grade and high-grade heat, 145
    Lowlands nowhere covered with perpetual snow, 136
    Lundy Island, peculiar beetles of, 354
    Lyell, Sir Charles, on permanence of continents, 84
       on calcareous mud, 90
       on the distribution of chalk, 93
       on geographical causes as modifying climate, 148
       on estimate of geological time, 211, 235
       on classification of sedimentary rocks, 217
    Lynxes, a Palæarctic group, 41
                M.
    McLachlan, Mr., on peculiar British caddis-flies, 355
    Madagascar, physical features of, 412
       former condition of, 414
       biological features of, 416
       mammalia of, 416
       reptiles of, 417
       relation of, to Africa, 418
       early history of, 419
       birds of, in relation to "Lemuria," 422
       flora of, 439
       conclusion on fauna and flora of, 446
       great antiquity of, 446
    Madagascar and Africa, contrast of, 6
    Maillard on animals of Bourbon, 435
    Malay Islands, local peculiarities of flora in, 187
       past history of, 389
    Malayan birds in Formosa, 406
    Mammalia of East Asia, range of, 34
       of North Africa, range of, 34
    Mammalia, dispersal of, 73
       of Britain, range of, 33
       poverty of, 329
       of Borneo, 376
       of Java, 382
       of the Philippines, 387
       of Japan, 393
       of Formosa, 402
       common to Formosa and India, 403
       of Madagascar, 416
       of Comoro Islands, 428
       of Celebes, 455; whence derived, 457
       of New Zealand, 474
    Maori legend of origin of the forest-rat, 475
    Maoris, their accounts of the moa, 477
    Map of the old Rhone glacier, 110
       of North and South Polar Regions, 138
       of the Azores, 248
       of Bermuda, 263
       of the Galapagos, 276, 277
       of the South Atlantic Ocean, 293
       of the Sandwich Islands, 311
       of the North Pacific with its submerged banks, 312
       of British Isles and the 100-fathom bank, 333
       of Borneo and Java, 374
       of Japan and Formosa, 392
       physical, of Madagascar, 413
       of the Madagascar group, 415
       of the Indian Ocean, 425
       of Celebes, 452
       of sea-bottom around New Zealand, 472
       of Australia in Cretaceous period, 497
    Marcou, Professor Jules, on the Pliocene and glacial epochs, 233
    Marmot, range of, 15
    Mars as illustrating glacial theories, 164, 168
    Mars, no true ice-cap on, 166
    Marsupials, range of, 30
    Marsh, Prof. O. C., on the Atlantosaurus, 98
       on Hesperornis, 481
    Marsh, Mr., on camels as desert-makers, 296
    Mascarene Islands, 428-445
    Mascarene plants, curious relations of, 442
       endemic genera of, 443
    Mascarene flora, fragmentary character of, 444
       abundance of ferns in, 445
    Mauritius, Bourbon, and Rodriguez, 434
    Measurements of geological time, 233
       agreement of various estimates of, 235
       concluding remarks on, 236
    Medicago sativa in New Zealand, 515
    Megalæmidæ, 27
    Meleagris, 50
    Melilotus vulgaris, on railway banks, 513
    Meliphagidæ, 47
    Melliss, Mr., on the early history of St. Helena, 295
    Melospiza melodia, variation of, 58
    Merycotherium, 123
    Meteorological causes as intensifying glaciation, 142
    Migration caused by glacial epoch, 122
       of birds to Bermuda, 267
       of plants from north to south, 512
       of plants and alterations of snow line, 516
       of plants due to changes of climate, 517
       of plants from north to south, long continued, 518
       of plants aided by geological changes, 519
       of plants by way of the Andes, 520
       of plants by way of Himalayas and South Asia, 523
       of plants through Africa, 524
    Mild Arctic climates, stratigraphical evidence of, 187
       causes of, 190
       dependent on geographical changes, 191
       effects of high excentricity on, 198
       summary of causes of, 537
    Miocene Arctic flora, 183
       flora of Europe, 123
       or Eocene floras, 185
       deposits of Java, 385
       fauna of Europe and North India, 419
    Mississippi, matter carried away by, 172
    Mitten, Mr. William, on peculiar British mosses and hepaticæ, 365, 368
       on temporary appearance of plants, 513
    Mniotiltidæ, a nearctic group, 49
    Mnium, peculiar species of, in the Drontheim mountains, 368
    Moas of New Zealand, 476
    Mollusca, dispersal of, 78
    Monotremata, restricted range of, 30
    Moraines, 108
       of Ivrea, 116
    More, Mr. A. G., on peculiar Irish plants, 364
    Morgan, Mr. C. Lloyd, on thickness of formations not affected by denudation, 220
    Moseley, Mr. H. N., on seeds carried by birds, 259
       on the flora of Bermuda, 272
    Mosses, peculiar British, 366
       non-European genera of, in Britain, 367
       how diffused and why restricted, 368
    Mt. St. Elias, why not ice-clad, 154
    Mountain chains aiding the dispersal of plants, 81
       as aids to migration of plants, 513
    Mueller, Baron von, census of Australian plants, 492
    Munia brunneiceps, in Celebes, 463
    Murray, Mr. J., on oceanic deposits, 86
       on chalk-like globigerina-ooze, 92
       on mean height of continents, 216
       on land-area of the globe, 221
    Mus, 17, 26
    Mygale pyrenaica, range of, 15, 24
    M. muscovitica, 24
    Myialestes helianthea in Celebes, 463
    Myrica faya, 260
    Myrsine, fossil in Greenland, 186
    Mytilus edulis, sub-fossil in Spitzbergen, 182
                N.
    Nares, Capt. Sir G., on snow and ice in high latitudes, 135
       on abrupt elevation of Bermuda, 264
    Nearctic Region, definition of, 48
       mammalia of, 48
       birds of, 49
       reptiles of, 50
    Nectarinea osea, restricted range of, 16
    Neilgherries, Australian plants naturalized in, 528
    Neotropical Region, definition of, 51
       low types of, 52
    Nevill, Mr. Geoffrey, on land-shells of the Seychelles, 434
       on destruction of Seychelles flora, 445
    New species, origin of, 56
    Newton, Mr. E., on short wings of the Seychelles dove, 437
    Newton, Professor, on recently extinct birds, 437
    Newts, restricted range of, 30
    New Zealand, recent glaciation of, 163
    New Zealand, 471
       geology of, 472
       form of sea-bottom around, 473
       zoological character of, 473
       mammalia of, 474
       wingless birds of, 476
       past changes of, 478
       winged birds and lower vertebrates of, 482
       deductions from peculiarities of fauna of, 484
       period of its union with N. Australia, 484
       the flora of, 487, 506
       origin of Australian element in the flora of, 498
       tropical character of flora, 500
       tropical genera common to Australia, 501
       temperate species common to Australia, 502
       route of Arctic plants to, 521
       European plants in, 509
       endemic genera of plants in, 526
       great antiquity of, 526
    Nordenskjöld, Prof., on absence of perpetual snow in N. Asia, 135
       on recent milder climate in Spitzbergen, 182
       on former Polar climates, 187
       on geology of Spitzbergen, 188
    North America, glacial phenomena in, 116
       interglacial warm periods in, 121
       condition of, in Tertiary period, 194
    Northern genera of plants in S. temperate America, 521
       hemisphere, absence of southern plants from, 527
       flora, hardiness of, 528
                O.
    Ocean-currents as carriers of plants, 81
       as affecting interglacial periods, 152
       as determining climate, 153
       effects of, in Tertiary times, 196
    Ocean, Darwin on permanence of, 100
    Oceanic and continental islands, 242
    Oceanic islands a proof of the permanence of oceans, 100
    Oceanic islands, 244
       —the Azores, 247
       general remarks on, 329
    Octodontidæ, 27
    Œnanthe fluviatilis, 361
    Œninghen, Miocene flora of, 183
    Œnothera odorata, on a railway bank, 514
    Oliver, Professor, on peculiar Bermudan plants, 272
    Operculata, scarcity of, in the Sandwich Islands, 317
    Ophrys apifera, temporary appearance of, 514
    Orchideæ, species have restricted ranges, 505
    Orchids, abundance of, in Bourbon and Mauritius, 446
       why almost universal in the tropics, 446
    Orders, distribution of, 30
    Organic change dependent on change of conditions, 225, 228
    Oriental Region, definition of, 44
       mammals and birds of, 44
       reptiles of, 45
       insects of, 45
    Origin of new species, 56, 60
       of new genera, 61
       of the Galapagos flora, 288
       of the beetles of St. Helena, 298
       of Australian element in the New Zealand flora, 498
    Orkney, peculiar fishes of, 341
    Orthonyx not a New Zealand genus, 483
    Osprey, wide range of, 15
    Ostriches, limitation of, 30
    Otter-like mammal in New Zealand, 475
    Overlapping and discontinuous areas, 28
                P.
    Pachyglossa aureolimbata, in Celebes, 463
    Palæarctic Region, limits of, 39
       characteristic features of, 41
    Palæozoic formations, depth of, round London, 218
    Palm confined to Round Island, 444
    Panax, fossil in Greenland, 186
    Papilio, 17
    Paraguay, no wild horses or cattle in, 226
    Parnassius, Palæarctic, 42
    Parus ater, 19
    P. borealis, 19, 64
    P. britannicus, 321
    P. camtschatkensis, 19
    P. cinctus, 20
    P. cœruleus, 20
    P. cyaneus, 20
    P. cristatus, 20
    P. ledouci, 20
    P. lugubris, 20
    P. major, 19
    P. palustris, 19; discontinuous area of, 65
    P. rosea, 340
    P. teneriffæ, 20
    Passeres of the Sandwich Islands, 314
    Past changes of New Zealand, 478
    Payer, Lieut., on evaporation of ice during the Arctic summer, 140
    Peculiar fauna of New Zealand, deductions from, 484
    Pengelly, Mr., on submerged forests, 335
    Pennula millei, in Sandwich Islands, 313
    Permanence of continents, summary of evidence for, 103
    Permian formation, indications of ice-action in, 200
    Perodicticus, a local genus, 26
    Petroselinum segetum, on railway bank, 514
    Philippine Islands, 387
       mammalia of, 387
       birds of, 388
       past history of, 389
    Phyllodactylus galapagensis, 279
    Phylloscopus borealis, range of, 15
    Physical causes which determine distribution, 533
       features of Formosa, 401
    Pica, 17
    Pickering, Dr., on the flora of the Sandwich Islands, 323
       on temperate forms on mountains of the Sandwich Islands, 323
    Pithecia monachus, distribution of, 18
    P. rufibarbata, 18
    Pitta, distribution of, 25
    Plants, dispersal of, 80
       seeds of, adapted for dispersal, 80
       wide range of species and genera of, 185
       poverty of, in Ireland, 339
       peculiar British, 359
       of Ireland not in Great Britain, 364
       cause of their wide diffusion and narrow restriction, 369
       easily dispersed often have restricted ranges, 504
       how they migrate from north to south, 512
       of existing genera throughout the Tertiary period, 520
       southern migration of, by way of the Himalayas, 523
       southern migration of, through Africa, 524
       endemic genera of, in New Zealand, 526
    Platypus, 30
    Plestiodon longirostris of Bermuda, 266
    Po, matter carried away by, 173
    Podargus, Australian genus, 47
    Pœcilozonites, peculiar to Bermuda, 270
    Poinciana regia in Madagascar, 440
    Populus, fossil in Spitzbergen, 184
    Pourtales, Count, on modern formation of chalk, 95
       on sedimentary deposits in Gulf of Mexico, 222
    Poverty in species of Britain, 338
    Precession of Equinoxes, influence of, on climate, 126
    Preservation of species, 63
    Proboscidea, range of, 30
    Proteus, why preserved, 63
    Psophia, range of species of, 18
    Pteroptochidæ, 29
    Pyrenean ibex, restricted range of, 15
                R.
    Railways, new plants on, 513
    Ramsay, Mr. Wardlaw, on Philippine birds, 388
       Professor, on ancient land surfaces, 99
       on geological time 212
       on thickness of sedimentary rocks, 219
    Rat, native, of New Zealand, 475
    Rate of organic change usually measured by an incorrect scale, 232
    Rats in the Galapagos, 278
    Raven, wide range of, 15
    Reade, T. Mellard, on changes of sea and land, 84
    Recent continental islands, 243, 331
    Red clay of Bermuda, 265
    Reptiles, dispersal of, 75
       of the Galapagos, 278
       of the Sandwich Islands, 316
       cause of scarcity of, in British Isles, 339
       of Madagascar, 417
       of the Seychelles, 430
       of Mauritius and Round Island, 438
       of New Zealand, 483
    Rhodolæna altivola in Madagascar, 440
    Rhus toxicodendron in Bermuda, 272
    Ridgway, Mr., on birds of Galapagos, 281
    River-channels, buried, 336
    Roches moutonnées, 108
    Rodents in Madagascar, 417
    Round Island, a snake and a palm peculiar to, 438, 444
    Rumex pulcher in New Zealand, 515
    Rye, Mr. E. C., on peculiar British insects, 345, 351
                S.
    St. Helena, 292
       effects of European occupation on the vegetation of, 294
       insects of, 298
       land-shells of, 304
       absence of fresh-water organisms in, 304
       native vegetation of, 305
    Salvin, Mr., on the birds of the Galapagos, 280
    Sandwich Islands, the, 310
       zoology of, 313
       birds of, 313
       reptiles of, 316
       land-shells of, 316
       insects of, 318
       vegetation of, 321
       antiquity of fauna and flora of, 328
    Sassafras, in Swiss Miocene, 183
    Scandinavian flora, aggressive power of, 511
    Scientific voyages, comparative results of, 7
    Sciurus, 26
    Sclater, Mr. P. L., on zoological region, 32, 39
    Scotland, glacial deposits of, 112-115
       probable rate of denudation in, 173
       Miocene flora of, 184
       peculiar fishes of, 341
    Scotophilus tuberculatus in New Zealand, 474
    Scrophularincæ, why few species are common to Australia and New Zealand, 505
    Sea, depth of, around Madagascar, 414
       depth of, around Celebes, 452
    Sea-bottom around New Zealand and Australia, 473
    Sea-level, changes of, dependent on glaciation, 161
       complex effects of glaciation on, 162, 164
       rise of, a cause of denudation, 174
    Seas, inland, in Tertiary period, 191
    Section of sea-bottom near Bermuda, 264
    Sedges and grasses common to Australia and New Zealand, 504
    Sedimentary rocks, how to estimate thickness of, 217
       thinning out of, 217
       how formed, 218
       thickness of, 217, 221
       summary of conclusions on the rate of formation of the, 221
    Seebohm, Mr., on Parus palustris, 65
       on Emberiza schœniclus, 66
       on snow in Siberia, 166
       on birds of Japan, 396
    Seeds, dispersal of, 257
       carried by birds, 258
    Senecio australis, on burnt ground, 513
    Sericinus, Palæarctic, 42
    Seychelles Archipelago, 429
       birds of, 430
       reptiles and amphibia of, 430
       fresh-water fishes of, 433
       land-shells of, 434
    Sharp, Dr. D., on beetles of the Sandwich Islands, 319
       on peculiar British beetles, 345
    Shells, peculiar to Britain, 356
    Shetland Isles, peculiar beetle of, 354
    Shore deposits, 85, 211
       proving the permanence of continents, 97
       distance from coast of, 221
    Sialia sialis, variation of, 58
    Siberia, amount of snow and its sudden disappearance in, 166
    Silurian boulder-beds, 201
       warm Arctic climate, 202
    Simiidae, 27
    Sisyrinchium bermudianum, 272
    Skertchley, Mr., on four distinct boulder-clays, 118
       on Tertiary deposits in Egypt and Nubia, 191
       on climatic stability of present epoch, 233
    Slug peculiar to Ireland, 356
    Snake peculiar to Round Island, 438
    Snakes of the Galapagos, 280
       of the Seychelles, 431
    Snow and ice, properties of, in relation to climate, 131
    Snow, effects of, on climate, 133
    Snow, quantity of heat required to melt, 134
       often of small amount in high latitudes, 135
       never perpetual on lowlands, 136
       conditions determining perpetual, 137
       maintains cold by reflecting the solar heat, 144
    Snow-line, alterations of, causing migration of plants, 516
    Sollas, Mr. J. W., on greater intensity of telluric action in past time, 223
    South Africa, recent glaciation of, 163
       many northern genera of plants in, 524
       its supposed connection with Australia, 525
    South American plants in New Zealand,521
    South Temperate America, poor in species, 53
       climate of, 146
    Southern flora, comparative tenderness of, 528
    Southern plants, why absent in the Northern Hemisphere, 527
    Space, temperature of, 129
    Specialisation antagonistic to diffusion of species, 505
    Species, origin of new, 56
       extinction of, 63
       rise and decay of, 64
       epoch of exceptional stability of, 232
       dying out and replacement of, 409
       preservation of, in islands, 410
    Specific areas, 14; discontinuous, 64
    Spiranthes romanzoviana, 364
    Spitzbergen, Miocene flora of, 184
       absence of boulder-beds in, 187
    Spruce, Dr. Richard, on the dispersion of hepaticæ, 309
    Stability of extreme glacial conditions, 159
    Stainton, Mr. H. T., on peculiar British moths, 346-350
    Stanivoi mountains, why not ice-clad, 154
    Starlings, genera of, in New Zealand, 482
    Stellaria media, temporary appearance of, 515
    Sternum, process of abortion of keel of, 437
    Stow, Mr. G. W., on glacial phenomena in South Africa, 163
    Stratified rocks formed near shores, 85, 87
       deposits, how formed, 218
    Striated rocks, 107
       blocks in the Permian formation, 200
    Striæ flammea, range of, 15
    Struthiones, 30
    Struthious birds of New Zealand as indicating past changes, 478
    Stylidium, wide range of, 185
    Submerged forests, 334
    Subsidence of isthmus of Panama, 151
    Sumatra, geology of, 385
    Sweden, two deposits of "till" in, 121
    Swimming powers of mammalia, 74
    Swinhoe, Mr. Robert, researches in Formosa, 400
    Switzerland, interglacial warm periods in, 121
    Sylviadæ, overlapping genera of, 29
                T.
    Talpidæ, a Palæarctic group, 41
    Tapirs, distribution of, 25
       former wide range of, 393
    Tarsius, 63
    Tarsius spectrum in Celebes, 456
    Tasmania and North Australia, resemblance of, 5
       route of Arctic plants to, 520
    Taxodium distichum in Spitzbergen, 184
    Temperate climates in Arctic regions, 181
       Australian genera of plants in New Zealand, 502
       Australian species of plants in New Zealand, 502
    Temperature, how dependent on sun's distance, 129
       of space, 129
    Tertiary glacial epochs, evidence against, 179
       warm climates, continuous, 187
    Test of glaciation at any period, 175
    Testudo abingdonii, 279
    T. microphyes, 278
    Tetraogallus, distribution of, 24
    Thais, a Palæarctic genus, 42
    Thomson, Sir William, on age of the earth, 213
       Sir Wyville, on organisms in the globigerina-ooze, 89
       analysis of globigerina-ooze, 91
    Thryothorus bewickii, discontinuity of, 68
    "Till" of Scotland, 112
       several distinct formations of, 121
    Tits, distribution of species of, 19
    Torreya, fossil in Spitzbergen, 186
    Tortoises of the Galapagos, 278
    Trade-winds, how modified by a glacial epoch, 142
    Tragulidæ, 27
    Travelled blocks, 109
    Tremarctos, an isolated genus, 29
    Triassic warm Arctic climate, 200
    Tribonyx not a New Zealand genus, 483
    Trichoptera peculiar to Britain, 355
    Trogons, distribution of, 28
    Tropical affinities of New Zealand birds, 483
       character of the New Zealand flora, cause of, 500
       genera common to New Zealand and Australia, 501
    Turdus, 17, 26
    Turdus fuscescens, variation of, 58, 59
    Tylor, A., on estimating the rate of denudation, 214
    Tyrannidæ, an American family, 50
                U.
    Uraniidæ, 28
    Uropeltidæ, 30
    Urotrichus, distribution of, 25
    Ursus, 26
                V.
    Variation in animals, 57
       amount of, in N. American birds, 58
    Vegetation, local peculiarities of, 185
       effects of Polar night on, 198
    Vesperugo serotinus, range of, 14
    Vireo bellii, supposed discontinuity of, 68
    Vireonidæ, an American family, 49
                W.
    Wallich, Dr., on habitat of globigerinæ, 92
    Warren, Mr. W., information on British lepidoptera, 347
    Water, properties of, in relation to climate, 131, 133
    Waterhouse, Mr., on Galapagos beetles, 284
    Wales, peculiar fish of, 341
    Warm climates of northern latitudes, long persistence of, 201
    Watson, Mr. H. C., on the flora of the Azores, 256
       on peculiar British plants, 359
       on vegetation of railway banks, 513
    Webb, Mr., on comparison of Mars and the Earth, 166
    West Australia, rich flora of, 494
       former extent and isolation of, 497
    West Indies, a Neotropical district, 53
    White, Dr. F. Buchanan, on the Hemiptera of St. Helena, 303
       Mr. John, on native accounts of the moa, 477
    Whitehead, Mr. John, on Bornean birds, 377
    Wilson, Mr. Scott B., on birds of the Sandwich Islands, 314
    Winged birds of New Zealand, 482
    Wingless birds never inhabit continents, 437
       their evidence against "Lemuria," 438
       of New Zealand, 476
    Wings of struthious birds show retrograde development, 437
    Winter temperature of Europe and America, 196
    Wolf, range of, 14
    Wollaston, Mr. T. V., on insular character of St. Helena, 294
       on St. Helena shells and insects, 297
    Wood, Mr. Searles V., jun., on formation of "till," 114
       on alternations of climate, 118
       on causes of glacial epochs, 125
       conclusive objection to the excentricity theory, 160
       on continuous warm Tertiary climates, 180
    Woodward, Dr. S. P., on Ammonites living in shallow water, 95
    Woodward, Mr., on "Lemuria," 426
    Wright, Dr. Percival, on lizards of the Seychelles, 431
                Y.
    Young, Professor J., on contemporaneous formation of deposits, 221
    Young Island, lofty Antarctic, 522
                Z.
    Zoology of the Azores, 248
       of Bermuda, 262
       of the Sandwich Islands, 313
       of Borneo, 376
       of Madagascar, 416
       of islands round Celebes, 453
       of Celebes, 455
    Zoological and geographical regions compared, 32, 54
    Zoological features of Japan, 393
       character of New Zealand, 473