OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Saviolo, Vincentio

​SAVIOLO, VINCENTIO (fl. 1595), writer on fencing, was born at Padua, where a family of the name was long settled (Crollanza, Dizionario Storico Blazonico, p. 497). Vincentio travelled abroad, chiefly in eastern Europe, and obtained a reputation as a fencer. Finally coming to England, he was taken into the service of the Earl of Essex. On 13 Dec. 1589 Richard Jones obtained a license for the publication of a book by him, called ‘The Book of Honour.’ No volume by him of so early a date is extant. But in 1595 there was issued ‘Vincentio Saviolo his Practise. In two Bookes. The first intreating the use of the Rapier and Dagger. The second of Honor and honorable Quarrels. Both interlaced with sundrie pleasant Discourses, not unfit for all Gentlemen and Captaines that professe Armes,’ London, 1595, 4to. Some copies bore the imprint of John Wolf, but most of them were printed ‘for William Mattes.’ The work—the first in English dealing with the rapier—was dedicated to the Earl of Essex, whom Saviolo described as the English Achilles. He apologises for the defects of his English. The first book is in dialogue, the interlocutors being the author and a friend called Luke, and it is illustrated by woodcuts showing the uses of rapier and dagger. Saviolo expounds the Italian system of fencing, and shows no acquaintance with the French system. The second book, consisting of a series of detached essays, has a preface dated 1594. The last chapter bears the title ‘The Nobility of Women,’ and concludes with a panegyric on Queen Elizabeth. Two copies are in the British Museum.
Shakespeare was familiar with Saviolo's ‘Practise.’ In bk. ii. sig. Q, reference is made by Saviolo to an episode which resembles Orlando's duel with Charles, the Duke Frederick's wrestler, in ‘As you like it.’ In the same play (v. 4) Touchstone's description of the various forms of a lie is obviously based on Saviolo's chapters ‘Of the Manner and Diversitie of Lies.’ Saviolo treats in detail of ‘Lies Certaine,’ ‘Conditional Lies,’ ‘Lies in General,’ ‘Lies in Particular,’ and ‘Foolish Lies.’
S. L.
# Don-A-Dreams/Part 4

PART IV
THE VISIONARY
* Chapter 1
* Chapter 2
* Chapter 3
* Chapter 4
* Chapter 5
* Chapter 6
* Chapter 7
* Chapter 8
* Chapter 9
* Chapter 10
* Chapter 11
# District of Columbia v. Clephane

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
110 U.S. 212
District of Columbia v. Clephane
A. G. Riddle, for plaintiff in error.
Wm. F. Mattingly, C. C. Cole, and Wm. A. Cook, for defendant in error.
MILLER, J.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# District of Columbia v. Clawans

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
300 U.S. 617
District of Columbia v. Clawans
Argued: March 1, 1937. --- Decided: April 5, 1937
[Syllabus from pages 617-619 intentionally omitted]
Messrs. Raymond Sparks and Vernon E. West, both of Washington, D.C., for petitioner.
[Argument of Counsel from Pages 619-620 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Seth W. Richardson, of Washington, D.C., for respondent.
[Argument of Counsel from Pages 620-622 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Justice STONE delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# District of Columbia v. Cluss/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
103 U.S. 705
District of Columbia v. Cluss
In 1870, the Board of Trustees of Colored Schools for the District of Columbia employed the plaintiff, who is an architect by profession, to prepare the plans and specifications for a school-house in Washington, and to superintend its construction, agreeing to give him for his services five per cent on the cost of the building. This was the ordinary rate of charge as compensation for similar services in the District. In 1872, the building was constructed, and cost about $66,000. The board of trustees approved of the work, and paid the plaintiff $1,100 in cash, and gave him a voucher for $2,155 more, being for the balance due, and also the sum of $255 for services in superintending repairs upon other buildings. This voucher the plaintiff sold and delivered to the Freedman's Savings and Trust Company, for whose benefit this action is brought.
The Board of Trustees of Colored Schools has since been abolished, and a new board organized to take charge of all the public schools, whether of white or colored children. But when the original board existd it was the agent of the District for the purposes intrusted to it, and could bind the District for the services rendered by the plaintiff. The building constructed, and the other buildings upon which the reparirs were made under his superintendence, belong to the District and are used by it for colored schools, yet the amount due him for which the voucher was given has never been paid. The jury were of opinion that the District should pay it, and we agree with them.
The disallowance of the claim by the board of audit, if such had been allowed to be proved, would not have concluded the plaintiff. That board was not a judicial body, whose action judicial body, whose action was final; it exercised little more than the functions of an accountant. A claim allowed by it was not necessarily a valid one; a claim disallowed was not, therefore, illegal. Its action either way left the matter open to contestation in the courts.
Though the contract of the plaintiff with the board of trustees was made before the act creating the District into one municipal corporation, the work was not completed until afterwards, when it was accepted and approved. The new corporation succeeded to the property of the two former ones, and also to their liabilities.
Judgment affirmed.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# District of Columbia v. Cluss

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
103 U.S. 705
District of Columbia v. Cluss
ERROR to the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the court.
Mr. Albert G. Riddle for the plaintiff in error.
Mr. Enoch Totten, contra.
MR. JUSTICE FIELD delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/West, Charles (1816-1898)

​WEST, CHARLES (1816–1898), physician, son of a baptist minister, was born in London on 8 Aug. 1816. His father kept a school, in which he was educated, and in 1833 he entered as a medical student at St. Bartholomew's Hospital. After two years he went for a year to Bonn, and ​completed his medical studies at Paris and Berlin, graduating M.D. at the latter university in September 1837. He then began general practice in London, and wrote a paper on typhus fever in the ‘Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal’ for April 1838. But, wishing to enlarge his knowledge, he went to study midwifery in Dublin, and on his return became a member of the Royal College of Physicians, and was elected physician to the Infirmary for Children near Waterloo Bridge, London. He practised midwifery and wrote numerous papers, chiefly on diseases of children. In 1845 he became lecturer on midwifery to the Middlesex Hospital, and in 1847 gave a course of ‘Lectures on Diseases of Infancy and Childhood,’ published in 1848. The volume went through seven editions, and was translated into several European languages; it was the most elaborate work which had appeared on the subject in English, though less full than the famous French treatise of Rilliet and Barthez, on which it was based. It did much service in exciting general interest in the subject. He was appointed lecturer on midwifery at St. Bartholomew's Hospital in 1848, and held office for twelve years. His lectures were good, and their substance is contained in ‘Lectures on Diseases of Women,’ published in 1856 and in three later editions. In 1852, largely owing to his exertions, the Hospital for Sick Children was opened in Richard Mead's house in Great Ormond Street, London [see Mead, Richard], and he became its senior physician, an office which he held for twenty-three years. He was much consulted on the diseases of women and children till 1880, when his health obliged him to go to Nice for the winter. In the College of Physicians he was elected a fellow in 1848, became censor in 1870 and 1882, delivered the Croomian lectures ‘On Ulceration of the Os Uteri,’ the Lumleian lectures ‘On Some Disorders of the Nervous System in Childhood’ in 1871, and the Harveian oration in 1874. He died in Paris, on his way back from Nice, on 19 March 1898. He knew several languages, and was a man of ability; but the conduct of other men so rarely satisfied him that he was not a happy colleague, and left both St. Bartholomew's and the Children's Hospital in a state of feud with the other members of the staff. About twenty years before his death he became a Roman catholic.
West was twice married: first, to Miss Cartwright, and secondly to Miss Flon, who survived him. By his first wife he left one son and one daughter.
[Works; obituary notice in British Medical Journal for 2 April 1898; personal knowledge. For a complete list of his writings see the ‘Catalogue’ of the Surgeon-General's Library at Washington.]
N. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/West, Charles Richard Sackville-

​WEST, Sir CHARLES RICHARD SACKVILLE-, sixth Earl de la Warr, sixth Viscount Cantelupe, and twelfth Baron de la Warr (1815–1873), born on 13 Nov. 1815, in Upper Grosvenor Street, London, was the eldest surviving son of George John West, fifth earl De La Warr (1791–1869), by his wife Elizabeth, first baroness Buckhurst (d. 1870), daughter of John Frederick Sackville, third duke of Dorset [q. v.] The fifth earl and his sons took the additional name of Sackville before West on 30 Nov. 1843 by royal license. Charles Richard obtained the commission of ensign in the 43rd foot on 26 July 1833, and was promoted to a second lieutenancy on 30 Aug. On 5 June 1835 he became lieutenant in the 15th foot, and on 15 April 1842 captain in the 21st foot. In 1845 and 1846 he served as aide-de-camp and acting military secretary to Sir Hugh Gough (afterwards Viscount Gough) [q. v.] during the first Sikh war, and was several times mentioned in the despatches. On 3 April 1846 he obtained the brevet rank of major, and in the following year he received the Indian medal with three clasps. On 2 Aug. 1850 he attained the brevet rank of lieutenant-colonel, and on 23 April 1852 the regimental rank of major.
West was sent to the Crimea in 1854, was present at the battle of Inkerman in command of a wing of the 21st fusiliers, and initiated the attack on the battery on Shelf Hill which is believed to have led to General Dannenberg's retreat. On 28 Nov. 1854 he received the army rank of colonel. On 18 June 1855 he commanded the reserve in the unsuccessful assault made against the west flank of the Redan, and after the death of Sir John Campbell (1816–1855) [q. v.] he assumed the command of the attack. In the same year he received the Crimean medal with four clasps, and on 27 July was made C.B. On 24 July 1856 he obtained the local rank of major-general. On 2 Aug. 1856 he was made an officer of the Legion of Honour. He also received the military medal of Sardinia, and was made a knight of the third class of the Medjidie on 2 March 1858. On 29 Oct. 1864 he became a major-general; on 24 Feb. 1869 he succeeded his father as sixth Earl De La Warr; and on 20 May 1871 he was created K.C.B. On 30 Sept. 1871 he was appointed a commissioner to carry out the abolition of purchase ​in the army. He committed suicide at Cambridge on 22 April 1873. He was unmarried, and was succeeded by his brother Reginald Windsor Sackville, seventh earl.
[G. E. C[okayne]'s Peerage; Kinglake's Crimea; Ann. Reg. 1873, ii. 46.]
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wessington, John

​WESSINGTON, JOHN (d. 1451), prior of Durham, was possibly born at, and took his name from, a village in the county of Durham, now known as Washington. He entered the Benedictine order, and was one of the students regularly sent by the Benedictines of Durham to be educated at their house at Oxford, then known as Durham College and now merged in Trinity. In 1398 he became bursar of Durham College, in which he took great interest, obtaining books for its use from the chapter at Durham, and writing in 1422 a treatise to prove that it should be exempt from the jurisdiction of the general ‘prior studentium’ at Oxford because the college existed before the appointment of the prior. This treatise, extant among the manuscripts of Durham cathedral library, is printed in vol. iii. of the Oxford Historical Society's ‘Collectanea,’ 1896. About 1400 Wessington appears as chancellor of Durham Cathedral, and in the autumn of 1416 he was made prior. He retained this office for twenty-nine and a half years, during which he was very active in extending and repairing the buildings of the cathedral and its dependent houses (Hist. Dunelm. Scriptt. Tres, pp. cclxxi–vii). In 1426 he presided over a general chapter of Benedictines in England held at Northampton. He resigned his priory in May 1446, the bishop of Durham, Robert Neville [q. v.], issuing letters for the election of his successor on the 26th. The chapter of Durham, in gratitude for Wessington's services, made liberal provision for his old age. He was assigned a pension of 40l., a private room ‘vocata Coldingham’ in the monastery, and five attendants—a chaplain, an esquire, a clerk, a valet, and a ‘garcio.’ If he wished to leave Durham for his health's sake, he was to be allowed the principal room in the cell at Finchale, and another apartment there called ‘Douglas Tower.’ He died on 9 April 1451.
Bernard gives a list of Wessington's works extant among the manuscripts at Durham Cathedral; they include treatises (1) ‘De Origine Ordinis monachalis’; (2) ‘De Constitutione Monasteriorum Wermuthensis et Girwicensis [Wearmouth and Jervaulx] et Abbatibus eorum;’ (3) ‘De sanctis Monachis Lindisfarnensibus;’ (4) ‘De Fundatione Athenarum et Universitatum Parisiensis et Oxoniensis,’ and (5) ‘Vita S. Pauli primi Eremitæ et S. Antonii.’ His ‘Defensio Jurium, Libertatum, et Possessionum Ecclesiæ Dunelmensis adversus Malitias et Machinationes ipsa molentium impugnare’ extant in Cottonian MS. Vitellius A xix, was badly damaged by fire, but has been partially restored. A volume of his sermons entitled ‘Sermones de Festis principalibus tam de Sanctis quam de Tempore,’ is in the Bodleian Library (Laud MSS. Miscellanea 262), and the same manuscript contains ‘Materiæ pro Sermonibus eodem forsan Auctore.’
A. F. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Sayle, William

​SAYLE, WILLIAM (d. 1671), colonist, first appeared as a councillor in the Bermudas in 1630. On 15 Sept. 1641 he was appointed governor. He vacated the office in 1642, but was reappointed in 1643, and again, with two colleagues, in 1644. When the troubles of the mother country extended to the colony, Sayle contrived to embroil himself with each party successively. In 1647 he was suspected of attempting to subvert the government of the Bermudas in the interests of the commonwealth. He was one of those who in 1646 had obtained a grant of one of the Bahama Islands. To this they gave the name of Eleutheria, and designed it for the seat of a puritan colony. When Sayle went thither ​is uncertain. He returned thence to the Bermudas in 1657, and was reappointed governor of the Bermudas on 30 June 1658. He was soon afterwards charged with endeavouring to break up the older colony for the benefit of Eleutheria.
In October 1662 Sayle was removed from the governorship of the Bermudas. In 1670 he was chosen by the proprietors of Carolina in the place of Sir John Yeamans, as governor of a colony which they intended to found near the mouth of the river Pedee, and which resulted in the foundation of Charlestown, the nucleus of the colony of South Carolina. It is evident from the letters written by Sayle's associates that he was aged and infirm, and that they thought poorly of his mental powers; but he had an able assistant in Joseph West, who had brought the colonists from England. Sayle's will, extant in the Bermudas, is dated 30 Sept. 1670, and he died, old and infirm, on 4 March 1671. There is a somewhat indistinct tradition that he discovered some of the Bahama groups, before unknown, during a voyage between the Bermudas and Carolina in 1667. If so, he may, before his appointment as governor of the colony on the Pedee, have had some connection with the earlier settlement on the Albemarle river, founded by puritans from Virginia, and adopted by the proprietors of Carolina.
J. A. D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Sayers, James

​SAYERS or SAYER, JAMES (1748–1823), caricaturist, born at Yarmouth in August 1748, was son of the master of a trading vessel. He was at first articled as a clerk in an attorney's office at Yarmouth, and rose to be a member of the borough council. He quitted his profession on inheriting a small fortune from his father. Having already shown some skill in writing satirical poems at Yarmouth, Sayers now gave full bent to his inclination by becoming a caricaturist. The political and theatrical worlds supplied him with themes. He came to London about 1780 and espoused the cause of Pitt against Fox and the so-called advocates of republicanism. From 1783 onwards, for several years, he drew a series of caricatures, which were etched and published by the two Brethertons, mainly upon Fox, but subsequently upon Burke and other opponents of Pitt. These caricatures have next to no merit as works of art, but were so powerful and direct in their purpose that Fox is said to have declared that Sayers's caricatures did him more harm than all the attacks made on him in parliament or the press. Some of these were published in series, entitled ‘Illustrious Heads designed for a New History of Republicanism, in French and English,’ or ‘Outlines of the Opposition;’ others were caricatures on Fox's India Bill, the trial of Warren Hastings, and other current topics. When Pitt succeeded to office, he rewarded Sayers with the post of marshal of the court of exchequer. Sayers continued, however, to publish occasional caricatures and satirical poems, and on the death of Pitt in 1806 he wrote ‘Elijah's Mantle,’ which was wrongly assigned to Canning. Sayers died in Curzon Street, Mayfair, on 20 April 1823, and was buried in St. Andrew's, Holborn. His name is sometimes spelt Sayer, but on a portrait, drawn by himself and lithographed by M. Gaucir, he is described as ‘James Sayers, aged 65,’ and the name Sayers appears on some of his caricatures. A large collection of these is in the print-room at the British Museum, with a few etched portraits and other subjects.
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Say, William (1604-1665?)

​SAY, WILLIAM (1604–1665?), regicide, born in 1604, was probably second son of William Say of Ickenham, Middlesex, by his wife Anne, daughter of Sir Edward Fenner, one of the judges of the king's bench (see pedigree in Harl. Soc. v. 252). He matriculated at University College, Oxford, 9 Dec. 1619, aged 15, and graduated B.A. in June 1623. He entered at the Middle Temple in 1631, becoming a bencher twenty-three years later. He took up the parliamentary cause, and in 1646 obtained a grant of the sequestered lands of John, lord Abergavenny, receiving the profits of them up to 1655 (Hist. MSS. Comm. 7th Rep. pp. 95 b, 122 b). On 12 April 1647 he was returned to the Long parliament as member for Camelford, Cornwall, in the place of William Glenvill, disabled to sit (Return of Members, i. 486). He was one of the members of the high court which tried Charles, and was required to peruse the proceedings before they were presented to the house (Cal. State Papers, 1649, p. 353). He attended the trial regularly (Noble), and signed the death warrant (Gardiner, Civil War, iv. 309). In May 1649 he was appointed one of the council for the Commonwealth on the trial of John Lilburne [q. v.] (Council Book, Record Office, I. lxii. 249) and on 11 Feb. 1650 was admitted to the council of state (Commons' Journals; Whitelocke, Memorials, p. 488). He subsequently sat on numerous committees up to 1653. In November 1659 he with Ludlow and a few others attempted to reconcile the army and parliament (Ludlow, Memoirs, ed. Firth, ii. 145). He was nominated one of the committee of safety, 30 Dec. 1659 (Commons' Journals, viii. 800; Parl. Hist. xx. 36). On 13 Jan. 1659–60 Speaker Lenthall was allowed ten days' absence during illness, and during this interim Say filled his place (Commons' Journals, viii. 811; Whitelocke, Memorials, p. 693). At the Restoration he was exempted from the act of indemnity by a vote of the House of Commons, 30 May 1660 (Ludlow, Memoirs, ii. 275). He escaped to the continent, and in October 1662 joined Ludlow at Lausanne (ib. ii. 343), but after some stay left to seek a place of greater safety in Germany (ib. p. 373). In 1665 he was at Amsterdam, and in the following year was concerting in Holland a movement against England (ib. ii. 373, 391). He probably died soon afterwards.
W. A. S.