OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Okubo, Toshimichi

See also Ōkubo Toshimichi on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ OKUBO, ō̇′kụ-bō, Toshimichi (1830-78). A Japanese statesman and reformer. A native of the warlike elan of Satsuma, he was one of the five leaders in the restoration of the Emperor to power in 1867-68. After the establishment of peace he was equally prominent as the advocate of progressive measures. He was vice-ambassador in the Japanese embassy of 1672-73 which traveled around the world. Going to Peking in 1874, he settled the Formosan difficulty, which threatened war between the two empires. For eight years he was in the Cabinet of the Emperor. In 1877 a portion of the Satsuma clan, led by his old friend and comrade in arms, Saigo, rebelled. But Okubo remained in the Cabinet, aiding in the suppression of the rebellion. In revenge six clansmen of Satsuma killed him while he was on the way to the Emperor's palace, May 14, 1878. He received high posthumous rank, and his sons were ennobled.
# The Mummy (Loudon)/Volume 2

THE MUMMY!
A TALE
of
THE TWENTY-SECOND CENTURY.
"Why hast thou disquieted me, to bring me up?"
1 Sam., xxviii. 15.
IN THREE VOLUMES.
VOL. II.
LONDON:
HENRY COLBURN, NEW BURLINGTON STREET.
1827.
* Chapter I.
* Chapter II.
* Chapter III.
* Chapter IV.
* Chapter V.
* Chapter VI.
* Chapter VII.
* Chapter VIII.
* Chapter IX.
* Chapter X.
* Chapter XI.
* Chapter XII.
* Chapter XIII.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Omar Khayyam

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​Omar Khayyam (khī̇-yäm′), a Persian poet and astronomer, was born at Nishapur about the middle of the 11th century. Khayyam is his poetical name, and was taken from his father’s business as a tent-maker. He was educated under one of the great Persian teachers and offered a place at court, but refused and was given a pension instead.  He reconstructed the calendar, making it, as Gibbon says, “very much superior to the Julian, approaching in accuracy to the Gregorian style.” He wrote mathematical treatises in Arabic, one on algebra, which has been translated into French. He was better known as an astronomer than as a poet until 1859, when Edward Fitzgerald, published a translation of his Rubáiyát or quatrains, which gave him a place among the true poets, though the translation is deemed much finer than the original. His astronomical work brought on him the suspicion of heresy, which his poem did not remove, and to allay the feeling against him he made a pilgrimage to Mecca. He died at Nishapur in 1122. See Letters and Literary Remains of Fitzgerald, Vol. III.; Rubáiyát.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Onega, Lake

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​One′ga, Lake, in the north of Russia, northeast of Lake Ladoga and, after it, the largest in Europe. It is 146 miles long and 50 wide, covering 3,764 square miles.  It has but one outlet, the Svir, flowing into Lake Ladoga. There are numerous islands and bays and abundance of fish. It is closed by ice for 156 days in the year, but has a large traffic on its waters at other times. A ship-canal, 145 miles long, to connect it with the White Sea, is planned, the surveys being finished in 1890.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Olney, Richard

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* RICHARD OLNEY
Ol′ney, Richard, an American jurist and statesman, was born at Oxford, Mass., Sept. 15, 1835. He graduated from Brown University in 1856, and afterward spent three years in the Harvard Law School. When admitted to the bar he began the practice of law at Boston and rapidly rose to fame. He took no active part in politics until, during the administration of President Cleveland, he was called to a place in his cabinet as attorney-general, afterward as secretary of state. On the return of the Republicans to power he resumed the practice of law at Boston, having won distinction in the settlement of various important matters of state upon which he was called to act during his career in the cabinet.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Olympus, Mount

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​ Olym′pus, Mount, a group of mountains in Turkey between Thessaly and Macedonia. The eastern side fronts the sea, and has deep precipices and ravines filled with forest trees. The highest peak is 9,790 feet high. In Greek mythology it was the residence of Zeus, whose palace was thought to stand on its summit.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Omahas

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​ Omahas, a tribe of American Indians, of the Dakotah family, settled in northern Nebraska. They were found by Marquette (1673), by Carver (1766) and by Lewis and Clark (1805). They were constantly at war with the Sioux, but since 1855 have been at peace and have improved rapidly. They cultivate the ground, and have churches and schools. Their present number does not exceed 1,200.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Olympia, Wash.

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​ Olym′pia, Wash., capital of the state and county-seat of Thurston County, is on a peninsula at the southern end of Puget Sound, 65 miles from the Pacific. The Deschutes, which enters Puget Sound here, has a fall of 85 feet in 300 yards, which gives abundant water-power. A bridge, 2,030 feet long, formerly crossed the end of the sound. The Coast Mountains on the left and the Cascade Mountains on the right, with the sound ​in front, make fine scenery. There are flour mills, sawmills and shoe and soap factories, salmon canneries, machine shops etc. It has public and parochial schools, besides St. Amable Academy (R. C.), St. Peter's Hospital (R. C.) and the state library which contains 30,000 volumes. Population 6,782.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Omar I, Abu Hafsah Ibn ul Khattab

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​ O′mar I, Abu Hafsah Ibn ul Khattab, the second caliph of the Mussulmans, was born about 581 A. D. Although he was at first bitterly opposed to Mohammed, he suddenly gave his adherence to the cause of the prophet and became a chief supporter of his creed and claims. He succeeded Abu-bekir in 634 A. D. He declined the title of Caliph or successor, as too exalted; and chose rather to be called Emir or Commander. It was through his command the Hejira (Flight) was adopted as the point from which the followers of Mohammed should date their years. It was by his genius that the Arabian empire was founded. Under his irresistible ​advance Syria and Palestine were conquered, and he built the Mosque of Omar which still stands central in Jerusalem. He subdued Egypt and Persia, and brought for the first time all the Arabian tribes under one creed and authority. An act of injustice, not usual with him, it should be said, incurred the resentment of a Persian slave, and he was assassinated in 644. He was buried near Mohammed.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Olympic Games

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​ Olym′pic Games, the most famous and splendid national festival of the Greeks, celebrated once in five years in honor of Zeus, on the plain of Olympia. Olympia was a beautiful valley near the river Alpheus, and contained temples, monuments, altars and statues, connected with Greek art and religion. There were about 3,000 statues at the time of the elder Pliny (23-70 A. D.). The sacred grove was a level space, nearly square, being 600 feet long and about 580 feet broad. It looked toward the Ionian Sea, with the rivers Alpheus and Cladeus on its southern and western boundaries. It was well-wooded and crossed by a road called the Pompic Way, the route taken by all the processions. The games date back of 776 B. C., but in that year became a national festival, and the custom of reckoning time by Olympiads began. The contests were at first permitted only among the Greeks, but after the Romans conquered Greece they took part in the games, Tiberius and Nero appearing in the list of victors. Women were not allowed to be present, with the exception of the priestess of Demeter. The games were held at the first full moon of the summer solstice, about the last of June. While the games were in progress, all hostilities were stopped by proclamation of heralds through the country. The contestants went through 10 months' training in the gymnasium at Elis, and the judges, at first two but later 12, were instructed as long in their duties. The judges held office only one year. The contests were foot-races, wrestling, boxing, leaping, running and throwing the spear and the discus or quoits, with chariot and horse races. On the fifth day there were processions, sacrifices and banquets to the victors. The victors, each holding a palm-branch, were presented to the people, and while heralds proclaimed their names and their parents', they were crowned with garlands of wild olive twigs, cut from a sacred tree of the grove. Statues were erected to them; they had the place of honor on public occasions; were usually exempt from paying taxes; and at Athens were boarded at the expense of the state. Songs were sung in their praise, as 14 of Pindar's lyrics bear witness. The games were abolished by Emperor Theodosius in 394 A. D.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Omaha, Neb.

See also Omaha, Nebraska on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ O′maha, Neb., the largest city of Nebraska, capital of Douglas County, is on the Missouri which is crossed by a railroad bridge 2,750 feet long. The city is built on a plain 80 feet above the river, which rises gradually into bluffs. The business portion is on the level portion, while the bluffs are occupied by tasteful homes. The city hall, United States courthouse, Omaha Bee building, New York Life Insurance Company's building, Boyd's Theater, St. Joseph's Hospital, chamber of commerce, state asylum for the deaf, Creighton College, a medical college and over 100 churches are among its prominent buildings. The Bee is the most important newspaper published between San Francisco and Chicago. Omaha ranks with Chicago and Kansas City as a live-stock market, having immense stockyards, which cover over 200 acres, and large beef and pork-packing establishments, being the third city in the United States in the value of its pork-products. The manufactures include linseed-oil, boilers, safes, bags, soap and beer. The largest silver-smelting works in the world, using one fourth of the silver ore mined in the United States, are at Omaha. The military department of the Platte, covering 82½ acres, with fine barracks, is near the city. The public schools are maintained at an annual cost of $1,500,000; the buildings consist of 49 grade schools and one high school; besides, the city has a public library, Creighton College two, the Y. M. C. A. one (and six other libraries belong to fraternal societies) and a fine art gallery. Fourteen trunk-lines enter the city, and there are two magnificent stations. Omaha was founded in 1854, and rapidly became one of the leading western cities. Population 124,096.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Omnibus Bill, The

See also Compromise of 1850 on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Om′nibus Bill, The, a term applied to a bill reported on April 17th, 1850, by a committee of the Federal Senate of the United States headed by Henry Clay, because of its all-comprehensive nature. The bill consisted of thirty-nine sections, and provided for the admission of California with her free constitution, territorial government in New Mexico and Utah, without express restriction upon slavery; a territorial boundary line between Texas and New Mexico in favor of the former; a more efficient fugitive slave-law; and denial to Congress of power to interfere with slave-trade between slave-states. After long discussion the bill was broken up and each measure covered by a separate bill. The term is now commonly applied to all single legislative acts in which are incorporated a number of loosely connected or wholly disconnected measures. Such bills used to be passed by state legislatures with considerable frequency, but in later years provisions have found their way into constitutions requiring that single statutes shall deal with but one main subject which shall be clearly indicated in the title.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cook Islands

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Cook Islands. Capt. Cook in 1773 discovered a number of islands between 8° and 23° south latitude and 157° and 170° west longitude. These number six principal and a number of smaller islands, which with several others were attached to New Zealand for administrative purposes in June, 1901. Rarotonga, the chief island, is 20 miles in circumference and has 2,060 inhabitants. The total population is 6,324.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Convolvulus, Wild Morning-Glory

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​Convolvulus, Wild Morning-Glory, a common white or pink-and-white wild-flower of wayside wall and bank. It is much like the cultivated morning-glory of the home-garden, but is a hardier plant; the flowers are less frail and remain open longer, and it is perennial. It is also called Hedge-Bindweed, also Lady's Nightcap. It grows as far south as North Carolina and west to Nebraska, and blooms from June to August. It is a rapid grower and a great twiner, the Latin name Convolvulus, meaning little twiner. On moonlight nights the flower remains open, giving welcome to visiting moths. To the Convolvulus family belongs the sweet-potato vine; and also a member of this family is that bane of the farmer, dodder, small or field bindweed.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cooley, Thomas McIntyre

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​Cooley, Thomas McIntyre, American jurist, was born at Attica, N. Y., Jan. 6, 1824; and died at Ann Arbor, Mich., Sept. 12, 1898. He studied law and in 1846 was admitted to the bar; in 1859 be became professor of law in the University of Michigan; and, with an interval of some years when he was chief-justice of the supreme ​court of his state, he returned to his university professorship as dean of the school of political science and lecturer on constitutional and administrative law. Between 1887 and 1891 he served as chairman of the interstate commerce commission. He was an able and industrious writer of legal text-books, which have become standard authorities; the chief of these are The Constitutional Limitations which Rest upon the Legislative Power of the States of the American Union; The Law of Taxation; Wrongs and Their Remedies; and The General Principles of Constitutional Law in the United States.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cooper, James Fenimore

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* JAMES F. COOPER
Cooper, James Fenimore, American novelist, was born at Burlington, N. J., Sept. 15, 1789. After three years at Yale he entered the navy, rising to the rank of lieutenant. His first novel was a failure; but in 1821 The Spy made him popular. Following this came The Pioneers, the first of the famous Leather-Stocking Tales. In 1823 appeared The Pilot, the earliest of his sea-tales. Throughout his life he was a busy writer, now correcting the false impressions of his country which he found current in Europe, now writing a novel to give expression to his views of politics, now ridiculing his countrymen's faults and anon bringing out sketches of travel. But his fame rests on his early novels, the best of which have been translated into most of the languages of Europe and into some of those of the east. He, practically, was the first American in American literature. He died Sept. 14, 1851.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Connective

See also the disclaimer.
​Connec′tive (in plants). That part of an anther which lies between the pollen-sacs. See Flower.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Connellsville, Pa.

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​Con′nellsville, Pa., a borough in the southwest of the state, is the center of the United States coking-coal trade, and has a population of some 8,000. It may be visited by branches of the Pennsylvania and Baltimore and Ohio railroads. In addition to the coking-coal industry, it has a lock-factory, coal-mines, brick-works and pump- and machine-works. Population (1910), 12,845.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Conrad, Timothy Abbott

See also Timothy Abbott Conrad on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Conrad, Timothy Abbott, an American paleontologist, was born in New Jersey in 1803, and died at Trenton, N. J., Aug. 8, 1877. Early in life, his attention was drawn to the geological features and crust-depressions in the western plains, while on surveying expeditions and while acting as paleontologist of the N. Y. geological survey. His published works include Fossil Shells of the Tertiary Formations of North America, New Fresh-Water Shells of the United States and Paleontology of the State of New York.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cook, Frederick Albert

See also Frederick Cook on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Cook, Frederick Albert, American physician and explorer, was born at Calicoon Depot, Sullivan Co., New York, June 10 1865. He was graduated from the University of New York in 1890, and received his medical degree from the same institution. He was surgeon of the Peary Arctic expedition, in 1891-2, and surgeon of the Belgium Antarctic expedition 1897-9. In 1903-6 he explored the mountain regions of Alaska and claimed to have ascended Mt. McKinley. He is the author of Through the First Antarctic Night and To the Top of the Continent. In July, 1907, he sailed north in a fishing schooner, reaching Smith Sound where he wintered. On Feb. 19, 1908, he started with a sledge train for the pole. In Sept., 1909, he returned to civilization and announced that on Apr. 21, 1908, he had reached the north pole, where he spent two days in taking observations. His proofs, submitted to scientists of Copenhagen University, did not stand the test of examination and his claim was discredited. See Polar Explorations.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cook, James, Captain

See also James Cook on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Cook, James, Captain, a great English navigator, was born Oct. 28, 1728, the son of a farm-laborer. In 1755 he entered the royal navy and became a master-mariner, and at this time surveyed the shores of Newfoundland and the St. Lawrence. In 1768, as lieutenant in command of a ship, he sailed to Tahiti with an expedition to observe the transit of Venus. On the return voyage he sailed around New Zealand for the first time, mapped its coasts and explored the east side of Australia.
His second voyage was spent exploring the lands of the Antarctic on the edge of the sea of ice.
His third voyage was made as captain in charge of two ships. After discovering Hawaii, which he named the Sandwich Islands, he followed the North American coast, trying to find a northwest passage from the Pacific to the Atlantic. He reached Bering Strait, but, forced to turn back, he made Hawaii in 1779. Here he was murdered by the islanders Feb. 14, 1779. Captain Cook, perhaps more than anyone else, added to our knowledge of the Pacific and Antarctic Oceans. His surveys also have stood later tests and been found accurate.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Tennessee, University of

Edition of 1905. See also University of Tennessee on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​TENNESSEE, University of. A coeducational State institution at Knoxville, Tenn., founded in 1794 as Blount College. Its title was changed in 1807 to East Tennessee College, in 1840 to East Tennessee University, and in 1879 to its present name. The institution comprises the College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts and the university proper. The college has an agricultural department with a four years' course and a short course for farmers; an engineering department with four years' courses in mechanical, electrical, and civil engineering and chemistry; a literary department; and an industrial department for colored students (Knoxville College). The university consists of an academic department with courses for the graduate degrees of M.A. and M.S. and professional courses in engineering, law, medicine, and dentistry, the medical and dental departments being situated in Nashville. University extension work is carried on by means of teachers' institutes, farmers' institutes and conventions, and conferences on education. A summer school and a department of education have also been established. The university has a liberal system of accredited scholars whose certificates are accepted in place of the entrance examinations. The State has established 275 free scholarships in the academic department, and one free scholarship is given to each accredited school outside the State. The attendance in 1903 was 756 and the faculty numbered 120. The library contained about 20,000 volumes. The endowment in that year was $425,000 and the income about $103,716.29. The grounds and buildings were valued at $491,929.98.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Tennessee Centennial Exposition

Edition of 1905. See also Tennessee Centennial Exposition on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. An exposition held in Nashville, Tenn., May 1 to October 30, 1897, to celebrate the one hundredth anniversary of the admission of the State into the Union. The site covered about 200 acres, and a characteristic feature of the landscape plan was the sward planted with the famous blue grass of the region. The buildings, of which there were over a hundred, included those devoted to agriculture, commerce, education, fine arts, history, machinery, minerals and forestry, and transportation, as well as those in which the special exhibits pertaining to children, negroes, the United States Government, and women were shown. The total attendance was 1,786,714, of which the total paid attendance was 1,166,692. The total receipts were $1,101,285, and the disbursements $1,101,246. Consult Justi, Official History of the Tennessee Centennial Exposition (Nashville, 1898).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Tennessee River

Edition of 1905. See also Tennessee River on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​TENNESSEE RIVER. The largest tributary of the Ohio. It is formed by the union of the Holston and the North Fork, which rise in the Alleghany Mountains of southwestern Virginia, and unite near Kingsport in the northeastern part of Tennessee (Map: Kentucky, C 4). According to some authorities the Holston extends to the junction with the French Broad River at Knoxville, and according to others even to the Clinch River at Kingston. The river flows first southwest between the Alleghany ridges, and then makes a great waving curve through northern Alabama from its northeastern to its northwestern corner. Reëntering Tennessee, it flows northward across the State, then northwest across Kentucky to its confluence with the Ohio at Paducah. Its length, including the Holston, is 1200 miles. Its chief affluents are the French Broad, the Clinch, Hiawassee, Sequatchie, Elk, and Duck. Except at the Muscle Shoals in Alabama, navigation is unobstructed from the mouth of the river to Chattanooga, a distance of 450 miles. The Muscle Shoals are a series of rapids, where the river flows over limestone rocks from Florence to Decatur, a distance of 23 miles, but navigation around them has been effected by means of a canal and locks, completed by the United States Government in 1889. Above the Shoals small steamers may ascend the river to Knoxville. Besides Knoxville, the chief cities along its banks are Florence and Decatur in Alabama, and Chattanooga in Tennessee.