OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lichenin

Edition of 1905. See also Lichenin on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
LICHENIN, lī'kĕn-ĭn. A starch-like body, found in Iceland moss and other lichens, from which it is extracted by digesting the moss in a cold, weak solution of carbonate of soda for some time, and then boiling. By this process the lichenin is dissolved and on cooling separates as a colorless jelly. Iodine imparts no color to it.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lich-gate

Edition of 1905. See also Lychgate on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
LICH-GATE (from lich, AS. līc, OHG. līh, Ger. Leiche, Goth. leik, corpse, body + gate), or Corpse-Gate. A churchyard gate with a porch or shed attached. Such gates are common in many parts of England. The bodies of persons brought for burial are set down under the shelter of the roof while the service is read.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Southern Cross

See also Crux on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SOUTHERN CROSS. A famous constellation near the South Pole. Of its four principal stars, one, the southernmost, is of the first magnitude; two, the eastern and northern, of the second; and one, the western, of the third. The stars are not arranged very accurately in a cruciform position; and, on the whole, it must be said the constellation is much overrated.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sow-bug

Edition of 1905. See also Woodlouse on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
* SOW-BUG
SOW-BUG. A small carnivorous crustacean of the family Oniscidae, the species of which live under logs in the woods and in similar places. It is an isopod. See Crustacea; Isopoda; and compare Gribble.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Southdown

See also the disclaimer.
​SOUTHDOWN. An English breed of sheep, bred for their superior mutton. See Sheep.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Southend-on-Sea

See also Southend-on-Sea on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SOUTHEND-ON-SEA, sŭTH′end-. A municipal borough and seaside resort in Essex, England; at the mouth of the Thames. 42 miles east of London (Map: England, G 5). It is a popular holiday and residential resort of Londoners. The town owns fine municipal buildings, promenade piers, a concert pavilion, electric street railways, pleasure grounds, and a cemetery, and maintains technical schools, a sanatorium, and an isolation hospital. Population, in 1901, 28,850.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Southerne, Thomas

See also Thomas Southerne on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SOUTHERNE, sŭTH′ẽrn, Thomas (1660-1746). An English playwright. He was born in Ireland, and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. Entered at the Middle Temple in London, he abandoned law to write for the stage, his first play being The Loyal Brother, or the Persian Prince (1682). His two best known pieces are the tragedies of The Fatal Marriage (1694), which was afterwards revised by Garrick, and Oroonoko, or the Royal Slave (1696), founded on a novel of the time and remarkable as including one of the earliest English condemnations of the slave trade.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Spartium

See also the disclaimer.
​SPARTIUM, spär′shĭ-ŭm. A genus of plants. See Broom.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Southern Cross, Order of the

See also Order of the Southern Cross on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SOUTHERN CROSS, Order of the. The highest Brazilian order, founded by Dom Pedro I. in 1822, in commemoration of his accession to the throne. The order has four classes, and until 1889 the members received pensions. The decoration is a white enameled cross of five arms, with a wreath of coffee and tobacco leaves. The effigy of Dom Pedro on the medallion is surrounded by the inscription Petrus I., Brasiliæ Imperator. On the reverse is a cross composed of nineteen stars, with the words Bene Merentium Præmium. The decoration is suspended from a crown and is worn on a blue ribbon.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sower, Christopher

Edition of 1905. See also Christopher Sower (elder) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SOWER, sour (or SAUR), Christopher (1693-1758). An early American printer and publisher, born at Laasphe, near Marburg, Germany. After receiving a university education, and studying medicine at Halle, he emigrated to Pennsylvania in 1724, and in 1731 settled at Germantown. There in 1738 he set up a printing press and began the publication of an almanac in German, which was continued by his descendants for sixty years. In 1739 he issued the first number of Der Hoch-Deutsch Pensylvanische Geschichte-Schreiber, a quarterly magazine, the first of the sort published in Pennsylvania. In 1743 he published a quarto edition of Luther's translation of the Bible in German, which was, with the exception of Eliot's Indian Bible, the first to be published in America. He continued his activity in publishing both English and German works, and in connection with that business established a type foundry, the first in America, a paper mill, and an ink factory. He is also generally credited with being the inventor of cast-iron stoves.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Spartanburg

See also Spartanburg, South Carolina on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SPAR′TANBURG. A city and the county-seat of Spartanburg County, S. C., 93 miles northwest of Columbia; on several branches of the Southern and the Atlantic Coast Line railroads (Map: South Carolina, C 2). It has the Kennedy Public Library, and is the seat of Converse College, a non-sectarian institution for women, opened in 1890. Wofford College (Methodist Episcopal, South), opened in 1854, and the State Deaf, Dumb, and Blind Institute. Spartanburg is situated in a rich cotton-growing and farming section, which also has deposits of gold, limestone, and granite, and other mineral wealth. It is the centre of a large cotton-manufacturing district, containing some 30 mills with more than 400,000 spindles. There are several large cotton mills in the city and suburbs; also iron works, lumber mills, and manufactories of brooms and soap. The government, under the charter of 1901, is vested in a mayor, chosen every two years, and a unicameral council. Population, in 1890, 5544; in 1900, 11,395.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sparteine

See also Sparteine on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SPARTEINE (from Neo-Lat. Spartium, from Lat. spartum, sparton, from Gk. σπάρτον, Spanish broom, cable). A volatile, oily liquid alkaloid obtained from the tops of the broom-plant (Cytisus Scoparius), a European shrub of the order Leguminosæ. Sparteine is odorless, very bitter, soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform, but insoluble in water. Its sulphate, which is used in medicine, is a colorless, crystalline powder, soluble in water and in alcohol. It is a cardiac stimulant, acting at times when others fail, and used under these circumstances or when it is necessary to obtain a substitute for other drugs of its class. It increases the amount of urine excreted.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Star Route Frauds

Edition of 1905. See also Star routes on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
STAR ROUTE FRAUDS. Certain frauds connected with the management of the star route postal service during the administration of President Hayes. The term ‘star routes’ was applied to those routes over which, owing to the lack of railroads and steamboats, the mail was carried on horseback or in wagons, such routes being commonly marked, in the books of the Post Office Department, with an asterisk or ‘star.’ A ‘ring,’ including Brady, the Second Assistant Postmaster-General, and Senator S. W. Dorsey, of Arkansas, on the one hand, and certain mail contractors on the other, was alleged to have been
formed for the purpose of defrauding the Government by increasing unduly the remuneration of certain mail contractors. The sphere of operations of the combination included 135 mail routes on which the compensation for carrying the mail was increased from $143,169 to $622,808. This increase was accomplished by securing numerously signed petitions from the localities interested praying for an increase in the number of trips, after which the schedule time for each trip was shortened. Estimates from the contractors largely in excess of the actual cost were allowed, and the profits were alleged to have been divided between the contractors and the members of the ring at Washington. The frauds were brought to light early in Garfield's administration, and the chief participants were prosecuted. Dorsey was tried, but the jury failed to reach a decision. Upon a second trial in 1883 he was acquitted. Brady was also tried, but was not convicted. Of all those prosecuted only one was ever punished. The ring was eventually broken up, but not until a number of those interested had acquired fortunes.
# The New International Encyclopædia/State's Evidence

Edition of 1905. See also Turn state's evidence on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​STATE'S EVIDENCE (or, in England, King's or Queen's Evidence). A popular phrase used to denote the testimony given by an accomplice in the commission of a crime against the other accomplices on their trial, under an agreement or understanding with the prosecuting officer that the witness shall not be brought to trial for his part in the crime, in consideration of his aid to the State. Such an agreement or understanding on the part of the prosecution is not valid and enforceable as a matter of law, but in practice such agreements are usually adhered to by the prosecutor as a matter of good faith and are countenanced by courts as a justifiable and proper means of securing convictions for crime. In several States there are statutes providing that there shall be no conviction for crime upon the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice. In applying this statute, whether a witness is an accomplice whose testimony requires corroboration is a question for the jury, unless the facts are undisputed or the question rests upon some rule of law, where it must be passed upon by the court. See Accomplice; Principal; Accessory.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Stalwarts

Edition of 1905. See also Stalwart (politics) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
STALWARTS. The name applied to those members of the Republican Party in New York State in 1881 and afterwards who adhered to Senators Conkling and Platt and were opposed to the Half-Breeds (q.v.), who favored the administration of Garfield. See Conkling, Roscoe.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Stahl, Georg Ernest

Edition of 1905. See also Georg Ernest Stahl on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
STAHL, Georg Ernest (1660-1734). A German physician and chemist, born at Ansbach. He was called in 1694 to the chair of medicine, anatomy, and chemistry in the newly founded university of Halle, whence he removed to Berlin in 1716, and was appointed physician to the King of Prussia. Stahl was one of the ablest chemists of his time, and destroyed numberless absurd opinions which had found their way into science, and propounded the first general theory of chemical transformations (see Chemistry), which was universally accepted till the time of Lavoisier. His works, according to Haller, number 250, the most important being Theoria Medica Vera (1707, and 1831-33), which contains his medical theory, and Experimenta, Observationes et Animadversiones Chymico-Physicæ (1731), in which his chemical opinions are set forth. An account of his opinions is found in Lemoine, Le vitalisme et l'animisme de Stahl (Paris, 1864). Consult also Lasègue, De Stahl et sa doctrine médicale (ib., 1846).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Stahl, Friedrich Julius

Edition of 1905. See also Friedrich Julius Stahl on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
STAHL, Friedrich Julius (1802-61). A German politician and political philosopher. He was born in Munich of Jewish parents, turned Protestant in 1819, studied at Würzburg, Heidelberg, and Erlangen, and in course of time became professor of law at Erlangen, Würzburg, and Berlin. In 1849 he was made a member of the Upper House of the Prussian Legislature, and in 1850 he was a member of the Erfurt Parliament. Stahl was a leader in the Lutheran Church, and became one of the most powerful influences for reaction in Germany. He stood for an absolute monarch and an absolute Church that should control the monarch. The basis of his political philosophy was the conception of the subserviency of all things lay and clerical to the will of God as expounded by the clergy. His most important work is the Philosophie des Rechts nach geschichtlicher Ansicht (1830). Some of his other works are Ueber Kirchenzucht (1845), Das monarchische Prinzip (1845), Der
christliche Staat (1847), Die Revolution und die konstitutionelle Monarchie (1848), Die lutherische Kirche und die Union (1859).
# The New International Encyclopædia/State Public School

Edition of 1905. See also State Public School at Coldwater on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​STATE PUBLIC SCHOOL. A model institution at Coldwater, Mich., for the education and support of dependent and ill-treated children of the State. It was established by an act of the State Legislature in 1871, but was not formally opened until 1874. It is the object of this institution to receive, care for, educate, and place whenever possible in family homes all the dependent children of the State of sound mind and body between the ages of two and twelve. The board of control, however, has the discretionary power vested in it of admitting children under two, where circumstances warrant such an exception. Since its foundation it has received over 5000 children, and in 1902 there were in the school 155 inmates. The school is located on a farm of 160 acres, covered partly by orchards, ornamental trees, and gardens. The buildings consist of an administration building, schoolhouse proper, and nine cottages among which the inmates are distributed. This system of cottages, under the superintendence of matrons who are specially qualified for that work, has the tendency to foster a love for home life. The State of Michigan was first in establishing this type of school. Similar institutions have since been established in Iowa, Minnesota, Kansas, Montana, Colorado, Wisconsin, Texas, Nebraska, Alabama, Rhode Island, and Nevada.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Staten Island

Edition of 1905. See also Staten Island on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​STATEN (stăt′en) ISLAND. An island of New York constituting Richmond County, and since 1898 the Borough of Richmond, New York City (q.v.). It is distant a little more than five miles from the southern extremity of Manhattan Island, and is separated from Long Island on the east by the Narrows, which connect the Upper New York Bay with the Lower Bay.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Stahr, Adolf

Edition of 1905. See also Adolf Wilhelm Theodor Stahr on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
STAHR, stär, Adolf (1805-76). A German author, born in Prenzlau, Prussia. After study at the University of Halle he went to the gymnasium at Oldenberg, and in 1836 became professor there. While on a tour through Italy in 1845, which was afterwards described in Ein Yahr in Italien (1847-50), he met the author Fanny Lewald, whom he married in 1855, after separating from his first wife. Perhaps the most noteworthy of his writings are his classical studies, which include translations from Aristotle, Suetonius, and Tacitus, and Bilder aus dem Altertum (1863-66). His miscellaneous works, some of which have been translated into English, include: Charakteristik Immermanns (1842); Die Republikaner in Neapel (1849); Die preussische Revolution (1850); and G. E. Lessing, sein Leben und seine Schriften (1858).
# The New Penelope/Moonlight Memories

MOONLIGHT MEMORIES.
Do thy chamber windows open east, Beloved, as did ours of old? And do you stand when day has ceased, Withdrawn thro' evening's porch of gold, And watch the pink flush fade above The hills on which the wan moon leans, Remembering the sweet girlish love That blest this hour in other scenes!
I see your hand upon your heart— I see you dash away the tears— It is the same undying smart, That touched us in the long-gone years; And cannot pass away. You stand ​Your forehead to the window crest, And stifle sobs that no command Can keep from rising in your breast.
Dear, balm is not for griefs like ours, Nor resurrection for dead hope: In vain we cover wounds with flowers, That grow upon life's western slope. Their leaves tho' bright, are hard, and dry, They have no soft and healing dew; The pansies of past spring-times lie Dead in the shadow of the yew.
You feel this in your heart, and turn To pace the dimness of your room; But lo, like fire within an urn, The moonlight glows through all the gloom. It sooths you like a living touch, And spite of the slow-falling tears, Sweet memories crowd with oh, so much, Of all that girlhood's time endears.
On nights like this, with such a moon, Full shining in a wintry sky; Or on the softer nights of June, When fleecy clouds fled thought-like by, Within our chamber opening east, With curtains from the window parted, With hands and cheeks together prest, We dreamed youth's glowing dreams, light-hearted.
Or talked of that mysterious love That comes like fate to every soul: And vowed to hold our lives above, Perchance its sorrowful control. Alas, the very vow we made, To keep our lives from passion free, To wiser hearts well had betrayed Some future love's intensity.
​How well that youthful vow was kept, Is written on a deathless page— Vain all regrets, vain tears we've wept, The record lives from age to age. But one who "doeth all things well," Who made us differ from the throng, Has it within his heart to quell This torturing pain of thirst, ere long.
And you, whose soul is all aglow With fire Prometheus brought from heaven, Shall in some future surely know Joys for which high desires are given. Not always in a restless pain Shall beat your heart, or throb your brow; Not always shall you sigh in vain For hope's fruition, hidden now.
Beloved, are your tear-drops dried? The moon is riding high above:— Though each from other's parted wide, We have not parted early love. And tho' you never are forgot, The moonrise in the east shall be The token that my evening thought Returns to home, and love and thee!
# The New Penelope/O Wild November Wind

O WILD NOVEMBER WIND.
O wild November wind, blow back to me The withered leaves, that drift adown the past; Waft me some murmur of the summer sea, On which youth's fairy fleet of dreams was cast; ​Return to me the beautiful No More— O wild November wind, restore, restore!
November wind, in what dim, loathsome cave, Languish the tender-plumed gales of spring? No more their dances dimple o'er the wave, Nor freighted pinions song and perfume bring: Those gales are dead—that dimpling sea is dark; And cloudy ghosts clutch at each mist-like bark.
O wild, wild wind, where are the summer airs That kissed the roses of the long-ago? Taking them captive—swooned in blissful snares— To let them perish. Now no roses blow In the waste gardens thou art laying bare: Where are my heart's bright roses, where, oh where?
Thou hast no answer, thou unpitying gale? No gentle whisper from the past to me! No snatches of sweet song—no tender tale— No happy ripple of that summer sea; Are all my dreams wrecked on the nevermore? O wild November wind, restore, restore!
# The New Penelope/Lost at Sea

LOST AT SEA.
A fleet set sail upon a summer sea: 'Tis now so long ago, I look no more to see my ships come home; But in that fleet sailed all 't was dear to me.
Ships never bore such precious freight as these, Please God, to any woe. His world is wide, and they may ride the foam, Secure from danger, in some unknown seas.
But they have left me bankrupt on life's 'change; And daily I bestow Regretful tears upon the blank account, And with myself my losses rearrange.
Oh, mystic wind of fate, dost hold my dower Where I may never know? Of all my treasure ventured what amount Will the sea send me in my parting hour!
# The New Penelope/Love's Footsteps

LOVE'S FOOTSTEPS.
I sang a song of olden times, Sitting upon our sacred hill— Sang it to feel my bosom thrill To the sweet pathos of its rhymes.
I trilled the music o'er and o'er, And happy, gazed upon the scene, Thinking that there had never been So blue a sea, so fair a shore.
A vague half dream was in my mind; I hardly saw how sat the sun; I noted not the day was gone The rosy western hills behind.
'Till, soft as if Apollo blew For me the sweet Thessalian flute, I heard a sound which made me mute, And more than singing thrilled me through.
Thy step—well known and well beloved! No more I dreamed on shore or sea; I thought of, saw but only thee, Nor spoke, but blushed to be so moved.
# The New Penelope/Making Moan

MAKING MOAN.
I have learned how vainly given Life's most precious things may be.
—Landon.
O, Christ, to-night I bring A sad, weak heart, to lay before thy feet; Too sad, almost, to cling Even to Thee; too suffering, If Thou shouldst pierce me, to regard the sting; Too stunned to feel the pity I entreat Closing around me its embraces sweet.
Shepherd, who gatherest up The weary ones from all the world's highways; And bringest them to sup Of Thy bread, and Thy blessed cup; If so Thou will, lay me within the scope Only of Thy great tenderness, that rays Too melting may not reach me from Thy face.
Here let me lie, and press My forehead's pain out on Thy mantle's hem; And chide not my distress, For this, that I have loved thee less, In loving so much some, whose sordidness Has left me outcast, at the last, from them And their poor love, which I cannot contemn.
No, cannot, even now, Put Thee before them in my broken heart. But, gentle Shepherd, Thou Dost even such as I allow The healing of Thy presence. Let my brow Be covered from thy sight, while I, apart, Brood over in dull pain my mortal hurt.
# The New Penelope/Nevada

NEVADA.
Sphinx, down whose rugged face The sliding centuries their furrows cleave By sun and frost and cloud-burst; scarce to leave Perceptible a trace Of age or sorrow; Faint hints of yesterdays with no to-morrow;— My mind regards thee with a questioning eye, To know thy secret, high.
If Theban mystery, With head of woman, soaring, bird-like wings And serpent's tail on lion's trunk, were things Puzzling in history; And men invented For it an origin which represented Chimera and a monster double-headed, By myths Phenician wedded—
Their issue being this— This most chimerical and wonderous thing ​From whose dumb mouth not even the gods could wring Truth, nor antithesis: Then, what I think is, This creature—being chief among men's sphinxes— Is eloquent, and overflows with story, Beside thy silence hoary!
Nevada!—desert waste! Mighty, and inhospitable, and stern; Hiding a meaning over which we yearn In eager, panting haste— Grasping and losing, Still being deluded ever by our choosing— Answer us Sphinx: What is thy meaning double But endless toil and trouble?
Inscrutable, men strive To rend thy secret from thy rocky breast; Breaking their hearts, and periling heaven's rest For hopes that cannot thrive; Whilst unrelenting, Upon thy mountain throne, and unrepenting, Thou sittest, basking in a fervid sun, Seeing or hearing none.
I sit beneath thy stars, The shallop moon beached on a bank of clouds—; And see thy mountains wrapped in shadowed shrouds, Glad that the darkness bars The day's suggestion— The endless repetition of one question; Glad that thy stony face I cannot see, Nevada—Mystery!