# The Descent of Man (Darwin)/Index

INDEX.
A.
* Abbot, C., on the battles of seals, 500.
* Abductor of the fifth metatarsal, presence of, in man, 42.
* Abercrombie, Dr., on disease of the brain affecting speech, 88.
* Abipones, marriage customs of the, 598.
* Abou-Simbel, caves of, 168.
* Abortion, prevalence of the practice of, 46.
* Abstraction, power of, in animals, 83.
* Acalles, stridulation of, 306.
* Acanthodactylus capensis, sexual differences of colour in, 357.
* Accentor modularis, 473.
* Acclimatisation, difference of, in different races of men, 167.
* Achetidæ, stridulation of the, 282, 283, 285; rudimentary stridulating organs in female, 288.
* Acilius sulcatus, elytra of the female, 276.
* Acomus, development of spurs in the female of, 450.
* Acridiidæ stridulation of the, 282, 286; rudimentary stridulating organs in female, 288.
* Acromio-basilar muscle, and quadrupedal gait, 42.
* Acting, 178.
* Actiniœ, bright colours of, 260.
* Adams, Mr., migration of birds, 108; intelligence of nut-hatch, 418; on the Bombycilla carolinensis, 461.
* Admiral butterfly, 312.
* Adoption of the young of other animals by female monkeys, 70.
* Advancement in the organic scale, Von Baer's definition of, 164.
* Aeby, on the difference between the skulls of man and the quadrumana, 149.
* Æsthetic faculty, not highly developed in savages, 93.
* Affection, maternal, 70; manifestation of, by animals, 70; parental and filial, partly the result of natural selection, 105; mutual, of birds, 410; shewn by birds in confinement, for certain persons, 411.
* Africa, probably the birthplace of man, 155; South, crossed population of, 174; South, retention of colour by the Dutch in, 193; South, proportion of the sexes in the butterflies of, 250; tattooing practised in, 574; Northern, coiffure of natives of, 575.
* Agassiz, L., on conscience in dogs, 103; on the coincidence of the races of man with zoological provinces, 169; on the number of species of man, 174; on the courtship of the land-snails, 262; on the brightness of the colours of male fishes during the breeding season, 340; on the frontal protuberance of the males of Geophagus and Cichla, 340, 345; male fishes hatching ova in their mouths, 345; sexual differences in colour of chromids, 345; on the slight sexual differences of the South Americans, 561; on the tattooing of the Amazonian Indians, 576.
* Age, in relation to the transmission of characters in birds, 463; variation in accordance with, in birds, 484.
* Agelœus phœniceus, 225, 416.
* Ageronia feronia, noise produced by, 307.
* Agrion, dimorphism in, 290. ​
* Agrion Ramburii, sexes of, 290.
* Agrionidæ, difference in the sexes of, 290.
* Agrotis exclamationis, 316.
* Ague, tertian, dog suffering from, 8.
* Aïthurus polytmus, young of, 487.
* Ainos, hairiness of the, 560.
* Albino birds, 419.
* Alca torda, young of, 486.
* Alces palmata, 515.
* Alder and Hancock, MM., on the nudi-branch mollusca, 264.
* Allen, J. A., vigour of birds earliest hatched, 212, 213; effect of difference of temperature, light, &c., on birds, 225; colours of birds, 422; on the relative size of the sexes of Callorhinus ursinus, 515; on the mane of Otaria jubata, 521; on the pairing of seals, 523; on sexual differences in the colour of bats, 534.
* —— S., on the habits of Hoplopterus, 366; on the plumes of herons, 391; on the vernal moult of Herodias bubulcus, 393.
* Alligator, courtship of the male, 221, 351; roaring of the male, 567.
* Amadavat, pugnacity of male, 366.
* Amadina Lathami, display of plumage by the male, 402.
* —— castanotis, display of plumage by the male, 402.
* Amazons, butterflies of the, 250; fishes of the, 343.
* America, variation in the skulls of aborigines of, 26; wide range of aborigines of, 169; lice of the natives of, 170; general beardlessness of the natives of, 560.
* ——, North, butterflies of, 250; Indians of, women a cause of strife among the, 561; Indians of, their notions of female beauty, 577, 580.
* ——, South, character of the natives of, 168; population of parts of, 173; piles of stones in, 179; extinction of the fossil horse of, 191; desert-birds of, 490; slight sexual difference of the aborigines of, 561; prevalence of infanticide in, 592.
* American languages, often highly artificial, 91.
* Americans, wide geographical range of, 29; native, variability of, 174; and negroes, difference of, 197; aversion of, to hair on the face, 580.
* Ammophila, on the jaws of, 275.
* Ammotragus tragelaphus, hairy forelegs of, 531, 533.
* Amphibia, affinity of, to the ganoid fishes, 159; vocal organs of the, 566.
* Amphibians, 165, 348; breeding whilst immature, 485.
* Amphioxus, 159.
* Amphipoda, males sexually mature while young, 485.
* Amunoph III., negro character of features of, 168.
* Anal appendages of insects, 275.
* Analogous variation in the plumage of birds, 385.
* Anas, 462.
* —— acuta, male plumage of, 393.
* —— boschas, male plumage of, 393.
* —— histrionica, 484.
* —— punctata, 374.
* Anastomus oscitans, sexes and young of, 486; white nuptial plumage of, 492.
* Anatidæ, voices of, 374.
* Anax junius, differences in the sexes of, 290.
* Andaman islanders, susceptible to change of climate, 188.
* Anderson, Dr., on the tail of Macacus brunneus, 59; the Bufo sikimmensis, 349; sounds of Echis carinata, 353.
* Andrœna fulva, 292.
* Anglo-Saxons, estimation of the beard among the, 581.
* Animals, domesticated, more fertile than wild, 45; cruelty of savages to, 118; characters common to man and, 146; domestic, change of breeds of, 596.
* Annelida, 264; colours of, 265.
* Anobium tessellatum, sounds produced by, 306.
* Anolis cristatellus, male, crest of, 354; pugnacity of the male, 354; throatpouch of, 354.
* Anser canadensis, 416.
* —— cygnoides, 415; knob at the base of the beak of, 426.
* —— hyperboreus, whiteness of, 492.
* Antelope, prong-horned, horns of, 234. ​
* Antelopes, generally polygamous, 217; horns of, 234, 504; canine teeth of some male, 502; use of horns of 509; dorsal crests in, 530; dewlaps of, 531; winter change of two species of, 543; peculiar markings of, 543.
* Antennæ, furnished with cushions in the male of Penthe, 276.
* Anthidium manicatum, large male of, 279.
* Anthocharis cardamines, 308, 312; sexual difference of colour in, 322.
* —— genutia, 312.
* —— sara, 312.
* Anthophora acervorum, large male of, 279.
* —— retusa, difference of the sexes in, 292.
* Anthropidæ, 152.
* Anthus, moulting of, 392.
* Antics of birds, 380.
* Antigua, Dr. Nicholson's observations on yellow fever in, 195.
* Antilocapra americana, horns of, 234, 504, 507.
* Antilope bezoartica, horned females of, 505, 506, 507; sexual difference in the colour of, 535.
* —— Dorcas and euchore, 504.
* —— euchore, horns of, 509.
* —— montana, rudimentary canines in the young male of, 514.
* —— niger, sing-sing, caama, and gorgon, sexual differences in the colours of, 536.
* —— oreas, horns of, 234.
* —— saiga, polygamous habits of, 217.
* —— strepsiceros, horns of, 234.
* —— subgutturosa, absence of suborbital pits in, 529.
* Antipathy, shewn by birds in confinement, to certain persons, 411.
* Ants, 147; large size of the cerebral ganglia in, 54; soldier-, large jaws of, 63; playing together, 69; memory in, 74; intcommunication of, by means of the antennæ, 89; habits of, 147; difference of the sexes in, 292; recognition of each other by, after separation, 292.
* —— White, habits of, 291.
* Anura, 349.
* Apatania muliebris, male unknown, 254.
* Apathus, difference of the sexes in, 292.
* Apatura Iris, 307, 308.
* Apes, difference of the young, from the adult, 8; semi-erect attitude of some, 52; mastoid processes of, 53; influences of the jaw-muscles on the physiognomy of, 54; female, destitute of large canines, 63; building platforms, 82; imitative faculties of, 129; anthropomorphous, 153; probable speedy extermination of the, 156; Gratiolet on the evolution of, 177; canine teeth of male, 502; females of some, less hairy beneath than the males, 601.
* —— long-armed, their mode of progression, 52.
* Aphasia, Dr. Bateman on, 88.
* Apis mellifica, large male of, 279.
* Apollo, Greek statues of, 581.
* Apoplexy in Cebus Azaræ, 7.
* Appendages, anal, of insects, 276.
* Approbation, influence of the love of, 109, 116, 131.
* Aprosmictus scapulatus, 457.
* Apus, proportion of sexes, 255.
* Aquatic birds, frequency of white plumage in, 495.
* Aquila chrysaëtos, 408.
* Arab women, elaborate and peculiar coiffure of, 583.
* Arabs, fertility of crosses with other races, 171; gashing of cheeks and temples among the, 574.
* Arachnida, 272.
* Arakhan, artificial widening of the forehead by the natives of, 583.
* Arboricola, young of, 468.
* Archeopteryx, 158.
* Arctiidæ, coloration of the, 314.
* Ardea asha, rufescens, and cærulea, change of colour in, 494, 495.
* —— cærulea, breeding in immature plumage, 484.
* —— gularis, change of plumage in, 495.
* —— herodias, love-gestures of the male, 380.
* —— ludoviciana, age of mature plumage in, 483; continued growth of crest and plumes in the male of, 485.
* —— nycticorax, cries of, 368. ​
* Ardeola, young of, 468.
* Ardetta, changes of plumage in, 461.
* Argenteuil, 22.
* Argus pheasant, 384, 403, 462; display of plumage by the male, 398; ocellated spots of the, 428; gradation of characters in the, 434.
* Argyll, Duke of, on the physical weakness of man, 63; the fashioning of implements peculiar to man, 82; on the contest in man between right and wrong, 125; on the primitive civilisation of man, 143; on the plumage of the male Argus pheasant, 398; on Urosticte Benjamini, 442, 443; on the nests of birds, 453.
* Argynnis, colouring of the lower surface of, 314.
* Aricoris epitus, sexual differences in the wings of, 277.
* Aristocracy, increased beauty of the, 586.
* Arms, proportions of, in soldiers and sailors, 32; direction of the hair on the, 151.
* —— and hands, free use of, indirectly correlated with diminution of canines, 53.
* Arrest of development, 35, 36.
* Arrow-heads, stone, general resemblance of, 179.
* Arrows, use of, 179.
* Arteries, variations in the course of the, 26.
* Artery, effect of tying, upon the lateral channels, 32.
* Arthropoda, 265.
* Arts practised by savages, 179.
* Ascension, coloured incrustation on the rocks of, 263.
* Ascidia, affinity of the lancelet to, 159; tadpole-like larvæ of, 159.
* Ascidians, 262; bright colours of some, 260.
* Asinus, Asiatic and African species of, 548.
* —— tœniopus, 548.
* Ass, colour-variations of the, 547.
* Ateles, effects of brandy on an, 7; absence of the thumb in, 51.
* —— beelzebuth, ears of, 15.
* —— marginatus, colour of the ruff of, 537; hair on the head of, 549.
* Ateuchus, stridulation of, 306.
* Ateuchus, cicatricosus, habits of, 300.
* Athalia, proportions of the sexes in, 254.
* Atropus pulsatorius, 291.
* Attention, manifestations of, in animals, 73.
* Audouin, V., on a hymenopterous parasite with a sedentary male, 221.
* Audubon, J. J., on the pinioned goose, 105; on the speculum of Mergus cucullatus, 236; on the pugnacity of male birds, 362, 366; on Tetrao cupido, 367; on Ardea nycticorar, 368; on Sturnella ludoviciana, 368; on the vocal organs of Tetrao cupido, 371; on the drumming of the male Tetrao umbellus, 375; on sounds produced by the nightjar, 376; on Ardea herodias and Cathartes jota, 380; on Mimus polyglottus, 393; on display in male birds, 394; on the spring change of colour in some finches, 394; recognition of a dog by a turkey, 412; selection of mate by female birds, 416; on the turkey, 411, 412, 419; on variation in the male scarlet tanager, 424; on the musk-rat, 542; on the habits of Pyranga œstiva, 453; on local differences in the nests of the same species of birds, 456; on the habits of woodpeckers, 458; on Bombycilla carolinensis, 461; on young females of Tyranga œstiva acquiring male characters, 462; on the immature plumage of thrushes, 464; on the immature plumage of birds, 465 et seq.; on birds breeding in immature plumage, 484; on the growth of the crest and plumes in the male Ardea ludoviciana, 485; on the change of colour in some species of Ardea, 494.
* Audubon and Bachman, M.M., on squirrels fighting, 500; on the Canadian lynx, 521.
* Aughey, Prof., on rattlesnakes, 353.
* Austen, N.L., on Anolis cristatellus, 354.
* Australia, not the birthplace of man, 155; half-castes killed by the natives of, 170; lice of the natives of, 170; prevalence of female infanticide in, 592. ​
* Australia, South, variation in the skulls of aborigines of, 26.
* Australians, colour of newborn children of, 557; relative height of the sexes of, 559; women a cause of war among the, 561.
* Axis deer, sexual difference in the colour of the, 537.
* Aymaras, measurements of the, 34; no grey hair among the, 559; hairlessness of the face in the, 561; long hair of the, 580.
* Azara, on the proportion of men and women among the Guaranys, 244; on Palamedea cornuta, 366; on the beards of the Guaranys, 561; on strife for women among the Guanas, 561; on infanticide, 577, 592; on the eradication of the eyebrows and eyelashes by the Indians of Paraguay, 580; on polyandry among the Guanas, 593; celibacy unknown among the savages of South America, 594; on the freedom of divorce among the Charruas, 598.
B.
* Babbage, C., on the greater proportion of illegitimate female births, 244.
* Babirusa, tusks of the, 518.
* Baboon, revenge in a, 69; rage excited in, by reading, 71; manifestation of memory by a, 74; employing a mat for shelter against the sun, 82; protected from punishment by its companions, 103.
* ——, Cape, mane of the male, 521; Hamadryas, mane of the male, 521.
* Baboons, effects of intoxicating liquors on, 7; ears of, 15; diversity of the mental faculties in, 27; hands of, 50; habits of, 51; variability of the tail in, 58; manifestation of maternal affection by, 70; using stones and sticks as weapons, 81; co-operation of, 101; silence of, on plundering expeditions, 104; apparent polygamy of, 217; polygamous and social habits of, 590.
* Bachman, Dr., on the fertility of mulattoes, 171.
* Baer, K. E. von, on embryonic development, 9.
* Bagehot, W., on the social virtues among primitive men, 117; slavery formerly beneficial, 117; on the value of obedience, 130; on human progress, 132; on the persistence of savage tribes in classical times, 183.
* Bailly, E. M., on the mode of fighting of the Italian buffalo, 508; on the fighting of stags, 510.
* Bain, A., on the sense of duty, 98; aid springing from sympathy, 103; on the basis of sympathy, 106; on love of approbation, &c., 109; on the idea of beauty, 584.
* Baird, W., on a difference in colour between the males and females of some Entozoa, 260.
* Baker, Mr., observation on the proportion of the sexes in pheasant-chicks, 247.
* ——, Sir S., on the fondness of the Arabs for discordant music, 380; on sexual difference in the colours of an antelope, 536; on the elephant and rhinoceros attacking white or grey horses, 540; on the disfigurements practised by the negroes, 541; on the gashing of the cheeks and temples practised in Arab countries, 574; on the coiffure of the North Africans, 575; on the perforation of the lower lip by the women of Latooka, 575; on the distinctive characters of the coiffure of central African tribes, 576; on the coiffure of Arab women, 584.
* "Balz" of the Black-cock, 363, 405.
* Bantam, Sebright, 211, 238.
* Banteng, horns of, 505; sexual differences in the colours of the, 536.
* Banyal, colour of the, 579.
* Barbarism, primitive, of civilised nations, 143.
* Barbs, filamentous, of the feathers, in certain birds, 385, 430.
* Barrago, F., on the Simian resemblances of man, 3.
* Barr, Mr., on sexual preference in dogs, 524.
* Barrington, Daines, on the language of birds, 86; on the clucking of the hen, 368; on the object of the song of birds, 369; on the singing of female birds, 370; on birds ​acquiring the songs of other birds, 370; on the muscles of the larynx in song birds, 371; on the want of the power of song by female birds, 450.
* Barrow, on the widow-bird, 403.
* Bartels, Dr., supernumerary mammæ in men, 37.
* Bartlett, A. D., period of hatching of birds' eggs, 165; on the tragopan, 220; on the development of the spurs in Crossoptilon auritum, 236; on the fighting of the males of Plectropterus gambensis, 364; on the knot, 391; on display in male birds, 394; on the display of plumage by. the male Polyplectron, 396; on Crossoptilon auritum and Phasianus Wallichii, 400; on the habits of Lophophorus, 420; on the colour of the mouth in Buceros bicornis, 426; on the incubation of the cassowary, 478; on the Cape Buffalo, 508; on the use of the horns of antelopes, 509; on the fighting of male wart-hogs, 520; on Ammotragus tragelaphus, 531; on the colours of Cercopithecus cephus, 537; on the colours of the faces of monkeys, 550; on the naked surfaces of monkeys, 600.
* Bartram, on the courtship of the male alligator, 351.
* Basque language, highly artificial, 91.
* Bate, C. S., on the superior activity of male; crustacea, 221; on the proportions of the sexes in crabs, 255; on the chelæ of crustacea, 266; on the relative size of the sexes in crustacea, 268; on the colours of crustacea, 270.
* Bateman, Dr., tendency to imitation in certain diseased states, 72; on Aphasia, 88.
* Bates, H. W., on variation in the form of the head of Amazonian Indians, 28; on the proportion of the sexes among Amazonian butterflies, 250; on sexual differences in the wings of butterflies, 277; on the field-cricket, 283; on Pyrodes pulcherrimus, 294; on the horns of Lamellicorn beetles, 295, 297; on the colours of Epicaliœ&c., 309; on the coloration of tropical butterflies, 311; on the variability of Papilio Sesostris and Childrenœ, 320; on male and female butterflies inhabiting different stations, 321; on mimicry, 323; on the caterpillar of a Sphinx, 325; on the vocal organs of the umbrella-bird, 374; on the toucans, 492; on Brachyurus calvus, 550.
* Batokas, knocking out two upper incisors, 575.
* Batrachia, 349; eagerness of male, 221.
* Bats, scent-glands, 529; sexual differences in the colour of, 534; fur of male frugivorous, 534.
* Battle, law of, 144; among beetles, 299; among birds, 360; among mammals, 500 et seq.; in man, 561.
* Beak, sexual difference in the forms of the, 359; in the colour of the, 383.
* Beaks, of birds, bright colours of, 491.
* Beard, development of, in man, 557; analogy of the, in man and the quadrumana, 558; variation of the development of the, in different races of men, 559; estimation of, among bearded nations, 581; probable origin of the, 602.
* ——, in monkeys, 150; of mammals, 531.
* Beautiful, taste for the, in birds, 410; in the quadrumana, 540.
* Beauty, sense of, in animals, 92; appreciation of, by birds, 413; influence of, 573, 576; variability of the standard of, 596.
* Beavan, Lieut., on the development of the horns in Cervus Eldi, 234.
* Beaver, instinct and intelligence of the, 67, 68; voice of the, 527; castoreum of the, 529.
* Beavers, battles of male, 500.
* Bechstein, on female birds choosing the best singers among the males, 368; on rivalry in song-birds, 369; on the singing of female birds, 370; on birds acquiring the songs of other birds, 370; on pairing the canary and siskin, 415; on a sub-variety of the monk pigeon, 427; on spurred hens, 449.
* Beddoe, Dr., on causes of difference in stature, 31. ​
* Bee-eater, 371.
* Bees, 99; pollen-baskets and stings of, 63; destruction of drones and queens by, 106; female, secondary sexual characters of, 208; proportion of sexes, 254; difference of the sexes in colour and sexual selection, 292.
* Beetle, luminous larva of a, 277.
* Beetles, 294; size of the cerebral ganglia in, 54; dilatation of the fore tarsi in male, 275; blind, 294; stridulation of, 301.
* Belgium, ancient inhabitants of, 182.
* Bell, Sir C., on emotional muscles in man, 3; "snarling muscles," 41; on the hand, 51.
* ——, T., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in moles, 247; on the newts, 348; on the croaking of the frog, 350; on the difference in the coloration of the sexes in Zootoca vivipara, 357; on moles fighting, 500.
* Bell-bird, sexual difference in the colour of the, 389.
* Bell-birds, colours of, 492.
* Belt, Mr., on the nakedness of tropical mankind, 57; on a spider-monkey and eagle, 102; habits of ants, 147; Lampyridæ distasteful to mammals, 277; mimicry of Leptalides, 325; colours of Nicaraguan frogs, 349; display of humming-birds, 443; on the toucans, 492; protective colouring of skunk, 543.
* Benevolence, manifested by birds, 411.
* Bennett, A. W., attachment of mated birds, 411; on the habits of Dromœus irroratus, 478.
* ——, Dr., on birds of paradise, 396.
* Berbers, fertility of crosses with other races, 171.
* Bernicla antarctica colours of, 492.
* Bernicle gander pairing with a Canada goose, 414.
* Bert, M., crustaceans distinguish colours, 271.
* Bertillon, M., arrested development and polydactylism, 37.
* Bettoni, E., on local differences in the nests of Italian birds, 456.
* Beyle, M., see Bombet.
* Bhoteas, colour of the beard in, 558.
* Bhringa, disciform tail-feathers of, 392.
* Bianconi, Prof., on structures as explained through mechanical principles, 24.
* Bibio, sexual differences in the genus, 280.
* Bichat, on beauty, 585.
* Bickes, proportion of sexes in man, 243.
* Bile, coloured, in many animals, 261.
* Bimana, 149.
* Birds, imitations of the songs of other birds by, 73; dreaming, 74; killed by telegraph wires, 80; language of, 86; sense of beauty in, 92; pleasure of, in incubation, 105; male, incubation by, 163; and reptiles, alliance of, 165; sexual differences in the beak of some, 208; migratory, arrival of the male before the female, 212; apparent relation between polygamy and marked sexual differences in, 220; monogamous, becoming polygamous under domestication, 220; eagerness of male in pursuit of the female, 221; wild, numerical proportion of the sexes in, 247; secondary sexual characters of, 358; difference of size in the sexes of, 362; fights of male, witnessed by females, 367; display of male, to captivate the females, 367; close attention of, to the songs of others, 368; acquiring the song of their foster-parents, 370; brilliant, rarely good songsters, 371; love-antics and dances of, 380; coloration of, 385 et seq.; moulting of, 390 et seq.; unpaired, 407; male, singing out of season, 409; mutual affection of, 410; in confinement, distinguish persons, 411; hybrid, production of, 414; Albino, 419; European, number of species of, 422; variability of, 422; geographical distribution of colouring, 422; gradation of secondary sexual characters in, 430; obscurely coloured, building concealed nests, 454; young female, acquiring male characters, 462; breeding in immature plumage, 484; moulting of, 484; aquatic, ​frequency of white plumage in, 493; vocal courtship of, 567; naked skin of the head and neck in, 601.
* Birgus latro, habits of, 270.
* Birkbeck, Mr., on the finding of new mates by golden eagles, 408.
* Birthplace of man, 155.
* Births, numerical proportions of the sexes in, in animals and man, 215, 216; male and female, numerical proportion of, in England, 242.
* Bischoff, Prof., on the agreement between the brains of man and of the orang, 6; figure of the embryo of the dog, 10; on the convolutions of the brain in the human fœtus, 11; on the difference between the skulls of man and the quadrumana, 149; resemblance between the ape's and man's, 200.
* Bishop, J., on the vocal organs of frogs, 350; on the vocal organs of corvine birds, 370; on the trachea of the Merganser, 374.
* Bison, American, co-operation of, 101; mane of the male, 521.
* Bitterns, dwarf, coloration of the sexes of, 461.
* Biziura lobata, musky odour of the male, 359; large size of male, 362.
* Blackbird, sexual differences in the, 219; proportion of the sexes in the, 248; acquisition of a song by, 370; colour of the beak in the sexes of the, 383, 491; pairing with a thrush, 414; colours and nidification of the, 455; young of the, 487; sexual difference in coloration of the, 491.
* Black-buck, Indian, sexual difference in the colour of the, 535.
* Blackcap, arrival of the male, before the female, 212; young of the, 487.
* Black-cock, polygamous, 219; proportion of the sexes in the, 248; pugnacity and love-dance of the, 363; call of the, 375; moulting of the, 392; duration of the courtship of the, 405; and pheasant, hybrids of, 414; sexual difference in coloration of the, 491; crimson eye-cere of the, 491.
* Blacklock, Dr., on music, 572.
* Black-grouse, characters of young, 465, 471.
* Blackwall, J., on the speaking of the magpie, 90; on the desertion of their young by swallows, 108; on the superior activity of male spiders, 221; on the proportion of the sexes in spiders, 254; on sexual variation of colour in spiders, 272; on male spiders, 272.
* Bladder-nose Seal, hood of the, 528.
* Blaine, on the affections of dogs, 523.
* Blair, Dr., on the relative liability of Europeans to yellow fever, 194.
* Blake, C. C., on the jaw from La Naulette, 40.
* Blakiston, Capt., on the American snipe, 377; on the dances of Tetrao phasianellus, 381.
* Blasius, Dr., on the species of European birds, 422.
* Bledius taurus, hornlike processes of male, 299.
* Bleeding, tendency to profuse, 237.
* Blenkiron, Mr., on sexual preference in horses, 524.
* Blennies, crest developed on the head of male, during the breeding season, 338.
* Blethisa multipunctata, stridulation of, 302.
* Bloch, on the proportions of the sexes in fishes, 249.
* Blood, arterial, red colour of, 261.
* —— pheasant, number of spurs in, 364.
* Bluebreast, red-throated, sexual differences of the, 472.
* Blumenbach, on Man, 28; on the large size of the nasal cavities in American aborigines, 34; on the position of man, 149; on the number of species of man, 174.
* Blyth, E., on the structure of the hand in the species of Hylobates, 51; observations on Indian crows, 102; on the development of the horns in the Koodoo and Eland antelopes, 234; on the pugnacity of the males of Gallinula cristata, 360; on the presence of spurs in the female Euplocamus erythrophthalmus, 364; on the pugnacity of the amadavat, 366; on the spoonbill, 374; on the ​moulting of Anthus, 392; on the moulting of bustards, plovers, and Gallus bankiva, 392; on the Indian honey-buzzard, 424; on sexual differences in the colour of the eyes of hornbills, 425; on Oriolus melanocephalus, 460; on Palœornis javanicus, 461; on the genus Ardetta, 461; on the peregrine falcon, 461; on young female birds acquiring male characters, 461; on the immature plumage of birds, 465; on representative species of birds, 468; on the young of Turnix, 476; on anomalous young of Lanius rufus and Colymbus glacialis, 482; on the sexes and young of the sparrows, 483; on dimorphism in some herons, 484; on the ascertainment of the sex of nestling bullfinches by pulling out breast-feathers, 484; on orioles breeding in immature plumage, 484; on the sexes and young of Buphus and Anastomus, 486; on the young of the blackcap and blackbird, 487; on the young of the stonechat, 487; on the white plumage ofAnastomus, 493; on the horns of Bovine animals, 505; on the horns of Antilope bezoartica, 507; on the mode of fighting of Ovis cycloceros, 508; on the voice of the Gibbons, 527; on the crest of the male wild goat, 531; on the colours of Portax picta, 535; on the colours of Antilope bezoartica, 536; on the colour of the Axis deer, 536; on sexual difference of colour in Hylobates hoolock, 537; on the hog-deer, 546; on the beard and whiskers in a monkey becoming white with age, 559.
* Boar, wild, polygamous in India, 217; use of the tusks by the, 513; fighting of, 518.
* Boardman, Mr., Albino birds in U. S., 419.
* Boitard and Corbié, MM., on the transmission of sexual peculiarities in pigeons, 230; on the antipathy shewn by some female pigeons to certain males, 418.
* Bold, Mr., on the singing of a sterile hybrid canary, 369.
* Bombet, on the variability of the standard of beauty in Europe, 596.
* Bombus, difference of the sexes in, 292.
* Bombycidæ, coloration of, 313; pairing of the, 318; colours of, 318.
* Bombycilla carolinensis, red appendages of, 461.
* Bombyx cynthia, 278; proportion of the sexes in, 250, 253; pairing of, 318.
* —— mori, difference of size of the male and female cocoons of, 278; pairing of, 318.
* —— Pernyi, proportion of sexes of, 253.
* —— Yamamai, 278; M. Personnat on, 251; proportion of sexes of, 253.
* Bonaparte, C. L., on the call-notes of the wild turkey, 375.
* Bond, F., on the finding of new mates by crows, 408.
* Bone, implements of, skill displayed in making, 49.
* Boner, C., on the transfer of male characters to an old female chamois, 504; on the habits of stags, 515; on the pairing of red deer, 522.
* Bones, increase of, in length and thickness, when carrying a greater weight, 32.
* Bonizzi, P., difference of colour in sexes of pigeons, 230.
* Bonnet monkey, 151.
* Bonwick, J., extinction of Tasmanians, 183, 184.
* Boomerang, 145.
* Boreus hyemalis, scarcity of the male, 254.
* Bory St. Vincent, on the number of species of man, 174; on the colours of Labrus pavo, 342.
* Bos etruscus, 505.
* —— gaurus, horns of, 505.
* —— moschatus, 529.
* —— primigenius, 501.
* —— sondaicus, horns of, 505; colours of, 536.
* Botocudos, 144; mode of life of, 197; disfigurement of the ears and lower lip of the, 575.
* Boucher de Perthes, J. C. de, on the antiquity of man, 2.
* Bourbon, proportion of the sexes in a species of Papilio from, 250. ​
* Bourien, on the marriage-customs of the savages of the Malay Archipelago, 598.
* Bovidæ, dewlaps of, 531.
* Bower-birds, 406; habits of the, 381; ornamented playing-places of, 92, 413.
* Bows, use of, 179.
* Brachycephalic structure, possible explanation of, 56.
* Brachyura, 268.
* Brachyurus calvus, scarlet face of, 550.
* Bradley, Mr., abductor ossis metatarsi quinti in man, 42.
* Brain, of man, agreement of the, with that of lower animals, 6; convolutions of, in the human fœtus, 11; influence of development of mental faculties upon the size of the, 54; influence of the development of, on the spinal column and skull, 55; larger in some existing mammals than in their tertiary prototypes, 81; relation of the development of the, to the progress of language, 87; disease of the, affecting speech, 88; difference in the convolutions of, in different races of men, 167; supplement on, by Prof. Huxley, 199; development of the gyri and sulci, 204.
* Brakenridge, Dr., on the influence of climate, 32.
* Brandt, A., on hairy men, 19.
* Braubach, Prof., on the quasi-religious feeling of a dog towards his master, 96; on the self-restraint of dogs, 103.
* Brauer, F., on dimorphism in Neurothemis, 291.
* Brazil, skulls found in caves of, 168; population of, 173; compression of the nose by the natives of, 583.
* Break between man and the apes, 156.
* Bream, proportion of the sexes in the, 249.
* Breeding, age of, in birds, 484.
* —— season, sexual characters making their appearance in the, in birds, 390.
* Brehm, on the effects of intoxicating liquors on monkeys, 7; on the recognition of women by male Cynocephali, 8; on the diversity of the mental faculties of monkeys, 27; on the habits of baboons, 51; on revenge taken by monkeys, 69; on manifestations of maternal affection by monkeys and baboons, 70; on the instinctive dread of monkeys for serpents, 71; on the use of stones as missiles by baboons, 81; on a baboon using a mat for shelter from the sun, 82; on the signal-cries of monkeys, 87; on sentinels posted by monkeys, 101; on co-operation of animals, 101; on an eagle attacking a young Cercopithecus, 101; on baboons in confinement protecting one of their number from punishment, 103; on the habits of baboons when plundering, 104; on polygamy in Cynocephalus and Cebus, 217; on the numerical proportion of the sexes in birds, 247; on the love-dance of the black-cock, 363; on Palamedea cornuta, 366; on the habits of the Black-grouse, 366; on sounds produced by birds of paradise, 376; on assemblages of grouse, 405; on the finding of new mates by birds, 409; on the fighting of wild boars, 518; on the habits of Cynocephalus hamadryas, 590.
* Brent, Mr., on the courtship of fowls, 417.
* Breslau, numerical proportion of male and female births in, 243.
* Bridgman, Laura, 88.
* Brimstone butterfly, 312; sexual difference of colour in the, 322.
* British, ancient, tattooing practised by, 574,
* Broca, Prof., on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the human humerus, 22; anthropomorphous apes more bipedal than quadrupedal, 53; on the capacity of Parisian skulls at different periods, 55; comparison of modern and mediæval skulls, 55; on tails of quadrupeds, 58; on the influence of natural selection, 61; on hybridity in man, 170; on human remains from Les Eyzies, 181; on the cause of the difference between Europeans and Hindoos, 192. ​
* Brodie, Sir B., on the origin of the moral sense in man, 98.
* Bronn, H. G., on the copulation of insects of distinct species, 275.
* Bronze period, men of, in Europe, 128.
* Brown, R., sentinels of seals generally females, 100; on the battles of seals, 500; on the narwhal, 502; on the occasional absence of the tusks in the female walrus, 502; on the bladder-nose seal, 528; on the colours of the sexes in Phoca Grœnlandica, 535; on the appreciation of music by seals, 569; on plants used as love-philters, by North American women, 577.
* Brown, Dr. Crichton, injury to infants during parturition, 244.
* Brown-Séquard, Dr., on the inheritance of the effects of operations by guinea-pigs, 60, 603.
* Bruce, on the use of the elephant's tusks, 507.
* Brulerie, P. de la, on the habits of Ateuchus cicatricosus, 300; on the stridulation of Ateuchus, 306.
* Brünnich, on the pied ravens of the Feroe islands, 424.
* Bryant, Dr., preference of tame pigeon for wild mate, 418.
* ——, Capt, on the courtship of Callorhinus ursinus, 522,
* Bubas bison, thoracic projection of, 298.
* Bucephalus capensis, difference of the sexes of, in colour, 351.
* Buceros, nidification and incubation of, 454.
* —— bicornis, sexual differences in the colouring of the casque, beak, and mouth in, 425,
* —— corrugatus, sexual differences in the beak of, 383.
* Büchner, L., on the origin of man, 3; on the use of the human foot as a prehensile organ, 52; on the mode of progression of the apes, 52; on want of self-consciousness, &c., in savages, 83.
* Bucholz, Dr., quarrels of chamæleons, 357.
* Buckland, F., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in rats, 247; on the proportion of the sexes in the trout, 249; on Chimœra monstrosa, 338.
* Buckland, W., on the complexity of crinoids, 91.
* Buckler, W., proportion of sexes of Lepidoptera reared by, 253.
* Buckinghamshire, numerical proportion of male and female births in, 242.
* Bucorax abyssinicus, inflation of the neck-wattle of the male during courtship, 383.
* Budytes Raü, 212.
* Buffalo, Cape, 508.
* ——, Indian, horns of the, 505.
* ——, Italian, mode of fighting of the, 508.
* Buffon, on the number of species of man, 174.
* Bufo sikimmensis, 349.
* Bugs, 281.
* Buist, R., on the proportion of the sexes in salmon, 249; on the pugnacity of the male salmon, 332.
* Bulbul, pugnacity of the male, 360; display of under tail-coverts by the male, 402.
* Bull, mode of fighting of the, 508; curled frontal hair of the, 531.
* Buller, Dr., on the Huia, 208; the attachment of birds, 410.
* Bullfinch, sexual differences in the, 219; piping, 369; female, singing of the, 370; courtship of the, 401; widowed, finding a new mate, 408; attacking a reed-bunting, 412; nestling, sex ascertained by pulling out breast-feathers, 484,
* Bullfinches distinguishing persons, 412; rivalry of female, 420.
* Bulls, two young, attacking an old one, 101; wild, battles of, 501.
* Bull-trout, male, colouring of, during the breeding season, 340.
* Bunting, reed, head feathers of the male, 402; attacked by a bullfinch, 412.
* Buntings, characters of young, 464.
* Buphus coromandus, sexes and young of, 486; change of colour in, 494, 495.
* Burchell, Dr., on the zebra, 545; on the extravagance of a bushwoman in adorning herself, 577; celibacy unknown among the savages of South Africa, 594; on the ​marriage-customs of the Bushwomen, 598.
* Burke, on the number of species of man, 174.
* Burmese, colour of the beard in, 558.
* Burton, Capt., on negro ideas of female beauty, 579; on a universal ideal of beauty, 582.
* Bushmen, 64.
* Bushwoman, extravagant ornamentation of a, 577.
* Bushwomen, hair of, 167; marriage-customs of, 598.
* Bustard, throat-pouch of the male, 373; humming noise produced by a male, 377; Indian, ear-tufts of, 384.
* Bustards, occurrence of sexual differences and of polygamy among the, 219; love-gestures of the male, 380; double moult in, 390, 392.
* Butler, A. G., on sexual differences in the wings of Aricoris epitus, 277; courtship of butterflies, 307; on the colouring of the sexes in species of Thecla, 310; on the resemblance of Iphias glaucippe to a leaf, 313; on the rejection of certain moths and caterpillars by lizards and frogs, 326.
* Butterfly, noise produced by a, 307; Emperor, 307, 308; meadow brown, instability of the ocellated spots of, 428.
* Butterflies, proportion of the sexes in, 250; forelegs atrophied in some male, 277; sexual difference in the neuration of the wings of, 277; pugnacity of male, 307; protective resemblances of the lower surface of, 311; display of the wings by, 314; white, alighting upon bits of paper, 317; attracted by a dead specimen of the same species, 317; courtship of, 317; male and female, inhabiting different stations, 321.
* Buxton, C., observations on macaws, 102; on an instance of benevolence in a parrot, 411.
* Buzzard, Indian honey-, variation in the crest of, 424.
C.
* Cabbage butterflies, 312.
* Cachalot, large head of the male, 502.
* Cadences, musical, perception of, by animals, 569.
* Cæcum, 20; large, in the early progenitors of man, 160.
* Cairina moschata, pugnacity of the male, 362.
* Californian Indians, decrease of, 258.
* Callianassa, chelæ of, figured, 267.
* Callidryas, colours of sexes, 318.
* Callionymus lyra, characters of the male, 335.
* Callorhinus ursinus, relative size of the sexes of, 515; courtship of, 522.
* Calotes maria, 358.
* —— nigrilabris, sexual difference in the colour of, 357.
* Cambridge, O. Pickard, on the sexes of spiders, 255; on the size of male Nephila, 273.
* Camel, canine teeth of male, 502, 514.
* Campbell, J., on the Indian elephant, 218; on the proportion of male and female births in the harems of Siam, 245.
* Campylopterus hemileucurus, 248.
* Canaries distinguishing persons, 412.
* Canary, polygamy of the, 220; change of plumage in, after moulting, 238; female, selecting the best singing male, 268; sterile hybrid, singing of a, 369; female, singing of the, 370; selecting a greenfinch, 415; and siskin, pairing of, 415.
* Canestrini, G., on rudimentary characters and the origin of man, 3; on rudimentary characters, 11; on the movement of the ear in man, 14; on the variability of the vermiform appendage in man, 21; on the abnormal division of the malar bone in man, 39; on abnormal conditions of the human uterus, 39; on the persistence of the frontal suture in man, 39; on the proportion of the sexes in silk-moths, 250, 251; secondary sexual characters of spiders, 272.
* Cancer pagurus, 266.
* Canfield, Dr., on the horns of the Antilocapra 234.
* Canine teeth in man, 46; diminution of, in man, 53; diminution of, in horses, 53; disappearance of, in ​male ruminants, 53; large, in the early progenitors of man, 160.
* Canines, and horns, inverse development of, 514.
* Canoes, use of, 48, 180.
* Cantharis, difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, 294.
* Cantharus lineatus, 341.
* Capercailzie, polygamous, 219; proportion of the sexes in the, 248; pugnacity of the male, 363; pairing of the, 367; autumn meetings of the, 370; call of the, 375; duration of the courtship of, 405; behaviour of the female, 419; inconvenience of black colour to the female, 444; sexual difference in the coloration of the, 491; crimson eye-cere of the male, 491.
* Capitonidæ, colours and nidification of the, 455.
* Capra œgagrus, 508; crest of the male, 531; sexual difference in the colour of, 536.
* Capreolus Sibiricus subecaudatus, 542.
* Caprice, common to man and animals, 93.
* Caprimulgus, noise made by the males of some species of, with their wings, 376.
* —— virginianus, pairing of, 366.
* Carabidæ, 302.
* Carbonnier, on the natural history of the pike, 249; on the relative size of the sexes in fishes, 335; courtship of Chinese Macropus, 341.
* Carcineutes, sexual difference of colour in, 457.
* Carcinus mœnas, 268, 269.
* Cardinalis virginianus, 225.
* Carduelis elegans, sexual differences of the beak in, 360.
* Carnivora, marine, polygamous habits of, 218; sexual differences in the colours of, 534.
* Carp, numerical proportion of the sexes in the, 249.
* Carr, R., on the peewit, 366.
* Carrier pigeon, late development of the wattle in the, 238.
* Carrion beetles, stridulation of, 302.
* Carus, Prof. V., on the development of the horns in merino sheep, 235.
* Cassowary, sexes and incubation of the, 478.
* Castina, mode of holding wings, 315.
* Castoreum, 529.
* Casuarius galeatus, 478.
* Cat, convoluted body in the extremity of the tail of a, 23; sick, sympathy of a dog with a, 103.
* Cataract in Cebus Azarœ, 7.
* Catarrh, liability of Cebus Azarœ to, 7.
* Catarrhine monkeys, 153.
* Caterpillars, bright colours of, 325.
* Cathartes aura, 416.
* —— jota, love-gestures of the male, 380.
* Catlin, G., correlation of colour and texture of hair in the Mandans, 197; on the development of the beard among North American Indians, 560; on the great length of the hair in some North American tribes, 580.
* Caton, J. D., on the development of the horns in Cervus virginianus and strongyloceros, 234; on the presence of traces of horns in the female wapiti, 504; on the fighting of deer, 510; on the crest of the male wapiti, 531; on the colours of the Virginian deer, 535; on sexual differences of colour in the wapiti, 536; on the spots of the Virginian deer, 546.
* Cats, dreaming, 74; tortoise-shell, 230, 232, 237; enticed by valerian, 530; colours of, 543,
* Cattle, rapid increase of, in South America, 47; domestic, lighter in winter in Siberia, 229; horns of, 234, 505; domestic, sexual differences of, late developed, 238; numerical proportion of the sexes in, 246.
* Caudal vertebræ, number of, in macaques and baboons, 58; basal, of monkeys, imbedded in the body, 59.
* Cavolini, observations on Serranus, 162.
* Cebus, maternal affection in a, 70; gradation of species of, 175.
* —— Apella, 205.
* —— Azarœ, liability of, to the same diseases as man, 7; distinct sounds produced by, 84; early maturity of the female, 558.
* —— capucinus, polygamous, 217; sexual differences of colour in, 537; hair on the head of, 549. ​
* Cebus vellerosus, hair on the head of, 549.
* Cecidomyidæ, proportions of the sexes in, 354.
* Celibacy, unknown among the savages of South Africa and South America, 594.
* Centipedes, 274.
* Cephalopoda, absence of secondary sexual characters in, 263.
* Cephalopterus ornatus, 373.
* —— penduliger, 374.
* Cerambyx heros, stridulant organ of, 303.
* Ceratodus, paddle of, 37.
* Ceratophora aspera, nasal appendages of, 355.
* —— Stoddartii, nasal horn of, 355.
* Cerceris, habits of, 291.
* Cercocebus œthiops, whiskers, &c., of, 550.
* Cercopithecus, young, seized by an eagle and rescued by the troop, 101; definition of species of, 175.
* —— cephus, sexual difference of colour in, 537, 552.
* —— cynosurus and griseoviridis, colour of the scrotum in, 537.
* —— Diana, sexual differences of colour in, 537, 552, 553.
* —— griseo-viridis, 101.
* —— petaurista, whiskers, &c., of, 550.
* Ceres, of birds, bright colours of, 491.
* Ceriornis Temminckii, swelling of the wattles of the male during courtship, 383.
* Cervulus, weapons of, 514.
* —— moschatus, rudimentary horns of the female, 504.
* Cervus alces, 234.
* —— campestris, odour of, 529.
* —— canadensis, traces of horns in the female, 504; attacking a man, 511; sexual difference in the colour of, 536.
* —— elaphus, battles of male, 501; horns of, with numerous points, 510.
* —— Eldi, 234.
* —— mantchuricus, 546.
* —— paludosus, colours of, 536.
* —— strongyloceros, 234.
* —— virginianus, 234; horns of, in course of modification, 511.
* Ceryle, male black-belted in some species of, 457.
* Cetacea, nakedness of, 56.
* Ceylon, frequent absence of beard in the natives of, 560.
* Chaffinch, proportion of the sexes in the, 248; courtship of the, 401.
* Chaffinches, 369; new mates found by, 408.
* Chalcophaps indicus, characters of young, 465.
* Chalcosoma atlas, sexual differences of, 295.
* Chamœleo, sexual differences in the genus, 356.
* —— bifurcus, 356, 357.
* —— Owenii, 357.
* —— Pumilus, 357.
* Chamœpetes unicolor, modified wing-feather in the male, 377.
* Chameleons, 354.
* Chamois, danger-signals of, 100; transfer of male characters to an old female, 504.
* Champneys, Mr., acromio-basilar muscle and quadrupedal gait, 42.
* Chapuis, Dr., on the transmission of sexual peculiarities in pigeons, 230; on streaked Belgian pigeons, 238, 446.
* Char, male, colouring of, during the breeding season, 340.
* Characters, male, developed in females, 227; secondary sexual, transmitted through both sexes, 227; natural, artificial, exaggeration of, by man, 582.
* Charadrius hiaticula and pluvialis, sexes and young of, 485.
* Chardin on the Persians, 586.
* Charms, worn by women, 577.
* Charruas, freedom of divorce among the, 598.
* Chasmorhynchus, difference of colour in the sexes of, 389; colours of, 492.
* —— niveus, 389.
* —— tricarunculatus, 389.
* Chastity, early estimation of, 119.
* Chatterers, sexual differences in, 219.
* Cheever, Rev. H. T., census of the Sandwich Islands, 257.
* Cheiroptera, absence of secondary sexual characters in, 218.
* Chelæ of crustacea, 266, 271.
* Chelonia, sexual differences in, 350. ​
* Chenalopex ægyptiacus, wing-knobs of, 364.
* Chera progne, 392, 419.
* Chest, proportions of, in soldiers and sailors, 32; large, of the Quechua and Aymara Indians, 34-.
* Chevrotains, canine teeth of, 514.
* Chiasognathus, stridulation of, 306.
* —— Grantii, mandibles of, 300.
* Children, legitimate and illegitimate, proportion of the sexes in, 243.
* Chiloe lice of the natives of, 170; population of, 173.
* Chimæra monstrosa, bony process on the head of the male, 338.
* Chimæroid ﬁshes, prehensile organs of male, 331.
* Chimpanzee, 561; ears of the, 14; representatives of the eyebrows in the, 19; hands of the, 50; absence of mastoid processes in the, 53; platforms built by the, 66; cracking nuts with a stone, 81; direction of the hair on the arms of the, 151; supposed evolution of the, 177; polygamous and social habits of the, 590.
* China, North, idea of female beauty in, 578.
* ——, Southern. inhabitants of, 197
* Chinese, use of flint tools by the, 145; difficulty of distinguishing the races of the, 167; colour of the beard in, 558; general beardlessness of the, 560; opinions of the, on the appearance of Europeans and Cingalese, 578; compression of the feet of, 583.
* Chinsurdi, his opinion of beards, 576, 581.
* Chalumydera maculata, 382.
* Chloëon, pedunculated eyes of the male of, 274.
* Chloephagya, coloration of the sexes in, 460.
* Chlorocœlus Tanana (figured), 285.
* Chorda Dorsalis, 161.
* Chough, rod beak of the, 491.
* Chromidæ, frontal protuberance in male, 340; sexual differences in colour of, 345.
* Chrysemys picta, long claws of the male, 350.
* Chrysococcyx, characters of young of, 465.
* Chrysonzelidæ, stridulation of, 302.
* Cicada pruinosa, 282.
* —— septendecim, 282.
* Cicadæ, songs of the, 281; rudimentary sound-organs in females of, 288.
* Cicatrix of a burn, causing modification of the facial bones, 55.
* Cichla, frontal protuberance of male 340.
* Cimetière du Sud, Paris, 22.
* Cincloramplius cruralis, large size of male, 362.
* Cinclus aquaticus, 455.
* Cingalese, Chinese opinion of the appearance of the, 578.
* Cirripedes, complemental males of, 208.
* Civilisation, effects of, upon natural selection, 133; inﬂuence of, in the competition of nations, 183.
* Clanging of geese, &c., 368.
* Claparède, E., on natural selection applied to man, 49.
* Clarke, on the marriage-customs of the Kalmucks, 598.
* Classification, 1-18.
* Claus, C., on the sexes of Saphirina, 271.
* Cleft-palate, inherited, 35.
* Climatcius erythrops, sexes of, 479.
* Climate, 31; cool, favourable to human progress, 133; power of supporting extremes of, by man, 182; want of connexion of, with colour, 192.
* Cloaca, existence of a, in the early progenitors of man, 161.
* Cloacal passage existing in the human embryo, 9.
* Clubs, used as weapons before dispersion of mankind, 180.
* Clucking of fowls, 368.
* Clythra 4-punctata, stridulation of, 302.
* Coan, Mr., Sandwich-islanders, 187.
* Cobbe, Miss, on morality in hypothetical bee-community, 99.
* Cobra, ingenuity of a, 352.
* Coccus, 147.
* Coccyx, 22, 23; in the human embryo, 9; convoluted body at the extremity of the, 23; imbedded in the body, 59.
* Cochin-China, notions of beauty of the inhabitants of, 578, 580. ​
* Cock, blind, fed by its companions, 103; game, killing a kite, 363; comb and Wattles of the, 403; preference shewn by the, for young hens, 420; game, transparent zone in the hackles of a, 430
* Cock of the rock, 405.
* Cockatoos, 491, 492, 493; nestling, 411; black, immature plumage of, 467.
* Cœlenterata, absence of secondary sexual characters in, 260.
* Coffee, fondness of monkeys for, 7.
* Cold, supposed effects of, 32; power of supporting, by man, 182.
* Coleoptera, 294; stridulation of, 284; stridulant organs of, discussed, 303.
* Colias edusa and hyale, 319.
* Collingwood, C., on the pugnacity of the butterﬂies of Borneo, 307; on butterflies being attracted by a dead specimen of the same species, 317.
* Colobus, absence of the thumb, 51.
* Colombia, flattened heads of savages of, 575.
* Colonists, success of the English as, 142.
* Coloration, protective, in birds, 489.
* Colour, supposed to be dependent on light and heat, 32; correlation of, with immunity from certain poisons and parasites, 193; purpose of, in lepidoptera, 316; relation of, to sexual functions, in fishes, 343; difference of, in the sexes of snakes, 351; sexual differences of, in lizards, 357; inﬂuence of, in the pairing of birds of different species, 415; relation of, to nidification, 453, 456; sexual differences of, in mammals, 533, 540; recognition of, by quadrupeds, 540; of children in different races of man, 537; of the skin in man, 604.
* Colours, admired alike by man and animals, 93; bright, due to sexual selection, 261; bright, among the lower animals, 261, 262; bright, protective to butterflies and moths, 313; bright, in male fishes, 335, 340; transmission of, in birds, 448.
* Colquhoun, example of reasoning in a retriever, 78.
* Columba passerina, young of, 467.
* Colymbus glacialis, anomalous young of, 482.
* Comb, development of, in fowls, 239.
* Combs and wattles in male birds, 403.
* Community, preservation of variations useful to the, by natural selection, 62.
* Compositæ, gradation of species among the, 175.
* Comte, C., on the expression of the ideal of beauty by sculpture, 581.
* Conditions of life, action of changed, upon man, 30; inﬂuence of, on plumage of birds, 472.
* Condor, eyes and comb of the, 472.
* Conjugations, origin of 91.
* Conscience, 114, 126; absence of, in some criminals, 116.
* Constitution, difference of, in different races of men, 168.
* Consumption, liability of Cebus Azaræ to, 7; connexion between complexion and, 194.
* Convergence of characters, 177.
* Cooing of pigeons and doves, 374.
* Cook, Capt., on the nobles of the Sandwich Islands, 586.
* Cope, E. D., on the Dinosauria, 158.
* Cophotis celyanica, sexual differences of, 354, 357.
* Cupris, 295.
* —— Isidis, sexual differences of, 296
* —— lunaris, stridulation of, 303.
* Corals, bright colours of, 260.
* Coral-snakes, 353.
* Cordylus, sexual difference of colour in a species of. 357.
* Corfu, habits of the Chaffinch in, 248.
* Cornelius, on the proportions of the sexes in Lucanus Cervus, 253.
* Corpora Wolffiana, 161; agreement of, with the kidneys of fishes, 11.
* Correlated variation, 43.
* Correlation, inﬂuence of, in the production of races, 197.
* Corse, on the mode of ﬁghting of the elephant, 514.
* Corvus corone, 408.
* —— graculus, red beak of, 491.
* —— pica, nuptial assembly of, 406.
* Corydalis cornutus, large jaws of the male, 275.
* Cosmetornis, 462. ​
* Cosmetornis vexillarius, elongation of wing-feathers in, 384, 403.
* Cotingidæ, sexual differences in, 219; coloration of the sexes of, 460; resemblance of the females of distinct species of, 470.
* Cottus scorpius, sexual differences in, 337.
* Coulter, Dr., on the Californian Indians, 258.
* Counting, origin of, 114; limited power of, in primeval man, 180.
* Courage, variability of, in the same species, 69; universal high appreciation of, 118; importance of, 130; characteristic of men, 564.
* Courtship, greater eagerness of males in, 221; of fishes, 331, 341; of birds, 367, 405.
* Cow, winter change of colour, 542.
* Crab, devil, 269.
* ——, shore, habits of, 268.
* Crabro cribrarius, dilated tibiæ of the male, 276.
* Crabs, proportions of the sexes in, 255.
* Cranz, on the inheritance of dexterity in seal catching, 33.
* Crawfurd, on the number of species of man, 174.
* Crenilabrus massa and C. melops, nests built by, 345.
* Crest, origin of, in Polish fowls, 231.
* Crests, of birds, difference of, in the sexes, 467; dorsal hairy, of mammals, 530.
* Cricket, field-, stridulation of the, 283; pugnacity of male, 289.
* ——, house-, stridulation of the 283, 234.
* Crickets, sexual differences in, 289.
* Crioceridæ, stridulation of the, 302.
* Crinoids, complexity of, 91.
* Croaking of frogs, 350.
* Crocodiles, musky odour of, during the breeding season, 351.
* Crocodilia, 351.
* Crossbills, characters of young, 464
* Crosses in man, 173.
* Crossing of races, effects of the, 192.
* Crossoaptilon auritum, 400, 452, 472 adornment of both sexes of, 235; sexes alike in, 460.
* Crotch. G. R., on the stridulation of beetles, 302, 304; on the stridulation of Heliopathes, 305; on the stridulation of Acalles, 306; habit of female deer at breeding time, 503.
* Crow Indians, long hair of the, 580.
* ——, young of the, 481.
* Crows, 491 ; vocal organs of the, 370; living in triplets, 409.
* ——, carrion, new mates found by, 407.
* ——, Indian, feeding their blind companions, 103.
* Cruelty of savages to animals, 118.
* Crustacea, parasitic, loss of limbs by female, 208; prehensile feet and antennae of, 209; male, more active than female, 221; parthenogenesis in, 255; secondary sexual characters of, 265; amphipod, males sexually mature while young, 485; auditory hairs of, 568.
* Crystal worn in the lower lip by some Central African women, 575.
* Cuckoo fowls, 238.
* Culicidæ, 208, 280; attracted by each other’s humming, 280.
* Cullen, Dr., on the throat-pouch of the male bustard, 373.
* Cultivation of plants, probable origin of, 133.
* Cupples, Mr., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in dogs, sheep, and cattle, 246; on the Scotch deerhound, 516; on sexual preference in dogs, 524.
* Curculionidæ, sexual difference in length of snout in some, 208; hornlike processes in male, 299; musical, 301, 302.
* Curiosity, manifestations of, by animals, 71.
* Curlews, double moult in, 390.
* Cursores, comparative absence of sexual differences among the, 219.
* Curtis, J., on the proportion of the sexes in Athalia, 254.
* Curier, F., on the recognition of women by male quadrumana, 8.
* ——, G., on the number of canudal vertebræ in the mandrill, 58; on instinct and intelligence, 67; views of, as to the position of man, 149; on the position of the seals, 150; on Hectocotyle, 263.
* Cyanecula suecica, sexual differences of, 472. ​
* Cyaxalcyon, sexual difference in colours of, 457; immature plumage of, 467.
* Cychurs, sounds produced by, 304.
* Cycnia mendica, sexual difference of, in colour, 316.
* Cygnus ferus, trachea of, 374.
* —— olor, white young of, 482.
* Cyllo Lela, instability of the ocellatcd spots of, 428.
* Cynanthus, variation in the genus, 423.
* Cyinipidæ, proportions of the sexes in, 254.
* Cynocephalus, difference of the young from the adult, 8; male, recognition of women by, 8; polygamons habits of species of, 217.
* —— chacma. 70.
* —— gelada, 81.
* —— hamadryas, 81, 590; sexual difference of colour in, 537.
* —— leucophus, colours of the sexes of, 533.
* —— mormon, colours of the male, 538, 540, 5.30.
* —— porcarius, mane of the male, 521.
* Cypridina, proportions of the sexes in, 255.
* Cyprinidæ, proportion of the sexes in the, 249.
* ——, Indian, 343.
* Cyprinodontidæ, sexual differences in the, 335, 337.
* Cyprinus auratus, 342.
* Cypris, relations of the sexes in, ‘255.
* Cyrtodactylus rubidus, 354.
* Cystophara cristata, hood of, 528.
D.
* Dacelo, sexual difference of colour in, 457.
* —— Guudichaudi, young male of, 457.
* Dal-ripa, a kind of ptarmigan, 248.
* Damalis albifrons, peculiar markings of, 544.
* —— pygarga, peculiar markings of, 543.
* Dampness of climate, supposed influence of, on the colour of the skin, 32, 193.
* Danaidæ, 308.
* Dances of birds, 380.
* Dancing, universality of, 178.
* Daniell, Dr., his experience of residence in West Africa, 195.
* Darfur, protuberances artificially produced by natives of, 574.
* Darwin, F., on the stridulation of Dermestes murinus, 302.
* Dasychira pulibunda, sexual difference of colour in, 316.
* Davis, A. H., on the pugnacity of the male stag-beetle, 300.
* ——, J. B., on the capacity of the skull in various races of men, 54; on the beards of the Polynesians, 560.
* Death-rate higher in towns than in rural districts, 139.
* Death-tick, 306.
* De Candolle, Alph., on a case of inherited power of moving the scalp, 13.
* Declensions, origin of, 91.
* Decoration in birds, 381.
* Decticus, 285.
* Deer, 233; development of the horns in, 233; spots of young, 464, 546; horns of, 503, 506; use of horns of, 510, 518; horns of a, in course of modification, 511; size of the horns of, 515; female, pairing with one male, whilst others are fighting for her, 522; male, attracted by the voice of the female, 537; male, odour emitted by, 529.
* ——, Axis, sexual difference in the colour of the, 537.
* ——, fallow, different coloured herds of, 540.
* ——, Mantchurian, 546.
* ——, Virginian, 546; Colour of the, not affected by castration, 535; colours of, 536.
* Deerhound, Scotch, greater size of the male, 237, 516.
* Defensive organs of mammals, 518.
* De Geer, C., on a female spider destroying a male, 273.
* Dekay, Dr., on the bladder-nose seal, 528.
* Delorcnzi, G., division of malar bone, 39.
* Demerara, yellow fever in, 194.
* Dendrocygna, 465.
* Dendropila frontalis, young of, 487. ​
* Denison, Sir W., manner of ridding themselves of vermin among the Australians, 57; extinction of Tasmanians, 184.
* Denny, H., on the lice of domestic animals, 169.
* Dermestes murinus, stridulation of, 302.
* Descent traced through the mother alone, 588.
* Deserts, protective colouring of animals inhabiting, 489.
* Desmarest, on the absence of suborbital pits in Antilope subgutturosa, 529; on the whiskers of Macacus, 531; on the colour of the opossum, 534; on the colours of the sexes of Mus minutus, 534; on the colouring of the ocelot, 534; on the colours of seals, 535; on Antilope caama, 536; on the colours of goats, 536; on sexual difference of colour in Ateles marginatus, 537; on the mandrill, 539; on Macacus cynomolgus, 558.
* Desmoulins, on the number of species of man, 174; on the musk-deer, 530.
* Desor, on the imitation of man by monkeys, 72.
* Despine, P., on criminals destitute of conscience, 116.
* Development, embryonic, of man, 9, 11; correlated, 426.
* Devil, not believed in by the Fuegians, 95.
* Devil-crab, 269.
* Devonian, fossil insect from the, 289.
* Dewlaps, of cattle and antelopes, 531.
* Diadema, sexual differences of colouring in the species of, 309.
* Diamond-beetles, bright colours of, 294.
* Diastema, occurrence of, in man, 35.
* Diastylidæ, proportion of the sexes in, 255.
* Dicrurus, racket-shaped feathers in, 384; nidification of, 453.
* —— macrocercus, change of plumage in, 461.
* Didelphis opossum, sexual difference in the colour of, 533.
* Differences, comparative, between different species of birds of the same sex, 470.
* Digits, supernumerary, more frequent in men than in women, 223; supernumerary, inheritance of, 232; supernumerary, early development of, 237.
* Dimorphism in females of waterbeetles, 276; in Neurothemis and Agrion, 291.
* Diodorus, on the absence of beard in the natives of Ceylon, 560.
* Dipelicus Cantori, sexual differences of, 296.
* Diplopoda, prehensile limbs of the male, 274.
* Dipsas cynodon, sexual difference in the colour of, 351.
* Diptera, 280.
* Disease, generated by the contact of distinct peoples, 183.
* Diseases common to man and the lower animals, 7; difference of liability to, in different races of men, 167; new, effects of, upon savages, 182; sexually limited, 237.
* Display, coloration of Lepidoptera for, 314; of plumage by male birds, 394, 402.
* Distribution, wide, of man, 48; geographical, as evidence of specific distinctness in man, 169.
* Disuse, effects of, in producing rudimentary organs, 12; and use of parts, effects of, 32; of parts, influence of, on the races of men, 197.
* Divorce, freedom of, among the Charruas, 598.
* Dixon, E. S., on the pairing of different species of geese, 415; on the courtship of peafowl, 419.
* Dobrizhoffer, on the marriage-customs of the Abipones, 599.
* Dobson, Dr., on the Cheiroptera, 218; scent-glands of bats, 529; frugivorous bats, 534.
* Dogs, suffering from Tertian ague, 8; memory of, 74; dreaming, 74; diverging when drawing sledges over thin ice, 75; exercise of reasoning faculties by, 78; domestic, progress of, in moral qualities, 80; distinct tones uttered by, 84; parallelism between his affection for his master and religious feeling, 96; sociability of the, 100; sympathy of, ​with a sick cat, 103; sympathy of, with his master, 103; their possession of conscience, 103; possible use of the hair on the fore-legs of the, 151; races of the, 176; numerical proportion of male and female births in, 246; sexual affection between individuals of, 524; howling at certain notes, 569; rolling in carrion, 530.
* Dolichocephalic structure, possible cause of, 56.
* Dolphins, nakedness of, 56.
* Domestic animals, races of, 176; change of breeds of, 596.
* Domestication, influence of, in removing the sterility of hybrids, 172
* D'Orbigny, A., on the influence of dampness and dryness on the colour of the skin, 193; on the Yuracaras, 582.
* Dotterel, 477.
* Doubleday, E., on sexual differences in the wings of butterflies, 277.
* ——, H. on the proportion of the sexes in the smaller moths, 251; males of Lasiocampa quercus and on the attraction of the Saturnia carpini by the female 252; on the proportion of the sexes in the Lepidoptera, 252; on the ticking of Anobium tesselatum, 306; on the structure of Ageronia feronia, 307; on white butterflies alighting upon paper, 317.
* Douglas, J. W., on the sexual differences of the Hemiptera, 281; on the colours of British Homoptera, 282.
* Down, of birds, 390.
* Draco, gular appendages of, 355.
* Dragonet, Gemmeons, 336.
* Dragon-flies, caudal appendages of male, 276; relative size of the sexes of, 279; difference in the sexes of, 290; want of pugnacity by the male, 291.
* Drake, breeding plumage of the, 393.
* Dreams, 74; a possible source of the belief in spiritual agencies, 94.
* Drill, sexual difference of colour in the, 538.
* Dromœus, irroratus, 478.
* Dromolœa, Saharan species of, 456.
* Drongo shrike, 461.
* Drongos, racket-shaped feathers in the tails of, 384, 392.
* Dryness, of climate, supposed influence of, on the colour of the skin, 193.
* Dryopithecus, 155.
* Duck, harlequin, age of mature plumage in the, 483; breeding in immature plumage 484.
* ——, long-tailed, preference of male, for certain females, 420.
* ——, pintail, pairing with a wigeon, 414.
* ——, voice of the, 374; pairing with a shield-drake, 414; immature plumage of the, 466.
* ——, wild, sexual differences in the 219; speculum and male characters of, 236; pairing with a pintail drake, 415.
* Ducks, wild, becoming polygamous under partial domestication, 219; dogs and cats recognised by, 412.
* Dufossé, Dr., sounds produced by fish, 347.
* Dugong, nakedness of, 56; tusks of, 502.
* Dujardin, on the relative size of the cerebral ganglia in insects, 54.
* Duncan, Dr., on the fertility of early marriages, 138; comparative health of married and single, 140.
* Dupont, M., on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, 22.
* Durand, J. P., on causes of variation, 30.
* Dureau de la Malle, on the songs of birds, 86; on the acquisition of an air by blackbirds, 370.
* Dutch, retention of their colour by the, in South Africa, 193.
* Duty, sense of, 97.
* Duvaucel, female Hylobates washing her young, 70.
* Dyaks, pride of, in mere homicide, 117.
* Dynastes, large size of males of, 279.
* Dynastini, stridulation of, 303.
* Dytiscus, dimorphism of females of, 276; grooved elytra of the female, 276.
E.
* Eagle, young Cercopithecus rescued from, by the troop, 101.
* ——, white-headed, breeding in immature plumage, 484. ​
* Eagles, golden, new mates found by, 408.
* Ear, motion of the, 13; external shell of the, useless in man, 14; rudimentary point of the, in man, 15.
* Ears, more variable in men than women, 224; piercing and ornamentation of the, 575.
* Earwigs, parental feeling in, 106.
* Echidna, 156.
* Echini, bright colours of some, 260.
* Echinodermata, absence of secondary sexual characters in, 260.
* Echis carinata, 353.
* Ecker, figure of the human embryo, 10; on the development of the gyri and sulci of the brain, 204; on the sexual differences in the pelvis in man, 557; on the presence of a sagittal crest in Australians, 558.
* Edentata, former wide range of, in America, 169; absence of secondary sexual characters in, 218.
* Edolius, racket-shaped feathers in, 384.
* Edwards. Mr., on the proportion of the sexes in North American species of Papilio, 250.
* Eels, hermaphroditism of, 162.
* Egerton, Sir P., on the use of the antlers of deer, 510; on the pairing of red deer, 522; on the bellowing of stags, 526.
* Eggs, hatched by male fishes, 345.
* Egret, Indian, sexes and young of, 486.
* Egrets, breeding plumage of, 391; white, 492.
* Ehrenberg, on the mane of the male Hamadryas baboon, 521.
* Ekström, M., on Harelda glacialis, 420.
* Elachista rufocinerea, habits of male, 252.
* Eland, development of the horns of the, 234.
* Elands, sexual differences of colour in 535
* Elaphomyia, sexual differences in, 280.
* Elaphrus uliginosus, stridulation of, 302.
* Elaps, 353.
* Elateridæ, proportions of the sexes in, 253.
* Elaters, luminous, 278.
* Elephant, 156; rate of increase of the, 47; nakedness of the, 57; Indian, forbearance to his keeper, 104; polygamous habits of the, 218; pugnacity of the male, 501; tusks of, 502, 503, 507, 515; Indian, mode of fighting of the, 513; male, odour emitted by the, 529; attacking white or grey horses, 540.
* Elevation of abode, modifying influence of, 35.
* Elimination of inferior individuals, 137.
* Elk, 507; winter change of the, 542.
* ——, Irish, horns of the, 515.
* Ellice Islands, beards of the natives, 560, 581.
* Elliot, R., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in young rats, 247; on the proportion of the sexes in sheep, 246.
* ——, D. G., on Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, 390.
* ——, Sir W., on the polygamous habits of the Indian wild boar, 218.
* Ellis, on the prevalence of infanticide in Polynesia, 592.
* Elphinstone, Mr., on local differences of stature among the Hindoos, 31; on the difficulty of distinguishing the native races of India, 167.
* Elytra, of the females of Dytiscus, Acilius, Hydroporus, 276.
* Emberiza, characters of young, 464.
* —— miliaria, 464.
* —— schœniclus, 412; head-feathers of the male, 402.
* Embryo of man, 9, 10; of the dog, 10.
* Embryos of mammals, resemblance of the, 25.
* Emigration, 137.
* Emotions experienced by the lower animals in common with man, 69; manifested by animals, 71.
* Emperor moth, 315.
* Emulation of singing-birds, 369.
* Emu, sexes and incubation of, 478.
* Endurance, estimation of, 118.
* Energy, a characteristic of men, 565.
* England, numerical proportion of male and female births in, 242.
* Engleheart, Mr., on the finding of new mates by starlings, 408. ​
* English, success of, as colonists, 142.
* Engravers, short-sighted, 33.
* Entomostraca, 268.
* Entozoa, difference of colour between the males and females of some, 260.
* Envy, persistence of, 112.
* Eocene period, possible divergence of man during the, 156.
* Eolidæ, colours of, produced by the biliary glands, 261.
* Epeira nigra, small size of the male of, 273
* Ephemeræ, 274.
* Ephemeridæ, 290.
* Ephippiger vitium, stridulating organs of, 284, 288.
* Epicalia, sexual differences of colouring in the species of, 309.
* Equus hemionus, winter change of, 542.
* Erateina, coloration of, 315.
* Ercolani, Prof., hermaphroditism in eels, 162.
* Erect attitude of man, 51, 52.
* Eristalis, courting of, 280.
* Eschricht, on the development of hair in man, 18; on a lanuginous moustache in a female fœtus, 19; on the want of definition between the scalp and the forehead in some children, 151; on the arrangement of the hair in the human fœtus, 152; on the hairiness of the face in the human fœtus of both sexes, 602, 603.
* Esmeralda, difference of colour in the sexes of, 294.
* Esox lucius, 249.
* —— reticulatus, 340.
* Esquimaux, 64, 133; their belief in the inheritance of dexterity in seal-catching, 33; mode of life of, 197.
* Estrelda amandava, pugnacity of the male, 366.
* Eubagis, sexual differences of colouring in the species of, 309.
* Euchirus longimanus, sound produced by, 304.
* Eudromias morinellus, 477.
* Eulampis jugularis, colours of the female, 454.
* Euler, on the rate of increase in the United States, 44.
* Eumomota superciliaris, racket-shaped feathers in the tail of, 384.
* Eupetomena macroura, colours of the female, 453.
* Euphema splendida, 457.
* Euplocamus erythrophthalmus, possession of spurs by the female, 364.
* Europe, ancient inhabitants of, 181.
* Europeans, difference of, from Hindoos, 192; hairiness of, probably due to reversion, 601.
* Eurostopodus, sexes of, 479.
* Eurygnathus, different proportions of the head in the sexes of, 276.
* Eustephanus, sexual differences of species of, 359; young of, 487.
* Exaggeration of natural characters by man, 582.
* Exogamy, 588, 591.
* Expression, resemblances in, between man and the apes, 150.
* Extinction of races, causes of, 181.
* Eye, destruction of the, 32; change of position in, 55; obliquity of, regarded as a beauty by the Chinese and Japanese, 578.
* Eyebrows, elevation of, 13; development of long hairs in, 19; in monkeys, 151; eradicated in parts of South America and Africa, 575; eradication of, by the Indians of Paraguay, 580.
* Eyelashes, eradication of, by the Indians of Paraguay, 580.
* Eyelids, coloured black, in part of Africa, 574.
* Eyes, pillared, of the male of Chloëon, 274; difference in the colour of, in the sexes of birds, 425.
* Eyton, T. C., observations on the development of the horns in the fallow-deer, 234.
* Eyzies, Les, human remains from, 181.
F.
* Fabre, M., on the habits of Cerceris, 291.
* Facial bones, causes of modification of the, 55.
* Faculties, diversity of, in the same race of men, 26; inheritance of, 27; diversity of, in animals of the same species, 28; mental, variation of, in the same species, 66; of birds, 410. ​
* Fakirs, Indian, tortures undergone by, 118.
* Falco leucocephalus, 484.
* —— peregrinus, 408, 461.
* —— tinnunculus, 408.
* Falcon, peregrine, new mate found by, 408.
* Falconer, H., on the mode of fighting of the Indian elephant, 513; on canines in a female deer, 514; on Hyomoschus aquaticus, 547.
* Falkland Islands, horses of, 181.
* Fallow-deer, different coloured herds of, 540.
* Famines, frequency of, among savages, 46.
* Farr, Dr., on the structure of the uterus, 38; on the effects of profligacy, 137; on the influence of marriage on mortality, 139, 140.
* Farrar, F. W., on the origin of language, 87; on the crossing or blending of languages, 91; on the absence of the idea of God in certain races of men, 93; on early marriages of the poor, 138; on the middle ages, 141.
* Fashions, long prevalence of, among savages, 576, 584.
* Faye, Prof., on the numerical proportion of male and female births in Norway and Russia, 243; on the greater mortality of male children at and before birth, 243.
* Feathers, modified, producing sounds, 377 et seq., 450; elongated, in male birds, 383, 403; racket-shaped, 384; barbless and with filamentous barbs in certain birds, 385; shedding of margins of, 393.
* Feeding, high, probable influence of, in the pairing of birds of different species, 415.
* Feet, thickening of the skin on the soles of the, 33; modification of, in man, 52.
* Felis canadensis, throat-ruff of, 521.
* —— pardalis and F. mitis, sexual differences in the colouring of, 534.
* Female, behaviour of the, during courtship, 222.
* —— birds, differences of, 470.
* Females, presence of rudimentary male organs in, 162; preference of, for certain males, 214; pursuit of, by males, 221; occurrence of secondary sexual characters in, 225; development of male characters by, 227.
* Females and males, comparative numbers of, 213, 215; comparative mortality of, while young, 216.
* Femur and tibia, proportions of, in the Aymara Indians, 34.
* Fenton, Mr., decrease of Maories, 184; infanticide amongst the Maories, 256.
* Ferguson, Mr., on the courtship of fowls, 417.
* Fertility lessened under changed conditions, 188.
* Fertilisation, phenomena of, in plants, 222; in the lower animals, 222.
* Fevers, immunity of Negroes and Mulattoes from, 193.
* Fiber zibethicus, protective colouring of it, 542.
* Fick, H., effect of conscription for military service, 134.
* Fidelity of savages to one another, 118; importance of, 124.
* Field-slaves, difference of, from house-slaves, 196.
* Fijians, burying their old and sick parents alive, 102; estimation of the beard among the, 581; admiration of, for a broad occiput, 583.
* Fiji Archipelago, population of the, 173.
* —— Islands, beards of the natives, 560, 581; marriage-customs of the, 598.
* Filial affection, partly the result of natural selection, 105.
* Filum terminale, 23.
* Finch, racket-shaped feathers in the tail of a, 384.
* Finches, spring change of colour in, 393; British, females of the, 460.
* Fingers, partially coherent, in species of Hylobates, 51.
* Finlayson, on the Cochin Chinese, 578.
* Fire, use of, 49, 145, 180.
* Fischer, on the pugnacity of the male of Lethrus cephalotes, 300.
* Fish, eagerness of male, 221; proportion of the sexes in, 249; sounds produced by, 347. ​
* Fishes, kidneys of, represented by Corpora Wolffiana in the human embryo, 11; male, hatching ova in their mouths, 163; receptacles for ova possessed by, 208; relative size of the sexes in, 335; freshwater, of the tropics, 343; protective resemblances in, 344; change of colour in, 344; nest-building, 345; spawning of, 345; sounds produced by, 347, 566; continued growth of, 485.
* Flamingo, age of mature plumage, 483.
* Flexor pollicis longus, similar variation of, in man, 42.
* Flint tools, 145.
* Flints, difficulty of chipping into form, 49.
* Floresuga mellivora, 443.
* Florida, Quiscalus major in, 248.
* Flounder, coloration of the, 344.
* Flower, W. H., on the abductor of the fifth metatarsal in apes, 42; on the position of the Seals, 150; on the Pithecia monachus, 201; on the throat-pouch of the male bustard, 373.
* Fly-catchers, colours and nidification of, 455.
* Fœtus, human, woolly covering of the, 19; arrangement of the hair on, 152.
* Food, influence of, upon stature, 31.
* Foot, prehensile power of the, retained in some savages, 52; prehensile, in the early progenitors of man, 160.
* Foramen, supra-condyloid, exceptional occurrence of in the humerus of man, 21, 43; in the early progenitors of man, 160.
* Forbes, D., on the Aymara Indians, 34; on local variation of colour in the Quichuas, 196; on the hair-lessness of the Aymaras and Quichuas, 561; on the long hair of the Aymaras and Quichuas, 559, 580.
* Forel, F., on white young swans, 282.
* Formica rufa, size of the cerebral ganglia in, 54.
* Fossils, absence of, connecting man with the apes, 156.
* Fowl, occurrence of spurs in the female, 227; game, early pugnacity of, 239; Polish, early development of cranial peculiarities of, 239; variations in plumage of, 385; examples of correlated development in the, 426; domestic, breeds and subbreeds of, 460.
* Fowls, spangled Hamburgh, 229, 238; inheritance of changes of plumage by, 229; sexual peculiarities in, transmitted only to the same sex, 230; loss of secondary sexual characters by male, 231; Polish, origin of the crest in, 231; period of inheritance of characters by, 238; cuckoo-, 238; development of the comb in, 239; numerical proportion of the sexes in, 247; courtship of, 417; mongrel, between a black Spanish cock and different hens, 427; pencilled Hamburgh, difference of the sexes in, 447; Spanish, sexual differences of the comb in, 447; spurred, in both sexes, 449.
* Fox, W. D., on some half-tamed wild ducks becoming polygamous, and on polygamy in the guinea-fowl and canary-bird, 220; on the proportion of the sexes in cattle, 247; on the pugnacity of the peacock, 364; on a nuptial assembly of magpies, 406; on the finding of new mates by crows, 407; on partridges living in triplets, 409; on the pairing of a goose with a Chinese gander, 415.
* Foxes, wariness of young, in hunting districts, 80; black, 540.
* Fraser, C., on the different colours of the sexes in a species of Squilla, 271.
* ——, G., colours of Thecla, 312.
* Frere, Hookham, quoting Theognis on selection in mankind, 29.
* Fringilla cannabina, 394.
* —— ciris, age of mature plumage in, 483.
* —— cyanea, age of mature plumage in, 483.
* —— leucophrys, young of, 486.
* —— spinus, 415.
* —— tristis, change of colour in, in spring, 393; young of, 485.
* Fringillidæ, rssemblance of the females of distinct species of, 470. ​
* Frogs, 349; male, temporary receptacles for ova possessed by, 208; ready to breed before the females, 212; fighting of, 349; vocal organs of, 350.
* Frontal bone, persistence of the suture in, 39.
* Fruits, poisonous, avoided by animals, 66.
* Fuegians, 133, 143; difference of stature among the, 31; power of sight in the, 33; skill of, in stone-throwing, 49; resistance of the, to their severe climate, 63, 182; mental capacity of the, 65; quasi-religious sentiments of the, 95; resemblance of, in mental characters, to Europeans, 178; mode of life of the, 197; aversion of, to hair on the face, 580; said to admire European women, 582.
* Fulgoridæ, songs of the, 281.
* Fur, whiteness of, in arctic animals, in winter, 229.
* Fur-bearing animals, acquired sagacity of, 80.
G.
* Gallicrex, sexual difference in the colour of the irides in, 425.
* —— cristatus, pugnacity of male, 360; red caruncle occurring in the male during the breeding-season, 389.
* Gallinaceæ, frequency of polygamous habits and of sexual differences in the, 219; love-gestures of, 380; decomposed feathers in, 385; stripes of young, 464; comparative sexual differences between the species of, 470, 471; plumage of, 472.
* Gallinaceous birds, weapons of the male, 362; racket-shaped feathers on the heads of, 384.
* Gallinula chloropus, pugnacity of the male, 360.
* —— cristata, pugnacity of the male, 360.
* Galloperdix, spurs of, 364; development of spurs in the female, 450.
* Gallophasis, young of, 468.
* Gallus bankiva, 447; neck-hackles of, 392.
* —— Stanleyi, pugnacity of the male, 363.
* Galls, 60.
* Galton, Mr., on hereditary genius, 28; gregariousness and independence in animals, 104; on the struggle between the social and personal impulses, 125; on the effects of natural selection on civilised nations, 133; on the sterility of sole daughters, 135; on the degree of fertility of people of genius, 136; on the early marriages of the poor, 138; on the ancient Greeks, 140; on the Middle Ages, 141; on the progress of the United States, 142; on South African notions of beauty, 579.
* Gammarus, use of the chelæ of, 268.
* —— marinus, 270.
* Gannets, white only when mature, 492.
* Ganoid fishes, 159, 165.
* Gaour, horns of the, 505.
* Gap between man and the apes, 156.
* Gaper, sexes and young of, 486.
* Gardner, on an example of rationality in a Gelasimus, 270.
* Garrulus glandarius, 407.
* Gärtner, on sterility of hybrid plants, 172.
* Gasteropoda, 272; pulmoniferous, courtship of, 262.
* Gasterosteus, 220; nidification of, 345.
* —— leiurus, 331, 340, 345.
* —— trachurus, 332.
* Gastrophora, wings of, brightly coloured beneath, 315.
* Gauchos, want of humanity among the, 123.
* Gaudry, M., on a fossil monkey, 154.
* Gavia, seasonal change of plumage in, 493.
* Geese, clanging noise made by, 368 pairing of different species of, 415; Canada, selection of mates by, 416.
* Gegenbaur, C., on the number of digits in the Ichthyopterygia, 37; on the hermaphroditism of the remote progenitors of the vertebrata, 161; two types of nipple in mammals, 162.
* Gelasimus, proportions of the sexes in a species of, 254; use of the enlarged chelæ of the male, 268; pugnacity of males of, 269; rational ​actions of a, 270; difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, 271.
* Gemmules, dormant in one sex, 231.
* Genius, 28; hereditary, 564.
* ——, fertility of men and women of, 136.
* Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, Isid., on the recognition of women by male quadrumana, 8; on monstrosities, 30; coincidences of arrested development with polydactylism, 37; on animal-like anomalies in the human structure, 40; on the correlation of monstrosities, 44; on the distribution of hair in man and monkeys, 57; on the caudal vertebræ of monkeys, 58; on correlated variability, 60; on the classification of man, 147; on the long hair on the heads of species of Semnopithecus, 151; on the hair in monkeys, 152; on the development of horns in female deer, 504; and F. Cuvier, on the mandrill, 539; on Hylobates, 558, 559.
* Geographical distribution, as evidence of specific distinctions in man, 169.
* Geometræ, brightly coloured beneath, 315.
* Geophagus, frontal protuberance of male, 340, 345; eggs hatched by the male, in the mouth or branchial cavity, 345.
* Georgia, change of colour in Germans settled in, 196.
* Geotrupes, stridulation of, 303, 304.
* Gerbe, M., on the nest-building of Crenilabrus massa and C. melops, 345.
* Gerland, Dr., on the prevalence of infanticide, 117, 577, 592; on the extinction of races, 182.
* Gervais, P., on the hairiness of the gorilla, 57; on the mandrill, 538.
* Gesture-language, 178.
* Ghost-moth, sexual difference of colour in the, 316.
* Gibbs, Sir D., on differences of the voice in different races of men, 566.
* Gibbon, Hoolock, nose of, 150.
* Gibbons, voice of, 527.
* Gill, Dr., male seals larger than females, 219; sexual differences in seals, 515.
* Giraffe, its mode of using the horns, 508; mute, except in the rutting season, 526.
* Girard, M., disputes descent of vertibrates from Ascidians, 160; colour of sponges and Ascidians, 261; musky odour of Sphinx, 308.
* Giraud-Teulon, on the cause of short sight, 34.
* Glanders, communicable to man from the lower animals, 7.
* Glands, odoriferous, in mammals, 529, 530.
* Glareola, double moult in, 390.
* Glomeris limbata, difference of colour in the sexes of, 274.
* Glow-worm, female, apterous, 208; luminosity of the, 277.
* Gnats, dances of, 280; auditory powers of, 569.
* Gnu, sexual differences in the colour of the, 536.
* Goat, male, wild, falling on his horns, 508; male, odour emitted by, 529; male, wild, crest of the, 531; Berbura, mane, dewlap, &c., of the male, 532; Kemas, sexual difference in the colour of the, 536.
* Goats, sexual differences in the horns of, 230; horns of, 235, 505; mode of fighting of, 508; domestic, sexual differences of, late developed, 237; beards of, 531.
* Goatsucker, Virginian, pairing of the, 366.
* Gobies, nidification of 345.
* God, want of the idea of, in some races of men, 93.
* Godron, M., on variability, 29; on difference of stature, 31; on the want of connexion between climate and the colour of the skin, 192; on the odour of the skin, 198; on the colour of infants, 558.
* Goldfinch, 371, 394; proportion of the sexes in the, 248; sexual differences of the beak in the, 359; courtship of the, 401.
* ——, North American, young of, 485 Gold-fish, 342.
* Gomphus, proportions of the sexes in, 254; difference in the sexes of, 290.
* Gonepteryx Rhamni, 312; sexual difference of colour in, 322. ​
* Goodsir, Prof., on the affinity of the lancelet to the ascidians, 159.
* Goosander, young of, 467.
* Goose, Antarctic, colours of the, 492.
* ——, Canada, pairing with a Bernicle gander, 414.
* ——, Chinese, knob on the beak of the, 426.
* ——, Egyptian, 364.
* ——, Sebastopol, plumage of, 385.
* ——, Snow-, whiteness of the, 492.
* ——, Spur-winged, 364.
* Gorilla, 561; semi-erect attitude of the, 52; mastoid processes of the, 53; direction of the hair on the arms of the, 151; manner of sitting, 151; supposed to be a kind of mandrill, 177; polygamy of the 217, 590, 591; voice of the, 527; cranium of, 558; fighting of male, 562.
* Gosse, P. H., on the pugnacity of the male Humming-bird, 360.
* ——, M., on the inheritance of artificial modifications of the skull, 603.
* Gould, B. A., on variation in the length of the legs in man, 26; measurements of American soldiers, 30, 32; on the proportions of the body and capacity of the lungs in different races of men, 167; on the the inferior vitality of mulattoes, 171.
* ——, J., on migration of swifts, 108; on the arrival of male snipes before the females, 212; on the numerical proportion of the sexes in birds, 247; on Neomorpha Grypus, 359; on the species of Eustephanus, 359; on the Australian musk-duck, 359; on the relative size of the sexes in Briziura lobata and Cincloramphus cruralis, 362; on Lobivanellus lobatus, 366; on the habits of Menura Alberti, 371; on the rarity of song in brilliant birds, 371; on Selasphorus platycercus, 378; on the Bower-birds, 381, 406; on the ornamental plumage of the Humming-birds, 387; on the moulting of the ptarmigan, 392; on the display of plumage by the male Humming-birds, 394; on the shyness of adorned male birds, 403; on the decoration of the bowers of Bower-birds, 413; on the decoration of their nests by Humming-birds, 413; on variation in the genus Cynanthus, 423; on the colour of the thighs in a male parakeet, 424; on Urosticte Benjamini, 442, 443; on the nidification of the Orioles, 454; on obscurely-coloured birds building concealed nests, 454; on trogons and kingfishers, 456; on Australian parrots, 458; on Australian pigeons, 458; on the moulting of the ptarmigan, 462; on the immature plumage of birds, 466 et seq.; on the Australian species of Turnix, 473; on the young of Aïthurus polytmus, 487; on the colours of the bills of toucans, 491; on the relative size of the sexes in the marsupials of Australia, 515; on the colours of the Marsupials, 533.
* Goureaux, on the stridulation of Mutilla europœa, 293.
* Gout, sexually transmitted, 237.
* Graba, on the Pied Ravens of the Feroe Islands, 424; variety of the Guillemot, 424.
* Gradation of secondary sexual characters in birds, 430.
* Grallatores, absence of secondary sexual characters in, 219; double moult in some, 390.
* Grallina, nidification of, 454.
* Grasshoppers, stridulation of the, 286.
* Gratiolet, Prof., on the anthropomorphous apes, 154; on the evolution of the anthropomorphous apes, 177; on the difference in the development of the brains of apes and of man, 203.
* Gray, Asa, on the gradation of species among the Compositæ, 175.
* ——, J. E., on the caudal vertebræ of monkeys, 58; on the presence of rudiments of horns in the female of Cerculus moschatus, 504; on the horns of goats and sheep, 505; on the beard of the ibex, 531; on the Berbura goat, 533; on sexual differences in the coloration of Rodents, 534; ornaments of male sloth, 534; on the colours of the Elands, 535; on the Sing-sing antelope, 536; on the colours of goats, 536; on the hog-deer, 546. ​
* "Greatest happiness principle," 120, 121.
* Greeks, ancient, 140.
* Green, A. H., on beavers fighting, 500; on the voice of the beaver, 527.
* Greenfinch, selected by a female canary, 415.
* Greg, W. R., on the effects of natural selection on civilised nations, 133; on the early marriages of the poor, 138; on the Ancient Greeks, 141.
* Grenadiers, Prussian, 29.
* Grey, Sir G., on female infanticide in Australia, 592.
* Greyhounds, numerical proportion of the sexes in, 215, 216; numerical proportion of male and female births in, 246, 258.
* Grouse, red, monogamous, 219; pugnacity of young male, 366; producing a sound by scraping their wings upon the ground, 374; duration of courtship of, 405; colours and nidification of, 455.
* Gruber, Dr., on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, 21; on division of malar bone, 39; stridulation of locust, 284.
* Grus americanus, age of mature plumage in, 483; breeding in immature plumage, 484.
* —— virgo, trachea of, 374.
* Gryllus campestris, 284; pugnacity of male, 289.
* —— domesticus, 284.
* Grypus, sexual differences in the beak in, 359.
* Guanacoes, battles of, 500; canine teeth of, 514.
* Guanas, strife for women among the, 562; polyandry among the, 593.
* Guanche skeletons, occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of, 22.
* Guaranys, proportion of men and women among, 244; colour of newborn children of the, 557; beards of the, 561.
* Guenée, A., on the sexes of Hyperythra, 251
* Guilding, L., on the stridulation of the Locustidæ, 283.
* Guillemot, variety of the, 424.
* Guinea, sheep of, with males only horned, 234.
* Guinea-fowl, monogamous, 219; occasional polygamy of the, 220; markings of the, 429.
* Guinea-pigs, inheritance of the effects of operations by, 603.
* Gulls, seasonal change of plumage in, 492; white, 492.
* Günther, Dr., on paddle of Ceratodus, 37; on hermaphroditism in Serranus, 162; on male fishes hatching ova in their mouths, 163, 345; on mistaking infertile female fishes for males, 249; on the prehensile organs of male Plagiostomous fishes, 331; spines and brushes on fishes, 331; on the pugnacity of the male salmon and trout, 332; on the relative size of the sexes in fishes, 335; on sexual differences in fishes, 336 et seq.; on the genus Callionymus, 337; on a protective resemblance in a pipe-fish, 344; on the genus Solenostoma, 346; on the coloration of frogs and toads, 349; combats of Testudo elegans, 351; on the sexual differences in the Ophidia, 351; on differences of the sexes of lizards, 354 et seq.
* Gynanisa Isis, ocellated spots of, 428.
* Gypsies, uniformity of, in various parts of the world, 193.
H.
* Habits, bad, facilitated by familiarity, 123; variability of the force of, 125.
* Häckel, E., on the origin of man, 3; on rudimentary characters, 11; on death caused by inflammation of the vermiform appendage, 21; on the canine teeth in man, 40; on the steps by which man became a biped, 52; on man as a member of the Catarrhine group, 155; on the position of the Lemuridæ, 157; on the genealogy of the Mammalia, 158; on the lancelet, 159; on the transparency of pelagic animals, 261; on the musical powers of women, 573. ​
* Hagen, H., and Walsh, B. D., on American Neuroptera, 254.
* Hair, development of, in man, 18; character of, supposed to be determined by light and heat, 32; distribution of, in man, 57, 600; possibly removed for ornamental purposes, 58; arrangement and direction of, 151; of the early progenitors of man, 160; different texture of, in distinct races, 167; and skin, correlation of colour of, 197; development of, in mammals, 530; management of, among different peoples, 575; great length of, in some North American tribes, 580; elongation of the, on the human head, 603.
* Hairiness, difference of, in the sexes in man, 559; variation of, in races of men, 559.
* Hairs and excretory pores, numerical relation of, in sheep, 198.
* Hairy family, Siamese, 601.
* Halbertsma, Prof., hermaphroditism in Serranus, 162.
* Hamadryas baboon, turning over stones, 101; mane of the male, 521.
* Hamilton, C., on the cruelty of the Kaffirs to animals, 118; on the engrossment of the women by the Kaffir chiefs, 595.
* Hammering, difficulty of, 49.
* Hancock, A., on the colours of the nudibranch Mollusca, 261, 264.
* Hands, larger at birth, in the children of labourers, 33; structure of, in the quadrumana, 50; and arms, freedom of, indirectly correlated with diminution of canines, 53.
* Handwriting, inherited, 88.
* Handyside, Dr., supernumerary mammæin men, 37.
* Harcourt, E. Vernon, on Fringilla cannabina 394.
* Harelda glacialis, 420.
* Hare, protective colouring of the, 542.
* Hares, battles of male, 500.
* Harlan, Dr., on the difference between field- and house-slaves, 196.
* Harris, J. M., on the relation of complexion to climate, 195.
* ——, T. W., on the Katy-did locust, 283; on the stridulation of the grasshoppers, 286; on Œcanthus nivalis, 289; on the colouring of Lepidoptera, 314; on the colouring of Saturnia Io, 316.
* Harting, spur of the Ornithorhynchus, 502.
* Hartman, Dr., on the singing of Cicada septendecim, 282.
* Hatred, persistence of, 112.
* Haughton, S., on a variation of the flexor pollicis longus in man, 42.
* Hawks, feeding orphan nestling, 409.
* Hayes, Dr., on the diverging of sledge dogs on thin ice, 75.
* Haymond, R., on the drumming of the male Tetrao umbellus, 375; on the drumming of birds, 376.
* Head, altered position of, to suit the erect attitude of man, 55; hairiness of, in man, 57; processes of, in male beetles, 295; artificial alterations of the form of the, 583.
* Hearne, on strife for women among the North American Indians, 361; on the North American Indians' notion of female beauty, 578; repeated elopements of a North American woman, 597.
* Heart, in the human embryo, 9.
* Heat, supposed effects of, 32.
* Hectocotyle, 263.
* Hedge-warbler, 473; young of the, 481.
* Heel, small projection of, in the Aymara Indians, 35.
* Hegt, M., on the development of the spurs in peacocks, 236.
* Heliconidæ, 308; mimicry of, by other butterflies, 323.
* Heliopathes, stridulation peculiar to the male, 305.
* Heliothrix auriculata, young of, 467, 468.
* Helix pomatia, example of individual attachment in, 263.
* Hellins, J., proportions of sexes of Lepidoptera reared by, 253.
* Helmholtz, on pleasure derived from harmonies, 92; on the vibration of the auditory hairs of crustacea, 568; the physiology of harmony, 659.
* Hemiptera, 281.
* Hemitragus, beardless in both sexes, 531. ​
* Hemsbach, M. von, on medial mamma in man, 37.
* Hepburn, Mr., on the autumn song of the water-ouzel, 370.
* Hepialus humuli, sexual difference of colour in the, 316.
* Herbs, poisonous, avoided by animals, 66.
* Hermaphroditism of embryos, 161.
* Herodias bubulcus, vernal moult of, 393.
* Heron, Sir R., on the habits of peafowl, 418, 419, 443.
* —— love-gestures of a, 380
* Herons, decomposed feathers in, 385; breeding plumage of, 391, 392; young of the, 481; sometimes dimorphic, 484; continued growth of crest and plumes in the males of some, 485; change of colour in some, 494.
* Hesperomys cognatus, 568.
* Hetœrina, proportion of the sexes in, 254; difference in the sexes of, 290.
* Heterocerus, stridulation of, 302.
* Hewitt, Mr., on a game-cock killing a kite, 363; on the recognition of dogs and cats by ducks, 412; on the pairing of a wild duck with a pintail drake, 415; on the courtship of fowls, 417; on the coupling of pheasants with common hens, 420.
* Hilgendorf, sounds produced by crustaceans, 274.
* Hindoo, his horror of breaking his caste, 122, 124.
* Hindoos, local difference of stature among, 31; difference of, from Europeans, 192; colour of the beard in, 558.
* Hipparchia Janira, 319; instability of the ocellated spots of, 428.
* Hippocampus, development of, 163; marsupial receptacles of the male, 346.
* —— minor, 202.
* Hippopotamus, nakedness of, 56.
* Hips, proportions of, in soldiers and sailors, 32.
* Hodgson, S., on the sense of duty, 97.
* Hoffberg, on the horns of the reindeer, 503; on sexual preferences shown by reindeer, 525.
* Hoffman, Prof., protective colours, 281; fighting of frogs, 350.
* Hog-deer, 546
* Hog, wart-, 519; river-, 520.
* Holland, Sir H., on the effects of new diseases, 182.
* Homologous structures, correlated variation of, 43.
* Homoptera, 281; stridulation of the, and Orthoptera, discussed, 288.
* Honduras, Quiscalus major in, 248.
* Honey-buzzard of India, variation in the crest of, 424.
* Honey-suckers, moulting of the, 392; Australian, nidification of, 454.
* Honour, law of, 121.
* Hooker, Dr., forbearance of elephant to his keeper, 104; on the colour of the beard in man, 558.
* Hookham, Mr., on mental concepts in animals, 83.
* Hoolock Gibbon, nose of, 150.
* Hoopoe, 371; sounds produced by the male, 376.
* Hoplopterus armatus, wing-spurs of, 366.
* Hornbill, African, inflation of the neck-wattle of the male during courtship, 383.
* Hornbills, sexual difference in the colour of the eyes in, 425; nidification and incubation of, 454.
* Horne, C., on the rejection of a brightly-coloured locust by lizards and birds, 289.
* Horns, sexual differences of, in sheep and goats, 230; loss of, in female merino sheep, 231; development of, in deer, 233; development of, in antelopes, 234; from the head and thorax, in male beetles, 297; of deer, 503, 506, 515; and canine teeth, inverse development of, 514.
* Horse, fossil, extinction of the, in South America, 191; polygamous, 217; canine teeth of male, 502; winter change of colour, 542.
* Horses, rapid increase of, in South America, 47; diminution of canine teeth in, 53; dreaming, 74; of the Falkland Islands and Pampas, 181; numerical proportion of the sexes in, 215, 216; lighter in winter in Siberia, 229; sexual ​preferences in, 524; pairing preferently with those of the same colour, 540; numerical proportion of male and female births in, 245; formerly striped, 547.
* Hottentot women, peculiarities of, 174.
* Hottentots, lice of, 170; readily become musicians, 570; notions of female beauty of the, 578; compression of nose by, 583.
* Hough, Dr. S., men's temperature more variable than women's, 224; proportion of sexes in man, 243.
* House-slaves, difference of, from field-slaves, 196.
* Houzeau, on the baying of the dog, 75; on reason in dogs, 76; birds killed by telegraph wires, 80; on the cries of domestic fowls and parrots, 85, 87; animals feel no pity, 102; suicide in the Aleutian islands, 117.
* Howorth, H. H., extinction of savages, 183.
* Huber, P., on ants playing together, 69; on memory in ants, 74; on the intercommunication of ants, 89; on the recognition of each other by ants after separation, 292.
* Huc, on Chinese opinions of the appearance of Europeans, 578.
* Huia, the, of New Zealand, 208.
* Human, man classed alone in a, kingdom, 147.
* —— sacrifices, 96.
* Humanity, unknown among some savages, 118; deficiency of, among savages, 123.
* Humboldt, A. von, on the rationality of mules, 78; on a parrot preserving the language of a lost tribe, 181; on the cosmetic arts of savages, 574; on the exaggeration of natural characters by man, 582; on the red painting of American Indians, 583.
* Hume, D., on sympathetic feelings, 109.
* Humming-bird, racket-shaped feathers in the tail of a, 384; display of plumage by the male, 394.
* Humming-birds, ornament their nests, 92, 413; polygamous, 219; proportion of the sexes in, 248, 488; sexual differences in, 359, 442; pugnacity of male, 360; modified primaries of male, 378; coloration of the sexes of, 387; display by, 443; nidification of the, 453; colours of female, 453; young of, 487.
* Humphreys, H. N., on the habits of the stickle-back, 220, 332.
* Hunger, instinct of, 112.
* Huns, ancient, flattening of the nose by the, 583.
* Hunter, J., on the number of species of man, 174; on secondary sexual characters, 207; on the general behaviour of female animals during courtship, 222; on the muscles of the larynx in song-birds, 371; on the curled frontal hair of the bull, 531; on the rejection of an ass by a female zebra, 540.
* Hunter, W. W., on the recent rapid increase of the Santali, 45; on the Santali, 192.
* Huss, Dr. Max, on mammary glands, 162.
* Hussey, Mr., on a partridge distinguishing persons, 412.
* Hutchinson, Col., example of reasoning in a retriever, 78.
* Hutton, Capt., on the male wild goat falling on his horns, 507.
* Huxley, T. H., on the structural agreement of man with the apes, 2; on the agreement of the brain in man with that of lower animals, 6; on the adult age of the orang, 8; on the embryonic development of man, 9; on the origin of man, 3, 11; on variation in the skulls of the natives of Australia, 26; on the abductor of the fifth metatarsal in apes, 42; on the nature of the reasoning power, 77; on the position of man, 150; on the sub-orders of primates, 152; on the Lemuridæ, 157; on the Dinosauria, 158; on the amphibian affinities of the Iohthyosaurians, 159; on variability of the skull in certain races of man, 174; on the races of man, 176; supplement on the brain, 199.
* Hybrid birds, production of, 414.
* Hydrophobia communicable between man and the lower animals, 7.
* Hydroporus, dimorphism of females of, 276. ​
* Hyelaphus porcinus, 546.
* Hygrogonus, 345.
* Hyla, singing species of, 350.
* Hylobates, absence of the thumb in, 51; upright progression of some species of, 52; maternal affection in a, 70; direction of the hair on the arms of species of, 151; females of, less hairy below than males, 558.
* —— agilis, 51; hair on the arms of, 151; musical voice of the, 527; superciliary ridge of, 558; voice of, 567.
* —— hoolock, sexual difference of colour in, 537.
* —— lar, 51; hair on the arms of, 151.
* —— leuciscus, 51; song of, 568.
* —— syndactylus, 51; laryngeal sac of, 527.
* Hylophila prasinana, 308.
* Hymenoptera, 291; large size of the cerebral ganglia in, 54; classification of, 148; sexual differences in the wings of, 277; aculeate, relative size of the sexes of, 279.
* Hymenopteron, parasitic, with a sedentary male, 221.
* Hyomoschus aquaticus, 547.
* Hyperythra, proportion of the sexes in, 251.
* Hypogymna dispar, sexual difference of colour in, 316.
* Hypopyra, coloration of, 315.
I.
* Ibex, male, falling on his horns, 508; beard of the, 531.
* Ibis, white, change of colour of naked skin in, during the breeding season, 389; scarlet, young of the, 481.
* —— tantalus, age of mature plumage in, 483; breeding in immature plumage, 484.
* Ibises, decomposed feathers in, 385; white, 492; and black, 493.
* Ichneumonidæ, difference of the sexes in, 292.
* Ichthyopterygia, 37.
* Ichthyosaurians, 159.
* Idiots,. microcephalous, their characters and habits, 35; hairiness and animal nature of their actions, 36; microcephalous, imitative faculties of, 87.
* Iguana tuberculata, 354.
* Iguanas, 354.
* Illegitimate and legitimate children, proportion of the sexes in, 244.
* Imagination, existence of, in animals, 74.
* Imitation, 68; of man by monkeys, 72; tendency to, in monkeys, microcephalous idiots and savages, 87; influence of, 129.
* Immature plumage of birds, 463, 466.
* Implacentata, 157.
* Implements, employed by monkeys, 81; fashioning of, peculiar to man, 82.
* Impregnation, period of, influence of, upon sex, 245.
* Improvement, progressive, man alone supposed to be capable of, 79.
* Incisor teeth, knocked out or filed by some savages, 575.
* Increase, rate of, 44; necessity of checks in, 47.
* Indecency, hatred of, a modern virtue, 119.
* India, difficulty of distinguishing the native races of, 167; Cyprinidæ of, 343; colour of the beard in races of men of, 558.
* Indian, North American, honoured for scalping a man of another tribe, 117.
* Individuality, in animals, 83.
* Indopicus carlotta, colours of the sexes of, 458.
* Infanticide, prevalence of, 46, 117, 256; supposed cause of, 577; prevalence and causes of, 591 et seq.
* Inferiority, supposed physical, of man, 64.
* Inflammation of the bowels, occurrence of, in Cebus Azaræ, 7.
* Inheritance, 27; of long and short sight, 33; of effects of use of vocal and mental organs, 88; of moral tendencies, 123, 126; laws of, 227; sexual, 232; sexually limited, 444.
* Inquisition, influence of the, 141.
* Insanity, hereditary, 28.
* Insect, fossil, from the Devonian, 289.
* Insectivora, 534; absence of secondary sexual characters in, 218. ​
* Insects, relative size of the cerebral gauglia in, 54; male, appearance of, before the females, 212; pursuit of female, by the males, 221; period of development of sexual characters in, 236; secondary sexual characters of, 274; stridulation, 566.
* Insessores, vocal organs of, 370.
* Instep, depth of, in soldiers and sailors, 32.
* Instinct and intelligence, 67.
* ——, migratory, vanquishing the maternal, 107, 113.
* Instinctive actions, the result of inheritance, 105.
* —— impulses, difference of the force of, 110, 111; and moral impulses, alliance of, 110.
* Instincts, 66; complex origin of, through natural selection, 67; possible origin of some, 67; acquired, of domestic animals, 104; variability of the force of, 107; difference of force between the social and other, 111, 126; utilised for new purposes, 571.
* Instrumental music of birds, 375, 378.
* Intellect, influence of, in natural selection in civilised society, 136.
* Intellectual faculties, their influence on natural selection in man, 127; probably perfected through natural selection, 128.
* Intelligence, Mr. H. Spencer on the dawn of, 67.
* Intemperance, no reproach among savages, 119; its destructiveness, 137.
* Intoxication in monkeys, 7.
* Iphias glaucippe, 313.
* Iris, sexual difference in the colour of the, in birds, 383, 425.
* Ischio-public muscle, 41.
* Ithajinis cruentus, number of spurs in, 364.
* Iulus, tarsal suckers of the males of, 274.
J.
* Jackals learning from dogs to bark, 73.
* Jack-snipe, coloration of the, 491
* Jacquinot, on the number of species of man, 174.
* Jaeger, Dr., length of bones increased from carrying weights, 32; on the difficulty of approaching herds of wild animals, 100; male Silver-pheasant, rejected when his plumage was spoilt, 419.
* Jaguars, black, 539.
* Janson, E. W., on the proportions of the sexes in Tomicus villosus, 253; on stridulant beetles, 302.
* Japan, encouragement of licentiousness in, 46.
* Japanese, general beardlessness of the, 560; aversion of the, to whiskers, 581.
* Jardine, Sir W., on the Argus pheasant, 384, 403.
* Jarrold, Dr., on modifications of the skull induced by unnatural position, 56.
* Jarves, Mr., on infanticide in the Sandwich Islands, 257.
* Javans, relative height of the sexes of, 559; notions of female beauty, 580.
* Jaw, influence of the muscles of the, upon the physiognomy of the apes, 54.
* Jaws, smaller proportionately to the extremities, 33; influence of food upon the size of, 33; diminution of, in man, 53; in man, reduced by correlation, 562.
* Jay, young of the, 481; Canada, young of the, 481.
* Jays, new mates found by, 407; distinguishing persons, 412.
* Jeffreys, J. Gwyn, on the form of the shell in the sexes of the Gasteropoda, 262; on the influence of light upon the colours of shells, 263.
* Jelly-fish, bright colours of some, 260.
* Jenner, Dr., on the voice of the rook, 375; on the finding of new mates by magpies, 407; on retardation of the generative functions in birds, 409.
* Jenyns, L., on the desertion of their young by swallows, 108; on male birds singing after the proper season, 409.
* Jerdon, Dr., on birds dreaming, 74; on the pugnacity of the male bulbul, 360; on the pugnacity of the male Ortygornis gularis, 363; on the spurs of Galloperdix, 364; on ​
* the habits of Lobivanellus, 366; on the spoonbill, 374; on the drumming of the Kalij-pheasant, 376; on Indian bustards, 378; on Otis bengalensis, 381; on the ear-tufts of Sypheotides auritus, 384; on the double moults of certain birds, 391; on the moulting of the honey-suckers, 392; on the moulting of bustards, plovers, and drongos, 393; on the spring change of colour in some finches, 393; on display in male birds, 394; on the display of the under-tail coverts by the male bulbul, 402; on the Indian honey-buzzard, 424; on sexual differences in the colour of the eyes of hornbills, 425; on the markings of the Tragopan pheasant, 428; on the nidification of the Orioles, 453; on the nidification of the hornbills, 454; on the Sultan yellow-tit, 458; onPalœornis javanicus, 461; on the immature plumage of birds, 465 et seq.; on representative species of birds, 468; on the habits of Turnix, 476; on the continued increase of beauty of the peacock, 485; on coloration in the genus Palœornis, 494.
* Jevons, W. S., on the migrations of man, 47.
* Jews, ancient use of flint tools by the, 145; uniformity of, in various parts of the world, 193; numerical proportion of male and female births among the, 243; ancient, tattooing practised by, 574.
* Johnstone, Lieut., on the Indian elephant, 218.
* Jollofs, fine appearance of the, 587.
* Jones, Albert, proportion of sexes of Lepidoptera, reared by, 253.
* Juan Fernandez, humming-birds of, 487.
* Junonia, sexual differences of colouring in species of, 310.
* Jupiter, comparison with Assyrian effigies, 581.
K.
* Kaffir skull, occurrence of the diastema in a, 40.
* Kaffirs, their cruelty to animals, 118; lice of the, 170; colour of the, 579; engrossment of the handsomest women by the chiefs of the, 595; marriage-customs of the, 598.
* Kalij-pheasant, drumming of the male, 375; young of, 468.
* Kallima, resemblance of, to a withered leaf, 311.
* Kalmucks, general beardlessness of, 560; aversion of, to hairs on the face, 581; marriage-customs of the, 598.
* Kangaroo, great red, sexual difference in the colour of, 533.
* Kant, Imm., on duty, 97; on selfrestraint, 110; on the number of species of man, 174.
* Katy-did, stridulation of the, 283.
* Keen, Dr., on the mental powers of snakes, 352.
* Keller, Dr., on the difficulty of fashioning stone implements, 49.
* Kent, W. S., elongation of dorsal fin of Callionymus lyra, 336; courtship of Labrus mixtus, 341; colours and courtship of Cantharus lineatus, 341.
* Kestrels, new mates found by, 408.
* Kidney, one, doing double work in disease, 32.
* King, W. R., on the vocal organs of Tetrao cupido, 371; on the drumming of grouse, 376; on the reindeer, 503; on the attraction of male deer by the voice of the female, 526.
* King and Fitzroy, on the marriage-customs of the Fuegians, 599.
* King-crows, nidification of, 453.
* Kingfisher, 371; racket-shaped feathers in the tail of a, 384.
* Kingfishers, colours and nidification of the, 455, 457, 459; immature plumage of the, 467, 468; young of the, 481.
* King Lory, 457; immature plumage of the, 467.
* Kingsley, C., on the sounds produced by Umbrina, 347.
* Kirby and Spence, on sexual differences in the length of the snout in Curculionidæ, 208; on the courtship of insects, 221; on the elytra of Dytiscus, 276; on peculiarities in the legs of male insects, 276; ​on the relative size of the sexes in insects, 279; on the Fulgoridæ, 281; on the habits of Termites, 291; on difference of colour in the sexes of beetles, 294; on the horns of the male lamellicorn beetles, 297; on hornlike processes in male Curculionidæ, 299; on the pugnacity of the male stag-beetle, 299.
* Kite, killed by a game-cock, 363.
* Knot, retention of winter plumage by the, 391.
* Knox, R., on the semilunar fold, 17; on the occurrence of the supracondyloid foramen in the humerus of man, 21; on the features of the young Memnon, 168.
* Koala, length of the cœcum in, 20.
* Kobus ellipsiprymnus, proportion of the sexes in, 247.
* Kölreuter, on the sterility of hybrid plants, 172.
* Koodoo, development of the horns of the, 234; markings of the, 543.
* Köppen, F. T., on the migratory locust, 283.
* Kordofan, protuberances artificially produced by natives of, 574.
* Koraks, marriage customs of, 598.
* Körte, on the proportion of sexes in locusts, 254; Russian locusts, 283.
* Kovalevsky, A., on the affinity of the Ascidia to the Vertebrata, 159, 160.
* ——, W., on the pugnacity of the male capercailzie, 363; on the pairing of the capercailzie, 367.
* Krause, on a convoluted body at the extremity of the tail in a Macacus and a cat, 23.
* Kupffer, Prof., on the affinity of the Ascidia to the Vertebrata, 160.
L.
* Labidocera Darwinii, prehensile organs of the male, 266
* Labrus, splendid colours of the species of, 342.
* —— mixtus, sexual differences in, 337, 341.
* —— paxo, 342.
* Lacertilia, sexual differences of, 354.
* Lafresnaye, M. de, on birds of paradise, 385.
* Lamarck, on the origin of man, 3.
* Lamellibranchiata, 262.
* Lamellicorn beetles, horn-like processes from the head and thorax of, 295, 298; influence of sexual selection on, 301.
* Lamellicornia, stridulation of, 303.
* Lamont, Mr., on the tusks of the walrus, 502; on the use of its tusks by the walrus, 513; on the bladder-nose seal, 528.
* Lampornis porphyrurus, colours of the female, 454.
* Lampyridæ, distasteful to mammals, 277.
* Lancelet, 159, 165.
* Landois, H., gnats attracted by sound, 280; on the production of sound by the Cicadæ, 281; on the stridulating organ of the crickets, 284; on Decticus, 285; on the stridulating organs of the Acridiidæ, 286; stridulating apparatus in Orthoptera, 288; sounds produced: by Atropus, 291; on the stridulation of Necrophorus, 302; on the stridulant organ of Cerambyx heros, 303; on the stridulant organ of Geotrupes, 303; on the stridulating organs in the Coleoptera, 304; on the ticking of Anobium, 306.
* Landor, Dr., on remorse for not obeying tribal custom, 114.
* Language an art, 86; articulate, origin of, 86; relation of the progress of, to the development of the brain, 87; effects of inheritance in production of, 88; complex structure of, among barbarous nations, 91; natural selection in, 91; gesture, 178; primeval, 180; of a lost tribe preserved by a parrot, 181.
* Languages, presence of rudiments in, 90; classification of, 90; variability of, 90; crossing or blending of, 90; complexity of, no test of perfection or proof of special creation, 92; resemblance of, evidence of community of origin, 148.
* —— and species, identity of evidence of their gradual development, 90.
* Lanius, 462; characters of young, 464.
* —— rufus, anomalous young of, 482. ​
* Lankester, E. R., on comparative longevity, 133, 136; on the destructive effects of intemperance, 137.
* Lanugo, of the human fœtus, 19, 600.
* Lapponian language, highly artificial, 91.
* Lark, proportion of the sexes in the, 248; female, singing of the, 370.
* Larks, attracted by a mirror, 413.
* Lartet, E., comparison of cranial capacities of skulls of recent and tertiary mammals, 55; on the size of the brain in mammals, 81; on Dryopithecus, 155; on pre-historic flutes, 570.
* Larus, seasonal change of plumage in, 492.
* Larva, luminous, of a Brazilian beetle, 278.
* Larynx, muscles of the, in song-birds, 371.
* Lasiocampa quercus, attraction of males by the female, 252; sexual difference of colour in, 316.
* Latham, R. G., on the migrations of man, 48.
* Latooka, perforation of the lower lip by the women of, 576.
* Laurillard, on the abnormal division of the malar bone in man, 39.
* Lawrence, W., on the superiority of savages to Europeans in power of sight, 33; on the colour of negro infants, 558; on the fondness of savages for ornaments, 578; on beardless races, 581; on the beauty of the English aristocracy, 586.
* Layard, E. L., on an instance of rationality in a cobra, 352; on the pugnacity of Gallus Stanleyi, 363.
* Laycock, Dr., on vital periodicity, 8; theroid nature of idiots, 36.
* Leaves, autumn, tints useless, 262.
* Lecky, Mr., on the sense of duty, 97; on suicide, 117; on the practice of celibacy, 119; his view of the crimes of savages, 119; on the gradual rise of morality, 125.
* Leconte, J. L., on the stridulant organ in the Coprini and Dynastini, 303.
* Lee, H., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in the trout, 249.
* Leg, calf of the, artificially modified, 574.
* Legitimate and illegitimate children, proportion of the sexes in, 244.
* Legs, variation of the length of the, in man, 26; proportions of, in soldiers and sailors, 32; front, atrophied in some male butterflies, 277; peculiarities of, in male insects, 277.
* Leguay, on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, 22.
* "Lek" of the black-cock and capercailzie, 405.
* Lemoine, Albert, on the origin of language, 87.
* Lemur macaco, sexual difference of colour in, 537.
* Lemuridæ, 152; ears of the, 15; variability of the muscles in the, 41; position and derivation of the, 157; their origin, 165.
* Lemurs, uterus in the, 38.
* Lenguas, disfigurement of the ears of the, 575.
* Leopards, black, 539.
* Lepidoptera, 307; numerical proportions of the sexes in the, 250; colouring of, 308; ocellated spots of, 427.
* Lepidosiren, 159, 165.
* Leptalides, mimicry of, 325.
* Leptorhynchus angustatus, pugnacity of male, 299.
* Leptura testacea, difference of colour in the sexes of, 294.
* Leroy, on the wariness of young foxes in hunting-districts, 80; on the desertion of their young by swallows, 108.
* Leslie, D., marriage customs of Kaffirs, 598.
* Lesse, valley of the, 22.
* Lesson, on the birds of paradise, 219, 403; on the sea-elephant, 528.
* Lessona, M., observations on Serranus, 162.
* Lethrus cephalotes, pugnacity of the males of, 297, 300.
* Leuckart, R., on the vesicula prostatica, 24; on the influence of the age of parents on the sex of offspring, 245.
* Levator claviculœ muscle, 42.
* Libellula depressa, colour of the male, 290.
* Libellulidæ, relative size of the sexes ​of, 279; difierence in the sexes of, 290.
* Lice of domestic animals and man, 169.
* Licentiousness, a check upon population, 46; prevalence of, among savages, 119.
* Lichtenstein, on Chera progne, 419.
* Life, inheritance at corresponding periods of, 228, 232.
* Light, effects on complexion, 32; influence of, upon the colours of shells, 263.
* Lilford, Lord, the ruff attracted by bright objects, 413.
* Limosa lapponica, 478.
* Linaria, 462.
* —— montana, 248.
* Lindsay, Dr. W. L., diseases communicated from animals to man, 7; madness in animals, 79; the dog considers his master his God, 96.
* Linnæus, views of, as to the position of man, 149.
* Linnet, numerical proportion of the sexes in the, 248; crimson forehead and breast of the, 394; courtship of the, 401.
* Lion, polygamous, 218; mane of the, defensive, 521; roaring of the, 526.
* Lions, stripes of young, 464.
* Lips, piercing of the, by savages, 575.
* Lithobius, prehensile appendages of the female, 274.
* Lithosia, coloration in, 314.
* Littorina littorea, 262.
* Livingstone, Dr., manner of sitting of gorilla, 151; on the influence of dampness and dryness on the colour of the skin, 193; on the liability of negroes to tropical fevers after residence in a cold climate, 194; on the spur-winged goose, 364; on weaver-birds, 376; on an African night-jar, 384, 403; on the battle-scars of South African male mammals, 500; on the removal of the upper incisors by the Batokas, 575; on the perforation of the upper lip by the Makalolo, 576; on the Banyai, 579.
* Livonia, numerical proportion of male and female births in, 215, 243.
* Lizards, relative size of the sexes of, 354; gular pouches of, 354.
* Lloyd, L., on the polygamy of the capercailzie and bustard, 219; on the numerical proportion of the sexes in the capercailzie and black-cock, 248; on the salmon, 333; on the colours of the sea-scorpion, 337; on the pugnacity of male grouse, 364; on the capercailzie and black-cock, 366, 370; on the call of the capercailzie, 375; on assemblages of grouse and snipes, 405; on the pairing of a shield-drake with a common duck, 414; on the battles of seals, 500; on the elk, 507.
* Lobivanellus, wing-spurs in, 366.
* Local influences, effect of, upon stature, 31.
* Lockwood, Mr., on the development of Hippocampus, 163.
* ——, Rev. S., musical mouse, 568.
* Locust, bright-coloured, rejected by lizards and birds, 289.
* ——, migratory, 283; selection by female, 283.
* Locusts, proportion of sexes in; 254; stridulation of, 284.
* Locustidæ, stridulation of the, 282, 284; descent of the, 285.
* Longicorn beetles, difference of the sexes of, in colour, 294; stridulation of, 303.
* Lonsdale, Mr., on an example of personal attachment in Helix pomatia, 263.
* Lophobranchii, marsupial receptacles of the males, 346.
* Lophophorus, habits of, 420.
* Lophorina atra, sexual difference in coloration of, 491.
* Lophornis ornatus, 387.
* Lord, J. K., on Salmo lycaodon, 333.
* Lory, King, 457; immature plumage of the, 467.
* Love-antics and dances of birds, 380.
* Lowne, B. T., on Musca vomitoria, 54, 280.
* Loxia, characters of young of, 464.
* Lubbock, Sir J., on the antiquity of man, 2; on the origin of man, 3; on the mental capacity of savages, 65; on the origin of implements, 82; on the simplification of languages, 92; on the absence of the idea of God among certain races of ​men, 94; on the origin of the belief in spiritual agencies, 95; on superstitions, 96; on the sense of duty, 97; on the practice of burying the old and sick among the Fijians, 102; on the immorality of savages, 119; on Mr. Wallace's claim to the origination of the idea of natural selection, 49; on the absence of remorse among savages, 131; on the former barbarism of civilised nations, 143; on improvements in the arts among savages, 144; on resemblances of the mental characters in different races of men, 178; on the arts practised by savages, 179; on the power of counting in primeval man, 180; on the prehensile organs of the male Labidocera Darwinii, 266; on Chloëon, 274; on Smynthurus luteus, 279; finding of new mates by jays, 407; on strife for women among the North American Indians, 561; on music, 570; on the ornamental practices of savages, 574; on the estimation of the beard among the Anglo-Saxons, 581; on artificial deformation of the skull, 583; on "communal marriages," 587, 588; on exogamy, 589, 592; on the Veddahs, 591; on polyandry, 593.
* Lucanidæ, variability of the mandibles in the male, 300.
* Lucanus, large size of males of, 278.
* —— cervus, numerical proportion of sexes of, 253; weapons of the male, 299.
* —— elaphus, use of mandibles of, 300; large jaws of male, 275.
* Lucas, Prosper, on pigeons, 418; on sexual preference in horses and bulls, 525.
* Lunar periods, 8, 164.
* Lund, Dr., on skulls found in Brazilian caves, 168
* Lungs, enlargement of, in the Quichua and Aymara Indians, 34; a modified swim-bladder, 161; different capacity of in races of man, 167.
* Luminosity in insects, 277.
* Luschka, Prof., on the termination of the coccyx, 23.
* Luxury, expectation of life uninfluenced by, 136.
* Lycœna, sexual differences of colouring in species of, 310.
* Lyell, Sir C., on the antiquity of man, 2; on the origin of man, 3; on the parallelism of the development of species and languages, 90; on the extinction of languages, 90; on the Inquisition, 141; on the fossil remains of vertebrata, 157; on the fertility of mulattoes, 171.
* Lynx, Canadian, throat-ruff of the, 521.
* Lyre-bird, assemblies of, 406.
M.
* Macacus, ears of, 15; convoluted body in the extremity of the tail of, 23; variability of the tail in species of, 58; whiskers of species of, 531.
* —— brunneus, 59.
* —— cynomolgus, superciliary ridge of, 558; beard and whiskers of, becoming white with age, 559.
* —— ecaudatus, 60.
* —— lasiotus, facial spots of, 550.
* —— radiatus, 151.
* —— rhesus, sexual difference in the colour of, 539, 550.
* Macalister, Prof., on variations of the palmaris accessorius muscle, 27; on muscular abnormalities in man, 42, 43; on the greater variability of the muscles in men than in women, 223.
* Macaws, Mr. Buxton's observations on, 102; screams of, 375.
* McCann, J., on mental individuality, 84.
* McClelland, J., on the Indian Cyprinidæ, 343.
* Macculloch, Col., on an Indian village without any female children, 592.
* ——, Dr., on tertian ague in a dog, 8.
* Macgillivray, W., on the vocal organs of birds, 90; on the Egyptian goose, 365; on the habits of woodpeckers, 376; on the habits of the snipe, 377; on the whitethroat, 381; on the moulting of the snipes; ​391; on the moulting of the Anatidæ, 393; on the finding of new mates by magpies, 407; on the pairing of a blackbird and thrush, 414; on pied ravens, 424; on the guillemots, 424; on the colours of the tits, 458; on the immature plumage of birds, 466 et seq.
* Machetes, sexes and young of, 485;
* —— pugnax, supposed to be polygamous, 219; numerical proportion of the sexes in, 248; pugnacity of the male, 360; double moult in, 390.
* McIntosh, Dr. colours of the Nemertians, 265.
* McKennan, marriage customs of Koraks, 598.
* Mackintosh, on the moral sense, 97.
* MacLachlan, R., on Apatania muliebris and Boreus hyemalis, 254; on the anal appendages of male insects, 275; on the pairing of dragon-flies, 279; on dragon-flies, 290, 291; on dimorphism in Agrion, 291; on the want of pugnacity in male dragon-flies, 291; colour of ghost-moth in the Shetland Islands, 316.
* McLennan, Mr., on infanticide, 46, 591; on the origin of the belief in spiritual agencies, 94; on the prevalence of licentiousness among savages, 119, 588; on the primitive barbarism of civilised nations, 143; on traces of the custom of the forcible capture of wives, 144, 592; on polyandry, 593.
* Macnamara, Mr., susceptibility of Andaman islanders and Nepâlese to change, 188.
* McNeill, Mr., on the use of the antlers of deer, 510; on the Scotch deerhound, 516; on the long hairs on the throat of the stag, 522; on the bellowing of stags, 526.
* Macropus, courtship of, 341.
* Macrorhinus proboscideus, structure of the nose of, 528.
* Magpie, power of speech of, 90; nuptial assemblies of, 406; new mates found by, 407; stealing bright objects, 413; young of the, 481; coloration of the, 493.
* Magpies, vocal organs of the, 370.
* Maillard, M., on the proportion of the sexes in a species of Papilio from Bourbon, 250.
* Maine, Sir Henry, on the absorption of one tribe by another, 128; a desire for improvement not general, 132.
* Major, Dr. C. Forsyth, on fossil Italian apes, 155; skull of Bos etruscus, 505; tusks of miocene pigs, 521.
* Makalolo, perforation of the upper lip by the, 576.
* Malar bone, abnormal division of, in man, 39.
* Malay, Archipelago, marriage-customs of the savages of the, 598.
* Malays, line of separation between the Papuans and the, 169; general beardlessness of the, 560; staining of the teeth among, 574; aversion of some, to hairs on the face, 581.
* —— and Papuans, contrasted characters of, 168.
* Male animals, struggles of, for the possession of the females, 212, 213; eagerness of, in courtship, 221, 222; generally more modified than female, 221, 223; differ in the, same way from females and young, 232.
* —— characters, developed in females, 227; transfer of, to female birds, 471.
* ——, sedentary, of a hymenopterous parasite, 221.
* Malefactors, 137.
* Males, presence of rudimentary female organs in, 162.
* —— and females, comparative numbers of, 213, 215; comparative mortality of, while young, 216.
* Malherbe, on the woodpeckers, 458.
* Mallotus peronii, 331.
* —— villosus, 331.
* Malthus, T., on the rate of increase of population, 44, 45, 46.
* Maluridæ, nidification of the, 454.
* Malurus, young of, 485.
* Mammæ, 208; rudimentary, in male mammals, 11, 23, 161, 162, 163; supernumerary, in women, 36; of male human subject, 37.
* Mammalia, Prof. Owen's classification of, 148; genealogy of the, 158. ​
* Mammals, recent and tertiary, comparison of cranial capacity of, 55; nipples of, 162; pursuit of female, by the males, 221; secondary sexual characters of, 500; weapons of, 501; relative size of the sexes of, 515; parallelism of, with birds in secondary sexual characters, 541; voices of, used especially during the breeding season, 567.
* Man, variability of, 26; erroneously regarded as more domesticated than other animals, 28; migrations of, 47; wide distribution of, 48; causes of the nakedness of, 57; supposed physical inferiority of, 64; a member of the Catarrhine group, 155; early progenitors of, 160; transition from ape indefinite, 180; numerical proportions of the sexes in, 215; difference between the sexes, 223; proportion of sexes amongst the illegitimate, 244; different complexion of male and female negroes, 556; secondary sexual characters of, 556; primeval condition of, 594.
* Mandans, correlation of colour and texture of hair in the, 197.
* Mandible, left, enlarged in the male of Taphroderes distortus, 276.
* Mandibles, use of the, in Ammophila, 275; large, of Corydalis cornutus, 275; large, of male Lucanus elaphus, 275.
* Mandrill, number of caudal vertebræ in the, 58; colours of the male, 538, 541, 550.
* Mantegazza, Prof., on last molar teeth of man, 20; bright colours in male animals, 224; on the ornaments of savages 573 et seq.; on the beardlessness of the New Zealanders, 581; on the exaggeration of natural characters by man, 582.
* Mantell, W., on the engrossment of pretty girls by the New Zealand chiefs, 595.
* Mantis, pugnacity of species of, 289.
* Maories, mortality of, 184; infanticide and proportion of sexes, 256; distaste for hairiness amongst men, 581.
* Marcus Aurelius, on the origin of the moral sense, 98; on the influence of habitual thoughts, 123.
* Mareca penelope, 414.
* Marks, retained throughout groups of birds, 427.
* Marriage, restraints upon, among savages, 46; influence of, upon morals, 119; influence of, on mortality, 139; development of, 590.
* Marriages, early, 138, 139; communal, 587, 589.
* Marshall, Dr. W., protuberances on birds' heads, 235, 383; on the moulting of birds, 393; advantage to older birds of paradise, 485.
* ——, Col., interbreeding amongst Todas, 189; infanticide and proportion of sexes with Todas, 255; choice of husbands amongst Todas, 593.
* ——, Mr., on the brain of a Bush-woman, 167.
* Marsupials, 157; development of the nictitating membrane in, 17; uterus of, 39; possession of nipples by, 162; their origin from Monotremata, 165; abdominal sacks of, 208; relative size of the sexes of, 515; colours of, 533.
* Marsupium, rudimentary, in male marsupials, 161.
* Martin, W. C. L., on alarm manifested by an orang at the sight of a turtle, 72; on the hair in Hylobates, 152; on a female American deer, 514; on the voice of Hylobates agilis, 527; onSemnopithecus nemœus, 552.
* ——, on the beards of the inhabitants of St. Kilda, 560.
* Martins deserting their young, 108.
* ——, C., on death caused by inflammation of the vermiform appendage, 21.
* Mastoid processes in man and apes, 53.
* Maudsley, Dr., on the influence of the sense of smell in man, 18; on idiots smelling their food, 36; on Laura Bridgman, 88; on the development of the vocal organs, 89; moral sense failing in incipient madness, 124; change of mental faculties at puberty in man, 565.
* Mayers, W. F., on the domestication of the goldfish in China, 343.
* Mayhew, E., on the affection between individuals of different sexes in the dog, 523. ​
* Maynard, C. J., on the sexes of Chrysemys picta, 351.
* Meckel, on correlated variation of the muscles of the arm and leg, 44.
* Medicines, effect produced by, the same in man and in monkeys, 7.
* Medusœ, bright colours of some, 260.
* Megalithic structures, prevalence of, 179.
* Megapicus validus, sexual difference of colour in, 458.
* Megasoma, large size of males of, 279.
* Meigs, Dr. A., on variation in the skulls of the natives of America, 26.
* Meinecke, on the numerical proportion of the sexes in butterflies, 250.
* Melanesians, decrease of, 185.
* Meldola, Mr., colours and marriage flight of Colias and Pieris, 319.
* Meliphagidæ, Australian, nidification of, 454.
* Melita, secondary sexual characters of, 268.
* Meloë, difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, 294.
* Memory, manifestations of, in animals, 74.
* Memnon, young, 168.
* Mental characters, difference of, in different races of men, 167.
* —— faculties, diversity of, in the same race of men, 26; inheritance of, 27; variation of, in the same species, 27, 66; similarity of the in different races of man, 178; of birds, 410.
* —— powers, difference of, in the two sexes in man, 563.
* Menura Alberti, 406; song of, 371.
* —— superba, 406; long tails of both sexes of, 451.
* Merganser, trachea of the male, 374.
* —— serrator, male plumage of, 393.
* Mergus cucullatus, speculum of, 236.
* —— merganser, young of, 467.
* Metallura, splendid tail-feathers of, 443.
* Methoca ichneumonides, large male of, 279.
* Meves, M., on the drumming of the snipe, 377.
* Mexicans, civilisation of the, not foreign, 145.
* Meyer, on a convoluted body at the extremity of the tail in a Macacus and a cat, 23.
* ——, Dr. A., on the copulation of Phryganidæ of distinct species, 275.
* ——, Prof. L., on development of helix of ear, 15, 16; men's ears more variable than women's, 224; antennæ serving as ears, 280.
* Migrations of man, effects of, 47.
* Migratory instinct of birds, 105; vanquishing the maternal, 107, 113.
* Mill, J. S., on the origin of the moral sense, 98; on the "greatest happiness principle," 120; on the difference of the mental powers in the sexes of man, 564.
* Millipedes, 274.
* Milne-Edwards, H., on the use of the enlarged chelæ of the male Gelasimus, 267.
* Milvago leucurus, sexes and young of, 479.
* Mimicry, 323.
* Mimus polyglottus, 411.
* Mind, difference of, in man and the highest animals, 126; similarity of the, in different races, 178.
* Minnow, proportion of the sexes in the, 249.
* Mirror, larks attracted by, 413.
* Mitchell, Dr., interbreeding in the Hebrides, 189.
* Mitford, selection of children in Sparta, 29.
* Mivart, St. George, on the reduction of organs, 12; on the ears of the lemuroidea, 15; on variability of the muscles in lemuroidea, 41, 48; on the caudal vertebræ of monkeys, 58; on the classification of the primates, 153; on the orang and on man, 154; on differences in the lemuroidea, 155; on the crest of the male newt, 348.
* Möbius, Prof., on reasoning powers in a pike, 75.
* Mocking-thrush, partial migration of, 411; young of the, 487.
* Modifications, unserviceable, 62.
* Moggridge, J. T., on habits of spiders, 69; on habits of ants, 147. ​
* Moles, numerical proportion of the sexes in, 247; battles of male, 500.
* Mollienesia petenensis, sexual difference in, 337.
* Mollusca, beautiful colours and shapes of, 263; absence of secondary sexual characters in the, 262.
* Molluscoida, 159, 262.
* Monacanthus scopas and M. Peronii, 331.
* Mongolians, perfection of the senses in, 34.
* Monkey, protecting his keeper from a baboon, 103, 110; bonnet-, 151; rhesus-, sexual difference in colour of the, 539, 550; moustache-, colours of the, 537.
* Monkeys, liability of, to the same diseases as man, 7; male, recognition of women by, 8; diversity of the mental faculties in, 27; breaking hard fruits with stones, 50; hands of the, 50, 51; basal caudal vertebræ of, imbedded in the body, 59; revenge taken by, 69; maternal affection in, 70; variability of the faculty of attention in, 74; American, manifestation of reason in, 77; using stones and sticks, 81; imitative faculties of, 87; signal-cries of, 87; mutual kindnesses of, 101; sentinels posted by, 101; human characters of, 150; American, direction of the hair on the arms of some, 151; gradation of species of, 175; beards of, 531; ornamental characters of, 549; analogy of sexual differences of, with those of man, 558; different degrees of difference in the sexes of, 561; expression of emotions by, 572; generally monogamous habits of, 590; polygamous habits of some, 590; naked surfaces of, 600.
* Monogamy, not primitive, 144.
* Monogenists, 176.
* Mononychus pseudacori, stridulation of, 305.
* Monotremata, 157; development of the nicitating membrane in, 17; lactiferous glands of, 162; connecting mammals with reptiles, 165.
* Monstrosities, analogous, in man and lower animals, 30; caused by arrest of development, 35; correlation of, 44; transmission of, 173.
* Montagu, G., on the habits of the black and red grouse, 219; on the pugnacity of the ruff, 361; on the singing of birds, 368; on the double moult of the male pintail, 393.
* Monteiro, Mr., on Bucorax abyssinicus, 383.
* Montes de Oca, M., on the pugnacity of male Humming-birds, 360.
* Monticola cyanea, 456.
* Monuments, as traces of extinct tribes, 181.
* Moose, battles of, 501; horns of the, an incumbrance, 515.
* Moral and instinctive impulses, alliance of, 111.
* —— faculties, their influence on natural selection in man, 127.
* —— rules, distinction between the higher and lower, 122.
* —— sense, so-called, derived from the social instincts, 120, 121; origin of the, 124.
* —— tendencies, inheritance of, 124.
* Morality, supposed to be founded in selfishness, 120; test of, the general welfare of the community, 121; gradual rise of, 125; influence of a high standard of, 132.
* Morgan, L. H., on the beaver, 67; on the reasoning powers of the beaver, 75; on the forcible capture of wives, 144; on the castoreum of the beaver, 529; marriage unknown in primeval times, 588; on polyandry, 593.
* Morley, J., on the appreciation of praise and fear of blame, 146.
* Morris, F. O., on hawks feeding an orphan nestling, 409.
* Morse, Dr., colours of mollusca, 264.
* Morselli, E., division of the malar bone, 39.
* Mortality, comparative, of females and males, 216, 243.
* Morton, on the number of species of man, 174.
* Moschkau, Dr. A., on a speaking starling, 85.
* Moschus moschiferus, odoriferous organs of, 529.
* Motacillæ, Indian, young of, 468. ​
* Moths, 313; absence of mouth in some males, 208; apterous female, 208; male, prehensile use of the tarsi by, 209; male, attracted by females, 252; coloration of, 315; sexual differences of colour in, 316.
* Motmot, inheritance of mutilation of tail feathers, 60, 603; racket-shaped feathers in the tail of a, 384.
* Moult, double, 463; double annual, in birds, 390.
* Moulting of birds, 484.
* Moults, partial, 392,
* Mouse, song of, 568.
* Moustache-monkey, colours of the, 537, 552.
* Moustaches, in monkeys, 150.
* Mud-turtle, long claws of the male, 350.
* Mulattoes, persistent fertility of, 171; immunity of, from yellow fever, 193.
* Mule, sterility and strong vitality of the, 171.
* Mules, rational, 78.
* Müller, Ferd., on the Mexicans and Peruvians, 145.
* ——,Fritz, on astomatous males of Tanais, 208; on the disappearance of spots and stripes in adult mammals, 547; on the proportions of the sexes in some Crustacea, 255; on secondary sexual characters in various Crustaceans, 265 et seq.; musical 'contest between male Cicadœ, 282; mode of holding wings in Castnia, 315; on birds shewing a preference for certain colours, 317; on the sexual maturity of young amphipod Crustacea, 485.
* ——,Hermann, emergence of bees from pupa, 214; pollen-gathering of bees, 228; proportion of sexes in bees, 254; courting of Eristalis, 280; colour and sexual selection with bees, 292.
* ——, J., on the nictitating membrane and semilunar fold, 17.
* ——, Max, on the origin of language, 87; language implies power of general conception, 88; struggle for life among the words, &c., of languages, 91.
* ——, S., on the banteng, 536; on the colours of Semnopithecus chrysomelas, 537.
* Muntjac-deer, weapons of the, 514.
* Murie, J., on the reduction of organs, 12; on the ears of the Lemuroidea, 15; on variability of the muscles in the Lemuroidea, 41, 48; basal caudal vertebræ of Macacus brunneus imbedded in the body, 59; on the manner of sitting in short-tailed apes, 59; on differences in the Lemuroidea, 155; on the throat-pouch of the male bustard, 373; on the mane of Otaria jubata, 521; on the sub-orbital pits of Ruminants, 529; on the colours of the sexes in Otaria nigrescens, 535.
* Murray, A., on the Pediculi of different races of men, 169.
* —— T. A., on the fertility of Australian women with white men, 170.
* Mus coninga, 80.
* —— minutus, sexual difference in the colour of, 534.
* Musca vomitoria, 54.
* Muscicapa grisola, 455.
* —— luctuosa, 455.
* —— ruticilla, breeding in immature plumage, 484.
* Muscle, ischio-public, 41.
* Muscles, rudimentary, occurrence of, in man, 12; variability of the, 26; effects of use and disuse upon, 32; animal-like abnormalities of, in man, 41; correlated variation of, in the arm and leg, 44; variability of, in the hands and feet, 48; of the jaws, influence of, on the physiognomy of the Apes, 54; habitual spasms of, causing modifications of the facial bones, 55; of the early progenitors of man, 160; greater variability of the, in men than in women, 223.
* Musculus sternalis, Prof. Turner on the, 13.
* Music, 178; of birds, 368; discordant, love of savages for, 380; reason of power of perception of notes in animals, 568; power of distinguishing notes, 569; its connection with primeval speech, 570; different appreciation of, by different peoples, 570; origin of, 569, 573; effects of, 571. ​
* Musical cadences, perception of, by animals, 569; powers of man, 566 et seq.
* Musk-deer, canine teeth of male, 502, 513, 514; male, odiferous organs of the, 529; winter change of the, 542.
* Musk-duck, Australian, 359; large size of male, 362; of Guiana, pugnacity of the male, 362.
* Musk-ox, horns of, 505.
* Musk-rat, protective resemblance of the, to a clod of earth, 542.
* Musophagœ, colours and nidification of the, 455; both sexes of, equally brilliant, 460.
* Mussels opened by monkeys, 50.
* Mustela, winter change of two species of, 542.
* Musters, Capt., on Rhea Darwinii, 479; marriages amongst Patagonians, 598.
* Mutilations, healing of, 8; inheritance of, 60.
* Mutilla europœa, stridulation of, 292.
* Mutillidæ, absence of ocelli in female, 275.
* Mycetes caraya, polygamous, 217; vocal organs of, 527; beard of, 531; sexual differences of colour in, 537; voice of, 567.
* —— seniculus, sexual differences of colour in, 537.
* Myriapoda, 274.
N.
* Nägeli, on the influence of natural selection on plants, 61; on the gradation of species of plants, 175.
* Nails, coloured yellow or purple in part of Africa, 574.
* Narwhal, tusks of the, 502, 507.
* Nasal cavities, large size of, in American aborigines, 34.
* Nascent organs, 12.
* Nathusius, H. von, on the improved breeds of pigs, 177; male domesticated animals more variable than females, 223; horns of castrated sheep, 506; on the breeding of domestic animals, 596.
* Natural selection, its effects on the early progenitors of man, 47; influence of, on man, 60, 62; limitation of the principle, 61; influence of, on social animals, 62; Mr. Wallace on the limitation of, by the influence of the mental faculties in man, 127; influence of, in the progress of the United States, 142; in relation to sex, 259.
* Natural and sexual selection contrasted, 226.
* Naulette, jaw from, large size of the canines in, 40.
* Neanderthal skull, capacity of the, 55.
* Neck, proportion of, in soldiers and sailors, 32.
* Necrophorus, stridulation of, 302, 304.
* Nectarinia, young of, 468.
* Nectariniœ, moulting of the, 392; nidification of, 454.
* Negro, resemblance of a, to Europeans, in mental characters, 178.
* Negro-women, their kindness to Mungo Park, 118.
* Negroes, Caucasian features in, 167; character of, 168; lice of, 170; fertility of, when crossed with other races, 171; blackness of, 170, 173; variability of, 174, 175; immunity of, from yellow fever, 193; difference of, from Americans, 197; disfigurements of the, 541; colour of newborn children of, 557; comparative beardlessness of, 560; readily become musicians, 570; appreciation of beauty of their women by, 577, 579; idea of beauty among, 582; compression of the nose by some, 583.
* Nemertians, colours of, 264.
* Neolithic period, 145.
* Neomorpha, sexual difference of the beak in, 359.
* Nephila, size of male, 273.
* Nests, made by fishes, 345; decoration of, by Humming-birds, 413.
* Neumeister, on a change of colour in pigeons after several moultings, 238.
* Neuration, difference of, in the two sexes of some butterflies and hymenoptera, 277.
* Neuroptera, 254, 290.
* Neurothemis, dimorphism in, 291.
* New Zealand, expectation by the ​
* natives of, of their extinction, 191; practice of tattooing in, 576; aversion of natives of, to hairs on the face, 581; pretty girls engrossed by the chiefs in, 595.
* Newton, A., on the throat-pouch of the male bustard, 373; on the difference between the females of two species of Oxynotus, 470; on the habits of the Phalarope, dotterel, and godwit, 477.
* Newts, 348.
* Nicholson, Dr., on the non-immunity of dark Europeans from yellow fever, 195.
* Nictitating membrane, 17, 161.
* Nidification, of fishes, 344; relation of, to colour, 453, 456; of British birds, 454.
* Night-heron, cries of the, 368.
* Nightingale, arrival of the male before the female, 212; object of the song of the, 368.
* Nightingales, new mates found by 408.
* Nightjar, selection of a mate by the female, 416; Australian, sexes of 479; coloration of the, 491.
* Nightjars, noise made by some male, with their wings, 376; elongated feathers in, 384, 403.
* Nilghau, sexual differences of colour in the, 535.
* Nilsson, Prof., on the resemblance of stone arrow-heads from various places, 179; on the development of the horns in the reindeer, 234.
* Nipples, absence of, in Monotremata, 162.
* Nitsche, Dr., ear of fœtal orang, 17.
* Nitzsch, C. L., on the down of birds, 390.
* Noctuæ, brightly-coloured beneath, 315.
* Noctuidæ, coloration of, 313.
* Nomadic habits, unfavourable to human progress, 133.
* Nordmann, A., on Tetrao urogalloides, 405.
* Norfolk island, half-breeds on, 190.
* Norway, numerical proportion of male and female births in, 243.
* Nose, resemblance of, in man and the apes, 153; piercing and ornamentation of the, 575; very flat, not admired in negroes, 582; flattening of the, 583.
* Nott and Gliddon, on the features of Rameses II., 168; on the features of Amunoph III., 168; on skulls from Brazilian caves, 168; on the immunity of negroes and mulattoes from yellow fever, 193; on the deformation of the skull among American tribes, 583.
* Novara, voyage of the, suicide in New Zealand, 117.
* Nudibranch Mollusca, bright colours of, 264.
* Numerals, Roman, 144; origin of, 264.
* Nunemaya, natives of, bearded, 349, 560.
* Nut-hatch of Japan, intelligence of, 410.
O.
* Obedience, value of, 130.
* Observation, powers of, possessed by birds, 411.
* Occupations, sometimes a cause of diminished stature, 31; effect of, upon the proportions of the body, 31.
* Ocelli, absence of, in female Mutillidæ, 274.
* —— of birds, formation and variability of the, 427.
* Ocelot, sexual differences in the colouring of the, 534.
* Ocyphaps lophotes, 402.
* Odonata, 254.
* Odonestis potatoria, sexual difference of colour in, 316.
* Odour, correlation of, with colour of skin, 197; emitted by snakes in the breeding-season, 352; of mammals, 528.
* Œcanthus nivalis, difference of colour in the sexes of, 289.
* —— pellucidus, 289.
* Ogle, Dr. W., relation between colour and power of smell, 18.
* Oidemia, 491.
* Olivier, on sounds produced by Pimelia striata, 306.
* Omaloplia brunnea, stridulation of, 303.
* Onitis furcifer, processes of anterior ​femora of the male, and on the head and thorax of the female, 297.
* Onthophagus, 295.
* —— rangifer, sexual differences of, 296; variation in the horns of the male, 297.
* Ophidia, sexual differences of, 351.
* Ophidium, 347.
* Opossum, wide range of, in America, 169.
* Optic nerve, atrophy of the, caused by destruction of the eye, 32.
* Orang-Outan, 561; Bischoff on the agreement of the brain of the, with that of man, 6; adult age of the, 8; ears of the, 14; vermiform appendage of, 21; hands of the, 50; absence of mastoid processes in the, 53; platforms built by the, 66; alarmed at the sight of a turtle, 72; using a stick as a lever, 81; using missiles, 81; using the leaves of the Pandanus as a night covering, 82; direction of the hair on the arms of the, 151; its aberrant characters, 154; supposed evolution of the, 177; voice of the, 527; monogamous habits of the, 590; male, beard of the, 531.
* Oranges, treatment of, by monkeys, 50.
* Orange-tip butterfly, 308, 312, 313.
* Orchestia Darwinii, dimorphism of males of, 268.
* —— Tucuratinga, limbs of, 267, 271.
* Ordeal, trial by, 96.
* Oreas canna, colours of, 535.
* —— Derbianus, colours of, 535, 543.
* Organs, prehensile, 209; utilised for new purposes, 571.
* Organic scale, von Baer's definition of progress in, 164.
* Orioles, nidification of, 453.
* Oriolus, species of, breeding in immature plumage, 484.
* —— melanocephalus, coloration of the sexes in, 460.
* Ornaments, prevalence of similar, 179; of male birds, 367; fondness of savages for, 574.
* Ornamental characters, equal transmission of, to both sexes, in mammals, 541; of monkeys, 549.
* Ornithoptera crœsus, 250.
* Ornithorhynchus, 156; reptilian tendency of, 159; spur of the male, 502.
* Orocetes erythrogastra, young of, 487.
* Orrony, Grotto of, 22.
* Orsodacna atra, difference of colour in the sexes of, 294.
* Orthoptera, 282; metamorphosis of, 237; stridulating apparatus of, 283, 288; colours of, 289; rudimentary stridulating organs in female, 288; stridulation of the, and Homoptera, discussed, 288.
* Ortygornis gularis, pugnacity of the male, 363.
* Oryctes, stridulation of, 303; sexual differences in the stridulant organs of, 305.
* Oryx leucoryx, use of the horns of, 509, 518.
* Osphranter rufus, sexual difference in the colour of, 533.
* Ostrich, African, sexes and incubation of the, 478.
* Ostriches, stripes of young, 464.
* Otaria jubata, mane of the male, 521.
* —— nigrescens, difference in the coloration of the sexes of, 534.
* Otis bengalensis, love-antics of the male, 380.
* —— tarda, throat-pouch of the male, 373; polygamous, 219.
* Ouzel, ring-, colours and nidification of the, 455.
* ——, water-, colours and nidification of the, 455.
* Ovibos moschatus, horns of, 505.
* Ovipositor of insects, 208.
* Ovis cycloceros, mode of fighting of, 508, 513.
* Ovule of man, 9.
* Owen, Prof., on the Corpora Wolffiana, 11; on the great toe in man, 11; on the nictitating membrane and semilunar fold, 17; on the development of the posterior molars in different races of man, 20; on the length of the cœcum in the Koala, 20; on the coccygeal vertebræ, 23; on rudimentary structures belonging to the reproductive system, 24; on abnormal conditions of the human uterus, 38, ​on the number of digits in the Ichthyopterygia, 37; on the canine teeth in man, 40; on the walking of the chimpanzee and orang, 50; on the mastoid processes in the higher apes, 53; on the hairiness of elephants in elevated districts, 57; on the caudal vertebræ of monkeys, 58; classification of mammalia, 148; on the hair in monkeys, 152; on the piscine affinities of the Ichthyosaurians, 159; on pologamy and monogamy among the antelopes, 217; on the horns of Antilocapra americana, 234; on the musky odour of crocodiles during the breeding season, 351; on the scent-glands of snakes, 352; on the Dugong, Cachalot and Ornithorhynchus, 502; on the antlers of the red deer, 510; on the dentition of the Camelidæ, 514; on the horns of the Irish elk, 515; on the voice in the giraffe, porcupine, and stag, 526; on the laryngeal sac of the gorilla and orang, 527; on the odoriferous glands of mammals, 528, 529; on the effects of emasculation on the vocal organs of men, 566; on the voice of Hylobates agilis, 567; on American monogamous monkeys, 567.
* Owls, white, new mates found by, 408.
* Oxynotus, difference of the females of two species of, 470.
P.
* Pachydermata, 218.
* Pachytylus migratorius, 283.
* Paget, on the abnormal development of hairs in man, 19; on the thickness of the skin on the soles of the feet of infants, 33.
* Painting, pleasure of savages in, 178.
* Palœmon, chelæ of a species of, 267.
* Palœornis, sexual differences of colour in, 494.
* —— javanicus, colour of beak of, 461.
* —— rosa, young of, 467.
* Palamedea cornuta, spurs on the wings, 364.
* Paleolithic period, 145.
* Palestine, habits of the chaffinch in, 248.
* Pallas, on the perfection of the senses in the Mongolians, 34; on the want of connexion between climate and the colour of the skin, 192; on the polygamous habits of Antilope Saiga, 217; on the lighter colour of horses and cattle in winter in Siberia, 229; on the tusks of the musk-deer, 513, 514; on the odoriferous glands of mammals, 529; on the odoriferous glands of the musk-deer, 530; on winter changes of colour in mammals, 542; on the ideal of female beauty in North China, 578.
* Palmaris accessorius, muscle variations of the, 27.
* Pampas, horses of the, 181.
* Pangenesis, hypothesis of, 228, 231.
* Panniculus carnosus, 13.
* Pansch, on the brain of a fœtal Cebus apella, 205.
* Papilio, proportion of the sexes in North American species of, 250; sexual differences of colouring in species of, 309; coloration of the wings in species of, 312.
* —— ascanius, 309.
* —— Sesostris and Childrenœ, variability of, 319.
* —— Turnus, 250.
* Papilionidæ, variability in the, 319.
* Papuans, line of separation between the, and the Malays, 169; beards of the, 560; hair of, 575.
* —— and Malays, contrast in characters of, 168.
* Paradise, Birds of, 405, 462; supposed by Lesson to be polygamous, 219; rattling of their quills by, 375; racket-shaped feathers in, 384; sexual differences in colour of, 385; decomposed feathers in, 385, 403; display of plumage by the male, 395.
* Paradisea apoda, barbless feathers in the tail of, 385; plumage of, 385; and P. papuana, 385; divergence of the females of, 470; increase of beauty with age, 485.
* Paraguay, Indians of, eradication of eyebrows and eyelashes by, 580. ​
* Parakeet, Australian, variation in the colour of the thighs of a male, 423.
* Parallelism of development of species and languages, 90.
* Parasites on man and animals, 7, 8; as evidence of specific identity or distinctness, 169; immunity from, correlated with colour, 193.
* Parental feeling in earwigs, starfishes, and spiders, 106; affection, partly a result of natural selection, 105.
* Parents, age of, influence upon sex of offspring, 245.
* Parinæ, sexual difference of colour in, 458.
* Park, Mungo, negro-women teaching their children to love the truth, 118; his treatment by the negrowomen, 118, 562; on negro opinions of the appearance of white men, 579.
* Parker, Mr., no bird or reptile in line of mammalian descent, 158.
* Parrot, racket-shaped feathers in the tail of a, 384; instance of benevolence in a, 411.
* Parrots, change of colour in, 60; imitative faculties of, 73; living in triplets, 409; affection of, 410; colours and nidification of the, 455, 457, 458; immature plumage of the, 467; colours of, 489; sexual differences of colour in, 494; musical powers of, 570.
* Parthenogenesis in the Tenthredinæ, 254; in Cynipidæ, 254; in Crustacea, 255.
* Partridge, monogamous, 219; proportion of the sexes in the, 248; female, 471.
* "—— dances," 380, 405.
* Partridges, living in triplets, 409; spring coveys of male, 409; distinguishing persons, 412.
* Parus cœruleus, 458.
* Passer, sexes and young of, 483.
* —— brachydactylus, 483.
* —— domesticus, 455, 483.
* —— montanus, 455, 483.
* Patagonians, self-sacrifice by, 111; marriages of, 598.
* Patterson, Mr., on the Agrionidæ, 290.
* Patteson, Bishop, decrease of Melanesians, 185.
* Paulistas of Brazil, 173.
* Pavo cristatus, 236, 430.
* —— muticus, 236, 430; possession of spurs by the female, 364, 450.
* —— nigripennis, 419.
* Payaguas Indians, thin legs and thick arms of the, 32.
* Payan, Mr., on the proportion of the sexes in sheep, 246.
* Peacock, polygamous, 219; sexual characters of, 236; pugnacity of the, 364; rattling of the quills by, 375; elongated tail-coverts of the, 384, 402; love of display of the, 394, 431; ocellated spots of the, 430; inconvenience of long tail of the, to the female, 444, 451, 452; continued increase of beauty of the, 485.
* —— butterfly, 312.
* Peafowl, preference of females for a particular male, 418; first advances made by the female, 419.
* Pediculi of domestic animals and man, 169.
* Pedigree of man, 165.
* Pedionomus torquatus, sexes of, 473.
* Peel, J., on horned sheep, 505.
* Peewit, wing-tubercles of the male, 366.
* Pelagic animals, transparency of, 261.
* Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, horny crest on the beak of the male, during the breeding season, 390.
* —— onocrotalus, spring plumage of, 393.
* Pelelé, an African ornament, 576.
* Pelican, blind, fed by his companions, 102; young, guided by old birds, 102; pugnacity of the male, 362.
* Pelicans, fishing in concert, 101.
* Pelobius Hermanni, stridulation of, 303, 304.
* Pelvis, alteration of, to suit the erect attitude of man, 53; differences of the, in the sexes in man, 557.
* Penelope nigra, sound produced by the male, 377.
* Pennant, on the battles of seals, 500; on the bladder-nose seal, 528.
* Penthe, antennal cushions of the male, 276.
* Perch, brightness of male, during breeding season, 340. ​
* Peregrine falcon, new mate found by, 408.
* Period of variability, relation of, to sexual selection, 240.
* Periodicity, vital, Dr. Laycock, on, 8.
* Periods, lunar, followed by functions in man and animals, 8, 164.
* —— of life, inheritance at corresponding, 228, 232,
* Perisoreus canadensis, young of, 481.
* Peritrichia, difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, 294.
* Periwinkle, 262.
* Pernis cristata, 424.
* Perrier, M., on sexual selection, 210; on bees, 292.
* Perseverance, a characteristic of man, 564.
* Persians, said to be improved by intermixture with Georgians and Circassians, 586.
* Personnat, M., on Bombyx Yamamai, 251.
* Peruvians, civilisation of the, not foreign, 145.
* Petrels, colours of, 493.
* Petrocincla cyanea, young of, 487.
* Petrocossyphus, 461.
* Petronia, 483.
* Pfeiffer Ida, on Javan ideas of beauty, 580.
* Phacochœrus œthiopicus, tusks and pads of, 519.
* Phalanger, Vulpine, black varieties of the, 539.
* Phalaropus fulicarius, 476.
* —— hyperboreus, 476.
* Phanœus, 298.
* —— carnifex, variation of the horns of the male, 297.
* —— faunus, sexual differences of, 296.
* —— lancifer, 295.
* Phaseolarctus cinereus, taste for rum and tobacco, 7.
* Phasgonura viridissima, stridulation of, 284, 285.
* Phasianus Sœmmerringii, 446.
* —— versicolor, 396.
* —— Wallichii, 400, 472.
* Pheasant, polygamous, 219; and black grouse, hybrids of, 414; production of hybrids with the common fowl, 420; immature plumage of the, 466.
* Pheasant, Amherst, display of, 396.
* ——, Argus, 334, 462; display of plumage by the male, 398; ocellated spots of the 428, 434; gradation of characters in the, 434.
* ——, Blood-, 364.
* ——, Cheer, 400, 472.
* ——, Eared, 235, 400, 472; length of the tail in the, 452; sexes alike in the, 460.
* ——, Golden, display of plumage by the male, 396; age of mature plumage in the, 483; sex of young, ascertained by pulling out head-feathers, 484.
* ——, Kalij, drumming of the male, 375.
* ——, Reeve's, length of the tail in, 452.
* ——, Silver, triumphant male, deposed on account of spoiled plumage, 419; sexual coloration of the, 492.
* ——, Sœmmerring's, 445, 452.
* ——, Tragopan, 383; display of plumage by the male, 397; markings of the sexes of the, 428.
* Pheasants, period of acquisition of male characters in the family of the, 235; proportion of sexes in chicks of, 247; length of the tail in, 445, 451, 452.
* Philters, worn by women, 577.
* Phoca grœnlandica, sexual difference in the coloration of, 535.
* Phœnicura ruticilla, 408.
* Phosphorescence of insects, 277.
* Phryganidæ, copulation of distinct species of, 275.
* Phryniscus nigricans, 349.
* Physical inferiority, supposed, of man, 64.
* Pickering, on the number of species of man, 174.
* Picton, J. A., on the soul of man, 613.
* Picus auratus, 362.
* —— major, 402.
* Pieris, 312, 319.
* Pigeon, female, deserting a weakened mate, 214; carrier, late development of the wattle in, 238; pouter, late development of the crop in, 238; domestic, breeds and sub-breeds of, 460.
* Pigeons, nestling, fed by the secretion ​of the crop of both parents, 163; changes of plumage in, 229; transmission of sexual peculiarities in, 230; Belgian, with black-streaked males, 231, 238, 446; changing colour after several moultings, 238; numerical proportion of the sexes in, 247; cooing of, 374; variations in plumage of, 385; display of plumage by male, 402; local memory of, 411; antipathy of female, to certain males, 418; pairing of, 418; profligate male and female, 418; wing-bars and tail-feathers of, 427; suppositious breed of, 445; pouter and carrier, peculiarities of, predominant in males, 447; nidification of, 453; Australian, 458; immature plumage of the, 467.
* Pigs, origin of the improved breeds of, 177; numerical proportion of the sexes in, 247; stripes of young, 464, 546; tusks of miocene, 521; sexual preference shewn by, 525.
* Pike, American, brilliant colours of the male, during the breeding season, 340.
* ——, reasoning powers of, 75; male, devoured by females, 249.
* Pike, L. O., on the psychical elements of religion, 95.
* Pimelia striata, sounds produced by the female, 306.
* Pinel, hairiness in idiots, 36.
* Pintail, drake, plumage of, 393; pairing with a wild duck, 415.
* —— Duck, pairing with a wigeon, 414.
* Pipe-fish, filamentous, 344; marsupial receptacles of the male, 346.
* Pipits, moulting of the, 392.
* Pipra, modified secondary wing-feathers of male, 378.
* —— deliciosa, 378, 379.
* Pirates stridulus, stridulation of, 281.
* Pitcairn island, half-breeds on, 190.
* Pithecia leucocephala, sexual differences of colour in, 537.
* —— Satanas, beard of, 531, 532; resemblance of, to a negro, 604.
* Pits, suborbital, of Ruminants, 529.
* Pittidæ, nidification of, 453.
* Placentata, 157.
* Plagiostomous fishes, 331.
* Plain-wanderer, Australian, 473.
* Planariœ, bright colours of some, 260.
* Plantain-eaters, colours and nidification of the, 455; both sexes of, equally brilliant, 460.
* Plants, cultivated, more fertile than wild, 45; Nägeli, on natural selection in, 61; male flowers of, mature before the female, 212; phenomena of fertilisation in 222.
* Platalea, 374; change of plumage in, 461.
* Platyblemnus, 289.
* Platycercus, young of, 481.
* Platyphyllum concavum, 283, 286.
* Platyrrhine monkeys, 153.
* Platysma myoides, 13.
* Plecostomus, head-tentacles of the males of a species of, 338.
* —— barbatus, peculiar beard of the male, 338.
* Plectropterus gambensis, spurred wings of, 364.
* Ploceus, 370, 375, 405.
* Plovers, wing-spurs of, 365; double moult in, 392.
* Plumage, changes of, inheritance of, by fowls, 229; tendency to analogous variation in, 385; display of, by male birds, 394, 402; changes of, in relation to season, 462; immature, of birds, 464, 465; colour of, in relation to protection, 489.
* Plumes on the head in birds, difference of, in the sexes, 451.
* Pneumora, structure of, 286.
* Podica, sexual difference in the colour of the irides of, 425.
* Poeppig, on the contact of civilised and savage races, 183.
* Poison, avoidance of, by animals, 80.
* Poisonous fruits and herbs avoided by animals, 66.
* Poisons, immunity from, correlated with colour, 193.
* Polish fowls, origin of the crest in, 231.
* Pollen and van Dam, on the colours of, Lemur macaco, 537.
* Polyandry, 593; in certain Cyprinidæ, 249; among the Elateridæ, 253.
* Polydactylism in man, 37.
* Polygamy, influence of, upon sexual selection, 216; superinduced by ​domestication, 220; supposed increase of female births by, 245; in the stickleback, 332.
* Polygenists, 176.
* Polynesia, prevalence of infanticide in, 592.
* Polynesians, wide geographical range of 29; difference of stature among the, 31; crosses of, 173; variability of, 174; heterogeneity of the, 192; aversion of, to hairs on the face, 581.
* Polyplectron, number of spurs in, 364; display of plumage by the male, 396; gradation of characters in, 431; female of, 471.
* —— chinquis, 397, 432.
* —— Hardwickii, 432.
* —— malaccense, 432, 433.
* —— Napoleonis, 432, 433.
* Polyzoa, 262.
* Pontoporeia affinis, 266.
* Porcupine, mute, except in the rutting season, 526.
* Pores, excretory, numerical relation of, to the hairs in sheep, 198.
* Porpitœ, bright colours of some, 260.
* Portax picta, dorsal crest and throattuft of, 530; sexual differences of colour in, 535, 543.
* Portunus puber, pugnacity of, 269.
* Potamochœrus penicillatus, tusks and facial knobs of the, 520.
* Pouchet, G., the relation of instinct to intelligence, 67; on the instincts of ants, 147; on the caves of Abou-Simbel, 168; on the immunity of negroes from yellow fever, 193; change of colour in fishes, 344.
* Pouter pigeon, late development of the large crop in, 238.
* Powell, Dr., on stridulation, 281.
* Power, Dr., on the different colours of the sexes in a species of Squilla, 271.
* Powys, Mr., on the habits of the chaffinch in Corfu, 248.
* Pre-eminence of man, 48
* Preference for males by female birds, 414, 420; shewn by mammals, in pairing, 522.
* Prehensile organs, 209.
* Presbytis entellus, fighting of the male, 562.
* Preyer, Dr., on function of shell of ear, 14; on supernumerary mammæ in women, 37.
* Prichard, on the difference of stature among the Polynesians, 31; on the connection between the breadth of the skull in the Mongolians and the perfection of their senses, 34; on the capacity of British skulls of different ages, 55; on the flattened heads of the Colombian savages, 575; on Siamese notions of beauty, 578; on the beardlessness of the Siamese, 581; on the deformation of the head among American tribes and the natives of Arakhan, 583.
* Primary sexual organs, 207.
* Primates, 149, 205; sexual differences of colour in, 537.
* Primogeniture, evils of, 135.
* Prionidæ, difference of the sexes in colour, 294.
* Proctotretus multimaculatus, 358.
* —— tenuis, sexual difference in the colour of, 358.
* Profligacy, 137.
* Progenitors, early, of man, 160.
* Progress, not the normal rule in human society, 133; elements of, 141.
* Prong-horn antelope, horns of, 234.
* Proportions, difference of, in distinct races, 167.
* Protective colouring in butterflies, 312; in lizards, 358; in birds, 473, 489; in mammals, 542.
* —— nature of the dull colouring of female Lepidoptera, 321, 322, 324.
* —— resemblances in fishes, 344.
* Protozoa, absence of secondary sexual characters in, 260.
* Pruner-Bey, on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, 22; on the colour of negro infants, 557.
* Prussia, numerical proportion of male and female births in, 243.
* Psocus, proportions of the sexes in, 254.
* Ptarmigan, monogamous, 219; summer and winter plumage of the, 390, 392; nuptial assemblages of, 406; triple moult of the, 462; protective coloration of, 473.
* Puff-birds, colours and nidification of the, 455. ​
* Pugnacity of fine-plumaged male birds, 400.
* Pumas, stripes of young, 464.
* Puppies learning from cats to clean their faces, 73.
* Pycnonotus hœmorrhous, pugnacity of the male, 360; display of under tail coverts by the male, 402.
* Pyranga œstixa, male aiding in incubation, 453.
* Pyrodes, difference of the sexes in colour, 294.
Q.
* Quadrumana, hands of, 50; differences between man and the, 149; sexual differences of colour in, 537; ornamental characters of, 549; analogy of sexual differences of, with those of man, 558; fighting of males for the females, 562; monogamous habits of, 590; beards of the, 602.
* Quain, R., on the variation of the muscles in man, 26.
* Quatrefages, A. de, on the occurrence of a rudimentary tail in man, 22; on variability, 30; on the moral sense as a distinction between man and animals, 97; civilised men stronger than savages, 136; on the fertility of Australian women with white men, 170; on the Paulistas of Brazil, 173; on the evolution of the breeds of cattle, 177; on the Jews, 193; on the liability of negroes to tropical fevers after residence in a cold climate, 194; on the difference between field-and house-slaves, 196; on the influence of climate on colour, 196; colours of annelids, 265; on the Ainos, 560; 'on the women of San Giuliano, 586.
* Querquedula acuta, 414.
* Quetelet, proportion of sexes in man, 343; relative size in man and woman, 244.
* Quichua Indians, 34; local variation of colour in the, 196; no grey hair among the, 559; hairlessness of the, 561; long hair of the, 580.
* Quiscalus major, 225; proportions of the sexes of, in Florida and Honduras, 248.
R.
* Rabbit, white tail of the, 542.
* Rabbits, domestic, elongation of the skull in, 56; modification of the skull, in by the lopping of the ear, 56; danger-signals of, 100; numerical proportion of the sexes in, 247.
* Races, distinctive characters of, 167, 168; or species of man, 168; crossed, fertility or sterility of, 170; of man, variability of the, 174; of man, resemblance of, in mental characters, 178; formation of, 181; of man, extinction of, 181; effects of the crossing of, 192; of man, formation of the, 192; of man, children of the, 557; beardless, aversion of, to hairs on the face, 580.
* Raffles, Sir S., on the banteng, 536.
* Rafts, use of, 48, 180.
* Rage, manifested by animals, 69.
* Raia batis, teeth of, 335.
* —— clavata, female spined on the back, 331; sexual difference in the teeth of, 334.
* —— maculata, teeth of, 335.
* Rails, spur-winged, 364.
* Ram, mode of fighting of the 508; African, mane of an, 532; fattailed, 532.
* Rameses II., features of, 168.
* Ramsay, Mr., on the Australian musk-duck, 359; on the regentbird, 413; on the incubation of Menura superba, 451.
* Rana esculenta, vocal sacs of, 350.
* Rat, common, general dispersion of, a consequence of superior cunning, 80; supplantation of the native, in New Zealand, by the European rat, 191; common, said to be polygamous, 218; numerical proportion of the sexes in, 247.
* Rats, enticed by essential oils, 530.
* Rationality of birds, 410.
* Rattle-snakes, difference of the sexes in the, 351; rattles as a call, 353.
* Raven, vocal organs of the 370; stealing bright objects, 413; pied, of the Feroe Islands, 424.
* Rays, prehensile organs of male, 331. ​
* Razor-bill, young of the, 486.
* Reade, Winwood, suicide among savages in Africa, 117; mulattoes not prolific, 171; effect of castration of horned sheep, 506; on the Guinea sheep, 235; on the occurrence of a mane in an African ram, 533; on the negroes' appreciation of the beauty of their women, 577; on the admiration of negroes for a black skin, 579; on the idea of beauty among negroes, 582; on the Jollofs, 587; on the marriage-customs of the negroes, 599.
* Reason, in animals, 75.
* Redstart, American, breeding in immature plumage, 484.
* Redstarts, new mates found by, 408.
* Reduvidæ, stridulation of, 281.
* Reed-bunting, head-feathers of the male, 402; attacked by a bull-finch, 412.
* Reefs, fishes frequenting, 343.
* Reeks, H., retention of horns by breeding deer, 503; cow rejected by a bull, 525; destruction of piebald rabbits by cats, 542.
* Regeneration, partial, of lost parts in man, 8.
* Regent-bird, 413.
* Reindeer, horns of the, 233; battles of, 501; horns of the female, 503; antlers of, with numerous points, 510; winter change of the, 542; sexual preferences shewn by, 552.
* Relationship, terms of, 590.
* Religion, deficiency of, among certain races, 93; psychical elements of, 95.
* Remorse, 114; deficiency of, among savages, 131.
* Rengger, on the diseases of Cebus Azarœ, 7; on the diversity of the mental faculties of monkeys, 27; on the Payaguas Indians, 32; on the inferiority of Europeans to savages in their senses, 33; revenge taken by monkeys, 69; on maternal affection in a Cebus, 70; on the reasoning powers of American monkeys, 77; on the use of stones by monkeys for cracking hard nuts, 81; on the sounds uttered by Cebus Azarœ, 84; on the signal-cries of monkeys, 87; on the polygamous habits of Mycetes caraya, 217; on the voice of the howling monkeys, 527; on the odour of Cervus campestris, 529; on the beards of Mycetes caraya and Pithecia Satanas, 531; on the colours of Felis mitis, 534; on the colours of Cervus paludosus, 536; on sexual differences of colour in Mycetes, 537; on the colour of the infant Guaranys, 558; on the early maturity of the female of Cebus azarœ, 558; on the beards of the Guaranys, 561; on the emotional notes employed by monkeys, 572; on American polygamous monkeys, 590.
* Representative species, of birds, 468.
* Reproduction, unity of phenomena of, throughout the mammalia, 8; period of, in birds, 484.
* Reproductive system, rudimentary structures in the, 23; accessory parts of, 161.
* Reptiles, 350.
* —— and birds, alliance of, 165.
* Resemblances, small, between man and the apes, 150.
* Retrievers, exercise of reasoning faculties by, 78.
* Revenge, manifested by animals, 69.
* Reversion, 36; perhaps the cause of some bad dispositions, 137.
* Rhagium, difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, 294.
* Rhamphastos carinatus, 492.
* Rhea darwinii, 479.
* Rhinoceros, nakedness of, 57; horns of, 505; horns of, used defensively, 518; attacking white or grey horses, 540.
* Rhynchœa, sexes and young of, 476.
* —— australis, 476.
* —— bengalensis, 476.
* —— capensis, 477.
* Rhythm, perception of, by animals, 569.
* Richard, M., on rudimentary muscles in man, 12.
* Richardson, Sir J., on the pairing of Tetrao umbellus, 366; on Tetrao urophasianus, 372; on the drumming of grouse, 376; on the dances of Tetrao phasianellus, 381; on ​assemblages of grouse, 405; on the battles of male deer, 501; on the reindeer, 503; on the horns of the musk-ox, 505; on antlers of the reindeer with numerous points, 510; on the moose, 515.
* Richardson, on the Scotch deerhound, 516.
* Richter, Jean Paul, on imagination, 74.
* Riedel, on profligate female pigeons, 218.
* Riley, Mr., on mimicry in butterflies, 324; birds' disgust at taste of certain caterpillars, 326.
* Ring-ouzel, colours and nidification of the, 455.
* Ripa, Father, on the difficulty of distinguishing the races of the Chinese, 167.
* Rivalry, in singing, between male birds, 369.
* River-hog, African, tusks and knobs of the, 520.
* Rivers, analogy of, to islands, 159.
* Roach, brightness of male during breeding-season, 340.
* Robbery, of strangers, considered honourable, 117.
* Robertson, Mr., remarks on the development of the horns in the roebuck and red-deer, 234.
* Robin, pugnacity of the male, 360; autumn song of the, 370; female singing of the, 370; attacking other birds with red in their plumage, 412; young of the, 480.
* Robinet, on the difference of size of the male and female cocoons of the silk-moth, 278.
* Rodents, uterus in the, 38; absence of secondary sexual characters in, 218; sexual differences in the colours of, 534.
* Roe, winter change of the, 542.
* Rohlfs, Dr., Caucasian features in negro, 167; fertility of mixed races in Sahara, 171; colours of birds in Sahara, 490; ideas of beauty amongst the Bornuans, 582.
* Rolle, F., on the origin of man, 3; on a change in German families settled in Georgia, 196.
* Roller, harsh cry of, 371.
* Romans, ancient, gladiatorial exhibitions of the, 123.
* Ronjou, M. A., coincidence of arrested development with polydactylism, 37.
* Rook, voice of the, 375.
* Rössler, Dr., on the resemblance of the lower surface of butterflies to the bark of trees, 311.
* Rostrum, sexual difference in the length of, in some weevils, 208.
* Royer, Madlle., mammals giving suck, 163.
* Rudimentary organs, 11; origin of, 24.
* Rudiments, presence of, in languages, 90.
* Rudolphi, on the want of connexion between climate and the colour of the skin, 192.
* Ruff, supposed to be polygamous, 219; proportion of the sexes in the, 248; pugnacity of the, 361; double moult in, 390, 392; duration of dances of, 405; attraction of the, to bright objects, 413.
* Ruminants, male, disappearance of canine teeth in, 53, 562; generally polygamous, 217; suborbital pits of, 529; sexual differences of colour in, 535.
* Rupicola crocea, display of plumage by the male, 395.
* Rüppell, on canine teeth in deer and antelopes, 514.
* Russia, numerical proportion of male and female births in, 215, 243.
* Ruticilla, 462.
* Rütimeyer, Prof., on the physiognomy of the apes, 54; on the sexual differences of monkeys, 561.
* Rutlandshire, numerical proportion of male and female births in, 242.
S.
* Sachs, Prof., on the behaviour of the male and female elements in fertilisation, 222.
* Sacrifices, human, 144.
* Sagittal crest in male apes and Australians, 558.
* Sahara, fertility of mixed races in, 171; birds of the, 456; animal inhabitants of the, 489.
* Sailors, growth of, delayed by conditions of life, 31; long-sighted, 33. ​
* Sailors and soldiers, difference in the proportions of, 32.
* St. John, Mr., on the attachment of mated birds, 410.
* St. Kilda, beards of the inhabitants of, 560.
* Salmo eriox, and S. umbla, colouring of the male, during the breeding season, 340.
* —— lycaodon, 333.
* —— salar, 333.
* Salmon leaping out of fresh water, 107; male, ready to breed before the female, 212; proportion of the sexes in, 249; male, pugnacity of the, 332; male, characters of, during the breeding season, 332, 340; spawning of the, 344; breeding of immature male, 485.
* Salvin, O., inheritance of mutilated feathers, 60, 384, 603; on the Humming-birds, 219, 454; on the numerical proportion of the sexes in Humming-birds, 248, 487; on Chamœpetes andPenelope, 377; on Selasphorus platycercus, 378; Pipra deliciosa, 378; on Chasmorhynchus, 389.
* Samoa Islands, beardlessness of the natives of, 560, 581.
* Sand-skipper, 270.
* Sandwich Islands, variation in the skulls of the natives of the, 26; decrease of native population, 186; population of, 257; superiority of the nobles in the, 587.
* —— Islanders, lice of, 170.
* San-Giuliano, women of, 586.
* Santali, recent rapid increase of the, 45; Mr. Hunter on the, 192.
* Saphirina, characters of the males of, 271.
* Sarkidiornis melanonotus, characters of the young, 465.
* Sars, O., on Pontoporeia affinis, 266.
* Saturnia carpini, attraction of males by the female, 252.
* —— Io, difference of coloration in the sexes of, 316.
* Saturniidœ, coloration of the, 314, 315.
* Savage, Dr., on the fighting of the male gorillas, 562; on the habits of the gorilla, 591.
* Savage and Wyman on the polygamous habits of the gorilla, 217.
* Savages, uniformity of, exaggerated, 28; long-sighted, 33; rate of increase among, usually small, 45; retention of the prehensile power of the feet by, 52; imitative faculties of, 87; 129; causes of low morality of, 119; tribes of, supplanting one another, 128; improvements in the arts among, 144; arts of, 179; fondness of, for rough music, 380; attention paid by, to personal appearance, 574; relation of the sexes among, 591.
* Saviotti, Dr., division of malar bone, 39.
* Saw-fly, pugnacity of a male, 291.
* Saw-flies, proportions of the sexes in, 254.
* Saxicola rubicola, young of, 487.
* Scalp, motion of the, 13.
* Scent-glands in snakes, 352.
* Schaaffhausen, Prof., on the development of the posterior molars in different races of man, 20; on the jaw from La Naulette, 40; on the correlation between muscularity and prominent supra-orbital ridges, 44; on the mastoid processes of man, 53; on modifications of the cranial bones, 56; on human sacrifices, 144; on the probable speedy extermination of the anthropomorphous apes, 156; on the ancient inhabitants of Europe, 181; on the effects of use and disuse of parts, 197; on the superciliary ridge in man, 556; on the absence of race-differences in the infant skull in man, 557; on ugliness, 584.
* Schaum, H., on the elytra of Dytiscus and Hydroporus, 276.
* Schelver, on dragon-flies, 290.
* Schiodte, on the stridulation of Heterocerus, 302.
* Schlegel, F. von, on the complexity of the languages of uncivilised peoples, 91.
* ——, Prof., on Tanysiptera, 468.
* Schleicher, Prof., on the origin of language, 87.
* Schomburgk, Sir R., on the pugnacity ​of the male musk-duck of Guiana, 362; on the courtship of Rupicola crocea, 395.
* Schoolcraft, Mr., on the difficulty of fashioning stone implements, 49.
* Schweinfurth, complexion of negroes, 556.
* Sciœna aquila, 347.
* Sclater, P. L., on modified secondary wing-feathers in the males of Pipra, 378; on elongated feathers in nightjars, 384; on the species of Chasmorhynchus, 385; on the plumage of Pelecanus onocrotalus, 393; on the plantain-caters, 460; on the sexes and young of Tadorna variegata, 479; on the colours of Lemur macaco, 537; on the stripes in asses, 548.
* Scolecida, absence of secondary sexual characters in, 260.
* Scolopax frenata, tail-feathers of, 377.
* —— gallinago, drumming of, 376.
* —— javensis, tail-feathers of, 377.
* —— major, assemblies of, 405.
* —— Wilsonii, sound produced by, 377.
* Scolytus, stridulation of, 302.
* Scoter-duck, black, sexual difference in coloration of the, 491; bright beak of male, 491.
* Scott, Dr., on idiots smelling their food, 36.
* ——, J., on the colour of the beard in man, 558.
* Scrope, on the pugnacity of the male salmon, 332; on the battles of stags, 501.
* Scudder, S. H., imitation of the stridulation of the Orthoptera, 283; on the stridulation of the Acridiidæ, 286; on a Devonian insect, 289; on stridulation, 566.
* Sculpture, expression of the ideal of beauty by, 581.
* Sea-anemonies, bright colours of, 260.
* Sea-bear, polygamous, 218.
* Sea-elephant, male, structure of the nose of the, 527; polygamous, 218.
* Sea-lion, polygamous, 218.
* Seal, bladder-nose, 528.
* Seals, their sentinels generally females, 100; evidence furnished by, on classification, 150; polygamous habits of, 218; battles of male, 500; canine teeth of male, 502; sexual differences, 515; pairing of, 522; sexual peculiarities of, 528; in the coloration of, 534; appreciation of music by, 569.
* Sea-scorpion, sexual differences in, 337.
* Season, changes of colour in birds, in accordance with the, 390; changes of plumage of birds in relation to, 462.
* Seasons, inheritance at corresponding, 230.
* Sebituani, African chief, trying to alter a fashion, 575.
* Sebright Bantam, 238.
* Secondary sexual characters, 207; relations of polygamy to, 217; transmitted through both sexes, 226; gradation of, in birds, 430.
* Sedgwick, W., on hereditary tendency to produce twins, 45.
* Seemann, Dr., on the different appreciation of music by different peoples, 570; on the effects of music, 571.
* Seidlitz, on horns of reindeer, 506.
* Selasphorus platycercus, acuminate first primary of the male, 378.
* Selby, P. J., on the habits of the black and red grouse, 219.
* Selection, double, 225.
* —— of male by female birds, 404, 421.
* ——, methodical, of Prussian grenadiers, 29.
* ——, sexual, explanation of, 209, 213, 220; influence of, on the colouring of Lepidoptera, 321.
* ——, sexual and natural, contrasted, 226.
* Self-command, habit of, inherited, 115; estimation of, 118.
* Self-consciousness, in animals, 83.
* Self-preservation, instinct of, 112.
* Self-sacrifice, by savages, 111; estimation of, 118.
* Semilunar fold, 17.
* Semnopithecus, 154; long hair on the heads of species of, 150, 604.
* —— chrysomelas, sexual differences of colour in, 537.
* —— comatus, ornamental hair on the head of, 549.
* —— frontatus, beard, &c., of, 550. ​
* Semnopithecus nasica, nose of, 150.
* —— nemœus, colouring of, 551.
* —— rubicundus, ornamental hair on the head of, 548.
* Senses, inferiority of Europeans to savages in the, 33.
* Sentinels, among animals, 100, 107.
* Serpents, instinctively dreaded by apes and monkeys, 67, 71.
* Serranus, hermaphroditism in, 161.
* Sex, inheritance limited by, 230.
* Sexes, relative proportions of, in man, 242, 558; probable relation of the, in primeval man, 591.
* Sexual characters, secondary, 207; relations of polygamy to, 217; transmitted through both sexes, 226; gradation of, in birds, 430.
* —— and natural selection, contrasted, 226.
* —— characters, effects of the loss of 231; limitation of, 231.
* —— differences in man, 8.
* —— selection, explanation of, 209, 213, 220; influence of, on the colouring of Lepidoptera, 319; objections to, 495; action of, in mankind, 595.
* —— similarity, 255.
* Shaler, Prof., sizes of sexes in whales, 516.
* Sharks, prehensile organs of male, 331.
* Sharpe, Dr., Europeans in the tropics, 195.
* ——, R. B., on Tanysiptera sylvia, 451; on Ceryle, 457; on the young male of Dacelo Gaudichaudi, 467.
* Shaw, Mr., on the pugnacity of the male salmon, 332.
* ——, J., on the decorations of birds, 382.
* Sheep, danger-signals of, 100; sexual differences in the horns of, 230; horns of, 235, 505; domestic, sexual differences of, late developed, 237; numerical proportion of the sexes in, 246; inheritance of horns by one sex, 505; effect of castration, 506; mode of fighting of, 508; arched foreheads of some, 532.
* —— Merino, loss of horns in females of, 231; horns of, 235.
* Shells, difference in form of, in male and female Gasteropoda, 262; beautiful colours and shapes of, 264.
* Shield-drake, pairing with a common duck, 414; New Zealand, sexes and young of, 479.
* Shooter, J., on the Kaffirs, 579; on the marriage-customs of the Kaffirs, 598.
* Shrew-mice, odour of, 528.
* Shrike, Drongo, 461.
* Shrikes, characters of young, 465.
* Shuckard, W. E., on sexual differences in the wings of Hymenoptera, 277.
* Shyness of adorned male birds, 403.
* Siagonium, proportions of the sexes in, 253; dimorphism in males of, 299.
* Siam, proportion of male and female births in, 245.
* Siamese, general beardlessness of the, 560; notions of beauty of the, 578; hairy family of, 601.
* Sidgwick, H., on morality in hypothetical bee community, 99; our actions not entirely directed by pain and pleasure, 120.
* Siebold, C. T. von, on the proportion of sexes in the Apus, 255; on the auditory apparatus of the stridulant Orthoptera, 283.
* Sight, inheritance of long and short, 33.
* Signal-cries of monkeys, 87.
* Silk-moth, proportion of the sexes in, 250, 251; Aïlanthus, Prof. Canestrini, on the destruction of its larvæ by wasps, 251; difference of size of the male and female cocoons of the, 278; pairing of the, 318.
* Simiadæ, 152; their origin and divisions, 165.
* Similarity, sexual, 225.
* Singing of the Cicadæ and Fulgoridæ, 281; of tree-frogs, 350; of birds, object of the, 368.
* Sirenia, nakedness of, 56.
* Sirex juvencus, 292.
* Siricidæ, difference of the sexes in, 292.
* Siskin, 394; pairing with a canary, 415.
* Sitana, throat-pouch of the males of, 355, 358. ​
* Size, relative, of the sexes of insects, 278.
* Skin, movement of the, 13; nakedness of, in man, 56; colour of the, 192.
* —— and hair, correlation of colour of, 197.
* Skull, variation of, in man, 26; cubic contents of, no absolute test of intellect, 54; Neanderthal, capacity of the, 55; causes of modification of the, 55; difference of, in form and capacity, in different races of men, 168; variability of the shape of the, 174; differences of, in the sexes in man, 557; artificial modification of the shape of, 575.
* Skunk, odour emitted by the, 528; white tail of, protective, 543.
* Slavery, prevalence of, 117; of women, 593.
* Slaves, difference between field and house-slaves, 196.
* Sloth, ornaments of male, 534.
* Smell, sense of, in man and animals, 17.
* Smith, Adam, on the basis of sympathy, 106.
* ——, Sir A., on the recognition of women by male Cynocephali, 8; on revenge by a baboon, 69; on an instance of memory in a baboon, 74; on the retention of their colour by the Dutch in South Africa, 193; on the polygamy of the South African antelopes, 217; on the polygamy of the lion, 218; on the proportion of the sexes in Kobus ellipsiprymnus, 247; on Bucephalus capensis, 351; on South African lizards, 358; on fighting gnus, 501; on the horns of rhinoceroses, 506; on the fighting of lions, 521; on the colours of the Cape Eland, 535; on the colours of the gnu, 536; on Hottentot notions of beauty, 578; disbelief in communistic marriages, 588.
* ——, F., on the Cynipidæ and Tenthredinidæ, 254; on the relative size of the sexes of Aculeate Hymenoptera, 279; on the difference between the sexes of ants and bees, 292; on the stridulation of Trox sabulosus, 303; on the stridulation of Mononychus pseudacori, 305.
* Smynthurus luteus, courtship of, 279.
* Snakes, sexual differences of, 351; mental powers of, 352; male, ardency of, 352.
* "Snarling muscles," 41.
* Snipe, drumming of the, 376; coloration of the, 491.
* ——, painted, sexes and young of, 476.
* ——, solitary, assemblies of, 405.
* Snipes, arrival of male before the female, 212; pugnacity of male, 362; double moult in, 390.
* Snow-goose, whiteness of the, 492.
* Social animals, affection of, for each other, 102; defence of, by the males, 107.
* Sociability, the sense of duty connected with, 98; impulse to, in animals, 105; manifestations of, in man, 108; instinct of, in animals, 109.
* Sociality, probable, of primeval men, 62; influence of, on the development of the intellectual faculties, 128; origin of, in man, 129.
* Soldiers, American, measurements of, 29.
* —— and sailors, difference in the proportions of, 32.
* Solenostoma, bright colours and marsupial sack of the females of, 346.
* Song of male birds appreciated by their females, 92; want of, in brilliant plumaged birds, 401; of birds, 450.
* Sorex, odour of, 528.
* Sounds admired alike by man and animals, 92; produced by fishes, 347; produced by male frogs and toads, 350; instrumentally produced by birds, 376 et seq.
* Spain, decadence of, 141.
* Sparassus smaragdulus, difference of colour in the sexes of, 272.
* Sparrow, pugnacity of the male, 360; acquisition of the Linnet's song by a, 370; coloration of the, 473; immature plumage of the, 466.
* ——, white-crowned, young of the, 486.
* Sparrows, house-and tree-, 455. ​
* Sparrows, new mates found by, 408.
* ——, sexes and young of, 483; learning to sing, 570.
* Spathura Underwoodi, 388.
* Spawning of fishes, 341, 344.
* Spear, used before dispersion of man, 180.
* Species, causes of the advancement, of, 137; distinctive characters of, 166; or races of man, 168; sterility and fertility of, when crossed, 170; supposed, of man, 174; gradation of, 175; difficulty of defining, 175; representative, of birds, 468; of birds, comparative differences between the sexes of distinct, 469.
* Spectrum femoratum, difference of colour in the sexes of, 289.
* Speech, connection between the brain and the faculty of, 88; connection of intonation with music, 570.
* "Spel" of the black-cock, 375.
* Spencer, Herbert, on the influence of food on the size of the jaws, 33; on the dawn of intelligence, 67; on the origin of the belief in spiritual agencies, 94; on the origin of the moral sense, 123; on music, 571, 572.
* Spengel, disagrees with explanation of man's hairlessness, 602.
* Sperm-whales, battles of male, 500.
* Sphingidæ, coloration of the, 314.
* Sphinx, Humming-bird, 317.
* ——, Mr. Bates on the caterpillar of a, 325.
* —— moth, musky odour of, 308.
* Spiders, 272; parental feeling in, 106; male, more active than female, 221; proportion of the sexes in, 254; secondary sexual characters of, 272; courtship of male, 273; attracted by music, 273; male, small size of, 273.
* Spilosoma menthastri, rejected by turkeys, 316.
* Spine, alteration of, to suit the erect attitude of man, 53.
* Spirits, fondness of monkeys for, 7.
* Spiritual agencies, belief in, almost universal, 94.
* Spiza cyanea and civis, 412.
* Spoonbill, 374; Chinese, change of plumage in, 461.
* Spots, retained throughout groups of birds, 427; disappearance of, in adult mammals, 546.
* Sprengel, C. K., on the sexuality of plants, 212.
* Spring-boc, horns of the, 509.
* Sproat, Mr., on the extinction of savages in Vancouver Island, 183; on the eradication of facial hair by the natives of Vancouver Island, 580; on the eradication of the beard by the Indians of Vancouver Island, 603.
* Spurs, occurrence of, in female fowls, 227, 231; development of, in various species of Phasianidæ, 235; of Gallinaceous birds, 362, 364; development of, in female Gallinaceæ, 449.
* Squilla, different colours of the sexes of a species of, 271.
* Squirrels, battles of male, 500; African, sexual differences in the colouring of, 534; black, 540.
* Stag, long hairs of the throat of, 521; horns of the, 227, 229; battles of, 501; horns of the, with numerous branches, 510; bellowing of the, 526; crest of the, 531.
* —— -beetle, numerical proportion of sexes of, 253; large size of male, 278; weapons of the male, 299.
* Stainton, H. T., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in the smaller moths, 251; habits of Elachista rufocinerea, 252; on the coloration of moths, 315; on the rejection of Spilosoma menthastri, by turkeys, 316; on the sexes of Agrotis exclamationis, 316.
* Staley, Bishop, mortality of infant Maories, 187.
* Stallion, mane of the, 521.
* Stallions, two, attacking a third, 101; fighting, 501; small canine teeth of, 514.
* Stansbury, Capt., observations on pelicans, 102.
* Staphylinidæ, hornlike processes in male, 299.
* Starfishes, parental feeling in, 106; bright colours of some, 260.
* Stark, Dr., on the death-rate in towns and rural districts, 138; on the influence of marriage on mortality, ​139; on the higher mortality of males in Scotland, 243.
* Starling, American field-, pugnacity of male, 367.
* ——, red-winged, selection of a mate by the female, 416.
* Starlings, three, frequenting the same nest, 219, 409; new mates found by, 408.
* Statues, Greek, Egyptian, Assyrian, &c., contrasted, 581.
* Stature, dependence of, upon local influences, 31.
* Staudinger, Dr., on breeding Lepidoptera, 251; his list of Lepidoptera, 252.
* Staunton, Sir G., hatred of indecency a modern virtue, 119.
* Stealing of bright objects by birds, 413.
* Stebbing, T. R., on the nakedness of the human body, 600.
* Stemmatopus, 528.
* Stendhal, see Bombet.
* Stenobothrus pratorum, stridulation, 286.
* Stephen, Mr. L., on the difference in the minds of men and animals, 78; on general concepts in animals, 89; distinction between material and formal morality, 111.
* Sterility, general, of sole daughters, 135; when crossed, a distinctive character of species, 166; under changed conditions, 189, 191.
* Sterna, seasonal change of plumage in, 493.
* Stickle-back, polygamous, 220; male, courtship of the, 331; male, brilliant colouring of, during the breeding season, 340; nidification of the, 345.
* Sticks used as implements and weapons by monkeys, 81.
* Sting in bees, 208.
* Stokes, Capt., on the habits of the great bower-bird, 381.
* Stoliczka, Dr., on colours in snakes, 352.
* Stonechat, young of the, 487.
* Stone implements, difficulty of making, 49; as traces of extinct tribes, 181.
* Stones, used by monkeys for breaking hard fruits and as missiles, 50; piles of, 179.
* Stork, black, sexual differences in the bronchi of the, 374; red beak of the, 491.
* Storks, 491, 493; sexual difference in the colour of the eyes of, 425.
* Strange, Mr., on the satin bower-bird, 381.
* Stretch, Mr., on the numerical proportion in the sexes of chickens, 247.
* Strepsiceros kudu, horns of, 512; markings of, 543.
* Stridulation, by males of Theridion, 274; of the Orthoptera and Homoptera discussed, 289; of beetles, 301.
* Stripes, retained throughout groups of birds, 427; disappearance of, in adult mammals, 546.
* Strix flammea, 408.
* Structure, existence of unserviceable modifications of, 61.
* Struggle for existence, in man, 142, 146.
* Struthers, Dr., on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, 21.
* Sturnella ludoviciana, pugnacity of the male, 367.
* Sturnus vulgaris, 408.
* Sub-species, 175.
* Suffering, in strangers, indifference of savages to, 117.
* Suicide, 137; formerly not regarded as a crime, 117; rarely practised among the lowest savages, 117.
* Suidæ, stripes of young, 464.
* Sulivan, Sir B. J., on speaking of parrots, 85; on two stallions attacking a third, 501.
* Sumatra, compression of the nose by the Malays of, 583.
* Sumner, Archb., man alone capable of progressive improvement, 79.
* Sun-birds, nidification of, 454.
* Superstitions, 144; prevalence of, 122.
* Superstitious customs, 96.
* Superciliary ridge in man, 556, 558.
* Supernumerary digits, more frequent in men than in women, 223; inheritance of, 232; early development of, 237.
* Supra-condyloid foramen in the early progenitors of man, 160. ​
* Suspicion, prevalence of, among animals, 69.
* Swallow-tail butterfly, 312.
* Swallows deserting their young, 108, 113.
* Swan, black, wild, trachea of the, 374; white young of, 482; red beak of the, 491; black-necked, 493.
* Swans, 491, 493; young, 481.
* Swaysland, Mr., on the arrival of migratory birds, 212.
* Swifts, migration of, 108.
* Swinhoe, R., on the common rat in Formosa and China, 80; behaviour of lizards when caught, 355; on the sounds produced by the male hoopoe, 376; on Dicrurus macrocercus and the spoonbill, 461; on the young of Ardeola, 468; on the habits of Turnix, 476; on the habits of Rhynchœa bengalensis, 476; on Orioles breeding in immature plumage, 484.
* Sylvia atricapilla, young of, 487.
* —— cinerea, aerial love-dance of the male, 380
* Sympathy, 134; among animals, 102; its supposed basis, 106.
* Sympathies, gradual widening of, 123.
* Syngnathous fishes, abdominal pouch in male, 163.
* Sypheotides auritus, acuminated primaries of the male, 378; ear-tufts of, 384
T.
* Tabanidæ, habits of, 208.
* Tadorna variegata, sexes and young of, 479.
* —— vulpanser, 414.
* Tahitians, 145; compression of the nose by the, 583.
* Tail, rudimentary, occurrence of, in man, 22; convoluted body in the extremity of the, 23; absence of, in man and the higher apes, 58; variability of, in species of Macacus and in baboons, 58; presence of, in the early progenitors of man, 160; length of, in pheasants, 445, 451, 452; difference of length of the, in the two sexes of birds, 451.
* Tait, Lawson, on the effects of natural selection on civilised nations, 133.
* Tanager, scarlet, variation in the male, 424.
* Tanagra œstiva, age of mature plumage in, 483.
* —— rubra 424; young of, 487.
* Tanais, absence of mouth in the males of some species of, 208; relations of the sexes in, 255; dimorphic males of a species of, 265.
* Tankerville, Earl, on the battles of wild bulls, 501.
* Tanysiptera, races of, determined from adult males, 468.
* —— sylvia, long tail-feathers of, 451.
* Taphroderes distortus, enlarged left mandible of the male, 277.
* Tapirs, longitudinal stripes of young, 464, 546.
* Tarsi, dilatation of front, in male beetles, 275.
* Tarsius, 156.
* Tasmania, half-castes killed by the natives of, 170.
* Tasmanians, extinction of, 184.
* Taste, in the Quadrumana, 541.
* Tattooing, 178; universality of, 574.
* Taylor, G., on Quiscalus major, 248.
* Tea, fondness of monkeys for, 7.
* Tear-sacks, of Ruminants, 529.
* Teebay, Mr., on changes of plumage in spangled Hamburgh fowls, 229.
* Teeth, rudimentary incisor, in Ruminants, 11; posterior molar, in man, 20; wisdom, 20; diversity of, 26; canine, in the early progenitors of man, 160; canine, of male mammals, 502; in man, reduced by correlation, 562; staining of the, 574; front, knocked out or filed by some savages, 575.
* Tegetmeier, Mr., on the transmission of colours in pigeons by one sex alone, 231; numerical proportion of male and female births in dogs, 246; on the abundance of male pigeons, 247; on the wattles of game-cocks, 403; on the courtship of fowls, 417; on the loves of pigeons, 418; on dyed pigeons, 418; blue dragon pigeons, 446.
* Tembeta, S. American ornament, 575.
* Temper, in dogs and horses, inherited, 69. ​
* Tench, proportions of the sexes in the 249; brightness of male, during breeding season, 340.
* Tenebrionidæ, stridulation of, 302.
* Tennent, Sir J. E., on the tusks of the Ceylon Elephant, 507, 515; on the frequent absence of beard in the natives of Ceylon, 560; on the Chinese opinion of the aspect of the Cingalese, 578.
* Tennyson, A., on the control of thought, 123.
* Tenthredinidæ, proportions of the sexes in, 254; fighting habits of male, 291; difference of the sexes in, 292.
* Tephrodornis, young of, 468.
* Terai, in India, 182.
* Termites, habits of, 291.
* Terns, white, 492; and black, 493.
* ——, seasonal change of plumage in, 492.
* Terror, common action of, upon the lower animals and man, 69.
* Testudo elegans, 351.
* —— nigra, 351.
* Tetrao cupido, battles of, 367; sexual difference in the vocal organs of, 371.
* —— phasianellus, dances of, 380; duration of dances of, 405.
* —— scoticus 455, 465, 471.
* —— tetrix, 455, 465, 471; pugnacity of the male, 363.
* —— umbellus, pairing of, 367; battles of, 367; drumming of the male, 375.
* —— urogalloides, dances of, 405.
* —— urogallus, pugnacity of the male, 363.
* —— urophasianus, inflation of the œsophagus in the male, 372.
* Thamnobia, young of, 468.
* Thaumalea picta, display of plumage by the male, 396.
* Thecla, sexual differences of colouring in species of, 310.
* —— rubi, protective colouring of, 312.
* Thecophora fovea, 308.
* Theognis, selection in mankind, 29.
* Theridion, stridulation of males of, 273.
* —— lineatum, 272.
* Thomisus citreus, and T. floricolens, difference of colour in the sexes of, 272.
* Thompson, J. H., on the battles of sperm-whales, 500.
* ——, W., on the colouring of the male char during the breeding season, 340; on the pugnacity of the males of Gallinula chloropus, 360; on the finding of new mates by magpies, 407; on the finding of new mates by Peregrine falcons, 408.
* Thorax, processes of, in male beetles, 295.
* Thorell, T., on the proportion of the sexes in spiders, 255.
* Thornback, difference in the teeth of the two sexes of the, 334.
* Thoughts, control of, 123.
* Thrush, pairing with a blackbird, 414; colours and nidification of the, 455.
* Thrushes, characters of young, 455, 464.
* Thug, remorse of a, 117.
* Thumb, absence of, in Ateles and Hylobates, 51.
* Thury, M., on the numerical proportion of male and female births among the Jews, 243.
* Thylacinus, possession of the marsupial sack by the male, 161.
* Thysanura, 279.
* Tibia, dilated, of the male Crabo cribrarius, 276.
* —— and femur, proportions of, in the Aymara Indians, 34.
* Tierra del Fuego, marriage-customs of, 598.
* Tiger, colours and markings of the, 545.
* Tigers, depopulation of districts by, in India, 46.
* Tillus elongatus, difference of colour in the sexes of, 294.
* Timidity, variability of, in the same species, 69.
* Tineina, proportion of the sexes in, 250.
* Tipula, pugnacity of male, 280.
* Tits, sexual difference of colour in, 458.
* Toads, 349; male, treatment of ova by some, 163; male, ready to breed before the female, 212. ​
* Todas, infanticide and proportion of sexes, 255; practise polyandry, 593; choice of husbands amongst, 593.
* Toe, great, condition of, in the human embryo, 11.
* Tomicus villosus proportion of the sexes in, 253.
* Tomtit, blue, sexual difference of colour in the, 458.
* Tonga Islands, beardlessness of the natives of, 560, 581.
* Tooke, Horne, on language, 86.
* Tools, flint, 145; used by monkeys, 81; use of, 48.
* Topknots in birds, 384.
* Tortoise, voice of the male, 567,
* Tortures, submitted to by American savages, 118.
* Totanus, double moult in, 390.
* Toucans, colours and nidification of the, 455; beaks and ceres of the, 491.
* Towns, residence in, a cause of diminished stature, 31.
* Toynbee, J., on the external shell of the ear in man, 14.
* Trachea, convoluted and imbedded in the sternum, in some birds, 374; structure of the, in Rhynchœa, 476.
* Trades, affecting the form of the skull, 56.
* Tragelaphus, sexual differences of colour in, 535.
* —— scriptus, dorsal crest of, 530; markings of, 543, 544.
* Tragopan, 220; swelling of the wattles of the male, during courtship, 383; display of plumage by the male, 397; markings of the sexes of the, 428.
* Tragops dispar, sexual difference in the colour of, 351.
* Training, effect of, on the mental difference between the sexes of man, 565.
* Transfer of male characters to female birds, 470.
* Transmission, equal, of ornamental characters, to both sexes in mammals, 542.
* Traps, avoidance of, by animals, 80; use of, 48.
* Treachery, to comrades, avoidance of, by savages, 111
* Tremex columbœ, 292.
* Tribes, extinct, 128; extinction of, 182.
* Trichius, difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, 294.
* Trigla, 347.
* Trimen, R., on the proportion of the sexes in South African butterflies, 250; on the attraction of males by the female of Lasiocampa quercus, 252; on Pneumora, 288; on difference of colour in the sexes of beetles, 294; on moths brilliantly coloured beneath, 315; on mimicry in butterflies, 325; on Gynanisa Isis, and on the ocellated spots of Lepidoptera, 428; on Cyllo Leda, 429.
* Tringa, sexes and young of, 485.
* —— cornuta, 391.
* Triphœna, coloration of the species of, 313.
* Tristram, H. B., on unhealthy districts in North Africa, 194; on the habits of the chaffinch in Palestine, 248; on the birds of the Sahara, 456; on the animals inhabiting the Sahara, 489.
* Triton cristatus, 348.
* —— palmipes, 348.
* —— punctatus, 348.
* Troglodyte skulls, greater than those of modern Frenchmen, 55.
* Troglodytes vulgaris, 473.
* Trogons, colours and nidification of the, 455, 456.
* Tropic-birds, white only when mature, 492.
* Tropics, freshwater fishes of the, 343.
* Trout, proportion of the sexes in, 249; male, pugnacity of the, 332.
* Trox sabulosus, stridulation of, 303.
* Truth, not rare between members of the same tribe, 118; more highly appreciated by certain tribes, 122.
* Tulloch, Major, on the immunity of the negro from certain fevers, 193.
* Tumbler, almond, change of plumage in the, 238.
* Turdus merula, 455; young of, 487.
* —— migratorius, 464.
* —— musicus, 455.
* —— polyglottus, young of, 487.
* —— torquatus, 455 ​
* Turkey, wild, pugnacity of young male, 366; wild, notes of the, 375; swelling of the wattles of the male, 383; variety of, with a top-knot, 384; recognition of a dog by a, 412; male, wild, acceptable to domesticated females, 418; wild, first advances made by older females, 419; wild, breast-tuft of bristles of the, 461.
* Turkey-cock, scraping of the wings of, upon the ground, 375; wild, display of plumage by, 394; fighting habits of, 404.
* Turner, Prof. W., on muscular fasciculi in man referable to the panniculus carnosus, 13; on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the human humerus, 21; on muscles attached to the coccyx in man, 22; on the filum terminale in man, 23; on the variability of the muscles, 26; on abnormal conditions of the human uterus, 39; on the development of the mammary glands, 162; on male fishes hatching ova in their mouths, 163, 345; on the external perpendicular fissure of the brain, 200; on the bridging convolutions in the brain of a chimpanzee, 201.
* Turnix, sexes of some species of, 475; 480.
* Turtle-dove, cooing of the, 374.
* Tuttle, H., on the number of species of man, 174.
* Tylor, E. B., on emotional cries, gestures, &c., of man, 85; on the origin of the belief in spiritual agencies, 94; remorse for violation of tribal usage in marrying, 115; on the primitive barbarism of civilised nations, 143; on the origin of counting, 144; inventions of savages, 145; on resemblances, of the mental characters in different races of man, 178.
* Type of structure, prevalence of, 164.
* Typhœus, stridulating organs of, 301; stridulation of, 303.
* Tyranga œstiva, 462.
* Twins, tendency to produce, hereditary, 45.
* Twite, proportion of the sexes in the, 248.
U.
* Ugliness, said to consist in an approach to the lower animals, 584.
* Umbrella-bird, 373,
* Umbrina, sounds produced by, 347.
* United States, rate of increase in, 44; influence of natural selection on the progress of, 142; change undergone by Europeans in the, 196.
* Upupa epops, sounds produced by the male, 376.
* Uraniidæ, coloration of the, 314.
* Uria troile, variety of (= U. lacrymans), 424.
* Urodela, 348.
* Urosticte Benjamini, sexual differences in, 442.
* Use and disuse of parts, effects of, 32; influence of, on the races of man, 197.
* Uterus, reversion in the, 38; more or less divided, in the human subject, 38, 43; double, in the early progenitors of man, 161.
V.
* Vaccination, influence of, 134.
* Vancouver Island, Mr. Sproat on the savages of, 183; natives of, eradication of facial hair by the, 580.
* Vanellus cristatus, wing tubercles of the male, 366.
* Vanessœ, 308; resemblance of lower surface of, to bark of trees, 311.
* Variability, causes of, 28; in man, analogous to that in the lower animals, 29; of the races of man, 174; greater in men than in women, 223; period of, relation of the, to sexual selection, 240; of birds, 422; of secondary sexual characters in man, 559.
* Variation, laws of, 29; correlated, 43; in man, 146; analogous, 152; analogous, in plumage of birds, 385.
* Variations, spontaneous, 44.
* Varieties, absence of, between two species, evidence of their distinctness, 167.
* Variety, an object in nature, 493.
* Variola, communicable between man and the lower animals, 7. ​
* Vauréal, human bones from, 22.
* Veddahs, monogamous habits of, 591.
* Veitch, Mr., on the aversion of Japanese ladies to whiskers, 581.
* Vengeance, instinct of, 113.
* Venus Erycina, priestesses of, 587.
* Vermes, 264.
* Vermiform appendage, 21.
* Verreaux, M., on the attraction of numerous males by the female of an Australian Bombyx, 252.
* Vertebræ, caudal, number of, in macaques and baboons, 58; of monkeys, partly imbedded in the body, 59.
* Vertebrata, 330; common origin of the, 158; most ancient progenitors of, 161; origin of the voice in air-breathing, 567.
* Vesicula prostatica, the homologue of the uterus, 24, 161.
* Vibrissæ, represented by long hairs in the eyebrows, 19.
* Vidua, 403, 462.
* —— axillaris, 219.
* Villerme, M., on the influence of plenty upon stature, 31.
* Vinson, Aug., courtship of male spider, 273; on the male of Epeira nigra, 273.
* Viper, difference of the sexes in the, 351.
* Virey, on the number of species of man, 174.
* Virtues, originally social only, 116; gradual appreciation of, 131.
* Viscera, variability of, in man, 27.
* Vlacovich, Prof., on the ischio-pubic muscle, 41.
* Vocal music of birds, 368.
* —— organs of man, 87; of birds, 90, 450; of frogs, 350; of the Insessores, 370; difference of, in the sexes of birds, 371; primarily used in relation to the propagation of the species, 566.
* Vogt, Karl, on the origin of species, 1; on the origin of man, 3; on the semilunar fold in man, 17; on microcephalous idiots, 35; on the imitative faculties of microcephalous idiots, 87; on skulls from Brazilian caves, 168; on the evolution of the races of man, 177; on the formation of the skull in women, 557; on the Ainos and negroes, 560; on the increased cranial difference of the sexes in man with race development, 566; on the obliquity of the eye in the Chinese and Japanese, 578.
* Voice in mammals, 525; in monkeys and man, 558; in man, 566; origin of, in air-breathing vertebrates, 567.
* Von Baer, definition of advancement in the organic scale, 164.
* Vulpian, Prof., on the resemblance between the brains of man and of the higher apes, 6.
* Vultures, selection of a mate by the female, 416; colours of, 493.
W.
* Waders, young of, 486.
* Wagner, R., on the occurrence of the diastema in a Kaffir skull, 40; on the bronchi of the black stork, 374.
* Wagtail, Ray's, arrival of the male before the female, 212.
* Wagtails, Indian, young of, 468.
* Waist, proportions of, in soldiers and sailors, 32.
* Waitz, Prof., on the number of species of man, 174; on the liability of negroes to tropical fevers after residence in a cold climate, 194; on the colour of Australian infants, 558; on the beardlessness of negroes, 560; on the fondness of mankind for ornaments, 573; on negro ideas of female beauty, 579; on Javan and Cochin Chinese ideas of beauty, 580.
* Walckenaer and Gervais, spider attracted by music, 273; on the Myriapoda, 274.
* Waldeyer, M, on the hermaphroditism of the vertebrate embryo, 161.
* Wales, North, numerical proportion of male and female births in, 242.
* Walker, Alex., on the large size of the hands of labourers' children, 33.
* ——, F., on sexual differences in the diptera, 280.
* Wallace, Dr. A., on the prehensile use of the tarsi in male moths, 209; on the rearing of the Aïlanthus silkmoth, 251; on breeding Lepidoptera, 251; proportion of sexes of Bombyx cynthia, B. yamamai, and ​
* B. Pernyi reared by, 253; on the development of Bombyx cynthia and B. yamamai, 278; on the pairing of Bombyx cynthia, 318.
* Wallace, A. R., on the origin of man, 3; on the power of imitation in man, 68; on the use of missiles by the orang, 82; on the varying appreciation of truth among different tribes, 122; on the limits of natural selection in man, 49, 127; on the occurrence of remorse among savages, 131; on the effects of natural selection on civilised nations, 133; on the use of the convergence of the hair at the elbow in the orang, 151; on the contrast in the characters of the Malays and Papuans, 168; on the line of separation between the Papuans and Malays, 169; on the birds of paradise, 219; on the sexes of Ornithoptera Crœsus, 250; on protective resemblances, 261; on the relativesizes of the sexes of insects, 278; on Elaphomyia, 280; on the pugnacity of the males of Leptorhynchus angustatus, 299; on sounds produced by Euchirus longimanus, 304; on the colours of Diadema, 309; on Kallima, 311; on the protective colouring of moths, 313; on bright coloraration as protective in butterflies, 314; on variability in the Papilionidæ, 320; on male and female butterflies inhabiting different stations, 321; on the protective nature of the dull colouring of female butterflies, 321, 322, 325; on mimicry in butterflies, 324; on the bright colours of caterpillars, 325; on brightly-coloured fishes frequenting reefs, 343; on the coral snakes, 353; on Paradisea apoda, 385; on the display of plumage by male birds of paradise, 395; on assemblies of birds of paradise, 405; on the instability of the ocellated spots inHipparchia Janira, 428; on sexually limited inheritance, 444; on the sexual coloration of birds, 452, 472, 473, 475, 480; on the relation between the colours and nidification of birds, 452,455; on the coloration of the Cotingidæ, 460; on the females of Paradisea apoda and papuana, 470; on the incubation of the cassowary, 478; on protective coloration in birds, 489; on the Babirusa, 519; on the markings of the tiger, 545; on the beards of the Papuans, 560; on the hair of the Papuans, 575; on the distribution of hair on the human body, 600.
* Walrus, development of the nictitating membrane in the, 17; tusks of the, 502, 507; use of the tusks by the, 513.
* Walsh, B. D., on the proportion of the sexes in Papilio Turnus, 250; on the Cynipidæ and Cecidomyidæ, 254; on the jaws of Ammophila, 275; on Corydalis cornatus, 275; on the prehensile organs of male insects, 275; on the antennæ of Penthe, 275; on the caudal appendages of dragon-flies, 276; on Platyphyllum concavum, 286; on the sexes of the Ephemeridæ, 289; on the difference of colour in the sexes of Spectrum femoratum, 289; on sexes of dragon-flies, 290; on the difference of the sexes in the Ichneumonidæ, 292; on the sexes of Orsodacna atra, 294; on the variation of the horns of the male Phanæus carnifex, 297; on the coloration of the species of Anthocharis, 312.
* Wapiti, battles of, 501; traces of horns in the female, 504; attacking a man, 511; crest of the male, 531; sexual difference in the colour of the, 536.
* Warbler, hedge-, 473; young of the, 481.
* Warblers, superb, nidification of, 454.
* Wariness, acquired by animals, 80.
* Warington, R., on the habits of the stickle-backs, 331, 345; on the brilliant colours of the male stickle-back during the breeding season, 340.
* Wart-hog, tusks and pads of the, 519.
* Watchmakers, short-sighted, 33.
* Waterhen, 360.
* Waterhouse, C. O., on blind beetles, 294; on difference of colour in the sexes of beetles, 294.
* ——, G. R., on the voice of Hylobates agilis, 567. ​
* Water-ouzel, 455; autumn song of the, 370.
* Waterton, C., on the Bell-bird, 389; on the pairing of a Canada goose with a Bernicle gander, 414; on hares fighting, 500.
* Wattles, disadvantageous to male birds in fighting, 404.
* Weale, J. Mansel, on a South African caterpillar, 325.
* Wealth, influence of, 134.
* Weapons, used by man, 48; employed by monkeys, 81; offensive, of males, 210; of mammals, 501 et seq.
* Weaver-bird, 370.
* Weaver-birds, rattling of the wings of, 375; assemblies of, 405.
* Webb, Dr., on the wisdom teeth, 20.
* Wedderburn, Mr., assembly of black game, 407.
* Wedgwood, Hensleigh, on the origin of language, 87.
* Weevils, sexual difference in length of snout in some, 208.
* Weir, Harrison, on the numerical proportion of the sexes in pigs and rabbits, 247; on the sexes of young pigeons, 247; on the songs of birds, 368; on pigeons, 411; on the dislike of blue pigeons to other coloured varieties, 417; on the desertion of their mates by female pigeons, 418.
* ——, J. Jenner, on the nightingale and blackcap, 212; on the relative sexual maturity of male birds, 213; on female pigeons deserting a feeble mate, 214; on three starlings frequenting the same nest, 219; on the proportion of the sexes in Machetes pugnax and other birds, 247, 248; on the coloration of the Triphœnœ, 313; on the rejection of certain caterpillars by birds, 326; on sexual differences of the beak in the goldfinch, 360; on a piping bullfinch, 369; on the object of the nightingale's song, 368; on songbirds, 369; on the pugnacity of male fine-plumaged birds, 400; on the courtship of birds, 401; on the finding of new mates by Peregrine-falcons and Kestrels, 408; on the bullfinch and starling, 408; on the cause of birds remaining unpaired, 409; on starlings and parrots living in triplets, 409; on recognition of colour by birds, 411; on hybrid birds, 414; on the selection of a greenfinch by a female canary, 415; on a case of rivalry of female bullfinches, 420; on the maturity of the golden-pheasant, 483.
* Weisbach, Dr., measurement of men of different races, 167; on the greater variability of men than of women, 223; on the relative proportions of the body in the sexes of different races of man, 559.
* Weismann, Prof., colours of Lycœnœ, 312.
* Welcker, M., on brachycephaly and dolichocephaly, 56; on sexual differences in the skull in man, 557.
* Wells, Dr., on the immunity of coloured races from certain poisons, 193.
* Westring, on the stridulation of males of Theridion, 273; on the stridulation of Reduvius personatus, 281; on the stridulation of beetles, 302; on the stridulation of Omaloplia brunnea, 303; on the stridulating organs of the Coleoptera, 304; on sounds produced by Cychrus, 304.
* Westropp, H. M., on reason in a bear, 76; on the prevalence of certain forms of ornamentation, 179.
* Westwood, J. O., on the classification of the Hymenoptera, 148; on the Culicidæ and Tabanidæ, 208; on a Hymenopterous parasite with a sedentary male, 221; on the proportions of the sexes in Lucanus cervus and Siagonium, 253; on the absence of ocelli in female mutillidæ, 274; on the jaws of Ammophila, 275; on the copulation of insects of distinct species, 275; on the male of Crabro cribrarius, 276; on the pugnacity of male Tipulæ, 280; on the stridulation of Pirates stridulus, 281; on the Cicadæ, 281; on the stridulating organs of the crickets, 284; on Ephippiger vitium, 284, 288; on Pneumora, 287; on the pugnacity of the Mantides, 289; on Platyblemnus, 289; on difference in the sexes of the Agrionidæ, 290; ​on the pugnacity of the males of a species of Tenthredinæ, 291; on the pugnacity of the male stag-beetle, 299; on Bledius taurus and Siagonium, 299; on lamellicorn beetles, 301; on the coloration of Lithosia, 314.
* Whale, Sperm-, battles of male, 500.
* Whales, nakedness of, 56.
* Whately, Archb., language not pe-culiar to man, 84; on the primitive civilisation of man, 143.
* Whewell, Prof., on maternal affection, 70.
* Whiskers, in monkeys, 150.
* White, F. B., noise produced by Hylophila, 308.
* ——, Gilbert, on the proportion of the sexes in the partridge, 248; on the house-cricket, 283; on the object of the song of birds, 369; on the finding of new mates by white owls, 408; on spring coveys of male partridges, 409.
* Whiteness, a sexual ornament in some birds, 494; of mammals inhabiting snowy countries, 542.
* White-throat, aerial love-dance of the male, 380.
* Whitney, Prof., on the development of language, 86; language not indispensable for thought, 88.
* Widow-bird, polygamous, 219; breeding plumage of the male, 392, 403; female, rejecting the unadorned male, 419.
* Widows and widowers, mortality of, 140.
* Wigeon, pairing with a pintail duck, 414.
* Wilckens, Dr., on the modification of domestic animals in mountainous regions, 35; on a numerical relation between the hairs and excretory pores in sheep, 198.
* Wilder, Dr. Burt, on the greater frequency of supernumerary digits in men than in women, 223.
* Williams, on the marriage-customs of the Fijians, 599.
* Wilson, Dr., on the conical heads of the natives of North-Western America, 583; on the Fijians, 583; on the persistence of the fashion of compressing the skull, 584.
* Wing-spurs, 449.
* Wings, diffferences of, in the two sexes of butterflies and Hymenoptera, 277; plav of. in the courtship of birds, 401.
* Winter, change of colour of mammals in, 542.
* Witchcraft, 96.
* Wives, traces of the forcible capture of, 144.
* Wolf, winter change of the, 542.
* Wolff, on the variability of the viscera in man, 27.
* Wollaston, T. V., on Eurygnathus, 277; on musical Curculionidæ, 301; on the stridulation of Acalles, 306,
* Wolves learning to bark from dogs, 73; hunting in packs, 101.
* ——, black, 540.
* Wombat, black varieties of the, 539.
* Women distinguished from men by male monkeys, 8; preponderance of, in numbers, 244; selection of, for beauty, 397; effects of selection of, in accordance with different standards of beauty, 584; practice of capturing, 589, 592; early betrothals and slavery of, 593; freedom of selection by, in savage tribes, 598.
* Wonder, manifestations of, by animals, 71.
* Wonder, Mr., on sexual peculiarities in the wings of butterflies, 277.
* Wood, J., on muscular variations man, 26, 41, 43; on the greater variability of the muscles in men than in women, 223.
* ——, T. W., on the colouring of the orange-tip butterfly, 313; on the habits of the Saturniidæ, 315; quarrels of chamæleons, 357; on the habits of Menura Alberti, 371; on Tetrao cupido, 371; on the display of plumage by male pheasants, 396; on the ocellated spots of the Argus pheasant, 441; on the habits of the female cassowary, 478.
* Woodcock, coloration of the, 491.
* Woodpecker, selection of a mate by the female, 416. Woodpeckers, 371; tapping of, 376; colours and nidification of the, 455, 458, 489; characters of young, 465, 474, 481. ​
* Woolner, Mr., observations on the ear in man, 15.
* Wormald, Mr., on the coloration of Hypopyra, 315.
* Wounds, healing of, 8.
* Wren, 473; young of the, 481.
* Wright, C. A., on the young of Orcetes and Petrocinla, 487.
* ——, Chauncey, great brain-power requisite for language, 48; on correlative acquisition, 571; on the enlargement of the brain in man, 610,
* ——, Mr., on the Scotch deerhound, 517; on sexual preference in dogs, 524; on the rejection of a horse by a mere, 525.
* ——, W. Von, on the protective plumage of the Ptarmigan, 391.
* Writing, 144.
* Wyman, Prof., on the prolongation of the coccyx in the human embryo, 11; on the condition of the great toe in the human embryo, 11; on the occurrence of the supra-condy-loid foramen in the humerus of man, 22; on variation in the skulls of the natives of the Sandwich Islands, 26; on the hatching of the eggs in the mouths and branchial cavities of male ﬁshes, 163, 345.
X.
* Xenarchus, on the Cicadæ. 281.
* Xenophon, selection in mankind advocated by, 29.
* Xenorhynchus, sexual difference in the colour of the eyes in, 425.
* Xiphophorus Hellerii, peculiar anal fin of the male, 337, 338.
* Xylocopa, difference of the sexes in, 292.
Y.
* Yarrell, W., on the habits of the Cyprinidæ, 250; on Raia clavatu, 331; on the characters of the male salmon during the breeding season. 332, 342; on the characters of the rays, 334; on the gemmeous dragonet, 336; on the spawning of the salmon, 344; on the incubation of the Lophobranchii, 346; on rivalry in song-birds, 369; on the trachea of the swan, 374; on the moulting of the Anatidoe, 393; on the young of the waders, 486.
* Yellow fever, immunity of negroes and mulattoes from, 193.
* Youatt, Mr., on the development of the horns in cattle, 235.
* Yura-caras, their notions of beauty, 580.
Z.
* Zebra, rejection of an ass by a female, 540; stripes of the, 545
* Zebus, humps of, 532.
* Zigzags, prevalence of, as ornaments, 179.
* Zincke, Mr., on European emigration to America, 142.
* Zootoca vipara, sexual difference in the colour of, 357.
* Zouteveen, Dr., polydactylism, 37: proportion of sexes at Cape of Good Hope, 243; spiders attracted by music, 273; on sounds produced by fish, 347.
* Zygænidæ, coloration of the, 314.
THE END.