OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rojas Zorrilla, Francisco de

See also Francisco de Rojas Zorrilla on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ROJAS ZORRILLA, FRANCISCO DE (1607–c. 1660), Spanish dramatist, was born at Toledo; the only circumstance recorded of his life is that he became a knight of Santiago in 1644. The exact date of his death is unknown. His plays were published in 1640-45; the best of his dramatic compositions, Del Rey abajo Ninguno, is not included in the collection and was printed separately under the title of Garcia del Castañar. Of his other pieces, apart from their intrinsic merit, an international interest attaches to No hay padre siendo rey, which was borrowed by Rotrou for his Venceslas; to Donde hay agravios no hay zelos and the Amo criado, which were imitated by Scarron in his Jodelet Souffleté and Maître Valet; to Entre Bobos anda el juego, the source of Thomas Corneille's Don Bertrand de Cigarral, as well as of Scarron's Don Japhet d'Armenie; to Obligados y ofendidos, from which are derived Les Généreux Ennemis by Boisrobert, Les Illustres Ennemis by Thomas Corneille, and Scarron's Écolier de Salamanque; and to La traición busca el castigo, upon which are based Vanbrugh's False Friend and Le Sage's Traître puni. Rojas Zorrilla's power of conveying a tragic impression is manifest in Garcia del Castañar; his chief defect is his persistent preciosity of diction.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Oudiné, Eugène André

See also Eugène André Oudiné on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​OUDINÉ, EUGÈNE ANDRÉ (1810–1887), French sculptor and medallist, was born in Paris in 1810, and devoted himself from the beginning to the medallist’s branch of sculpture, although he also excelled in monumental sculpture and portrait busts. Having carried off the grand prize for medal engraving in 1831, he had a sensational success with his “Wounded Gladiator,” which he exhibited in the same year. He subsequently occupied official posts as designer, first to the Inland Revenue Office, and then to the Mint. Among his most famous medals are that struck in commemoration of the annexation of Savoy by France, and that on the occasion of the peace of Villafranca. Other remarkable pieces are “The Apotheosis of Napoleon I.,” “The Amnesty,” “Le Duc d’Orleans,” “Bertholet,” “The Universal Exposition,” “The Second of December, 1851,” “The Establishment of the Republic,” “The Battle of Inkermann," and “Napoleon’s Tomb at the Invalides.” For the Hotel de Ville in Paris he executed fourteen bas-reliefs, which were destroyed in 1871. Of his monumental works, many are to be seen in public places in and near Paris. In the Tuileries gardens is his group of “Daphnis and Hebe”; in the Luxembourg gardens the “Queen Bertha”; at the Louvre the “Buffon”; and in the courtyard of the same palace the “Bathsheba.” A monument to General Espagne is at the Invalides, and a King Louis VIII. at Versailles. Oudine, who may be considered the father of the modern medal, died in Paris in 1887.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ouida

See also Ouida on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​OUIDA, the pen name—derived from a childish attempt to pronounce “Louisa”—of Maria Louise [de la] Ramée (1839–1908), English novelist, born at Bury St Edmunds, where her birth was registered on the 7th of January 1839. Her father, Louis Ramée, was French, and her mother, Susan Sutton, English. At an early age she went to live in London, and there began to contribute to the New Monthly and Bentley’s Magazine. In 1860 her first story, afterwards republished as Held in Bondage (1863), appeared in the New Monthly under the title of Granville de Vigne, and this was followed in quick succession by Strathmore ​(1865), Chandos (1866) and Under Two Flags (1867). The list of Ouida’s subsequent works is a very long one; but it is sufficient to say that, together with Moths (1880), those already named are not only the most characteristic, but also the best. In a less dramatic genre, her Bimbi: Stories for Children (1882) may also be mentioned; but it was by her more flamboyant stories, such as Under Two Flags and Moths, that her popular success was achieved. By purely literary critics and on grounds of morality or taste Ouida’s novels may be condemned. They are generally flashy, and frequently unwholesome. It is impossible, however, to dismiss books like Chandos and Under Two Flags merely on such grounds. The emphasis given by Ouida to motives of sensual passion was combined in her with an original gift for situation and plot, and also with genuine descriptive powers which, though disfigured by inaccurate observation, literary solecisms and tawdry extravagance, enabled her at her best to construct a picturesque and powerful story. The character of “Cigarette” in Under Two Flags is full of fine touches, and this is not an isolated instance. In 1874 Ouida made her home in Florence, and many of her later novels have an Italian setting. She contributed from time to time to the magazines, and wrote vigorously on behalf of anti-vivisection and on Italian politics; but her views on these subjects were marked by characteristic violence and lack of judgment. She had made a great deal of money by her earlier books, but had spent it without thought for the morrow; and though in 1907 she was awarded a Civil List pension, she died at Viareggio in poverty on the 25th of January 1908.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ounce

See also Ounce on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​OUNCE. (1) (Through O. Fr. unce, modern once, from Lat. uncia, twelfth part, of weight, of a pound, of measure, of a foot, in which sense it gives the O.Eng. ynce, inch), a unit of weight, being the twelfth part of a pound troy, ＝480 grains; in avoirdupois＝437·5 grains, 1/16 of a pound. The fluid ounce is a measure of capacity; in the United Kingdom it is equivalent to an avoirdupois ounce of distilled water at 62° F.; in the United States of America it is the 128th part of the gallon, ＝1/4 gill, ＝456·033 grains of distilled water at its maximum density (see Weights and Measures). (2) A name properly applied to the Felis uncia or snow leopard (q.v.). It appears to have been originally used of various species of lynx, and is still sometimes the name of the Canada lynx. The word appears in O. Fr. and Ital. as once and lonce, onza and lonza respectively, and it is usually explained as being due to the confusion of the l with the article, lonce and lonza being changed to l’once or l’onza, and the l’ subsequently dropped. If this be so the word is the same as “lynx,” from the popular Lat. luncia＝lyncia, Gr. λύγξ. On the other hand once and onza may be nasalized forms of yūz, the Persian name of the panther.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Oughtred, William

See also William Oughtred on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​OUGHTRED, WILLIAM (fl. 1575–1660), English mathematician, was born at Eton, and educated there and at King’s College, Cambridge, of which he became fellow. Being admitted to holy orders, he left the university about 1603, and was presented to the rectory of Aldbury, near Guildford in Surrey; and about 1628 he was appointed by the earl of Arundel to instruct his son in mathematics. He corresponded with some of the most eminent scholars of his time on mathematical subjects; and his house was generally full of pupils from all quarters. It is said that he expired in a sudden transport of joy upon hearing the news of the vote at Westminster for the restoration of Charles II.
He published, among other mathematical works, Clavis Mathematical in 1631, in which he introduced new signs for certain mathematical operations (see Algebra); a treatise on navigation entitled Circles of Proportion, in 1632; works on trigonometry and dialling, and his Opuscula Mathematica, published posthumously in 1676.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ousel

See also Ousel on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​OUSEL, or Ouzel, Anglo-Saxon ósle, equivalent of the German Amsel (a form of the word found in several old English books), apparently the ancient name for what is now more commonly known as the blackbird (q.v.), Turdus merula, but at the present day not often applied to that species, though used in a compound form for birds belonging to another genus and family.
Cinclus mexicanus.
The water-ousel, or water-crow, is now commonly named the “dipper”—a term apparently invented and bestowed in the first edition of T. Bewick’s British Birds (ii. 16, 17)—not, as is commonly supposed, from the bird’s habit of entering the water in pursuit of its prey, but because “it may be seen perched on the top of a stone in the midst of the torrent, in a continual dipping motion, or short courtesy often repeated.” The English dipper, Cinclus aquaticus, is the type of a small family, the Cinclidae, probably more nearly akin to the wrens (q.v.) than to the thrushes, and with examples throughout the more temperate portions of Europe and Asia, as well as North and South America. The dipper haunts rocky streams, into which it boldly enters, generally by deliberately wading, and then by the strenuous combined action of its wings and feet makes its way along the bottom in quest of its living prey—fresh-water molluscs and aquatic insects in their larval or mature condition. Complaints of its attacks on the spawn of fish have not been justified by examination of the stomachs of captured specimens. Short and squat of stature, active and restless in its movements, dusky above, with a pure white throat and upper part of the breast, to which succeeds a broad band of dark bay, it is a familiar figure to most fishermen on the streams it frequents. The water-ousel’s nest is a very curious structure—outwardly resembling a wren’s, but built on a wholly different principle—an ordinary cup-shaped nest of grass lined with dead leaves, placed in some convenient niche, but encased with moss so as to form a large mass that covers it completely except a small hole for the bird’s passage. The eggs laid within are from four to seven in number, and are of a pure white. The young are able to swim before they are fully fledged. (A. N.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Oundle

See also Oundle on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​OUNDLE, a market-town in the Northern parliamentary division of Northamptonshire, England, 301/2 m. N.E. of Northampton by a branch of the London & North-Western railway. Pop. of urban district (1901) 2404. It is picturesquely situated on an eminence, two sides of which are touched by the river Nene, which here makes a deep bend. The church of St Peter is a fine building with Early English, Decorated and Perpendicular porticos, with a western tower and lofty spire. Oundle School, one of the English public schools, was founded under the will of Sir William Laxton, Lord Mayor of London (d. 1556). There are about 200 boys. The school is divided into classical and modern sides, and has exhibitions to Oxford and Cambridge universities. A second-grade school was instituted out of the foundation in 1878. Oundle has a considerable agricultural trade.
Wilfrid, archbishop of York, is said to have been buried in 711 at a monastery in Oundle (Undele) which appears to have been destroyed shortly afterwards, and was certainly not in existence at the time of the Conquest. The manor, with a market and tolls, was among the possessions confirmed in 972 by King Edgar to the abbot of Peterborough, to whom it still belonged in 1086. The market was then worth 20s. yearly and is shown by the quo warranto rolls to have been held on Saturday, the day being changed to Thursday in 1835. After the Dissolution the market was granted with the manor to John, earl of Bedford, and still belongs to the lord of the manor. The abbot of Peterborough about the 13th century confirmed to his men of Oundle freedom from tallage, “saving to himself pleas of portmanmoot and all customs pertaining to the market,” and they agreed to pay 8 marks, 12s. 11d., yearly for their privileges. The town was evidently governed by bailiffs in 1401, when the “bailiffs and good men” received a grant of pontage for the repair of the bridge called “Assheconbrigge,” but the town was never incorporated and never sent members to parliament.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sejanus, Lucius Aelius

See also Sejanus on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SEJANUS, LUCIUS AELIUS, favourite and minister of the Emperor Tiberius. He was the son of Seïus Strabo, prefect of the praetorians, and was adopted into the Aeolian gens. After his father's departure from Rome to take up the governorship of Egypt, Sejanus was made into prefect in his stead. He gained the confidence of Tiberius, and, supported by the praetorians, whom he concentrated in a camp on the Viminal Hill, became virtually ruler of Rome. But he aimed still higher, and determined to put all the members of the royal house out of his way. Having removed Drusus (the son of Tiberius) by poison, he persuaded the emperor to retire to the island of Capreae. The death of Drusus was followed some years later by those of Agrippina (the wife of Germanicus) and her sons Drusus and Nero. Tiberius at last saw through his designs, and caused Sejanus to be put to death (A.D. 31).
Tacitus, Annals, iv. 1, 2, 3, 8, 39-59, 74, v. 6-9; Suetonius, Tiberius, 62; Dio Cassius lvii. lviii.; Juvenal x. 65-86; J. Jügl. Vita Aelii Sejani (1882), with notes giving full references to authorities; J. C. Tarver, Tiberius the Tyrant (London, 1902), chap. xvii.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sekondi

See also Sekondi-Takoradi on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SEKONDI, a port on the Gold Coast in 4° 57′ N., 1° 42′ W., and 167 m. by rail S. by W. of Kumasi. Pop. (1908) about 5000, of whom some 200 were whites. Sekondi is one of the old trading stations on the Guinea coast, and Fort Orange was built here by the Dutch about 1640, the English later on building another fort near by. In 1694 the Dutch fort was plundered by the Ahanta, who in 1698 burnt the English fort. It was not rebuilt, and it was not until 1872 that the place became definitely British. The town was of comparatively little importance until it was chosen as the sea terminus of the railway serving the gold-mining districts and Ashanti. The railway reached the Tarkwa, goldfields in 1901 and the Obuassi mines in 1902. From that date Sekondi became the chief port of the Gold Coast colony, gold, rubber and timber being the principal exports. In 1908 the total trade of the port was £2,121,420. There is no sheltered harbour, but at the landing place are piers provided with cranes. Landing is effected in lighters, ships anchoring in the roadstead half a mile from the shore. The public buildings include Fort Orange, a church, court-house, government offices and hospital. The mean temperature is about 79° F.; the rainfall about 40 in. a year. The climate is unhealthy for Europeans, but by the reclamation of the neighbouring lagoons its sanitary condition has been improved. Sekondi is governed by a municipality, created in 1905. It is in telegraphic communication with Europe by submarine cable, and is served by British, German and Belgian lines of steamers.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Selby

See also Selby on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SELBY, a market town in the Barkston Ash parliamentary division of the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, 131/2 m. S. of York on the Great Northern and North-Eastern railways. Pop. of urban district (1901) 7786. It stands.in a level plain on the left bank of the river Ouse, by which communication is provided with the Humber. The church of St Mary and St German belonged to a Benedictine abbey founded under a grant from William the Conqueror in 1069 and raised to the dignity of a mitred abbey by Pope Alexander II. The monastic buildings have practically disappeared, but the church was a splendid building of various dates from Norman to Decorated, the choir ​and Lady chapel representing the later period. The nave passes from Norman to Early English in the course of its eight bays from east to west and also from the arcade through the triforium to the clerestory. About midnight of the 19th–20th of October 1906, a fire broke out in the Latham chapel adjoining the north choir aisle, in which a new organ had recently been erected, and soon involved the whole building. Specially serious damage was done in the immediate neighbourhood of the chapel, the oak-groined roof and rich fittings of the choir were wholly destroyed, but the nnely moulded arches and the magnificent tracery of the east window survived in great part. Much damage was done to the tower, and the nave roof perished, for the fire reached practically every part of the building, though the stonework of the nave suffered comparatively little. Schemes for the collection of funds and the complete restoration of the church were immediately set on foot, the architect being Mr Oldrid Scott.
Selby is the centre of a rich agricultural district, and its industries include rope and twine making, flax-scotching, boat-building, iron-founding, tanning and brewing. Tradition indicates Selby as the birth-place of Henry I., and thus accounts for the high privileges conferred upon the abbey. The town had a considerable part in the operations of the Civil Wars, being held at the outset by the Parliamentarians, and captured by the Royalists in 1644, but soon retaken by Sir Thomas Fairfax.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Selborne

See also Selborne on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SELBORNE, a village in the Petersfield parliamentary division of Hampshire, England, 4½ m. S.S.E. of Alton station on the London & South-Western railway. It is pleasantly situated in a thickly wooded valley, and is celebrated as the birthplace and scene of the work of Gilbert White the naturalist; his house is in the village, and his memorial and grave are in the ancient church. Fine views over the district of which he wrote are obtained from the hills (between 500 and 700 ft.) in the neighbourhood.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Seisin

See also Seisin on Wikipedia; seisin on Wiktionary; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SEISIN (from M. Eng. saysen, seysen, in the legal sense of to put in possession of, or to take possession of, hence, to grasp, to seize; the O. Fr. seisir, saisir, is from Low Lat. sacire, generally referred to the same source as Goth. satjan, O. Eng. settan, to put in place, set), the possession of such an estate in land as was anciently thought worthy to be held by a free man (Williams, On Seisin, p. 2). Seisin is of two kinds, in law and in deed. Seisin in law is where lands descend and the heir has not actually entered upon them; by entry he converts his seisin in law into seisin in deed. Seisin is now confined to possession of the freehold, though at one time it appears to have been used for simple possession without regard to the estate of the possessor. Its importance is considerably less than it was at one time, owing to the old form of conveyance by feoffment with livery of seisin having been superseded by a deed of grant (see Feoffment), and the old rule of descent from the person last seised having been abolished in favour of descent from the purchaser. At one time the right of the wife to dower and of the husband to an estate by curtesy depended upon the doctrine of seisin. The Dower Act (1833–1834), however, rendered the fact of the seisin of the husband of no importance, and the Married Women's Property Act 1882 practically abolished the old law of curtesy.
Primer seisin was a feudal burden at one time incident to the king's tenants in capite, whether by knight service or in socage. It was the right of the crown to receive of the heir, after the death of a tenant in capite, one year's profits of lands in possession and half a year's profits of lands in reversion. The right was abandoned by the act abolishing feudal tenures (12 Car. II. c. 24, 1660).
In Scots law the corresponding term is “sasine.” Like seisin in England, sasine has become of little legal importance owing to modern legislation. By an act of 1845 actual sasine on the lands was made unnecessary. By an act of 1858 the instrument of sasine was superseded by the recording of the conveyance with a warrant of registration thereon.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tellicherry

See also Tellicherry on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TELLICHERRY, a seaport of British India, in the Malabar district of Madras, between Cannanore and the French settlement of Mahe. Pop. (1901) 27,883. It is a healthy and picturesque town, built upon a group of Wooded hills running down to the sea, and is protected by a natural breakwater of rock. The town with its suburbs occupies about 5 sq. m., and was at one time defended by a strong mud wall. The old fort ​still stands to the north of the town. The East India Company established a factory here in 1683 for the pepper and cardamom trade. For two years (1780–82) the town withstood a siege by Hyder's general, and in the subsequent wars with Mysore Tellicherry was the base of operations for the ascent of the Ghats from the west coast. The town is a busy centre of export trade in coffee, coco-nut produce, spices and sandal-wood. The Basel Protestant mission has a station here. The municipality manages the Brennen college founded in 1862.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Telugu

See also Telugu on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TELUGU, one of the live great Dravidian languages. The word is probably derived from Trilinga (=the three lingas of Siva), a name for the old Hindu kingdom of Andhra. It was at one time called by Europeans "Gentoo," from a Portuguese word meaning Gentile. The Telugu-speaking peoples are partly subjects of the nizam of Hyderabad and partly under British rule, beginning north of Madras city and extending N.W. to Bellary, where Telugu meets Kanarese, and N.E. to near Orissa. They are taller and fairer than the Tamils, otherwise they are of typical Dravidian features. They are an enterprising people, good farmers and skilful seamen. They formed the greater part of the early Madras or "coast" army, whence sepoys even in Bengal were formerly called telingas. In 1901 the number of speakers of Telugu in all India was nearly twenty one millions.