OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lindsay, William Lauder

​LINDSAY, WILLIAM LAUDER (1829–1880), botanist, eldest son of James Lindsay of H.M. Sasine Office, Register House, Edinburgh, by his wife Helen, daughter of Captain Lauder, was born at Edinburgh on 19 Dec. 1829. He was educated at the royal high school, where he was medallist, or dux, of his class in 1844, and again in 1845. He afterwards entered the university of Edinburgh. Although he worked as a clerk in the Register House during the whole of his medical course, he obtained several university prizes, including the medal and first prizes in botany, and other distinctions, found means of collecting a valuable herbarium, and on graduating M.D. in 1852 obtained the highest honours (three stars) for his thesis on the ‘Anatomy, Morphology, and Physiology of the Lichens.’ In 1854, after serving for a year as resident physician of the City Cholera Hospital, Edinburgh, and subsequently as assistant physician in the Crichton Royal Institution, Dumfries, he was appointed medical officer to Murray's Royal Institution for the Insane at Perth. There he combined geological with botanical researches, but made lichens his special study, and published in 1856 his valuable text-book on ‘The History of British Lichens,’ with numerous plates, constituting a first attempt to popularise the subject. For his work in this department of botany he received in 1859 the first Neill gold medal from the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In 1861–2 he visited New Zealand, and received from the New Zealand Exhibition of 1865 a silver medal in recognition of his botanical researches, the fruit of which appeared in 1868 in his ‘Contributions to New Zealand Botany.’ Similar visits to North Germany, Norway, and Iceland were followed in like manner by studies of the flora of those countries. In 1870 Lindsay published his important ‘Memoirs on the Spermogenes and Pycnides of Lichens,’ to which is appended a list of thirty-three contributions to lichenology by the author, which had appeared for the most part either in the ‘Journal of Microscopical Science’ or in the ‘Transactions’ of the Linnean and Royal (Edinburgh) Societies. All the drawings illustrating his works were made by himself. Besides these botanical papers Lindsay published a host of pamphlets on mental disease and other medical subjects, and also on education. His last work, on ‘Mind in the Lower Animals in Health and Disease,’ 1879, which aimed at showing the similarity of mental processes in man and the lower animals, was his best. Lindsay was a great and omnivorous reader, and a most energetic worker. He died at his residence, 3 Hartington Gardens, Edinburgh, on 24 Nov. 1880. Lindsay married, on 26 April 1859, Elizabeth, only daughter of William Paterson Reid, solicitor, of Demerara. One daughter, Marion Jane Robertson, married Dr. Francis Haultain of Edinburgh.
[Information kindly supplied by Dr. Murray Lindsay, medical superintendent of the Derby County Asylum; Lancet, 1880, ii. 916; Nature, xxiii. 131; Steven's Hist. of the High School, Edinburgh; Proceedings Linnean Soc. 1880–2; Lindsay's Works in Brit. Mus. Library.]
T. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Collingwood, George

​COLLINGWOOD, GEORGE (d. 1716), Jacobite, was descended from the ancient family of Collingwood which was seated at Eslington, Northumberland, in the early part of the reign of Henry VIII. Having taken part in the rebellion of 1715, he was taken prisoner at Preston. He was ordered for London, but, having been seized with the gout at Wigan, was carried thence to Liverpool, where, after trial, he was found guilty and executed there on 25 Feb. 1715–16.
[Patten's History of the Rebellion in 1715; Noble's continuation of Granger's Biog. History of England, iii. 464; Burke's History of the Commons, i. 472.]
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Collingwood, Roger

​COLLINGWOOD, ROGER (fl. 1513), mathematician, was elected a fellow of Queens' College, Cambridge, in 1497, being then B.A., and proceeded M.A. two years later. He had the college title for orders on 7 Aug. 1497, was dean of his college in 1504, and obtained a license on 16 Sept. 1507 to travel on the continent during four years for the purpose of studying canon law. On the expiration of that term it was stipulated that he was to resign his fellowship, and his name, accordingly, disappears from the college books after 1509–10. He acted, however, as proctor of the university in 1513. Under the name of 'Carbo-in-ligno' Collingwood wrote an unfinished treatise entitled 'Arithmetica Experimentalis,' which he dedicated, in the character of a former pupil, to Richard Fox, bishop of Winchester. The manuscript is preserved in the library of Corpus Christi College, Oxford.
[Cooper's Athenæ Cantab, i. 24, 526; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. (title Carbo); Coxe's Cat. of Oxford MSS. Corpus Christi Coll. Collection, p. 36.]
A. M. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Collings, Samuel

​COLLINGS, SAMUEL (fl. 1780–1790?), painter and caricaturist, first appears as an exhibitor at the Royal Academy in 1784, sending 'The Children in the Wood, a Sketch;' in 1785 he exhibited 'The Chamber of Genius,' which was engraved; in 1786 'The Triumph of Sensibility.' He exhibited for the last time in 1789, sending 'The Frost on the Thames, sketched on the spot.' Collings is best known, however, as a caricaturist; he was a friend of Thomas Rowlandson, and contributed designs, which were etched by Rowlandson for some of his satirical publications, notably the satires on Johnson and Boswell's tour to the Hebrides, and on Goethe's 'Sorrows of Werter.' The original drawings for the former are in the South Kensington Museum, and have been erroneously attributed to Bunbury. To the ' Wit's Magazine ' for 1784 Collings contributed some designs of a humorous character, which were engraved by William Blake and others. To the same magazine he contributed verses, and seems to have been as productive with his pen as with his pencil. He painted a portrait of Lord Thurlow, which was engraved by J. Condé; a picture by him, entitled ' The Disinherited Heir,' was published in aquatint by F. Jukes. It is not known when he died.
[Redgrave's Dict. of English Artists; Graves's Dict. of Artists, 1760-1880; Wit's Magazine, 1784; Grego's Rowlandson the Caricaturist; Royal Academy Catalogues; Anderdon Collection, in Print Room, British Museum.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Collignon, Catherine

​COLLIGNON, CATHERINE (1755–1832), translator, was the daughter of Dr. Charles Collignon [q. v.] She translated from the French of the Abbé Ladvocat 'An Historical and Biographical Dictionary,' 4 vols, 8vo, Cambridge. 1792. 2nd edition. 1799-1801. Miss Collignon died at Bromley, Kent, on 4 Feb. 1832. By her will she left 1,000l. stock to Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge.
[Gent, Mag. cii. pt. i. p. 187; Lowndes's Bibl. Man. (Bohn), p. 1297.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Collignon, Charles

​COLLIGNON, CHARLES, M.D. (1725–1785), anatomist, was of French extraction, and educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.B. in 1749 and M.D. in 1754. He practised in Cambridge as a physician, and was in 1769 elected professor of anatomy, which office he held till his death on 1 Oct. 1785.
Collignon married a lady of Dutch parentage at Colchester, by whom he had an only daughter, Catherine [q. v.] Cole, who knew him well, says of him: 'He is an ingenious, honest man, and if they had picked the three kingdoms for a proper person to represent an anatomical professor, they could not have pitched upon a more proper one, for he is a perfect skeleton himself, absolutely a walking shadow, nothing but skin and bones; indeed. I never saw so meagre a figure, such as one can conceive a figure to be after the flesh and substance is all dried away and wasted, and nothing left to cover the bones but a shrivelled dry leather; such is the figure of our present professor of anatomy, 19 June 1770' (Cole, MS. Collection, British Museum, xxxiii. 264). He was a fellow of the Royal Society.
Collignon's works, which are mostly in the nature of moral reflections based on a little anatomy and medicine, include: 1. 'Compendium Anatomico-Medicum,' 1756. 2. 'Tyroncinium Anatomicum,' 1763. 3. 'Enquiry into the Structure of the Human Body relative to its supposed Influence on the Morals of Mankind,' 1764; third edition, 1771. 4. 'Medicina Politica; or Reflections on the Art of Physic as inseparably connected with the Prosperity of a State,' 1765. 5. 'Moral and Medical Dialogues,' 1769. These were collected with some' other minor writings at a quarto volume of 'Miscellaneous Works,' published by subscription in 1786.
[European Mag. viii. 320; Cole, loc. cit.; Collignon's Works.]
G. T. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Collingridge, Peter Bernardine

​COLLINGRIDGE, PETER BERNARDINE, D.D. (1757–1829), catholic prelate, was born in Oxfordshire on 10 March 1757, and assumed the Franciscan habit in the convent of St. Bonaventure at Douay in 1770. He taught philosophy to his brethren from 1779 till 1785, when he was made lector of divinity. He was elected guardian of the convent in 1788, and on the expiration of the term of his triennial government he was appointed president of the Franciscan academy at Baddesley, near Birmingham. Subsequently he was stationed at the Portuguese chapel, London, and at St. George's-in-the-Fields. In 1806 he was elected provincial of his brethren. The following year Bishop Sharrock, vicar-apostolic of the western district, secured him as his coadjutor, and he was consecrated at St. Edmund's College, Ware, on 11 Oct. 1807, as bishop of Thespiæ. He died in the monastery at Cannington, Somersetshire, on 3 March 1829.
[Oliver's Catholic Religion in Cornwall, 267; Brady's Episcopal Succession, iii. 305; Gillow's Bibl. Dict. i. 541; Catholic Miscellany, April 1829, p. 240.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Laurence O'Toole, Saint

​LAURENCE O'TOOLE, Saint (d. 1180), archbishop of Dublin. [See O'Toole.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Laughton, George

​LAUGHTON, GEORGE (1736–1800), divine, born in 1736, was son of John Laughton of Bridgewater, Somerset. On 3 April 1754 he matriculated at Oxford from Wadham College, graduating B.A. in 1757, and ​M.A., B.D., and D.D. in 1771 (Foster, Alumni Oxon. 1715–1886, iii. 821). He served a curacy at Richmond, Surrey, from 1763 to December 1775, and was instituted to the vicarage of Welton, Northamptonshire, on 2 Nov. 1785 (Baker, Northamptonshire, i. 463), and to that of Chippenham, Cambridgeshire, in 1794 (Gent. Mag. vol. lxiv. pt. ii. p. 1211). Laughton, who was also J.P. for Cambridgeshire, died at Chippenham in June 1800 (ib. vol. lxx. pt. i. p. 593). Besides three sermons he published: 1. 'The History of Ancient Egypt, ... from the first settlement under Mizraim, B.C. 2188, to the final subversion of the Empire by Cambyses,' 8vo, London, 1774. 2. 'The Progress and Establishment of Christianity, in reply to ... Mr. Gibbon,' 4to, London, 1780; another edition, 1786. 3. 'Sermons on the Great Doctrines and Duties of Christianity,' 8vo, London, 1790.
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Laurence, Edward

​LAURENCE, or LAWRENCE, EDWARD (d. 1740?), land surveyor, was a brother of John Laurence (d. 1732) [q. v.] About 1707 he established himself as a land surveyor, estate agent, and valuer, residing chiefly at St. Martin, otherwise Stamford Baron, Northamptonshire. He became an expert on all agricultural subjects, and was famous for his books of maps, with particulars drawn from his surveys, showing the different kinds of land in the possession of each tenant. He was a member of the Spalding ​and Stamford societies (Nichols, Lit. Anecd. vi. 5, 93), and joined with William Stukeley and George Lynn in the formation of the Brazen-nose Society at Stamford, to which he communicated accurate meteorological observations (Stukeley, Family Memoirs, Surtees Soc., ii. 427). He died in 1740 or 1742.
To the 'Clergyman and Gentleman's Recreation,' by his brother John, 4th edit. 1716, Laurence appended 'A new and familiar way to find a most exact Meridian Line by the Pole-star, whereby Gentlemen may know the true Bearings of their Houses and Garden Walls, and regulate their Clocks and Watches, &c.' (Nichols, iv. 576). He also published:
* 'The Young Surveyor's Guide,' 12mo, London, 1716; 2nd edit. 1717.
* 'The Duty of a Steward to his Lord … To which is added an Appendix showing the way to Plenty proposed to the Farmers; wherein are laid down general Rules and Directions for the Management and Improvement of a Farm,' &c., 4to, London, 1727.
Both treatises were written originally for the use of the stewards and tenants of the young Duke of Buckingham. Exception was taken to some passages in the book by John Cowper, a Surrey farmer, in 'An Essay proving that inclosing Commons … is contrary to the interest of the Nation,' 8vo, 1732. 3. 'A Dissertation on Estates upon Lives and Years, whether in Lay or Church Hands. With an exact calculation of their real worth by proper Tables,' &c., 8vo, London, 1730.
[Laurence's Works; Donaldson's Agricultural Biog.]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Laurence, John

​LAURENCE, JOHN (d. 1732), writer on gardening, a native of Stamford Barnard, Northamptonshire, entered at Clare Hall, Cambridge, 20 May 1685, and graduated B.A. in 1668. He became fellow of Clare Hall, prebendary of Sarum, and chaplain to the Bishop of Salisbury. He was rector of Yelvertoft, Northamptonshire, and afterwards became rector of Bishop's Wearmouth, where he died 18 May 1732. A copperplate of Laurence, by Vertue, is prefixed to his 'Clergyman's Recreation.' He left one son, John, rector of St. Mary, Aldermanbury, and three daughters. His brother Edward is separately noticed.
Laurence's chief works apart from sermons were: 1. 'The Clergyman's Recreation, shewing the Pleasure and Profit of the Art of Gardening,' 1714; 4th edit. 1716. 2. 'New System of Agriculture, being a Complete Body of Husbandry and Gardening,' 1726; the ordering of fish ponds, brick-making, and other employments of rural economy are treated at length. 3. 'On Enclosing Commons,' 1732. 'Paradice Regain'd, or the Art of Gardening, a Poem,' 1728, a poor piece of versifying, is doubtfully attributed to Laurence.
M. G. W.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Maule, William Ramsay

​MAULE, WILLIAM RAMSAY, Lord Panmure of Brechin and Navar, Forfarshire, (1771–1852), second son of George Ramsay, eighth earl of Dalhousie, by his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Andrew Glen, and niece and heiress of James Glen of Longcroft, Stirlingshire, was born on 27 Oct. 1771. His father's maternal uncle, General William Maule of Kelly, created Earl of Panmure in the Irish peerage in 1743 [cf. Maule, Patrick, and Maule, James], died unmarried in 1782, and left his property to his nephew, the eighth Earl of Dalhousie, with remainder to Dalhousie's second son, William. Dalhousie died in 1787, when William succeeded to the estates of Panmure and adopted the name of Maule. In 1789 he purchased a cornetcy in the 11th dragoons, and afterwards raised an independent company of foot, which was disbanded in 1791. On 25 April 1796 he was elected M.P. for the county of Forfar, but at another election later in the year was defeated by Sir David Carnegie, on whose death he was again elected, in June 1805, and continued to hold his seat during eight following parliaments, and until he was called to the House of Lords. He was throughout a steady adherent of Fox, whose personal friend he was, and a supporter of the whig party. On 9 Sept. 1831 he was raised to the peerage of Great Britain, with the title of Baron Panmure. As a young ​man he was devoted to the turf, and many of his practical jokes at race meetings were long recounted in Scotland. He had been one of the most dissipated and extravagant, even of the Scottish gentry of his younger days, and survived them, thanks to a constitution of extraordinary strength and a fortune of vast resources. He preserved late into this century the habits and passions—scandalous and unconcealed—which had, except in his case, passed away with the last. He was devoted to his friends so long as they remained complaisant, and violent and implacable to all who thwarted him. His uncontrollable temper alienated him from nearly all his family in his latter years, yet he performed many unostentatious acts of charity. In politics he was a liberal, and his views were invariably humane; in private life he was an immovable despot. He died at Brechin Castle, Forfarshire, 13 April 1852. He married, on 1 Dec. 1794, Patricia Heron (d. 11 May 1821), daughter of Gilbert Gordon of Halleaths, by whom he had three sons and seven daughters. The eldest son and heir, Fox Maule, became eleventh earl of Dalhousie [see Maule, Fox]. Panmure's second wife, whom he married in 1822, was Miss Elizabeth Barton, by whom he had no issue.
[Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; Gent. Mag. 1852, i. 515; Daily News, 16 April 1852; Annual Register, 1852; Sir C. E. Adam's Political State of Scotland in the Eighteenth Cent. p. 147; Times, 16 April 1852.]
J. A. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Maunsfield, Henry de

Henry Mamesfield in the ODNB.
​MAUNSFIELD, MAUNNESFELD, MAMMESFELD, or MAYMYSFELD, HENRY de (d. 1328), chancellor of the university of Oxford, was educated at Oxford, and became fellow of Merton College. In 1283, according to Wood, he filled with glass at his own expense all the side windows of the chancel of the old collegiate church of St. John the Baptist in Merton College, putting his monogram on several of them. He was chancellor of the university in 1309, and again in 1311, appointing William Gifford his locum tenens (Wood, Fasti, pp. 18, 327). In the latter year he was professor of theology and rector of Flintham, Nottinghamshire (Tanner, p. 519), and he attended a provincial council about the Templars, held in York Minster (Brodrick, Memorials of Merton, p. 180).
On 17 Dec. 1314 he was elected dean of Lincoln (Willis, Cathedrals, iii. 76; Le Neve, ii. 32); he was collated to the prebend of Asgarby, Lincoln, in 1316, and was elected bishop of Lincoln in 1319; the latter office he declined (Brodrick, p. 181). In 1324 he was canon of Carlisle, and in 1328 he died, his will being proved on 6 Dec.
Pits, p. 863, Tanner, p. 519, Fabricius, ii. 223, and Brodrick all attribute to Maunsfield a commentary on Boethius, preserved in New College library (No. cclxiv. i) (Coxe, Cat. Codicum). The work was, however, by William of Wheatley [q. v.] (see Fabricius, ii. 171; Tanner, p. 760), and was merely dedicated by Wheatley to Maunsfield.
[Authorities quoted.]
A. F. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Maunder, Samuel

​MAUNDER, SAMUEL (1785–1849), compiler, born in 1785, belonged to a Devonshire family settled near Barnstaple. His sister married William Pinnock [q. v.], the well-known projector of the educational ‘Catechisms,’ which were published in eighty-three parts between 1837 and 1849. Maunder took part in their preparation, although Pinnock's name alone appears on their title-page. The two were also partners in a publishing business in London, and published for two or three years the ‘Literary Gazette.’ Under his own name Maunder compiled and issued numerous dictionaries, chiefly for educational purposes. They were very useful in their day and had a large sale. Maunder died at his house in Gibson Square, Islington, on 30 April 1849. His portrait was painted by an American artist named Waugh in the preceding year. William Jerdan [q. v.], who knew Maunder, says he was an honourable and worthy man in every relation of life. ​The following is a list of his works: 1. ‘The Little Lexicon, or Multum in Parvo of the English Language,’ 1st edit. 1825, 16mo; 5th edit. revised and enlarged, 1845. 2. ‘Treasury of Knowledge and Library of Reference,’ 1st edit. 1830, 12mo, 2 pts.; 18th edit. enlarged, 1848; new edit. 1859, revised by B. B. Woodward, assisted by J. Morris and W. Hughes. 3. ‘Biographical Treasury,’ 1st edit. 1838; 5th edit. with supplement 1845; seven posthumous editions, besides two of the works reconstructed and brought down to date of publication (1873 and 1882), by W. L. R. Cates. 4. ‘The Scientific and Literary Treasury, a new and Popular Encyclopædia of the Belles Lettres,’ 1st edit. 1841, 12mo; 5th edit. 1848; besides two editions revised and rewritten by J. Yate-Johnson, 1866 and 1880. 5. ‘The Treasury of History, comprising a general introductory Outline of universal History and separate Histories of every principal Nation,’ 1844; ‘new edit. revised and brought down to present date by G. W. Cox,’ 1864. 6. ‘The Universal Class-Book, a new Series of Reading Lessons for Every Day in the Year,’ 1st edit. 1844, 8vo; 3rd edit. 1847. 7. ‘The Little Gazetteer, or Geographical Dictionary in Miniature. To which is added a population table, and a list of the Cities, Boroughs, &c., of England and Wales, &c.,’ London, 1845? 8. ‘The Treasury of Natural History, or a Popular Dictionary of Animated Nature. To which are added a Syllabus of Practical Taxidermy and a Glossarial Appendix,’ 1st edit. 1848; 6th edit. revised and supplemented by T. S. Cobbold, 1862; new edit., revised and corrected by E. W. H. Houldsworth, 1874. 9. ‘The Treasury of Geography,’ designed and commenced by S. M., continued and completed by W. Hughes, 1856 and 1860, London and Bungay.
Maunder also prepared a school edition of R. Montgomery's ‘Omnipresence of the Deity,’ a revised edition of Shakespeare's plays, 1851, and of ‘Geography and History,’ by E. R., 1859, 22nd edit.
[Literary Gazette, 2 Dec. 1848, 5 May 1849 (copied by Gent. Mag. vol. xxxi., and elsewhere); Leisure Hour, xii. 261–3; information kindly supplied by G. W. Maunder, esq.; Brit. Mus. Cat.]
G. Le G. N.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Maund, Benjamin

​MAUND, BENJAMIN (1790–1863), botanical writer, was born in 1790, and for many years carried on the combined business of a chemist, bookseller, printer, and publisher at Bromsgrove, Worcestershire. He became a fellow of the Linnean Society in 1827, and served for several years on botanical committees of the Worcestershire Natural History Society. About 1852 Maund retired from business, and resided first at Folkestone and afterwards at Sandown, Isle of Wight, where he died, 21 April 1863. A great lover of flowers and gardening, he sought to spread a taste for these subjects by starting a monthly publication, ‘The Botanic Garden’ (4to, London), in 1825. The work consisted of coloured plates, with descriptive letterpress, and with it were issued, in parts also, ‘The Auctarium of the Botanic Garden,’ ‘The Floral Register,’ ‘The Fruitist,’ and ‘A Dictionary of English and Latin Terms used in Botanical Descriptions,’ by J. S. Henslow. The whole work ran to thirteen volumes, and was finished in 1850. It was in part reissued as ‘The Botanic Garden and Fruitist,’ 3 vols. 4to, London, 1851–4, and another edition in 12 vols., edited by J. C. Niven, appeared in 1878. A similar but more extended work, ‘The Botanist … conducted by B. Maund,’ 4to, London, was initiated in 1837, and ended in 1846. In conjunction with W. Holl, Maund edited the first volume of the ‘Naturalist,’ 8vo, London, 1837. The original drawings for ‘The Botanic Garden’ are preserved in the botanical department of the British Museum (natural history).
[Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 1863–4, p. xxx; Journ. of Bot. xxvii. 371; Papers and Proc. Worcestershire Natural Hist. Soc. circa 1834; Brit. Mus. Cat.]
B. B. W.