OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Asteroids

See also Asteroid on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
As′teroids, a series of small planets, sometimes called minor planets, which revolve about the sun in periods varying from three to eight years. More than 500 of these bodies have been discovered, all having orbits lying in the space between Mars and Jupiter. Practically all of these planets are so small they can be seen only with a telescope; though Vesta, which is the largest, can at times be seen with the naked eye. Their diameters probably range between 10 miles and 400 miles.
In recent years many asteroids have been discovered by photography. If any portion of the sky is photographed witn a camera attached to a telescope, the fixed stars will appear as points; but if there be an asteroid in the field of the camera, its image will be a short straight line, for it is moving among the fixed stars.
Of all known asteroids the most interesting are probably Ceres and Eros. Ceres was the first one discovered, having been detected by Piazzi, January 1, 1801. Eros, discovered by Witt of Berlin, August 14, 1898, proves to be our nearest neighbor and promises to offer, by observations of its parallax, the very best of all methods for determining the distance from the earth to the sun. Since this distance is the standard of length for nearly all astronomical measurements, Witt’s discovery of this planet must be ranked among the most important astronomical discoveries of recent years. The name asteroid is due to Sir William Herschel.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Astor Library, The

See also Astor Library on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Astor Library, The, New York, now embraced in the New York Public Library, was founded under the will of John Jacob Astor, who left $450,000 for a public library in the city of New York. This munificent sum was increased subsequently to a million by gifts from his son and grandsons, one of whom, Wm. Waldorf Astor in 1882–85 was United States minister to Italy. Among the first trustees appointed by Mr. Astor himself were Washington Irving and Fitz-Greene Halleck. The library was opened in 1854 with 90,000 volumes. In 1895 it had about 300,000 volumes. In some departments, as oriental languages, it is unsurpassed by any library in the country. The Astor library was in 1895 consolidated with the Lenox library, and, with the Tilden bequest, is now housed in the New York Public Library, situated in Bryant Park, 5th avenue and 42nd street. See New York Public Library.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Aster

See also Aster (flower) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
As'ter, a flowering plant of the thistle family, found largely in North America, some species to be found in most regions of the globe. The word means star. In England they are called Michaelmas and Christmas daisies, because they have heads like daisies and when the weather is mild they bloom as late as those periods of the year. One variety grows at a considerable height on the mountains of Europe. The wild asters of the United States are many and beautiful, there being over a hundred native species. Several months of the year they clothe the land in royal bloom, a large part of the glory of the American autumn. The aster has been suggested as the national flower, its range is so general and it blooms so profusely.
          "And everywhere the purple asters nod
          And bend and wave and flit."
The purple or blue asters are very numerous, ranging from the low-growing seaside aster to the tall New England aster, sometimes reaching eight feet in height. The golden aster seeks the dry roadside, white asters grow in open wood and field and by shady roadside, an abundance of tiny flowers crowning high, wide-spreading branches. A variety of the Chinese aster, having beautifully colored florets of rose, violet, and white, is called Reine Marguerite.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Astor, John Jacob

See also John Jacob Astor on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Astor, John Jacob, millionaire, the founder of the American Fur Company, was born in Germany, near Heidelberg, in 1763. A peasant's son, he went to London in his sixteenth year, and worked with his brother, a maker of musical instruments. In 1783 he sailed to America, and invested his small capital in furs, and after six years, by economy and industry, he had acquired a fortune of $250,000. He now sent out two expeditions to the Oregon territory, one by land and one by sea, to open a regular trade with the natives, and in 1811 established the fur-trading station of Astoria. From this time Astor's ships were found in every sea. He died in New York in 1848, leaving property estimated at $20,000,000, and a bequest of $450,000 in all to found the Astor library in New York. His great grandson, John Jacob Astor, perished in the Titanic disaster (q. v.).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Astrology

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Astrol′ogy, the so-called science of predicting events by means of the positions of the heavenly bodies. It is one of the oldest of the sciences, being found among the Egyptians, Chaldeans, Hindus and other eastern nations at the very beginning of history. It made its way to the western nations of Europe, and reached its height of popularity in the 14th and 15th centuries, when chairs of astrology were established in some of the European universities. Bacon, Napier, Kepler and other scientists of their period believed to some extent in astrology, and Wallenstein, the great general of the Thirty Years’ War, believed in it implicitly. With the acceptance of the Copernican system and the growth of science, the belief in astrology has almost died out.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Astoria

See also Astoria, Oregon on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Astoria (as-to′ ri-a), originally a fur-trading station in Oregon, on the left bank of the Columbia River, founded by the Pacific Fur Company in 1811 and named from its chief proprietor, John Jacob Astor. It was a main issue in the American claim to Oregon. It is now very extensively engaged in the canning of salmon, there being about fifty large salmon-tinning establishments in the neighborhood, in which thousands of men are employed in the fishing and packing season. Washington Irving has told the story of the beginnings of Astoria, in his book of that name. Population 9,599.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Northcote, Stafford Henry

See also Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​NORTHCOTE, Sir Stafford Henry, first Earl of Iddesleigh (1818-1887). An English statesman and financier, born in London. He was educated at Eton and Oxford, graduating at Balliol College in 1839 with high honors. His first position in political life was that of private secretary to Gladstone, when the latter was president of the Board of Trade. In 1847 he was called to the bar and was made legal secretary to the Board of Trade. In 1851 be succeeded to the family title and estates as eighth baronet of his line. He was member of Parliament for Dudley and Stamford 1855-66, and was then returned for North Devon, which place he continued to represent in the interest of the Conservative Party. He was president of the Board of Trade in 1866-67, and in 1867 was made Secretary of State for India. From 1869 to 1874 he was chairman of the Hudson's Bay Company, and promoted the transfer of Prince Rupert's Land to the Canadian Government. He visited Canada and the United States in 1870 to study conditions, and was a member of the joint high commission which signed the Treaty of Washington on May 8, 1871. On the formation of Disraeli's Cabinet in 1874, Sir Stafford Northcote was made Chancellor of the Exchequer, and when his leader was elevated to the peerage under the title of Lord Beaconsfield, Northcote became leader of the Commons. In the first Salisbury Administration (1885-86) he was First Lord of the Treasury. He was created Earl of Iddesleigh and Viscount Saint Cyres in 1885. When Salisbury became Premier for the second time (1886) the Earl of Iddesleigh was made Foreign Secretary. He died suddenly on January 12, 1887, in the presence of Lord Salisbury, the Premier, in the official residence, London. Northcote published a number of political and financial pamphlets, such as Twenty Years of Financial Policy (London, 1862). His character was distinguished by unselfishness, pure-mindedness, and sincere patriotism. Consult his collected Lectures and Essays (London, 1887); Lang, Life, Letters, and Diaries of Stafford Northcote, First Earl of Iddesleigh (London, 1890).
# The New International Encyclopædia/North Conway

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​ NORTH CONWAY. A village of New Hampshire. See Conway.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Northcote, James

See also James Northcote on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NORTHCOTE, nôrth′kŏt, James (1746-1831). An English historical and portrait painter and author, born at Plymouth. The son of a poor watchmaker, who insisted upon apprenticing James to his trade, he was hampered in his early artistic aspirations, but in 1771 managed to make his way to London, where Sir Joshua Reynolds admitted him into his studio as an assistant, and soon after invited him to live in his house. Northcote studied also at the Royal Academy, exhibited there some good portraits, and, after remaining with Reynolds five years, returned home and thence went to Italy in 1777. For two years in Rome he studied the great masters, especially Titian, then visited Florence, where he was requested to paint his own portrait for the Uffizi Gallery, and was elected a member of the Academy. Back in London in 1780, he became a regular exhibitor, first of portraits, and from 1783 on of subject pictures. The success of one of these led to his being employed by Boydell, the publisher, to paint nine pictures for the famous Shakespeare Gallery, the most celebrated of which are “The Murder of the Princes in the Tower,” “The Burial of the Princes,” “Prince Arthur and Hubert,” and “Entry of Bolingbroke and Richard II. into London.” Their popularity brought him the commission for a large painting of the “Death of Wat Tyler in 1381” (1786), now in the Guildhall, London. Of his other numerous historical subjects, the only one in a public collection is the “Presentation of British Officers to Pope Pius VI.,” in the South Kensington Museum. He also obtained considerable success with pictures of animals, but his fame is due chiefly to his portraits. The National Gallery contains those of Dr. Jenner, of Viscount Exmouth, and one of himself (1827). His literary ability is proved by his Memoirs of Sir Joshua ​Reynolds (1813), to which a supplement was added in 1815, and by One Hundred Fables (1828), illustrated with numerous wood cuts after his own designs. In 1830 he published a Life of Titian, and after his death appeared a second series of fables under the title The Artists' Book of Fables. Consult: Cunningham, Lives of the Most Eminent British Painters, edited by Heaton (London, 1879).
# The New International Encyclopædia/North Carolina, University of

See also University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NORTH CAROLINA, University of. A State institution at Chapel Hill, N. C., chartered in 1789, and opened in 1795. It comprises a college and schools of law, medicine, and pharmacy, together with a summer school for teachers. It confers the bachelor's degree in arts, science, philosophy, and law, the degree of graduate in pharmacy, the master's degree in arts and science, and the doctor's degree in philosophy and medicine. Free instruction is offered to graduates of colleges and universities, to candidates for the ministry, to teachers and young men who are preparing to teach, and to those who are laboring under bodily infirmities. A loan fund, established by Rev. C. F. Deems of New York, and enlarged by Mr. W. H. Vanderbilt, furnishes temporary assistance to indigent students. Women are admitted to the higher courses. In 1903 the university had an attendance of 698, a faculty of 66, and a library of 41,000 volumes. The campus covers 48 acres, and with the buildings, fifteen in number, is valued at $500,000.
# The New International Encyclopædia/North Dakota, University of

See also University of North Dakota on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​NORTH DAKOTA, University of. A co-educational State institution at Grand Forks, N. D., established in 1883. By the enabling act of Congress under which the State was admitted, the university received a grant of 86,080 acres of land, and the School of Mines, a grant of 40,000 acres. The university comprises a college of arts, a normal college, and departments of law, mining engineering, mechanical and electrical engineering, military science, and pharmacy, together with a preparatory department. In 1902 it had 500 students, 35 instructors, and a library containing 10,000 volumes. The college property was valued at $2,500,000, including a campus of 80 acres, valued with the college buildings at $350,000, and the income was $80,000. University extension work is carried on by means of lectures given in different parts of the State.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Northbrook, Earl

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​ NORTH′BROOK, Earl. See Baring, Thomas George.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Northbridge

See also Northbridge, Massachusetts on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NORTH′BRIDGE. A town, including several villages, in Worcester County, Mass., 13 miles southeast of Worcester; on the Blackstone and Mumford rivers, and on the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad (Map: Massachusetts, D 3). The town has a public library, and its industrial interests are represented by extensive manufactures of cotton mill machinery, cotton and woolen goods, etc. Settled in 1662, Northbridge was set off from Mendon and incorporated as a separate town in 1772. The government is administered by town meetings. The water-works are owned and operated by the Whitin Machine Works, one of the town's great manufacturing plants. Population, in 1890, 4603; in 1900, 7036.
# The New International Encyclopædia/North Downs

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​NORTH DOWNS. A ridge of hills in England. See under Downs.
# The New International Encyclopædia/New York Academy of Sciences, The

Edition of 1905. See also New York Academy of Sciences on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, The. An association incorporated in 1818 as The Lyceum of Natural History in the City of New York, which was exchanged in 1876 for the present name. In 1902 the Academy was empowered by legislative enactment to obtain funds and erect a building for scientific uses, and to exercise such other powers as appertain to the scope of such institutions. Membership in the Academy consists of four classes: active members, fellows, corresponding members, and honorary members. Fellows are chosen from the active members in virtue of their scientific attainments. The number of corresponding members is limited to two hundred, and honorary members to fifty. The following sections of the Academy are in active operation: astronomy, physics, and chemistry; biology; geology and mineralogy; anthropology and psychology. The Academy publishes Annals and Memoirs.
# The New International Encyclopædia/New York Bat

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ NEW YORK BAT. See Red Bat.
# The New International Encyclopædia/New York Historical Society

Edition of 1905. See also New-York Historical Society on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY. A society formed for the collection and preservation of materials relating to the national, civic, or ecclesiastical history of the United States in general, and the State of New York in particular. The idea of such a society was first agitated in Massachusetts in 1789 by John Pintard, but it was not until November 20, 1804, that the New York Historical Society was organized by a number of leading citizens, among them De Witt Clinton, Anthony Bleecker, and Peter G. Stuyvesant. The history of the society since that time has been one of earnest effort in the formation of a library and museum, a gallery of paintings, a department of antiquities, and other features in which it has been eminently successful. The library has a choice and valuable collection of books, lithographs, maps, manuscripts, engravings, etc., besides a collection of works on heraldry. The picture gallery contains 889 paintings, of which about 200 are portraits, and 600 pieces of sculpture, mostly portrait busts and medallions. The collection includes the New York Gallery of Fine Arts, the works of the American Art Union, the Bryan Gallery of Old Masters, the Durr Collection, and the original water colors prepared by Audubon for his work on natural history. In the department of antiquities there is the Abbott collection of Egyptian antiquities, considered one of the greatest in the world. The society spent the first five years of its existence (1804-09) in old Federal Hall, on Wall Street. It occupied rooms in the Government House from 1809 to 1816; in the New York Institution from 1816 to 1832; in Remson's Building, Broadway, from 1832 to 1837; in the Stuyvesant Institute from 1837 to 1841; and in the New York University from 1841 to 1857. Since 1857 it has been installed in the building at 170 Second Avenue.
# The New International Encyclopædia/New York Weasel

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ NEW YORK WEASEL. See Weasel.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Newark (Delaware)

See also Newark, Delaware on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NEWARK, nū′ärk. A town in Newcastle County, Del., 12 miles west by south of Wilmington; on the Baltimore and Ohio and the Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington railroads (Map: Delaware, O 2). It is the seat of Delaware (State) College (q.v.), and of Newark Academy. There are extensive paper manufactures, also wall-paper mills, fibre works, machine shops, etc. The water-works and electric light plant are owned and operated by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 1191; in 1900, 1213.
# The New International Encyclopædia/San Andrés Tuxtla

Edition of 1905. See also San Andrés Tuxtla on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SAN ANDRÉS TUXTLA, sän ȧndrā̇s′ tụs′lȧ. A Mexican town of the State of Vera Cruz, 83 miles southeast of the city of that name and 16 miles from the Gulf coast (Map: Mexico, L 8). The town is situated in a fertile valley producing in abundance maize, sugar cane, cotton, coffee, and other tropical products. Its population in 1895 was 8855.
# The New International Encyclopædia/San Angelo

Edition of 1905. See also San Angelo, Texas on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SAN AN′GELO. A town and the county-seat of Tom Green County, Texas, 299 miles northwest of Austin; on a branch of the Concho River, and on the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railroad (Map: Texas, D 4). It is important chiefly as a shipping centre for a cattle-raising and farming section, and has some manufactures. Cattle, wool, and pecans are the principal articles of commerce. Population, in 1890, 2615; in 1900, about 4000.
# The New International Encyclopædia/San Diego

Edition of 1905. See also San Diego on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SAN DIEGO, sän dḗ-ā′gṓ. A port of entry and the county seat of San Diego County, Cal., 125 miles south by east of Los Angeles, on San Diego Bay, and on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, and several steamship lines (Map: California, E 5). San Diego Bay forms a superb land-locked harbor, 22 square miles in area. The Navy and the War Department have separately large tracts of land on the bay, for a coaling station and fortifications respectively, the latter known as Fort Rosecrans. A health resort of some prominence, San Diego is favored by a beautiful situation and a mild equable climate. It is the seat of a State Normal School, and has the Academy of Our Lady of Peace, a Carnegie public library, the Hospital of the Good Samaritan, and a fine court-house. Fort Stockton and the old Spanish mission are other noteworthy features. Coronado Beach, across the bay, with the large Hotel del Coronado, an ostrich farm, botanical gardens, and other attractions, is a popular resort. San Diego has considerable commercial importance as the centre of extensive lemon and other fruit interests and as a port of entry. The value of the foreign trade in 1901 was $1,475,000, including exports to the amount of $963,000. The industrial establishments of the city in the census year 1900 had an invested capital of $1,147,712, and an output valued at $1,309,321. The principal manufactured products are carriages and wagons, flour, furniture, fertilizers, show cases, vinegar, wine, citric acid, oil of lemon, of orange, etc. The government, under the revised charter of 1901, is vested in a mayor, chosen every two years, a bicameral council, and in administrative officials. Population, in 1890, 16,159; in 1900, 17,700, In 1769 the first California mission was established here, and in 1835 the ‘pueblo’ was organized, San Diego thus being the oldest municipality in the State. In 1846 Commodore Stockton took possession of the place for the United States, and established a fort which is still known as Fort Stockton. The growth of the present city dates from 1867. The charter now in operation was granted in 1889. Consult: Gunn, San Diego, Climate, Productions, Resources, Topography (San Diego, 1887); Wood, Home-land, being a brief description of the city and county of San Diego (ib., 1901).
# The New International Encyclopædia/San Fernando (La Unión)

Edition of 1905. See also San Fernando, La Union on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SAN FERNANDO. The capital of the Province of La Unión, in Luzon, Philippines. It is situated at the entrance to the Gulf of Lingayén on the highroad and projected railroad between Manila and Laoag (Map: Philippine Islands, E 3). It has a harbor protected by a small peninsula. Population, estimated, in 1899, 12,892.
# The New International Encyclopædia/San Fernando (Pampanga)

Edition of 1905. See also San Fernando, Pampanga on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SAN FERNANDO. A town of Luzon, Philippine Islands, in the Province of Pampanga (Map: Philippine Islands, E 4). It is situated about four miles northeast of Bacolor, has a telegraph station and is a station on the Manila-Dagupan Railroad. It is an important centre of the sugar industry, and has several sugar mills and large storehouses. Population, estimated, in 1899, 13,266.
# The New International Encyclopædia/San Antonio de los Baños

Edition of 1905. See also San Antonio de los Baños on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SAN ANTONIO DE LOS BAÑOS, sän ȧn-tō′nē̇-ō̇ dā̇ lō̇s bä′nyō̇s. A town of Cuba, in the Province of La Habana, situated on the Havana-Guanajay Railroad, 15 miles southwest of Havana (Map: Cuba, C 3). It is a summer resort, and has mineral springs and baths. Population, in 1899, 8178.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Samvat

Edition of 1905. See also Vikram Samvat on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SAMVAT, säm′vȧt (abbreviated form of Skt. saṁvatsara, year). The most important system of reckoning time in India. The era is in use in Northern India generally except in Bengal. According to native tradition, the Samvat year was introduced by King Vikrama (q.v.) in B.C. 57. A Samvat given date represents the year last completed. Christian dates are reduced to Samvat by adding 57 to the Christian year. Consult Sewell and Dikshit, The Indian Calendar (London, 1896).
# The New International Encyclopædia/San Fernando (Cebú)

Edition of 1905. See also San Fernando, Cebu on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SAN FERNANDO. A town of Cebú, Philippine Islands, situated on the east coast 15 miles southwest of Cebú (Map: Philippine Islands, H 9). Population, estimated, in 1899, 12,155.
# The New International Encyclopædia/San Fernando (Chile)

Edition of 1905. See also San Fernando, Chile on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SAN FERNANDO. The capital of the Province of Colchagua, Chile, 86 miles south of Santiago, with which it has railway connection (Map: Chile, C 10). Its population in 1895 was 7477.