OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wister, Owen

See also Owen Wister on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
WISTER, OWEN (1860-), American writer, was born in Philadelphia July 14 1860. He was a grandson of Frances Anne Kemble (see 15.724). On graduating from Harvard in 1882 he intended to devote himself to music. He went abroad for study; but ill-health forced him to return to America, and he spent several years in Arizona and New Mexico. He then entered the Hazard law school, graduating in 1888, was admitted to the bar in 1889 and for two years practised law in Philadelphia. Thereafter he gave his time to literary work. As an undergraduate he had contributed a poem, Beethoven, to the Atlantic Monthly in 1882. His subsequent publications include the Modern Swiss Family Robinson (1883); The Dragon of Wantley: His Tail (1892); Lin McLean (1898); The Virginian: a Horseman of the Plains (1902); Philosophy 4: a Story of Harvard
University (1903); Lady Baltimore (1906); The Seven Ages of Washington: a Biography (1907); Members of the Family (1911); The Pentecost of Calamity (1915, a condemnation of Germany for the World War), and A Straight Deal: or the Ancient Grudge (1920). His novels, The Virginian and Lady Baltimore in particular, established his position as one of the foremost of contemporary American writers. He became a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters and of the Société des Gens de Lettres de France, and in 1912 was elected a member of the Board of Overseers of Harvard.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wood, Mrs. John

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WOOD, MRS. JOHN [Matilda Charlotte] (1833-1915), English actress, was born at Liverpool Nov. 6 1833, the daughter of Henry Vining, and first appeared on the stage at Brighton at the age of eight. As a young girl she played leading parts in comedy at the Theatre Royal, Manchester, and in 1852 appeared there as Ophelia. After her marriage she acted for some years in America, beginning in 1854 with The Loan of a Lover, followed by many other parts. She opened a theatre of her own in New York in 1863 but returned to England in 1866. From that time until her retirement from the stage in 1905, she was in the first rank of robust comedy actresses. Her management of the Court theatre between 1883 and 1891 saw the production of many of Pinero's best comedies. Later she appeared in elderly rôles in most of the Drury Lane melodramas, her last appearance being in Hall Caine's The Prodigal Son in 1905. She died at Birchington-on-Sea Jan. 11 1915.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wordsworth, Elizabeth

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​WORDSWORTH, ELIZABETH (1840–), English educationalist, was born at Harrow June 22 1840, the eldest daughter of Christopher Wordsworth, afterwards Bishop of Lincoln, and hence a great-niece of the poet. She was educated at home and lived a home life until in 1879 Lady Margaret Hall was founded at Oxford, largely owing to Miss Wordsworth’s energy and organizing capacity, and she became its first principal. Her social gifts and powers of clever conversation made her aprominent figure in Oxford life. She retired from her post at Lady Margaret Hall in 1909, but continued to live in Oxford and to be an active member of its council. In Oct. 1921 the university of Oxford conferred upon her an hon. M.A. degree. Miss Wordsworth contributed many charming tales to Aunt Judy’s Magazine, edited by Mrs. Gatty (see 11.530), and also published various devotional books and volumes of verse and essays. In collaboration with J. Overton, she published in 1888 the Life of Christopher Wordsworth.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wordsworth, John

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​WORDSWORTH, JOHN (1843–1911), English divine and scholar, was born at Harrow Sept. 21 1843, the son of Christopher Wordsworth, afterwards Bishop of Lincoln, and grand-nephew of the poet. He was educated at Winchester and New College, Oxford, where he had a distinguished career, and after a short period as a master at Wellington College was elected a fellow of Brasenose and took orders (1867). He became widely known both as a Latin scholar and as a theologian, being elected Bampton lecturer in 1881 and Ireland professor of exegesis in 1883. In 1883 he became a canon of Rochester and in 1885 Bishop of Salisbury. His works include Fragments and Specimens of Early Latin (1874); Old Latin Biblical Texts (1883 and 1886), vol. ii.,in conjunction with Dr. Sanday and Rev. H. J. White; The Episcopate of Charles Wordsworth (1898); Teaching of the Church of England for Information of Eastern Christians (1900); The Invocation of Saints and the 22nd Article (2nd ed. 1910). He died at Salisbury Aug. 16 1911.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Bocage, (Mary-Anne le Page, Dame du)

BOCAGE, (MARY-ANNE LE PAGE, DAME DU) a French Poetess of the 16th Century,
Married, when very young, a gentleman of Normandy, who held a place of considerable profit under government. He made himself known by some very elegant translations from the English; and died before her. Madame du Bocage travelled a great deal, and published her tours through England, Holland, Italy, &c. When she was not only received with every mark of distinction and respect by many of the first personages of Europe, namely, the Pope, Cardinals, the king of England, &c. but admitted a member in most of the academies. In short, her poetical talents are looked upon as equal to the most celebrated. Her Paradis ​Terrestre, printed in 1744, is esteemed an incomparable imitation of Milton. She made some alterations, in order to conform it more to the taste of her own nation; and, as she modestly observes, retrenched some parts which seemed too highly coloured to attempt copying. It must be confessed, Madame du Bocage has done as much justice to her subject as the French language will permit of.
The Latin, English, and Italian languages, she was as well skilled in as her own. Milton and Tasso, her two favourite poets, she has imitated with equal success, and shewn she perfectly well understood the beauties of each author.
Voltaire wrote very elegantly in her praise. She was a handsome, graceful woman, lively and entertaining. Her other principal works are a translation of Pope's Temple of Fame, 1749; another of the Funeral Oration on Prince Eugene; Les Amazones, a tragedy; la Colombiade, 1756, a poem, and Le Prix alternatif entre les Belles Lettres & les Sciences. This piece was crowned at Rouen, 1746.
Memoirs of French Ladies. Letters on the French Nation.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Bonmere, (Mademoiselle)

BONMERE, (MADEMOISELLE.)
This lady's father and mother, having been guilty of some state crime, were imprisoned for life, but indulged with possessing one another's company. Mademoiselle Bonmere, born under this durance, lived till the 35th year of her age, and could scarce have been said to have seen day-light. The death of her very learned and ingenious parents, which happened within a few days of each other, gave her liberty, but deprived her of the only two friends, or even acquaintances, she had in the world, excepting those hard beings who are entrusted with the care of prisoners. Thus turned into the world, without money, friends or practical knowledge, though excellently instructed in the theory, she determined to avail herself of rather a masculine form, and hard features, and appeared in man's apparel, in which she entered as a private soldier in a regiment of foot, and gave so many instances of personal bravery, as well as integrity, ​that she obtained the employment of adjutant and paymaster of the corps.
She wrote memoirs of her own times, which we believe were never printed; but Mrs. Thicknesse, who had seen them in MSS. speaks of them in the highest stile of encomium.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Bore, (Catherine von)

BORE, (CATHERINE VON) a Nun of Nimptochen, in Germany, afterwards Wife of Luther; married in 1525, died 1552, aged 53;
Was the daughter of a gentleman of fortune; and, at the commencement of the reformation, escaped from her convent, in 1723, with eight other nuns, convinced, by the writings of Luther, of the impropriety of monastic vows, and encouraged by Leonard Cope, senator of Torgaw. This proceeding was highly praised by Luther, who undertook their justification. She was then but twenty-six; and, the charms of youth, added to the extraordinary step she had taken, which made her many enemies, caused her to be censured, though without foundation, as having left her convent for a libertine life. Luther was hurt at this report, and thought of marrying her to Glacius, minister of Ortamunden; but she did not like Glacius, and Luther, though much older, married her himself.
​Luther delighted in the heroism of his wife. He would not part with her, he afterwards observed, for all the riches of the Venetians. Catherine was tenderly attached to her husband; she was modest, gentle, plain in her attire, and economical in the house. She had all the hospitality of the German noblesse, without their pride. Luther died 1546. On his death, Catherine continued one year at Wittenberg, but left that town when it surrendered to the emperor Charles V. a great enemy to her husband. Before her departure, she received a present of fifty crowns from the king of Denmark; she received likewise presents from the elector of Saxony and the counts of Mansfeldt. With these additions to what Luther had left her, she had enough to maintain herself and her family, three sons, (some of whose descendants were living in a reputable manner, at the end of the seventeenth century) handsomely. She returned to Wittenberg, when the town was restored to the elector; where she lived, in a very pious manner, till the plague obliged her to leave it again, in 1552. She had a fall from a carriage, in her way to Torgau, in consequence of which she died at Torgau about a quarter of a year after. She was buried there in the great church, with many honours, where her tomb and epitaph are still to be seen.
New Biographical Dictionary, &c.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Bontems, (Madame)

BONTEMS, (MADAME) a Parisian; born 1718, died 1768;
Has translated, from the English into French, many works, particularly the Seasons of Thomson, in a very superior manner.
F.C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Blemur, (Mary Jaqueline de)

A pious woman, who composed a work called the Benedictine Nun, in seven quarto volumes; also the Lives of the Saints in two vols, besides other similar works.
El Theatro Critico.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Bois de la Pierre, (Louisa Maria de)

BOIS DE LA PIERRE, (LOUISA MARIA DE) Widow of a Gentleman slain at the battle of Malplaquet. Died 1730.
Followed the example of her parents in abjuring the reformed religion, in which she had been educated. On the death of her husband, she sought consolation in study. She wrote in prose and verse, with a facility, elegance, and precision, equalled only by the best ​writers. She was well known to the learned, and wrote many excellent treatises on history.
F. C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Bona

BONA, an Italian Peasant in the Valteline, Died 1466.
While this young woman was tending her sheep, she was met by Peter Brunoro, a Parmesan officer of note, who remarking her vivacity and noble mien, took her with him as his mistress. He delighted to be accompanied by her to the chase, and all manly diversions. She went with him to serve the great Sforza, against Alphonso, king of Naples, his first master. He afterwards entered again into the service of the latter; but, being one of those roving spirits by which the age of chivalry is characterised, he sought again to return to Sforza; was discovered in the attempt, and sent to prison. Resolute to deliver him, Bona engaged the princes of Italy, the king of France, the duke of Burgundy, and the Venetians, to give her letters to Alphonso, soliciting his freedom. At such instances he was obliged to grant him his liberty, which he not only obtained through the means of Bona, but ​the command of the Venetian troops, with 20,000 ducats.
Considering the obligations she had conferred upon him, Brunoro married her; and she ever afterwards combated with him. She learned the art of war to perfection, which appeared on many occasions, where she displayed equal valour and prudence. In fine, the Venetians confided jointly to this heroic pair the defence of Negropont against the Turks, who were kept quiet by the fame of their valour. On the death of Brunoro, Bona, returning to Venice, died on the way, leaving two children.
F. C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Blesilla

A woman of great sensibility, piety, and learning. She was very beautiful, and, in the early part of her life, had spent much time and care in adorning her person; but becoming more deeply impressed with religious ​ideas, she gave herself up to study and prayer. On the death of her husband, though so young, she refused to enter into any other engagement, and is much extolled by St. Jerom, for her memory and eloquence. She knew perfectly the Greek and Latin languages, and had conquered so well the difficulties of the Hebrew as to speak it with facility.
F.C.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rundale

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​RUNDALE (apparently from “to run” and “dale,” valley, originally something separated off, cf. “deal”), the name of a form of occupation of land, somewhat resembling the English “common field” system. The land is divided into discontinuous plots, and cultivated and occupied by a number of tenants to whom it is leased jointly. The system was common in Ireland, especially in the western counties. In Scotland, where the system also existed, it was termed “run-rig” (from “run,” and “rig” or “ridge”).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ruodlieb

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​ RUODLIEB, a romance in Latin verse by an unknown German poet who flourished about 1030; he was almost certainly a monk of the Bavarian abbey of Tegernsee. The poem is one of the earliest German romances of knightly adventure, and its vivid picture of feudal manners gives it a certain value as an historical document. The poet was probably an eye-witness of the episode (ll. 4231-5221) which represents the meeting of the emperor Henry II. with Robert of France on the banks
of the Maas in 1023. Ruodlieb was left unfinished, and furthermore the MS. was cut up and used for binding books, so that the fragments were only gradually discovered (from 1807 onwards) and pieced together. The framework of the story is borrowed from a popular märchen of the youth who takes service away from home, and is paid in wise saws instead of current coin. He receives at the same time a loaf, with instructions not to cut it until he is once more at home. This contains the coins. The proverbs, usually three in number, were increased in Ruodlieb to twelve, each of which was the starting-point of an episode by which the hero was made to appreciate its value.
For examples of the three-proverb tale see W. Bottrell, Traditions and Hearthside Stories (Penzance, 2nd series, 1873); Cuthbert Bede, The White Wife . . . (London, 1868); K. V. K.[illinger], Erin (Stuttgart and Tubingen, 1849), and others in the French romance of the Saint Graal, in the Gesta Romanorum (the three proverbs bought by Domitian) and the old French Dit des trois pommes. The best edition of Ruodlieb is by F. Seiler (Halle, 1882). There is a modern version by M. Heine (Leipzig, 1897), and a full analysis of the contents is given by R. Koegel, Gesch. d. deutschen Lit. bis zum Ausgange des Mittelalters (Strassburg, 1894-97, ii. pp. 342-412).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Runciman, Alexander

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​RUNCIMAN, ALEXANDER (1736-1785), Scottish historical painter, was born in Edinburgh in 1736. He studied at Foulis's Academy, Glasgow, and at the age of thirty proceeded to Rome, where he spent five years. It was at this time that he became acquainted with Fuseli. The painter's earliest efforts had been in landscape; he soon, however, turned to historical and imaginative subjects, exhibiting his “Nausicaa at Play with her Maidens” in 1767 at the Free Society of British Artists, Edinburgh. On his return from Italy, after a brief residence in London, where in 1772 he exhibited in the Royal Academy, he settled in Edinburgh, and was appointed master of the Trustees' Academy. He was patronized by Sir James Clerk, whose hall at Penicuik House he decorated with a series of subjects from Ossian. He also executed various religious paintings and an altar-piece in the Cowgate Episcopal Church, Edinburgh, and easel pictures of “Cymon and Iphigenia,” “Sigismunda weeping over the Heart of Tancred,” and “Agrippina landing with the Ashes of Germanicus.” He died in Edinburgh on the 4th of October 1785. His works, while they show high intention and considerable imagination, are frequently defective in form and extravagant in gesture. His younger brother, John Runciman (1744-1766), who accompanied him to Rome, and died at Naples in 1766, was an artist of great promise. His “Flight into Egypt,” in the National Gallery of Scotland, is remarkable for the precision of its execution and the mellow richness of its colouring.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rung

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​RUNG, a short round bar or stick used as a cross-bar or rail in a chair, and particularly as one of the steps or rounds of a ladder. In Scottish the word retains the original meaning of a staff or stick, especially a short thick cudgel. The O.E. hrung is used only of a bar or rail in a wagon; the word also occurs in O.Du. ronge, beam of a plough, Ger. Runge, pin, bolt.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rupar

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​ RUPAR, a town of British India, in Umballa district of the Punjab, on the left bank of the river Sutlej, 43 m. N. of Umballa, 1120 ft. above sea-level. Pop. (1901) 8888. It was the scene of Ranjit Singh's visit to Lord William Bentinck when governor-general in 1831. Here are the head works of the Sirhind canal. Rupar has manufactures of cotton twill and hardware. Hindu and Mahommedan fairs are held.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Runcorn

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​RUNCORN, a market town and river-port in the Northwich parliamentary division of Cheshire, England, on the S. of the estuary of the Mersey 16 m. above Liverpool. Pop. of urban district (1901) 16,491. It is served by the London & North-Western railway, and has extensive communications by canal. The modern prosperity of the town dates from the completion in 1773 of the Bridgewater Canal, which here descends into the Mersey by a flight of locks. Runcorn is a sub-port of Manchester, with which it is connected by the Manchester Ship Canal, and has extensive wharfage and warehouse accommodation. The chief exports are coal, salt and pitch; but there is also a large traffic in potters' materials. A transporter bridge between Runcorn and Widnes, with a suspended car worked by electricity to convey passengers and vehicles (the first bridge of the kind in England) was constructed in 1902. The town possesses shipbuilding yards, iron foundries, rope works, tanneries, and soap and alkali works.
Owing to the Mersey being here fordable at low water, Runcorn was in early times of considerable military importance. On a rock which formerly jutted into the Mersey Æthelfleda erected a castle in 916, but of the building there are now no remains; while the rock was removed to further the cutting of the ship canal. Æthelfleda is also said to have founded a town, but it is not noticed in Domesday. The ferry is noticed in a charter in the 12th century.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Runnimede

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​RUNNIMEDE, or Runnymede, a meadow on the S. bank of the river Thames, England, in the county of Surrey and the parish of Egham. It is celebrated in connexion with the signature of Magna Carta (q.v.) by King John on the 15th of June 1215. It has been disputed whether the ceremony took place actually in the meadow or on Magna Carta or Charter Island lying off it. The charter itself indicates Runnimede by name, but this may have included the island, which is the traditional site and was in 1217 the meeting-place of Henry III. and Louis (afterwards Louis VIII.) of France.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Massenet, Jules Emile Frédéric

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MASSENET, JULES EMILE FRÉDÉRIC (1842-1912), French composer (see 17.866), died in Paris Aug. 13 1912, having completed an opera, Panurge, just before his death.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Marshall, Alfred

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MARSHALL, ALFRED (1842- ), English economist (see 17.770), produced a memorandum for the Government on the Fiscal Policy of International Trade in 1908. In 1919 he published Industry and Trade (vol. 1., 4th ed. 1921). All his work since the publication of his first book in 1879 was done in conjunction with his wife Mary, daughter of the Rev. Thomas Paley, whom he married in 1877. She was one of the first women students at Cambridge, and was highly commended for her work in the Moral Sciences tripos in 1874. In 1875 she became resident lecturer at Newnham Hall, when it was first opened under Miss A. J. Clough, resigning this post on her marriage.