OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Sartor Resartus

Edition of 1920. See also Sartor Resartus on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SARTOR RESARTUS. Among autobiographies, Sartor Resartus (“the tailor patched”) remains unique. It was built up out of Carlyle's thinking and his experience of life during his first happy married years at Craigenputtoch. It is a thickly veiled autobiography. Thomas Carlyle appears in a mask as Diogenes Teufelsdröckh, professor of things in general in the German university of Weissnichtwo. The second book deals with the advent, education, love affair and spiritual development of this remarkable professor. This is the most easily understood portion of the book and contains the most famous passages, such as the noble chapter, “Natural Supernaturalism.” The first and third books profess to give translated excerpts from this imaginary professor's imaginary treatise on clothes, with comments and explanations by the “English editor.” These
are Carlyle's radical opinions set forth, not in a complete system, but as fragments of a philosophy.
Most undeservedly ‘Sartor’ has the reputation of being in prose what 'Sordello' is in verse. The varied, impassioned, richly allusive style is supposed to be “German,” and the matter to be beyond ordinary human comprehension. This widespread misconception is due to the fact that ‘Sartor’ appeared at a time when “German” was a synonym for “mysterious.” Carlyle learnt his peculiar style in his father's house before he knew a word of German. There is difficulty in grasping Carlyle's unusual ideas, because they are unusual, not because they are presented feebly or obscurely. The narrative portions offer no difficulties. “It is a work of genius, dear,” was Mrs. Carlyle's criticism; and the world has come to agree with this verdict.
The spiritual experience delineated in the second book is typical. Teufelsdröck at the nameless university loses the simple creed of childhood and passes into doubt, denial, unbelief. He is in consequence utterly miserable. From this stage in his spiritual progress he passes, byway of the “Centre of Indifference” to “The Everlasting Yea,” or positive working philosophy. The main ideas of renunciation, duty, work are derived from Goethe, whom Carlyle reverenced.
America welcomed ‘Sartor’ before the writer's own country. Thanks to Emerson, an American publisher had the honor of producing the editio princeps. America also led in appreciation. The philosophy of 'Sartor' had no little share in bringing on the Transcendental movement in New England. It exerted a great influence over Carlyle's contemporaries. Such leaders of thought as Emerson, Huxley, Tyndall, Ruskin and Kingsley confess their debt. An edition of 30,000 copies sold before Carlyle's death. The first critical edition of the text with full notes and introduction by Archibald MacMechan appeared in 1896.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Schadow, Johann Gottfried

Edition of 1920. See also Johann Gottfried Schadow on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SCHADOW, shä'dō, Johann Gottfried, German sculptor: b. Berlin, 20 May 1764; d. there, 27 Jan. 1850. After many vain struggles to become an artist, he was admitted to the studio of the sculptor Tassaert and thus at length succeeded in devoting himself to his chosen art. Soon afterward he ran off with his sweetheart to Vienna, and there married her; and then, at the expense of his father-in-law, went to Italy, where he wrought with unwearied diligence from 1785 to 1787 in the museum of the Vatican and of the Capitol, winning a prize by his group ‘Perseus and Andromeda.’ In 1788 he obtained the position in Berlin which had become vacant by the death of his teacher Tassaert. His first great work was the monument erected in the Church of Saint Dorothea, Berlin, to the memory of the margrave, natural son of Friedrich Wilhelm II. This was followed by the colossal statue of Ziethen in hussar uniform; the statue of Frederick the Great in Stettin; of Leopold of Dessau in Berlin; of Blücher in Rostock; the Tauenzien monument in Breslau; Luther's in Wittenberg, etc. The four-horse chariot of Victory, over the new Brandenburg Gate of Berlin, was modeled by Schadow. Schadow executed many busts of his eminent countrymen and numerous relievos and statuettes. In 1788 he was made rector and in 1822 director of the Academy of Art in Berlin, a position which he retained until his death. He was one of the first of the modern sculptors who dared to withstand the fantastic mannerism of the 18th century for which he substituted a powerful representation of character based on a study of the antique. His most eminent pupil in this respect is Rauch; among his other pupils may be named Dannecker, Tieck and Zauner. His chief literary works are ‘Wittenberg Denkmäler der Bildnerei, Baukunst und Malerei, mit historischen und artistischen Erläuterungen’ (1825); ‘Polyklet, oder von den Massen des Menschen nach dem Geschlechte und Alter’ (1834); ‘National-physiognomien, oder Beobachtungen über den Unterschied der Gesichtszüge und die äussere Gestaltung des menschlichen Kopfs, in Umrissen bildlich darftestellt’ (1835); ‘Kunstwerke und Kunstansichten’ (1849). Consult Dobbert, ‘Gottfried Schadow’ (1887).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Schadow, Rudolph

Edition of 1920. See also Rudolph Schadow on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SCHADOW, Rudolph, son of the preceding, German sculptor: b. Rome, 9 July 1786; d. there, 31 Jan. 1822. He was trained as sculptor by his father and his principal works are
‘Spinning Girl’; ‘Achiles and Penthesilea’; ‘John Baptist’ and ‘Virgin and Child.’
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Sargassum

Edition of 1920. See also Sargassum on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SARGASSUM, the most highly organized genus of the marine algæ, Fulcaceæ, or rock weeds. They are seaweeds which are either attached to stones by a discoid hold-fast or are floating, with long filiform stems, much branched and bearing long, narrow, leaf-like fronds with distinct midribs. The air-bladders are little, stalked globes, with slender
projecting tips, and stand out from the axils of the fronds, like solitary grapes. It is to this characteristic that the generic name remotely refers and which has given rise to the common names, tropical grapes and grape-weed. Sargasso stems are much employed in South America under the name of goitre-sticks, for the cure of goitre. Sargassum bacciferum is the famous gulf-weed, which forms rafts or islands floating together on vast areas of the various oceans and called “sargasso seas.” The one lying in the North Atlantic Ocean, between the Azores and the Antilles (roughly 20° to 38° north latitude and 30° to 65° west longitude), its exact position being determined by the central whirl of the Gulf Stream, is so dense as to be often a hindrance to navigation. It covers a territory nearly equal to the European continent and was discovered by Columbus on his first voyage, he and the succeeding Spanish navigators calling it the Mar de Sargaço; it is connected by a narrow belt with a smaller sea between the Bermudas and the Bahamas. There is still another sea in the Pacific and one in the Antarctic Ocean. It is a disputed question whether the weeds have been torn from the shore and blown to their final resting place or whether they live and propagate themselves on the high seas. At any rate these floating islands furnish a permanent home to many small pelagic animals and of predaceous animals seeking them as food.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Sargent, Dudley Allen

Edition of 1920. See also Dudley Allen Sargent on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SARGENT, Dudley Allen, American educator, lecturer and director of physical training: b. Belfast, Me., 28 Sept. 1849. In 1875 he was graduated at Bowdoin College and in 1878 received the degree of M.D. at Yale University. From 1879 he was director of the Hemenway Gymnasium at Harvard University and from 1879 to 1889 was assistant professor of physical training at Harvard. In 1881-1916 he was director of the Normal School of Physical Training at Cambridge, Mass., and since 1916 has been president of its successor — the Sargent School for Physical Education. In 1907-16, Dr. Sargent was president of the Health Education League. He is the inventor of modern gymnasium apparatus, of the Sargent Anthropometric charts, and has published ‘Universal Test for Strength, Speed and Endurance’ (1902); ‘Health, Strength and Power’ (1904); ‘Physical Education’ (1906); also numerous articles and papers on physical education.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Becker, Karl Ferdinand (philologist)

Edition of 1920. See also Karl Becker (philologist) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BECKER, Karl Ferdinand, German philologist: b. Lieser, 14 April 1775; d. Offenbach, 5 Sept. 1849. He first studied in the theological seminary at Hildesheim, then entered and was graduated from the University of Göttingen. In 1815 he began practising as a physician at Offenbach, at the same time establishing a private school. It was as instructor in his own school that he first became interested in philology, into which subject he made extensive researches and attempted to establish the theory that speech is an organism subject to the same critical analysis as other natural organisms, subject also to the same laws of development. This assumption was later discredited by Grimm and others, who showed conclusively that the science of philology must be largely based on ethnology and race history. The works of Becker include ‘Die deutsche Wortbildung’ (Frankfort 1824); ‘Organismen der Sprache’ (2d ed., Prague 1841); ‘Der deutsche Stil’ (Prague 1848).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Becker, Karl Friedrich

Edition of 1920. See also Karl Friedrich Becker on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BECKER, Karl Friedrich, German historian: b. Berlin 1777; d. there, 15 March 1806. He studied philosophy and history at Halle, then was for some time a teacher at Kottbus. On account of continued sickness he was unable for long to follow the profession of teaching, so he gave himself up entirely to historical writing, most of his books being of a popular character. Among his works are 'Erzählungen aus der Alten Welt für die Jugend' (3 vols., Halle 1801-03); 'Weltgeschichte für Kinder und Kinderlehrer' (9 vols., Halle 1801-05). This latter work has been often revised since and many editions have been published.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Becker, Oskar

Edition of 1920. See also Oskar Becker (assailant) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BECKER, Oskar, political fanatic: b. Odessa, Russia, 1839; d. Alexandria, Egypt, 1868. In 1861 he attempted, at Baden-Baden, to kill King Wilhelm I of Prussia, by shooting at him with a pistol at a distance of but three paces. The King fortunately escaped with only a slight wound in the neck. Becker's motive for the act was his belief that the King was unable to unite Germany. Though sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment he was pardoned by the King on condition of living out of Germany ever after.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Becker, Rudolf Zacharias

Edition of 1920. See also Rudolph Zacharias Becker on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BECKER, Rudolf Zacharias, German author: b. Erfurt, 9 April 1752; d. 28 March 1822. He first became known by an essay on the theme, “Is it useful to deceive the people?” which gained a prize from the Berlin Academy of Sciences in 1799. His theory was that happiness depended on the gratification of an innate desire for improvement. In 1782 he took charge of a school at Dessau and published a journal for youth. A work in two volumes, entitled ‘A Little Book of Needful Help; or, Instructive Tales of Joy and Sorrow in the Village of Mildheim,’ became such a favorite with the public that over 500,000 copies were soon disposed of. He also produced other works and journals, and the extensive transactions in them led him, in 1797, to set up a publishing and bookselling establishment at Gotha, which is still continued by his son. On 30 Nov. 1811 he was arrested by Davoust on suspicion of conspiring against Napoleon, and was imprisoned at Magdeburg till April 1813. On this imprisonment he wrote a book, which still has a historical value.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Becker, Wilhelm Adolf

Edition of 1920. See also Wilhelm Adolf Becker on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BECKER, Wilhelm Adolf, German archaeologist: b. Dresden 1796; d. Meissen, 30 Sept. 1846. His early education was planned by his parents with the object of fitting him for a commercial career, but while studying at the University of Leipzig he acquired a strong taste for a life of study. In 1828 he was appointed professor of archaeology at the University of Meissen; in 1842 he was appointed to the chair of classical archaeology at Leipzig University. In his first two books, ‘Gallus oder römische Scenen aus der Zeit Augusts’ (Leipzig 1838) and ‘Charicles oder Bilder altgriechische Sitte’ (Leipzig 1840) he portrays the daily life of the ancients in the form of romances, plentifully supplied with footnotes. Both works have been translated into English by Frederick Metcalfe, and each has passed through numerous editions. His chief work, however, is ‘Handbuch der römischen Alterthümer’ (Leipzig 1843), which he did not live to complete, this being done by Marquardt.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Becker, Nikolaus

Edition of 1920. See also Nikolaus Becker on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BECKER, Nikolaus, German poet: b. Bonn, 8 Oct. 1809; d. Hunshovem, 28 Aug. 1845. His early training was in law, and for some years he held a position in a court. He is principally known as the author of the popular song “Rheinliedes.” The song begins with the words, addressed to the French: “You should not have it, the free, German Rhine.” So widespread did this refrain become that French poets replied, Alfred de Musset with “Nous l'avons eu, votre Rhin allemand.” For this song the King of Prussia awarded the poet a prize of 1,000 thalers. Becker's other poems were published as a collection (Cologne 1841) but none of them attained much popularity and they have not generally been considered of a high order.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Becker, Karl

Edition of 1920. See also Karl Becker (statistician) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BECKER, Karl, German statistician: b. Strohausen, Oldenburg, 2 Oct. 1823; d. 20 June 1896. In 1842 he received a commission in the army, and as such was also instructor in the Oldenburg Military Academy. In 1850 he was on the general staff during the campaign against Denmark. At the close of the war he entered the University of Berlin where he became interested in statistics. In 1855 he organized the statistical bureau of Oldenburg, of which he was director until 1872, when he became chief statistician of the German government. As such he was editor of the Monatshefte zur Statistik des deutschen Reichs and the Statistischen Jahrbuches. He was also the author of 'Zur Berechnung von Sterbetafeln an die Bevölkerungstatistik zu stellende Anforderungen' (Berlin 1874).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Becker, Karl Ludwig Friedrich

Edition of 1920. See also Karl Becker (painter) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BECKER, Karl Ludwig Friedrich, German painter: b. Berlin, 18 Dec. 1820; d. there, 20 Dec. 1900. His early training was gained in Rome, Paris and Venice, where he studied under such masters as Von Klöber and Hess. His first original works were historical and mythological, though in his later paintings it is obvious that he was strongly influenced by the Venetian Renaissance. Among his notable works are ‘Belisarius Begging’ (1850), the frescoes in the Berlin Museum; ‘The Doge in Council’ (1864); ‘Charles V Visiting Titian’ (1873); ‘In the Picture Gallery’ (1874); ‘Emperor Maximilian Receiving a Venetian Embassy’ (1877).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Becker, Philip Johann

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
BECKER, Philip Johann, German revolutionist: b. Frankenthal 1809; d. 1886. Beginning as a simple workingman, he soon became involved in the radical labor movements of his time and for his participation in a revolt in 1830 he was imprisoned. He then fled to Switzerland, which was the haven of revolutionary agitators and refugees. He was very prominent in the revolutionary upheavals
that threatened nearly all the European countries during 1848. Becker organized, during that year, a body of fighting men with which to support Hecker, who was attempting to precipitate a revolution in Baden. When this failed, Becker led his forces to the support of the revolutionists in Rome and Sicily. This expedition also failed, whereupon he marched into the Palatinate and Baden, where uprisings had taken place, and participated in the thick of the fighting in which he showed himself possessed of not a little military skill. When these violent disturbances had subsided, Becker became attached to the Socialist International and was one of Karl Marx's strongest adherents. He has written ‘Wie und Wann?’ (1869).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Becker, Karl Ferdinand (organist)

Edition of 1920. See also Carl Ferdinand Becker (organist) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BECKER, Karl Ferdinand, German organist and writer on music: b. Leipzig, 17 July 1804; d. there, 26 Oct. 1877. He was a student of Friedrich Schneider, being already an accomplished musician at the age of 14. At the age of 21 he was organist in Saint Peter's Church in his native city. In 1843 he was appointed professor of organ playing at the Leipzig Conservatory, which position he held for 13 years. It is not, however, so much on his talents as a musician that his fame rests as on his works on the theory of music. Among his important works are ‘Systematisch-chrologische Darstellung der musikalischen Litteratur’ (Leipzig 1836); ‘Die Hausmusik in
Deutschland im 16, 17 und 18 Jahrhundert’ (Leipzig 1840); ‘Lieder und Weisen vergangener Jahrhunderte’ (2d ed., Leipzig 1852). He was also a collaborator with Schumann in ‘Neue Zeitschrift für Musik.’
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Thaxter, Celia Laighton

Edition of 1920. See also Celia Thaxter on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
THAXTER, thăks′tėr, Celia Laighton, American poet: b. Portsmouth, N. H., 29 June 1835; d. island of Appledore, Isles of Shoals, 26 Aug. 1894. She spent her childhood and much of her later life at the Isles of Shoals. In 1851 she was married to Levi Lincoln Thaxter, who was accustomed to visit the island long before they had become a popular summer resort. Her first published poem, ‘Landlocked,’ was printed by Lowell in the Atlantic. The motive of subsequent verse is also generally the sea and coast scenery, though the arts, particularly music, claimed some of her attention. Its note is one of much original power. Her works are ‘Poems’ (1872); ‘Among the Isles of Shoals,’ prose sketches (1873); ‘Poems’ (1874); ‘Drift Weed’ (1879); ‘Poems for Children’ (1884); ‘The Cruise of the Mystery’ (1886); ‘Idyls and Pastorals’ (1886); ‘The Yule Log’ (1889); ‘An Island Garden,’ a prose diary (1894); ‘Letters’ (1895); ‘Stories and Poems for Children’ (1895). A collected edition of the ‘Poems’ appeared in 1896. Consult the ‘Letters’; also an article in the New England Magazine (Vol. 24, pp. 166-72).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Texarkana

Edition of 1920. See also Texarkana metropolitan area on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
TEXARKANA, tĕks-är-kăn'ạ, Ark., and Tex., twin city, one in Bowie County, Tex., the other the county-seat of Miller County, Ark., on the Saint Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern, Kansas City Southern, or “Port Arthur Route,” Saint Louis Southwestern, or “Cotton Belt Route,” Texas and Pacific, Texarkana and Fort Smith and the Memphis, Dallas and Gulf railroads, about 180 miles southwest of Little Rock, the capital of Arkansas, and 28 miles north of the Louisiana boundary. The cities are separated by the boundary between Texas and Arkansas, but they are one commercially, industrially and in all except the city governments. The name indicates unity; the first syllable is from the first syllable in Texas, the second from the first syllable in Arkansas, the last two from the last two syllables in Louisiana. Both the cities were settled in 1873; became incorporated towns in 1880 and cities of the second class in 1887. Texarkana, Ark., became a city of the first class in 1904. The post office serves for both cities and is designated as “Texarkana, Ark.-Tex.” The cities are in an agricultural and lumbering region and are an important distributing centre for a large extent of country. The chief industrial establishments are railroads and railroad shops, employing about 1,500 persons, lumber works, 500 employees, and other manufacturing establishments are numerous. Two large creosoting plants are near the city. Cotton and cotton products, lumber, grain and livestock are shipped from Texarkana in large amounts. The principal public buildings are the Government building, the Miller County, Ark., courthouse and jail, the Y. M. C. A. building, Railroad Hospital (cost $200,000), sanatoriums and the churches and schools. The United States court for the Western District of Kansas and United States court for the Eastern District of Texas, each hold annually two regular terms in the city within the district.
There are 31 churches, representing 17 different denominations. In each city are a high school, grammar schools, kindergartens and parish schools. Saint Agnes Academy, in
Arkansas, was established in 1877; Saint Rose of Lima Academy is in Texas; Texarkana Industrial College opened in 1904. There are excellent banking facilities and good newspapers. The majority of the inhabitants are American born; about 650 foreign born and 4,200 of negro descent. Pop. (Ark.), (1890) 3,528; (1900) 4,914; (Tex.), (1890) 2,852; (1900) 5,256. Since 1900 the cities have grown considerably and the United States census of 1910 showed the population to be about 9,790; the 1918 estimate is 12,500.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Tavern

Edition of 1920. See also Tavern on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
TAVERN, a name common especially in the rural districts of Great Britain and the United States for a village inn or hotel. Occasionally some city hotel has borne the name.