OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The North Star (Rochester)/1847/12/03/Flowers

​Flowers.—How the universal heart of man blesses flowers! They are wreathed round the cradle, the marriage altar, and the tomb. The Perisan in the far east, delights in their perfume, and writes his love in nosegays; while the Indian child of the far west clasps his hands with glee, as he gathers the abundant blossoms—the illuminated scripture of the prairies. The Cupid of the ancient Hindoos tipped his arrows with flowers, and orange buds are the bridal crown with us, a nation of yesterday. Flowers garlanded the Grecian altar, and they hang in votive wreaths before the Christian shrine.
All these are appropriate uses. Flowers should deck the brow of the youthful bride, for they are in themselves a lovely type of marriage. They should twine round the tomb, for their perpetually renewed beauty is a symbol of the resurrection. They should festoon the altar, for their fragrance and their beauty ascend in perpetual worship before the Most High. Lydia M. Child.
# The North Star (Rochester)/1847/12/03/Geneva Choir

​Geneva Choir.—We were among the thousands at the Canandaigua Celebration, who enjoyed the pleasure of listening to the spirit-stirring songs of the Geneva Choir. A recollection of the glorious effect produced by their excellent minstrelsy, leads us to extend to them a cordial invitation to be present at the Anti-Slaavery Fair to be held in this city on the 17th and 18th of the present month. We can ensure them a hospitable welcome, and an ample field in which to exert their vocal powers in behalf of Universal Liberty.
# The North Star (Rochester)/1847/12/03/Curiosities of voting

From the Liberator. CURIOSITIES OF VOTING.
The following letter and the annexed ticket explain themselves. The author is one of our most valuable friends in that quarter. In a private note accompanying the communication, he informs us that "this movement was the result of Friend Foster's teaching, when here last winter. He says that twenty-three of these votes were polled, although "quite a number stayed at home." Of this number was our correspondent.—We quite agree with him, that while we do not approve of the policy of expending Anti-Slavery time and strength in this direction, we can not rebuke those that do, with a rebuke bestowed on other voters under a pro-slavery Constitution. We still hold however to the faith that the circumstance that the party voted for will not accept the offices, under oath to rapport the Constitution, if elected, does not alter the character of the act of voting. Voting is a constitutional act as much as holding office. It exists only through the Constitution, and we can perceive no essential difference between the one act and the other.
the letter.
Upton, Nov. 10, 1847.
Friend Quincy:
I take the liberty to forward you a political curiosity—thrown up upon the sarface of that sea, whose waters foam and rage with such violence every second Monday in November. Although nothing but drift-wood, it yet deserves to be gathered up, and preserved as one of those specimens of lusus suffragii, calculated to rival any lusus naturæ, which has yet happened in the physical world. To those who have had an opportunity to examine it carefully, it is an object of wonder and apprehension. It is thought to have some of the characteristics of the torpedo, with this difference, that its electrical influence is felt only by the former. What particular elements in their mental or physical conformation, are the basis of such a phenomenon, a deeper philosophy than mine must determine. I hope you will favor your readers with a view of it, in order that they may analyze its structure, so that each one may be persuaded in his own mind, what manner of thing it is. C.
the ticket:
For Governor—W. L. Garrison. For Lieut. Governor—Francis Jackson. For Senators—Adin Ballou, of Milford. John M. Fisk, of Brookfield. Stephen S. Foster, of Worcester. Effingham S. Capron, of Uxbridge. J. T. Everett, of Princeton.
# The Pennyles Pilgrimage/Reader

TO ALL MY LOVING ADVENTURERS, BY WHAT NAME OR TITLE SOEVER, MY GENERAL SALUTATION.
EADER these Travels of mine into Scotland, were not undertaken, neither in imitation, or emulation of any man, but only devised by myself on purpose to make trial of my friends both in this Kingdom of England, and that of Scotland, and because I would be an eye-witness of divers things which I had heard of that Country; and whereas many shallow-brained Critics, do lay an aspersion on me, that I was set on by others, or that I did undergo this project, either in malice, or mockage of Master Benjamin Jonson, I vow by the faith of a Christian, that their imaginations are all wide, for he is a gentleman, to whom I am so much obliged for many undeserved courtesies that I have received from him, and from others by his favour, that I durst never to be so impudent or ungrateful, as either to suffer any man's persuasions, or mine own instigation, to incite me, to make so bad a requital, for so ​much goodness formerly received; so much for that, and now Reader, if you expect
That I should write of cities' situations, Or that of countries I should make relations: Of brooks, crooks, nooks; of rivers, bournes and rills, Of mountains, fountains, castles, towers and hills, Of shires, and piers, and memorable things, Of lives and deaths of great commanding kings, I touch not those, they not belong to me; But if such things as these you long to see, Lay down my book, and but vouchsafe to read The learned Camden or laborious Speed.
And so God speed you and me, whilst I rest Yours in all thankfulness: John Taylor.
# The Pennyles Pilgrimage/Sonnet 2

F sport like this can on the mountains be, Where Phœbus flames can never melt the snow; Then let who list delight in vales below, Sky-kissing mountains pleasure are for me: What braver object can man's eyesight see, Than noble, worshipful, and worthy wights, As if they were prepared for sundry fights, Yet all in sweet society agree? Through heather, moss, 'mongst frogs, and bogs, and fogs, 'Mongst craggy cliffs, and thunder-battered hills, Hares, hinds, bucks, roes, are chased by men and dogs, Where two hours hunting fourscore fat deer kills. Lowland, your sports are low as is your seat, The Highland games and minds, are high and great.
# The Pension Beaurepas

* "The Pension Beaurepas" in The Atlantic Monthly 43 (258) (April 1879): 460–488.
    —First publication; the "magazine text".
* "The Pension Beaurepas" in Washington Square, The Pension Beaurepas, A Bundle of Letters (2 volumes, London: Macmillan & Co., 1881) 2: 91–197.
    —First English book edition, published on 26 January 1881; text revised before publication; the "first book text".
* "The Pension Beaurepas" in Washington Square, The Pension Beaurepas, A Bundle of Letters (1 volume, London: Macmillan & Co., 1881): 267–346.
    —Reprint of the "first book text"
* "The Pension Beaurepas" in The Siege of London, The Pension Beaurepas, and The Point of View (Boston: J. R. Osgood, 1883): 139–219. (transcription project)
    —First American book edition; follows the "magazine text".
* "The Pension Beaurepas" in An International Episode, The Pension Beaurepas, The Point of View (London: Macmillan & Co., 1883)
    —Volume 12 of the "Collective Edition of 1883"; follows the "first book text"
* "The Pension Beaurepas" in The Novels and Tales of Henry James 14 (New York: Scribner; London:Macmillan, 1907–1909): 393–476.
    —Revised for publication by James; the "New York Edition text".
* "The Pension Beaurepas" in Lady Barbarina, The Siege of London; An International Episode, and Other Tales (London: Macmillan & Co., 192?): 349–421.
    — Volume 19 of The Novels and Stories of Henry James, the first posthumous collection of James' works; uses the "New York Edition" text.
# The Pennyles Pilgrimage/First prose section

​In this town of Newcastle, I overtook an hostler, and I asked him what the next town was called, that was in my way toward Lancaster, he holding the end of a riding rod in his mouth, as if it had been a flute, piped me this answer, and said, Talk-on-the-Hill; I asked him again what he said Talk-on-the-Hill: I demanded the third time, and the third time he answered me as he did before, Talk-on-the-Hill. I began to grow choleric, and asked him why he could not talk, or tell me my way as well there as on the hill; at last I was resolved, that the next town was four miles off me, and that the ​name of it was, Talk-on-the-Hill: I had not travelled above two miles farther: but my last night's supper (which was as much as nothing) my mind being informed of it by my stomach. I made a virtue of necessity, and went to breakfast in the Sun: I have fared better at three Suns many times before now, in Aldersgate Street, Cripplegate, and new Fish Street; but here is the odds, at those Suns they will come upon a man with a tavern bill as sharp cutting as a tailor's bill of items: a watchman's-bill, or a welsh-hook falls not half so heavy upon a man; besides, most of the vintners have the law in their own hands, and have all their actions, cases, bills of debt, and such reckonings tried at their own bars; from whence there is no appeal. But leaving these impertinences, in the material Sunshine, we eat a substantial dinner, and like miserable guests we did budget up the reversions.
# The Pennyles Pilgrimage/Sonnet 1

HY should I waste invention to indite, Ovidian fictions, or Olympian games? My misty Muse enlightened with more light, To a more noble pitch her aim she frames. I must relate to my great Master James, The Caledonian annual peaceful war; How noble minds do eternize their fames, By martial meeting in the Brae of Mar: How thousand gallant spirits came near and far, With swords and targets, arrows, bows, and guns, That all the troop to men of judgment, are The God of Wars great never conquered sons, The sport is manly, yet none bleed but beasts, And last the victor on the vanquished feasts.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Cosmas

From volume 4 of the work.
(Called HAGIOPOLITES or COSMAS OF JERUSALEM).
A hymn-writer of the Greek Church in the eighth century, was the foster-brother of St. John of Damascus. The teacher of the two boys was an elderly Sicilian, also named Cosmas, who had been freed from slavery by St. John's father. St. John and Cosmas went from Damascus to Jerusalem, where both became monks in the monastery of St. Sabas near that city. Cosmas, however, left the monastery in 743, when he was appointed Bishop of Maiuma, the port of ancient Gaza on the southern coast of Phoenicia. The Greek Church observes his feast on 14 October. As a learned prose-author Cosmas wrote comments on the poems of Gregory of Nazianzus; as a poet he is regarded by the Greek Church with great admiration. It considers Cosmas and St. John of Damascus the best representatives of the later Greek classical ymnology, the most characteristic examples of which are the artistic liturgical chants known as "canons". The hymns of Cosmas were originally intended to add to the interest of he services at Jerusalem, but through the influence of Constantinople their use became universal in the Orthodox Greek Church. It is not certain, however, that all the hymns ascribed to Cosmas in the Greek liturgical books were really his compositions, especially as his teacher of the same name was also a hymn writer. Collections of hymns, varying in number, are attributed to Cosmas, and may be found in Migne, P.G., XCVIII, 459-524, and in Christ-Paranikas, "Anthologia graeca carminum christianorum" (Leipzig, 1871), 161-204. For the above-mentioned notes or scholia on the poems of Gregory of Nazianzus see Mai, "Spicilegium Romanum", II, Pt. II, 1-375, and Migne, P.G., XXXVIII, 339-679.
KRUMBACHER, Gesch. der byzantinischen Literatur (2d ed., Munich, 1896), 674 sqq.
Anton Baumstark.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Cosmas of Prague

From volume 4 of the work.
Cosmas of Prague, Bohemian historian, b. about 1045, at Prague, Bohemia; d. there, 21 October, 1125. He belonged to a knightly family, received his first instruction in the schools of Prague, and studied grammar and dialectics at Liège under the direction of a renowned master named Franco. At Liège he acquired good literary taste and that acquaintance with the classics which is evident throughout his work. While still young he entered ecclesiastical life at Prague, but was not ordained priest until 11 June, 1099, at Gran, Hungary. In due time he became a member of the cathedral chapter of St. Vitus in Prague, and ultimately its dean. According to a general custom of the age, while still a minor cleric, he was married to one Bozetecha, by whom he had a son named Henry or Zdic, afterwards Bishop of Olmütz. With the Bishops of Prague, Gebhard, Cosmas, and Hermann, he was on terms of great intimacy, and often accompanied them on their travels; he likewise enjoyed the esteem and the confidence of the rulers of Bohemia. Cosmas wrote in Latin a "Chronica Bohemorum", or historia of Bohemia from the earliest times to 1125. The work consists of three books; the first brings the narrative to 1038, the second to 1092, the third to 1125. For the early part he relied almost exclusively on popular tradition, since there was no previous work on the subject. For the other parts he drew from the testimony of eyewitnesses, from his own experience, or from monuments and written documents. As an historian, Cosmas is generally truthful and conscientious; he distinguishes between what is certain and what is based only on rumours or tradition. The style is pleasing, and the character-sketches are vivid. Owing to these qualities, and also to the fact that he was the first writer of Bohemian history, he is called the Herodotus of Bohemia. The work was edited repeatedly: Freher, "Scriptores rerum bohemicarum" (Hanover, 1602, 1607, 1620); Mencke, "Scriptores rerum Germ.: Saxon." (Leipzig, 1728), I; Pelzl and Dobrowsky; "Scriptores rerum bohemicarum" (Prague, 1783); Koepke, "Mon. Germ. Hist.: Script." (Hanover, 1851), IX; also in Migne, P.L., CLXVI; [[Emler and Tomek, "Fontes rerum bohemicarum" (Prague, 1874), II.
KOEPKE, Prolegomena to his edition of Cosmas in Mon. Germ. Hist., and MIGNE, P.L.; BOROWY in Kirchenlex. (Freiburg im Br., 1884), III; POTTHAST, Bibliotheca medii oevi (Berlin, 1896), I; CHEVALIER, Bio-bibl. (Paris, 1905), I.
FRANCIS J. SCHAEFER
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Council of Agde

From volume 1 of the work.
​Agde, Council of, held in 506 at Agatha or Agde in Languedoc, under the presidency of St. Cæsarius of Arles. It was attended by thirty-five bishops, and its forty-seven genuine canons deal with ecclesiastical discipline. One of its canons (the seventh), forbidding ecclesiastics to sell or alienate the property of the church whence they drew their living, seems to be the earliest indication of the later system of benefices. In general, its canons shed light on the moral conditions of the clergy and laity in southern France at the beginning of the transition from the Græco-Roman social order to that of the new barbarian conquerors. They are also of some importance for the study of certain early ecclesiastical institutions.
Mansi, VIII, 323 sq; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, 2d. ed. II. 649–660.
Thomas J. Shahan.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Cosmati Mosaic

From volume 4 of the work.
(Gr. kosmos)
A peculiar style of inlaid ornamental mosaic introduced into the decorative art of Europe during the twelfth century, by a marble-worker named Laurentius, a native of Anagni, a small hill-town thirty-seven miles east-south-east of Rome. Laurentius acquired his craft from Greek masters and for a time followed their method of work, but early in his career, freeing himself from Byzantine traditions and influences, he worked along original lines and evolved a new style of decorative mosaic, vigorous in colour and design, which he invariably employed in conjunction with plain or sculptored marble surfaces, making it a decorative accessary to some architectural feature. As a rule he used white or light-coloured marbles for his backgrounds; these he inlaid with squares, parallelograms, and circles of darker marble, porphyry, or serpentine, surrounding them with ribbons of mosaic composed of coloured and gold-glass tesseræ. These harlequinads he separated one from another with marble mouldings, carvings, and flat bands, and further enriched them with mosaic. His earliest recorded work was executed for a church at Fabieri in 1190, and the earliest existing example is to be seen in the church of Ara Coeli at Rome. It consists of an epistle and gospel ambo, a chair, screen, and pavement. In much of his work he was assisted by his son, Jacobus, who was not only a sculptor and mosaic-worker, but also an architect of ability, as witness the architectural alterations carried out by him in the cathedral of Cività Castellana, a foreshadowing of the Renaissance. This was a work in which other members of his family took part, and they were all followers of the craft for four generations. Those attaining eminence in their art are named in the following genealogical epitome: Laurentius (1140-1210); Jacobus (1165-1234); Luca (1221-1240); Jacobus (1213-1293); Deodatus (1225-1294); Johannes (1231-1303). Their noted Cosmatesque mosaics are to be seen in the Roman churches of SS. Alessio e Bonifacio, S. Sabba, S. Cesareo, S. Giovanni a Porta Latina, S. Maria in Cosmedin, S. Balbina, S. Maria sopra Minerva, S. Maria Maggiore, and in the cloister of S. Scholastica at Subiaco, the basilica of St. Magus at Anagni, the duomo of Cività Castellana, and the ruined shrine of St. Edward the Confessor in Westminster Abbey.
DE MONTAULT, Généalogie d'artistes italiens; COLEMAN, Cosmati Mosaicin The Architectural Record (New York, June, 1902), XII; PARKER, The Archæology of Rome (Oxford, 1876), Pt. XI; DE ROSSI, Delle altre famiglie di marmorarii romani (Rome, 1870).
CARYL COLEMAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Cotenna

From volume 4 of the work.
A titular see of Asia Minor. Strabo (XII, 570) mentions the Katenneis in Pisidia adjoining Selge (now Sürk) and the tribe of Homonades (east and north of Trogitis, Séidi Shéihr Lake). Their city must be identified with the modern village of Godena or Gudene, on the Alaghir Tchai, in the vilayet of Konia. An inscription has been found showing that the people called themselves Kotenneis, so that the true name of the town was Kotenna. Hierocles mentions it as Kotana in Pamphylia. It appears as Kotaina in Parthey's "Notitiæ episcopatuum", X and XIII, twelfth or thirteenth century, as a suffragan of Side. Six bishops are known: Hesychius in 381, Acacius in 431, Eugenius or Eusebius in 451, Flavianus in 536, Cosmas in 680, Macarius in 879. It has been said that the Kotenneis are the same as the Etenneis, mentioned by Polybius, V, 73, as living in Pisidia above Side, and who struck coins in the Roman times. The native name may have been Hetenneis, and the tribe afterwards divided into at least two districts, the northern taking the name Etenneis while the southern preferred Kotenneis. There was another see called Etenna or something similar. A third district was perhaps also called Banaba or Manaua; for in 680 Cosmas appears as Bishop of "Kotenna and Manaua".
RAMSAY, Hist. Geogr. of Asia Minor (London, 1890), 418; LEQUIEN, Oriens christianus, I, 1009.
S. Pétridès.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Cotiæum

From volume 4 of the work.
A titular see of Asia Minor. Kotiaion according to its coins, better Cotyaion, the city of Cotys, was an ancient city of Phrygia Salutaris. Æsop is said to have been born there. It was a centre of heresy from the second century onwards. Socrates (IV, xxviii) speaks of its Novatian bishop. At first a simple suffragan of Synnada, it became an autocephalous archbishopric, probably in the eighth century, and about the tenth appears as a metropolis with three suffragan sees, which were later increased to thirteen (?). Lequien (I, 851) mentions ten bishops, the last in the fourteenth century. The first is Cyrus, sent thither by Theodosius II, after four bishops had been slain by the inhabitants. The town preserves some ancient ruins, a Byzantine castle and church. It was taken and plundered by Timur-Leng (Tamerlane) in 1402. It is now the chief town of a sanjak in the vilayet of Brusa, and is called by the Turks Kutaya. It has about 22,000 inhabitants, including 4000 Greeks, 2300 Armenians, 700 Catholic Armenians, and a few Latins; it contains two schools. It is also the see of a non-Catholic Armenian bishop. During late centuries Kutaya has been renowned for its Turkish earthenware, of which fine specimens may be seen at the Imperial Museum in Constantinople.
CUINET, Turquie d'Asie, IV, 201-205; RAMSAY, Asia Minor, 144, 436; IDEM, Early Christian Monuments in Phrygia, in The Expositor (1888, 1889); IDEM, Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia, passim.
S. Pétridès.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Chimborazo

See also Chimborazo (volcano) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Chimborazo (chĭm′ bṓ-rä′ zṓ), a peak of the Andes, in shape like a cone, lying in the republic of Ecuador, 20,517 feet above the sea. It was for a long time thought to be the highest mountain-peak in the world, and its snowclad top was named the Silver Bell. The mountain was first scaled by Whymper in 1880.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Chimera

See also Chimera on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Chimera (kĭ-mē′ rȧ). A chimera is a monstrous or vain fancy. The chimera of mythology was a monster, its front like to a lion, behind a serpent, and in the midst of it a goat. This fire-breathing monster was slain by Bellerophon. It is thought to have stood for a volcano, on whose crags were lions and on its rocky sides goats; while at its foot would dwell the serpents of the marshes. Bellerophon, then, would have subdued it by making his home upon its forbidding slopes. Hesiod gave the chimera the heads of a serpent, a lion and a goat. There is a family of shark-like fishes now known to scientists as Chimœra.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Chimney-Swift

See also Swift on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Chimney-Swift, mistakenly called chimney-swallow, is not even distantly related to the swallow, its stiff, mechanical flight being wholly different from that bird’s graceful motion. If not characterized by grace, the flight is very swift and is long sustained, and the bird is well-named the swift. It is said it can travel 1,000 miles in twenty-four hours, stopping only to roost in occasional tree or hollow chimney. The bird does not perch, but clings to a rough surface by means of sharp claws and sharper tail. Its nest, built in an unused chimney, seems more like a shelf than a nest. It is almost flat, and is woven entirely of sticks fastened to the wall by a sort of glue that flows from the mouth during the breeding season. This glue becomes hard and very strong, and the nests are fastened most securely, though, as is well known, a sudden fire in the chimney brings disaster. The four to six eggs are white. With beak and feet the bird, while in flight, breaks off sticks for the nest, and while in flight feeds, going through the air with mouth wide agape—as do its kin, the nighthawk and whippoorwill, and as does the swallow. Swifts rid the air of gnats and mosquitoes; they travel in the late afternoon and early morning. In color they are a sooty gray. The birds breed from Florida to Labrador and west to the Great Plains, are common summer residents and migrate in April, September and October. See Dugmore: Bird Homes; Blanchan: Birds Every Child Should Know.