# Latin for beginners (1911)/Part III/Lesson LXIV

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LESSON LXIV
THE PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES OF PURPOSE.
361. The perfect and the pluperfect subjunctive active are inflected as follows:
| Conj. I | Conj. II | Conj. III | Conj. III | Conj. IV |
| Perfect Subjunctive Active |||||
| SINGULAR |||||
| amā´verim | monu´erim | rē´xerim | cē´perim | audī´verim |
| 2. amā´veris | monu´eris | rē´xeris | cē´peris | audī´veris |
| 3. amā´verit | monu´erit | rē´xerit | cē´perit | audī´verit |
| PLURAL |||||
| amāve´rimus | monue´rimus | rēxe´rimus | cēpe´rimus | audīve´rimus |
| 2. amāve´ritis | monue´ritis | rēxe´ritis | cēpe´ritis | audīve´ritis |
| 3. amā´verint | monu´erint | rē´xerint | cē´perint | audī´verint |
| Pluperfect Subjunctive Active |||||
| SINGULAR |||||
| amāvis´sem | monuis´sem | rēxis´sem | cēpis´sem | audīvis´sem |
| 2. amāvis´sēs | monuis´sēs | rēxis´sēs | cēpis´sēs | audīvis´sēm |
| 3. amāvis´set | monuis´set | rēxis´set | cēpis´set | audīvis´set |
| PLURAL |||||
| amāvissē´mus | monuissē´mus | rēxissē´mus | cēpissē´mus | audīvissē´mus |
| 2. amāvissē´tis | monuissē´tis | rēxissē´tis | cēpissē´tis | audīvissē´tis |
| 3. amāvis´sent | monuis´sent | rēxis´sent | cēpis´sent | audīvis´sent |
a. Observe that these two tenses, like the corresponding ones in the indicative, are formed from the perfect stem.
b. Observe that the perfect subjunctive active is like the future perfect indicative active, excepting that the first person singular ends 'I.'-m and not in -ō.
c. Observe that the pluperfect subjunctive active may be formed by adding -issem, -issēs, etc. to the perfect stem.
d. In a similar way inflect the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive active of cūrō, iubeō, sūmō, iaciō, mūniō. ​362. The passive of the perfect subjunctive is formed by combining the perfect passive participle with sim, the present subjunctive of sum.
| Conj. I | Conj. II | Conj. III | Conj. III | Conj. IV |
| Perfect Subjunctive Passive |||||
| SINGULAR |||||
| 1. amā´tus sim | mo´nitus sim | rēc´tus sim | cap´tus sim | audī´tus sim |
| 2. amā´tus sīs | mo´nitus sīs | rēc´tus sīs | cap´tus sīs | audī´tus sīs |
| 3. amā´tus sit | mo´nitus sit | rēc´tus sit | cap´tus sit | audī´tus sit |
| PLURAL |||||
| 1. amā´tī sīmus | mo´nitī sīmus | rēc´tī sīmus | cap´tī sīmus | audī´tī sīmus |
| 2. amā´tī sītis | mo´nitī sītis | rēc´tī sītis | cap´tī sītis | audī´tī sītis |
| 3. amā´tī sint | mo´nitī sint | rēc´tī sint | cap´tī sint | audī´tī sint |
363. The passive of the pluperfect subjunctive is formed by combining the perfect passive participle with essem, the imperfect subjunctive of sum.
| Conj. I | Conj. II | Conj. III | Conj. III | Conj. IV |
| Pluperfect Subjunctive Passive |||||
| SINGULAR |||||
| 1. amātus essem | monitus essem | rēctus essem | captus essem | audītus essem |
| 2. amātus essēs | monitus essēs | rēctus essēs | captus essēs | audītus essēs |
| 3. amātus esset | monitus esset | rēctus esset | captus esset | audītus esset |
| PLURAL |||||
| 1. amātī essēmus | monitī essēmus | rēctī essēmus | captī essēmus | audītī essēmus |
| 2. amātī essētis | monitī essētis | rēctī essētis | captī essētis | audītī essētis |
| 3. amātī essent | monitī essent | rēctī essent | captī essent | audītī essent |
a. In a similar way inflect the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive passive of cūrō, iubeō, sūmō, iaciō, mūniō.
364. The perfect and pluperfect subjunctive of the irregular verb sum are inflected as follows:
| Perfect | Perfect | Pluperfect | Pluperfect |
| fu´erim | fue´rimus | fuis´sem | fuissē´mus |
| fu´eris | fue´ritis | fuis´sēs | fuissē´tis |
| fu´erit | fu´erint | fuis´set | fuis´sent |
A substantive clause is a clause used like a noun, as,
* That the men are afraid is clear enough (clause as subject)
* He ordered them to call on him (clause as object)
We have already had many instances of infinitive clauses used in this way (cf. § 213), and have noted the similarity between Latin and English usage in this respect. But the Latin often uses the subjunctive in substantive clauses, and this marks an important difference between the two languages.
366. Rule. Substantive Clauses of Purpose. A substantive clause of purpose with the subjunctive is used as the object of verbs of commanding, urging, asking, persuading, or advising, where in English we should usually have the infinitive.
EXAMPLES
| 1. | The general ordered the soldiers to run | Imperātor mīlitibus imperāvit ut currerent |
| 2. | He urged them to resist bravely | Hortātus est ut fortiter resisterent |
| 3. | He asked them to give the children food | Petīvit ut līberīs cibum darent |
| 4. | He will persuade us not to set out | Nōbīs persuādēbit nē proficīscāmur |
| 5. | He advises us to remain at home | Monet ut domī maneāmus |
a. The object clauses following these verbs all express the purpose or will of the principal subject that something be done or not done. (Cf. § 348.)
367. The following verbs are used with object clauses of purpose. Learn the list and the principal parts of the new ones.
N.B. Remember that iubeō, order, takes the infinitive as in English. (Cf. § 213.1.) Compare the sentences
* Iubeō eum venīre, I order him to come
* Imperō eī ut veniat, I give orders to him that he is to come
I.
* Petit atque hortātur ut ipse dicat.
* Caesar Helvētiīs imperāvit nē per prōvinciam iter facerent.
* Caesar nōn iussit Helvētiōs per prōvinciam iter facere.
* Ille civibus persuāsit ut dē finibus suis discēderent.
* Caesar principēs monēbit nē proelium committant.
* Postulāvit nē cum Helvētiīs aut cum eōrum sociīs bellum gererent.
* Ab iīs quaesīvī nē proficīscerentur.
* Iīs persuādēre nōn potuī ut domī manērent.
II.
* Who ordered Cæsar to make the march? (Write this sentence both with imperō and with iubeō.)
* The faithless scouts persuaded him to set out at daybreak.
* They will ask him not to inflict punishment.
* He demanded that they come to the camp.
* He advised them to tell everything (omnia).
Note. Do not forget that the English infinitive expressing purpose must be rendered by a Latin subjunctive. Review § 352.}}
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