OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Foster, Robert

​FOSTER, Sir ROBERT (1589–1663), lord chief justice, youngest son of Sir Thomas Foster, a judge of the common pleas in the time of James I, was born in 1589, admitted a member of the Inner Temple 1604, and called to the bar in January 1610. He was reader in the autumn of 1631, and with ten others received the degree of serjeant on 30 May 1636. On 27 Jan. 1640 he succeeded Sir George Vernon as a justice of the common pleas and was knighted. He was an ardent royalist, is supposed to have defended ship-money and billeting of troops, and joined the king at Oxford on his retreat thither, but he was one of those judges for whose continuance in office the House of Commons petitioned in 1643 (Clarendon, Rebellion, ed. 1826, iii. 407). At Oxford he attempted without success to hold a court of common pleas. On 31 Jan. 1643 he received the degree of D.C.L. He was one of the judges who tried and condemned Captain Turpin in 1644, and although the House of Commons ordered Serjeant Glanville, his colleague in that case, to be impeached for high treason, Foster was only removed, and with the four other judges of the common pleas disabled from his office ‘as if dead,’ for adherence to the king. He compounded for his estates by paying a large fine. After the king's death he lived in retirement, and, being a deep black-letter lawyer, practised in the Temple as a chamber counsel and conveyancer. He had received on 14 Oct. 1656 a license from the Protector and council to come to London on private business and stay there, notwithstanding the late proclamation. At the Restoration he was at once restored to the bench, 31 May 1660, and, having shown zeal on the trials of the regicides, was presently (21 Oct. 1660) appointed to the chief-justiceship of the king's bench, which had remained vacant for want of a suitable person to fill it. He dealt sternly with political prisoners. Many Fifth-monarchy men and the quakers, Crook, Grey, Bolton, and Tonge, accused of a plot against the king's life, were tried by him, and in the case of Sir Harry Vane he not only browbeat the prisoner on the trial, but induced the newly-restored king to sanction the execution against his word and the petition of both houses of parliament. On 1 July 1663 he tried Sir Charles Sedley ​for indecent behaviour, and ‘rebuked him severely.’ He died on circuit, 4 Oct. 1663, and was buried under a tomb bearing a bust of him in robes, at Egham, Surrey. He left a son Thomas, afterwards a knight, to whom his house, Great Foster House, Egham, descended.
J. A. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fotherby, Martin

​FOTHERBY, MARTIN (1549?–1619), bishop of Salisbury, son of Maurice Fotherby, a resident at Grimsby, Lincolnshire, was born about 1549. He entered at Cambridge, and eventually became a fellow of Trinity. He became prebendary and archdeacon of Canterbury in 1596, and in 1615 was presented to the deanery. He had married some years before his first promotion; for on 9 Sept. 1609 Lady Cooke wrote to Lord Salisbury asking him to promote the marriage of her eldest daughter with the archdeacon's eldest son, to which Fotherby objected, and in the following year, after the marriage had taken place, begged for a knighthood at the creation of the Prince of Wales for her son-in-law, because her daughter's worth and birth had been much disgraced by the match. Three years afterwards, being chaplain to James I, he was appointed to the bishopric of Salisbury. He was consecrated by Abbot, assisted by the bishops of London, Coventry, and Lincoln, 19 April 1618, and protested at his consecration that he had given nothing for his promotion. He died 29 March 1619, aged 70, and was buried in Allhallows Church, Lombard Street. In the epitaph on his tomb he is described in very high-flown terms of praise. He left an imperfect work against atheism, which was published after his death in 1622 in folio, under the title ‘Atheomastix: clearing foure Truthes against Atheists and Infidels.’ Four sermons were published together in 1608 in quarto, having been written in 1604. Copies of both these works are in the British Museum.
[Wood's Athenæ (Bliss), ii. 859; Godwin, De Præsulibus; Le Neve's Fasti; Stubbs's Registrum; Domestic State Papers.]
N. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Foster, Walter

​FOSTER, WALTER (fl. 1652), mathematician, elder brother of Samuel Foster [q. v.], was educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, of which he became a fellow. He took the two degrees in arts, B.A. in 1617, M.A. in 1621, and commenced B.D. in 1628. Dr. Samuel Ward, in a letter ​to Archbishop Ussher, dated from Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, 25 May 1630, says that Foster had taken some pains upon the Latin copy of Ignatius's ‘Epistles’ in Caius College Library, and adds that as he was ‘shortly to depart from the colledg by his time there allotted, finding in himself some impediment in his utterance, he could wish to be employed by your lordship in such like business. He is a good scholar, and an honest man’ (Ussher, Letters, p. 437). Despite the impediment in his speech he was afterwards rector of Allerton in Somersetshire. Twysden commends him for his skill in mathematics, and says that he communicated to him his brother's papers, which are published in his ‘Miscellanies’ (Preface to the same). There is a tetrastich of his writing among the ‘Epigrammata in Radulphi Wintertoni Metaphrasin’ published at the end of ‘Hippocratis Aphorismi soluti et metrici,’ 8vo, Cambridge, 1633. In 1652 he was living at Sherborne, Dorsetshire, and in the May of that year his brother bequeathed him ‘fourescore pounds and his library in Gresham Colledge.’
[Ward's Lives of the Gresham Professors, i. 87–8.]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Foster, William

​FOSTER, WILLIAM (1591–1643), divine, son of William Foster of London, barber-surgeon, was born in November 1591 (School Register). He entered Merchant Taylors' School in July 1607 (ib.), and two years later (8 Dec. 1609) was admitted of St. John's College, Oxford, whence he graduated. Having taken holy orders he became chaplain (1628) to the Earl of Carnarvon, and soon afterwards rector of Hedgerley, Buckinghamshire. In 1629 he published a little treatise against the use of weapon-salve. The book is entitled ‘Hoplo-Crisma Spongus, or a Sponge to wipe away the Weapon-Salve, wherein is proved that the Cure taken up among us by applying the Salve to the Weapon is magical and unlawful,’ 4to, 1629 and 1641. It attracted some attention through the answer made to it on behalf of the Rosicrucians by Dr. Robert Fludd [q. v.] in 1631. Francis Osborne also attacked it in an essay ‘On such as condemn all they understand not a reason for’ (1659). Wood says that Foster was helped in his work (which displays considerable learning) by Dr. John Roberts, a jesuit, who, ‘because some Protestants practised this and characterical cures (which, notwithstanding, are more frequent among Roman Catholics), he therefore called them Magi, Calvinists, Characterists, &c.’ Sir Kenelm Digby [q. v.] claimed to be the first to introduce the ‘weapon-salve’ into England. Foster was killed in 1643 (Lipscomb), but under what circumstances we know not.
[Robinson's Reg. of Merchant Taylors' School; Wood's Athenæ Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 573; Lipscomb's Buckinghamshire, iv. 508.]
C. J. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fothergill, Anthony (1685?-1761)

​FOTHERGILL, ANTHONY (1685?–1761), theological writer, was the youngest son of Thomas Fothergill of Brownber, Ravenstonedale, Westmoreland. Like his forefathers and descendants for many generations he owned Brownber, and lived and died there. Though he is said to have had no ‘liberal education,’ he published several theological works, the largest of which is entitled ‘Wicked Christians Practical Atheists; or Free Thoughts of a Plain Man on the Doctrines and Duties of Religion in general, and of Christianity in particular; compared and contrasted with the Faith and Practice of Protestants of every Denomination so far as either have come under the observation or ​to the knowledge of the Author: By Anthony Fothergill, a husbandman in the county of Westmoreland,’ 8vo, 1754. The description ‘husbandman’ is no doubt an attempt at a translation of the Lake country ‘statesman.’ This work was followed by two pamphlets: ‘A Modest Inquiry how far the Thirty-nine Articles of the Church of England and the Creed ascribed to St. Athanasius are consistent with and supported by one another; and how far they are also consistent with the Declarations of Jesus Christ and the Doctrines of His Apostles,’ 1755; and ‘The Fall of Man: an Enquiry into the Nature of that Event and how far the Posterity of Adam are involved in the guilt of his Transgression, addressed to all, but particularly preachers who embrace the doctrine of original sin,’ 1756. It is stated that he also wrote some things in verse, and contributed to the ‘Monthly Review.’ He seems to have acted as the parish lawyer. The parishioners put up in Ravenstonedale church a brass plate to his memory, bearing an inscription, which concludes: ‘his integrity of heart, social disposition, and uncommon abilities gained him general esteem. He departed this (his chequered) life, June 13, 1761, aged 75.’
E. C-n.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ralph of Maidstone

​RALPH of Maidstone (d. 1246), bishop of Hereford, is mentioned as archdeacon of Shropshire in 1215 and 1221, and as treasurer of Lichfield in 1215 and 1229. He was afterwards archdeacon of Chester, and appears to have taught in the schools at Oxford. Later on he migrated to Paris, and Matthew Paris mentions that he was one of the scholars who left that university in consequence of the riots of 1229 (iii. 168). After his return to England he was made dean of Hereford on 22 Sept. 1231. Three years later he was elected bishop of Hereford, the royal assent being given and the temporalities restored on 30 Sept. 1234. He was consecrated by Archbishop Edmund at Canterbury on 12 Nov. following. He baptised Henry, son of Richard of Cornwall, in 1235, and in the same year was sent to Provence to escort Eleanor, the intended queen of Henry III, to England. He was a witness to the confirmation of the charters in 1236, and in 1237 was employed to mediate with Llywelyn ab Iorwerth [q. v.] Ralph was injured by a fall from a rock in 1238, and the ‘Dunstable Annals’ seem to imply that this was the reason of his resignation of his bishopric in the following year (Ann. Mon. iii. 148, 156). The ordinary accounts, however, state that Ralph entered the Franciscan order in pursuance of a vow that he had made as the result of a vision when archdeacon of Chester. He resigned his bishopric and was received into the Franciscan order by Haymo of Feversham, the English provincial at Oxford, on 17 Dec. 1239 (Monumenta Franciscana, i. 58). Bartholomew of Pisa (Liber Conformitatum, f. 79b) says that Ralph worked with his own hands on the building of the Franciscan church at Oxford. Afterwards he retired to the house of his order at Gloucester, and, dying there on 8 Jan. 1246, was buried ‘in choro fratrum in presbyterario.’ Ralph is described by several writers as a man of great learning and repute as a theologian. While still archdeacon of Chester he wrote ‘Super Sententias’ (cf. Gray's Inn MS. 14, ff. 28–32). Royal MS. 3 C. xi. anciently belonged to the Franciscan house at Canterbury ‘Ex dono fratris Radulphi de Maydenstane quondam episcopi Herefordensis.’ Matthew Paris (Chronica Majora, iv. 163, Hist. Anglorum, ii. 374) erroneously states that Ralph became a Dominican.
C. L. K.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ralph Luffa

​RALPH, called Luffa (d. 1123), bishop of Chichester, was consecrated to that see in 1091 by Archbishop Thomas (d. 1100) [q. v.] of York (‘Actus Pont. Ebor.’ in Historians of the Church of York, ii. 359, Rolls Ser.). He may be said to have founded the cathedral of Chichester, so fundamentally did he alter the original structure, and his work, characterised by massive simplicity, can still be traced in the more modern building (Stephens, Memorials of the See of Chichester, pp. 48–9). The church, which was consecrated in 1108 (Ann. Monast. ii. 43, Rolls Ser.), was injured by a fire which did great damage to the city in 1114 (Rog. Hov. i. 169, Rolls Ser.), but Ralph successfully peti​tioned Henry I for an exemption from taxes in order to restore the damage (Will. Malm. De Gestis Pont. Angl. p. 206), and several charters attest the good will of the king (Dugdale, Mon. Angl. vi. 1168). Ralph completed the organisation of the chapter by the definition of the offices of dean, precentor, chancellor, and treasurer. He greatly raised the dignity of his see, increased the number of his clergy, and enriched the church with gifts. Thrice each year he went through the diocese, preaching and rebuking, but receiving only voluntary offerings. With the famous abbey of Battle he was on friendly terms, and was present at the consecration of the church in 1094 (ib. iii. 246).
Of bold and determined character (De Gest. Pont. p. 205), Ralph resisted William Rufus in his quarrel with Anselm [q. v.], whom he helped to consecrate as archbishop in 1093, and is said to have offered to surrender his staff and ring rather than yield to the king (ib.) He likewise opposed Henry I in his efforts to tax the clergy, and even suspended divine offices throughout his diocese until the king relaxed his claim (ib.) At the election, in 1109, of Thomas (d. 1114) [q. v.] to the archbishopric of York, he was one of the bishops who insisted upon the submission of York to Canterbury (Eadmer, Historia, pp. 208 seq. Rolls Ser.)
Ralph died on 24 Dec. 1123 (Ann. Monast. i. 11), and a tomb inscribed with his name in Chichester Cathedral, at the entrance to St. Mary's chapel, is said to be his. But this tomb is of small dimensions, and Ralph was traditionally reputed to be of great stature (De Gest. Pont. p. 205).
A. M. C.-e.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ralph of Coggeshall

​RALPH of Coggeshall (fl. 1207), chronicler. [See Coggeshall.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ralph of Evesham

Randal of Evesham in the ODNB.
​RALPH or RANDULPH of Evesham (d. 1229), abbot of Evesham, was born at Evesham. He became a monk of Worcester, and was at the same time a monk of Evesham, having a seat in that chapter. He was elected bishop of Worcester, 2 Dec. 1213, but resigned in favour of the king's chancellor at the request of King John and his legate Nicholas. On 24 Dec. he was elected prior of Worcester, and on 20 Jan. following, at the legate's recommendation, the Evesham chapter chose him abbot. Contrary to precedent, he obtained from the archbishop of Canterbury confirmation of his election. On 9 March (or 23 Feb. Ann. Wigorn.) he was blessed by the legate in St. Mary's Abbey, York.
In 1215 he was in Rome with Thomas de Marleberge [q. v.], and in the Lateran council he got the constitutions of Evesham confirmed. The Evesham historian praises his mildness and gives examples of his economy, financial skill, and generosity. He improved the monastic buildings and estates, gave vestments, plate, gems, and a pastoral staff to the church. In 1219 William of Blois, bishop of Worcester, held a synod, in which Randulph was not allowed to wear his mitre or to occupy the place next in dignity to that of the bishop. Randulph appealed, with what result is not known. He died on 17 Dec. 1229.
M. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ralph Niger

​RALPH NIGER (fl. 1170), historian. [See Niger.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ralph de Diceto

​RALPH de Diceto (d. 1202?), dean of Paul's. [See Diceto.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ralph Bocking

​RALPH BOCKING (d. 1270), Dominican. [See Bocking.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ralph of Bristol

duplicated at Bristol, Ralph de
​RALPH of Bristol (d. 1232), bishop of Kildare, was a native of Bristol, but settled in Dublin. He became a canon and treasurer of St. Patrick's, Dublin, and ‘Magistri Galfridus de Bristollia et Radulphus de Bristollia’ occur as witnesses to charters of Henry de Loundres [q. v.] (Chart. St. Mary, Dublin, i. 189–90, ii. 19; Reg. St. Thomas, Dublin, p. 306). Ralph was also a clerk of William de Payvo, bishop of Glendalough, from whom he received half the church of Salmonleap, with a pension of half a mark from Conephy (ib. p. 329). In 1223 he was consecrated bishop of Kildare, where he ​beautified and repaired the cathedral. He died in 1232. Ralph wrote a life of St. Laurence O'Toole, archbishop of Dublin, which appears to be that preserved in Trinity College, Dublin, MS. 652 (792) ii. It is said to be identical with the life given by Laurentius Surius in his ‘De Probatis Sanctorum Historiis’ (1570–5).
C. L. K.
# United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 11/Section 1115

§ 1115. Property of the estate
    (a) In a case in which the debtor is an individual, property of the estate includes, in addition to the property specified in section 541—
       (1) all property of the kind specified in section 541 that the debtor acquires after the commencement of the case but before the case is closed, dismissed, or converted to a case under chapter 7, 12, or 13, whichever occurs first; and
       (2) earnings from services performed by the debtor after the commencement of the case but before the case is closed, dismissed, or converted to a case under chapter 7, 12, or 13, whichever occurs first.
    (b) Except as provided in section 1104 or a confirmed plan or order confirming a plan, the debtor shall remain in possession of all property of the estate.
# United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 11/Section 1121

§ 1121. Who may file a plan
    (a) The debtor may file a plan with a petition commencing a voluntary case, or at any time in a voluntary case or an involuntary case.
    (b) Except as otherwise provided in this section, only the debtor may file a plan until after 120 days after the date of the order for relief under this chapter.
    (c) Any party in interest, including the debtor, the trustee, a creditors’ committee, an equity security holders’ committee, a creditor, an equity security holder, or any indenture trustee, may file a plan if and only if—
       (1) a trustee has been appointed under this chapter;
       (2) the debtor has not filed a plan before 120 days after the date of the order for relief under this chapter; :or
       (3) the debtor has not filed a plan that has been accepted, before 180 days after the date of the order for relief under this chapter, by each class of claims or interests that is impaired under the plan.
    (d)
       (1) Subject to paragraph (2), on request of a party in interest made within the respective periods specified in subsections (b) and (c) of this section and after notice and a hearing, the court may for cause reduce or increase the 120-day period or the 180-day period referred to in this section.
       (2)
          (A) The 120-day period specified in paragraph (1) may not be extended beyond a date that is 18 months after the date of the order for relief under this chapter.
          (B) The 180-day period specified in paragraph (1) may not be extended beyond a date that is 20 months after the date of the order for relief under this chapter.
    (e) In a small business case—
       (1) only the debtor may file a plan until after 180 days after the date of the order for relief, unless that period is—
          (A) extended as provided by this subsection, after notice and a hearing; or
          (B) the court, for cause, orders otherwise;
       (2) the plan and a disclosure statement (if any) shall be filed not later than 300 days after the date of the order for relief; and
       (3) the time periods specified in paragraphs (1) and (2), and the time fixed in section 1129 (e) within which the plan shall be confirmed, may be extended only if—
          (A) the debtor, after providing notice to parties in interest (including the United States trustee), demonstrates by a preponderance of the evidence that it is more likely than not that the court will confirm a plan within a reasonable period of time;
          (B) a new deadline is imposed at the time the extension is granted; and
          (C) the order extending time is signed before the existing deadline has expired.
# United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 11/Section 1122

§ 1122. Classification of claims or interests
    (a) Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, a plan may place a claim or an interest in a particular class only if such claim or interest is substantially similar to the other claims or interests of such class.
    (b) A plan may designate a separate class of claims consisting only of every unsecured claim that is less than or reduced to an amount that the court approves as reasonable and necessary for administrative convenience.
# United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 11/Section 1109

§ 1109. Right to be heard
    (a) The Securities and Exchange Commission may raise and may appear and be heard on any issue in a case under this chapter, but the Securities and Exchange Commission may not appeal from any judgment, order, or decree entered in the case.
    (b) A party in interest, including the debtor, the trustee, a creditors’ committee, an equity security holders’ committee, a creditor, an equity security holder, or any indenture trustee, may raise and may appear and be heard on any issue in a case under this chapter.
# United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 11/Section 1116

§ 1116. Duties of trustee or debtor in possession in small business cases
In a small business case, a trustee or the debtor in possession, in addition to the duties provided in this title and as otherwise required by law, shall—
    (1) append to the voluntary petition or, in an involuntary case, file not later than 7 days after the date of the order for relief—
       (A) its most recent balance sheet, statement of operations, cash-flow statement, and Federal income tax return; or
       (B) a statement made under penalty of perjury that no balance sheet, statement of operations, or cash-flow statement has been prepared and no Federal tax return has been filed;
    (2) attend, through its senior management personnel and counsel, meetings scheduled by the court or the United States trustee, including initial debtor interviews, scheduling conferences, and meetings of creditors convened under section 341 unless the court, after notice and a hearing, waives that requirement upon a finding of extraordinary and compelling circumstances;
    (3) timely file all schedules and statements of financial affairs, unless the court, after notice and a hearing, grants an extension, which shall not extend such time period to a date later than 30 days after the date of the order for relief, absent extraordinary and compelling circumstances;
    (4) file all postpetition financial and other reports required by the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure or by local rule of the district court;
    (5) subject to section 363 (c)(2), maintain insurance customary and appropriate to the industry;
    (6)
       (A) timely file tax returns and other required government filings; and
       (B) subject to section 363 (c)(2), timely pay all taxes entitled to administrative expense priority except those being contested by appropriate proceedings being diligently prosecuted; and
    (7) allow the United States trustee, or a designated representative of the United States trustee, to inspect the debtor’s business premises, books, and records at reasonable times, after reasonable prior written notice, unless notice is waived by the debtor.