OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Shreve, Samuel Henry

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​SHREVE, Samuel Henry (1829-84). An American civil engineer, born at Trenton, N. J. He graduated in 1848 at Princeton, and afterwards studied law and civil engineering. He directed the construction of numerous railways, and in 1875 was engineer of the New York Rapid Transit Commission. Subsequently he was consulting engineer of the Metropolitan Elevated Railroad, and chief engineer of the Brooklyn Elevated Railroad. He published a treatise on The Strength of Bridges and Roofs (1873).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Siebengebirge

Edition of 1905. See also Siebengebirge on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SIEBENGEBIRGE, zē′ben-ge-bĕr′ge. A group of seven conical heights in the Rhine Province, Prussia, on the right bank of the Rhine, 22 miles above Cologne (Map: Prussia, B 3). The chief peaks are the Oelberg (1522 feet), the Löwenburg, and the Drachenfels (q.v.). The scenery is strikingly picturesque, and the region is intimately connected with the history and legend of the surrounding country.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Siegburg

Edition of 1905. See also Siegburg on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SIEGBURG, zēg'bōōrK. A town of the Rhine Province, Prussia, at the meeting of the Agger and Sieg, 16 miles by rail southeast of Cologne (Map: Germany, B 3). The Benedictine abbey (1060) is now used as a prison. Siegburg is a manufacturing and mining town. It has a royal projectile factory, pottery works, lignite mines, and stone quarries. Population, in 1900, 14,162. Siegburg was a wealthy and prosperous city in the Renaissance period, and famous for the curious and artistic ‘Siegburg pitchers.’
# The New International Encyclopædia/Schlatter, Adolf

Edition of 1905. See also Adolf Schlatter on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SCHLATTER, shlät'ẽr, Adolf (1852—). A German theologian, born in St. Gallen, Switzerland. He became professor in Bern in 1888, in Berlin, in 1893, and in Tübingen in 1897. He wrote Der Glaube im Neuen Testament (1885; 2d ed. 1896); commentaries on Romans (3d ed. 1895), on Hebrews (3d ed. 1898), on James and the Johannine Epistles (2d ed. 1900), on Matthew (2d ed. 1900); on John (1899), and on Mark and Luke (1900); Zur Topographie und Geschichte Palästinas (1893); and Israels Geschichte von Alexander dem Grossen bis Hadrian (1901). With Cremer he edited Beiträge zur Förderung Christlicher Theologie (1897 et seq.).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Schlechta, Ottokar Maria von

Edition of 1905. See also Diplomatische Akademie Wien (where he was director 1861-1871) on German Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SCHLECHTA, shlĕK'tȧ, Ottokar Maria von (1825-94). An Austrian Orientalist. He was born in Vienna, studied there, was dragoman in Constantinople from 1848 to 1860, and from 1870 to 1874 was Consul-General at Bucharest, where he represented the Danube Commission, and whence he was transferred to Teheran to act as Plenipotentiary there. The Schlechta collection of Oriental manuscripts is now in the Vienna Imperial Library. He wrote Die osmanischen Geschichtschreiber der neuern Zeit (1856), Der Kampf zwischen Persien und Russland in Transkaukasien (1864), Manuel terminologique français-ottoman (1870), and valuable translations from the Persian.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Schlegel, Friedrich von

Edition of 1905. See also Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SCHLEGEL, Friedrich von (1772-1829). A German literary historian, critic, and writer on æsthetics, brother of August Wilhelm von Schlegel, born at Hanover. He studied philosophy at Göttingen and Leipzig, and in 1707 published his first work, Die Griechen und Römer, which was followed in 1798 by his Geschichte der Poesie der Griechen und Römer. The chief vehicle at this time for the dissemination of his philosophical views of literature was the Athenäum, an organ of the romantic school, edited by himself and his brother. In Lucinde, an unfinished novel (1799), he cynically reveals his relations with
Dorothea Veit, who had left her husband, a Berlin banker, in 1798 and ultimately married Schlegel in Paris (1804). Proceeding to Jena, he began there as a privat-docent, delivering lectures on philosophy, which met with small favor, and still editing the Athenäum, to which he also began to contribute poems of his own. In 1802 appeared his Alarcos, a tragedy, in which the classical and romantic elements are queerly blended. From Jena he soon went to Paris, where he gave philosophical lectures, edited the Europa, a monthly journal (1803), and applied himself to the languages of Southern Europe, and to Sanskrit, the fruits of which were seen in his treatise Ueber die Sprache und Weisheit der Indier (1808). During his residence in Paris he also published a Sammlung romantischer Dichtungen des Mittelalters (1804).
He returned to Germany in 1804 and settled at Cologne. There, in 1808, he and his wife joined the Roman Catholic Church, a change which powerfully affected his future literary career. In the same year Schlegel went to Vienna, where he was employed by the Archduke Charles as a secretary, and wrote fervent proclamations against Napoleon. In 1811 appeared the lectures he had delivered at Vienna, under the title, Ueber die neuere Geschichte, and in 1815 his Geschichte der alten und neuen Litteratur. In 1819 he made a trip to Italy. In 1822 a collected edition of his writings, in 12 volumes, was published by himself. Subsequently he delivered at Vienna and Dresden lectures on the “Philosophy of Life” (Philosophie des Lebens, 1828), on the “Philosophy of History” (Philosophie der Geschichte, 1829), and on the “Philosophy of Language” (Philosophie der Sprache, 1830). He died in Dresden. His manuscripts were published by Windischmann (Bonn, 1836-37). Consult Friedrich Schlegel, Briefe an seinen Bruder, edited by Walzel (Berlin, 1890).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Schmerling, Anton

Edition of 1905. See also Anton von Schmerling on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SCHMERLING, shmĕr'ling, Anton, Ritter von (1805-93). A distinguished Austrian statesman, born in Vienna, where he studied law and in 1829 entered the Government service. As an opponent of Metternich's policy he was sent to represent Austria at the Frankfort Parliament, and presided over it after the retirement of Colloredo. Elected to the National Assembly, he advocated a constitutional monarchy, and was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs and of the Interior by the Viceregent, Archduke John. Prussian influence having prevailed against his efforts to uphold the Austrian hegemony, he retired, and in Vienna entered Schwarzenberg's Cabinet as Minister of Justice, in which capacity he created the trial by jury. At variance with the reactionary policy of Prince Schwarzenberg, he resigned in 1851, soon after became chairman of the Senate of the Supreme Court, and in 1858 President of the Provincial Court of Appeals. The popular opposition to the federal October diploma of 1860 led to the appointment of Schmerling as Minister of State to promote the transformation of Austria into a constitutional monarchy, but his failure to overcome the opposition of the Hungarian Diet to his measures forced him to resign in 1865, whereupon he was appointed President of the Supreme Court. In 1867 he was made a life member of the House of Lords, where he repeatedly acted as first vice-president, and since 1879 led the party in opposition to the policy of Count Taaffe. For his biography, consult Arneth (Vienna, 1895).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Schirmer, Johann Wilhelm

Edition of 1905. See also Johann Wilhelm Schirmer on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SCHIRMER, shḗr'mẽr, Johann Wilhelm (1807-63). A German landscape painter and etcher, born at Jülich. He studied under Schadow at Düsseldorf, and in 1853 was appointed director of the art school at Karlsruhe. He became known as one of the first of the so-called Düsseldorf landscape school. His romantic, classic, and biblical subjects include “The Grotto of Egeria” (1842), in the Leipzig Museum; “Twelve Scenes from the History of Abraham” (1859-62), and “An Italian Park,” in the National Gallery at Berlin; four scenes of the “Good Samaritan” (1857), and “Storm in the Campagna,” at Karlsruhe, and pictures in many other galleries in European cities.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Schlatter, Michael

Edition of 1905. See also Michael Schlatter on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SCHLATTER, Michael (1716-90). A German Reformed minister. He was born at Saint Gall, and was educated there and at the University of Helmstedt. He entered the ministry, and in 1746 was sent by the synods of Holland to the German Reformed emigrants in Pennsylvania. He was pastor of the German Reformed churches in Philadelphia and Germantown, 1746-51, and organized churches in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia. He assisted in organizing the Synod of the German Reformed Church in 1747, but in 1755 gave up pastoral work, so as to devote himself to the organization of schools among the Germans, in which English should be taught. In 1757 he was chaplain of an expedition to Nova Scotia against the French, returned in 1759, and preached at Chestnut Hill, now part of Philadelphia, and elsewhere. He was still a royal chaplain when the Revolutionary War broke out, but, espousing the cause of the colonies, he was imprisoned in 1777, when the British took Philadelphia. Consult his Life by H. Harbaugh (Philadelphia, 1857).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Schmeller, Johann Andreas

Edition of 1905. See also Johann Andreas Schmeller on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SCHMELLER, shmĕl'lēr. Johann Andreas (1785-1852). A German philologist. He was born at Tirschenreuth, Bavaria, and studied in Munich. His studies of German dialects began with Bavarian, and in 1821 he published Die Mundarten Bayerns (supplemented by a lexicon, 1827-30). From 1828 until his death he taught in the University of Munich. Schmeller edited the Heliand (1830); the Old High German Evangelienharmonie (1841); the Muspilli (1832); Lateinische Gedichte des 10. und 11. Jahrhunderts (1836); Carmina Burana (1847); and Hadamar von Laber's Jagd (1850). His Cimbrisches Wörterbuch was edited by Bergmann in 1855. Consult Nicklas, Schmellers Leben und Wirken (Munich, 1885).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Schipper, Jakob

Edition of 1905. See also Jakob Schipper on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SCHIPPER, shĭp'ẽr, Jakob (1842—). A German philologist and English scholar, born in Oldenburg. He studied modern languages in Bonn, Paris, Rome, and Oxford, collaborated on the revision of Bosworth's Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, and was professor of English philology at Königsberg from 1872 until 1877, when he received a like chair in Vienna. There he was elected to the Academy of Sciences in 1887, and acted as editor of the Wiener Beiträge zur englischen Philologie (1895-1900). He published Englische Metrik (1881-88), an important work, supplemented by a Grundriss der englischen Metrik (1895); Zur Kritik der Shakespeare-Bacon-Frage (1889), and Der Bacon-Bacillus (1896), and editions of the Alexis legends (1877-87), of Dunbar's poems (1892-94), and of Alfred's version of Bede's ecclesiastical history (1897-99).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Schlatter, Francis

Edition of 1905. See also Francis Schlatter on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SCHLATTER, Francis (1856—?). A cobbler who, because of miraculous cures attributed to him, became known as ‘The Healer.’ He was born of German peasants in the village of Elser, in Alsace-Lorraine. In 1884 he emigrated to the United States, where he worked at his trade in various cities until 1892, when he thought that a voice bade him sell his business, give the money to the poor, and devote his life to healing the sick. He was then in Denver, Col., but soon after entering upon his mission left that city, and, traveling on foot, visited Kansas City, Hot Springs, Arkansas, El Paso, San Diego, San Francisco, and
Albuquerque. At the latter place in July, 1895, he suddenly became famous. Crowds gathered about him daily, hoping to be cured of their diseases by simply chisping his hands. The following month he returned to Denver, but did not resume his healings until September. Meantime, a great multitude had gathered there to receive treatment from him. Schlatter is said to have refused all reward for his services, and when money was given to him in such a way that it could not be returned it was asserted that he distributed it among the poor. His manner of living was of the simplest, and he taught no new doctrine, he said only that he obeyed a power which he called ‘Father’ and from this power he claimed to receive his healing virtue. On November 13 he disappeared, leaving behind him a brief note, in which he declared that his mission was ended.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Berlichingen, Götz von

Edition of 1905. See also Götz von Berlichingen on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BERLICHINGEN, bĕr'lĭK-ĭng'en, Götz or Gottfried von (1480-1562). A German feudal knight and soldier of fortune. He was born at Jagsthausen, Württemberg, and was initiated into feudal warfare at an early age. He first served the Elector Frederick of Brandenburg, but soon took up the cause of Albert of Bavaria, In 1504, at the siege of Landshut, he lost his right hand, and having had it replaced by an iron one, he was thenceforth known as Götz of the Iron Hand. He lived in constant feuds with his neighbors and waylaid passing merchants, varying these pastimes with deeds of chivalry. His disregard for the edict against private warfare caused Götz to be twice put under the ban of the Empire, first in 1512 and again in 1518. He was a stanch supporter of Luther. In 1525 the revolted peasants, according to his story, came to the castle of Berlichingen and insisted forcibly on his assuming command over them. The revolt was soon put down and Götz taken prisoner, and only released after two years' captivity, and on promise of abstaining from further warfare. After a long period of inactivity he reappeared on the scene in 1542, and took part in the campaign in Hungary against the Turks, and in 1544 fought for Charles V. against Francis I. Götz died at his castle, July 23, 1562. While living in retirement he wrote his famous autobiography, which first appeared in 1731 and has since been edited by Schönhuth (Heilbronn, 1859), and by Müller (Leipzig, 1882), Goethe chose the famous knight as the hero of one of his best-known dramas, Götz von Berlichingen, which Sir Walter Scott translated, and in the eyes of historians generally Götz represents the typical feudal knight. The best biographies of him are: Götz, Graf van Berlichingen-Rossach, Geschichte des Ritters Götz von Berlichingen mit der eisernen Hand (Leipzig, 1861); Buesching, Leben des Götz von Berlichingen (Berlin, 1810). The family of Berlichingen-Rossach are descendants of the famous knight.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Bernstein, Aaron

Edition of 1905. See also Aaron Bernstein on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BERNSTEIN, bẽrn'stḯn, Aaron (1812-84). A German publicist and author. He was born at Danzig, of Jewish parentage. His admirable translation of the Song of Songs (published
under the pseudonym of A. Rebenstein, 1834) and his publication of the work entitled Das junge Deutschland established his fame as a writer among the literary critics of Berlin. In 1849 he founded the Urwählerzeitung, in which (in 1851) he published some ultra-democratic articles which brought about his imprisonment. The paper was finally suppressed in 1853, when Bernstein established the Volkszeitung, a journal devoted, like its predecessor, largely to the dissemination of democratic views. His numerous and varied publications include Revolutions- und Reaktionsgeschichte Preussens und Deutschlands von den Märztagen bis zur neuesten Zeit (3 vols., 1883); and Aus dem Reiche der Naturwissenschaft (1856), later republished under the title Naturwissenschaftliche Volksbücher (1880, and frequently reprinted), a valuable work, which has been translated into nearly all the languages of Europe.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Besika Bay

Edition of 1905. See also Beşik Bay, Çanakkale on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BES′IKA BAY. An inlet of the Ægean Sea, of marine strategic importance, on the northwest coast of Asia Minor, a little south of the entrance to the Dardanelles (Map: Turkey in Asia, B 3). The island of Tenedos lies at the mouth of the bay. The English fleet was stationed there during the crisis of the Russo-Turkish War in 1853-54, and again in 1877-78.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Bernstein, Julius

Edition of 1905. See also Julius Bernstein on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BERNSTEIN, Julius (1839—). A German physiologist, born in Berlin. He became professor of physiology at Heidelberg in 1869, at Berlin in 1871, and at Halle in 1872. The character of his researches is expressed in the titles of such works by him as Untersuchungen über den Erregungsvorgang im Nerven- und Muskelsystem (1871) and Die fünf Sinne des Menschen (2d ed., 1889).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Besant, or Bezant

Edition of 1905. See also Bezant on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BESANT′, or BEZANT′. A circular piece of bullion, generally gold, without any impression, supposed to represent the old coinage of Byzantium brought home by the Crusaders, and hence of frequent occurrence as heraldic charges. Besants are generally introduced into the arms of banks, and also into those of individuals who have been specially connected with money. Similar figures, when not colored or (gold), or argent (silver), are known in heraldry by the general term of roundels. A bezanty cross is a cross composed of besant and bezanty, or bezantée, is a term used when the shield, or any particular charge, is strewed with besants.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Beside the Bonnie Briar Bush

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​BESIDE′ THE BON′NIE BRI′AR BUSH. A collection of tales of Scotch life (1894), by Ian Maclaren, the pen-name of the Rev. John Watson, which excited wide interest, and made the author famous. The types of lowly life in these stories have been developed in other stories by the same author.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Bernstein, Eduard

Edition of 1905. See also Eduard Bernstein on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BERNSTEIN, Eduard (1850—). A German social-democratic leader, born in Berlin. In 1878 he became private secretary to Höchberg, the publisher of the Zukunft, and from 1881 to 1890 was editor of the Sozialdemokrat. His socialistic views made it desirable for him to withdraw to London in 1888, but he returned to Germany, and in 1901 became editor of the Vorwärts. Bernstein combats Marx's laissez-faire teaching — that the concentration of capital, the extinction of the entrepreneur, and the rapid growth of the proletariat class presage the desirable and inevitable industrial revolution, and that, therefore, partial reforms in the interests of the latter class are undesirable by contradicting at the outset the assertion about the disappearance of the middleman. As a matter of fact, he declares, the entrepreneur class is being steadily recruited from the proletariat class, and therefore all compromise measures, such as the State regulation of the hours of labor, provisions for old-age pensions, and so on, are to be encouraged and taken advantage of. For this reason he urges the laboring classes to take an active interest in politics. His published works, besides an edition (1891-93) of the speeches and writings of Lasalle, include Die Voraussetzungen des Sozialismus und die Aufgaben der Sozialdemokratie (1899); Zur Geschichte und Theorie des Sozialismus (1900), and other works.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Besant, Mrs. Annie

Edition of 1905. See also Annie Besant on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BESANT, bēs′ant, Mrs. Annie (1847—). An English theosophist. She was born in London, October 1, 1847, began life as a devout Ritualist, married the Rev. Frank Besant, 1867, but soon afterwards became an avowed freethinker; was separated from her husband in 1873, and in 1874 joined the National Secular Society. Here she met Charles Bradlaugh, with whom she published a pamphlet, The Fruits of Philosophy (1877), which led to the arrest of the authors for alleged immorality, because they discussed plans for controlling the increase of population. After much litigation, they were acquitted. In 1889 she joined the Theosophical Society, and became an ardent disciple of Madame Blavatsky, and since then has devoted herself to the propaganda of theosophy throughout the world. With Herbert Burrows she compiled a Petit glossaire de termes théosophiques (Paris, 1894). In 1893 she made a lecturing tour in the United States, and published her autobiography under the title, Through Storm to Peace. Her later works include: The Building of Kosmos (1894); The Self and its Sheaths (1895); Four Great Religions (1897); Dharma and the Story of the Great War (1899); Esoteric Christianity: or, the Lesser Mysteries (1902).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Besant, Sir Walter

Edition of 1905. See also Walter Besant on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BESANT, be-zānt′, Sir Walter (1836-1901). An English novelist and critic. He was born in Portsmouth, August 14, 1836, the son of William Besant. He was educated at King's College, London, and at Christ's College, Cambridge, and was appointed senior professor in the Royal College of Mauritius (1801-67). Returning to London on account of ill health, he formed a successful literary partnership with James Rice. They produced together many excellent novels, beginning with Ready Money Mortiboy (1872), and ending with The Seamy Side (1881). After the death of Rice (1882), Besant wrote a large number of novels, of which the most notable is All Sorts and Conditions of Men (1882), dealing with the social conditions in the East Side of London. This novel presented so clear a picture of the real life and limited opportunities of the common people of East London as to lead to the establishment of the People's Palace as a reality. The work gave an impetus to many other attempts at social reform, and assisted its author to an abiding-place among the social reformers of his generation. Among his other novels are Dorothy Foster, Children of Gibeon, Armorel of Lyonesse, The City of Refuge, and The Orange Girl. Besant also did an immense amount of miscellaneous writing. He founded the Society of Authors, becoming its first chairman (1884-85), and the editor (1890) of the Author, an official organ of the society. In 1895 he was knighted. He died at Hampstead, June 10, 1901. (See People's Palace.) Consult Autobiography (New York, 1902).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Bernstein, Georg Heinrich

Edition of 1905. See also Georg Heinrich Bernstein on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BERNSTEIN, Georg Heinrich (1787-1860). A German Orientalist. He was born January 12, 1787, at Cospeda, near Jena. He studied at the universities of Jena, Leipzig, and Göttingen, and in 1812 became assistant professor of Oriental literature at the University of Berlin, and in 1821 full professor at Breslau. He made many journeys to the great libraries of Europe, visiting Oxford, London, Cambridge, Florence, Rome, Naples, and Venice, and gathering scientific material drawn chiefly from manuscript sources. His greatest philological activity was displayed in the publication of Syriac texts, the most noteworthy being the Chronicle of Bar-Hebræus (1822) and portions of the same author's Horreum Mysterionun (1858). In the domain of Arabic literature, he is known for his edition of the Poem of Safi ed-diṇ (1816). He also published a new and entirely revised edition of Kirsch's Chrestomathia Syriaca (1832-36), which is still used as a text-book at universities.
It was his intention to publish an elaborate Syriac dictionary, of which, however, only the first part appeared (1857). He died at Lauban, on April 5, 1860.