OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Echinodermata

See also Echinoderm on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* Starfish
* Sea-Urchin
Echinodermata (ḗ-kī′ nṓ-dẽr′ mȧ-tȧ), the subkingdom of animals; containing starfish, sea-urchins, sea-cucumbers and crinoids. As the name implies, they all have a spiny skin. They are all inhabitants of salt water. The common starfish (see illustration) has five arms radiating from a central disk. At the end of each arm is a little red eye-spot; on the back is a rounded tubercle through which water enters the body; on the lower surface, in the center of the disk, is the mouth; and along the middle of the arms, in grooves, are the tube-feet used in locomotion. Other varieties of starfishes are the brittle stars, the basket-fish, etc. The starfishes form one class of the sub-kingdom. The sea-urchins form another class. The common sea-urchins are rounded and have a hard, limy, outer case that is covered with numerous spines (see illustration). When the spines are removed, the case is seen to be made of limy plates nicely fitted together. Five sets of these plates, passing like meridians around the shell, are perforated by little holes for the tube-feet, and five other rows of plates are not punctured. Inside the shell is a very complicated structure containing five teeth, the points of the teeth coming to the surface at the mouth; the rest of the apparatus is within the shell. It is often called Aristotle’s lantern. Other kinds of sea-urchins are flattened, and are variously called sand-cakes, sand-dollars, etc. Most of the starfishes and sea-urchins move by tube-feet, which are extended by water-pressure from within. A system of tubes, called collectively the water-vascular system, carries water over the body. The tubes are arranged as follows: a central tubular ring about the mouth and five radiating tubes leading from it into the arms. From these main tubes smaller ones spring off, right and left, communicating with the tube-feet outside the body and with an equal number of rounded sacs within the body. The water enters through a sieve-like plate on the top of the body, and is carried by a tube to the central vessel around the mouth and then distributed through the rest of the system. The sea-cucumbers form another class. They have a long, plump body shaped like a cucumber, with tube-feet in rows along the body and a tree-like expanse at one end for breathing. The crinoids or feathered stars make another class. They have a body with branching processes extending from it, all borne on a stem which sometimes is very long. They are dredged from deep-sea waters in various parts of the world. The sub-kingdom Echinodermata is represented by many fossils in the rocks. The true position of the group among animals is not clear; but some of the larvæ of Echinoderms resemble those of worms, and this serves to relate them in a general way with the worms or to indicate that the remote ancestors of both groups were similar. See Romanes: Jelly-fish, Starfish and Sea-Urchins.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ecology

See also Ecology on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ecology (ḗ-kŏl′ ṓ-jy̆), often spelled œcology. In botany it is that division of the subject which deals with plants in relation to their environment. This environment includes both the physical conditions in which plants live and other plants and animals. There are two prominent phases of ecology. One considers the individual plant as it relates its organs to the environment. For example, the relation of leaves to light, of roots to the soil, of flowers to insects; the protection of various organs or the whole plant against drouth, cold, intense light, poor nutrition; the arrangements for the dispersal of spores and seeds; and many other subjects all belong to this phase of ecology. The other phase of the subject deals with plants associated together in what are called plant-societies. Plants are not scattered at haphazard over the surface of the earth, but are organized into definite societies or communities, as a forest-society, a meadow-society, a swamp-society, etc. These societies are determined by varying combinations of numerous factors, such as temperature, water, soil, light, wind, and they are as numerous as the possible combinations of these factors. This study of plant-societies merges into the study of the natural floras of the world, which are combinations of societies; and this in turn leads to the study of geographical botany. The study of the conditions which determine floras is often called floristics; while the combination of plant-societies, floristics and geographical botany is sometimes called phytogeography.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Edda

See also Edda on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Edda (meaning great-grandmother), the name of two very different collections of old Scandinavian literature. The Younger or prose Edda was written between 1050 and 1133, and discovered in 1628. The Elder Edda is a collection of songs, mostly Icelandic. These are 39 poems which sing the praises of old Scandinavian gods and heroes. They belong probably to the 8th and 9th centuries. See Iceland, Its Scenes and Sagas, by Baring-Gould.
# The Princess Casamassima (3 volumes, London & New York: Macmillan & Co., 1886)/Volume 3

THE PRINCESS CASAMASSIMA
THE
PRINCESS CASAMASSIMA
A Novel
BY
HENRY JAMES
IN THREE VOLUMES
VOL. III.
London
MACMILLAN AND CO.
AND NEW YORK
1886
COPYRIGHT
1886
By HENRY JAMES
* Book 4 (continued)
* Book 5
* Book 6
# The Princess Casamassima (3 volumes, London & New York: Macmillan & Co., 1886)/Volume 3/Book 4

Book 4 continues from Volume 2.
* Chapter 33
* Chapter 34
* Chapter 35
* Chapter 36
* Chapter 37
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wainwright, Richard

See also Richard Wainwright (Spanish–American War naval officer) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​WAINWRIGHT, Richard (1849—). An American naval officer, born in Washington, D.C. He graduated at the United States Naval Academy in 1868, became a lieutenant in 1873, commanded the coast-survey vessel Arago for a time, was successively flag-lieutenant to Admiral Patterson, commanding on the Asiatic Station, and secretary to Admiral Jouett, commanding the North Atlantic Squadron, and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-commander in 1894. In February, 1898, he was executive officer of the battleship Maine, when that vessel was destroyed in Havana Harbor, and during the Spanish-American War he commanded the converted yacht Gloucester, taking a distinguished part in the naval battle of Santiago and being largely responsible for the destruction of Cervera's torpedo-boat destroyers, the Pluton and the Furor. In March, 1899, he was promoted to the rank of commander, and in March, 1900. became superintendent of the United States Naval Academy.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New International Encyclopædia/Washington, Booker Taliaferro

Edition of 1905. See also Booker T. Washington on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ WASHINGTON, Booker Taliaferro (the child of a mulatto slave and of a white man) (c.1858—). An American negro educator, born near Hale's Ford, Franklin County, Va. He was a plantation slave, after the Civil War removed to Malden, W. Va., was there employed in a salt furnace, and later in a coal mine, and obtained his first instruction chiefly in a local night school. After much difficulty and hardship he made his way to the Hampton (Va.) Normal and Agricultural Institute, where he defrayed the cost of his board by acting as janitor, and studied for three years (1872-75). He then taught school for two years at Malden, studied further for eight months (1878-79) in the ​Wayland Seminary of Washington, D. C., and in 1879 was appointed an instructor in the Hampton Institute. There he was successful in directing the work of about 75 Indians of whose education General Armstrong was then making trial, and introduced and took charge of the night school, which soon became an important feature. In 1881 he was appointed to establish a colored normal school at Tuskegee, Ala., the State Legislature having granted an annual appropriation of $2000 to be used for the salaries of instructors. He opened the school in a dilapidated shanty and a church, with 30 scholars, and himself as the only teacher. Subsequently he transferred the school to its present site on a plantation bought for $500, about one mile from Tuskegee. His efforts to better the condition of this institution led to his appearance at many important public assemblages, both religious and secular, and his addresses on these occasions soon made him known as a remarkably fluent and effective speaker with a faculty for telling a homely story to illustrate his point. He became known, moreover, not only as a man who was tremendously in earnest, but as a far-sighted and practical reformer. His most notable address was that given at the opening of the Atlanta (Ga.) Cotton States and International Exposition in 1895. In 1900 he organized the National Negro Business League at Boston, Mass. His publications include: The Future of the American Negro (1899); a remarkable autobiography, Up from Slavery (1901, originally published in The Outlook in 1900-01); and Character-Building (1902), a collection of addresses to Tuskegee students. Consult also, Thrasher, Tuskegee; Its Story and Its Work (Boston, 1900), with an introduction by Washington. See Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wainwright, Jonathan Mayhew

See also Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright (bishop) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​WAIN'WRIGHT, Jonathan Mayhew (1792-1854). Protestant Episcopal bishop. He was born in Liverpool, England, of American parentage. He graduated at Harvard College (1812); became rector of Christ Church, Hartford, Conn. (1816); assistant minister of Trinity Church, New York (1819); rector of Grace Church (1821), and of Trinity Church, Boston (1834); took charge of Saint John's Chapel, Trinity Parish, New York (1838); and was elected provisional bishop of the diocese of New York, and consecrated in 1852. Among his published writings are: There Cannot be a Church Without a Bishop (1844); The Pathways and Abiding-Places of Our Lord (1851); and The Land of Bondage (1852). Consult his memoirs by J. N. Norton (New York, 1858).
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New International Encyclopædia/Washing Machines

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ WASHING MACHINES. See Laundry Machinery.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Washington, Bushrod

Edition of 1905. See also Bushrod Washington on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ WASHINGTON, Bushrod (1762-1829). An American jurist, born in Westmoreland County, Va. He was the son of John Augustine Washington, younger brother of General Washington. He graduated at William and Mary College in 1778; studied law in Philadelphia; practiced for a time in his native county; and from 1780 until the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown served as a volunteer in Col. J. F. Mercer's troop of horse. In 1787 he became a member of the House of Delegates, and in the following year was a member of the Virginia convention that ratified the Federal Constitution. In 1798 he became an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court. Four years later, upon the death of Martha Washington, he inherited the mansion of Mount Vernon and part of the estate. Among his published works are: Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Court of Appeals of Virginia (1798-99); and Reports of Cases Determined in the Circuit Court of the United States, for the Third Circuit, from 1803 till 1827, edited by Richard Peters (1826-29). His Life was written by Horace Binney (privately printed, Philadelphia, 1858).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Washington, Fort

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​WASHINGTON, Fort. See Fort Washington.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Waite, Morrison Remick

Edition of 1905. See also Morrison Waite on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​WAITE, Morrison Remick (1816-88). An American jurist. Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1874 to 1888. He was born at Lyme, Conn., and graduated at Yale in 1837. He was admitted to the bar at Maumee City, Ohio, in 1839. In 1849 he was elected to the Ohio Legislature as a Whig, of which party he was a member until the organization of the Republican Party. He first attracted national attention when in 1871 he was appointed with Caleb Cushing and William M. Evarts to represent the United States before the tribunal for the arbitration of the Alabama and other claims at Geneva, Switzerland. In 1873 he was president of the Ohio Constitutional Convention. In January, 1874, President Grant nominated Waite to succeed Salmon P. Chase as Chief Justice of the United States, and he was at once unanimously confirmed. This position he held until his death. As Chief Justice he was dignified and impartial, and absolutely unbiased by political considerations. In the numerous constitutional questions growing out of the interpretation of the amendments following the Civil War, he maintained a balance between the rights of the States and the extended powers of the Federal Government, and many of the most important opinions of this period were written by him. Among these decisions were those on the head-money tax cases (1876), the polygamy cases (1879), the election laws (1880), the power of removal by the President (1881), the Virginia land cases (1881), the Civil Rights Act (1883), the Alabama claims (1885), the Legal Tender Act (1885), the express companies' cases (1880), the extradition cases (1886), the Virginia debt cases (1887), and the cases of the Chicagoo anarchists (1887).
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New International Encyclopædia/Walker, Amasa

Edition of 1905. See also Amasa Walker on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WALKER, Amasa (1799-1875). An American economist, born at Woodstock, Conn. From 1820 to 1840 he was engaged in business, retiring in the latter year from commercial life. In 1842-48 he lectured on political economy at Oberlin College; in 1853-60 was examiner on political economy at Harvard; and in 1859-69 lecturer on political economy at Amherst. In 1843 he was delegate to the first international peace congress at London, and in 1849 delegate to the peace congress at Paris. He was elected to several political offices, among them that of Secretary of State of Massachusetts (1851-53), and Representative in Congress (1862-63). He was a frequent contributor to periodical literature, especially on financial subjects, on which his authority was regarded as of the highest. His principal work was Science of Wealth (1866), a manual of political economy which attained a high degree of popularity.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Walker, Francis Amasa

Edition of 1905. See also Francis Amasa Walker on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WALKER, Francis Amasa (1840-97). A distinguished American economist, born in Boston. He was the son of Amasa Walker (q.v.). He graduated at Amherst in 1860 and entered upon the study of law. Soon after the outbreak of the Civil War he enlisted, and he served until near the close of the war. During the greater part of the war he held the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and at the end of the war was brevetted a brigadier-general. From 1865 to 1868 he taught Latin and Greek at Williston Seminary; in 1868 he was on the staff of the Springfield Republican. In 1869 he was placed in charge of the Bureau of Statistics of the Treasury Department; in 1870 he became superintendent of the Ninth Census, and in 1872 Commissioner of Indian Affairs. In 1873-81 he occupied the chair of political economy and history at the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale, and
in 1877-79 he was lecturer at Johns Hopkins University. In 1878 he represented the United States at the Monetary Conference in Paris. He was appointed superintendent of the Tenth United States Census in 1880, and in 1881 became president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. From 1882 to 1897 he was president of the American Statistical Association, and in 1885-92 was president of the American Economic Association. He was a member of many other learned societies, both of America and Europe. He was a prolific writer, especially on economic topics, and was one of the foremost advocates of international bimetallism. In economic theory he is regarded as an original and powerful thinker, and his treatment of wages and profits has had a profound influence upon economic theory. The development of interest in economics in America is in a large measure the result of Walker's work. His principal writings are The Indian Question (1874); The Wages Question (1876); Money (1878); Money in Its Relation to Trade and Industry (1879); Political Economy (1883); Land and Its Rent (1883); History of the Second Army Corps (1886); Life of General Hancock (1894); The Making of the Nation (1895); and International Bimetallism (1896). For biographical notices and an extended bibliography of Walker's works, consult Publications of the American Statistical Association, vol. v. (Boston, 1896-97).
# The Rampa Story/Author's Foreword

Published in 1960, the only one of Lobsang Rampa's books to have not been renewed.

## AUTHOR'S FOREWORD

“No bitterness,” said Mr. Publisher.
“All right,” I thought to myself, “but why should I have any bitterness? I am merely trying to do my job—writing a book as directed.”
“Nothing against the Press!” said Mr. Publisher.
“Nothing!!”
“Dear, dear,” I said to myself “What does he take me for?” So it shall be. Nothing against the Press. After all, they think they are doing their job, and if they are fed incorrect information, then I suppose they cannot be held wholly responsible. But my idea about the Press? Tut, tut, No. Nothing more about the subject.
This book follows on from The Third Eye, and from Doctor from Lhasa. At the very outset I am going to tell you that this is Truth, not fiction. Everything that I have written in the other two books is true, and is my own personal experience. What I am going to write about concerns the ramifications of the human personality and ego, a matter at which we of the Far East excel.
However, no more Foreword. The book itself is the thing!
# The Rampa Story

Published in 1960, the only one of Lobsang Rampa's books to have not been renewed.
* The Incredible Truth
* Author's Foreword
* Chapter One
* Chapter Two
* Chapter Three
* Chapter Four
* Chapter Five
* Chapter Six
* Chapter Seven
* Chapter Eight
* Chapter Nine
* Chapter Ten
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was legally published within the United States (or the United Nations Headquarters in New York subject to Section 7 of the United States Headquarters Agreement) before 1964, and copyright was not renewed.
* For Class A renewal records (books only) published between 1923 and 1963, check the Stanford University Copyright Renewal Database.
* For other renewal records of publications between 1922–1950, see the University of Pennsylvania copyright records.
* For all records since 1978, search the U.S. Copyright Office records.
Works published in 1960 could have had their copyright renewed in 1987 or 1988, i.e. between January 1st of the 27th year after publication or registration and December 31st of the 28th year. As this work's copyright was not renewed, it entered the public domain on January 1st, 1989.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1981, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 42 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
It is imperative that contributors ascertain that there is no evidence of a copyright renewal before using this license. Failure to do so will result in the deletion of the work as a copyright violation.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New Student's Reference Work/Excalibur

See also Excalibur on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Excal′ibur, the sword of King Arthur, according to the legends, was given to the king by the Lady of the Lake, to whom it was to be restored at his death. Tennyson weaves a beautiful legend of how Sir Bedivere, being ordered by Arthur to cast the brand into the mere, twice hides the gleaming weapon before the reproaches of the king induce him to obey. A white hand caught the flying sword and drew it beneath the surface of the lake. See The Passing of Arthur.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Explosives

See also Explosive material on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Explosives may be either mere mixtures, such as gunpowder, or chemical compounds, such as nitroglycerin. They may all be made to explode under sufficient heat; for example, dynamite or nitroglycerin at 180°C., blasting powder at 270°C. and rifle-powder at 270°C. The oldest of the explosives is gunpowder, which is a mixture of potassium nitrate, sulphur and charcoal, in some such proportion as 75 per cent., 10 per cent. and 15 per cent. respectively. The principle of explosives is to bring oxygen into very close contact with combustible substances. Thus even finely powdered wood-dust in the air may be an explosive. When the combustion is simultaneous, it is called detonation. The powerful explosive called guncotton, discovered in 1845, is made by treating cellulose with nitric acid. Guncotton is used in smokeless powder. Nitroglycerin, discovered in 1847, is made by treating glycerin with a mixture of nitric with sulphuric acid. Dynamite is made by combining nitroglycerin with an absorbent substance that prevents it from decomposing, as it would otherwise do. Explosives, chiefly for military use, are an important item of manufacture in the United States and the total value of these products increased from $10,993,131 in 1890 to $40,139,661 in 1909.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Everett, Wash.

See also Everett, Washington on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Everett, Wash., the county-seat of Snohomish County, about 35 miles north of Seattle on Puget Sound. The surrounding region is an agricultural, lumbering and mining section. Among its leading industries are saw and paper mills, railroad and machine shops, shipyards and the manufacture of lumber products, etc. Everett has fine public schools and a public library, a hospital, and located here are the United States customs and assayer's offices. The city was settled in 1891, but its fine harbor and excellent railroad facilities have aided in its rapid growth to a substantial and modern city of about 30,000 population.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Everett, Mass.

See also Everett, Massachusetts on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ev′erett, Mass., a flourishing city in Middlesex County, Mass., adjoining Boston and reached from it by a branch of the Boston and Maine Railroad and also by electric cars. Prior to 1870 it formed part of Malden, but in 1893 it was separately incorporated. It possesses good schools, churches and many fine residences of Boston merchants. Its industries include extensive chemical works, manufactories of rope, wheels, baby-carriages, and gas, coke and steel works. It also has two good public libraries. Population (which has increased rapidly in the past decade) 33,484.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Exeter Hall

See also Exeter Hall on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Exeter Hall is a large building situated on the Strand in London, England, completed in 1831. It will seat over 5,000 persons. It is rented chiefly for religious assemblies, and is in great request during the May meetings of religious societies. Many fine musical concerts have been given in it. In 1880 it was purchased for the Young Men's Christian Association for $100,000.