OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Razor-Seller (Wolcot)

A fellow in a market town, Most musical, cried razors up and down, And offer'd twelve for eighteen-pence; Which certainly seem'd wondrous cheap, And for the money quite a heap, As every man would buy, with cash and sense.
A country bumpkin the great offer heard: Poor Hodge, who suffer'd by a broad black beard, That seem'd a shoe-brush stuck beneath his nose: With cheerfulness the eighteen-pence he paid, And proudly to himself, in whispers, said, "This rascal stole the razors, I suppose.
"No matter if the fellow be a knave, Provided that the razors shave; It certainly will be a monstrous prize." So home the clown, with his good fortune, went, Smiling in heart and soul, content, And quickly soap'd himself to ears and eyes.
Being well lather'd from a dish or tub, Hodge now began with grinning pain to grub, Just like a hedger cutting furze: 'Twas a vile razor!—then the rest he tried— All were impostors—"Ah!" Hodge sigh'd, "I wish my eighteen-pence within my purse."
Hodge sought the fellow—found him—and begun: "P'rhaps, Master Razor-rogue, to you 'tis fun, That people flay themselves out of their lives: You rascal! for an hour have I been grubbing, Giving my crying whiskers here a scrubbing, With razors just like oyster knives. Sirrah! I tell you, you're a knave, To cry up razors that can't shave."
"Friend," quoth the razor-man, "I'm not a knave: As for the razors you have bought, Upon my soul I never thought That they would shave." "Not think they'd shave!" quoth Hodge, with wondering eyes, And voice not much unlike an Indian yell; "What were they made for then, you dog?" he cries: "Made!" quoth the fellow, with a smile,—"to sell."
# The Real Mother Goose

* related portals: Children's literature, Nursery rhymes.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
Layout 2
THE REAL
MOTHER GOOSE
JUNIOR EDITION
RAND M$^C$NALLY & COMPANY
From The Real Mother Goose Copyright 1916 by Rand M$^c$Nally & Company All rights reserved
Printed in the U.S.A.
A LIST OF THE RIMES
* Little Jack Horner
* Sing a Song of Sixpence
* The Tarts
* Banbury Cross
* Jack and Jill
* Little Boy Blue
* Simple Simon
* Three Wise Men of Gotham
* Hush-a-Bye
* Handy Pandy
* Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary
* Jack Sprat
* The Pumpkin-Eater
* The Flying Pig
* Baby, Dolly
* The Mouse and the Clock
* The Old Woman Under a Hill
* Christmas
* The Crooked Sixpence
* Doctor Foster
* Little Bo-Peep
* Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son
* The Cat and the Fiddle
* Bobby Shaftoe
* Willy Boy
* Georgy Porgy
* Comical Folk
* The Robin
* Little Girl and Queen
* Wee Willie Winkie
* A B C
* Caesar's Song
* Sing, Sing
* March Winds
* The Blacksmith
* One, Two, Buckle My Shoe
* Pease Porridge
* Old Mother Goose
* The Ten O'Clock Scholar
* Pins
* The Man in the Moon
* Young Lambs To Sell
* To Babylon
* Bobby Snooks
* Sulky Sue
* Hot-Cross Buns
* Pat-a-Cake
* Baa, Baa, Black Sheep
* The Hobbyhorse
* Tommy Tittlemouse
* Poor Old Robinson Crusoe!
* If Wishes Were Horses
* Pussycat and Queen
* Barber
* Little Fred
* Jack Jelf
* The Little Bird
* Jack
* Old Mother Hubbard
* Miss Muffet
* Humpty Dumpty
* One Misty Moisty Morning
* Dance to Your Daddie
* The Old Woman from France
* A Sure Test
* Five Toes
* A Candle
* The Man in Our Town
THE REAL MOTHER GOOSE
JUNIOR EDITION
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1971, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 52 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Raven and the Birds

* related authors: Aesop.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
Perry index 577
* "Of the Hawke and of other Byrdes", translated by William Caxton, edited by Joseph Jacobs, in The fables of Aesop, as first printed by William Caxton in 1484 (1484)
* "A Vultur's Invitation", translated by Roger L'Estrange, in Fables of Æsop and Other Eminent Mythologists (1692)
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Raven and the Swan

Perry index 398
* "A Raven and a Swan", part of "Fable CLIX and CLX", translated by Roger L'Estrange, in Fables of Æsop and Other Eminent Mythologists (1692)
* "The Raven and the Swan", translated by George Fyler Townsend, in Three Hundred Æsop's Fables (1867)
* "The Crow and the Swan", translated by Vernon Stanley Jones, in Æsop's fables: A New Translation (1912)
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vancouver Island

See also Vancouver Island on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Vancouver Island, not the least important portion of British Columbia, which, from its great wealth of natural resources and its commanding position on the Pacific coast, is fast becoming one of the richest and most prosperous districts of the province. Coal-mining and lumbering are the chief industries, and fishing, quartz-mining, copper-smelting, ship-building, whaling and other branches are being rapidly developed. The Esquimault and Nanaimo Railway, running from Victoria to Wellington, serves a section of country which it will be difficult to surpass anywhere in the world for beauty of scenery and natural wealth. There are prosperous agricultural communities along the railway and in the Comox District, and several mines are being developed. There is quite a large area of agricultural land, but it is heavily timbered and costly to clear by individual effort. The Esquimault and Nanaimo Railway Company has arranged for the clearing of large blocks of its land-grant (which consists of about 1,500,000 acres) and it is expected, through the exercise of economical methods in removing the timber, that the company will be enabled to sell the cleared land to settlers at moderate prices.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Van Hise, Charles Richard

See also Charles R. Van Hise on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Van Hise, Charles Richard, American geologist and author, was born at Fulton, Wis.,on May 29, 1857. He studied at the University of Wisconsin, and in 1879 graduated, after which he became a member of the faculty, acting first as instructor in chemistry and metallurgy, then as professor of metallurgy and petrology, and finally was elected president of the institution. While acting in the latter capacity, he accepted the post of non-resident professor of structural geology in the University of Chicago, and later served as assistant on the Wisconsin State geological survey and subsequently became consulting geologist to the survey. He was also a member of the United States Geological Survey, and took charge, in 1888, of its operations in the Lake Superior district. Two years later he was appointed geologist in charge of the division of the archæan and metamorphic rocks of the United States. He has been made honorary member of a number of foreign scientific societies, as well as member of the National Academy of Sciences, and editor for a time of his own department of the Journal of Geology. His published works embrace Principles of North American Pre-Cambrian Geology, Some Principles Controlling the Deposition of Ores, A Treatise on Metamorphism and Concentration and Control, dealing with the trust problem.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Van Horne, Sir Wm. Cornelius

See also William Cornelius Van Horne on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Van Horne, Sir Wm. Cornelius, K. C. M. G., president of the Canadian Pacific Railroad since 1888, was born in Will County, Ill., Feb. 3, 1843, and entered railway service in 1857. After filling various junior posts, he rose to be general superintendent of the Chicago and Alton and subsequently of the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad. In 1884 he became general manager of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, and in 1888 was elected to the presidency of the road. He was knighted in 1894.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vancouver, Can.

See also Vancouver on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Vancou′ver, Can., the largest city in British Columbia. It was founded by James Douglas in 1843. It is situated on Burrard Inlet, and is one of the best deep-water harbors on the Pacific coast. It is the western terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway, also a terminus of the Seattle and Vancouver branch of the Great Northern Railway. Its population exceeds 60,000 and is rapidly increasing. Steamers for all ports, China, Japan etc., regularly leave Vancouver. Vancouver is destined to be a large city. It is a gateway of world-wide commerce. The first Canadian Pacific Railway steamer arrived at Vancouver from Yokohama in 1887. The surveys of the Canadian Pacific, Railway which made Vancouver accessible were begun in 1871. A visitor to Vancouver, noticing wide streets and handsome structures, a score of chartered banks, with vessels from many lands in the harbor and business active everywhere, wonders at the change wrought in a single generation.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Van Dyke, Henry Jackson

See also Henry Van Dyke on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Van Dyke, Henry Jackson, D.D., LL.D., American author and preacher, was born at Germantown, Pa., Nov. 10, 1852, and graduated at the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institution, and Princeton College and Theological Seminary. After taking a post-graduate course at Berlin University, he entered the ministry and held the charges successively of the United Congregational church at Newport, R. I., and of the Brick Presbyterian church, New York. The latter charge he resigned in 1899, to accept the Murray chair of English literature at Princeton University. In 1889 he was appointed preacher to Harvard University, and in 1893 delivered the Lyman Beecher lectures on preaching at Yale. He also delivered a memorial ode at the 150th anniversity of Princeton University, of which he is a trustee. He has been a contributor to many of the contemporary magazines, and taken active part in religious work among the colleges. His writings embrace The Poetry of Tennyson, The Reality of Religion, The Story of the Psalms, The Christ-Child in Art, The Gospel for an Age of Doubt, Straight Sermons to Young Men, The Ruling Passion and The School of Life.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Van Buren, Martin

See also Martin Van Buren on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Van Diemen's Land

See also Van Diemen's Land on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Van Die′men's Land. See Tasman′ia.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Van Dyke, Sir Anthony

See also Anthony van Dyck on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SIR ANTHONY VAN DYKE
Van Dyke or Van Dyck, Sir Anthony, was born at Antwerp, March 22, 1599. It is said that his talent for painting was fostered by his mother, who painted landscapes and was highly ​skilled in embroidery. After making considerable progress under Van Balen, he became a pupil of Rubens at the age of 16, who was not slow to discover his remarkable genius. In 1621, by advice of Rubens he visited Italy, remaining there five years. In 1632 he came to England on the invitation of the earl of Arundel, where a pension of $1,000 a year was settled on him. He died at London in 1641, leaving property to the amount of $100,000. It was only 20 years from the time when Van Dyke left the studio of Rubens until his death; and in that short period nearly 1,000 pictures of various kinds were executed by him. His best known works are representations of the crucifixion.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Van

See also Van, Turkey on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Van, a fortified town and province of Turkey in Asia, stands near the southeast shore of Lake Van, 140 miles from Erzrum. It is overlooked by a citadel now much dilapidated, but which from its lofty height could easily be rendered almost impregnable. The principal public buildings, in addition to the citadel, are the mosques, the Armenian churches, the caravansaries and the bazaars. Van contains numerous ancient ruins, and cuneal inscriptions are found in which the name of Xerxes frequently occurs. Population 30,000, Lake Van is an inland sea, 80 miles in length and 50 miles in extreme breadth. It is fed by about eight streams, and has no visible outlet. Its waters are salt, and the only fish caught are a kind of sardines, which are salted and exported throughout Asia Minor.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Van Rensselaer, Stephen

See also Stephen Van Rensselaer on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Van Rensselaer (văn rĕn′se- lẽr), Stephen, known as "the Patroon," an American statesman, was born at New York, Nov. 1, 1765. He was educated at Princeton and Harvard Colleges, and married a daughter of Gen. Philip Schuyler, a distinguished officer of the Revolutionary War. He early gave his attention to politics, and in 1795 was elected to the New York legislature, afterwards becoming lieutenant-governor and canal commissioner. At the beginning of the War of 1812 he was in command of the state militia, and led the assault on Queenston; but the refusal of a portion of his troops to cross the Niagara River enabled the British to repel the attack, and Van Rensselaer retired from the service in disgust. At his own cost he employed Professors Eaton and Hitchcock to make geological surveys of a large portion of New York and New England; he also employed Professor Eaton to deliver geological lectures throughout the state. In 1824 he established an institution at Troy for the education of teachers, with free pupils from every county in the state. About this time also he entered the lower house of ​Congress, and served several terms in that body with honor and distinction. He died at Albany, N. Y., Jan. 26, 1839.
# The Philosophical Review/Volume 1/Summary: Fraser - The Psychological Foundation of Natural Realism

Am. J. Ps. = American Journal of Psychology
The distinction of Realism and Idealism in philosophy is a case of the wider distinction between common sense and reflective thought. The former is practical and immediate, the latter is theoretical and mediated by reason. Psychologically expressed, the former is tactual, the latter visual. The course of evolution shows that touch is the practical sense par excellence; hence, even in later stages of intellectual development, this sense is the touchstone of belief in reality. In science, the ultimate appeal is still to touch; science never rests satisfied until it can define things in terms of the tangible. All physical hypotheses about atoms, fluids, vibrations, etc., are just the outcome of the attempt to join expression to this fundamental and unnamable ​yearning after tactual terms. In philosophy, the Scottish school represents the same effort of thought to reduce reality to terms of touch. The real external world which this school of philosophy so bravely defends, and tries so hard to express, is not a world known by some inexplicable divine intuitive act of consciousness as they thought, but the single, and hitherto unattended to, phenomena of the special sense of touch. The criticism made by the realistic Scottish school upon the idealistic method of reflection is also psychological. They find that the whole system is based on an analogy of visual processes. In the sense of touch alone is sensation identical with belief, and Reid's 'intuition' or 'conception' of reality is just the specific sense of touch. Must we not admit the possibility of finding a similar psychological statement for the chief categories underlying all systems of philosophy, and the need of revising these systems in the light of such a psychological criticism?
# The Philosophical Review/Volume 1/Summary: Fischer - Die Dreher'schen Antinomien

Z. f. Ph. = Zeitschrift für Philosophie und philosophische Kritik
This is a reply to E. Dreher's article, Antinomien und Paralogismen in 98. 2 of this Zeitschrift. D. had there treated the arguments, well known to antiquity, of Eubulides and Protagoras and the so-called "Crocodile" conclusion. F. criticises and attempts to show inconsistencies in D.'s definitions of an infinitely small and of an infinitely large quantity. He also finds his proof that time and space are not continuous quantities unconvincing, and holds that there is no ground for the resulting paradox that motion must be thought as resulting from states of rest. F. treats of the notions of infinite and continuous quanta from the mathematical point of view, and it is impossible here to summarize the argument.
# The Philosophical Review/Volume 1/Summary: Fonsegrive - L'inconnaisable dans la philosophic moderne

Rev. Ph. = Revue Philosophique
According to Positivism, only facts and laws are knowable, there being neither substances nor causes, hence neither bodies, souls, nor God. But since the observer sees only a narrow field of events and yet feels that there must be an immense mass of phenomena outside of the reach of consciousness, in the past and in the future, the domain of the unknowable is very large. On the Kantian hypothesis, the physical mystery of Positivism disappears, the constancy of natural laws is vouchsafed, but a metaphysical mystery arises. It is impossible to show whether anything objective corresponds to these mental forms. The existence as well as the essence of the soul, the external world and God cannot be known. The realm of the unknowable is impenetrable by reason; faith alone is left us here.
Had Criticism succeeded in overthrowing Empiricism, Kant would be ​right. But his hypothesis is weak and unintelligible. What can an innate idea be before consciousness? A thought before thinking! Say that these ideas mean mental laws. Then you must hypostasize a subject as bearer of these laws. Then the theory contradicts itself, for one of its conclusions makes the existence of the mind problematical. If, however, you deny the reality of the mind and regard the a priori forms as mere abstractions resulting from mental analysis, what follows? Either an idealistic theory according to which everything is knowable, since everything is idea, and against which consciousness protests; or a dogmatism which holds that our ideas represent something, that they are in consciousness a product whose factors must be sought outside of it. Hence these laws will have an objective validity, and we are justified in constructing a truly scientific metaphysics.
F. adopts this latter view. Neither the existence nor the essence of objects is unknown to us. The existence of the soul, the world, and God is known to us, the essence of these partially knowable by the effects which they produce in us and which consist in thoughts and perceptions. To God we may ascribe as qualities the effects produced by him in the world; among these we enroll consciousness and thought. However great the sphere of the unknowable remains for such a philosophy as this, the knowledge it yields is sufficient for our guidance.
# The Philosophical Review/Volume 1/Summary: Gerhardt - Leibnitz über das Principium Indiscernibilium

Ar. f. G. Ph. = Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie
Gerhardt gives an unpublished Latin letter of Leibnitz, Ad. R. P. Cosani Lectorem Theologiæ in Collegio Clementina urbis Romae, in which he refers to a conversation with the Herzogin Sophie von Hannover, which from the letter must have taken place before his great journey through Germany to Italy (1687-1690). The letter maintains that two things can never be found to differ from each other without differing not only by external but by internal marks; e.g. two eggs however like externally will be found to contain some internal differences; nor could two globes, placed on each other in imaginary space, be thought even by an angelic or divine intelligence to be exactly equal. This Leibnitz maintains is confirmed by experiments made in the Herrenhausen garden by the Princess. Also no two human minds, though not differing from each other's kind, could ever be thought to be perfectly similar to each other; the minds of Judas and Christ, e.g. looked at in themselves, could never be pronounced alike. No two things, then, either in mind or in matter are perfectly alike.
# The Philosophical Review/Volume 1/Summary: Fraser - Visualization as a Chief Source of the Psychology of Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume

Am. J. Ps. = American Journal of Psychology
Just as men of different nationalities speak in different verbal languages, so do different types of individuals think in different thought-languages. In one type the characteristic thought-stuff may be visual, in another auditory, in another motor. The object of this paper is to offer a description and estimation of the sensationalist psychology in its first presentation by Hobbes, its development by Locke and Berkeley, and its culmination in the scepticism of Hume in which an attempt will be made (1) to maintain that the predominating element in the thought of these men was Visualization, and (2) on the basis of this fact to offer a new criticism of the psychology of Sensationalism. A large number of quotations are given from the works of each of the above-mentioned philosophers, which show their dependence on visual images. What Hume cannot visualize he will not admit as belonging to thought or consciousness at all, but considers as "illusion." This scepticism is not the consistent outcome of sensationalism, but of visualization. It ​results from being built on one side only of a many-sided foundation. The larger portions of our conscious life which we are liable to recognize as conscious are those which manage to translate themselves into visual terms. On this account the largest part of the content of consciousness is lost to view; all its finer connections and beautiful continuity remain, concealed in the anæsthetic senses, outside the primary consciousness. It is obvious that what is needed for a more complete view of consciousness is a more equal emphasizing and more harmonious development of the senses.
# The Philosophical Review/Volume 1/Summary: Freudenthal - Beiträge zur Geschichte der englischen Philosophie

Ar. f. G. Ph. = Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie
This is a study of the life and philosophy of Sir William Temple, born in 1553, entered King's College in 1573, where Digby was his tutor. He studied the Aristotelian logic at first with enthusiasm, but soon became an opponent. Afterwards he became secretary to Sir Philip Sydney, and later to the Earl of Essex. On the trial of the latter, he was accused of having also had a share in the plot against the queen, and compelled to go into banishment for some time. After his return he was made president of Trinity College, Dublin, and retained this position until his death in 1626. His character was unblemished, and though he was a fierce opponent yet he fought with arguments, and not by means of personalities and reproaches. His writings are nearly all polemics against Aristotle and the School-men. No one, not even Bacon, has more vigorously protested against false authority. He defended Ramus against the attacks of Digby and others; but both he and Ramus, while believing that they had freed themselves from authority, adopted the scholastic physics, psychology, and metaphysics. In religion, he maintained the most orthodox position, acknowledging the Scriptures as the supreme test of authority. He was one of the first in England who ventured to enter the lists against Aristotle and the Scholastics, and thus contributed his share towards breaking the chains which held English thought in bondage. Long intercourse with Temple must have strengthened that opposition to Scholasticism which shows itself so strongly in Bacon's ​works. Although Bacon drew from the whole field on ancient and modern literature, yet we must seek before all in the writers of his own country for the germs of those thoughts which have made his name illustrious.