OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ravenser, Richard de

​RAVENSER, RICHARD de (d. 1386), clerk in chancery and archdeacon of Lincoln, was the elder son of William Bakester of Ravenser-Odd, Yorkshire; he was born at Ravenser, whence he took his name. He probably owed preferment to Sir William de la Pole (d. 1366) [q. v.], a native of the neighbouring Kingston-on-Hull. In 1357 Ravenser was made keeper of the hanaper, and in 1358 was appointed to administer the goods of the deceased Queen Isabella. In the same year he received the prebend of Welton Brinkhall in Lincoln Cathedral, and on 20 June 1359 was made archdeacon of Norfolk. In 1361 the king presented him to the prebends of Wellington in Hereford Cathedral and Hoxton in St. Paul's Cathedral, London, and in the following year he was made one of the twelve superior clerks in chancery. On 29 Oct. 1363 he received the prebend of Empingham, Lincoln Cathedral, and in 1365 was made master of St. Leonard's Hospital, York. Before 1367 he became provost of Beverley (Chron. de Melsa, iii. 142). In 1368 he was made archdeacon of Lincoln, and in 1369 he was rich enough to lend the king 200l., which was repaid in the following year. On 25 Sept. 1371 he was presented to the prebend of Knaresborough in York Cathedral; in the same year he was one of the receivers of petitions in parliament, an office he held in successive parliaments until his death. Ravenser had temporary charge of the great seal in May–June 1377, and again in February–March 1386, ​during the absence of the chancellor, William de la Pole. He was frequently employed in business connected with the inquisitions post mortem. In 1384 he became prebendary of Castor in Lincoln Cathedral. He died in May 1386, and was buried in Lincoln Cathedral. His will is printed in the ‘History and Antiquities of Lincoln,’ published by the Archæological Institute in 1848. A younger brother, John, was also keeper of the hanaper, and died in 1393; and another, Stephen, held a prebend in Lincoln Cathedral.
[Foss's Lives of the Judges, iv. 78–9; Testamenta Eboracensia, vol. iii. (Surtees Soc.) passim; Rolls of Parl. vols. ii. and iii. and Cal. Inq. post mortem, passim; Cal. Doc. relating to Scotland, iv. 104, 244; Rymer's Fœdera; Brantingham's Issue Rolls, p. 190; Cal. Patent Rolls, 1377–81, passim; Le Neve's Fasti, ed. Hardy, i. 531, ii. 44, 126, 146, 328, 398, 483, iii. 196; Oliver's Beverley.]
A. F. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ravis, Christian

​RAVIS, RAVIUS, or RAUE, CHRISTIAN (1613–1677), orientalist and theologian, son of John Raue, deacon of the church of St. Nicholas at Berlin, was born on 25 Jan. 1613 at Berlin, where he went to school at the royal gymnasium of the Grey Friars (Zum Grauen Kloster). In 1630 he began the study of theology and oriental languages at Wittenberg, where he graduated M.A. in 1636. The same year he visited Stockholm, where he made the acquaintance of Peter, son of Hugo Grotius, and in 1637 Hamburg, Upsala, Copenhagen, Leyden, and Amsterdam. Crossing to England in 1638, he fixed his quarters at Oxford, and corresponded with Archbishop Ussher, who made him an allowance of 24l. a year towards the expenses of a projected journey to the Levant in quest of manuscripts. He left England in 1639, and, passing through Paris, was introduced by Grotius to Richelieu, whose offer of a post in the French diplomatic service he declined. At Smyrna he lodged with the British consul, Edward Stringer, while he rapidly acquired a competent knowledge of the languages spoken in the Levant. He then proceeded to Constantinople, where Edward Pococke (1604-1691) [q. v.] procured him free quarters at the British embassy. He returned to Europe in 1642 with a rich collection of oriental manuscripts, and lectured at London (1642), at Utrecht (1643), Amsterdam (1645), and Oxford, where he took the covenant, and was elected fellow of Magdalen (1648); but, failing to obtain the chair of Arabic at Oxford, he accepted that of oriental languages at Upsala in 1650, and afterwards lectured on oriental languages at Kiel. In 1672 the Great Elector procured him a chair at Frankfort-on-the-Oder, where he died on 21 June 1677, and was buried in the Oberkirche. He left voluminous manuscript collections. His portrait is prefixed to his 'General Grammer for the ready attaining of the Ebrew, Samaritan, Calde, Syriac, Arabic, and the Ethiopic Languages,' London, 1649-50, 8vo (cf. Corser, Collect Anglo-Poet. i. 310, ii. 469, v. 403). A list of his other printed works, chiefly on oriental philology, written in Latin and published abroad, is given in Wood's 'Athenae.' He is to be distinguished from his brother, John Raue or Ravis (1610-1679). The latter, a disciple of Comenius, sought to carry out an improved system of education in Brandenburg, under the patronage of the Great Elector. He published a number of works in Latin, but was too hampered by lack of funds to give effect to his 'methodus informandi,' and died at Berlin in 1679 (Wood, Athenae Oxon. ed. Bliss, iii. 1133; Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie).
[Moller's Cimbria Literata, ii. 680; Scheffer's Suecia Literata. p. 301; Jöcher's Allg. Gelehrt.; Lexikon, iii. 1925; Allg. deutsche Biographie; Van der Aa's Biogr. Woordenb. der Nederland.; Wood's Athenae Oxon. ed. Bliss, iii. 1130; Ussher's Works, ed. Elkington, i. 234. xvi. 52; Reg. Vis. Univ. Oxf. (Camden Soc.), p. 618; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1650, p. 564; Twells's Life of Pocock, pp. 60, 134; Chalmers's Biogr. Dict.; Rose's Biogr. Dict.]
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Rawdon-Hastings, Francis

​RAWDON-HASTINGS, FRANCIS, first Marquis of Hastings and second Earl of Moira (1764–1826). [See Hastings, Francis Rawdon-.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Shaw, John (1776-1832)

1904 Errata appended.
​SHAW, JOHN (1776–1832), architect, was born at Bexley, Kent, on 10 March 1776. He was articled to George Gwilt the elder [q. v.], and commenced practice in ​1798. He built many country houses, including Clifden, Buckinghamshire; Blendon Hall, Kent; Rooks' Nest, Surrey; Ilam Hall, Staffordshire; and Cresswell Hall, Northumberland. In 1819 he restored Newstead Abbey for Colonel Wildman, and designed the new church of St. Dunstan, Fleet Street, London, which was completed in 1833. In 1816 he was appointed architect and surveyor to Christ's Hospital, to which he made extensive additions. He was also architect to the Ramsgate harbour trust, and the clock-tower there, as well as the obelisk erected to commemorate the visit of George IV in 1821, was his work. He was largely engaged in the valuation of property in London for compensation, on account of the extensive street improvements effected in his time. Shaw was a fellow of the Royal and Linnean societies, of the Society of Antiquaries and the Institute of British Architects. He died suddenly at Ramsgate on 30 July 1832, and was buried at Bexley, leaving six sons and two daughters. His widow died in 1864. His seventh son, Thomas Budge Shaw, is noticed separately.
His son, John Shaw (1803–1870), born in London on 17 May 1803, was a pupil of his father, whom he succeeded as architect to Christ's Hospital. He built Holy Trinity Church, Great New Street, Fetter Lane, 1838; the Royal Naval School at New Cross, 1844; and Wellington College, Sandhurst, 1855–9. Shaw was one of the official referees of metropolitan buildings from 1844 to 1855, when the duties of that office were transferred to the metropolitan board of works. He died on 9 July 1870, and was buried in Kensal Green cemetery.
[Dictionary of Architecture; Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists; information from John Hebb, esq.]
F. M. O'D.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.247 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 441 | i | 4 | Shaw, John (1776-1832): for Ham Hall read Ilam Hall |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Shaw, Patrick

​SHAW, PATRICK (1796–1872), legal writer, born at Ayr in 1796, was grandson of David Shaw, D.D., moderator of the general assembly in 1775, who is referred to by Burns in the ‘Twa Herds’ (Burns, Poetical Works, ed. Chambers, 1836, p. 56). His father was Charles Shaw, clerk of the county of Ayr. Alexander Shaw [q. v.], Sir Charles Shaw [q. v.], and John Shaw (1792–1827) [q. v.] were his brothers. In boyhood he lost his leg through an accident. In 1819 he was called to the Scottish bar, and in 1821 he commenced with his friend James Ballantine, and afterwards with Alexander Dunlop, a series of reports of the decisions in the court of session. In 1824 he commenced a similar series of reports of decisions in the House of Lords on appeal from the Scottish courts. These reports have been of great value to Scottish lawyers, and Shaw enhanced their usefulness by publishing supplementary digests of the decisions.
In 1848 Shaw was appointed sheriff of chancery, and he held the post till 1869, when he resigned owing to failing health. He died at 36 Charlotte Square, Edinburgh, on 12 Feb. 1872. In 1860 he married the fourth daughter of William Fullarton of Skeldon, Ayrshire.
His publications are: 1. ‘Cases decided in the Court of Session,’ Edinburgh, 1821–1827, 5 vols. 8vo; new edition with notes, 1834, continued to 1838, vols. vi.–xvi., 1838–52. 2. ‘Cases decided in the House of Lords on Appeal from the Courts of Scotland,’ 1821–4, 2 vols. 8vo, 1824–6; from 1825 to 1834, 7 vols. 8vo, 1829–39; from 1835 to 1838, 3 vols. 8vo, 1836–9. 3. ‘Cases decided in the Court of Teinds from 1821 to 1831,’ Edinburgh, 1831, 8vo. 4. ‘Digests of Cases decided in the Courts of Session, Teinds, and Judiciary, and in the House of Lords from 1821 to 1833, and in the Jury Courts from 1815 to 1833,’ Edinburgh, 1834, 8vo; from 1832 to 1837, 2 vols. 1838, 8vo. 5. ‘Digest of Cases decided in the Supreme Courts of Scotland from 1800 to 1842,’ 2 vols. 1843–4, royal 8vo; from 1842 to 1852, royal 8vo, 1852; new edition, 1868–9, 8vo. 6. ‘Forms of Process in the House of Lords, Court of Session, Privy Court, Court of Teinds, and Sheriff Court,’ Edinburgh, 1843, 2 vols. 8vo. 7. ‘Treatise on the Law of Obligation and Contracts in Scotland,’ 1847, 8vo. 8. ‘Principles of the Law of Scotland’ contained in Lord Stair's ‘Institutions,’ Edinburgh, 1863, 8vo. He also edited the sixth edition of Bell's ‘Commentaries on the Laws of Scotland,’ Edinburgh, 1858, 4to, and the fifth edition of Bell's ‘Principles of the Law of Scotland,’ Edinburgh, 1860, 8vo.
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Shaw, John (1614-1689)

​SHAW, JOHN (1614–1689), divine, son of a minister, was born at Bedlington, Durham, in 1614, and matriculated at Queen's College, Oxford, on 21 Nov. 1628, but removed to Brasenose on 2 April 1629. On graduating B.A., 24 March 1631–2, he returned to the north, and was ordained by the bishop of Durham. He seems to have been vicar of Alnham, Northumberland, from 1636, and in 1645 was presented to Whalton rectory in the same county, but was never admitted because of his strong royalist views. Probably he went abroad for a time; but he afterwards received the rectory of Bolton in Craven, which Wood says ‘he was permitted to keep because it was only worth 50l. a year.’ Walker says he was imprisoned for four years during the Commonwealth. After the Restoration, Shaw was admitted to Whalton by John Cosin [q. v.], the new bishop of Durham, and on 27 Aug. 1662 he was appointed lecturer at St. John's Church, Newcastle-on-Tyne, and afternoon lecturer at All Saints' in the same town. The corporation of Newcastle printed some of his writings against popery at their own expense. Shaw died at Newcastle on 22 May 1689. He was buried in St. John's Church.
Shaw's works, all of them rare, are:
* ‘The Portraictvre of the Primitive Saints in their Actings and Sufferings, according to St. Paul's Canon,’ Newcastle, 1652, 4to.
* ‘The Catalogue of the Hebrew Saincts canonized by St. Paul further explained and applied,’ Newcastle, 1659, 4to.
* ‘Origo Protestantium, or an Answer to a Popish manuscript,’ by ‘N.N.’ (Bodleian Catalogue), London, 1677, 4to.
* ‘No Reformation of the Established Reformation,’ London, 1685, 8vo.
[Works above named; Mackenzie's Hist. of Newcastle, i. 347, 355; Brand's Hist. of Newcastle, i. 113, 118, 119, 387; Walker's Sufferings. ii. 368; Whitaker's Hist. of Craven, ed. Morant. p. 131; Foster's Alumni, 1500–1714; Kennett's Register, pp. 544, 916; Wood's Athenæ Oxon. iv. 256, and Fasti, i. 459; Mackenzie's View of Northumberland. p. 392.]
C. F. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Shaw, Joseph

​SHAW, JOSEPH (1671–1733), legal writer, son of John Shaw of London, was born in 1671. He matriculated from Trinity College, Oxford, on 10 June 1687, and in 1695 entered the Middle Temple. About 1700 he made a tour through Holland, Flanders, and part of France, and embodied his observations in a series of letters to Anthony Ashley Cooper, third earl of Shaftesbury [q. v.], whose friendship and patronage he enjoyed. The letters were published in 1709. They are full of interesting details of the state of those countries during the brief interval of peace which followed the treaty of Ryswick. In later life Shaw settled at Epsom in Surrey, and devoted himself to legal study. In 1728 he published ‘The Practical Justice of the Peace,’ which attained its sixth edition in 1756. Shortly before his death he published a companion volume entitled ‘Parish Law,’ dedicated to his personal friend, Sir J. F. Aland, justice of common pleas, which has remained the standard work on that subject. The latest edition was published in 1881. Shaw died at Clapham on 24 Oct. 1733, leaving a son Joseph, who afterwards resided at Epsom.
[Gent. Mag. 1733, p. 551; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1500–1714; Shaw's Letters to a Nobleman; Allibone's Dict.; and for a singularly incorrect account which attributes his works to his grandson, Gent. Mag. 1806, ii. 672.]
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Shaw, John (1792-1827)

​SHAW, JOHN (1792–1827), surgeon and anatomist, born 2 April 1792, was the son of Charles Shaw, clerk of the county of Ayr, and brother of Alexander Shaw [q. v.], of Sir Charles Shaw [q. v.], and of Patrick Shaw [q. v.] At the age of fifteen he was sent to London to be a pupil of Charles (afterwards Sir Charles) Bell [q. v.], who became his brother-in-law. The connection thus formed lasted until Shaw's death. At the Great Windmill Street school he acted as superintendent of the dissecting-room, and on the death of Wilson became co-lecturer with Bell. The greater part of the experiments which led to Bell's discoveries on the nervous system were performed by Shaw, and he also took a large share in the work of forming Bell's anatomical museum. Bell's ‘Letters’ show in what affectionate regard he held him. Shaw accompanied Bell to Brussels immediately after Waterloo to study the effect of gunshot wounds. In 1821 he went to Paris to explain to the profession there Bell's methods of investigating the functions of the nervous system. In 1825 he was by a large majority elected surgeon to the Middlesex Hospital. This office he held until his death from fever on 19 July 1827. Bell wrote to his friend John Richardson on 21 July 1827: ‘I have lost my dear and best friend, John Shaw. He was the happiest creature in his death, laughing to see my exertions to relieve him.’
Shaw accomplished much good work during a short life. His principal works are:
* ‘A Manual of Anatomy,’ 1821; 2nd edit. 1822; 3rd edit. 2 vols. 1822. This book was republished in America, and was also translated into German; it was mainly intended for medical students, and was founded on the demonstrations given by Shaw at Great Windmill Street.
* ‘On the Effects on the Human Countenance of Paralysis of the Facial Nerves,’ 1822.
* ‘On the Nature and Treatment of the Distortions to which the Spine and the Bones of the Chest are subject,’ 1823–4. This is illustrated by a fine series of plates, mostly engraved by Thomas Landseer; it is a book of considerable merit, and is quoted at the present day as an authority on orthopædic surgery. In 1825 a supplement was issued, with the title ‘Further Observations on the Lateral or Serpentine Curvature of the Spine.’ Both the book itself and the supplement were translated into German.
Shaw also edited the third edition of Bell's ‘Diseases of the Urethra.’ In the preface Bell pays a high tribute to Shaw's abilities as an anatomist.
[Med. Chir. Rev. new ser. 1827, vii. 581, Letters of Sir Charles Bell.]
J. B. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Shaw, Lachlan

​SHAW, LACHLAN (1692–1777), Scottish divine, son of Donald Shaw, a Rothiemurcus farmer, was born in 1692, and educated at Ruthven and King's College, Aberdeen, where he graduated in 1711. After being schoolmaster at Abernethy, he went to the Edinburgh University to study theology, and was licensed to preach on 24 April 1716. That year he was appointed to the parish church, Kingussie; in 1719 he went to Cawdor, Nairnshire; and in 1734 he took the collegiate charge at Elgin. This he resigned in April 1774, and he died in Elgin on 23 Feb. 1777. He was twice married—first, to a daughter of Collector Stewart of Inverness, and, secondly, to Anne, daughter of Bailie Duncan Grant, Inverness, on 14 March 1727—and had, with other issue, Duncan Shaw [q. v.]
Shaw's reputation as an antiquary and scholar was not merely local. His knowledge of Gaelic was profound, and his information regarding the history of the parts of Scotland where he had lived was unique. His correspondents were numerous, and included members of the leading literary and scientific circles of his time. His ‘History of the Province of Moray’ remains a standard work. It was originally published in Edinburgh in 1775, and republished in Elgin in 1827. The last edition, brought up to date by J. F. S. Gordon, was issued in three volumes in London in 1882.
His other works are: 1. ‘Description of Elgin and the Shire of Murray,’ in Pennant's ‘Tour,’ London, 1774. 2. ‘Continuation of Rose's Genealogy of the family of Kilravock’ (Spalding Club), Aberdeen, 1848. He also edited with notes and additions the Rev. Dr. Macpherson's ‘Critical Dissertations,’ London, 1768.
[Hew Scott's Fasti, iii. 235, 249, 154.]
J. R. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Shaw, John (1559-1625)

1904 Errata appended.
​SHAW, JOHN (1559–1625), divine, born in Westmoreland in 1559, matriculated from Queen's College, Oxford, on 17 Nov. 1581, and graduated B.A. on 29 Feb. 1583–4. He was instituted vicar of Woking, Surrey, on 11 Sept. 1588, was deprived in 1596 for nonconformity, but appears from a distich formerly to be seen in a window of the church to have considered himself still vicar, nearly thirty years later. He lived at Woking until his death in 1625, and was buried there on 15 Sept. He was married, and left issue two sons, John and Tobias (see Foster, Alumni Oxon. 1500–1714, p. 1351).
Wood says he was ‘esteemed by some for his preaching, and by others for his verses.’ The latter were published in ‘The Blessedness of Marie, the Mother of Jesus,’ London, 1618, 8vo; 2nd edit. 1618, 12mo, and in ‘Biblii Svmmvla … alphabetice distichis comprehensa,’ 1621, 8vo; 2nd edit. 1623, 8vo. This has gratulatory verses by D. Featley, Thomas Goad, and Stephen Denison. The work was translated into English by Shaw's schoolfellow, Simon Wastell [q. v.], and published, London, 1623, 12mo, under the title, ‘A true Christian's Daily Delight’; it was reprinted in 1688 under the title ‘The Divine Art of Memory.’
C. F. S.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.247 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 438 | i | 32 | Shaw, John (1559-1625): for 'Bibliorum read 'Biblii |
| | | 36-40 | for Shaw also wrote . . . . but it was translated read The work, which was in Latin, was translated |
| | | 41-42 | for posthumously . . . . 12mo. read London, 1623, 12mo, under the title 'A True Christian's Daily Delight'; this was reprinted in 1688 under the new title of 'The Divine Art of Memory.' |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Shaw, Mary

​SHAW, MARY (1814–1876), vocalist, daughter of John Postans, messman at the guard-room, St. James's Palace, was born in 1814. From September 1828 to June 1831 ​she was a student at the Royal Academy of Music, and afterwards became a pupil of Sir George Smart. She made her first appearance in public as a contralto singer in 1834. At the amateur musical festival at Exeter Hall in the November of that year she attracted attention, and in 1835 she was engaged at the concert of ancient music and at the York festival. About the end of the year she married Alfred Shaw, an artist. In 1836 she sang at the Norwich and Liverpool festivals, at the latter taking the contralto part of Mendelssohn's ‘St. Paul’ on its first performance in England. In 1837 she appeared at the Philharmonic and Sacred Harmonic societies, and at the Birmingham festival. After singing at the Gloucester festival in 1838 she took part in the Gewandhaus concerts at Leipzig under Mendelssohn's direction. In a letter to the directors of the Philharmonic Society, dated 19 Jan. 1839, Mendelssohn speaks of Clara Novello [q. v.] and Mrs. Shaw as ‘the best concert singers we have had in this country for a long time.’ She next appeared at La Scala in Milan on 17 Nov. 1839 in Verdi's opera ‘Oberto.’ In 1842 she returned to England, and took part in operatic music at Covent Garden with Adelaide Kemble. In 1843 she sang at the Sacred Harmonic Society and at the Birmingham festival. Soon afterwards her husband became insane, and her distress of mind deranged her vocal organs so that she was unable to sing in tune. For three or four years she resorted to teaching, only appearing in public at an annual benefit concert. Eventually she married a second husband, John Frederick Robinson, a country solicitor, and retired from the profession. She died on 9 Sept. 1876 at her husband's residence, Hadleigh Hall, Suffolk.
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Winstanley, Thomas

​WINSTANLEY, THOMAS (1749–1823), scholar, born in 1749 at Winstanley in the parish of Wigan, Lancashire, was the son of John Winstanley of Winstanley. He entered Manchester grammar school on 25 June 1765, and matriculated from Brasenose College, Oxford, on 24 March 1768, graduating B.A. on 10 Oct. 1771, M.A. on 17 June 1774, B.D. on 6 Dec. 1798, and D.D. on 11 Dec. of the same year. He was elected a fellow of Hertford College, and on the death of Thomas Warton (1728–1790) [q. v.] he was elected Camden professor of history in 1790. In the same year he was presented by Sir John Honeywood to the living of Steyning in Sussex, which he resigned in 1792. On 17 May 1794 he was collated to the prebendal stall of Caddington Major in St. Paul's Cathedral, which he resigned in 1810, and in 1797 he was elected principal of St. Alban Hall, Oxford, on the death of Francis Randolph. On 3 April 1812 he was instituted vicar of the united parishes of St. Nicholas and St. Clement's, Rochester, and in 1814 he was chosen Laudian professor of Arabic. Winstanley was a distinguished scholar and well versed in modern languages. In 1780 he published at the Clarendon Press ‘Ἀριστοτέλους περἰ Ποιητικῆς: Aristotelis de Poetica Liber’ (Oxford, 8vo), with a Latin version, various readings, an index, and notes. This edition, which was based on the version published in 1623 by Theodore Goulston [q. v.], long remained a text-book in the university. Winstanley also edited the works of Daniel Webb [q. v.], under the title of ‘Miscellanies’ (London, 1802, 4to). Nearly the whole edition was destroyed by fire on 8 Feb. 1808. Winstanley died on 2 Sept. 1823. He had four sons: Thomas, Henry, Frederick, and William. His portrait in oils is in possession of his descendants.
[Gent. Mag. 1823, ii. 643; Setton's Lancashire Authors, 1876; Le Neve's Fasti Eccles. Angl., ed. Hardy; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1715–1886; Admission Reg. of Manchester School (Chetham Soc.), i. 134–5, ii. 277; Hennessy's Novum Repert. Eccles. Londin.; Foster's Index Eccles.]
E. I. C.