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# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Sewell, Elizabeth M.

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SEWELL, ELIZABETH M.,
Is sister of the Rev. William Sewell, A. M., Professor of Moral Philosophy in the University of Oxford, and well known as the author of "Hawkstone," and as the editor of her works. Miss Sewell's first publication was anonymous—"Stories on the Lord's Prayer," about 1843. The next, "Amy Herbert," established her reputation as a graceful and useful writer, both in this country and America. It was followed, at intervals, by "Gertrude," "Margaret Percival," in two volumes, "Laneton Parsonage," and "The Earl's Daughter;" besides, she united with her brother, the Professor, and the Rev. W. Adams, in bringing out a volume called "The Sketches," consisting of stories, of which she wrote "Walter Lorimer." She is also author of a little volume entitled "Is it a Dream?" All her works have been republished in the United States and widely circulated. Pious sentiment is the predominating characteristic of the writings of this amiable lady. Belonging to what is styled the High Church, she delineates with much effect the educational power of religion. Her patients, persons of great worth and respectability, are deceased, and she resides with other members of her family at Seagrove Cottage, in the Isle of Wight.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Weston-super-Mare

See also Weston-super-Mare on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WESTON-SUPER-MARE, a seaside resort in the Wells parliamentary division of Somersetshire, England, on the Bristol Channel, 137 1/2 m. W. by S. of London by the Great Western railway. Pop. of urban district (1901), 19,048. It is built partly on level ground near the shore, and partly on the slopes of Worlebury Hill, which aids in giving shelter from the north and east. Among the fir-clad slopes of the neighbourhood, which command a fine view of the Welsh hills across the Channel, there are many beautiful walks and drives. An esplanade extends for about 3 m., and public gardens have been laid out on Worlebury Hill, from the far end of which a long pier projects, linking the rocky islet of Birnbeck to the town. Grove Park, once the manor house, is owned by the council, and is used as a free library, its grounds being open. Other institutions include a museum opened in honour of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, and the West of England Sanatorium, to which two large conservatories are attached, as a winter-garden for invalids. The town has long been famous for its potteries, and there are mineral water-works and fisheries. Large quantities of sprats are caught. Intermittent springs exist in Weston, which are affected by the ebb and flow of the tide.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Weston, Thomas

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​WESTON, THOMAS (1737—1776), English actor, was the son of a cook. His first London appearance was about 1759, and from 1763 until his death he was admitted to be the most amusing comedian on the English stage. Foote wrote for him the part of Jerry Sneak in the Mayor of Garratt. Abel Drugger in the Alchemist was one of his famous performances; and Garrick, who also played this part, praised him highly for it.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Westport

See also Westport, County Mayo on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WESTPORT, a market-town, seaport and seaside resort of County Mayo, Ireland, near the mouth of a small river in Clew Bay. Pop. (1901) 3892. The town is 160 m. W. from Dublin by the Midland Great Western railway, Westport Quay at the river mouth being served by a branch line. There is a small export trade in grain. The beautiful demesne of the marquess of Sligo enriches the neighbourhood. Clew Bay, thickly studded with islands and surrounded with mountains, is one of the most magnificent of the great inlets on the W. coast. Near the S. shore is Croagh Patrick (2510 ft.), an isolated conical hill of singularly perfect form, in wide repute as a place of pilgrimage.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wethersfield

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​WETHERSFIELD, a township of Hartford county, Connecticut, U.S.A., on the Connecticut river, adjoining on the N. the city of Hartford, of which it is a residential suburb. Pop. (1890) 2271; (1900) 2637 (489 foreign-born); (1910) 3148. Area, about 12 sq. m. It is served by the New York, New Haven & Hartford railway and by electric lines to Hartford. Among its old buildings are the house in which in 1781 George Washington and Count Rochambeau met to plan the Yorktown campaign; the First Church of Christ (Congregational), erected in 1761 and remodelled in 1838 and 1882; and the old academy building, which was built in 1802, is now used as a town hall, and houses a public library. There is a giant elm here, 26½ ft. in girth. The Connecticut state prison is in Wethersfield. In the township tobacco, vegetables and garden seeds are raised and dairy interests are of considerable importance; the principal manufactures are small tools and mattresses. Wethersfield is the oldest permanently inhabited township in the state; it was first settled in the winter of 1634-1635 by colonists from Watertown, Massachusetts, and received its present name in 1637. With Hartford and Windsor in 1639 it framed the Fundamental Orders of the Colony of Connecticut. Before 1660 its inhabitants aided in the founding of Stamford and Milford, Connecticut, and of Hadley, Massachusetts.
See H. R. Stiles, History of Ancient Wethersfield (New York, 1900).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Westward Ho

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​WESTWARD HO, a small seaside village in the Barnstaple parliamentary division of Devonshire, England, on the east of Barnstaple Bay, 2½ m. N.W. of Bideford, on the Bideford, Appledore & Westward Ho railway. Of modern growth, it takes its name from a famous novel by Charles Kingsley. Many visitors are attracted in summer by its pure and bracing air, its quiet, and, above all, by its golf club, with links laid out on the sand hills known as Braunton Burrows. Westward Ho forms part of the urban district of Northam, which had a population in 1901 of 5355.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Westphal, Rudolf

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​WESTPHAL, RUDOLF (1826–1892), German classical scholar, was born at Obernkirchen in Schaumburg on the 3rd of July 1S26 He studied at Marburg and Tubingen, and was professor at Breslau (1858–1862) and Moscow (1875–1879). He subsequently lived at Buckeburg, and died at Stadthagen in Schaumburg-Lippe on the 10th of July 1892. Westphal was a man of varied attainments, but his chief claim to remembrance rests upon his contributions on Greek music and metre. His chief works are. Griechische Metrik (3rd ed., 1885–1889); System der antiken Rhythmik (1S65), Hephaestion’s De metris enchiridion (1866); Aristoxenus of Tarentum (translation and commentary, 1883–1893, vol. ii. being edited after his death by F. Saran); Die Musik des griechischen Altertums (1883), Allgemeine Metrik der indogermanischen und semitischen Volker (1892). He made translations of Catullus (1870) and of Aristophanes' Acharnians (1889), in which he successfully reproduced the Dorisms in Plattdeutsch.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cassel, Sir Ernest Joseph

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CASSEL, SIR ERNEST JOSEPH (1852-1921), Anglo-German financier, was born at Cologne March 3 1852. His father, Jacob Cassel, was a small banker in that city, and the son at the age of
16 became a clerk in the banking firm of Elspacher, but in 1870 came to London and entered the foreign banking house of Bischoffscheim and Goldsmid. There, before he was 20, he attracted notice by his skilful disentanglement of the accounts of the Khedivial loans. In 1884 he set up for himself and became largely interested in South-American finance. He reorganized the finances of Uruguay, and issued three Mexican loans, as well as acquiring the Royal Swedish railway and financing enterprises such as Vickers' absorption of the Maxim-Nordenfelt Co. and the building of the Central London railway. He also raised a Chinese loan after the war with Japan. His principal achievement was, however, the financing of the Nile irrigation work, and in connexion with that, the founding of the National Bank of Egypt. In these schemes he worked hand in hand with Lord Cromer. For these services he received a Privy Councillorship in 1902 and was created K.C.V.O. He had previously been created K.C.M.G. (1890) and he subsequently received the G.C.M.G. (1905), the G.C.V.O. (1906) and the G.C.B. (1909). He was also the recipient of decorations from the Governments of France, Sweden, Turkey and Japan. During the World War, though he had long been a naturalized British subject, an attempt was made to have his name removed from the list at the Privy Council. It did not succeed. He had retired from active financial operations in 1910. His benefactions were extensive, and included £500,000 for educational purposes, £225,000 for a hospital for nervous diseases, £50,000 to King Edward's Hospital Fund in memory of his only child, Mrs. Wilfrid Ashley, who died in 1911, besides large gifts during the war to the British Red Cross. He also built and endowed an Anglo-German Institute in 1911 in memory of King Edward VII., with whom he had been upon terms of close friendship. He was a considerable breeder and owner of race-horses; and he acquired a collection of Early English pictures, including a celebrated Raeburn. He married in 1878 Annette, daughter of R. T. Maxwell. She died in 1881. Sir Ernest died in London Sept. 21 1921.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Caruso, Enrico

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CARUSO, ENRICO (1873-1921), operatic tenor, was born in Naples, Feb. 25 1873. He was early apprenticed to a mechanical engineer. He began to sing in the choirs at Naples when he was 11, and later studied for three years under Guglielmo Vergine. He made his début in 1894 in L'Amico Francesco at the Teatro Nuovo, Naples. He first won marked success as Marcello in La Bohème, at Milan, in 1898; and at La Scala theatre in that city, he sang for the next four years. From 1899 to 1903 he was at St. Petersburg in the winter, and in the summer at Buenos Aires. But meanwhile he appeared also in many cities, including Moscow, Warsaw, Rome, Paris and London (Covent Garden 1902), everywhere being warmly greeted. In America he first appeared in 1903 at the Metropolitan Opera House, New York, where for 18 years he was the leading tenor. He made an extensive concert tour through the United States in 1917. He had a very extensive Italian and French repertory, but never essayed Wagnerian rôles. He won special success in Aïda, Carmen, Huguenots, L'Elisir d'Amore, Pagliacci, Rigoletto and Samson. He died Aug. 2 1921 at Naples.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cassel, Gustav

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CASSEL, GUSTAV (1866-), Swedish economist, was born in 1866. After taking his degree in mathematics at the university, he became a lecturer, and was appointed professor of national economy at the High School of Stockholm in 1904. He studied and travelled widely abroad. In addition to a number of books in Swedish, he published the following works in other languages: Das Recht auf den vollen Arbeitsertrag (1900); The Nature and Necessity of Interest (1903); Theoretische Sozialökonomie (1919). His Memorandum on the World's Monetary Problems, published by the League of Nations for the International Financial Conference in Brussels in 1920, attracted widespread attention. He was a member of many committees dealing with matters of State in Sweden and devoting much labour to the creation of a better system of budget exposition and control (1905-21). He was one of the Swedish representatives at the International Chamber of Commerce meeting in London in 1921. He became a member of Svenska Vetenskapsakademien and correspondent for Sweden to the Royal Economic Society.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Caviglia, Enrico

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CAVIGLIA, ENRICO (1862-), Italian general, was born at Finalmarina (Genoa) May 4 1862. He entered the artillery, and his early years in the army were spent between this branch of the service and the general staff, but on attaining his majority he passed to the infantry arm. He served in Eritrea and in the Italo-Turkish War and, as a captain of the general staff, was attached to the Japanese army during the Russo-Japanese War. In Feb. 1914 he was nominated vice-director of the Military Geographical Institute in Florence. On Italy's entry into the World War he served as a colonel on the general staff, and in Aug. 1915 he was promoted to major-general and given command of the Bari Brigade. In June 1916 he took over the 29th Div. and two months later was promoted lieutenant-general “for war merit.” In July 1917 he was given command of the XXIV. Corps, which under his direction broke through the Austrian lines on the Bainsizza plateau. After Caporetto he took command of the VIII. Corps and subsequently of the X., and in June 1918, after the Austrian offensive on the Piave, he was chosen to command the VIII. Army. Under his leadership the VIII. Army played an important part in the final victory of Vittorio Veneto. From Jan. to June 1919 Caviglia was Minister of War, and as such became a senator, and in Nov. of the same year he was promoted army general. In Jan. 1920 he took over the command of the troops in Venezia Giulia, with headquarters at Trieste. He had a very difficult task to perform, since the discipline of the troops had been severely shaken by the example of D'Annunzio's Fiume raid, and there was danger of trouble on the frontier with the Yugoslavs. Caviglia restored discipline, and showed both firmness and tact in dealing with these delicate problems. When it became evident that only force would drive D'Annunzio from Fiume he did not hesitate to carry out his task.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cartwright, Sir Richard John

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CARTWRIGHT, SIR RICHARD JOHN (1835-1912), Canadian statesman (see 5.435), died at Kingston, Ont., Sept. 23 1912.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cave, George Cave, 1st Viscount

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CAVE, GEORGE CAVE, 1st Viscount (1856-), British politician and lawyer, was born in London Feb. 23 1856. He was educated at Merchant Taylors' school and St. John's College, Oxford, and was called to the bar in 1880. He practised at the Chancery bar, and in 1904 became a K.C. In 1906 he was elected Unionist M.P. for Kingston, and on the formation of the Coalition Government in 1915 was made Solicitor-General and knighted. He became Home Secretary in 1916 on the accession of Mr. Lloyd George to power, and in this capacity was very prominent in the debates in the House of Commons on the police strike of Aug. 1918. In Nov. 1918 he resigned office, and was created a viscount, becoming in Jan. 1919 a lord of appeal.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Quartodecimani

QUARTODECIMANI, a denomination in the second century; so called because they maintained that Easter day was always to be celebrated, conformably to the custom of the Jews, on the fourteenth day of the moon of March, whatever day of the month that happened to be.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Broughton, vol. ii. p. 307.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Quintilians

QUINTILIANS, a branch of the Montanists, who derived their name from the prophetess Quintilia. Their distinguishing tenet was, that women ought to be admitted to perform the sacerdotal and episcopal functions; grounding their practice on Gal. iii. 28. They added that Philip, the deacon, had four daughters, who were prophetesses, and were doubtless of this sect. In their assemblies it was usual to see the virgins enter in white robes, personating prophetesses. See Montanists.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Hist. of religion, vol. iv. Broughton, vol. ii. p. 310.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Racovians

*RACOVIANS, a term sometimes applied to the Polish Unitarians, on account of their seminary at Racow, and of their adopting the Racovian catechism. See Socinians.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Raskolniks

*RASKOLNIKS, or SCHISMATICS, a general name for dissenters from the Russian established church; but they call themselves Starovertsi, or believers of the old faith, because they adhere to the old manuscript formularies of the Greek church, and reject the printed formularies of the patriach Nikon, who in the seventeenth century revised the ancient forms, and (as they say) corrupted them, and then had printed by authority, for the use of the Russian establishment. It appears, however, that there were dissenters in Russia long prior to this period, and within four hundred and fifty years after the introduction of christianity. These were called Strigolniks, (which see;) but the modern dissenters, (who partly arose out of these in the time of Nikon,) are divided into two principal classes, the Popoftchins and the Bezpopoftschins. The former are divided into the Starobredsi, Diaconoftschins, Epefanoftshins, and Tschunaboltsi, each of which is allowed a place in this Dictionary.
The Bezpopoftschins (who were omitted above) include no less than thirteen different sects, which either have no regular priests, or refuse to acknowledge those ordained in the established church. See Duhobortsi, Pomoryans, &c.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Pinkerton's Greek Church.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Realists

*REALISTS, a party of the schoolmen, who conceive that universals are realities, and have an existence-a parte rei; whereas the nominalists conceive of them only as ideas existing in the mind. Under the denomination of Realists were comprehended the Scotists and Thomists, and all other sects of schoolmen, except the followers of Ocham. Among school-divines the term has been used to distinguish the orthodox Trinitarians, from the sects accounted heretical.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Buck's theolog. Dict.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Pelew Islands

The inhabitants of these islands believe in one God, in the unlimited extent of his government in the most important moral distinctions, and religious duties as taught by the light of nature, in the immortality of the soul, and in future rewards and punishments. They have very few forms of religion, little ceremony in their worship and no houses or temples devoted to this purpose.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Quakers

QUAKERS. A small part of the American Quakers, during the revolutionary war, thought themselves at liberty to accept offices under government, or to bear arms. Among this party was the distinguished military character General Green, who died 1786, to whom congress decreed a monument. The ancient Quakers expelled from their assemblies the free or fighting Quakers, as they style themselves, and they were obligated to form a separate congregation, which still exists in Philadelphia. They differ from others of their denomination only in being less rigid. See Friends.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Gregoire's Histoire Des Sectes Relig.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Rabbinists

*RABBINISTS, those Jewish doctors, who admit the Cabbala, or traditions of the Elders. See Cabbalists.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Ranters

RANTERS, a denomination in the year 1645, who set up the light of nature, under the name of Christ in men. With regard to the church, scripture, ministry, &c. their sentiments were the same with the Seekers. See Seekers.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Calamy's Abridgement of Baxter's History, vol. i. p. 310.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Budneians

BUDNEIANS, a branch of the Socinians, which appeared in the year 1589, and maintained that Christ was not begotten by any extraordinary act of divine power; but that he was born like other men in a natural way, and not a proper object of divine worship. See Socinians

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Mosheim, vol. iv. p. 199
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Borrelists

BORRELISTS, so named from their leader, Adam Borrel, of Zealand, a learned man, about the time of the Reformation, who is charged with undervaluing the Church, [i. e. of Rome,] its priests, and services. He asserted that all Christian churches had degenerated from the pure apostolic doctrines. His followers lead a very austere life, and employ a great part of their goods in alms and works of piety.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Broughton, vol. i. p. 170.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Bourignonists

BOURIGNONISTS, a denomination in the seventeenth century, which sprang from the famous Antoinette Bourignon de la Ponte, a native of Flanders, who pretended to be divinely inspired, and set apart to revive the true spirit of Christianity that had been extinguished by theological animosities and debates. The leading principles which run through her productions are as follow:—That man is perfectly free to resist or receive divine grace. That God is ever unchangeable love towards all his creatures, and does not inflict any arbitrary punishment; but that the evils they suffer are the natural consequences of sin. That true religion consists not in any outward forms of worship, nor systems of faith; but in an entire resignation of the will to God.
This lady was educated in the Roman Catholic religion; but she declaimed equally against the corruptions of the church of Rome and those of the reformed churches: hence she was opposed and persecuted by both catholics and protestants. She maintained that there ought to be a toleration of all religions.
Those who are desirous of seeing a particular account of the life and writings of this lady, may consult an abridgment of the "Light of the World," published in 1786, by the New Jerusalem church.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Dufresnoy's Chronological Tables, vol. ii. p. 253. Mosheim, vol. v. p. 64. Light of the World, p. 27—480. Mad. Bourignon's Letters
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Brethren Clerks

*BRETHREN & CLERKS OF THE COMMON LIFE , a fraternity of the order of St. Augustine, who are commended for promoting the cause of religion and learning, about the time of the reformation.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Examination of Barrow. Canne's Necessity of Separation, p. 153. Gifford's Plain Declaration, p. 1, 2. Also Neal's Puritans, p. 428
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Brazilians

*BRAZILIANS. The natives of Brazil were so much terrified by thunder, that it was not only the object of religious reverence, but the most expressive name in their language; for the Deity was called Toupan, the thunderer.