OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Brief Outline of the History of Libraries/Translator

TRANSLATOR'S NOTE
This translation has been made from the second edition, "the last from the author's hand," Antwerp, Plantin Press, John Moretus, 1602.
The French version by Gabriel Peignot, in his Manuel Bibliographique, Paris, 1800, was found very helpful in translating Lipsius's rather crabbed Latin; I was greatly aided also by a first draught of an English translation kindly made for me by Miss I. McD. Howell, of the Newark, New Jersey, Free Public Library. Mr. W. W. Bishop, reference librarian in the library of Princeton University, gave most ​valuable assistance, both on difficult points in the Latin and on many historical allusions. I am, of course, responsible for all errors.
J. C. D.
Newark, January, 1907
# A Brief Review of the Labour Movement in Japan/Appendix/Appendix B

APPENDIX B.
Important Socialist Organisations and Journals.
| (1) | „Socialist Federation of Japan“: |
| | Address: 44, 1 chome, Motozono-cho, Kojimachi-ku, Tokyo. Official monthly organ: „Socialism“. |
| (2) | Rodo-undo-sha“ (Labour Movement Society), the most active sindica-commuuiss group, led by Osugi. |
| | Address: 12, Kita-koga-cho, Kanda, Tokyo. Weekly: „Labour Movement“. |
| (3) | „Gyomin-kai“: |
| | Addres: 40, Shimokozuka-cho, Suwa, Tokyo. ​ |
| (4) | „Jishu-kai“: |
| | Address: 1786, Miyashita, Sugamo-sho, Tokyo. |
| (5) | „Shinjin-kai“: |
| | Address: 5, Kami Fukimae-cho, Hongo-ku, Tokyo. monthly „Doho“. |
| (6) | „Free Man Society“: monthly: „Japanese Labour Review“. |
| (7) | „L. L. Kai“: Address: 42, Kasayamachi, Minami-ku, Osaka. |
| (8) | "Sei" (Revolutionary peasant group): |
| | Address: Minami-nojiri-mura, Toyama-ken. |
# A Brief Outline of the History of Libraries/Reader

TO THE READER
YOU have before you my brief outline of the history of libraries, that is, of books. Where shall we who are constantly making use of books look for a worthier subject for our pen? Yet I never should have dreamed of writing this outline had I not been inspired thereto by the zeal in such matters of the noble Prince to whom I have just dedicated it.
That such as he should labour to encourage and inspire men to good deeds and high endeavour—this I think a thing most helpful to us all. And how few do give themselves generously to this task! All thoughts seem now to turn to low ​and sordid things. Scorning the ancient and holy truths, how eagerly to-day do men search out doctrines whose only charm is that they seem new!
To these one might well repeat the ancient line: "Though broad and well known is the highway, you choose a narrow and obscure path."
For ourselves, we hold fast to the old and the established; and we study, we point out the way, and we set forth examples—often, so I hope and trust, to some useful purpose.
And may you, O Gentle Reader, look with favour upon our work.
# A Brief Review of the Labour Movement in Japan

Workers of the world, unite!
A Brief Review
of the Labour movement
in Japan.
By I. Nosaka.
(Member of the General Federation of Labour of Japan, Yuai-kai).
MOSKOW INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF TRADE AND INDUSTRIAL UNION 1921.
page
Workers of the world, unite!
A Brief Review
of the Labour movement
in Japan.
By I. Nosaka.
(Member of the General Federation of Labour of Japan, Yuai-kai).
MOSKOW INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF TRADE AND INDUSTRIAL UNION 1921.
page
CONTENTS
PART I
The Early History.
1867–1910.
PART II
Recent Development.
1912–1921.
PART III
Survey of the present conditions and problems.
APPENDIX.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published in 1921, before the cutoff of January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1993, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 30 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# A Brief Review of the Labour Movement in Japan/Appendix

Appendix.
* Appendix A: Names of Unions affiliating to the Federation of Trade Unions In Tokyo and Osaka.
* Appendix B: Important Socialist Organisations and Journals.
* Appendix C: Agriculture and semi-Agriculture.
* Appendix D: Number of Workers in the Important Industries.
* Appendix E: No of Workers Employed in the „Sweating“ Works.
* Appendix F: Growth of Commercial and Industrial Companies and Capitals.
# A Brief Review of the Labour Movement in Japan/Appendix/Appendix A

APPENDIX A.
Names of Unions affiliating to the Federation of Trade Unions In Tokyo and Osaka.
| A. | „The Federation of Trade Unions“ in Tokyo: Address: Mita, Shiba'ku, Tokyo, Japan, |
| (1) | „General Federation of Labour of Japan, Yuai-kai“:—Address: Mita, Shiba-ku, Tokyo. Official monthly organ: „The Labour“. President: Bunji Suzuki. Secretary: & Treasurer: Komakishi Matsuoka (engineer, syndicalistic), The Yuai-kai represents the following big Unions:—„All Japanese Miners' Federation“, secretary: Hisashi Azo (communist); „Seamen's Union of Japan“, secretary: Kunitaro Hamada (fireman, Old unionist), „Tokyo Electric and Metal Workers' Union“, secretary: Kogure; „Tokyo Metal Workers' Union“, secretary: Tanahashi (socialist). |
| (2) | „Shinyu-kai“ (of compositor & printers): Address: 611, Nakashibuya, Tokyo. Monthly organ: „Shinyu“ (Fraternity). Secretary: Tatsuo Mizunuma (communistic). |
| (3) | „Seishin-kai“ (of news paper compositors & printers). Monthly: „Seichin“ |
| (4) | „Taishin-kai“ (of printers). |
| (5) | „Kojin-kai“ (of the Naval Ordnance workers. |
| (6) | „Koyu-kai“ (of the Military Powder mill). |
| (7) | „Transport Workers' Union“ (of the Tokyo tramway employees). |
| (8) | „Keimei-kai“ (of teachers). |
| (9) | „All Labour Society“. ​ |
| B. | „The Federation of Trade Unions of Western Japan“ in Osaka: |
| | Address % Yuai-kai, 292, Enaricho, Nishinoda, Kita-ku Osaka. |
| (1) | „Western District Council of Yuai-Kai“: |
| | Addrss: 292, Enari-cho, ishinoda, Kitaku, Osaka: secretary: Takayama; monthly: „The Workers' Paper“. This Council represents Osaka, Kobe and Kyoto Local Committees. |
| (2) | „Osaka Printing Workers' Union“. |
| (3) | „Tailoring Workers' Union“. |
| (4) | „Osaka Brush Makers' Union“. |
| (5) | „Osaka Tailors' Union“. |
| (6) | „Western Iron Workers' Union“. |
| (7) | „Osaka Carriers' and Labourers' Union“. |
| (8) | „Copper Workers' Union“. |
| (9) | „Carpenters' and Carriers' Federation“. |
| (10) | Western Outdoor Workers' Union“. |
| (11) | „Japanese Printed Mousseline Workers' Union“. |
| (12) | „Electric Workers' Union“. |
| (13) | „Commercial Employees' Union“. |
| (14) | „Kojo-kai“. |
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nénot, Paul Henri

See also Henri Paul Nénot on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​NÉNOT, PAUL HENRI (1853-), French architect, was born in Paris in 1853, and when only 13 years old, was placed in the studio of M. Lequeux as architectural pupil, coming there under the influence of J. L. Pascal. Thence, when 15, he went to the École des Beaux-Arts, breaking off his studies in 1870, immediately on the outbreak of war with Germany, to enlist in an artillery regiment. Here he gained, as his first distinction, the Military Medal, and at the conclusion of the war, it was with difficulty that his patriotic enthusiasm allowed him to reassume a non-military life. He continued, however, his course at the École des Beaux-Arts, and in 1877 gained the Grand Prix de Rome. During these years he was working in the office of C. Garnier of the Opera House, Paris, and after the winning of the Grand Prix he travelled for a considerable time in Italy, Greece and Egypt. While holding this prize in Rome, he competed for the Victor Emmanuel monument in that city, receiving for his design the premium of 50,000 francs, the work itself being entrusted to an Italian. On his return to France, he entered for the great competition for the rebuilding of the Sorbonne, in which he was successful, and in 1882, despite discussion as to entrusting to so young a man such an important commission, he commenced in 1885 a work that was to occupy him for the next 17 years. He did not, however, undertake it till after a prolonged tour of inspection of the universities of Germany, Austria, Holland and Belgium. The building forms a huge parallelogram of over 900 ft. in length by 325 ft. in width, and its plan is brilliantly conceived, taking as its dictating condition the retention of Richelieu's chapel of the Sorbonne. Throughout the whole of his consideration of the treatment of this, as indeed of his other buildings, Nénot relied steadfastly on the assistance of the sculptor and the painter, and the grand amphitheatre gave him the opportunity he absolutely insisted on of employing for its decoration Puvis de Chavannes, whose mural painting of the “Sacred Grove” is his masterpiece. The hall itself, used as a salle des conferences, is an admirable example of the D-plan carried by a series of alcove recesses to an ultimate development. Nénot's other work gives evidence in equal manner of the tradition he carried forward from the school of which half a century before, Duc, Labrouste and Dubon were the founders and upholders, and shows a similar tendency to breathe fresh and revitalizing inspiration into the vernacular architecture of France. His other buildings, mostly in Paris, include the Institut Océanographique, the offices of the Compagnie Générale and those of the Compagnie Nationale des Wagons-Lits. He received many distinctions, becoming a member of the Institut in 1895, and being later elected president of the Société des Artistes Français. He was awarded the gold medal of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1917.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Obregón, Alvaro

See also Álvaro Obregón on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​OBREGÓN, ALVARO (1880–), Mexican President, was born in Nogales, Sonora, Mexico, in 1880, of Basque and Yaqui parentage. He engaged in farming, trading, and stock-raising in Sonora. He took part in the Madero revolution when Pascual Orozco threatened invasion of his state, driving the rebels out with a troop of 400 Yaquis. He joined Carranza against Huerta in 1913, winning general’s rank by defeating the latter. In 1914, leading Constitutionalist forces in the West, he took Sinaloa, Culiacán and Guadalajara in July, entering the capital Aug. 15. He sided with Carranza against Villa, took Puebla in Jan. 1915, and held the capital when the generals of the Convention left for Aguascalientes Jan. 27, but moved out March 10. He won victories over Villa at Celaya April 19; at Léon, where he lost his right arm, on June 4; and at Torréon and Saltillo in Sept. As Carranza’s Minister of War he negotiated with Gens. Scott and Funston for the withdrawal of Pershing’s expedition in 1916. Disagreeing with the President, he resigned and returned to his estate May 1 1917. There he accumulated a fortune by control of the garbanzo (chick-pea) crop of the W. coast. In June 1918 he became a candidate for the presidency against Gen. Pablo González and Ignacio Bonillas. In the same year he visited the United States. In March 1920 Carranza’s attempts to control Sonora against Obregón’s candidacy, and the arrest of the latter charged with rebellion, led him, on escaping from Mexico City, to raise a revolt which began in Sonora under the Plan of Agua Prieta on April 9. After rapid successes Obregón entered Mexico City May 8, Carranza having fled on the 5th. Adolfo de la Huerta, Obregón’s lieutenant, was made provisional president, Obregón being elected President in Sept. and inaugurated Dec. 1. (See Mexico.)
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ochs, Adolph S.

See also Adolph Ochs on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
OCHS, ADOLPH S. (1858-), American newspaper proprietor, was born in Cincinnati March 12 1858, of Jewish parentage. His father, who had left Bavaria for the United States in 1846, settled in 1865 with his family in Knoxville, Tenn., where the son studied in the public schools and during his spare time delivered newspapers. At the age of 15 he became a printer's devil on a Knoxville paper, and advanced so rapidly that in 1878 he gained control of the reorganized Chattanooga Times, which soon assumed a high position among the papers of the South. The following year he founded a commercial paper called The Tradesman. He was one of the founders of the Southern Associated Press and served as president. In 1896 he obtained control of The New York Times, then in financial difficulties and with circulation greatly diminished. He formed the New York Times Co., placed the paper on a strong financial foundation, and became the majority stockholder. With a daily issue on Aug. 18 1896 of 18,900 (of which over half was returned unsold), the circulation increased rapidly, reaching an average of 352,500 in 1921. Annual receipts exceeded $15,000,000, probably equalling those of any other American paper. On Aug. 18 1921, the 25th anniversary of reorganization, the staff of The New York Times numbered 1,885. It was classed as an independent Democratic publication, and consistently opposed William Jennings Bryan in his presidential campaigns. By its fairness in the presentation of news, editorial moderation and ample foreign service, it secured a high place in American journalism, becoming widely read and influential throughout the country. Beginning with 1896 there was issued weekly a supplement eventually called The New York Times Book Review and Magazine. Gradually other auxiliary publications were added: The Annalist, a financial review appearing on Mondays; The Times Mid-Week Pictorial on Thursdays; Current History Magazine, a monthly, started during the World War. The New York Times Index, started in 1913 and published quarterly, forms an invaluable guide to contemporary events, to be compared only with the similar Index to The Times of London. In 1901 Mr. Ochs became proprietor and editor of the Philadelphia Times, later merged in the Philadelphia Public Ledger, of which he was sole owner from 1902-12, when he sold it to Cyrus W. K. Curtis.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/O'Brien, Peter O'Brien, 1st Baron

See also Peter O'Brien, 1st Baron O'Brien on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​O’BRIEN, PETER O’BRIEN, 1st Baron (1842–1914), Irish lawyer and Lord Chief Justice, was born June 29 1842, the fifth son of John O’Brien, M.P. for Limerick from 1841 to 1852. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and was called to the Irish bar in 1865. He became a Q.C. in 1880, was in 1883 made Crown prosecutor and serjeant-at-law, and in 1884 became a bencher of King’s Inns. In 1886 he opposed the Home Rule bill, and joined the Unionist party, becoming in 1887 solicitor-general and in 1888 attorney-general for Ireland, in which capacity he conducted many political prosecutions. He earned at this time his nickname of “Peter the Packer.” In 1889 he was made Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, was created a baronet in 1891, and was raised to the peerage in 1900. He retired from the office of Lord Chief Justice in 1913, and died at Stillorgan, co. Dublin, Sept. 7 1914, his title becoming extinct.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Odling, William

See also William Odling on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ODLING, WILLIAM (1829-1921), English chemist, was born in Southwark Sept. 5 1829, the son of George Odling, surgeon. He became a medical student at Guy's Hospital, and graduated M.B. of London University in 1851. He next went to Paris, where he studied chemistry under Gerhardt, and on his return to London he was appointed director of the chemical laboratory at Guy's Hospital. In 1859 he became F.R.C.P., and in 1863 lecturer on chemistry at St. Bartholomew's Hospital. In 1868 he succeeded Faraday as Fullerian professor of chemistry at the Royal Institution, and in 1872 he was elected, in succession to Sir Benjamin Brodie, Waynflete professor of chemistry at Oxford, a chair he occupied for 40 years. He was successively fellow, secretary and president of the Chemical Society and was elected F.R.S. in 1859. His published works include a Manual of
Chemistry (1861); Lectures on Animal Chemistry (1866); Outlines of Chemistry (1869); Chemistry (1884), etc. He died at Oxford Feb. 17 1921.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Okuma (Shigenobu), Marquess

See also Ōkuma Shigenobu on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
OKUMA (SHIGENOBU), Marquess (1838-1922), Japanese statesman (see 20.61). In the spring of 1914, the old statesman emerged, at the age of 76, from his retirement at the special behest of the Throne, to take up once again the reins of Government, as, owing to some unfortunate scandals arising out of a contract for a battleship, public confidence in Government probity had received a severe shock. The veteran guided the country safely through the opening months of the World War. In Dec. 1914, the Government suffered a defeat on the army estimates and the Diet was dissolved. Count Okuma himself conducted a vigorous election campaign, which resulted in a great triumph for the Government at the general election in March 1915. Charges of bribery at the elections were later brought against the Home Minister, Visct. Oura, with the result that a Cabinet crisis arose, and Count Okuma resigned on July 30. He was pressed to remain in office, however, and, finally consenting, constituted a new Cabinet on Aug. 10, temporarily taking over the portfolio for Foreign Affairs until this was accepted by Baron (afterward Visct.) Ishii. During 1916, treaties were concluded with France, Russia and China. On Oct. 3 1916, Count Okuma announced his intention to retire, owing to his failing health; and on Oct. 9, Marshal Terauchi formed a new Ministry. Previous to his resignation the Count received a marquessate, in recognition of his eminent services to the State, since the restoration, as a Genro or elder statesman. He died at Tokyo Jan. 10 1922.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wullenweber, Jürgen

See also Jürgen Wullenwever on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WULLENWEBER, JÜRGEN (c. 1492-1537), burgomaster of Lübeck, was born probably at Hamburg. Settling in Lübeck as a merchant he took some part in the risings of the inhabitants in 1530 and 1531, being strongly in sympathy with the democratic ideas in religion and politics which inspired them. Having joined the governing council of the city and become leader of the democratic party, he was appointed burgomaster early in 1533 and threw himself into the movement for restoring Lübeck to her former position of influence. Preparations were made to attack the Dutch towns, the principal trading rivals of Lübeck, when the death of Frederick I., king of Denmark, in April 1533 changed the position of affairs. The Lübeckers objected to the bestowal of the Danish crown upon any prince favourable to the Empire or the Roman religion, and Wullenweber went to Copenhagen to discuss the matter. At length an alliance was concluded with Henry VIII. of England; considerable support was obtained in N. Germany; and in 1534 an attack was made on Christian, duke of Holstein, afterwards King Christian III., who claimed the throne. At first the Lübeckers gained several successes, but Christian of Holstein appeared before Lübeck; the efforts of Wullenweber to secure allies failed; and the citizens were compelled to make peace. The imperial court of justice at Spires restored the old constitution, and in August 1535 the aristocratic party returned to power. Soon afterwards Wullenweber was seized by Christopher, archbishop of Bremen, and handed over to his brother Henry II., duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. Having been tortured and sentenced to death as a traitor and an Anabaptist, he was beheaded at Wolfenbüttel on the 29th of September 1537. Wullenweber, who was long regarded as a popular hero in Lübeck, inspired tragedies by Heinrich Kruse and Karl Ferdinand Gutzkow, and a novel by Ludwig Köhler.
See G. Waitz, Lübeck unter Jürgen Wullenweber und die europaische Politik (Berlin, 1855-1856).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wuchang

See also Wuchang District on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WUCHANG, the capital of the combined provinces of Hup-eh and Hu-nan, China. It is one of the three cities, Wuchang, Hanyang and Hankow, which stand together at the mouth of the Han river, and is situated on the right bank of the river Yangtsze, almost directly opposite the foreign settlement of Hankow. It is the seat of the provincial government of the two Hu or Hu-kwang, as these provinces are collectively termed, at the head of which is a viceroy. Next to Nanking and Canton, it is one of the most important vice-royalties in the empire. It possesses an arsenal and a mint. The provincial government has established ironworks for the manufacture of rails and other railway material. As the works did not pay under official management, they were transferred to the director-general of railways. Wuchang is not open to foreign trade and residence, but a considerable number of missionaries, both Roman Catholic and Protestant, live within the walls. The native population is estimated at 800,000, including cities on both banks. Wuchang is an important junction on the trunk railway from Peking to Canton; and is on the route of the Sze-ch'uen railway.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wuhu

See also Wuhu on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WUHU, a district city in the province of Ngan-hui, China, about 1 m. from the S. bank of the Yangtsze-kiang, with which it is connected by a straggling suburb. It is about 50 m. above Nanking, and in 1858 it was marked out as a treaty port, but was not opened to trade until 1877. It is connected by canals with the important cities of Ning-Kwo Fu, T'ai-p'ing Hien, Nan-ling Hien and Ching Hien, the silk districts in the neighborhood of the two last cities being within 50 m. of Wuhu. Coal to a considerable extent exists in the country round. At first its commercial progress was very slow, the older ports of Kiu-kiang and Chin-kiang militating against its success; but of late there has been a distinct improvement in the trade of the port, the net value of which was about £3,000,000 in 1906. The principal exports are rice, cotton, wheat, tea, furs and feathers. For the production of feathers large quantities of ducks are reared in the surrounding districts. Of imports, opium formed ​the most considerable item; other imports being matches, needles, sandalwood and window glass. The city, which is one of the largest of its rank in China, was laid desolate during the T'ai-p'ing rebellion, but has been repeopled, the population being estimated (1906) at 137,000. The streets are comparatively broad and are well paved. The land set apart for the British settlement, advantageously situated, was little built upon. A new general foreign settlement was opened in 1905.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wulfstan

See also Wulfstan (died 1023) on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WULFSTAN, archbishop of York from 1003 until his death in May 1023, and also bishop of Worcester from 1003 to 1016, is generally held to be the author of a remarkable homily in alliterative English prose. Its title, taken from a manuscript, is Lupi sermo ad Anglos, quando Dani maxime prosecuti sunt eos, quod fuit anno 1014. It is an appeal to all classes to repent in the prospect of the imminent day of judgment, and gives a vivid picture of the desperate condition of England in the year of King Aethelred II.'s flight (1014). Of the many other homilies ascribed to Wulfstan very few are authentic. Subsequent legislation, especially that of Canute, bears clear traces of his influence.
See the edition of his homilies by A. Napier (Berlin, 1883); also the same writer's Uber die Werke des altenglischen Erzbischofs Wulfstan (Göttingen dissertation, 1882), and his paper in An English Miscellany (Oxford, 1901, pp. 355 f.); also A. Brandl in H. Paul's Grundriss der germanischen Philologie (2nd ed., 1901-1909), ii. pp. 1110-1112.