OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kiefer

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Kiefer. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kiefer (1.), masculine, from the equivalent Middle High German kiver (masculine, neuter ?), kivel, kivele, ‘jaw, jawbone,’ besides which there is a form from the stem of kauen, Middle High German kiuwel, masculine, and usually kiuwe, këwe, feminine, ‘jaw, jawbone.’ Yet Modern High German kiver, kivel, have, notwithstanding their rare occurrence, a remoter history in the past; with Gothic *kifru- is connected Old Icelandic kjǫptr, kjaptr (Gothic *kiftus), ‘mouth (of beasts), jawbone,’ and also with the a stage of gradation, Anglo-Saxon ceafl, Old Saxon kafl, masculine, ‘jaw of animals’ (with regard to the gradation compare Käfer, Giebel, and Kerl). The Teutonic stem is therefore kef, kaf, or rather keb, kab (before l and r later permutations of b to f sometimes occur), from pre-Teutonic geph or gebh; compare Zend zafare, zafra, neuter, ‘mouth, jaws’ (the corresponding term in Sanscrit *japhra, *jabhra, is wanting); the nasalised root jambh, by gradation jabh, ‘to snap at,’ leads to Greek γαμφαΐ, γαμφηλαί, ‘jaws,’ yet these are probably connected more closely with the cognates discussed under Kamm. See Käfer.
Kiefer (2.), feminine, ‘pine,’ early Modern High German only; it cannot be traced further back; in Upper German Föhre simply. Hence Kiefer probably originated in Kienföhre (respecting the obscuration of old compounds compare Wimper, Schultz, and Schuster). The intermediate form kimfer is recorded as North Bohemian. Compare also Middle High German kienboum, masculine, ‘pine,’ and *kienforhe, feminine, ‘pine-tree’ (attested by the derivative kienforhîn, adjective, ‘of pine’). Compare Kien and Föhre.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kieke

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Kieke. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kieke; feminine, ‘foot-warmer,’ simply Modern High German from the equivalent Low German kîke, in Danish ildkikkert, ‘foot-warmer.’ Of obscure origin.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kiel

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Kiel. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kiel (1.), masculine, from the equivalent Middle High German kil, masculine and neuter, ‘quill’; not recorded in Old High German; dialectic Keil (Middle German), pointing to Middle High German kîl; Low German quiele, kiel, is connected with Middle English quille, English quill. Gothic *qilus or, *qeilus, and further cognate terms are wanting.
Kiel (2.), masculine, ‘keel,’ from Middle High German kiel, Old High German chiol, masculine, ‘a rather large ship’; compare Anglo-Saxon ceól, masculine, ‘ship,’ Dutch kiel, English keel, Old Icelandic kjóll, masculine, ‘ship.’ Scandinavian kjǫlr, masculine, ‘ship’s keel,’ is not allied to these; from this the English word as well as the Modern High German meaning is probably derived (probably through Low German and Danish influence). The Old Teutonic *kiuls (the assumed Gothic form), ‘ship,’ may be connected with Greek γαυλός (γαῦλος), ‘merchant vessel’ (originally ‘pail,’ also ‘articles in the form of a pail, e.g. beehive’); au would be Gothic iu, as in High German Stier, Gothic stiurs, compared with Greek ταῦρος. The fact that a nautical term was originally common to both the Teutons and the Greeks is no more remarkable than the occurrence of the term Mast among the Teutons and the Romans; besides, the terms relating to shipbuilding stretch still further back, as is proved by the correspondence of Latin
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kiebitz

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Kiebitz. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kiebitz, see Kibitz.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kieme

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Kieme. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kieme, feminine, ‘gill (of a fish),’ Modern High German simply, from the equivalent Low German kîm; allied to Old High German chiela, chêla, as well as Anglo-Saxon cîan, ceón, with the same meaning. Since the forms corresponding exactly in sound with Kieme are wanting in the earlier periods, its origin is uncertain; some have connected it with kauen, root kiw (Aryan giw).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kien

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Kien. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kien, masculine, ‘resinous wood,’ from Middle High German kien, neuter and masculine, Old High German chien, ‘resinous wood, pine chips, pine torch’; compare Anglo-Saxon *kên, cên, masculine, ‘torch pine.’ Gothic *kêns or *kizns (compare Miete from Gothic mizdô) is wanting; further references cannot be found. Compare also Kiefer.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/ge-

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry ge-. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ ge-, a proclitic prefix, from Middle High German ge-, Old High German gi, ga- (an accented prefix ga- in noun compounds is very rare in Old High German and Middle High German); the primary idea is ‘collectivity, completeness’; compare Gothic ga-, Anglo-Saxon ge- (in English i only in handiwork, handicraft, Anglo-Saxon hondgeweorc, hondgecrœft; compare also English enough, from Anglo-Saxon genôh, under genug). The prefix is probably allied to Latin con-; cum; compare gehen, glauben, gleich, Glied, &c.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/geben

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry geben. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ geben, verb, ‘to give, present, render, yield,’ from the equivalent Middle High German gëben, Old High German gëban; common to Teutonic in the same sense; compare Gothic giban, Anglo-Saxon gifan, English to give, Dutch geren, Old Icelandic gefa. Compare Gabe, Gift. Akin to Old Irish gabim, ‘I take,’ Lithuanian gabénti, ‘to bring, convey to,’ gobinti, ‘to cause to bring’?.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/gebären

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry gebären. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ gebären, verb, from the equivalent Middle High German gëbern, Old High German gibëran, verb, ‘to give birth to’; corresponding to Gothic gubaíran (also baíran), ‘to give birth to, produce,’ Anglo-Saxon gebëran, bëran, strong verb, ‘to give birth to,’ English to bear; in Scandinavian the compounds with ga- are wanting, the simple verb bera, ‘to give birth to’ being used. See Bahre; where proofs are given of the antiquity of the verbal stem ber, pre-Teutonic bher, within the Aryan group; in Indian the root bhṛ, bhar, may mean ‘to bear offspring’ as well as ‘to bear’ generally; compare Latin fertilis, from Latin fero; in Old Irish the substantives combairt and brith, corresponding to Geburt, ‘birth,’ manifest the same specialisation. See Geburt.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/gediegen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry gediegen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ gediegen, adjective, ‘solid, pure, concise, pithy,’ from Middle High German gedigen, adjective, ‘adult, firm, hard, clear, pure,’ Old High German gidigan, adjective, ‘aged, advanced in years, earnest, pure, chaste’; properly a participle of gidihan (g by a grammatical change is the necessary form of h in the participle); Anglo-Saxon preserves the older participial form of the e-gradation, geþungen, ‘complete,’ so too Old Saxon thungan.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/gedunsen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry gedunsen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ gedunsen, adjective, ‘bloated, puffed up,’ participle of a lost strong verb which is retained in Modern High German dialects (Hessian dinsen, ‘to draw ‘); compare Middle High German dinsen, ‘to draw, tear, extend,’ Old High German dinsan; also Gothic *þinsan, atþinsan, ‘to draw.’ The Teutonic root þens, pre-Teutonic tens, corresponds to the Sanscrit root tans, ‘to draw,’ Lithuanian tęsti, ‘to draw, stretch.’ The root tens seems an extension of the root ten appearing in dehnen.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/ganz

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry ganz. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ ganz, adjective, ‘whole, complete, entire,’ from Middle High German and Old High German ganz, adjective, ‘uninjured, complete, whole, healthy,’ properly a High German word simply, which was adopted, however, by the Teutonic dialects of Middle Europe (Danish ganske, Dutch gansch, Old Frisian gans; n would not have been retained before s in a native Danish or Frisian word. The early history of Old High German ganz is obscure; if its primary meaning is ‘encircling,’ it is perhaps connected with Greek χανδάνω, ‘to comprise’; compare Greek χανδός, ‘spacious’?.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/gar

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry gar. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ gar, adjective (and adverb), ‘finished, ready, done’ (of cooked food), from Middle High German gar (inflected garwer), adjective, gare, adverb, Old High German garo (inflected garawêr), adjective, garo, garawo, adverb, ‘made ready,’ armed, prepared, complete, entire’; corresponding to Old Saxon garo, Anglo-Saxon gearo (adverb, gearwe also), English yare, Olc. gǫrr (adverb gǫrwa), ‘ready, prepared, made’; Gothic *garwa- is wanting. The adjective was really used as a participle, the suffix wo in Indian, combines with the root pac, ‘to cook,’ forming the participle pakvâ-s, ‘cooked, done’ (of food). Besides Anglo-Saxon gearo, ‘ready,’ a remarkable form, earo, is found with the same meaning, and in Old Saxon aru as well as gara; these forms point to Gothic *garwa and *arwa, ‘prepared, made ready.’ Hence some have identified the two classes regarding the g of *garwa- as the remnant of the verbal particle Gothic ga (High German ge).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/gaffen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry gaffen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ gaffen, verb, ‘to gape at,’ from the equivalent Middle High German (Middle German) gaffen, Old High German *gaffên (deduced from Old High German geffida, feminine, ‘contemplation’); Gothic *gapan is wanting. The ordinary Middle High German and Old High German words for the modern gaffen are kapfen and chapfên (Gothic *kappan, verb, is wanting). Hence, according to the sounds, the two words are radically different; in the Modern High German period, Middle High German kapfen has given way to gaffen. The latter signifies literally ‘to look on with open mouth;’ compare Dutch gapen and the equivalent English to gape, Old Icelandic gapa, ‘to open the mouth wide,’ gap, ‘chaos.’ The Teutonic root gap, ‘to gape,’ is allied to Sanscrit root jabh, ‘to snap’?.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/gedeihen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry gedeihen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ gedeihen, verb, ‘to thrive, prosper,’ from the equivalent Middle High German gedîhen, Old High German gidîhan, strong verb; Gothic gaþeilan, Anglo-Saxon geþeón (contracted from geþîhan), ‘to thrive’; the old Anglo-Saxon form points to the fact that the verbal stem was originally nasalised; ñ before h is everywhere suppressed in Teutonic, thus þîhan for þiñhan. The corresponding factitive *þhangjan remained in Old Saxon, where thengian means ‘to complete’; on the suppression of the nasal the e gradation passed into the î gradation in Gothic an High German. The simple form þeihan, ‘to thrive,’ is still known in Gothic. On account of its meaning, gedeihen (root þenh, pre-Teutonic tenk, tek, in Lithuanian tenkù, -tèkti, ‘I have enough,’ as well as in Irish tocad, Welsh tynged, ‘fortune,’ from the primary form tongeto-) cannot be be connected with the root τεκ in τέκνον (see Degen).—
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/garstig

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry garstig. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ garstig, adjective, ‘filthy, foul, obscene,’ an extended form of the late Middle High German garst, adjective, ‘rancid, tasting “high”’; compare Dutch garstig, ‘insipid, rank, rotten’; akin to Old Icelandic gerstr, ‘morose’ (in appearance). Allied to Latin fastidium, ‘disgust, aversion’?. The latter probably represented *farstidium, like tostus for *torstus, from torreo; Latin f initially corresponds to Teutonic g. See under Galle (Latin fel). But it might perhaps be also connected with Latin horridus for *ghorsidus.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/kraft

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/kraft | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ kraft, prep. ‘in virtue of,’ prop. dat. sing. of the preceding word, originally combined with the preps. aus or in. MidHG. kraft, with the gen. of a noun, is often simply a pleonasm for the noun itself — hôher wunne kraft for hôhiu wunne, ‘great bliss’; ûȥ zornes kraft, ‘in anger.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/krank

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/krank | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ krank, adj., ‘sick, ill,’ from MidHG. kranc (k), adj., ‘narrow, slender, slight, powerless, weak, null’ (in OHG. not yet found). The earliest references are in the first half of the 12th cent., therefore krank is most frequently regarded as a LG. loan-word; but the late appearance of the word cannot be accepted as a proof of its having been borrowed, since this is not supported by its form, which may be derived from an OTeut. source; comp. OHG. chrancholôn, ‘to grow weak, stumble’; AS. cranc, ‘feeble, infirm,’ also occurs rarely. For ​the further history of the word we must at all events proceed from the latter meaning (siech is the OTeut. adj. for ‘sick’); Scand. krankr, ‘sick,’ is borrowed from G. (*krakkr must have been the native form); a genuine Scand. krangr, ‘feeble,’ also occurs. The common West Teut. adj. kranka- is connected with AS. cringan, lit. ‘to writhe like one mortally wounded, salt in fight, fall with a crash’ (thus closely allied in meaning to AS. cranc, ‘infirm, tottering’). With the same root kring, krink, are connected ModHG. Kring, ‘circular pad for the head,’ E. crank, to crankle, crinkle. —
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/kraus

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/kraus | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ kraus, adj., ‘frizzled,’ from MidHG. krûs, ‘curled, frizzled’; unknown to all the OTeut. languages; retained in MidDu. kruis, ModDu. kroes, ‘dishevelled, entangled, frizzled, stubborn’; MidE. crûs, ‘frizzled, angry.’ The genuine Teut. origin and great antiquity of kraus are certified by the equiv. parallel cognates, MidHG. krol (ll), ‘curly, lock of hair,’ Du. krul, ‘lock,’ krullig, ‘frizzled, curly,’ MidE. crul, ‘curly.’ Comp. Krolle.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/kreischen

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/kreischen | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ kreischen, vb., ‘to shriek,’ from MidHG. krîschen, ‘to screech, shriek’; OHG. *chrîskan and Goth. *kreiskan are wanting. MidHG. krîȥen, ‘to shriek’ (Goth. *kreitan), points to the fact that a dental (Goth. t) has been lost before the suffix sk of kreischen, just as a guttural has been dropped in forschen, OHG. forskôn. Comp. Du. krijschen, ‘to shriek, yell’ Comp. kreisen.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/krachen

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/krachen | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ krachen, vb., ‘to crack, crash, break,’ from the equiv. MidHG. krachen, OHG. chrahhôn; comp. Du. kraken, ‘to crack (nuts, &c.), burst, crack, crackle,’ AS. cracian, E. to crack; Goth. *krakôn is wanting. AS. cearcian, ‘to crack’ (Goth. *karkôn), is worthy of note; comp. respecting the apparent transposition of the r, Brett and Bord, fragen and forschen. Teut. root krk from grg; comp. Sans. gṛg, garj, ‘to rustle, crackle.’ —
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/kratzen

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/kratzen | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ kratzen, vb., from the equiv. MidHG. kratzen, kretzen, OHG. chrazzôn, ‘to scratch’ (allied to Scand. krota, ‘to dig in,’ Goth. gakrutôn, ‘to grind’); previous to the HG. permutation of consonants *kratton, whence Ital. grattare, Fr. gratter, ‘to scratch.’ Comp. kritzeln.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/krauen

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/krauen | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ krauen, vb., ‘to tickle,’ from the equiv. MidHG. krouwen, OHG. chrouwôn, krouwen; Goth. *kraujôn, or rather *kraggwôn, and other correspondences are wanting. With this vb. is connected OHG. chrouwil, MidHG. kröuwel, m., ‘three-pronged fork, talon, claw,’ to which Swiss and ModHG. Kräuel, ‘fork with hooked prongs’; comp. Du. kraauwel, m., ‘pitchfork, fork, claw, finger-nail,’ allied to kraauwen, ‘to scratch.’ Connected with Krume.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/koſen

| List of abbreviations | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ kosen, vb., ‘to chat, caress,’ from MidHG. kôsen, OHG. chôsôn, ‘to converse, talk.’ The meaning of the vb. is opposed to any connection with OHG. chôsa, ‘lawsuit,’ and Lat. causa, causari, for it nowhere shows an indication of a legal origin; ModFr. causer, ‘to chat,’ is also derived from G., since in Lat. causa, Fr. chose originated. As a native word kosen (Goth. *kausôn) is of uncertain origin; it is certainly connected, however, with AS. ceást, MidE. cheeste, ‘argument, dispute,’ Du. keuzelen, ‘to caress.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/krabbeln

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/krabbeln | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ krabbeln, vb., ‘to crawl,’ with LG. permutation, in contrast to MidHG. krappeln, of which the variant krabelen occurs, whence also earlier ModHG. krabeln. The form with a double labial may be due to its being popularly connected with Krabbe (Krappe), for in Scand. also a simple form is found without this double labial, Scand. krafla, ‘to scratch with the nails,’ and krafsa, ‘to shuffle with the feet.’ E. grabble, grapple, grab are connected with LG. and Du. grabbeln.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/kranen

| List of abbreviations | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
# Amendment II to the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China

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(Adopted at the 23 rd Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Ninth National People's Congress on August 31, 2001 and promulgated by Order No. 56 of the President of the People's Republic of China on August 31, 2001)
Amendment II to the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China
(Adopted at the 23 rd Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Ninth National People's Congress on August 31, 2001 and promulgated by Order No. 56 of the President of the People's Republic of China on August 31, 2001)
In order to punish the crimes of cutting down trees for opening up farmland and of unlawfully occupying or indiscriminately using forestland and to effectively protect the forest resources, Article 342 of the Criminal Law is revised as follows:
" Whoever, in violation of the law or regulations on land administration, unlawfully occupies cultivated land, forestland or other farmland, and uses it for other purposes, if the area involved is relatively large and a large area of such land is damaged, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years or criminal detention and shall also, or shall only, be fined. "
This Amendment shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation.
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.