OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Wang Ch'ung-chien

Layout 2
​WANG Ch'ung-chien 王崇簡 (T. 敬哉), Dec. 10, 1602–1678, Dec. 30, official, was a native of Wan-p'ing (Peking). He became a chin-shih in 1643 at the last of the civil service examinations held under the Ming dynasty. When Peking fell to the Manchus in the following year he moved his family to Kiangnan. Returning to the capital in 1645, he submitted to the new regime and in the ensuing year was made a bachelor in the Kuo-shih yüan 國史院. He became sub-chancellor of the Kuo-shih yuan in 1656 and his son, Wang Hsi [q. v.], was made sub-chancellor of the Hung-wên yüan 弘文院 in the following year—a rare coincidence in Chinese officialdom. In 1658 he became president of the Board of Ceremonies. Retiring in 1661, he spent the rest of his life in quiet seclusion, often making pleasure trips to the Western Hills outside the walls of Peking. His son built for him the famous "Garden of Felicity", or I-yüan 怡園, which was located in the southwestern part of Peking, outside the gate popularly known as Shun-chih Mên, in the street called Shêng-chiang hu-t'ung 繩匠胡同. This garden, planned by Chang Jan [q. v.], was a favorite topic for contemporary poets. He was canonized as Wên-chên 文貞. His literary collection, entitled 青箱堂集 Ch'ing-hsiang tang chi, printed in 1676 and reprinted in 1689, contains 33 chüan of verse, 12 chüan of essays, and 1 chüan consisting of an ​autobiographical nien-p'u. Two collections of miscellaneous notes, entitled to 冬夜箋記 Tung-yeh chien-chi and 談助 T'an-chu, attributed to Wang Ch'ung-chien, appear in the collectanea, 說鈴 Shuo-ling, published (1702–05) by Wu Chên-fang (see under Ku Yen-wu). But since the first of these two works contains a passage about the destruction of the tomb of Wei Chung-hsien [q. v.] in 1701, it is evidently not entirely from Wang's hand.
Wang Ch'ung-chien had six sons. The eldest, Wang Hsi, was a Grand Secretary. The third, Wang Jan 王然 (b. 1647), rose from magistrate to governor of Chekiang (1706–1709, Jan.). The fourth, Wang Chao 王照 (1650–1693), served as salt intendant of Yunnan (1687–92). The fifth, Wang Yen 王燕 (T. 子喜, H. 个庵, 1652–1708), held the following posts: prefect of Chin-kiang, Kiangsu (1685–92); provincial judge of Kiangsu (1692–94); financial commissioner of Hupeh (1694–98); and governor of Kweichow (1698–1703). One daughter of Wang Ch'ung-chien married Mi Han-wên (see under Mi Wan-chung), and another married Sun Tao-lin 孫道林, a son of Sun Ch'êng-tsê [q. v.].
Four generations of this family were represented in the Hanlin Academy. They were, aside from Wang Ch'ung-chien himself: his son, Wang Hsi; his grandson, Wang K'o-hung 王克弘 (T. 能四, H. 龍四, chin-shih of 1721); and his great-grandson, Wang Ching-tsêng 王景曾 (T. 岵瞻, 霽巖, H. 枚孫, b. 1682, chin-shih of 1700). The last-mentioned rose to be a vice-president of the Board of Ceremonies (1723–25).
[4/9/1a; 27/1/8a; Ch'ing-hsiang t'ang chi (1689 ed.); Nien-p'u of Wang Hsi.]
Fang Chao-ying
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Wang Chien

Layout 2
​WANG Chien 王鑑 (T. 圓照, H. 玄照, 湘碧, 染香庵主人), 1598–1677, a native of T'ai-ts'ang, Kiangsu, was a great-grandson of Wang Shih-chên (see under Ch'ên Chi-ju), in recognition of whose distinguished services Wang Chien was made prefect of Lien-chou, modern Ho-p'u-hsien, Kwangtung, during the reign of the last Ming emperor (see under Chu Yu-chien). Although he did not remain at this post for any length of time before retiring to private life, he is commonly known as Wang Lien-chou 王廉州 after the prefecture in which he served. He was fond of painting, and in this art had the great advantage of owning a rich collection of old pictures which he inherited from his great-grandfather. He was a landscape painter in the style of Tung Yüan (see under Tung Pang-ta) and Chü-jan (see under Tung Ch'i-ch'ang), but he also studied the works of many other prominent artists, which he copied diligently. He was thus able to combine many of the best points of other artists with the general style of Tung Yüan. His work shows the care in execution and the exactness and freedom that come with a thorough mastery of all the intricacies of the art.
Wang Chien was a few years younger than Wang Shih-min [q. v.] and really belonged to a later generation, but in the field of painting they were the closest of friends. These two distinguished artists were chiefly responsible for carrying the Ming tradition over into the new era of the Ch'ing. They had both received their early training in painting during the last years of the Ming and lived on until the Ch'ing dynasty was firmly established. Both of them believed in thorough training, and in this they laid the foundation for painters of the Ch'ing period. They were generous in giving help to the young artists of their time, among whom Wang Hui [q. v.] later became the most celebrated.
A few of Wang Chien's annotations on paintings may be found in the Hua-hsüeh hsin yin (see under Wang Hui) under the heading 染香庵畫跋 Jan-hsiang an hua-pa.
[1/509/1b; 3/428/35b; 20/1/00 (portrait); 畫史彙傳 Hua-shih hui-chuan (1825) 29/3a; Wu Wei-yeh [q. v.], Mei-ts'un chia-ts'ang kao 19/1a; L.T.C.L.H.M. pp. 69–71.]
John C. Ferguson
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Wan Yen

Layout 2
​WAN Yen 萬言 (T. 貞一, H. 管村), Aug. 25, 1637–1705, May 8, scholar, son of Wan Ssŭ-nien (see under Wan T'ai), was a native of Yin-hsien, Chekiang. Like his father and his uncles, he was a pupil of Huang Tsung-hsi [q. v.] and distinguished himself as an essayist. Appointed an unsalaried licentiate in 1675, he went to Peking in the following year to become an instructor in the school of the Plain Red Banner. About the same time he made the acquaintance of Hsü Yüan-wên [q. v.] who in 1679 became the chief director of the reinstituted Historiographical Board, which was ordered to compile the official History of the Ming Dynasty (Ming-shih). On the recommendation of the director he assisted in the compilation, and remained in the Board for ten years. He contributed data covering the Ch'ung-chên reign period (1628–1644) which he entitled 崇禎長編 Ch'ung-chên ch'ang-pien. An anonymous work of the same name in 2 chüan, which, however, begins only in the tenth month of the sixteenth year of Ch'ung-chên (1643), is included in the 痛史 T'ung-shih, published in 1911 by the Commercial Press, Shanghai. This is thought by some scholars to be a fragment of WanWan Yen's original work. According to the local history, he is the author of another work on Ming history, entitled 明鑑舉要 Ming-chien chü-yao, in 17 chüan. In 1688 Wan Yen accepted a post as magistrate of Wu-ho, Anhwei. But for some reason he incurred official displeasure and three years later (in 1691) was sentenced to death. After much exertion his son, Wan Ch'êng-hsün 萬成勳 (T. 開遠, H. 西郭, 1670–c. 1730), managed to gather five thousand taels silver to get him released in 1694.
Wan Ch'êng-hsün was a grandson-in-law of Huang Tsung-hsi. About the year 1721 he served as sub-prefect of Tz'ŭ-chou, Chihli. He was known as a poet and ranked with Li Tun 李暾 (T. 寅伯, H. 東門, c. 1662–1736), Chêng Hsing 鄭性 (T. 義門, H. 南谿, Jan. 1, 1666–1743, Wan's brother-in-law), and Hsieh Hsü-chang 謝緒章 (T. 漢倬, H. 北溟, 1666–1720), as one of "The Four Comrades of Ssŭ-ming" (四明四友)—Ssŭ-ming being a range of hills southwest of Yin-hsien (Ningpo), their native district. The collected essays of Wan Yen, entitled 管村文鈔內編 Kuan-ts'un wên-ch'ao nei-pien, in 3 chüan; and those of his son, entitled 千之草堂文鈔 Ch'iên-chih ts'ao-t'ang wên-ch'ao, 1 chüan, were printed in 1934 (from manuscripts) in the second series of the Ssŭ-ming ts'ung-shu, edited by Chang Shou-yung (see under Chang Huang-yen).
[2/68/21a; 3/255/36a; Yin-hsien chih (1877) 42/2a, 54/10b; Chu Hsi-tsu, "Notes on an Incomplete Copy of the Ch'ung-chên ch'ang-pien" (in Chinese) Yenching Journal, no. 3, p. 513; Chêng Hsing, 南谿偶刊 Nan-ch'i ou-k'an (1742); Ch'iên-chih ts'ao-t'ang wên-ch'ao, p. 39b.]
Tu Lien-chê
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Wang Chih-ts'ai

Layout 2
​WANG Chih-ts'ai 王之寀 (T. 藎甫, 心一), d. June 2, 1627, was a native of Chao-i, Shensi, who became a chin-shih in 1601 and rose to be a secretary in the Board of Punishments. In 1615 he acquired notoriety, and at the same time aroused the enmity of one of the Court factions, for his activity in the so-called "club case" (see under Chu Ch'ang-lo). On May 30 of that year an unidentified man broke into the palace of the Crown Prince and severely injured one of the guards with a club before he could be overpowered and captured. The censor in charge of the investigation pronounced the culprit insane, and this verdict was seconded by Wang's superiors on the Board who were natives of Chekiang. Not satisfied with the decision, Wang visited the prisoner on June 6 and secured from him a story which pointed to a plot, by eunuchs, on the life of the Heir Apparent. He reported the case and requested a retrial at which, despite attempts to suppress the facts, two eunuchs attached to the palace of the Emperor's favorite concubine, Chêng (see under Chu Ch'ang-lo), were implicated. On June 23 the Emperor called a meeting of his ministers in the apartments of the Crown Prince, this being the first audience he had granted them in twenty-five years. He displayed great affection for his son and, in order to dispel further suspicion, ordered the execution of the prisoner and the two eunuchs. Ten years later, when Wang had risen to the post of junior vice-president of the Board of Punishments, the case was revived, and revenge was taken by adherents of the eunuch Wei Chung-hsien [q. v.], then in power. Wang was accused of mischiefmaking and slander, and died in prison.
[M.1/244/25a; Chao-i-hsien hou-chih (1712) 6/10b; 明通鑑 Ming t'ung-chien 80/16a.]
George A. Kennedy
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Ch'êng 誠, Prince

Layout 2
​CH'ÊNG 誠, Prince. See under Yin-chih.
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Cha-lang-a

Layout 2
​CHA-lang-a. See under Jalangga.
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Cha Ssŭ-t'ing

Layout 2
​CHA Ssŭ-t'ing 查嗣庭 (T. 潤木, H. 橫浦), 1664–1727, April 12?, Ch'ing official, was a native of Hai-ning, Chekiang, and a chin-shih of 1706. After a period of study as a Hanlin bachelor he became a compiler in the Academy; and after several promotions, a vice-president of the Board of Ceremonies (1725). In 1726 he was sent to Nanchang, Kiangsi, to conduct the examinations for the chü-jên degree. As one of the subjects for composition he set a phrase from the Great Learning (Chapter III, 1), reading "where the people rest" (維民所止). These words were, by some, interpreted as a covert thrust at Emperor Shih-tsung because the first and last characters of the quotation looked suspiciously like the characters of his reign-title, Yung-chêng 雍正, but with the top parts cut off. The choice of the phrase was taken as indicating a hope that the emperor would be "decapitated." When the emperor heard of the incident he took it as a personal affront and on October 21 of the same year informed the Court that the house of the culprit had been searched and found to contain two journals of a seditious nature. At the same time he accused Cha of having intrigued with Lungkodo [q. v.] and this may have been the real reason for the emperor's hostility. At any rate, Cha died in prison and his body was ordered to be dismembered. His elder brothers, Cha Shên-hsing [q. v.] and Cha Ssŭ-li (see under former), were also cast into prison, the former being later released through imperial clemency, the latter dying in exile in Shensi. Cha Ssŭ-t'ing's wife was exiled to the frontier, but nevertheless achieved some distinction as a poetess.
As a result of this and similar cases involving natives of Chekiang (see under Wang Ching-ch'i and Lü Liu-liang), a decree was issued suspending examinations for the chü-jên degree in that province for a time. Actually, however, the triennial examination was resumed according to schedule in 1729 after the commissioner who was especially appointed to "examine and rectify social abuses" (觀風整俗使) reported that he could detect no signs of rebellion in the province.
[Tung-hua lu, Yung-chêng, 4:9, 10; 皇朝掌故彙編 Huang-ch'ao chang-ku hui-pien 35, 科舉 1/10; 國朝貢舉考略 Kuo-chao kung-chü k'ao-lüeh 2/4b; 清代徵獻類編 Ch'ing-tai chêng-hsien lei-pien 4/19a; 清代閨閣詩人徵略補遺 Ch'ing-tai kuei-ko shih-jên chêng-lüeh pu-i, 8a for biographical note concerning his wife; Cha Shên-hsing [q. v.], Ching-yeh-t'ang chi 41/16a and hsü-chi 3/18b, 5/11b (for dates); Hai-ning-chou chih (1922) 29/52b; Goodrich, L. C., The Literary Inquisition of Ch'ien-lung.]
L. Carrington Goodrich
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Chang-t'ai

Layout 2
​CHANG-t'ai. See under Jangtai.
# Woman of the Century/Olive Eliza Dana

​DANA, Miss Olive Eliza, littérateur, born in Augusta, Me., 24th December, 1859. Her parents are James W. and Sarah Savage Dana. She is a direct descendant of Richard Dana, who came from England and settled in Cambridge, Mass., about the year 1640. From one of his sons descended Miss Dana's father; from another, Richard H. Dana, the poet. She is also a direct descendant of the Rev. John Campbell, a graduate of the University of Edinburgh, who came to New England in 1717 and was for forty years pastor in Oxford, Mass. Miss Dana was graduated from the Augusta high school in 1877, and has always lived in that city. Her first published article was a prose sketch, which was printed in 1877, and ever since its appearance she has been a prolific writer, sending out many poems, essays, stories and sketches. She has often been compelled by ill health to suspend literary work. Her poems have found a place in the "Magazine of Poetry" and other publications, and are always widely copied. Her prose work covers a wide range. Her short stories have appeared in the "Woman's Journal," "Union Signal," the "Morning Star," the "Christian Union," "Journal of Education," "New England Farmer," Portland "Transcript," "Golden Rule," the "Well Spring," "Zion's Advocate" and many other papers.
# Woman of the Century/Olive White Smith

​SMITH, Mrs. Olive White, author, born in Clarendon, Vt., 25th December, 1846 She is generally known in literature as Mrs. Clinton Smith. Her ancestors were among the early settlers of Vermont. Her father, Charles White, was a pioneer geologist and the discoverer of several of the Vermont marble quarries. Her childhood was ​passed among the Green Mountains. She grew up with a mind imbued with astern morality, tempered by a love of humanity, which led her in girlhood to be intelligently interested in the abolition of slavery. She was educated under Mrs. H. F. Leavitt. in the female seminary established by Mrs. Emma Willard, in Middlebury, Vt. Home and foreign missions claimed her attention, and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union found in her an enthusiastic friend. Although her home has been in a retired corner of the great world, so deep has been her interest in public affairs that she has lived in the current of passing events. OLIVE WHITE SMITH. Possessing a reverence, for law. she marveled at the ease with which the prohibitory liquor law of her State was evaded. Alter spending much time and energy in interviewing judges, justices, sheriffs and States' attorneys, she came to the conclusion that those officers, holding their positions through the votes of a political party, will go no further in good works than that party demands. Her parlors have been a gathering place for temperance people and prohibitionists. She has written some temperance articles and addresses, as well as short poems and stories, for New York papers and magazines. All of her life she has been connected with Sunday- school work in the Methodist Episcopal Church. Her husband sympathizes in all her hopes, and they have an interesting family of five children. She has been a contributor to the "Rural New Yorker," the New York "Weekly Witness." "Demorest's Magazine" and other periodicals. She has used the pen-names "Alicia" and "August Noon." Her home was in Middlebury, Vt., until 1891, when her husband was called to a Government position in Washington, D. C, and removed his family to that city, where Mrs. Smith is actively engaged in literary pursuits.
# Woman of the Century/Novella Jewell Trott

​TROTT, Miss Novella Jewell, author and editor, born in Woolwich, Me., 16th November, 1846. She traces her ancestry back to the Puritan emigrant, Thomas Trott, who came from England to Dorchester, Mass., in 1635, and to Ralph Farnham, who, in the same year, settled in Andover, Mass. Benjamin Trott and Joshua Farnham, descendants of the above, both removed to Woolwich about 1750, and there founded families whose children, from generation to generation, have been noted for their intelligence, integrity and public spirit. The parents of Novella Trott were worthy representatives of those two old families. Her mother was a woman of superior mental qualities and remarkable strength of character, and her father was a man of marked mental ability and moral worth. NOVELLA JEWELL TROTT. The daughter soon outgrew the educational advantages of her native town, and, at the age of thirteen, entered the public schools of Bath, afterward taking a special course of study in the State Normal School in Farmingron Although she early showed decided literary tastes, she had intended to make teaching her profession. During a visit to Boston she was invited to take a position ​as proof-reader in a prominent publishing house. There she had her introduction to the work which she was afterwards to adopt as a profession. A sudden illness compelled her to give up her position and, upon her recovery, she resumed her original plans and taught successfully for several years The five following years were devoted to the care of her invalid mother, after which circumstances opened the way for her return to literary life. In 1881 she entered the publishing establishment of E. C. Allen, in Augusta, Me., where she soon worked her way to a position upon the editorial staff. She became sole editor of the "Practical Housekeeper" and "Daughters of America." During the past ten years she has performed all branches of editorial work, selecting, compiling, condensing, revising, writing from month to month editorial, critical and literary articles, reading a large number of manuscripts and conducting the extensive correspondence of her office. In her private life she is much admired, and she is a bright and entertaining conversationalist. She was appointed one of seven women of national reputation to represent the press department of the Queen Isabella Association in the World's Fair, in Chicago, in 1893.
# Woman of the Century/Orelia Key Bell

​BELL, Miss Orelia Key, poet, born in Atlanta, Ga., 8th April, 1864. Her birthplace was OMELIA KEY BELL. the Bell mansion, a stately Southern home in the heart of the city. The house has become historic, as it was, soon after Orelia's birth, the headquarters of General Sherman's engineering corps, and the room in which she was born and spent the first three months of her life was that used by General Sherman as a stable for his favorite colt. Miss Bell is of gentle birth on both sides of her house, and is very thoroughly educated. A poem by her father, "God is Love," has been the key-note to some of her highest and sweetest songs. She suffered loss of home and property but met her reverses with a brave front and a song in her heart, and her spirit, strong in courage and purity, has voiced itself in countless melodies that have won for her both fame and money. She writes always with strength and grace. Power and melody are wedded in her poems. Her warmest recognition from the press has come from Richard Watson Gilder of the "Century," Page M. Baker, of the New Orleans "Times-Democrat," Charles A. Dana, of the New York "Sun," Mrs. Frank Leslie, Henry W. Grady, and Thaddeus E. Horton, and her own home papers the "Constitution" and the "Journal." Her poem "Maid and Matron" has been used by Rhea as a select recitation. To the instructions of her friend, Mrs. Livingston Mimms, leader of the Christian Science movement South, and founder of the first Church of Christ (Scientist) in Georgia, Miss Bell owes the inspiration of her most enduring work, the International Series of Christian Science Hymns, to the writing of which she gave much time.
# Woman of the Century/Olive Moorman Leader

​LEADER, Mrs. Olive Moorman, temperance reformer, born in Columbus, Ohio, 2Sth July, 1852. OLIVE MOORMAN LEADER. In her early childhood her parents moved to Iowa, but she returned to her native State to finish her education. As a child her ambition was to become an educator, and all her energies were directed to that end. For thirteen years she was a successful teacher. She became the wife, in 1880, of J. B. Leader, and removed to Seward, Neb. She was identified with school work in Seward, Lincoln and Plattsmouth successively, and, removing to Omaha, she began, in connection with the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, active work in the temperance cause. She introduced the systematic visiting of the Douglas county jails. She was one of the first workers among the Chinese, being first State superintendent of that department In 1887, removing to Dakota Territory, she labored indefatigably for its admission as a prohibition State. During her three years' residence in Dakota she was State superintendent of miners' and foreign work in the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. In 1889 she returned to Nebraska and settled in Chadron, her present home. She has been for two years superintendent of soldiers' work in Nebraska, and has been for twelve years identified with the suffrage cause. She is an adherent of Christian Science and a strong believer in its efficacy, having, as she firmly believes, been personally benefited thereby.
# Woman of the Century/Nora Perry

​PERRY, Miss Nora, poet, born in Massachusetts, in 1841. Her parents removed to Providence, R. L, in her childhood, and her father was engaged in mercantile business there. She was educated at home and in private schools. She received a varied and liberal training in many lines, and her literary talent was predominant always. At the age of eighteen she began to write for publication. Her first serial story, "Rosalind Newcomb," was published in " Harper's Magazine" in 1859. She went to Boston, Mass., where she now lives. There she became the correspondent of the Chicago "Tribune" and the Providence "Journal." She has contributed many stories and poems to the magazines of the day. Her published books are "After the Ball, and Other Poems" (Boston. 1874 and 1879). "The Tragedy of the Unexpected, and Other Stories" (1880), "Book of Love Stories" (1881), "For a Woman " (1885), "New Songs and Ballads" (1S86), " Flock of Girls " (1887), "Youngest Miss Lorton, and Other Stories" (1889), "Brave Girls" (1889), and " Her Lover's Friends, and Other Poems." Her most popular poem is "After the Ball," which has been many times republished under the title " Maud and Madge." Her work is of the moral order, and shows high thinking and careful polish.