OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wry-neck

See also Torticollis on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WRY-NECK (Lat. Torticollis), a congenital or acquired deformity, characterized by the affected side of the head being drawn downwards toward the shoulder together with deviation of the face, toward the sound side. There are various forms. (1) The congenital, due to a lesion of the sterno-mastoid muscle, either the result of a malposition in utero or due to the rupture of the muscle in the delivery of the aftercoming head in the birth of the breech presentation. (2) The rheumatic, due to exposure to a draught or cold. This is commonly known as “stiff-neck.” (3) The nervous or spasmodic, the result of (a) direct irritation of the spinal accessory nerve or its roots, or (b) the result of cerebral irritation. In this form there is generally a family history of nervous diseases, notably epilepsy. This spasm is one of a group of nervous spasms known as “tics,” a variety of habit spasm. The character of the movements varies with the muscles involved, the most usual muscle being the sterno-mastoid. The spasm ceases during sleep. Many cases are also due to hysteria and some to spinal caries. When wry-neck is congenital, massage and manipulation may be tried and some form of apparatus. Failing this, division of the muscle surgically may be practiced. In the spasmodic forms, anti-neurotic treatment is recommended, the use of the bromides, valerianates and belladonna, and hydrobromide of hyoscine injected into the muscles has been found of value. T. Grainger Stewart recommends in persistent tic the trial of continuous and regular movements in the affected group of muscles with a view to replacing the abnormal movements by normal ones. In severe cases it may be necessary to cut down on and stretch or excise the spinal accessory nerve. In rheumatic torticollis the spasm is usually overcome by the application of hot compresses and appropriate anti-rheumatic treatment.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wuchow

See also Wuzhou on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WUCHOW, a treaty port in the province of Kwang-si, China, opened to foreign trade in 1897, and situated on the left bank of the Si-kiang (West river) at its junction with the Fu or Kwei-Kiang (Cassia) river. It is 220 m. above Canton, with which it is in navigable connexion for vessels drawing up to 8 ft. of water. In 1908 the value of the trade passing through the maritime customs amounted to £1,566,000, representing, however, only a portion of the trade. Of this total, two-thirds were for imports, consisting principally of cotton and cotton goods, kerosene oil, woollens, &c. Sugar, various oils, hides and aniseed were the chief exports. The native population is estimated at 65,000. At Shuihing the river flows for 5 m. through a deep gorge bordered by limestone cliffs 2000 ft. in height. Farther up the river threads its way through a series of rocky defiles, forming at intervals what seems an inland lake with no apparent outlet. During summer floods the water thus pent up by the gorges rises at Wuchow 50 or 60 ft. In consequence of the variation of river level, the principal offices and shops are built upon pontoons which are moored alongside the river-bank. The situation of Wuchow makes it the natural distributing centre between Kwei-chow, Kwang-si and Canton. Great things were therefore expected of it as a treaty port, but disorders in Kwang-si delayed the fulfilment of the hopes. Trade, however, has improved, and a large native passenger traffic has sprung up between it and Canton. It is connected with Hong Kong and Shanghai by telegraph.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wulfenite

See also Wulfenite on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WULFENITE, a mineral consisting of lead molybdate, PbMoO$_4$, crystallizing in the hemimorphic-tetartohedral class of the tetragonal system. Crystals usually have the form of thin square plates bevelled at the edges by pyramidal planes. They have a brilliant resinous to adamantine lustre, and vary in colour from greyish to bright yellow or red: the hardness is 3, and the specific gravity 6.7. Small amounts of calcium are sometimes present isomorphously replacing lead. The mineral occurs in veins of lead ore, and was first found in the 18th century in the lead mines at Bleiberg in Carinthia. Bright yellow crystals are found in New Mexico and Utah, and brilliant red crystals in Arizona.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wulfhere

See also Wulfhere of Mercia on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WULFHERE (d. 675), king of the Mercians, was a younger son of King Penda, and was kept in concealment for some time after his father's defeat and death in 635. In 658 or 659, however, the Mercians threw off the supremacy of Oswio, king of Northumbria, and Wulfhere became their king. He took energetic measures to spread Christianity, and was greatly helped by his bishop, Jaruman, and afterwards by St Chad. Outside Mercia he did something to induce the East and the South Saxons to accept Christianity, and is said to have founded one or two monasteries. He gained Lindsey from Northumbria in 657, and was successful against Wessex. He extended his borders in all directions, and was the founder of the passing greatness of Mercia, although he lost Lindsey just before his death. Wulfhere's wife was Eormenhild, a daughter of Erconberht, king of Kent, and he was succeeded by his brother Aethelred. His only son Coenred became king in 704 in succession to Aethelred. His only daughter was St Werburga or Werburh, abbess of Ely.
See Bede, Historia ecclesiastica, ed. C. Plummer (Oxford, 1896); and J. R. Green, The Making of England (1897-1899).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wulfstan, St

See also Wulfstan (died 1095) on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WULFSTAN, ST (c. 1012-1095), bishop of Worcester, was born at Little Itchington near Warwick and was educated in the monastic schools of Evesham and Peterborough. He became a monk at Worcester, and schoolmaster and prior in the cathedral monastery there. In 1062 he was chosen bishop of Worcester, and the choice was approved by the witan; with some reluctance Wulfstan accepted, and was consecrated at York in September. The see of Worcester and the archbishopric of York had been held together before 1062 by Archbishop Aldred, who, when he was compelled to resign Worcester, retained twelve manors belonging to the see, which Wulfstan did not recover for some years. About 1070, however, it was decided that Worcester was in the province of Canterbury. Although he had been on friendly terms with Harold, the bishop submitted to William at Berkhampstead, and he was very useful in checking the rebellious barons during the revolt of 1075. He was equally loyal to William II. in his struggle with the Welsh. Wulfstan's relations with his ecclesiastical superiors were not so harmonious, and at one time both Lanfranc of Canterbury and Thomas of York unsuccessfully demanded his removal. He was the only survivor of the Anglo-Saxon bishops when he died on the 18th of January 1095. In 1203 he was canonized by Pope Innocent III. By his preaching at Bristol Wulfstan is said to have put an end to the kidnapping of English men and women and selling them as slaves. He rebuilt the cathedral church of Worcester, and some parts of his building still remain.
Lives of St Wulfstan by Hemming and Florence of Worcester are in H. Wharton's Anglia sacra (1691). See also E. A. Freeman, Norman Conquest (1867-1879).
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Hⁿiu
### Hⁿiu.
#### 朽$^2$

    Rotten wood; offensive smell; to fail; rot; be forgotten.

#### 復$^{3-}$

    Again; to return; send back; to answer.

#### 臭$^{3-}$嗅$^{3-}$

    A strong smell; offensive; to smell.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/I
### I.
#### 扅$^{-1}$

    To bar of a door; to bar the gate.

#### 移$^{-1}$

    To remove from one place to another; to change; great.

#### 佁$^{-1}$

    Impeded; obstinate stop-page; foolish; silly.

#### 怡$^{-1}$

    Pleased; to please; harmony; joy.

#### 詒$^{-1}$

    To hand down or continue in succession; a will or testament; to ridicule; remiss.

#### 貽$^{-1}$

    To present or leave to; to bring upon one's self.

#### 飴$^{-1}$

    Rice prepared into gruel or congee; to feed.

#### 夷$^{-1}$

    Foreigners; to hurt; change; to equalize; class; great; good.

#### 姨$^{-1}$

    Sisters of a wife or mother. ​

#### 痍$^{-1}$

    The hurt or wound; a sore or wound.

#### 泄$^{-1}$

    To spread out; disperse; ease expansion of mind; many.

#### 彝$^{-1}$

    Constant; invariable rule or principle; a law.

#### 於$^1$

    In; on; place where; to.

#### 衣$^1$

    Clothes; a cover; clothes for the upper part of the body.

#### 依$^1$

    To rely on; trust to; according to; comparison.

#### 伊$^1$

    He; she; it; they; a person or thing.

#### 咿$^1$

    Violent laughter.

#### 噫$^1$

    Alas! Ah! Oh!

#### 異$^{-3}$

    Different; strange; foreign; to oppose; another.

#### 裔$^{-3}$

    Posterity; descendants.

#### 意$^3$

    Ideas; thoughts; opinion; meaning; intention.

#### 薏$^3$

    Pearl barley.

#### 縊$^3$

    To strangle; to suspend by a cord round the neck.

#### 謚$^3$

    The name given to a person after his death.

#### 噎$^3$

    Pain or stoppage in the throat.

#### 饐$^3$

    Spoiled food; difficulty in swallowing.

#### 肄$^3$

    Well acquainted with or versed in; to attend to carefully; weak.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Hⁿia
### Hⁿia.
#### 邢$^{-1}$

    Name of a person and of a place.

#### 兄$^1$

    An older brother.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Hⁿie
### Hⁿie.
#### 香$^1$

    Incense; perfume.

#### 鄕$^{3-}$

    A village; 12,500 families; former.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Ia
### Ia.
#### 爺$^{-1}$

    A title of respect applied to kings, nobles, &c.

#### 亦$^1$

    Also; moreover.

#### 也$^2$

    A final particle; also placed after an important word in the middle of a sentence.

#### 野$^2$

    Wilderness; wide extended. ​

#### 冶$^2$

    To melt; fuse metals; an artist who fuses metals.

#### 易$^{-4}$

    Change; transmutation; name of one of the 5 classics.

#### 馹$^{-4}$

    A fleet horse; a post horse.

#### 驛$^{-4}$

    A post; government despatch; to applaud.

#### 益$^4$

    To add; increase; benefit; beneficial; abundant.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Hⁿue
### Hⁿue.
#### 橫$^{-1}$

    A cross-bar; cross-wise; perverse; unreasonable.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Hⁿui
### Hⁿui.
#### 懸$^{-1}$

    To suspend, physically or morally.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Hⁿwa
### Hⁿwa.
#### 鼾$^{-1}$

    Snoring; hard breathing in sleep.

#### 堘$^1$

    A dike or raised foot-path that divides fields of grain.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Hⁿo
### Hⁿo.
#### 虎$^2$

    A tiger.

#### 否$^2$

    No; not; not so.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Iam
### Iam.
#### 𥂁$^{-1}$

    Salt. salted.

#### 扊$^{-1}$

    A bolt of a door.

#### 炎$^{-1}$焰$^{-1}$

    Flame of fire; hot luminous; glorious.

#### 豓$^{-1}$灔$^{-1}$

    Handsome; good; large; variegated; self-indulgent; dissipated.

#### 奄$^1$

    To cover over a shelter.

#### 俺$^1$

    I; me; great.

#### 淹$^1$

    To merge or soak in water; to detain; impede.

#### 閹$^1$

    Doorkeepers of the royal harem; an eunuch.

#### 鵪$^1$

    A quail.

#### 饜$^1$

    Satiated; fastidious.

#### 弇$^2$

    To screen; shade; obscure.

#### 揜$^2$掩$^2$

    To gather together under a shelter; to screen; soothe.

#### 偃$^2$

    To case; cause to cease; to lie down; to rest.

#### 揠$^2$

    To pluck up; eradicate; to force.

#### 厭$^{3-}$

    To restrain; repress; subject; injure; obedient; iunited.

#### 嚈$^{3-}$

    Satiated; to satisfy; to uncover; to dislike; hate; composed; steady.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Manzoni, Giusti Francesca

Layout 2
MANZONI, GIUSTI FRANCESCA.
This erudite lady was as highly esteemed for her virtue and prudence as for her extraordinary intellect and the fertility of her imagination. Her death, which happened in 1743, was universally lamented. She was a member of the academy of the Filodossi or Milan. The subjoined is a list of her works:—"An Epistle in Verse to the Empress Maria Theresa;" "Ester," a tragedy; "Abigalle," a sacred drama; "Debora," an oratorio; "Gedeone," an oratorio; "Sagrifizio d'Abramo;" "Translation of Ovid's Tristitia."
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Malibran, Maria Felicite

Layout 2
MALIBRAN, MARIA FELICITE,
Daughter of a singer and composer of music of some celebrity, of the name of Garcia, was born at Paris, March 24th., 1808. When scarcely five, she commenced her musical education at Naples, under the best masters. She sang in public, for the first time, in 1824, and so successfully as to give promise of attaining a very high order of excellence in her art. In 1825 she accompanied her father to England, where a sudden indisposition of Madame Pasta led to her performance, at a short notice, of the part of Rosina, in the Barber of Seville. The highly satisfactory manner in which she acquitted herself, secured to her an engagement for the season in London; and she sang afterwards in Manchester, Liverpool, and York. Her father, having been induced to go to the United States, took his daughter with him, as the prima donna of his operatic corps. There her success was unbounded, and she qualified herself by the most assiduous study, for competing, on her return to Europe, with the most celebrated singers of the time.
In March, 1826, she married at New York, a French merchant of the name of Malibran, more than double her own age, but who was thought very wealthy. Soon after the marriage he became a bankrupt; and the cold and selfish reliance he placed on her musical powers, as a means of re-establishing his ruined fortunes, so offended the feelings of his wife, that she left him, and went to France in September, 1827.
After two years of a most brilliant career in Paris and the departments, she accompanied Lablache on a professional tour through Italy. Her winters were afterwards passed in Paris, and her summers in excursions in different directions. In 1835, the French court pronounced her marriage with M. Malibran to have been ab initio null and void, not having been contracted before an authority regarded as competent by the French law. In 1836, she married M. de Bériot, the celebrated violinist, and went with him to Brussels to reside. In consequence of an injury received by a fall from a horse a few weeks after her marriage, her health began to decline; and, having come to England during the summer, she was suddenly attacked by a nervous fever, after singing at a musical festival at Manchester, contrary to the advice of her physicians. Her enfeebled constitution was unable to resist the progress of the disease, and she died, September 23rd., 1836, at the age of twenty-eight.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Marcet, Jane

Layout 2
MARCET, JANE,
An Englishwoman, deservedly distinguished for her great scientfic acquirements, and for the use to which she has devoted her extraordinary talents and learning. "With that apologetic air which modest science is wont to assume in her communications with ignorance," Mrs. Marcet offered her first work, "Conversations on Chemistry," to the English public, about the year 1810. No work on science in the English language, we might almost say in the world, has been more useful in imparting its knowledge. Its clear elucidation, and its admirably simple method, have undoubtedly contributed, in a great degree, to render chemistry popular.
Mrs. Marcet soon issued another of her excellent works, "Conversations on Natural Philosophy;" which was followed by "Conversations on Political Economy," in 1827; and soon after appeared her "Conversations in Botany." All these possess great merit, and have become text-books in the schools of the United States, as well as in this country. It is curious to notice the way in which American men have availed themselves of these treasures of intellect without remuneration, or even acknowledgments to the author. Taking these books, and merely giving on the title-page, "By the author of Conversations," &c., they have added "Adapted to the use of Schools," and paraded their own names in full, without an intimation there, or in the preface, that these scientific text-books were the productions of a lady! "Give her of the fruit of her hands, and let her own works praise her in the gates," is the command of rod respecting woman. In regard to the subject of our sketch, this just tribute has been wholly withheld; yet few scientific writers have so well merited the praise and gratitude of all who read the English language.
Mrs. Marcet's "Conversations on Political Economy" gave the author more decided claims to a highly cultivated and philosophical mind than either of her other works; but the doctrines discussed have yielded to so many mutations and modifications, that her theory in her own country, and especially in America, now receives nothing more than a partial recognition. Still, the praise is due to Mrs. Marcet of being the first writer who made "political economy" popular. Before her work appeared, the science was hidden from the public mind in the huge tomes of dull and dignified authors; now it is a study in our common schools.
Mrs. Marcet's style is an admirable vehicle for her ideas—clear, vigorous, excellent English; in short, "proper words in their proper places." Her latest work is "Conversations on Land and Water."
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Mandane

Layout 2
MANDANE,
Daughter of Astyages and wife of Cambyses, receives her highest honour from being the mother of Cyrus the Great. Herodotus asserts that the birthright and glory of Cyrus came from his mother, and that his father was a man of obscure birth. This is partly confirmed by history, which records that Astyages, who was King of Media, dreamed that from the womb of his daughter Mandane, then married to Cambyses, King of Persia, there sprung up a vine which spread over all Asia. Cyrus was such a son as must have gladdened his mother's heart; and we must believe his mother was worthy of him. She lived B.C. 599.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Mara, Gertrude Elizabeth

Layout 2
MARA, GERTRUDE ELIZABETH,
Daughter of Mr. Schmaiing, city musician in Cassel, was born about 1749. When she was seven, she played very well on the violin, and when she was fourteen, she appeared as a singer. Frederic the Great of Prussia, notwithstanding his prejudice against German performers, invited her to Potsdam, in 1770, and gave her an appointment immediately. In 1774, she married Mara, a violon-cello player, a very extravagant man, and he involved her so much in debt, that, in 1786, Frederic withdrew her appointment. from her, and she went to Vienna, Paris, and London, where she was received with great enthusiasm. In 1808 she went to Russia, and while at Moscow she married Florio, her companion since her separation from Mara. By the burning of Moscow she lost most of her property. She passed the latter part of her life, which was very long, at Reval, where she died, in 1833. She possessed extraordinary compass of voice, extending with great ease over three octaves.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Maratti, Zappi Faustina

Layout 2
MARATTI, ZAPPI FAUSTINA,
Of Rome. Her poems appear to have contributed to the improvement of style which took place in the Italian poetry when she ​wrote. They are filled with the tender affection of a devoted wife and mother. She was the daughter of the famous painter Maratti. She died in 1740.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Marezoll, Louise

Layout 2
MAREZOLL, LOUISE,
Has written some interesting works; the best, perhaps, is a "History of the Swiss Revolution," which has been noticed with commendations by the German critics. She was also for several years editor of a periodical—"The Women's Journal," which met with much success.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Malescoite, Margherita

Layout 2
MALESCOITE, MARGHERITA,
Of Sienna, has left some poems in the collection of Bergalli. She enjoyed considerable reputation among the learned of her day, and died in 1720.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Manley, Mrs.

Layout 2
MANLEY, MRS.,
The author of "The Atalantis," was the daughter of Sir Roger ​Manley, and born in Guernsey, where her father was governor. She became an orphan early, and was deceived into a false marriage by a relation of the same name, to whose care Sir Roger had bequeathed her. He brought her to London, but soon deserted her, and she passed three years in solitude. Then the Duchess of Cleveland, mistress of Charles the Second, took her under her protection; but, being a very fickle woman, she grew tired of Mrs. Manley in a few months, who returned again to her solitary mode of life.
Her first tragedy, called "The Royal Mischief," was acted in 1696, and brought her great applause and admiration, which proved fatal to her virtue. She then wrote "The New Atalantis," in which she spoke freely of many exalted persons; several of the characters in the book being only satires on those who brought about the revolution which placed William and Mary on the throne of Great Britain.
To shield the printer and publisher of these volumes, against whom a warrant was issued, Mrs. Manley voluntarily presented herself before the court of King's-bench as the unassisted author of the "Atalantis." She was confined for a short time, but admitted to bail, and finally discharged. She lived for some time after in high reputation as a wit, and in great gayety. She wrote several dramas, and was also employed in writing for Queen Anne's ministry under the direction, it is supposed, of Dean Swift. She died, July 11th., 1724.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sidgwick, Eleanor Mildred

See also Eleanor Mildred Sidgwick on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​SIDGWICK, ELEANOR MILDRED (1845–), British educationalist, was born in Scotland, March 11 1845, the daughter of James Balfour of Whittingehame and his wife Lady Blanche Cecil. She was thus the sister of Mr. Arthur James Balfour. She was educated at home, and in 1876 married the philosopher Henry Sidgwick (see 25.39). Mr. and Mrs. Sidgwick were both much interested in the advancement of the higher education of women, and were actively concerned in the founding (1880) of Newnham College, Cambridge, of which Miss Clough was the first principal. On the death of Miss Clough in 1892, Mrs. Sidgwick succeeded her as principal, and retained the position until 1910. In that year she retired, and until 1919 was bursar of the college. Mrs. Sidgwick shared her husband's interest in psychical phenomena, and in 1910 became secretary of the Society for Psychical Research.