OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Praxeas

From volume 12 of the work.
An early anti-Montanist, is known to us only by Tertullian's book "Adversus Praxean". His name in the list of heresies appended to the "De Praescriptionibus" of that writer (an anonymous epitome of the lost "Syntagma" of Hippolytus) is a correction made by some ancient diorthotes for Noetus. Praxeas was an Asiatic, and was inflated with pride (says Tertullian) as a confessor of the Faith because he had been for a short time in prison. He was well received at Rome (c. 190-98) by the pope (Victor, or possibly Zephyrinus). The latter pope had decided to acknowledge the prophetic gifts of Montanus, Prisca, and Maximilla (if we may believe Tertullian). The intention had been sufficiently public to bring peace to the Churches of Asia and Phrygia — so much depended on the papal sanction; but Praxeas prevailed upon the pope to recall his letter. He came to Carthage before Tertullian had renounced the Catholic communion (c. 206-8). He taught Monarchian doctrine there, or at least doctrine which Tertullian regarded as Monarchian: "Patrem cruci fixit; Paraclitum fugavit" — "Having driven out the Paraclete [Montanus], he now crucified the Father". He was refuted, evidently by Tertullian himself, and gave an explanation or recantation in writing, which, when Tertullian wrote several years afterwards, was still in the hands of the authorities of the Carthaginian Church, the carnal", as he affects to call them. When Tertullian wrote he himself was no longer in the Church; Monarchianism had sprung up again, but he does not mention its leaders at Rome, and directs his whole argument against his old enemy Praxeas. But the arguments which he refutes are doubtless those of Epigonus and Cleomenes. There is little reason for thinking that Praxeas was a heresiarch, and less for identifying him with Noetus,or one of his disciples. He was very likely merely an adversary of the Montanists who used some quasi-Monarchian expressions when at Carthage, but afterwards them when he saw they might be misunderstood. On the identification by Hageman of Praxeas with Callistus, see MONARCHIANS.
John Chapman.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Praelatus Nullius

From volume 12 of the work.
(i.e. Dioceseos)
A prelate who exercises quasi-episcopal jurisdiction in a territory not comprised in any diocese. The origin of such prelates must necessarily be sought in the Apostolic privileges, for only he whose authority is superior to that of bishops can grant an exemption from episcopal jurisdiction. Such exemption, therefore, comes only from the pope. The rights of prelates nullius are quasi-episcopal, and these dignitaries are supposed to have any power that a bishop has, unless it is expressly denied to them by canonical law. When they have not received episcopal consecration, such prelates may not confer sacred orders, but they have the privilege (if they are abbots and priests) of advancing candidates to tonsure and minor orders. If not consecrated episcopally, they have not the power to exercise those functions of consecrating oils, etc., which are referred to the episcopal order only analogously. Prelates nullius may take cognizance of matrimonial causes within the same limits as a bishop; they may dispense from the proclamation of matrimonial banns, grant faculties for hearing confessions and preaching, reserve certain cases to themselves, publish indulgences and jubilees, exercise full jurisdiction over the enclosure of nuns, and invite any bishop to confirm in their quasi-diocese. These prelates may not, however, without special permission of the Holy See, convoke a synod or institute synodal examiners. Neither may they confer parochial benefices. They are not allowed to grant indulgences, or absolve from the reserved cases and secret irregularities whose absolution is restricted to the pope ordinarily, but allowed to bishops by the Council of Trent; nor promote secular clerics to orders, nor grant dimissorial letters for ordination, nor exercise jurisdiction over regulars as Apostolic delegates. Prelates nullius are, however, bound to residence, to preach the Word of God, to offer up Mass for their people, to make the visit ad limina, and in concurrence with the neighbouring bishop to make a visitation of their quasi-diocese. The only prelate nullius in the United States is the Abbot of Maryhelp, Belmont, North Carolina. (See Abbot.)
SANGUINETTI, Juris Ecclesiasticae Institutiones (Rome, 1896); TAUNTON, The Law of the Church (London, 1906), s.v. Prelates.
WILLIAM H.W. FANNING
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Francisco de Rojas y Zorrilla

From volume 13 of the work.
Spanish dramatic poet, b. at Toledo, 4 Oct., 1607; d. 1680. Authentic information regarding the events of his life is rather fragmentary, but he probably studied at the Universities of Toledo and Salamanca, and for a time followed a military career. When only twenty-five he was well known as a poet, for he is highly spoken of in Montalban's "Para todos" (1632), a fact which shows that he enjoyed popularity, when Lope de Vega, Tirso de Molina, and Calderon were in the height of their fame. The announcement published in 1638 of the assassination of Francisco de Rojas did not refer to the poet, for the first and second parts of his comedies, published by himself at Madrid, bear the dates of 1640 and 1645 respectively. A third part was promised but it never appeared. He was given the mantle of the Order of Santiago in 1644. The writings of Rojas consist of plays and autos sacramentales written alone and in collaboration with Calderon, Coello, Velez, Montalbán, and others. No complete edition of his plays is available, but Mesonero gives a very good selection with biographical notes. Among the best of them are "Del Rey abajo ninguno", "Entre bobos anda el juego", "Donde hay agravio no hay celos", and "Casarse por vengarse", the last of which is claimed to have been the basis of Le Sage's novel, "Gil Blas de Santillane".
TICKNOR, History of Spanish Literature (Boston, 1866); MESONERO, Biblioteca de Autores Espanoles, LIV (Madrid, 1866).
VENTURA FUENTES
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Francisco de Ulloa

From volume 15 of the work.
Died 1540. It is not known when he came to Mexico nor if he accompanied Hernan Cortés in his first expedition to California. Authorities are divided upon these questions. Diaz del Castillo relates that during the absence of Cortés, his wife, Doña Juana de Zuñiga (Juñeja), sent letters to him by Ulloa, begging him to return. Ulloa, in charge of two ships loaded with provisions, reached Cortés when he was sorely straitened, and he returned to Mexico in 1537. Ulloa soon followed. Eager for new discoveries, Cortés undertook an expedition at his own expense in 1538, dispatching a fleet of three boats under the command of Francisco de Ulloa. According to Clavigero, Ulloa sailed along the coasts of the California peninsula until he was obliged by the scarcity of provisions to return to New Spains, where, in 1540, according to Diaz del Castillo, he was stabbed by a soldier and killed. Other historians relate, however, that of the three boats which sailed from the port of Acapulco the "S. Tomás" was soon lost; the "S. Agueda" was obliged to seek port in Manzanillo to repair damages, was afterwards driven by a tempest to the shores of Culiacan, where it joined the "Trinidad," returning shortly with the discontented members of the expedition, and the ship "Trinidad," under command of Ulloa, was lost, no trace having been found of her.
Camillus Crivelli.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Francisco de Lugo

From volume 9 of the work.
Jesuit theologian, b. at Madrid, 1580; d, at Valladolid, 17 September, 1652. he was the elder brother of Cardinal de Lugo, and, like him, a distinguished member of the Society of Jesus, which he entered at the novitiate of Salamanca in 1600. In answer to his request for the foreign missions, he was sent to Mexico, where, quite apart from any desire of his own, he was appointed to teach theology, a task which his rare talent enabled him to perform with much success. being recalled to Spain, he sailed in company with others under the protection of the Spanish fleet; but unfortunately during the voyage the Spanish encountered the Dutch, and in the ensuing struggle, Francisco de Lugo, although he succeeded in saving his life, could not save the greater part of his commentary on the entire Summa of St. Thomas. He subsequently taught both philosophy and theology in Spain, was a censor of books, and theologian to the general of the Society of Jesus at Rome. Having been twice rector of the College of Valladolid, he died with the reputation of being a brilliant theologian and a very holy man, especially remarkable for his humility. His published works are: "Theologia scholastica", "Decursus prævius ad theologian moralem", "De septem Ecclesiæ sacramentis, praxim potius quam speculationem, attendens et intendens"; "De sacramentis in genere".
HURTER, Nomenclator literarius, I, 373; SOMMERVOGEL, Bibl de la C. de J., V. 75.
J. H. Fisher.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Francisco de Rioja

From volume 16 of the work.
A poet, born at Seville, 1583; died at Madrid, 1659. Rioja was a canon in the cathedral at Seville and a member of the Supreme Inquisition. His poems will keep his name forever remembered by his countrymen. Quintana considers them the first attempts at descriptive poetry in the Castilian language. The style is original, the thoughts beautifully expressed, the taste refined, and the versification well adapted and harmoniously blended with the theme. The ode "A las ruinas de Italia", which belongs to Rodrigo Caro, and the "Epístola moral", whose author is probably Francisco de Andrada, were, until late, ascribed to Rioja, who, although despoiled of these literary gems, is highly esteemed by all Spanish scholars. Menéndez y Pelayo felicitously writes that Rioja's "Ode to Summer", and those "To Tranquillity", "To Constancy," "To Riches" and "To Poverty" are, after the lyrics of Fray Luis de León, the best moral odes of the Castilian poetical treasure.
RAMÓN FERNÀNDEZ, Poesías de Francisco de Rioja y de otros poetas andaluces (Madrid, 1798); SISMONDI, Hist. de la literatura española, II (Seville, 1842), 173; TICKNOR, Hist. of Spanish Lit., II (New York, 1854), 545; FERNÁNDEZ-ESPINO, Curso híst. crítico de la lit. española (Seville, 1895). The best edition of Rioja's poems is that of BARRERA (Madrid, 1867); Adiciones á las poesías de Rioja (Madrid, 1872).
William Furlong.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Francisco de Araujo

From volume 1 of the work.
Spanish theologian, b. at Verin, Galicia, 1580; d. Madrid, 19 March, 1664. In 1601, he entered the Dominican Order at Salamanca. He taught theology (1616-17) in the convent of St. Paul at Burgos, and in the latter year was made assistant to Peter of Herrera, the principal professor of theology at Salamanca. Six years later he succeeded to the chair, and held it until 1648, when he was appointed Bishop of Sevogia. In 1656 he resigned his see, and retired to the convent of his order at Madrid. His writings are: Commentary on the "Metaphysics" of Aristotle (2 vols., Salamanca, 1617; 2d ed., ibid., 1631); "Opuscula tripartita, h.e. in tres controversias triplicis theologiae divisa" etc. (Douay, 1633); a commentary in seven volumes on the "Summa" of St. Thomas (Salamanca and Madrid, 1635-47); "Variae et selectae decisiones morales ad stat. eccles. et civil. pertinentes" (Lyons, 1664; 2d ed., Cologne, 1745). In the second volume of his commentary on the "Prima Secundae" there is a treatise on Predestination and Grace, the doctrine of which is Molinistic. Martinez de Prado has proved that this was not written by Araujo, who, in a later work, shows clearly his adherence to the Thomistic teaching on those questions.
QUETIF-ECHARD, Script. Ord. Praed., I, 609; MARTINEZ DE PRADO, Metaphysica, I, 518; NICH. ANTONIO, Bibliotheca Hisp. Nova; MEYER, Hist. controversiarum de anxiliis gratiae, I, ii, c. xxiii, and II, ii, c. xvii; SERRY, Hist. congregationum de auxiliis, IV, 27; V, iii, ii; HURTER, Nomenclator, II, 5-7; DUMMERMUTH, S. Thomas et doctrina praemotionis physicae (Paris 1886), 582-588; STANONIK in Kirchenlex. (2d ed., 1882), I, 1228-1229.
W.D. NOON
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Franciscus Quaresmius

From volume 12 of the work.
A writer and Orientalist of the seventeenth century, born at Lodi (Lombardy), 4 April, 1583; died at Milan, 25 Oct., 1650. His father was the noble Alberto Quaresmi and his mother Laura Papa. At an early age he was enrolled among the Franciscan Observantines at Mantua. For many years he held the chairs of philosophy, theology, and canon law, and became successively guardian, custos, and minister of his province. Later (1645-8) he occupied the two highest posts in the order, that of definitor and procurator general. The memoirs of the order extol his consummate virtue, particularly his piety, prudence, and extraordinary meekness. His long apostolate in the East and the magnificent works he has left us have secured for Quaresmius world-wide fame, especially among earlier historians, Biblical scholars, and Orientalists. On 3 March, 1616, he went to Jerusalem, where he became Guardian and Vice-Commissary Apostolic of Aleppo in Syria (1616-8), and Superior and Commissary Apostolic of the East (1618-9). During this period he was twice imprisoned by the Turks. In 1620 he returned to Europe, but in 1625 was back in Jerusalem, whence the following year he addressed from the Holy Sepulchre an appeal to Philip IV of Spain, inviting him to reconquer the Holy Land, and at the same time dedicating to him his work, "Hierosolymæ afflictæ". Between 1616 and 1626 he wrote his classical work, "Elucidatio terræ Sanctæ", adjudged by the learned a monumental contribution to history, geography, archæology, Biblical and moral science. During 1627-9 he was at Aleppo as papal commissary and as vicar-patriarch for the Chaldeans and Maronites of Syria and Mesopotamia. In 1629 he went to Italy to render an account to the Holy See of the state of the Eastern Churches; he then returned to the East, but how long he remained is not known. Meanwhile he journeyed through Egypt and Sinai, the Holy Land, Syria, Mesopotamia, Cyprus, Rodi, Constantinople, and a large part of Asia Minor; he also visited Germany, France, Belgium, and Holland. In 1637 he was guardian of S. Angelo (Milan), where in 1643 he completed his other great work on the Passion of Christ.
No bibliographer has yet given us a complete list of his works. His published works are:
Still in manuscript are:
These and other manuscript works are said to be preserved, some in the municipal library of Pavia and Lodi and some at Jerusalem. CYPRIANUS DE TARVISIO, Vito P. Franc. Quaresmii in the preface to the second edition of Elucidatio Terr Sanct ; GOLUBOVICH, Serie cronologica de' Superiori di Terra Santa (Jerusalem, 1898), 68-9; DA CIVEZZA, Storia universale delle Missioni Francescane, XI (Florence, 1895), 595-608; IDEM in Saggio di bibliografia (Prato, 1879), 479; CALAHORRA, Chronica de Syria y Terra Santa (Madrid, 1684), V. xxxvi; WADDING-SBARALEA, Script. O. M. (Rome, 1806), 1, 90; II, 280.
Girolomo Golubovich.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Francisco de Figueroa

From volume 6 of the work.
A celebrated Spanish poet, surnamed "the Divine", b. at Alcalá de Henares, c. 1540, d. there, 1620. Little is known of his life except that he was of noble family, received his education at the University of Alcalá, and followed a military career for a time, taking part in campaigns in Italy and Flanders. From a very early age Figueroa showed unusual poetical talent, and his poems are full of fire and passion. His work first attracted attention in Italy, where he resided for a time, but it was not long before he had earned a brilliant reputation in his own country. Following in the footsteps of Boscan Almogaver and Garcilaso, to whose school he belonged, he wrote pastoral poems in the Italian metres, and was one of the first Spanish poets who used with much success blank verse, which had been introduced by Boscan in 1543. His best-known and most likely praised work is the eclogue "Tirsis", written entirely in blank verse. He was highly praised by Cervantes in his "Galatea". It is unfortunate that but a small part of the works of this brilliant poet have reached us, the greater portion having been burned by his direction just before his death. A small part, however, was preserved and published by Louis Tribaldos de Toledo, at Lisbon in 1625. They were reprinted in 1785 and again in 1804. The best of Figueroa's works appear in "La Biblioteca de Auctores Españoles" of Rivadeneira, vol XLII.
TICKNOR, History of Spanish Literature (3 vols., New York, 1849).
VENTURA FUENTES
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Francisco de Avila

From volume 2 of the work.
Curate or vicar in the province of Huarochiri of Peru, later curate at Huánaco, finally Canon of the Church of La Plata (now Sucre), in Bolivia. Born in Peru as a foundling (quorum parentes ignorantur he says himself); date of demise unknown. He was one of the most active investigators of Indian rites and customs of his time. In 1608 he wrote a treatise of the "Errors, False Gods, and Other Superstitions of the Indians of the Provinces of Huarochiri, Mama, and Chaclla", of which unfortunately only the first six chapters are known to exist and have been translated into English. It is, even in its incomplete form, an invaluable contribution to the knowledge of the Peruvian Indians and their primitive lore. In 1611 Avila wrote an equally important report on the Indians of Huánaco in eastern Peru, of which the unpublished manuscript. is extant. Such writings greatly mitigate the charges which the destruction of fetishes and other objects of primitive worship of the Indians have called forth against the Church. (See PABLO JOSÉ ARRIAGA.)
Fables and Rites of the Incas (Hakluyt Society, 1872); MENDIBURU, Diccionario historico biografico del Peru (1874); ARRIAGA, Extirpacion de la Idolatria del Peru (Lima, 1621); JIMENEZ DE LA ESPADA, Tres relaciones de antiguedades peruanas (Madrid, 1879), Introduction.
AD. F. BANDELIER
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Francisco de Moncada

From volume 10 of the work.
Count of Osona, Spanish historian, son of the Governor of Sardinia and Catalonia, born at Valencia, 29 December, 1586; died near Goch, Germany, 1635. He entered the army at a very early age, and in 1624, was appointed by King Philip IV ambassador to the imperial court at Vienna, where he soon succeeded in acquiring the esteem of Ferdinand II and his ministers. In 1629 he was recalled from Vienna and sent to Brussels in place of Cardinal de la Cueva, ambassador to the Infanta Isabella. His chief duty there consisted in keeping the king posted in regard to the conditions in the Netherlands, in supervising the royal officials, and in watching over the disbursements of Spanish funds. He soon discovered the chief fault of the preceding administration and endeavoured to concede to the Belgians a much larger share in the administration of their country's affairs, for he realized that only by such a show of confidence could they be kept loyal to the empire. He also proposed, though without success, to transfer the general management of Belgian affairs from Madrid to Brussels. In 1630 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the navy, in 1632 of the entire army, and in 1634, after the death of the Infanta, governor of Belgium, until relieved by the arrival of Prince Cardinal Ferdinand. His crowning and final achievement as military commander was the liberation of Breda, the citizens of which ordered memorial coins struck in his honour. The following year he accompanied the cardinal on an expedition into the Duchy of Cleves, where he died after a short illness at the siege of Goch. He had an amiable character, knew how to guide men according to his own desires, and combined great shrewdness and firmness with wise moderation. He wrote a valuable history of the expedition of the Catalonians and Aragonians against the Turks and Greeks (Barcelona, 1623; Madrid, 1777, 1805, 1883; Paris, 1841, in "Tesoro de los historiadores espanoles"). We furthermore possess from his pen the "Vida de Anicio Manlio Torquato Severino Boecio", which was printed (Frankfort 1642) seven years after his death.
Biog. Nat., I (Brussels, 1866), 578-590.
PATRICIUS SCHLAGER.
# The Ramayana/Book II/Canto XXXVIII: Care For Kaus'alyá

Then when the people wroth and sad Saw Sítá in bark vesture clad, Though wedded, like some widowed thing, They cried out, 'Shame upon thee, King!' Grieved by their cry and angry look The lord of earth at once forsook All hope in life that still remained, In duty, self, and fame unstained. Ikshváku's son with burning sighs On Queen Kaikeyí bent his eyes, And said: 'But Sítá must not flee In garments of a devotee. My holy guide has spoken truth: Unfit is she in tender youth,
So gently nurtured, soft and fair, The hardships of the wood to share.  How has she sinned, devout and true,  The noblest monarch's child,  That she should garb of bark indue  And journey to the wild?  That she should spend her youthful days  Amid a hermit band,  Like some poor mendicant who strays  Sore troubled, through the land?  Ah, let the child of Janak throw  Her dress of bark aside,  And let the royal lady go  With royal wealth supplied.  Not such the pledge I gave before,  Unfit to linger here:  The oath, which I the sinner swore  Is kept, and leaves her clear.  Won from her childlike love this too  My instant death would be,  As blossoms on the old bamboo  Destroy the parent tree. If aught amiss by Ráma done Offend thee, O thou wicked one, What least transgiession canst thou find In her, thou worst of womankind? What shade of fault in her appears, Whose full soft eye is like the deer's? What canst thou blame in Janak's child, So gentle, modest, true, and mild? Is not one crime complete, that sent My Ráma forth to banishment! And wilt thou other sins commit. Thou wicked one, to double it? This is the pledge and oath I swore, What thou besoughtest, and no more, Of Ráma--for I heard thee, dame-- When he for consecration came. Now with this limit not content, In hell should be thy punishment, Who fain the Maithil bride wouldst press To clothe her limbs with hermit dress.'
Thus spake the father in his woe; And Ráma, still prepared to go, To him who sat with drooping head Spake in return these words and said:
'Just King, here stands my mother dear, Kaus'alyá, one whom all revere. Submissive, gentle, old is she, And keeps her lips from blame of thee, For her, kind lord, of me bereft A sea of whelming woe is left. O, show her in her new distress Still fonder love and tenderness. Well honoured by thine honoured hand Her grief for me let her withstand, Who wrapt in constant thought of me In me would live a devotee.
 Peer of Mahendra, O, to her be kind,  And treat I pray, my gentle mother so,  That, when I dwell afar, her life resigned,  She may not, pass, to Yama's realm for woe.'
# The Rebels; or, Boston before the Revolution/Title page

Published in 1825.
THE REBELS, OR BOSTON BEFORE THE REVOLUTION .
BY THE AUTHOR OF HOBOMOK.
Here the free spirit of mankind at length Throws its last fetters off; and who shall place A limit to the giant's unchained strength, Or curb his swiftness in the forward race.
BRYANT
BOSTON:
CUMMINGS, HILLIARD, AND COMPANY---WASHINGTON STREET.
1825.