OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Harrisburg (Pennsylvania)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ HARRISBURG, a city, capital of the State of Pennsylvania, and county-seat of Dauphin co.; on the Susquehanna river, the Pennsylvania canal, and on the Pennsylvania, the Philadelphia and Reading, the Cumberland Valley, and the Northern Central railroads; 160 miles W. of Philadelphia. It is a railroad center with direct connections with the coal and iron resources of the State, and is an extensive lumber depot.
Public Interests.—The city is well laid out, lighted with electricity, and surrounded by magnificent scenery. The State capitol buildings are located in the midst of a beautiful park of 10 acres on a gentle rise of ground. The Capitol is one of the most magnificent buildings in the world. Other points of interest are Fort Washington, just across the Susquehanna river, marking the most northern point of the Confederate advance; Gettysburg, with its famous battlefield, 46 miles to the south; the Executive Mansion, 313 North Front street; the Rockville four-track railroad bridge, five miles to the north, the largest stone arch bridge in the world; Hershey Park and the model town of the Hershey Chocolate Company, 12 miles to the east, and the beautiful Masonic Home at Elizabethtown, 17 miles away. The educational institutions include 35 public schools, two junior high schools, and many private schools. The total enrollment in 1920 was over 13,000. Harrisburg is the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop, and its charitable organizations include several hospitals, the Home of the Friendless, and the Children's Industrial Home. It has electric street railway connections with neighboring towns.
Business Interests.—The iron, steel, and lumber industries are of great importance. The leading manufactures are machinery, boilers, bricks, castings, brooms, cars and coaches, tanned leather, lumber, cotton goods, iron, steel, tin plate, shoes, clothing, and flour. Much trade is carried on in butter, hay, and other farm products. In 1919 there were 4 National banks and several private banking houses with total resources of $31,000,000. The clearings in 1919 were $154,767,943. The assessed property valuation in 1919 was $62,500,000.
History.—Harrisburg was founded by John Harris in 1785; was incorporated as a borough in 1791; became the State capital in 1812; and received its charter as a city in 1860. Pop. (1910) 64,186; (1920) 75,917.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Harrison, Mary St. Leger

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
HARRISON, MARY ST. LEGER (LUCAS MALET), an English novelist, daughter of Charles Kingsley, born in Eversley, Hampshire, married to the Rev. William Harrison. Her books acquired a wide popularity in England and in the United States. Among the best known are: “Colonel Enderby's Wife” (1885); “The Wages of Sin” (1891); “The Golden Galleon” (1910); and The “Wisdom of Damaris.”
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Harrison, Benjamin (statesman)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
HARRISON, BENJAMIN, an American statesman, 23d President of the United States; born in North Bend, O., Aug. 20, 1833. He was a great-grandson of Benjamin Harrison, signer of the Declaration of Independence, and grandson of William Henry Harrison, 9th President of the United States. He was graduated at Miami University; studied law in Cincinnati; removed to Indianapolis, Ind., in 1854, and laid the foundation of a fine legal practice; entered the Union army in 1862, serving with conspicuous gallantry in the Atlanta campaign, finally returning to civil life at the close of the war with the rank of brevet Brigadier-General; was the Republican candidate for governor of Indiana in 1876, but was defeated; was elected to the United States Senate in 1881, where he added to his reputation as a sound thinker and a polished debator; at the Republican Convention held in Chicago, June, 1888, he was nominated for the presidency of the United States; elected in the ensuing November; and inaugurated March 4, 1889. His administration was quiet, successful, and measurably popular. It was marked by the amicable settlement of the trouble with Chile and by the passage of the McKinley Tariff Bill. In 1892 he received again the nomination in the National Republican Convention, but by this time the able and persistent attacks of the Democracy on the high tariff policy led to a general revulsion against it, and he was defeated at the election by Cleveland. He thereupon pursued a private law practice, occasionally giving public addresses. He died in Indianapolis, Ind., March 13, 1901.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Amatus, Vincentius

Amatus, Vincentius, born in Sicily in 1629, was chapel-master at Palermo. He published some church music for three, four, and five voices. He died in 1670.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Amantini

Amantini. Knight, and first soprano singer to the Queen of France in 1783.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Ambo

Ambo, or AMBON. A name given by the priests, in the early ages of Christianity, to the desk in the church at which the canons were sung, and which was similar to what is now called the reading desk. It was in the ambo that that part of the service called the gradual was al-ways performed. See GRADUAL.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Amantius

Amantius lived at the beginning of the seventeenth century ; he wrote a treatise on music.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Amarezza

Amarezza. (I.) A mark expressive of grief or sorrow.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Amateur

Amateur. A lover, or non-professing practitioner, of music. Any one particularly attached to the science, or who practises music for pleasure.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Ambitus

Ambitus. (L.) This word was formerly used to signify the compass of a mode. The ambitus of any mode was consequently its extent ; that is, the distance, or interval, comprehended between its extremities, or highest and lowest notes.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Ambreville

Ambreville. ROSE, wife of Peroni, the violoncellist. She was born in Italy, and in 1773 was first singer at Prague, in the grand opera "Constanza e Fortezza," by Fux, which was per-formed in the public market-place of the above town, by one hundred excellent singers, accompanied by two hundred instruments.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Ambrogetti

Ambrogetti. An Italian bass buffo singer at the opera in London. He first appeared in 1817, and quitted England before the season of 1822. He had much fire, whim, and richness in his style, but was sometimes too extravagant and absurd.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Agricultural chemistry

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY, that department of chemistry which treats of the composition of soils, manures, plants, etc., with the view of improving practical agriculture. The science is comparatively young. The first steps were taken by the experimental investigations in the life processes of plants, by Hales, in 1727, and also by Ingenhousz, whose work on “Experiments upon Vegetables” was published in London, in 1779, and by Saussure, whose work appeared in Paris, in 1804. In 1813, Sir Humphry Davy published his “Elements of Agricultural Chemistry,” and he is considered among the English as the founder of the science. Comparatively little, however, was done in the matter until Liebig, in 1840, published his “Organic Chemistry, in Its Relation to Agriculture and Physiology,” which was regarded as an epoch-making work. Since then great strides have been taken in this science. The most important bases of agricultural chemistry to-day are the experimental stations which are found in agricultural colleges, and in many of the universities in the United States and elsewhere.
Source: Collier's New Encyclopedia 1. (1921) New York: P.F. Collier & Son Company. 68-69.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Agricultural education

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION, education in the theory and practice of agriculture has received much attention in the present generation, especially in the last decade. In addition to the regular schools of agriculture maintained by most of the States, all the State colleges and universities and many of the private colleges and universities maintain departments for agricultural training. The courses given in these departments include all phases of the agricultural industry and many branches outside this immediate field. The Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations exercises general supervision over the methods and material of instruction in the United States. Experiment stations are maintained in many parts of the continental United States and in the dependencies. Most of the State universities and agricultural colleges also maintain separate experiment stations and great benefit has resulted from the researches and experiments carried on. Much of the work is done in model farms which are maintained in connection with the course of instruction. The United States Government contributes sums averaging about $1,500,000 a year divided among the States for the maintenance of experiment stations. The total number of stations is about 70. Other countries, especially Great Britain and France, are also active in promoting agricultural education. This work, delayed naturally by the war, was taken up with renewed vigor at its close.
Source: Collier's New Encyclopedia 1. (1921) New York: P.F. Collier & Son Company. 69.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Aguas Calientes

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​AGUAS CALIENTES (ag′waz kal-yān′taz), a town of Mexico, capital of a central State of the same name, with an area of 2,900 square miles and a population of about 125,000, stands on a plain 6,000 feet above the sea-level, 270 miles N. W. of the City of Mexico. The environs abound in hot springs, from which the town takes its name. Pop. about 50,000.
Source: Collier's New Encyclopedia 1. (1921) New York: P.F. Collier & Son Company. 75.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Agricultural machinery

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY. See Tools and Machinery.
THRESHING WITH MODERN MACHINERY IN MANITOBA :
Source: Collier's New Encyclopedia 1. (1921) New York: P.F. Collier & Son Company. 69 (text) and after 60 (illustration).
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Agrigentum

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​AGRIGENTUM (ag-rē-jen′tum) , the modern Girgenti, a town on the S. coast of Sicily, founded by a colony from Gela in 582 B. C., and in the earlier ages one of the most important places in the island. After being at first free, it was utterly demolished by the Carthaginians in 405 B. C. In the course of the Punic Wars it was compelled to submit to the Romans. From 827 to 1080 A. D. it was in the possession of the Saracens, from whom it was conquered by Count Roger Guiscard. The modern Girgenti still shows numerous and splendid ruins. Empedocles was born here.
Source: Collier's New Encyclopedia 1. (1921) New York: P.F. Collier & Son Company. 75.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Agaña

* related portals: Guam.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, travel guide, Wikidata item.
Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
AGAÑA (ag-an′ya), the principal town of Guam, the largest of the Ladrone Islands, 1,500 miles E. of Luzon, Philippines, and 1,300 miles S. of Yokohama. As a result of the war between the United States and Spain in 1898, the former took possession of the Island of Guam. Pop. about 7,500.
Source: Collier's New Encyclopedia 1. (1921) New York: P.F. Collier & Son Company. 64.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Agrippa II., Herod

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​AGRIPPA II., HEROD, tetrarch of Abilene, Galilee, Iturea, and Trachonitis, born in 27 A. D. During his reign he enlarged Cæsarea Philippi and named it Neronias, in honor of Nero. He remained faithful to the Romans, and tried to dissuade the Jews from rebelling. After the fall of Jerusalem he retired to Rome, where he died in 100 A. D. Before him the Apostle Paul made his memorable defense (Acts xxvi).
Source: Collier's New Encyclopedia 1. (1921) New York: P.F. Collier & Son Company. 75.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ague

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​AGUE, an intermittent fever, in whatever stage of its progress or whatever its type. Marsh miasma, or the effluvia arising from stagnant water, or marshy ground, when acted upon by heat, are the most frequent causes of this fever. One peculiarity of this fever is its great susceptibility of a renewal from very slight causes, as from the prevalence of an easterly wind, even without the repetition of the original exciting cause.
Source: Collier's New Encyclopedia 1. (1921) New York: P.F. Collier & Son Company. 75.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Agriculture, Department of

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​AGRICULTURE, DEPARTMENT OF, an executive department of the United States Government, established by Congress in 1889; originally a bureau. It disseminates throughout the United States, by daily, monthly, and annual reports, the latest and most valuable agricultural information and introduces and distributes new and desirable seeds, plants, etc. It includes the Weather Bureau, Bureau of Animal Industry, a herbarium, a museum, a laboratory, propagating gardens, a library, and other useful adjuncts. There are now 60 experimental stations established in every State.
Source: Collier's New Encyclopedia 1. (1921) New York: P.F. Collier & Son Company. 75.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Fox, Charles James

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
FOX, CHARLES JAMES, an English statesman; born in England, Jan.
24, 1749; was educated at Oxford; entered Parliament in 1768; and in 1770 came forward as a supporter of Lord North. After six years' active support of that administration he was dismissed from office in consequence of a quarrel with his chief. Thereupon he joined the opposition and became the most formidable opponent of the coercive measures adopted by England toward the American colonies. In 1782, on the downfall of Lord North, he was appointed one of the secretaries of state, which office he held till the death of Rockingham. On the dissolution of the Shelburne administration in 1783 the North and Fox coalition was formed, and he resumed his former office; but the rejection of the India Bill by the House of Lords led to his resignation. It was then that Pitt came into power and that the long and famous contest between him and Fox began. After the death of Pitt in January, 1806, Fox became Foreign Secretary in the Ministry of All the Talents, and was on the point of introducing a bill for the abolition of the slave-trade, when he died in Cheswick, England, Sept. 13, 1806.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Fox hound

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​FOX HOUND, a hound kept and trained for hunting foxes. They are smaller than the staghound, averaging 22 to 24 inches in height. They vary very much in color. They possess a very fine scent, great fleetness and endurance.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Fouquier-Tinville, Antoine Quentin

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
FOUQUIER-TINVILLE, ANTOINE QUENTIN, one of the most execrated figures of the French Revolution; born in Hérovel, France, in 1747. His early career was immoral, but insignificant. On the outbreak of the Revolution, he figured as one of the fiercest democrats. By Robespierre he was appointed, first, a member , then director and public accuser, of the revolutionary tribunal. Without education, or sense of justice, he executed the bloody orders of the Committee of Public Safety. Incapable of friendship, or of anything even remotely allied to generosity, he systematically abandoned his successive coadjutors in their hour of need, and sent to the scaffold, without the slightest compunction, Danton and Herbert, Robespierre and St. Just. He himself died by the guillotine, May 7, 1795.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Fowl

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
FOWL, in its general sense, this term is nearly synonymous with birds; but in a more restricted sense it means those domestic birds brought up in a farmyard for the table. Fowls originally came from Persia and India, and they are valuable to the breeder in many ways, yielding profit as they do in eggs, in broods, and in feathers. The principal kinds of this useful domestic creature are: (1) the game fowl, with erect and slender body and showy colors; valued also for the delicacy of the flesh and of the eggs. It is this breed which is used for cock fighting. (2) The Dorking fowl, so named from Dorking, in Surrey, where it has long been bred in great numbers for the London market — a breed characterized by an additional spur on each leg; often of a white color, with short legs; one of the most useful of all breeds, both for excellence of flesh and for abundance of eggs. (3) The Polish fowl, black, with a white tuft, a breed very extensively reared in France, Egypt, etc., little inclined to incubation, but valued for an almost uninterrupted laying of eggs. (4) The Spanish fowl, very similar to the Polish, but larger, and laying larger eggs, on account of which it is now much valued, and very common in Great Britain; black, with white cheeks and large red comb. (5) The Malay fowl, tall and
handsome, and very pugnacious, but little esteemed. (6) The Hamburg fowl, of very beautiful plumage, and much valued for the quality both of flesh, and eggs, as also for extreme productiveness of eggs. (7) The Cochin China fowl, a large, tall, ungraceful variety, with small tail and wings. Is valuable chiefly on account of its fecundity, eggs being laid even during winter, and the hens incubating frequently. (8) The bantam fowl, a diminutive variety, rather curious than useful. Of most of these there are many sub-varieties and fancy breeds — gold-penciled, silver-penciled, etc. The guinea fowl, or pintado, is sometimes classed among the common order of fowls; they are very wild and restless in their nature, and, unlike the ordinary fowls, they give no notice to any one of their laying or sitting; they have consequently to be closely watched. The guinea fowl is very delicate eating, and is in season about Lent. See Poultry.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Fourierism

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
FOURIERISM, a system partly of co-operation, partly of socialism; advocated, and to a certain extent carried out, by François Marie Charles Fourier.
Fourier's scheme was that what he called from the word phalanx, a phalanstery, consisting of about 400 families, or 1,800 persons, should live together, combining their labor, upon a district about a square league in extent. The buying and selling transactions requisite for the support of the community, were to be managed by a single person, which would save a multitude of peddling operations. If any brought capital into the concern, it was not confiscated, but he was allowed interest upon it. The labor being carried on in common, the profits were apportioned on the following system: First a minimum of mere subsistence money was assigned to every member of the society, including those incapable of labor. The remainder of the profits were then divided in proportions agreed on beforehand, to remunerate labor and talent, and pay interest on the capital received. The profits divided thus were then expended by the individual recipients as they pleased. An effort was made about 1852 to form an industrial colony on Fourier's plan, but the attempt was unsuccessful.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Fowler, Ellen Thorneycroft

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
FOWLER, ELLEN THORNEYCROFT, an English novelist, born in 1873. She published several volumes of verse and a volume of short stories. She first achieved fame by the publication of “Concerning Isabel Carnaby” (1898). This was followed by “A Double Thread” (1899); “Fuel of Fire” (1902); “Place and Power” (1903); and “Ten Degrees Backward” (1915).
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Fox

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
FOX, in general, the genus Vulpes. The foxes differ from the dogs in having a long, bushy tail, and the pupil of the eye elliptical or nearly linear by day, but becoming circular or nearly so by night. This fits them to be nocturnal animals. The American or red fox is Canix fulvus. Many skins are annually exported from this country. V. lagopus is the Arctic fox. The Deccan fox is V. bengalensis, though Bengal and the Deccan are some distance apart. V. vulgaris, formerly and still by many called, after the example of Linnæus, Canis vulpes, is the common English species. Its cunning is proverbial. It is an inhabitant of nearly all Europe, as well as of western Asia and northern Africa, Other species are the black or silver gray, the cross-gray, and the cross-woods foxes.
Also Callionymus lyra, the gemmeous dragonet, a fish, so called from its yellow color.
In nautical language, a small strand of rope made by twisting several rope-yarns together. Used for seizings, mats, sennits, and gaskets. In mechanics, a wedge driven into the split end of a bolt to tighten it.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Fox, John

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​FOX, JOHN (WILLIAM), an American writer of dialect stories; born in 1863. He became a contributor to magazines, and published "The Cumberland Vendetta, and Other Stories" (1895); "Hell Fer Sartain, and Other Stories" (1897); "Crittenden" (1900); "Bluegrass" (1901); "A Knight of the Cumberland" (1906) "Heart of the Hills" (1913) "In Happy Valley" (1917) "Erskine Dale—Pioneer" (1920). He died in 1920.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Fortuna

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ FORTUNA, in mythology, daughter of Oceanus according to Homer, or one of the Parcæ according to Pindar, was the goddess of fortune, and from her hand were derived riches and poverty, pleasures and pains, blessings and misfortunes. She was worshipped in different parts of Greece. Bupalus was the first who modeled a statue of Fortuna for the people of Smyrna, and he represented her with the polar star upon her head, and the horn of plenty in her hand. The Romans held her in high esteem, and had no less than eight different temples erected to her honor in their city. She is generally represented blindfolded, and holding a wheel in her hand, as an emblem of her inconstancy. Sometimes she appears with wings.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Dives

From volume 5 of the work.
(Latin for rich).
The word is not used in the Bible as a proper noun; but in the Middle Ages it came to be employed as the name of the rich man in the parable of the rich man and Lazarus, Luke, XVI, 19-31. It has often been thought that in this lesson on the use of riches Christ spoke of real persons and events. The "House of Dives" is still pointed out in Jerusalem; but, of course, if such a house ever existed, it must have long since disappeared.
W.S. REILLY
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Docimium

From volume 5 of the work.
A titular see of Phrygia in Asia Minor. This city, as appears from its coins where the inhabitants are called Macedonians, must have been founded by Antigonos Dokimos. Its name is written Dokimeion, Dokimia Kome, Dokimaion, later Dokimion. It was famous for its marble-quarries, and is now identified with Istcha Kara Hissar, a village north-east of Afion Kara Hissar, in the vilayet of Brusa. On this site have been found many Christian inscriptions, later than Constantine. Docimium was a suffragan of Synnada in Phrygia Salutaris. Six or seven bishops are known, from 344 to 879 (Lequien, Or. Christ., I, 853); another bishop is mentioned in an inscription.
TEXIER, Description de l'Asie Mineure, I, 149; LEAKE, Asia Minor, 54; RAMSAY, Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia, passim and 742; IDEM in Mélanges d'archéologie et d'histoire (Rome, 1882), II, 290; PERDRIZET in Bulletin de correspondance hellénique (1900), XXIV, 291.
S. Pétridès.