# Europe in China

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Ernst Johann Eitel (or Ernest John Eitel, 1838–1908) was a missionary from Germany who became a public servant in British Hong Kong, where he held the post of Inspector of Schools from 1879 to 1896. Europe in China, written while he was still in office, was among the first comprehensive histories of Hong Kong, and remains a vital source for the early history of the city. The book is written from the perspective of a late 19th century imperial administrator, and reflects the contentious politics of the colony, particularly the controversies among the colonial elite over the appropriate disposition for the government to assume towards the native Chinese. Eitel himself would leave Hong Kong the year after the book's publication.
For a recent treatment of many of the same topics, see Christopher Munn (2009), Anglo-China: Chinese People and British Rule in Hong Kong, 1841–1880 (2nd ed.). For discussions of this book, see the introduction by H. J. Lethbridge to the 1983 reprint of the book, and Anthony Sweeting (2008), "E.J. Eitel's Europe in China: a reappraisal of the messages and the man", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch.
EUROPE IN CHINA
THE
HISTORY OF HONGKONG
FROM THE BEGINNING TO THE YEAR 1882
BY
E. J. EITEL, Ph.D. (Tubing.)
INSPECTOR OF SCHOOLS, HONGKONG
The actual well seen is the ideal.—Carlyle.
| LONDON LUZAC & COMPANY | HONGKONG KELLY & WALSH, Ld. |
1895
TO
MY WIFE
WINEFRED NÉE EATON
IN MEMORY OF
THIRTY YEARS OF WEDDED LIGHTS AND SHADOWS
SPENT IN CANTON AND HONGKONG
THIS BOOK
WHICH OWES EVERYTHING TO HER
IS
AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED
PREFACE.
TO Europeans residing in Hongkong or China, I need not offer any excuse for inviting them to take up this book. The natural desire to learn to understand the present by a consideration of the past, will plead with them better than I could do. But the general reader, in England and elsewhere, I entreat for a reconsideration of the popularly accepted view that but little importance, beyond that of a curio, attaches to Hongkong, its community and position, or indeed to European relations with China.
At first sight, indeed, the Colony of Hongkong appears like an odd conglomeration of fluctuating molecules of nationalities, whose successive Governors seem to be but extraneous factors adventitiously regulating or disturbing the heavings of this incongruous mass. But in reality the Hongkong community is solidarily one. Though an unbridged chasm does yawn in its midst, waiting for a Marcus Curtius to close it and meanwhile separating the outward social life of Europeans and Chinese, the people of Hongkong are inwardly ​bound together by a steadily developing communion of interests and responsibilities: the destiny of the one race is to rule and the fate of the other to be ruled. The different periods of Hongkong's history, though demarcated each by the administration of a different Governor, are In reality the successive stages of the growth of one ideal person (the Colony) naturally expanding Itself in a continuous line of so many generations, as it were, of one and the same ideal family (the community). Looking deeper still, there is seen underlying this mixed and fluctuating population of Hongkong a self-perpetuating unity: the secret inchoative union of Europe and Asia (as represented by China). This union is in process of practical elaboration through the combined forces of commerce, civilisation and Christian education, and particularly through the steady development of Great Britain's political influence in the East, an influence which dates back to the earliest days of the East India Company in India and China. Indeed, the Anglo-Chinese community of Hongkong specifically represents that coming union of Europe and Asia which China stubbornly resists while Great Britain and Russia, France and Japan unconsciously co-operate towards it. As representing that union, the Hongkong community has its root in the earlier and smaller community of British and other European merchants ​with their Chinese hangers-on settled at the Canton Factories. But Its earliest prototype can be discerned in the previous settlements of the Portuguese and Dutch and more particularly of the agents of the East-India Company who were unconsciously working out in China, as well as in India, the international problem with the solution of which Hongkong is specially concerned. When, under the impulse of the awakening free trade spirit in England, the East-India Company had to withdraw from the field (1834), the British free-traders at Canton continued to represent Europe in China, and, when driven out thence, transplanted to Hongkong (1841) those unifying commercial and political principles which are to the present day the underlying elements of progress in the historic evolution of Hongkong. But as the history of the Hongkong community presents thus an unbroken chain of influences connecting the political mission of Europe with the present politics of Asia, so also the successive administrations of the government of this Colony have the same inner unity. Though each Governor is but a transient visitor, each possessed of his own idiosyncracies, and each controlled by an ever shifting series of Secretaries of State for the Colonies, behind them all is that ideal but none the less real entity, the genius of British public opinion, which inspires and overrules them all. That genius, feeling its ​mission in Europe and North America fulfilled, has of late commenced to enter upon a new field of action whereby to complete its destiny. Asia and generally the countries and continents bordering on the Pacific Ocean, now task the energies of Downing Street and of the Governors sent forth from it, as well as the energies of the India Office, with problems of such increasingly international bearings, that both the Colonial Office and the India Office are rapidly outstripping in importance the Foreign Office, and the necessities of both now demand the creation of a Ministry specially charged with the direction of British affairs in the Far East. The fact is the fulcrum of the World's balance of power has shifted from the West to the East, from the Mediterranean to the Pacific.
To the popular view the position of Hongkong in the East appears to be that of a remote Island, a mere dot in a little-known ocean. In reality, however, Hongkong, which commercially ranks as the second port of the British Empire, occupies a geographically most fortunate place in relation to the peculiar destinies of the Far East. For the last two thousand years, the march of civilization has been directed from the East to the West: Europe has been tutored by Asia. Ennobled by Christianity, civilization now returns to the East: Europe's destiny is to govern Asia. Marching at the ​head of civilization, Great Britain has commenced her individual mission in Asia by the occupation of India and Burma, the Straits Settlements and Hongkong. By fifty years' handling of Hongkong's Chinese population, Great Britain has shewn how readily the Chinese people (apart from Mandarindom) fall in with a firm European regime, and the rapid conversion of a barren rock into one of the wonders and commercial emporiums of the world, has demonstrated what Chinese labour, industry and commerce can achieve under British rule. Moreover, located on the western border of the Pacific, in line with Canada in the North-East, with Her Majesty's Indian and African Possessions in the South-West, and with the Australian Colonies in the South, Hongkong occupies a specially important position, not only with regard to the problems gathering round China and Japan (In their mutual relations to Great Britain, Russia and France), but especially also with regard to the greater rôle which the Pacific Ocean is destined to play in the closing scenes of the world's history. What the Mediterranean and Atlantic were while civilization moved from East to West, the Pacific is bound to become now since the tide of progress runs from West to East. Africa is even now being brought into the sphere of modern civilization by the combined powers of Europe. The turn of South-America will come next. There is not a first-class ​power in the world that has not possessions on the shores of the Pacific. Great Britain and the United States, Russia and France, Germany and Italy, Spain and Portugal, all vie with each other in the control of countries bordering on, or islands situated in, the Pacific basin. It requires no prophet's gift to see that the politics of the near future centre in the East and that the problems of the Far East will be solved on the Pacific main. Contests will be sure to arise and in these contests Hongkong will be one of the stations most important for the general strength of the British Empire. Here, even more than in its bearing upon the Asiatic problem, lies the real importance of Hongkong. Such is the position of this Colony in relation to the destinies of the Far East: Hongkong will yet have a prominent place in the future history of the British Empire.
The foregoing consideratons will commend the subject of this book to the attention of the general reader. As to its treatment, the endeavour of the writer has been to combine with the aims of the historian, writing from the point of view of universal history, the duties of the chronicler of events such as are of special interest to European residents in the East so as to provide at the same time a handbook of reference for those who take an active interest in the current affairs of this British Colony ​as well as in British relations with China. This volume brings down the story of Hongkong's rise and progress to the year 1882. The more recent epochs of its history are too near to our view yet to admit of impartial historic treatment for the present.
E. J. EITEL.
College Gardens, Hongkong, August 2, 1895.
CONTENTS.
Page
* Chap. I.Commencement of British Trade with China, A.D. 1625 to 1834,................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1
* II.International Relations, A.D. 1625 to 1834,................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................12
* III.Monopoly versus Free Trade,................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................19
* IV.The Mission of Lord Napier,................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................26
* V.Dissensions and a Quiescent Policy, A.D. 1834 to 1836,................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................42
* VI.The Search for a Colony,................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................53
* VII.Change of Policy,................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................62
* VIII.The Opium Question and the Exodus from Canton (1839),................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................75
* IX.Exodus from Macao and Events Leading up to the Cession of Hongkong, 1839 to 1841,................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................96
* X.Pre-British History of the Island of Hongkong,................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................127
* XI.Confirmation of the Cession of Hongkong, 1841 to 1843,................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................135
* XII.The Administration of Captain Elliot, January 26 to August 10, 1841,................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................163
* XIII.The Administration of Sir H. Pottinger, August 10, 1841, to May 8, 1844,................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................179
* XIV.The Administration of Sir J. F. Davis, May 8, 1844, to March 18, 1848,................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................211
* XV.The Administration of Sir S. G. Bonham, March 20, 1848, to April 12, 1854,................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................253
* XVI.A Brief Survey,................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................288
* XVII.The Administration of Sir J. Bowring, April 13, 1854, to May 5, 1859,................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................298
* XVIII.The Administration of Sir Hercules Robinson, September 9, 1859, to March 15, 1865,................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................353
* XIX.The Interregnum of the Hon. W. T. Mercer, and the Administration of Sir R. G. MacDonnell, March 15, 1865, to April 22, 1872,................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................408
* XX.The Administration of Sir A. Kennedy, April 16, 1872, to March 1, 1877,................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................477
* XXI.The Administration of Sir J. Pope Hennessy, April 22, 1877, to March 7, 1882,................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................522
* XXII.A Short Summary,................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................568
* Index.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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