OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Introduction/39

[Sidenote: Finality of the social reforms of Mohammad.]
39. (1) Mohammad had to deal with barbarous nations around him, to be gradually reformed, and besides this the subject of social reforms was a secondary question. Yet it being necessary to transform the character of the people and to reform the moral and social abuses prevailing among them, he gradually introduced his social reforms which proved immense blessings to the Arabs and other nations in the seventh century. Perhaps some temporary but judicious, reasonable and helpful accommodations had to be made to the weakness and immaturity of the people, as halting stages in the march of reforms only to be set aside at their adult strength, or to be abolished when they were to begin to emerge from their barbarism under its influence to a higher civilization. Consequently gradual amelioration of social evils had necessarily to pass several trials during progress of reform. The intermediate stages are not to be taken as final and irrevocable standard of morality and an insuperable barrier to the regeneration of the Arabian nation. Our adversaries stick indiscriminately to these temporary measures or concessions only, and call them half measures and partial reforms made into an unchangeable law which exclude the highest reforms, and form a formidable obstacle to the dawn of a progressive and enlightened civilization. I have in view here the precepts of Mohammad for ameliorating the degraded condition of women for restricting the unlimited polygamy and the facility of divorce, together with servile concubinage and slavery. Mohammad's injunctions and precepts, intermediary and ultimate, temporary and permanent, intended for the removal of these social evils, are interwoven with each other, interspersed in different Suras and not chronologically arranged, in consequence of which it is somewhat difficult for those who have no deep insight into the promiscuous literature of the Koran to find out which precept was only a halting stage, and which the latest. It was only from some oversight on the part of the compilers of the Common Law that, in the first place, the civil precepts of a transitory nature and as a mediate step leading to a higher reform were taken as final; and in the second place, the civil precepts adapted for the dwellers of the Arabian desert were pressed upon the neck of all ages and countries. A social system for barbarism ought not to be imposed on a people already possessing higher forms of civilizations.

## Footnotes

* ↑ "The cankerworm of polygamy, divorce, servile concubinage and veil lay at the root. They are bound up in the character of its existence. A reformed Islam which should part with the divine ordinances on which they rest, or attempt in the smallest degree to change them by a rationalistic selection, abetment or variation would be Islam no longer." Annals of the Early Caliphate by Sir W. Muir, page 458.
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Introduction/4

[Sidenote: But the Moslems could not take up arms to redress their wrongs under certain circumstances.]
4. But as the people amongst whom the Prophet and his fugitive Moslems now sojourned had only pledged to defend them at Medina, the flying Mohammadans could not take up arms against their aggressors, the Koreish, to defend their rights of religious liberty and citizenship, much less of taking arms to compel the non-believers to believe in Moslem faith, and so they preferred to live in peace at Medina, and enjoy the blessings of their new religion without any disturbance from without, if possible.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Winter Song

​XXXIII. WINTER SONG
When the trees are all bare, not a leaf to be seen, And the meadows their beauty have lost; When nature's disrobed of her garment of green, And the streams are fast bound by the frost; ​When the shepherd stands idle and shivers with cold, As bleak the winds northerly blow; When the innocent flocks run for ease to the fold, With their fleeces besprinkled with snow.
In the yard when the cattle are foddered with straw, And they send forth their breath like a stream; And the neat-looking dairymaid sees she must thaw Flakes of ice that she finds in the cream. Then the lads and the lasses in company join'd, Round the fireplace gather in glee, Talk of fairies and witches that ride on the wind, And whistle and sing so do we.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Who comes here?

​LXXX.
'Who comes here?' 'A grenadier.' 'What do you want?' 'A pot of beer.' 'Where's your money?' 'I've forgot.' 'Get you gone, You drunken sot.'
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Wig, Hat, and Cane

​XXX. WIG, HAT, AND CANE
By the side of a murmuring stream, As an elderly gentleman sat, On the top of his head was a wig, On the top of his wig was a hat.
The wind it blew high and blew strong, As the elderly gentleman sat, And bore from his head in a trice, And plunged in the river his hat.
The gentleman then took his cane, Which lay by his side as he sat, And he dropped in the river his wig, In attempting to get at his hat.
​His breast it grew cold with despair, And full in his eye madness sat, So he flung in the river his cane, To swim with his wig and his hat.
Cool reflection at length came across, While this elderly gentlem an sat, So he thought he would follow the stream, And look for his cane, wig, and hat.
His head being thicker than common, O'erbalanced the rest of his fat, And in plumped the son of a woman, To follow his cane, wig, and hat.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Who Killed Cock-Robin?

​LXXV. WHO KILLED COCK-ROBIN?
Who killed cock-robin? I, said the sparrow, With my bow and arrow, I killed cock-robin.
Who saw him die? I, said the fly, With my little eye, I saw him die.
Who caught his blood? I, said the fish, With my little dish, I caught his blood.
Who'll make his shroud? I, said the beetle, With my thread and needle, I'll make his shroud.
​Who'll dig his grave? I, said the owl, With my spade and shovel, I'll dig his grave.
Who'll be the parson? I, said the rook, With my little book, I'll be the parson.
Who'll be the clerk? I, said the lark, If it's not in the dark, I'll be the clerk.
Who'll bear him to his grave? I, said the kite, If it's not in the night, I'll bear him to his grave.
Who'll carry the link? I, said the linnet, I'll fetch it in a minute, I'll carry the link.
Who'll be chief mourner? I, said the dove, I mourn for my love, I'll be the chief mourner.
​Who'll bear the pall? We, said the wren, Both the cock and the hen, We'll bear the pall.
Who'll sing the psalm? I, said the thrush, As she sat in a bush, I'll sing the psalm.
Who'll toll the bell? I said the bull, Because I can pull, And so, cock-robin, farewell!
All the birds of the air Fell a-sighing and a-sobbing, When they heard the bell toll For poor cock-robin.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Yanky Doodle came to town

​XLIX.
Yanky Doodle came to town, How do you think they served him? One took his bag, another his gown, The quicker for to starve him.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Wine and Water

​XXI. WINE AND WATER
Said Wine to Water, So fine I be, They carry me over both land and sea, They call me both Port and Sherry, I cause every heart to be merry, I cause every heart to be merry.
​Said Water to Wine, So useful I be, No kitchen can do for a day without me. For all the week round I am toiling, I am washing, I'm baking, and boiling, I am washing, I'm baking, and boiling.
# A Book of Saints and Wonders

(1906)
* Brigit, The Mary of the Gael
* Columcille, The Friend of the Angels of God
* Blessed Patrick of the Bells
* The Voyage of Maeldune
* Great Wonders of the Olden Time
* The Voyage of Brendan

## Gallery of Illustrations

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1932, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 91 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Willy boy, Willy boy, where are you going?

​LXXII.
'Willy boy, Willy boy, where are you going? I will go with you, if I may.' 'I am going to the meadows, to see them mowing, I am going to see them make the hay.'
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Angitia

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ANGITIA,
Sister of Medea, and daughter of Ætes, king of Colchis, taught antidotes against poison and serpents. She lived about B. C. 1228.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Ann, Saint

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ANN, SAINT,
The mother of the Virgin Mary, was the daughter of Matthias, a priest of Bethlehem, of the family of Aaron. She was married, it is stated, to St. Joachim, and after an unfruitful union of twenty-two years, gave birth to Mary, the mother of our Saviour. It is remarkable that the name of Ann is not once mentioned in the Scriptures, nor in the writings of the fathers of the first three centuries of the Christian era; and that the time of her death is as uncertain as the events of her life; and yet the feast of Saint Ann was celebrated by the Greeks as early as the sixth century, the day being July 25th. Justinian erected a church in her honour at Constantinople, in the year 550, but it does not appear that Saint Ann was then asserted to be the mother of the virgin, although, according to Codrinus, this character was assigned to her without a question in 705, when the second emperor Justinian, built another church in her name. Among the Latins, the worship of Saint Ann was not introduced until a much later period.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Angoulême, Marie Theresa Charlotte

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ANGOULEME, MARIE THERESA CHARLOTTE,
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Angusciola, Sophonisba

Sofonisba Anguissola
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ANGUSCIOLA, SOPHONISBA,
Better known by the name of Sophonisba, an Italian painter of great eminence, both in portrait and historical painting, was born at Cremona in 1533, and died at Genoa in 1626. She was twice married. She was of a very distinguished family, and was first taught by Bernardino Campo of Cremona, and afterwards learned perspective and colouring from Bernardo Gatti, called Soraio. Her principal works are portraits, yet she executed several historical subjects with great spirit; the attitudes of her figures are easy, natural, and graceful. She became blind through over-application to her profession; but she enjoyed the friendship of some of the greatest characters of the day. Vandyck acknowledged himself more benefited by her than by all his other studies. Two of the principal works by this artist are the "Marriage of St. ​Catharine," and a portrait of herself, playing on the harpsichord, with an old female attendant in waiting.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Andromache

* related portals: Andromache.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
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ANDROMACHE,
Wife of the valiant Hector, son of Priam king of Troy, and the mother of Astyanax, was daughter of Eetion, king of Thebes, in Cilicia. After the death of Hector, and the destruction of Troy, B. C. 1184, she was given to Pyrrhus, son of Achilles, and one of the most celebrated Greek warriors, who married her. Helenus, son of Priam, was also a captive to Pyrrhus, and having given him advice, which resulted favourably, Pyrrhus bestowed Andromache upon him, with part of the country of Epulis. She had children by Pyrrhus; and some authors are of opinion that all the kings of Epirus, to that Pyrrhus who made war against the Romans, were descended from a son of Andromache. The princess had seven brothers, who were killed by Achilles, together with their father, in one day. One author tells us, that she accompanied Priam when he went to desire Achilles to sell him the body of Hector; and that to move him to greater compassion, she carried her son with her, who was an infant. She was of a large stature, if the poets are good authority; but though her beauty of person would never have made her celebrated like Helen, the purity of her mind and the beauty of her character have given her a much nobler celebrity. The tragedy of Euripides is a monument to her memory; and her dialogue with Hector in the Sixth Book of the Iliad is one of the most beautiful parts of that poem.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Angelberga, or, Ingelberga

Engelberga
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ANGELBERGA, or, INGELBERGA,
Empress of the West, wife of Louis the Second, emperor and king of Italy, is supposed to have been of illustrious birth, though that is uncertain. She was a woman of courage and ability; but proud, unfeeling, and venal. The war in which her husband was involved with the king of Germany was rendered unfortunate by the pride and rapacity of Angelberga. In 874, Angelberga built, at Plaisance, a monastery which afterwards became one of the most famous in Italy. Louis the Second died at Brescia, in 875. After his death, Angelberga remained at the convent of St. Julia in Brescia, where her treasures were deposited. In 881, Charles the Fat, of France, caused Angelberga to be taken and carried prisoner into Germany; lest she should assist her daughter Hermengard, who had married Boron king of Provence, a connection of Charles, by her wealth and political knowledge; but the pope obtained her release. It is not known when she died. She had two daughters, Hermengard, who survived her, and Gisela, abbess of St. Julia, who died before her parents.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Angusciola, Lucia

Lucia Anguissola
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ANGUSCIOLA, LUCIA,
Sister of the above-mentioned, was an artist of considerable skill. She obtained a reputation equal to Sophonisba's, by her portraits, as well for truth and delicacy of colouring, as for ease of attitude and correctness of resemblance.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Ann Amelia

Duplicate entry in work, see Amalie, Ann
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ANN AMELIA,
Princess of Prussia, sister to Frederick the Great, born in 1723. died 1787. She distinguished herself by her tastes for the arts. She set to music "The Death of the Messiah," by Romler. She ​was a decided friend to the far-famed baron Trenck; and there can be no doubt, that his attachment for the princess, was the cause of Trenck's misfortunes. Frederick was incensed that a subject should aspire to the hand of his sister. She continued her attachment to Trenck, when both had grown old, and Frederick was in his grave, but death prevented her from providing for Trenck's children as she intended.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Ann of Savoy

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ANN OF SAVOY,
Was the daughter of Amadeus the Fifth, count of Savoy, who married Andronicus the Younger, emperor of Constantinople, and was crowned empress 1326. By some historians she is called Joanna, but is generally known by the name of Anna, Empress of Constantinople. Her arrival in that city with a splendid retinue of knights from Savoy and Piedmont, was the occasion of great festivity. The Italian knights displayed their skill in hunting, tilting, and other manly exercises, much to the delight of the Byzantines, who were by them taught the practice of tournaments. The empress Anna appears to have been benevolent and fond of justice, and to have exercised a beneficial influence over her husband.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Anna, Perenna

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ANNA, PERENNA,
Daughter of Belus, king of Tyre, and sister of Dido, whom she accompanied in her flight to Carthage. She was worshipped as a goddess by the ancient Romans, under the above title, and sacrifices were offered to her both publicly and privately.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Beaufort, Margaret

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BEAUFORT, MARGARET,
Countess of Richmond and Derby, was the only daughter and heiress of John Beaufort, duke of Somerset, (grandson to John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster,) by Margaret Beauchamp, his wife. She was born at Bletshoe, in Bedfordshire, in 1441. While very ​young, she was married to Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond, by whom she had a son named Henry, who was afterwards king of England, by the title of Henry the Seventh. On the 3rd. of November, 1456, the Earl of Richmond died, leaving Margaret a very young widow, and his son and heir, Henry, not above fifteen weeks old. Her second husband was Sir Henry Stafford, knight, second son to the Duke of Buckingham, by whom she had no issue. And soon after the death of Sir Henry Stafford, which happened about 1482, she married Thomas, Lord Stanley, afterwards Earl of Derby, who died in 1504. After spending a life in successive acts of beneficence, she paid the great debt of nature on the 29th. of June, 1509, in the first year of the reign of her grandson, Henry the Eighth. She was buried in Westminster Abbey, where a monument was erected to her memory. It is of black marble, with her effigy in gilt copper; and the head is encircled with a coronet. She founded and endowed the colleges of Christ and St. John's, at Cambridge.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Beauharnais, Fanny, Countess de

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BEAUHARNAIS, FANNY, COUNTESS DE,
The aunt of Josephine's first husband, was born at Paris, in 1738. Her father was receiver-general of finances, and he gave her a brilliant education. From her earliest youth, she showed a great taste for poetry. At the age of seventeen, she was married to Count de Beauharnais, whom she did not love, and she soon separated from him by taking up her residence in the convent of the Visitation. Here she assembled around her the most distinguished literary and scientific men; but she was criticised as well as flattered; and though Buffon called her his daughter, Le Brun wrote epigrams against her.
In 1773, Madame de Beauharnais published a little work entitled "A Tous les penseurs Salut," in which she undertook the defence of female authorship. But this was considered a strange instance of audacity, though the women of France then ruled everything from state affairs down to fashionable trifles. Le Brun, a bitter and satirical poet answered Madame de Beauharnais in a strain of keen invective. "Ink," said he "ill becomes rosy fingers." Madame de Beauharnais published a volume of fugitive poems; also "Lettres de Stephanie," an historical romance, several other romances, and a comedy entitled "La Fausse inconstance ou le triomphe de l'honnéteté. She died in 1813.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Bekker, Elizabeth

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BEKKER, ELIZABETH,
An ornament of Dutch literature, was born at Flushing, in 1738, and died at the Hague, in 1804. Few female authors have united to so great talents such dignity and purity of morals. Several of her numerous works are considered classics in Dutch literature; especially her romances of "William Leevend;" "Letters of A. Blankhart to C. Wildschut;" and the "History of Sara Bürgerhart." She wrote her most important works in conjunction with her friend Agatha Deken, and the share of each of them in the composition is unknown. Agatha Deken survived her friend only nine days.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Bellamy, Georgiana

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BELLAMY, GEORGIANA,
An actress of some celebrity, was born in 1733. Her mother was a Miss Searle, the mistress of Lord Trelawney, who afterwards married Captain Bellamy. He separated from her on discovering her infidelity. Miss Bellamy was brought out by Mr. Garrick, at the Covent-Garden theatre, at the age of fourteen, and met with much success for some years. She died at Edinburgh, in deep distress, in 1788. Her life was a series of errors and misfortunes. She wrote her own memoirs in six volumes.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Beaufort, Joan

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BEAUFORT, JOAN,
Queen of Scotland, was the eldest daughter of John Beaufort, earl of Somerset, (son of John of Gaunt,) and of Margaret, daughter of the earl of Kent
She was seen by James, sometimes called the Royal Poet, son of Robert the Third, king of Scotland, while he was detained a prisoner in the Tower of London, and he fell passionately in love with her. On his release in 1423, after nineteen years of captivity, he married Joan, and went with her to Edinburgh, where they were crowned. May 22nd., 1424. In 1430, Joan became the mother of James, afterwards James the Second of Scotland.
She possessed a great deal of influence, which she always exercised on the side of mercy and gentleness. In 1437, the queen received information of a conspiracy formed against the life of her husband, and hastened to Roxburgh, where he then was, to warn him of his danger. The king immediately took refuge with his wife in the Dominican abbey, near Perth; but the conspirators, having bribed a domestic, found their way into the room. The queen threw herself between them and her husband, but in rain; after receiving two wounds, she was torn from the arms of James the First, who was murdered, February 21st., 1437.
Joan married a second time, James Stewart, called the Black Knight, son to the lord of Lorne, to whom she bore a son, afterwards earl of Athol. She died in 1446, and was buried at Perth, near the body of the king, her first husband.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Bector, Claude de

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BECTOR, CLAUDE DE,
Descended from an illustrious house in Dauphiny, abbess of St Honore de Tarascon, was eminent for her knowledge of Latin, and her fine style of writing. She was honoured by her admirers with the name of Scholastica, She gave early such indications of genius, that a monk, Denis Fanchier, undertook the care of her education. In a little time she made so great a progress, that she equalled the ​most learned men of the age. Her Latin and French poems, letters and treatises, for acuteness and solidity, have been classed with the ancient philosophers. She maintained a correspondence with many learned men in France and Italy. Francis the First, of France, was so charmed with the letters of this abbess, that he carry them about him, and showed them as models worthy of imitation. He went with his sister, Margaret of Navarre, to Tarascon on porpoae to see this celebrated lady. She died in 1547.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Beaumont, Madame le Prince de

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BEAUMONT, MADAME LE PRINCE DE,
An able and lively French writer, whose works, in the form of romances, letters, memoirs, etc., were written for the improvement of youth in morals and religion. She was born at Rouen, April 26th., 1711, and died at Anneci, 1780.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Belleville, Jane de

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BELLEVILLE, JANE DE.
Wife of Oliver the Third, Lord of Clisson. Philip de Valois King of France, having caused her husband to be beheaded, in 1343, on unauthenticated suspicion of correspondence with England. Jane sent her son, a boy of twelve, secretly to London, for safety, sold her jewels, armed three vessels, and attacked all the French she met. She made descents on Normandy, took the castles, and the most beautiful woman in Europe might be seen, with a sword in one hand, and a flambeau in the other, enforcing and commanding acts of the greatest cruelty.