OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cassell's Vegetarian Cookery/preface

The present work, though written upon strictly vegetarian principles, is by no means addressed to vegetarians only. On the contrary, we hope that the following pages of recipes will be read by that enormous class throughout the country who during the last few years have been gradually changing their mode of living by eating far less meat, and taking vegetables and farinaceous food as a substitute.
Where there are thousands who are vegetarians from choice, there are tens of thousands who are virtually vegetarians from necessity. Again, there is another large class who from time to time adopt a vegetarian course of diet on the ground of health, and as a means of escaping from the pains attendant on gout, liver complaint, or dyspepsia.
The class we most wish to reach, however, is that one, increasing we fear, whose whole life is one continual struggle not merely to live, but to live decently.
It may seem a strong statement, but we believe it to be a true one, that only those who have tried a strictly vegetarian course of diet know what real economy means. Should the present work be the means of enabling even one family to become not only better in health but richer in pocket, it will not have been written in vain.
    A.G. PAYNE.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Domnus Apostolicus

From volume 5 of the work.
Domnus Apostolicus (Dominus Apostolicus), a title applied to the pope, which was in most frequent use between the sixth and the eleventh centuries. The pope is styled Apostolic because he occupies an Apostolic see, that is, one founded by an Apostle, as were those of Ephesus, Philippi, Corinth, etc. (cf. Tertullian, De præscript., xxxvi). Rome being the only Apostolic Church of the West, Sedes apostolica meant simply the Roman See, and Domnus Apostolicus the Bishop of Rome. In Gaul, however, as early as the fifth century the expression sedes apostolica was applied to any episcopal see, bishops being successors of the Apostles (cf. Sidonius Apollinaris, Epp., lib. VI, i, etc.). By the sixth century the term was in general use, and many letters from the Merovingian kings are addressed Domnis sanctis et apostolicâ sede dignissimis. Thus the bishops of Gaul were given the title of Domnus Apostolicus (cf. Venantius Fortunatus, "Vita S. Mart.", IV; "Formulæ Marculfi", II, xxxix, xliii, xlix). Many examples are also found in wills and deeds (e.g. P.L., LXXX, 1281, 1314, etc.), and one occurs in a letter of introduction given by Charlemagne to St. Boniface (Epp. Bonifac., xi). However, in the Acts of Charlemagne and of the councils held during his time, even outside the Frankish Empire, as in England, the term Domnus Apostolicus, in its exact usage, meant simply the pope. Perhaps the only example of it found in Greek authors is in the second letter of Theodore the Studite to Leo III, kyrio apostoliko. Long before this, however, the word Apostolicus alone had been employed to designate the pope. Probably the earliest example is in the list of popes compiled at the time of Pope Vigilius (died 555), which begins "Incipiunt nomina Apostolicorum" (P.L., LXXVIII, 1405). The expression recurs frequently in documents of the Carlovingian kings, as well as in Anglo-Saxon writings. Claude of Turin gives a curious explanation - Apostoli custos. At the Council of Reims held in 1049 the Bishop of Compostela was excommunicated "quia contra fas sibi vendicaret culmen apostolici nominis" (because he wrongly claimed for himself the prestige of an Apostolic name), thinking himself the successor of St. James the Greater, and it was thereupon laid down "quod solus Romanus Pontifex universalis Ecclesiæ Primas esset et Apostolicus" (that only the pontiff of the Roman See was primate of the universal Church and Apostolicus). To-day the title is found only in the Litany of the Saints. There are also the expressions apostolicatus (pontificate) and the ablative absolute apostolicante (during the pontificate of). It is to be noted that in ecclesiastical usage the abbreviated form domnus signifies a human ruler as against Dominus, the Divine Lord. Thus at meals monastic grace was asked from the superior in the phrase Jube Domne benedicere, i. e.; "Be pleased sir to give the blessing."
DU CANGE. Gloss. med. et infim. Lat., ed. FAVRE (Paris-Niort, 1833-88), s. v.
U. BENIGNI.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Domitiopolis

From volume 5 of the work.
A titular see of Isauria in Asia Minor. The former name of this city is unknown; it was called Domitiopolis or Dometioupolis after L. Domitius Ahenobarbus (Ramsay, in Revue numismatique, 1894, 168 sqq.). Ptolemy (V, vii, 5) places it in Cilicia; according to Constantine Porphyrogenitus (De themat., I, 15) it was one of the ten cities of the Isaurian Decapolis (cf. Georgius Cyprius, ed. Gelzer, 852). It figures in Parthey's "Notitiæ episcopatuum", I and III, and in Gelzer's "Nova Tactica", 1618, as a suffragan of Seleucia. Lequien (Oriens christ., II, 1023) mentions five bishops, from 451 to 879. Domitiopolis is to-day Dindebol, a village on the Ermenek Su, in the vilayet of Adana (cf. Sterrett, in Papers of the American School, Athens, III, 80).
S. Pétridès.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Dominique Bouhours

From volume 2 of the work.
French Jesuit author, born at Paris, 15 May, 1632; died 27 May, 1702. Entering the Society of Jesus at sixteen, he taught grammar and rhetoric at Paris, Tours, and Rouen. A number of works which he composed against the Jansenists, notably "Lettre à un seigneur de la cour" and "Lettre a Messieurs de Port-Royal," has a large circulation, and gained him a prominent place among the critics and littérateurs of the seventeenth century. He also translated the new Testament into French, and his translation has often been reprinted. He is best known to English readers, however, by his "Vie de S. Ignace" (Paris, 1679), "Vie de S. Francois-Xavier" (Paris, 1682). these two biographies were translated into English and published at London in 1686 and 1688 respectively. A new translation by a clergyman of the Diocese of Philadelphia was published at Philadelphia by E. Cummiskey in 1840, and for a number of years these two works of Bouhours' were the most widely circulated biographies of the two saints. The only other of the author's works done into English is "La manière de bien penser dans les oeurves d'esprit," which appeared in London in 1705 under the title, "The Art of Criticism."
Doncleux, Un jesuite homme de lettres au xviie siecle (Paris, 1886); Bibliotheque. de la c. de J., VII, 1886; Dutouquet in Dict. de theol. cath., II, 1091.
S.H. FRISBEE
# Board of Governors of Federal Reserve System v. Agnew

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United States Supreme Court
329 U.S. 441
Board of Governors of Federal Reserve System v. Agnew
Argued: Dec. 10, 1946. --- Decided: Jan 6, 1947
Mr.J. Leonard Townsend, of Washington, D.C., for petitioners.
Mr. Hugh H. Obear, of Washington, D.C., for respondents.
[Argument of Counsel from page 442 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Justice DOUGLAS delivered the opinion of the Court.

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# Board of Education v. Pico/Dissent O'Connor

* Court Documents
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* Opinion of the Court
* Concurring Opinions Blackmun White
* Dissenting Opinions Burger Powell Rehnquist O'Connor
JUSTICE O'CONNOR, dissenting.
If the school board can set the curriculum, select teachers, and determine initially what books to purchase for the school library, it surely can decide which books to discontinue or remove from the school library, so long as it does not also interfere with the right of students to read the material and to discuss it. As JUSTICE REHNQUIST persuasively argues, the plurality's analysis overlooks the fact that, in this case, the government is acting in its special role as educator.
I do not personally agree with the Board's action with respect to some of the books in question here, but it is not the function of the courts to make the decisions that have been properly relegated to the elected members of school boards. It is the school board that must determine educational suitability, and it has done so in this case. I therefore join THE CHIEF JUSTICE's dissent.
# Board of Flour Inspectors for Port of New Orleans v. Glover (160 U.S. 170)

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United States Supreme Court
160 U.S. 170
Board of Flour Inspectors for Port of New Orleans v. Glover

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# Board of Flour Inspectors for Port of New Orleans v. Glover (161 U.S. 101)

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United States Supreme Court
161 U.S. 101
Board of Flour Inspectors for Port of New Orleans v. Glover
J. R. Beckwith, for appellants.
W. W. Howe, for appellees.
Mr. Chief Justice FULLER delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

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# Board of Flour Inspectors for Port of New Orleans v. Glover

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* Board of Flour Inspectors for Port of New Orleans v. Glover (160 U.S. 170)
* Board of Flour Inspectors for Port of New Orleans v. Glover (161 U.S. 101)
# Board of Flour Inspectors for Port of New Orleans v. Glover (160 U.S. 170)/Opinion of the Court

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United States Supreme Court
160 U.S. 170
Board of Flour Inspectors for Port of New Orleans v. Glover
J. R. Beckwith, for appellants.
W. W. Howe, for appellees.
THE CHIEF JUSTICE. The decree below enjoined appellants from enforcing against appellees Act No. 71 of the Extra Session of the General Assembly of Louisiana of 1870 (Laws La. Ex. Sess. 1870, p. 156). This act was repealed June 28, 1892 (Acts La. 1892, Act No. 23, p. 34), and the appeal is dismissed, on the authority of Mills v. Green, 159 U.S. 651, 16 Sup. Ct. 132.
Appeal dismissed.

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# British Labor Bids for Power/Chapter 14

14. From Slavedom to Freedom
"It seems to me, carefully looking over as wide a field as is within the ken of one man, that we are entering upon a new phase of development in the upward struggle of our class. All around are signs of an awakening consciousness in the peoples of all countries that the present system of society is condemned. Russia and Mexico, with their Workers' Republics, are leading the way. Already there are signs for those with eyes to see that the land and mineral wealth of a country in the possession of the People's Government, being exploited and used in the interest of the whole people, is conferring lasting benefit upon its peoples. The lessons being taught to-day in those countries will fructify in the years to come. These achievements will stand as a beacon light, showing the way to a higher development of democratic welfare than the world has known. Simultaneously the backward centres of industrial and political slavery are organising and rising in revolt against the capitalist order of society; and so we see India, China, and other Eastern countries in the throes of upheaval and demanding the right of self-determination. Who can predict the rate at which the conflagration will travel, or how wide it will spread? Those who believe that a new order of society is inevitable before we can remedy the existing evils—and to which in this address I have directed attention—cannot do other than rejoice that at last there are clear indications of a world movement rising in ​revolt and determined to shake off the shackles of wage slavery. Just as our people have passed out of slavedom into serfdom, and out of serfdom into wagedom, so will they finally pass out of wagedom into freedom.
"The new phase of development, which is world-wide, has entered upon the next and probably the last stage of revolt. It is the duty of all members of the working class to so solidify their movements that, come when the time may for the last final struggle, we shall be wanting in neither machinery, nor men, to move forward to the destruction of wage slavery and the construction of a system of society based upon co-ordinated effort and world-wide mutual goodwill and understanding."
# British Labor Bids for Power/Chapter 18

18. One Big Union
The One Big Union issue was brought before the Congress on a resolution moved by the National Union of General Workers, an organization with 196,568 members: "(a) The number of unions should be reduced to a minimum. (b) Congress should not encourage the formation of any new Union. (c) This Congress instructs the General Council to continue its work of amalgamation of existing unions with One Big Union as the ultimate goal."
Support for the resolution came from Ben Tillett of the Transport and General Workers' Union (290,000 members) and from Neil McLean of the Workers’ Union (131,000 members). "All of the workers in all the trades all together to oppose all the bosses in the country," McLean demanded in his picturesque Scotch.
Opposition developed from the industrial unions. J. Walker of the Iron and Steel Trades Confederation (94,597 members) declared that the resolution came as a defense of the action of certain Unions that "acted as though they had a roving commission to pinch members wherever they can find them." It developed, in the course of the debate, that the general unions had made many enemies by poaching on the preserves of various of the industrial and craft unions. "Organize by industry," Walker advised. "Amalgamate the unions that are cognate to one another."
How is it possible to organize by industry when industrial lines are no longer clearly defined? demanded C. Dukes (General Vellum Workers). He cited the Lever Group to show that modern financial organization has taken the place of old-time industrial organization and argued that the Unions must follow the lead of economic development.
The general unions were lined up against the industrial unions. While sentiment in favor of amalgamation appeared on all sides, the motion was lost by a vote of 1,788,000 for and 2,138,000 against.
# British Labor Bids for Power/Chapter 2

2. Labor Statesmanship
Preparation for the coming struggle sounded through every session of the Trades Union Congress which met in Scarboro on September 7, 1925. During the previous session of the Congress at Hull, in 1924, extended powers had been given to the General Council. These powers had been put to excellent use the following July. Other struggles impended. Officials and delegates alike showed an eagerness to meet them.
More significant, perhaps, than any other single event of the Congress week was the opening address of the President, A. B. Swales (Amalgamated Engineering Union). President Swales is a trade unionist of long standing; he represents one of the most important of the national unions; for many years he has been looked upon as one of the "moderates" in the movement; he may fairly be said to speak for British Trade Union middle-ground opinion. Regarded from this background, his speech was doubly significant. It undoubtedly presents the point of view held by very large numbers of British Trade Union members at the present moment. Following are the main sections of the address:
# British Labor Bids for Power/Chapter 12

12. The Workers' Wage Sacrifices
"From time to time the workers have been faced with demands for reductions in wages to encourage improvement in trade. As a result huge sums have been surrendered, amounting in the aggregate since 1923 to the enormous sum of £556,400,000 per year. I am inclined to believe that the extent to which the workers have conceded wages to help industry to revive is not fully realised.
"In the year 1921 there was a wage cut amounting to £6,000,000 in the weekly full-time wages of some seven and a-quarter million wage earners. In the following year, 1922, there was a further reduction amounting to £4,200,000 a week ​affecting some seven and a-half million, and in 1923 another cut of close upon half-a-million a week, which was sustained by three million workers. Nor did the downward tendency of wages end there. It has been going on in 1924 and 1925, and it is estimated by the experts that the National Wages Bill has been reduced by practically one-half since 1920.
"Instead of trade improving, the figures quoted show unemployment is again increasing. So far from improving trade, the loss of this spending power has helped considerably to destroy the home market. Every branch of the trades and industries supplying the home is necessarily affected by the loss of purchasing power by these successive cuts.
"The workpeople can claim to have rendered unto Cæsar that which he has demanded, but we still have the alarming figures showing the extent of unemployment in spite of the wages reductions indicated.
"Contrast the position of the wage-earner with the investor of capital. Figures show that 1,411 companies, after payment of debenture interest, distributed profits as follows: In 1928, £130,759,424; in 1924, £139,362,273; an increase of £8,602,849. There was a total return to capital invested in these 1,411 companies in a single year of more than £110,250,000.
"The average rate of net profits being about 10 per cent., the investor in these companies gets his capital back in profits every ten years.
"While wage-earners suffer reductions, the banking accounts of directors and employers increase, as the following figures show: In 1918–19 the receipts from super-tax were £35,500,000; in 1923–24, £62,500,000; an increase of £27,000,000.
"In 1918–19 the receipts from death duties were £30,750,000; in 1923–24, £59,500,000, almost double, and being an increase of £29,250,000.
"We are reminded of Oliver Goldsmith's lines:—
Ill fares the land, to hastening ills a prey, Where wealth accumulates and men decay.
# British Labor Bids for Power/Chapter 13

13. Capitalist Mismanagement
"Industries are in an appalling condition, and the employing class stand aghast at their own handiwork. For almost a century and a-half theirs has been the task to apply the economic policy of industry. Deny it as they may, the present chaos is of their making, for they have persistently and consistently ​denied the workers the slightest measure of control. 'Yours not to reason why, yours but to do and die' has been the policy forced upon our workpeople, even to the extent of the lock-out policy in some industries. The employers' cry has consistently been: 'We claim to manage our business in our own way, and we will allow no outside interference.' Very well, we examine these industries, solely managed by the employing class, and discover what an appalling state exists in practically every industry. Having produced these conditions the possessing class are afraid of their own production and now they cry to the unions: 'Let us come together; sit down with us and examine the present conditions of trade and commerce. …See if we cannot together save our system from tottering to its last fall.' Many of our good comrades who in the days gone by taught us to believe there was no remedy other than the abolition of capitalism seem afraid now that the system is collapsing, and appeal for a united effort to patch up the system with the aid of the present possessing class.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Daniel Comboni

From volume 4 of the work.
Missionary, b. 15 March, 1831 in Limone San Giovanni near Brescia, Italy; d. 10 Oct., 1881, at Khartoum. Educated in Mazza's Institute, Verona, he learned, in addition to theology, several languages and medicine. Ordained priest in 1854, he was sent (1857) by Don Mazza to Central Africa, but returned (1859) because of ill health. After teaching in Mazza's Institute from 1861-64 he published "Piano per la rigenerazione dell' Africa" (Turin, 1864) and visited France, Spain, England, Germany, and Austria to collect funds. In Verona Comboni established (1867) his Istituto delle Missioni per la Nigrizia to educate priests and brothers for the missions, and the Istituto delle Pie Madri to supply female help; he also opened similar institutions in Cairo, Egypt, to acclimatize missionaries for the fever-stricken regions of Central Africa. Appointed (1872) Pro-vicar Apostolic of Central Africa (vicariate since 1846), embracing Nubia, Egyptian Sudan, and the territory south to the Lakes (with nearly 100,000,000 inhabitants) Comboni began his great work with only two missions, El-Obeid (Kordofan) and Khartoum. Others rapidly followed: Berber, Delen, Malbes (near El-Obeid). In 1877 Comboni was made Vicar Apostolic of Central Africa and titular Bishop of Claudiopolis. His death was pronounced a "great loss" by Leo XIII.
Comboni aroused the interest of Europe in negro missions, and journeyed five times from Africa to Europe to secure missionaries and funds. By means of his intimate acquaintance with the khedive and the Governor of the Sudan he effectually checked the slave-trade. Besides his "Quadro storico delle Scoperte Africane" (1880) he contributed material for scientific works, notably on geography. Mitterrutzner's works on the Dinka and Bari dialects (Brixen, 1866, 1867) are based on Comboni's manuscripts. He was a "language genius" (Cardinal Simeoni), master of six European tongues, of Arabic, and the dialects of the Dinka, Bari, and Nuba negroes. His "Istituto", since 1894 the Congregation of the Sons of the Sacred Heart, continues his work in Central Africa. Mgr. Geyer (appointed vicar Apostolic in 1903) was assisted in 1907 by 29 priests, 23 brothers, and 35 sisters ministering to 11 churches, 9 schools, and 6 orphanages.
JOHN M. LENHART