OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Story, Robert Herbert

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​STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835–1907), Scottish divine, principal of Glasgow University, was born on the 28th of January 1835 at Rosneath, Dumbartonshire. He was educated at the universities of Edinburgh, St Andrews and Heidelberg. In 1859 he was assistant minister at St Andrew’s Church, Montreal, and in February 1860 was inducted as minister of Rosneath in succession to his father. In 1887 he removed to Glasgow as professor of church history; he had also been appointed in 1886 to a chaplaincy to Queen Victoria. In 1898 he became principal of the university in succession to John Caird. He was moderator of the General Assembly in 1894, and its principal clerk from that year till his death on the 13th of January 1907. Story was a staunch supporter of his Church, and had little sympathy for schemes of reunion with the other Presbyterian communities. He vigorously opposed the action of Bishop Welldon, then metropolitan of Calcutta, in excluding Scottish chaplains and troops from the use of garrison churches in India because these had received episcopal consecration. He was characterized by an absolutely fearless honesty, which sometimes gave offence, but at the basis of his nature there was a warm, tender and sympathetic heart, incapable of meanness or intrigue. In addition to lives of his father (1862), Professor Robert Lee (1870) and William Carstares (1876), he published a devotional book Christ the Consoler; a volume of sermons, Creed and Conduct (1878); The Apostolic Ministry in the Scottish Church (Baird Lecture, 1897), and several pamphlets on church questions.
See Principal Story, a Memoir by his Daughters (1909).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Storrs, Richard Salter

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​STORRS, RICHARD SALTER (1821-1900), American Congregational clergyman, was born in Braintree, Massachusetts, on the 21st of August 1821. He bore the same name as his grandfather (1763-1819), pastor at Long Meadow, Massachusetts, from 1785 to 1819, and his father (1787-1873), pastor at Braintree, Massachusetts, from 1811 to 1873 (except the years 1831-1836), both prominent Congregational ministers, who were descendants of Richard Mather. He graduated at Amherst in 1839, studied law in Boston under Rufus Choate, graduated at Andover theological seminary in 1845, and was pastor of the Harvard Congregational church of Brookline, Massachusetts, in 1845-1846, and of the Church of the Pilgrims in Brooklyn, New York, from 1846 until shortly before his death in Brooklyn on the 5th of June 1900. He was a conservative in theology, and an historical writer of considerable ability. From 1848 to 1861 he was associate editor of the New York Independent, which he had helped to establish; from 1887 to 1897 he was president of the American board of commissioners for foreign missions, and he was prominent in the Long Island Historical Society. His great-grandfather, John Storrs (1735-1799), a chaplain in the Continental Army, had been pastor of the Southold Church in 1763-1776 and in 1782-1787. Dr Storrs's more important published works were: John Wycliffe and the First English Bible (1880), The Recognition of the Supernatural in Letters and in Life (1881), Bernard of Clairvaux (1892), and Foundation Truths of American Missions (1897).
See Charles Storrs, The Storrs Family (New York, 1886).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Storey

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​STOREY (equivalents are Fr. étage, Ital. piano, Ger. Stock), the term in architecture given to the floor of a building, and employed generally when referring to a number of floors one above the other; thus a building may be of two, three or more storeys high. It used to be applied to a series of apartments on one floor, which are now generally known as a flat. “Storey” or “story” is from O. Fr. estorée, building, estorer, to build, equip, furnish, store, from Lat. staurare, only seen in compound instaurare, to repair, restore, ultimately from root sta, to stand. “Story,” a tale or narrative, is a shortened form of “history.”
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stornoway

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​STORNOWAY (Norse, Stjarna vagr, “Stjarna's Bay”), the chief and largest town in the western islands and also the principal town of the county of Ross and Cromarty. Pop. (1901), 3852. It is situated on the east coast of Lewis, at the head of a capacious harbour with ample quays and wharves, accessible at all tides and available for steamers of 3000 tons burden. The harbour is protected by two headlands, on the more southerly of which—Arnish Point—stands a lighthouse. From the end of this point there juts out a line of rocks on the extremity of which a beacon, 32 ft. high, has been erected, which is illuminated by means of a light thrown on to a prism in the lantern from the light in the lighthouse. Stornoway was made a burgh of barony by James VI., and is also a police burgh. It is the centre of the Outer Hebrides fishery district, and during the herring season the population is trebled. Among the public buildings are Lewis Hospital, Mossend Hospital, the Court House, the Drill Hall, the Masonic Hall, a commodious structure in which the public library is housed, and the fish mart. Stornoway Castle, overlooking the town from a height on the west side, is a handsome castellated mansion in the Tudor style, built as the residence of Sir James Matheson.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Story, John

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​STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571), English martyr, was educated at Oxford, where he became lecturer on civil law in 1535, being made later principal of Broadgates Hall, afterwards Pembroke College. He appears to have disavowed his Roman Catholic opinions just after the accession of Edward VI., but having been chosen a member of parliament in 1547 he gained notoriety by his opposition to the act of uniformity in 1548. For crying out “Woe unto thee, O land, when thy king is a child,” he was imprisoned by the House of Commons, but he was soon released and went into exile. Returning to England in 1553, he resigned his position at Oxford, which was now that of regius professor of civil law, and was made chancellor of the dioceses of London and of Oxford and dean of arches. Queen Mary being now on the throne, Story was one of her most active agents in prosecuting heretics, and was one of her proctors at the trial of Cranmer at Oxford in 1555. Under Elizabeth he was again returned to parliament, but in 1560 he underwent a short imprisonment for boasting about his work in the former reign. In 1563 he was again arrested, but managed to escape to Flanders, where he became a pensioner of Philip II. of Spain. The duke of Alva authorized him to exclude certain classes of books from the Netherlands and, in 1570, while engaged in this work, he was decoyed on to a ship at Antwerp and conveyed to Yarmouth. In spite of his claim that he was a Spanish subject, he was tried for high treason, and executed at Tyburn on the 1st of June 1571. In 1886 Story was beatified by papal decree.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Store

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​STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore), a stock or supply of provisions, goods or other necessaries kept for future daily or recurrent use or for a specific purpose; thus the term applies equally to the domestic supply of provisions, &c., and to the accumulated stock of arms, ammunition, clothing, food, &c., kept for the general use of a navy or army. A common secondary meaning is that of the place where a supply or stock is kept, a storehouse, and thus the term is used particularly in the country districts of America for the general shop where goods of all kinds are sold by retail. In English the term “stores” has come into use for large general shops with many departments selling all kinds of goods.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Storm, Theodor Woldsen

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​STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888), German poet and novelist, was born at Husum, in Schleswig, on the 14th of September 1817. Having studied jurisprudence at Kiel and Berlin, where he formed a close friendship with the brothers Theodor and Tycho Mommsen, he settled in his native town as advocate; but, owing to his German sympathies, lost his post in 1853. Entering the Prussian service as assessor at Potsdam, he was appointed district judge at Heiligenstadt. After the ​Danish War of 1864 Storm returned to Husum, and after filling various judicial appointments in the district, retired on a pension and died at Hademarschen on the 4th of July 1888. Storm is hardly less remarkable as a lyric poet than as a novelist. As the former, he made his début, with the two Mommsens, with Liederbuch dreier Freunde (1843); but his Gedichte (1852; 12th edition, 1900) first obtained for him general recognition. As a novelist he gained his first great success with Immensee (1852; 51st edition, 1901); and this was followed by numerous other short stories. He was never weary of painting the scenes of rustic simplicity and the quiet joys of the simple life. He is at his best when dealing retrospectively with episodes and incidents from his own earlier life. Later he passed to psychological problems with Aquis submersus (1877) and Zur Chronik von Grieshuus (1884), and made a deep impression with his fantastic Schimmelreiter (1888).
Storm's Gesammelte Schriften appeared in 19 vols. between 1868 and 1889; new edition in 8 vols. (1898). His correspondence with E. Mörike was published in 1891, with G. Keller in 1904. See E. Schmidt, Charakteristiken, i. (1886); also P. Schütze, Theodor Storm, sein Leben und seine Dichtung (1887); F. Wehl, Theodor Storm, ein Bild seines Lebens und Schaffens (1888); A. Biese, Th. Storm und der moderne Realismus (1888); and P. Remer, Theodor Storm als norddeutscher Dichter (1897).
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Huang-yen

​66Chang Huang-yen 張煌言. Died A.D. 1668. The last adherent of the Mings on the Chehkiang coast. A chü jen of the 鄞 Yin District, he embraced the cause of the Prince of La, and rose to be his President of the Board of War. At the head of a naval force he made an incursion up the Yang-tsze, and later on he assisted Koxinga in his raid on Chinkiang, Wuhu, etc. After Koxinga's death, he maintained his independence on the small and barren island of 懸嶴 Hsüan-ao, using trained apes to warn him of the approach of the enemy, and harassing the neighbouring coast of Chehkiang. At length he was betrayed by a lieutenant into the hands of Chao T'ing-ch'ên, who kept him in honourable confinement until his death.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang I-chih

​72Chang I-chih 張易之 (T. 五郎). Died A.D. 705. Elder brother of Chang Ch'ang-tsung (q. v.) When the latter had gained the favour of the Empress Wu Hou, he told her Majesty that he had an elder brother who was much cleverer than himself and knew a great deal about the elixir of life. Accordingly Chang I-chih was sent for, and by his beauty and address at once won the heart of the Empress, who conferred upon him various high posts and finally ennobled him as Duke.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Hsün (張巡)

​63Chang Hsün 張巡. A.D. 709 - 757. A native of Nan-yang in Honan, who as a youth was very fond of military studies. He graduated as chin shih about 735, and entered upon a public career. Employed in military operations against the Turkic tribes he departed from all time-honoured tactics, complaining that it was impossible to fight these barbarians according to fixed rules; they would persist in attacking him when unprepared! His discipline, however, was so perfect that one of his officers, named 萬春 Wan Ch'un, is said to have received six arrows in his face without budging from the post which had been assigned to him. In 756 the rebellion of An Lu-shan brought him to the front. He fought many battles and performed prodigies of valour, not without ​receiving many wounds. The climax was reached by his heroic defence of 睢陽 Sui-yang against An Lu-shan's son. Hemmed in on all sides, provisions ran short; but he would not yield. He even sacrificed his favourite concubine, without avail. At length the enemy broke in upon his enfeebled garrison; and as he scorned to own allegiance to the conqueror, he was at once put to death. During the siege his patriotic rage had caused him to grind his teeth with such fury that after his death all but three or four were found to be worn down to the very gums!
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Hêng

​54Chang Hêng 張衡 (T. 平子). A.D. 78–139. An eminent astronomer and mathematician of the Han dynasty, said by ​some to have been the son of Chang Tao-ling. He graduated as chü jen about A.D. 100, but declined to take office, and gave himself up to scientific studies. The Emperor An Ti, hearing of his fame, summoned him to Court and appointed him Grand Historiographer. The Emperor Shun Ti continued him in this post, and subsequently advanced him to still higher rank. He constructed an armillary sphere, and wrote a treatise on astronomy, entitled 靈憲, besides poetry and miscellaneous treatises.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Hêng-ch'ü

​56Chang Hêng-ch'ü 張横渠. A teacher of old, who when expounding the Canon of Changes, always had a tiger's skin spread for himself to sit upon.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Hui-yen

​67Chang Hui-yen 張惠言 (T. 皋文). A.D. 1760–1802. A native of Kiangsu. Graduated in 1799, and was employed in a ​Board. Well known for his valuable commentary upon the Canon of Changes, in which he advocated the views of the Han scholars.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Hung-hung

​69Chang Hung-hung 張紅紅. 9th cent. A.D. Concubine to 韋靑 Wei Ch'ing, and a famous musical genius. She was taken into the harem of the Emperor Ching Tsung of the T'ang dynasty, and received the sobriquet of 記曲娘子.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Hua

​65Chang Hua 張華 (T. 茂先). A.D. 232-300. A native of 方城 Fang-ch'eng in Chihli, who flourished as a scholar and statesman under the Chin dynasty. Left a poor orphan, he had to support himself by tending sheep; but his abilities soon attracted attention, and a well-to-do neighbour gave him his daughter to ​wife and enabled him to complete his education. His poems were much admired by Yüan Chi and 陳留 Ch'ên Liu, and he was brought to the notice of Ssŭ-ma Chao (q. v.); from which date his rise in the public service was rapid, until at length he became Minister of State and was ennobled. As Director of the Court of Sacrificial Worship he suffered disgrace because one of the beams in the Imperial Temple happened to break, for which he was cashiered; however on the accession of the Emperor Hui Ti in 290 he was appointed Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. He was put to death by the Prince of Chao, when the latter took up arms against the tyranny of the Empress 賈 Chia, whose cause Chang Hua refused to abandon. He was profoundly learned, and when he changed houses it took thirty carts to carry his library. Author of the 博物志, a collection of articles on various topics of interest. It appears to have perished during the Sung dynasty, and the modern work which passes under that name was probably compiled from extracts found in other books. See Lin Han.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Hung-fan

​68Chang Hung-fan 張弘範 (T. 仲疇). Died A.D. 1279. A general under the Yüan dynasty, chiefly famous for his defeat of the last remaining forces of the expiring Sung dynasty at their final refuge in Kuangtung, where he is said to have captured 8,000 of the enemy's vessels (see Lu Hsiu-fu, Chang Shih-chieh). He was canonised as 武畧, afterwards changed to 武忠.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Hsün (張浚)

​64Chang Hsün 張浚 (T. 德遠). Died A.D. 1164. An official of high repute under the Emperors Ch'in Tsung and Kao Tsung of the Sung dynasty. Graduating as chin shih, he rose to hold various important civil and military posts, and was successful on several occasions in checking the incursions of the Chin$^a$ Tartars, notably in 1118 and 1126. He was all for war and extermination, and would hear of no compromise with these enemies of his country. In reference to his mission of defence to Shensi and Ssŭch'uan, Chao Ting said of him that he had "repaired the heavens and cleansed the sun." In 1137 he fell a victim to the intrigues of Ch'in Kuei, whose policy he steadily opposed, and was sent to 永 Yung-chou in Hunan, where he remained until the death of his rival in 1155. He was then recalled, and once more played a leading but ineffectual part. He was ennobled as Duke, and afterwards raised to the rank of Prince. He was deeply read, especially in the Canon of Changes, on which he wrote a commentary. Canonised as 忠鬳.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thomar

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​THOMAR, a town of central Portugal, in the district of Santarem; on the river Nabão, a tributary of the Zezere, 4 m. from Paialvo railway station, which is 89 m. N.E. of Lisbon ​by the main line to Oporto. Pop. (1900), 6888. Thomar contains examples of the best Portuguese architecture from the 12th century to the 17th. The ruined castle of the Knights Templar, given to that order in 1159, is said to occupy the site of the ancient Nabantia. On the suppression of the Templars, who had done good service against the Moors, King Diniz of Portugal founded the Order of Christ in 1314. The convent palace of the Knights of Christ includes a church and cloister dating from the 12th century, two cloisters and a chapter-house added in the 15th century by Prince Henry the Navigator, a very fine 16th century church built in the Manoellian or Manueline style by João de Castilho, to which the older church served as a chancel, and other buildings erected later. The convent contains Flemish and Portuguese paintings of the 16th century, of the so-called “Grão Vasco” school. Its aqueduct, 3 m. long, was built 1595–1615. Other interesting buildings are the churches of Santa Maria do Olival, rebuilt in the Gothic style in 1450 on the site of an older Templar foundation; São João Baptista, also Gothic, built in 1490, but with Manoellian additions; Nossa Senhora da Conçeição, Renaissance of 1579; and the palace of Prince Henry the Navigator, restored in the 16th century by Queen Catherine, widow of John III.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thomas, Charles Louis Ambroise

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​THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811–1896), French musical composer, was born at Metz on the 5th of August 1811. He studied at the Paris Conservatoire, and won the Grand Prix de Rome in 1832. Five years later (in 1837) his first opera, La Double échelle, was produced at the Opéra Comique. For the next five-and-twenty years Thomas’s productivity was incessant, and most of his operatic works belonging to this period enjoyed an ephemeral popularity. A few of these are still occasionally heard on the continent, such as Le Caïd (1849), Le Songe d'une nuit d'été (1850), Psyché (1857). The overture to Raymond (1851) has remained popular. So far the composer’s operatic career had not been marked by any overwhelming success. He occupied a place among the recognized purveyors of operas in the French capital, but could scarcely claim to having achieved European renown. The production of Mignon at the Opéra Comique in 1866, however, at once raised Ambroise Thomas to the position of one of the foremost French composers. Goethe’s touching tale had very happily inspired the musician; Mme Galli Marié, the original interpreter of the title-rôle, had modelled her conception of the part upon the well-known picture by Ary Scheffer, and Mignon at once took the fancy of the public, its success being repeated all over the continent. It has since remained one of the most popular operas belonging to the second half of the 19th century. Thomas now attempted to turn Shakespeare’s Hamlet to operatic account. His opera of that name was produced with success at the Paris Opéra in 1868, where it enjoyed a long vogue. If the music is scarcely adequate to the subject, it nevertheless contains some of the composer’s best work. The scene of the esplanade is genuinely dramatic, the part of Ophelia is poetically conceived, and the ballet music is very brilliant. Ambroise Thomas’s last opera, Françoise de Rimini, was given at the Opera in 1882, but has not maintained itself in the répertoire. Seven years later La Tempête, a ballet founded on Shakespeare’s play, was produced at the same theatre. Ambroise Thomas succeeded Auber as director of the Paris Conservatoire in 1871. His music is often distinguished by refined touches which reveal a sensitive mind, and there is a distinct element of poetry in his Mignon and Hamlet, two operas that should suffice to keep the composer’s memory green for some time to come. He died on the 12th of February 1896. (A. He)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tholobate

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​THOLOBATE (Gr. θόλος, a circular structure, dome, and βάσις, a base), the architectural term given to the cylindrical drum on which a dome is raised. In the earlier Byzantine churches, the dome rested direct on the pendentives and the windows were pierced in the dome itself; in later examples, between the pendentive and the dome an intervening circular wall was built, in which the windows were pierced, and this is the type which was universally employed by the architects of the Renaissance, of whose works the best-known examples are those of St Peter at Rome, St Paul's in London, and the churches of the Invalides, the Val de Grace and the Sorbonne in Paris.