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# The New Europe/Volume 6/Number 74/"Those who live in glass houses ...."

“Those who live in glass houses. . . .”
The recently founded London organ of the Polish National Democrats, Tygodnik Polski, in its issue of 11 March, has contrived to combine its attacks upon rival Polish groups with a peculiarly gross insinuation against The New Europe and our collaborator “N,” who, we are informed, is a kindred spirit of Bronstein (i.e., Trotski), Rosenfeld, Apfelbaum and Sobelson of the Russian Revolution. ‘N’ is expressing the same ideas as Vigo in Le Bonnet Rouge and Laudau in La Tranchée Républicaine.” The best answer to this stupid charge is “N.’s” exposure of German Eastern policy in our present number. As for The New Europe itself, we are really not afraid of our readers suspecting us of Germanophil tendencies. Nor are we disposed to accept correction at the hands of the individuals whose chief military supporters in Russia, after loud professions of loyalty to the Allied cause and violent denunciation of all who dared to disagree with them, have, not many weeks ago, joined hands with the advancing German armies. We would merely remind Messrs. Dmowski, Kozicki, Sobanski, and their friends of the “Polish National Committee,” that if they wish to impress public opinion in this country they will do well to avoid methods of political controversy and political tactics which savour all too strongly of Warsaw at the height of the Tsarist régime.
Printed for CONSTABLE & Co. Ltd., by Eyre & Spottiswoode, Ltd., His Majesty’s Printers, East Harding Street, E.C 4.
This work was published in 1918 and is anonymous or pseudonymous due to unknown authorship. It is in the public domain in the United States as well as countries and areas where the copyright terms of anonymous or pseudonymous works are 105 years or less since publication.
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# The New Europe/Volume 6/Number 74/Maxim Gorki on Lenin

* related portals: Russian Revolution.
* related authors: Vladimir Ilyich Lenin.
Maxim Gorki on Lenin
Maxim Gorki, whose whole life has been a struggle for the Russian Revolution, finds himself disillusioned at the tyranny of the Bolševik chiefs. Early in February his quarrel with Lenin reached a head, as the result of an article containing the following home truths:— “Lenin,” he wrote, seeks to introduce in Russia the Socialist régime à la Nećaiev” [the famous Nihilist conspirator of the seventies]—” in other words, to let the train run at full steam through the marshes. Fancying themselves to be veritable Napoleons, the Lenins, great and small, are going mad and completing the process of the destruction of Russia. Certainly Lenin is a man of extraordinary force. For 25 years on end he has kept in the front ranks of those struggling for the triumph of the Socialist idea. He is a man of genius, possessing all the qualities of a leader, and he does not know the meaning of morality. Certainly, like a real grand seigneur, Lenin despises the complicated life of the masses, of which he knows nothing at all. He has never lived in close contact with the people; and through books he has not succeeded in understanding the masses. But it is just this fact that makes him capable of rousing into fury the lowest instincts of the working classes. I believe it to be absolutely impossible, with present conditions and the material which we have, to create a Socialist State. But why not try? What does the grand seigneur Lenin risk, by forcing the people to make this experiment? The risk only exists for these masses whom Lenin despises. . . .”
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# The New Europe/Volume 6/Number 70/The Smuts Mission

* related portals: World War I.
* related authors: Jan Christiaan Smuts.
The Smuts Mission
On 7 February Justice published a note, entitled “Secret Diplomacy and Secret Betrayal,” in which the writer revealed the fact of General Smuts’ recent mission to Switzerland in the following sentence: “We have known for the past two weeks and more that General Smuts was engaged, as a member of our War Cabinet, in negotiations for peace with Austria, who was represented by Count Mensdorff.” The result of these conversations must have been disconcerting to the Government. And we hope that Downing Street has now learned, what is evident to all well-informed people, that a separate peace with Austria is not only undesirable, but unobtainable except on impossible terms. Rumour has it that General Smuts offered inducements to Count Mensdorff which were a flagrant violation of German rights: and we are not surprised that, in consequence, Counts Hertling and Czernin addressed their subsequent speeches over the head of the British Government to President Wilson. The only result of the Smuts’ mission has been to suggest to Germany that Great Britain is more ready to give up the struggle than she thought. Count Hertling’s arrogant tone is the measure of the ineptitude of this latest adventure in secret diplomacy.
Printed for CONSTABLE & Co. LTD., by Eyre & Spottiswoode, Ltd., His Majesty’s Printers, East Harding Street, E.C. 4.
This work was published in 1918 and is anonymous or pseudonymous due to unknown authorship. It is in the public domain in the United States as well as countries and areas where the copyright terms of anonymous or pseudonymous works are 105 years or less since publication.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Hume, Rev. Robert A

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​Hume, Rev. Robert A, M.A., D.D., veteren American Missionary of Ahmednagar; b, Bombay, 1847; proud of being called an Indian; educ: Yale University; received his B.A., M.A. and D.D, degress; returned to India, 1874; developed the Ahmedhnagar Theological Seminary; Editor, “Dhyanodaya”, an Anglo-marathi weekly of Bombay. Publica “modern View”. Address: Ahmednagar, Bombay, India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Hunt, Maj.-Gen. Robert Augustus Carew

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​Hunt, Maj.-Gen. Robert Augustus Carew; Unemployed Supernumerary List; b. Hamburg, 1838; s, of late Henry Carew Hunt of Stoke Gabriel, Devon; m. 1878, Annie, d, of Richard Agar of Bagnalstown, Carlow; served with 5th Bombay Light Infantry against the Taipings near Shanghai; present at the storming and capture of the entrenched camp at Wang-Kaza, 18G2; accompanied his regiment to Abyssinia, 1867; served in Afghan War, 1879-83, and commanded the 5th Bombay Light Infantry in the march to Kandahar (medal): Income and Land Tax Commissioner for Devon, 1906; Hon, Colonel. 105th Mahratta Light Infantry, 1909; J.P. for Devon. Address: Sid Abbey, Salcombe Regis, near Sidmouth, Devon.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Hunter, Lieut-Col. John Muir

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​Hunter, Lieut-Col. John Muir, C.S.I. (1899), Indian Army (retired); b. Mauritius, 1844; s. of Captain Hugh Hunter, R.N.; m. Emily Jean, d. of J. Patison Thom, Assistant Secretary, India Office, London, 1870; educ.: Royal Naval School, Newcross; King’s Coll. School, London; Royal M. Academy, Woolwich; Political Agent in Kathiawar, India, till 1901. Address: c/o Bank of England, Burlington Gardens, W.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Hutchins, Sir Philip Percival

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​Hutchins, Sir Philip Percival, C.S.I. (1880); K.C.S.I., (1891); b. London, 1838; 5th s. of William Hutchins; m. 1800, Fanny Annie, d. of B. T. Norfor; educ: Merchant Taylors School; E.I.C. College, Haileybury; joined I.C.S. in Madras, 1857; District Judge, 1872-82; called to the Bar, (Inner Temple), 1875; Judge, Madras High Court, 1883; member of Council, Madras, 1886; member of the Governor-General’s Council, 1888-93; joined India Office, as Judicial and Public Secretary, 1893; Member of Council of India, 1898, 1908, Recreations: Cricket, tennis badminton, cyling. Address: Danesfort, Camberley. Clubs: East India United Service.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Hunt, Frederick John Robert Vere

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​Hunt, Frederick John Robert Vere, Offg. Chief Judge, Travanconre (Retired); called to Bar (King’s Inn, Dublin), 1897; enrolled as Advocate, Madras High Court, 1899; Judge, Travancore High Court, and ex-officio Principal, Travancore Law College, 1900; Offg Chief Justice, Travancore High Court, 1913; retired, 1914.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Hume, Sir Robert

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​Hume, Sir Robert, K.C.B, (1887), G.C.B. (190); b, 1828; entered the Army, 1847; served in the Crimea, 1854-5; twice severely wounded; served in the Bhutan expedition, 1865; commanded Sagar District, 1874-7; Allahabad Division, 1879-80; Afghanistan Field Force, 1880-1; Quetta Division, 1881; Lahore Division, 1881-4; became Lieutenant-General, 1913. Address: c/o India Office, London.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Hunter, John Mark Somers

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​Hunter, John Mark Somers, M A. (Oxford), Ag. Principal and Professor of English, Presidency College, Madras; b, 1365; joined service as Principal, Govt. College, Mangalore, 1899; Ag. Professor of English, Presy. College, Madras, 1901; Acting Principal, Governments College, Rajahmundry, 1902; confirmed, 1903; Additional Professor of English, Presidency College, Madras, 1912; Principal and Professor of English, Presy. College, Madras, 1913. Address: Madras, India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Hunter, Lieut-Gen Sir Archibald

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​Hunter, Lieut-Gen Sir Archibald, K.C.B., (1898), D.S.O. (1886), Governor and Commander-in-Chief , Gibralter; b. 1856; educ: Glasgow Academy; Sandhurst; Joined the Army in the 4th King’s Own Royal Lancaster, 1874; eventually became Major-General, 1896; served in Egypt under Sir Francis Grenfell; wounded severely, in the battle of Giniss, 1885; also wounded slightly in the battle of Toski, 1889; on special service in Egypt; Governor of Dongola and Commandant of Frontier Field Force, 1895-99; Governor of Omdurman, 1899; won Egyptian medal and other orders; commanded 1st Class District in India, 1899; commanded 10th Division, in South Africa, 1900-1901 (despatches, twice promoted Lieut.-General); commanded in Scotland, 1901-1903; Western Army Corps, India, 1904-7; commanded Southern Army, India, 1907-9. Clubs: Naval and Military, United Service.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Huskisson, Col. Samuel George

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​Huskisson, Col. Samuel George, C.B. (1907) Indian Army (retired); b. 1837; entered Army, 1855; served Indian Mutiny, 1858-59 (medal); Bhootan Expedition, 1874-75 (medal with clasp); Perak, 1875-76 (despatches. Brevet-major); S. Africa, 1879 (medal.); Colonel, 1888; Address: 9, Worthing Road, Southsea.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Hutchinson, Colonel James Bird

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​Hutchinson, Colonel James Bird, C.S.I. (1904) Indian Army; unemployed supermerary list, 1902-5; Member of Council, Punjab; b. 1844; m. Annie Charlotte, d. of Major-General Hugh Rose, 1869; educ.: Blackheath Proprietary School; Cheltenham College; Joined South Lancashire Regt., 1863; served with 5th Ghoorka Rifles, 1865-68; ​Commissioner and Superintendent, 1894-99; Governor, Aitchison College, Lahore, 1900-5. Address: Waverley Drive, Camberley.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Astor, John Jacob (merchant)

Edition of 1905. See also John Jacob Astor on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​John Jacob Astor (1763-1848). A German-born American merchant. He was born in Waldorf, a village near Heidelberg, Germany, the son of a butcher. He followed his elder brother, first to London and then to New York, whither he went in 1783. He soon invested his small capital in furs, and by economy and industry he so increased his means that after six years he had acquired a fortune of $200,000. He traded directly with the Indians, peddling gewgaws among them, and buying their furs at a ridiculously low rate. At first he prepared the furs with his own hands and took them to the London market. He also became the New York agent of his brother's house, which dealt in musical instruments. Although the increasing influence of the English fur companies in North America was unfavorable to his plans, he ventured to fit out two expeditions to the Oregon Territory—one by land and one by sea—the purpose of which was to open up regular commercial intercourse with the natives. After many mishaps, his object was achieved in 1811, and the fur-trading station of Astoria (q.v.) was established; but the War of 1812 stopped its prosperity for a time. ​From this period Astor's commercial connections extended over the entire globe, and his ships were found in every sea. He was especially successful in the China trade. He left property amounting to $30,000,000, largely invested in real estate, which has since enormously increased in value. The Astor House, on Lower Broadway, New York, was built by him. He left a legacy of $350,000 for the establishment of a public library in New York. (See Washington Irving's Astoria and James Parton's Life of John Jacob Astor, 1865). His wealth was mainly inherited by his son, William Backhouse, who continued to augment it till his death in 1875, when it had increased to about $50,000,000. During his lifetime he made many gifts to the Astor Library, and at his death left it $250,000 and books worth $200,000. He was known as the “Landlord of New York” from the extent of his property in that city.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Aston Hall

Edition of 1905. See also Aston Hall on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ASTON HALL. Supposedly the original of Irving's Bracebridge Hall. At any rate, before it was recently sold for a museum, it was in the possession of a Birmingham gentleman by the name of Charles Holt Bracebridge. It is an old hall in the Elizabethan style.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Aston Manor

Edition of 1905. See also Aston Manor on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ASTON MAN'OR. A manufacturing town in Warwickshire, England, suburban to Birmingham (q.v.). Population, in 1891, 68,600; in 1901, 77,300.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Astor, John Jacob (capitalist)

Edition of 1905. See also John Jacob Astor IV on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ASTOR, John Jacob (1864—). An American capitalist, inventor, and soldier; the fourth of the name. He was born at Rhinebeck-on-Hudson, N. Y., graduated in 1888 at Harvard, traveled extensively, and has since been occupied chiefly with the management of the Astor estates. In 1894-96 he was on the staff of Gov. L. P. Morton, and in 1898 was commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel of United States Volunteers. During the Spanish-American War he served as a staff officer in the Santiago campaign, and presented to the Government a fully equipped mountain battery, which was named for him, and which did effective work in the campaign before Manila. He is known as an inventor of several useful devices, such as a bicycle-brake and a pneumatic road improver, and has published A Journey in Other Worlds: A Romance of the Future (1894).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Astor, William Waldorf

Edition of 1905. See also William Waldorf Astor, 1st Viscount Astor on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ASTOR, William Waldorf (1848—). The great-grandson of John Jacob Astor. He was born in New York City, and studied law in order to qualify himself for assuming the management of the Astor estate. He was elected to the New York State Assembly in 1877, and to the Senate in 1879. In 1881 he was defeated by Roswell P. Flower as a candidate for Congress. He was appointed by President Arthur minister to Italy in 1882, a post which he held till March 1, 1885. As a result of studies made at Rome, he published two romances: Valentino (1885) and Sforza (1889). On the death of his father he became the head of the family and the inheritor of the estate, estimated at $200,000,000, largely invested in real estate. He soon built two magnificent hotels, the New Netherland and the Waldorf. In 1890 he went to London to live, and in 1899 became a British subject. He bought the Pall Mall Gazette in 1893, and founded the Pall Mall Magazine.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Assam

Edition of 1905. See also Assam on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ASSAM'. A chief commissionship in the north-eastern part of British India, bordering on China, Burma, Manipur, and Bengal (Map: Burma, A 1) . Area, 52,078 square miles. The interior belongs chiefly to the valley of the Brahmaputra, while the territory on both sides of the river is mostly mountainous. Among the mountain districts are the Garo, Khasi, and Jaintia Hills. The streams are abundant and the lower lands frequently suffer inundations. The climate is moderate as regards temperature. The annual rainfall in some sections is the heaviest on the globe. The frequent occurrence of earthquakes is a great hindrance to the development of the country. A large portion of the country is covered with jungle, in which elephants, tigers, leopards, and other wild beasts are found in abundance. Large deposits of coal, iron, and petroleum are known to exist, but only the first is exploited to any extent. The soil is mostly very fertile, and the extensive forests contain numerous useful woods. The tea-plant is indigenous and tea-culture is making rapid strides. The area under tea is now about 300,000 acres,and the tea plantations are owned largely by Europeans. The great staple of agriculture is rice. The principal articles of export are rice, tea, silk, cotton, rubber, ivory, and gold. The commerce is mostly in the hands of the Jains. The population in 1901 was 6,122,201, showing an increase of 11.8 per cent. since 1891. Over 70 different languages and dialects are spoken in Assam. The seat of administration is Shillong.
The Assamese, or Ahoms, are probably a Hindu-Shan (Mongolian) mixed stock, with the Hindu element predominant. They are short and thickset, with coarse, black hair and Mongoloid face. Their language has some right to be classed as a sister-tongue of Hindi, Bengali, etc., and not as a mere dialect of the latter. It is spoken by about 4,500,000 people, the standard dialect being that of Nowgong. The Assamese literature is extremely scanty, although it employs a special alphabet of its own. The Assamese have a national festival called Baisakh Bihu, a gay occasion, in which young women especially are prominent. Besides the Assamese, the country contains a number of more primitive peoples (Lushai, etc.), whose language and folktales have recently been studied by Major Shakespeare (1898-99). Over 50 per cent. of the population are Hindu in faith. The Mohammedans number about 1,500,000.
Consult: Cooper, The Mishmee Hills (London, 1873); Hunter, Statistical Account of Assam (London, 1880); Reid, Chin-Lushai Land (Calcutta, 1894); Brown, Grammatical Notes on the Assamese Language (Nowgong, 1893); Bronson, Dictionary in Assamese and English (Sibsagor, 1867).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Aston, William George

Edition of 1905. See also William George Aston on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AS'TON, William George (1841—). An Irish philologist and diplomat, born near Londonderry in 1841. He was educated (1859-63) at Queen's College, Belfast; one of his professors was Dr. James McCosh. He was appointed in 1864 student interpreter to the British Legation in Japan. He mastered the theory of the Japanese verb, and in Tokio began, with E. M. Satow, those profound researches into the Japanese language which laid the foundations of critical study in the Mikado's Empire. He held various offices in Japan until 1883; was made consul-general in Korea in 1884, and secretary of legation in Tokio in 1886. He retired on a pension in 1889. His publications include grammars of the Japanese language (1868 and 1872); a translation of the Nihongi, or Annals of Ancient Japan (1896), which show acute scholarship; A History of Japanese Literature (1899); and a great number of papers for learned societies on Korean and Japanese subjects, many of them in the Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan. His later work deals with rudimentary ethnic religions.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Astor Library

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​AS′TOR LI′BRARY. See New York Public Library.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Assassination

Edition of 1905. See also Assassination on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ASSASSINA'TION. The act of taking the life of any one by surprise or treacherous violence, either by a hired emissary, as in the case of political plots, or by a fanatic who hopes to further his ideas through the death of his victim, as in the case of anarchists (q.v.) in recent times. Generally the term is applied to the
murder of a public pprsonage by one who aims solely at the death of his victim. In ancient times assassination was not unknown, and was often even applauded, as in the scriptural instances of Ehud and Jael, and in the murder of Hipparchus by Harmodius and Aristogiton. The following list includes the most important assassinations, arranged in chronological order: Philip of Macedon, B.C. 336; Julius Cæsar, B.C. 44; Thomas à Becket, 1170; Albert I., Emperor of Germany, 1308; James I. of Scotland, 1437; Alessandro de' Medici, 1537; Cardinal Beaton, 1546; David Rizzio, 1566; Darnley, 1567; James, Earl of Murray, Regent of Scotland, 1570; William of Orange, 1584; Henry III. of France, by Jacques Clément, 1589; Henry IV. of France, by Ravaillac, 1610; Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, by Felton, 1628; Wallenstein, 1634; Archbishop Sharp, 1679; Gustavus III. of Sweden, 1792; Marat, by Charlotte Corday, 1793; General Kléber, at Cairo, 1800; Paul, Czar of Russia, 1801; Perceval, English premier, by Bellingham, 1812; Kotzebue, the dramatist, 1819; Duc de Berry, 1820; Charles III., Duke of Parma, 1854; Abraham Lincoln, by Booth, 1865; Michael, Prince of Servia, 1868; Marshal Prim, 1870; Georges Darboy, Archbishop of Paris, by communists, 1871; Earl of Mayo, Governor-General of India, 1872; Abdul Aziz, 1876; Alexander II., Czar of Russia, 1881; President J. A. Garfield, at Washington, by Guiteau, 1881; Lord Frederick Cavendish and T. H. Burke, Phoenix Park, Dublin, 1882; President Carnot of France, at Lyons, 1894; Stefan Stambuloff, in Sofia, Bulgaria, 1895; Empress Elizabeth, of Austria, at Geneva, by an anarchist, 1898; King Humbert I., of Italy, at Monza, by an anarchist, Bresci, 1900; President Williain McKinley, at Buffalo, N. Y., 1901. No mention is made here of the unsuccessful attempts at assassination, which would include nearly all the crowned heads of Europe and many of the prominent statesmen of Europe and America in the list of prospective victims. For the origin of the word, see Assassins.
# The League of Nations and Labour/end matter

The League of Nations Series
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
HUMPHREY MILFORD
# The League of Nations and primitive peoples/end matter

The League of Nations Series
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
HUMPHREY MILFORD
# The League of Nations and freedom of the seas/end matter

The League of Nations Series
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
HUMPHREY MILFORD
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Pigott, Lt.-Colonel W. B.

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​Pigott, Lt.-Colonel W. B., Commandant, 1st Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment; served in the Chin Lushai Expedition, 1889-90; served with the Tirah Expeditionary Force, 1897-98; won a medal with 2 clasps, served in the South African War and took part in the actions at ​Vet river, Zand river, Pretoria, Johannesburg, and Belfast; received Queen’s medal with six clasps.