OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Arkansas City

Edition of 1905. See also Arkansas City, Kansas on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ ARKANSAS CIT′Y. A city in Cowley Co., Kan., 55 miles south by east of Wichita; on the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fé, the Missouri Pacific, the St. Louis and San Francisco. and other railroads (Map: Kansas, F 4). It is near the confluence of the Arkansas and Walnut rivers, which are connected by a canal which furnishes water-power for manufacturing. The city is the centre of a highly productive agricultural and stock-raising country; manufactures, flour, lumber, windmills, mattresses, ice, yeast, carriages, and creamery products; and from its location near the southern boundary of Kansas, has an important trade with the Indian agencies and military posts in Indian Territory and Oklahoma. The principal features of interest are the United States Indian School, the high-school and opera-house buildings, two parks, with several bridges across the canal and the Arkansas and Walnut rivers. Settled in 1870, Arkansas City was incorporated the following year. It is governed under a revised charter of 1880, which provides for a mayor, biennially elected, and a city council. The water-works are owned and operated by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 8347; in 1900, 6140.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Arkansas River

Edition of 1905. See also Arkansas River on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ ARKANSAS RIV′ER. Next to the Missouri, the largest affluent of the Mississippi River (Map: United States, Eastern Part, G 3). It rises in Central Colorado, flows east into Kansas, and out again east of the middle of the south boundary of the same State, southeast across Oklahoma and Indian Territories, and diagonally across Arkansas, bisecting it into nearly equal parts, and emptying into the Mississippi. The river is about 2000 miles long, navigable for 650 miles, and drains an area of 188,000 square miles. Much of the water in its upper course is used for irrigation purposes. In Fremont County, in Central Colorado, it flows through the Royal Gorge, one of the deepest cañons in the United States. In its upper course the current is very rapid, but in its lower portion the bed is sandy and broad. It receives the Salt Fork and Cimarron from the west in Oklahoma, and in the Indian Territory the Canadian from the west and the Verdigris and Grand rivers from the north.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hager, Hans Hermann Julius

Edition of 1905. See also Hermann Hager on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HAGER, hä'gẽr, Hans Hermann Julius (1816-97). A German writer on pharmacy, born at Berlin. Both as editor of the Pharmazeutische Centralhalle at Berlin and as an author he did much to advance pharmaceutical science. His exposition and published analyses of secret remedies are especially valuable. His more important publications include: Handbuch der pharmazeutischen Rezeptirkunst (5th ed. 1890); Manuale Pharmaceuticum (vol. i., 6th ed. 1891; vol. ii., 3d ed. 1876); Das Mikroskop und seine Anwendung (7th ed. 1886).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Haggada

Edition of 1905. See also Haggadah on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HAGGADA, hăg-gä'dȧ (Heb., narration, from higgid, to narrate). The free rabbinical interpretation of Scripture, chiefly for homiletical purposes. Haggada is thus contrasted to Halacha (q.v.), ‘rule,’ which represents the authoritative interpretation of biblical laws for practical purposes. The Haggada developed side by side with the Halacha, and the two tendencies are found combined in the great compilation of rabbinical theology known as the Talmud (q.v.). But while the Haggadic sections in the Talmud are considerable, the great bulk of the Haggadic interpretation of the Old Testament is to be found in a number of separate compilations known as Midrashim. (See Midrash.) The oldest of these collections, adapted to the order of the biblical books, and in which the interpretations run parallel with the text, are: (1) The Mechilta, a collection of Haggadic interpretations to the Book of Exodus; (2) the Siphra to Leviticus; (3) Siphre to Numbers and Deuteronomy. Far more extensive, however, is the collection known as the Midrash Rabhah, or ‘Great Midrash,’ comprising the Haggada to the entire Pentateuch and to the five scrolls (read on the various festivals of the year), Esther, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, and Song of Songs. By the side of the compilation (concluded c.900 A.D.) may be mentioned the Pesikta to various sections of the Old Testament and the Tanchuma to the Pentateuch. On the basis of this Midrashic literature, a large number of works were produced through the Middle Ages to our own days, containing selections from the earlier compilations as well as additions and amplifications. Among these may be mentioned the Midrash Hagadol, ‘the Great Midrash,’ a Yemenitic compilation now being published by Dr. S. Schechter for the Cambridge University Press. Haggada shel Pesach is the name of a ritual, partly in Hebrew, partly in Aramaic, used on the first two evenings of the Passover, which contains, besides a brief description of the Exodus, extracts from the Scripture, the Mishna, Tosephta, Mechilta, Siphra, and the two Talmuds, and some liturgical pieces, all bearing more or less directly on the oppression in Egypt and the deliverance. Originally within very small compass, it has been extended to its present larger size by subsequent centuries. Two Piutim, or religious poems, were added in the eleventh century, and four more Hebrew and Aramaic songs (the last originally a German Volkslied) as late as the fourteenth century. Consult: Winter and Wünsche, Die jüdische Litteratur (Trier, 1894); Karpeles, Geschichte der jüdischen Litteratur (Berlin, 1886); Steinschneider, Jewish Literature (Eng. trans. London, 1857); Chenery, “Legends from the Midrash,” in Loewy, Miscellanies of Hebrew Literature
(London, 1877); Bacher, Die Aggada der Tannaiten (2 vols., Strassburg, 1884-90).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Haimonskinder

Edition of 1905. See also The four sons of Aymon on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HAIMONSKINDER, hī'mṓns-kĭn'dẽr. A popular German romance which appeared at Cologne in 1604 under the title Ein schöne und lüstige Histori von den vier Heymonskindern. It was largely an adaptation of a version current in the Netherlands and based on a French original. A previous German adaptation (1535) was based directly on the prose romance Les quatre fils Aymon. See Aymon.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hagerstown

Edition of 1905. See also Hagerstown, Maryland on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HA'GERSTOWN. A city and the county-seat of Washington County, Md., 87 miles west by north of Baltimore: on the Baltimore and Ohio, the Cumberland Valley, the Norfolk and Western, and the Western Maryland railroads (Map: Maryland. G 2). It is the seat of Kee Mar College for women, opened in 1852, and has the Washington County Free Library. Hagerstown is of considerable commercial importance owing to its facilities as a railroad centre. The industrial establishments include machine-shops, flour and knitting mills, pipe-organ, cigar, match, furniture, and fertilizer factories; and agricultural
implement, bicycle, spoke, and bending works. The city is governed under a charter of 1885, revised in 1895, which provides for a mayor, elected every two years, and a unicameral council. The electric-light plant is owned and operated by the municipality. Hagerstown was settled about 1740, and during the Civil War figured prominently as a base of operations. Population, in 1890, 10,118; in 1900, 13,591.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hagersville

Edition of 1905. See also Hagersville, Ontario on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HA'GERSVILLE. A town and railway junction in Haldimand County, Ontario, Can., 25 miles southwest of Hamilton (Map: Ontario, C 4). Population, in 1891, 1061; in 1901, 1020.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hagfish

Edition of 1905. See also Hagfish on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HAGFISH, or HAG (ME. hagge, hegge, from AS. hægtes, witch, MDutch haghetisse, OHG. hagazussa, Ger. Hexe, hag, witch; apparently connected with provincial Eng. hag, AS. haga, Dutch haag, Ger. Hag, inclosure, coppice). Any of several species of roundmouths (see Cyclostomi) that live parasitic upon fishes, and structurally are closely related to the lamprey (q.v.). They are eel-shaped in form and individuals of the genus Bdellostoma may reach a length of three feet. The common hag or ‘slime-eel’ (Myxine glutinosa) may grow to be eighteen inches long, and is found on both coasts of the North Atlantic south to Cape Cod. The mouth is formed by a mere membranous ring with a single tooth on its upper part, while the tongue is furnished with two rows of strong teeth, and also performs the office of a piston in the use of the mouth as a sucker. Around the mouth are eight tentacles. The skin is smooth and capable of secreting an enormous amount of mucus. There is only a membranous caudal fin. The eyes are very rudimentary and sunk beneath the skin. The six gill-pouches empty separately internally into the pharynx, but externally by a single tube. There are no bones; the skeleton is membranous and cartilaginous. The eggs are large, are inclosed in a horny case, and bear hooked processes at each end for attachment to
weeds, etc. Myxine is hermaphroditic; the young animal produces sperms, and, later in life, ova. By means of the mouth the hags bore their way into the body of fishes, especially halibut and flounders, consuming them, leaving only the entrails, skeleton, and skin; hence another common name is ‘borer.’
The hag on the west coast of America (Polistotrema Stouti) is hated by the fishermen, because of its destruction of fishes caught in nets, and its ugly appearance. It is about fourteen inches long. See Plate of Lampreys and Dogfish.
* HAGFISH (Myxine glutinosa).
* 1. Outline of the hag, showing: the two ventral openings
* (h) by which the water escapes from the gills. 2. Anterior
* portion of the body laid open on the ventral side to show
* the branchial sacs. æ, gullet laid open, showing on each
* side the six apertures by which the water is conducted to
* the corresponding branchial pouches (g); d, one of the
* efferent ducts by which the water is conducted away from
* the branchial pouches; cd, common efferent duct on the
* left side, opening on the ventral surface by a branchial
* pore (p or h of Fig. 1); gd, special canal developed on the
* left side only, and leading from the gullet into the common
* branchial duct; n, unpaired nostril, with its
* “barbels;” m, mouth.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Haillan, Bernard de Girard

Edition of 1905. See also Bernard de Girard Haillan on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HAILLAN, ī'äN', Bernard de Girard (c.1535-1610). A French historian, born in Bordeaux. He occupied a number of political offices before Charles IX. appointed him historiographer of France, in which position he was confirmed by Henry III., who liked him so well, despite his vanity and selfishness, that he made him genealogist of the Order of the Holy Ghost, and gave him a pension of 1200 crowns. His chief work is L'histoire générale des rois de France jusqu'à Charles VII. inclusivement (1576), which ran through many editions.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hailmann, William Nicholas

Edition of 1905. See also William Nicholas Hailmann on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HAILMANN, hāl'mȧn, William Nicholas (1836—). An American educator, born in the Canton of Glarus, Switzerland. He studied in the gymnasium at Zurich, Switzerland, and with a tutor, and in 1855 entered the Medical College at Louisville, Ky. He taught in the Louisville High School from 1856 to 1865; was director of the German and English Academy at Louisville from 1865 to 1873, of the German and English Academy at Milwaukee from 1873 to 1878, and of the German-American Seminary at Detroit from 1878 to 1883, when he became superintendent of public schools at La Porte, Ind., a position which he held until 1894. From 1894 to 1898 he was the National Superintendent of Indian Schools, and in 1898 was appointed superintendent of instruction at Dayton, Ohio. His publications, many of which are on educational subjects, include: Outlines of a System of Object Teaching (1866); History of Pedagogy (1870); Kindergarten Culture (1872); Letters to a Mother (1876); Early Education (1878); Primary Helps (1884); Primary Methods (1887); Application of Psychology to Teaching (1887); and Place and Development of Purpose in Education (1899), He also translated Froebel, The Education of Man (1890); and edited the Erziehungsblätter (1870-83) and The Kindergarten Messenger and New Education (1876-83).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Oils

See also Oil on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Oils, a term used to indicate a large class of compounds. The more common animal and vegetable oils, which are the fatty or fixed oils, are all compounds of glycerine with fatty acids. The term fats is usually given to the solid forms, and oils to the fluid. The solid fats, however, become fluid when heated. All these fats and oils are lighter than water and will not mix with it. They penetrate paper or cloth, making it partly transparent, and leaving what is known as a grease-spot. When pure and fresh they usually have little or no taste or smell; but, when exposed to the air, they become darker in color, have a disagreeable taste and smell, and are called rancid. As examples of vegetable oils we have cottonseed-oil, linseed-oil, olive-oil, almond-oil and cocoa-butter. Linseed is brought largely from Russia and India; Africa supplies palm-oil; India and the Pacific islands cocoanut-oil; while the best olive-oil is brought from Italy. In animal oils the principal ones are butter, lard, tallow, neatsfoot-oil and sperm-oil. Tallow is the fat of oxen and sheep, melted and purified. Lard, obtained from the hog, is one of the great products of the United States, 60,000 tons yearly being sent to Great Britain alone. Neatsfoot-oil is produced by boiling the feet of cattle. Sperm-oil and other fish-oils are obtained from different varieties of fish and sea animals, as the whale, seal, cod, shark or herring. The uses of the different oils are very numerous: as food and in the preparation of food, in soap-making, painting, machinery and in a thousand other ways they are of great importance. There is a large class of substances known as the essential or volatile oils which resemble the fats somewhat in their properties, particularly in not mixing with water. They make a grease-spot on paper which is not permanent. These are quite varied in composition, are more or less volatile and have strong and characteristic odors. Oils of turpentine, lemon and wintergreen are examples of a great number of these products which are largely used as solvents, for flavoring, in perfumery and in medicine. For mineral oils see Petroleum.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ohio State University

See also Ohio State University on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Ohio State University, at Columbus, was organized as Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College, and was opened in 1873. By legislation in 1878 the name was changed to The Ohio State University. The university is maintained by an annual grant from the United States and permanent annual grants from the state. It comprises colleges of agriculture, arts, philosophy and science, engineering, law and veterinary medicine. The university is open to both sexes, and is nonsectarian. The instructors number 233, the students 3,181. It has a library comprising 70,000 volumes and an annual income of over $690,000.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Oil City, Pa.

See also Oil City, Pennsylvania on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Oil City, Pa., a town lying on both sides of Allegheny River. It lies 133 miles northeast of Pittsburg, is in the oil-region, and is one of the largest oil-markets of the state. It has oil-refineries, engine and boiler factories and large manufactories of barrels. It has public and (R. C.) parochial schools, and among its noteworthy buildings are the Oil-Exchange, the Standard Oil Company’s office, Carnegie library and several churches. In 1892 the town was visited by an unusual catastrophe: a flood of burning oil from Titusville. Over $1,000,000 worth of property was destroyed. Population 15,657.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Oil-Wells

See also the disclaimer.
​ Oil-Wells. See Petro′leum.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ogowe

See also Ogooué River on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ O′gowe″ or Ogoway, a river in the western part of Africa, that flows into the Atlantic near Cape Lopez. In the rainy season it is a deep, broad stream, though numerous islands and sand-banks prevent large vessels from ascending it. In the dry season it shrinks to a narrow current. The river was discovered by Du Chaillu in 1856.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Oglethorpe, James Edward

See also James Oglethorpe on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ O′glethorpe, James Edward, an English general and founder of Georgia, was born at London, Dec. 21, 1698. He served in the army, and was thirty years in Parliament. He planned a colony in America as a refuge for debtors, then imprisoned in jails, and for persecuted German Protestants. George II gave the land, which was named Georgia after him, Parliament contributed $50,000, and in 1733 he took out 130 persons and founded Savannah. Another party, including the two Wesleys, went out in 1735, and in 1738 Ogelthorpe returned to Georgia with a regiment of 600 men, in anticipation of a war with Spain. He invaded Florida, was unsuccessful in an attack on St. Augustine, but repulsed a Spanish invasion of Georgia. He left the colony in 1743, and surrendered the charter to the British government in 1752. He died in England, Jan. 30, 1785. See Life by Bruce.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ohio (river)

See also Ohio River on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Ohio, a river of the United States, one of the largest branches of the Mississippi. It was named by the French explorers La Belle Riviére (The Beautiful River). It is formed by the union of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers at Pittsburg, Pa., and flows southwest 975 miles, joining the Mississippi at Cairo, Illinois. It is from 400 to 3,000 feet wide, spreading out so as to become quite shallow in dry seasons. It is subject to floods from the accumulation of snows in the mountains near its headwaters; there is a series of terraces along the banks, which have evidently been the bed of the river. The boundary between Ohio, Indiana and Illinois on the north and West Virginia and Kentucky to the south is formed by the Ohio. At Louisville are falls, which are passed by means of a ship-canal. The river is navigable for its entire length, and carries enormous fleets of boats laden with coal, besides other products of the regions.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ohm, Georg Simon

See also Georg Ohm on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Ohm (ōm), Georg Simon, a German mathematician and physicist, was born at Erlangen, March 16, 1787, and died at Münich, July 7, 1854. He was educated at the university of his native town, where he took his doctor's degree in 1811. In 1827 he published his great work on the galvanic circuit, in which he proved the simple relation existing between current, resistance and electromotive force, a relation known as Ohm's law. For this discovery Ohm was awarded the Copley medal by the Royal Society in 1841. In 1846-49 Kirchhoff extended this law and established two theorems known as Kirchhoff's laws, which include Ohm's as a special case. In acoustics Ohm discovered that the ear of itself analyzes any complex sound into simple tones in the manner contemplated in Fourier's theorem, a fact which later proved of ​great importance in the hands of Helmholtz. In 1852 Ohm was appointed to the chair of physics at the University of Munich. His most important work, by all odds, is his theorem concerning the galvanic circuit.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ojibways

See also Ojibwa on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Ojib′ways or Chip′pewas, a large tribe of North American Indians belonging to the Algonquin family and living around Lakes Huron and Superior. They usually were at war with the Sioux and Iroquois, driving the Sioux from the sources of the Mississippi. They sided with the French, taking part in Pontiac’s War; and in the Revolutionary War they fought with the British. They came as far east as Lake Erie, but gave up all their lands in Ohio in 1817. They numbered about 18,000. Their lands have gradually been ceded to the United States, and most of the tribe are on lands west of the Mississippi. Their history has been written by two members of their tribe. See Peter Jones’s History of the Ojibway Indians.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Amazons

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​ Am'azons, in Greek legend, a war-like race of women living in Asia Minor near the shore of the Black Sea. The mythical town of Themiscyra, on the river Thermodon, was the capital of their state. Their name probably came from a Greek word, meaning breastless, and referred to their habit of cutting off the right breast to give them greater freedom in the use of the bow. The Greeks told a number of stories of their contests with these women. The heroes, Bellerophon and Hercules, defeated them, and Theseus of Athens captured their princess Antiope. In revenge they invaded Attica and were defeated. They also fought in the Trojan War against the Greeks, and Achilles engaged in single combat and slew their queen, Penthesilea. They are represented in Greek sculpture armed with a bow, spear and axe, and carrying a half-shield.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ambrose, Saint

See also Ambrose on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Ambrose, Saint, one of the most prominent of the bishops of the early Christian church. He was born in Gaul about 340 A. D., and was educated for the profession of law. He was appointed preset of Liguria and Æmilia, and chose Milan as his residence. When the bishop of Milan died in 374, there was a great struggle between the orthodox and the Arian Christians in regard to the succession. Finally, Ambrose was unanimously elected, although he was not a priest. He accepted the office reluctantly, disposed of his property, and at once devoted himself to those studies which would prepare him for his office. His life was one of struggle as he opposed those in Rome, who wished to restore the worship of heathen gods, also the Arian sect which denied the divinity of Christ; and he even went on embassies to the northern tribes, which were planning to attack Italy. When the emperor, Theodosius, ordered the massacre of the Thessalonians in 390, Ambrose compelled him to perform penance for eight months, and exacted the promise that thereafter a period of thirty days should intervene before any sentence of death was executed. Ambrose left a large number of writings whose object was to defend and extend the Christian religion. It was through his preaching that Augustine was converted. He was the author of a kind of singing called the Ambrosian chant. He died in 397.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ament

See also Catkin on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Am′ent. The characteristic flower cluster of birches, alders, willows, etc. See Inflorescence.