OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ellwood, Thomas

Edition of 1905. See also Thomas Ellwood on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ELL'WOOD, Thomas (1639-1714). An English writer. He joined the Quakers, and his zeal for the sect and denunciation of the Established Church brought upon him much persecution. He himself was equally intolerant of any division in the Quaker ranks. He was an intimate friend of Milton, and his comment upon reading the manuscript of Paradise Lost suggested to the poet the idea of Paradise Regained. Ellwood was the author of a number of polemical works, among them Forgery no Christianity (1674); two tracts attacking Thomas Hicks the Baptist; The Foundation of Tithes Shaken (1678); Sacred Histories of the Old and New Testaments; and an Autobiography (1714).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Elizabeth Islands

Edition of 1905. See also Elizabeth Islands on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ELIZABETH ISLANDS. A group of 10 small inlands belonging to Massachusetts, lying southwest of Barnstable County and between Buzzard's Bay and Vineyard Sound (Map: Massachusetts, F 5). They form the town of Gosnold, Dukes County, and cover 14 square miles. The islands, of which Naushon and Nashawena are the two largest, have a fine climate and scenery and afford excellent fishing. They are popular summer resorts. Permanent population, in 1900, 164. On Cuttyhunk Island the foundations of the first English colony of New England were laid in 1602 by Bartholomew Gosnold, only to be abandoned the same year.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ellis, George Edward

Edition of 1905. See also George Edward Ellis on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ELLIS, George Edward (1814-94). An American historian and editor, he was born in
Boston, was educated at Harvard College and Divinity School, graduating at the latter in 1836; spent several years in study and travel in Europe, and from 1840 to 1869, when he resigned, was pastor of the Harvard Unitarian Church, Charlestown, Mass. From 1857 to 1863 he was professor of systematic theology in the Harvard Divinity School. In 1864, 1871, and 1879 he was a Lowell Institute lecturer, and for a number of years was editor of the Christian Register, and later of the Christian Examiner. He was an overseer of Harvard College in 1850-54, and in 1887 was elected president of the Massachusetts Historical Society. He published lives of John Mason (1844), Anne Hutchinson (1845), and William Penn (1847); Half Century of the Unitarian Controversy (1857); The Aims and Purposes of the Founders of Massachusetts and Their Treatment of Intruders and Dissentients (1869); Memoirs of Jared Sparks (1869); and History of the Battle of Bunker Hill (1875). He wrote chapters for the Memorial History of Boston (1881); for Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of America (1886); and several articles for the ninth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ellsworth, Oliver

Edition of 1905. See also Oliver Ellsworth on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ELLSWORTH, Oliver (1745-1807). An American statesman and jurist, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1796 to 1800. He was born at Windsor, Conn., and studied at both Yale and Princeton, graduating at the latter institution in 1766. He was admitted to the Connecticut bar in 1771. In 1775 he was chosen a member of the Connecticut Legislature, in which, in the early years of the Revolution, he served as a member of the important Committee of Military Accounts. Elected to the Continental Congress in 1778, he continued to serve as a delegate until 1784, when he became a member of the Governor's Council and a judge of the State Supreme Court. In 1787, with Roger Sherman and William Samuel Johnson, he was chosen to represent Connecticut in the Constitutional Convention. As a member of this convention his most important achievement was securing the adoption of the ‘Connecticut Compromise,’ which called for a combination whereby there should be two Houses, the Upper chosen on a basis of equality between the States, and the Lower on a representative basis proportioned according to population. This plan was finally adopted by the narrow majority of one vote. On the organization of the National Government, in 1789, he was elected one of the first United States Senators from Connecticut. As chairman of the Senate Committee on Judiciary he drew up the bill which organized the judicial system of the country on the basis upon which it has ever since been maintained. As the leader of the Federalists in the Senate, he suggested to Washington the plan of sending John Jay to England in 1794 to negotiate a treaty with that country; and it was Ellsworth's influence, in the face of violent opposition, that secured the Senate's approval of the treaty after it had been negotiated. In 1796 he was appointed by Washington Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, serving until 1799, in which year he was sent, with William R. Davie and Vans Murray, as commissioner to adjust the numerous disputes that had arisen between the United States and France. The negotiations, carried on almost entirely by Ellsworth, terminated by the signing of a treaty whereby France conceded a recognition of the rights of the neutral vessels and promised indemnity for depredations on American commerce. After a year in England, during which time he resigned the Chief-Justiceship, Ellsworth returned to America. From 1802 until his death he was a member of the Governor's Council in Connecticut. On the reorganization of the Connecticut judiciary, early in 1807, he was appointed Chief Justice of the state, but died before entering
upon his duties. Consult Van Santvoord, Lives of the Chief Justices (New York, 1854).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Elizabeth Petrovna

Edition of 1905. See also Elizabeth of Russia on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ELIZABETH PETROV'NA (1709-62). Empress of Russia from 1741 to 1762. She was the daughter of Peter the Great and Catharine I., and was born December 29, 1709. On the death of her nephew. Peter II., in 1730, she suffered Anna, Duchess of Courland, daughter of Ivan V., to ascend the throne. (See Anna Ivanovna.) Anna died in 1740, and Ivan, the son of her niece Anna Karlovna (q.v.), an infant of two months, was declared Emperor, and his mother made Regent during his minority. Shortly after this a plot was formed to place Elizabeth upon the throne; the two principal agents in it were Lestocq, a surgeon, and the Marquis de la Chetardie, the French Ambassador. The officers of the army were won over, and on the night of December 5, 1741, the Regent and her husband were taken into custody, and the child Ivan was conveyed to Schlüsselburg. By eight o'clock in the morning the revolution was accomplished. La Chetardie was handsomely rewarded; and Lestocq was created first physician to the Empress, president of the College of Medicine, and Privy Councilor. Elizabeth lacked energy, knowledge,
and a love of business and allowed herself to be guided by favorites, corruption reigning at her Court. In order to strengthen her position, she took pains to win over her nephew, the young Prince Peter, the son of her sister, the Duchess of Holstein-Gottorp. She summoned him to Saint Petersburg in the year 1742 and proclaimed him her successor. She took part in the War of the Austrian Succession, and dispatched a large army to the assistance of Maria Theresa, thereby hastening the conclusion of the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748. At the commencement of the Seven Years' War she allied herself with Austria and France, and invaded Prussia. Her troops won the battles of Grossjägerndorf and Kunersdorf and raided Berlin, but without any decisive result. Elizabeth died January 5, 1762, before the expiration of the war. She founded the University of Moscow and the Academy of Arts at Saint Petersburg. Consult: Bain, The Daughter of Peter the Great (London, 1899); Vandal, Louis XV. et Elisabeth de Russie (Paris, 1862); Weidmayer, Règne d'Elisabeth Petrovna (Saint Petersburg, 1849).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ellsworth

Edition of 1905. See also Ellsworth, Maine on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ELLS'WORTH. A city, port of entry, and county seat of Hancock County, Maine, 30 miles southeast of Bangor, on the Maine Central Railroad (Map: Maine, F 6). It is at the head of navigation on the Union River, and has an extensive trade in lumber and ice and ship building interests; also manufactures of lumber, shoes, carriages, soap, sails and iron. Abundant water-power is supplied by the river, which is spanned by several bridges at this point. The principal public buildings include the court house, custom-house, city hall, and a public library, with about 3900 volumes. A large United States fish hatchery is located here. Ellsworth was settled in 1763, incorporated in 1800, and chartered as a city in 1869. The government is vested in a mayor, a unicameral council, and subordinate
administrative officials. Population, in 1890, 4804; in 1900, 4297.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ellsworth, Ephraim Elmer

Edition of 1905. See also Elmer E. Ellsworth on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ELLSWORTH, Ephraim Elmer (1837-61). An American soldier. He was born in Mechanicsville, N. Y., but early removed to Chicago. In April, 1861, he organized a Zouave regiment from among the volunteer firemen of New York, and became its colonel. He took part in the first general movement of the Federal forces into Virginia, but at Alexandria, on May 24th, was shot dead by a hotel-keeper from whose building he had just torn away a Confederate flag. In the North he was regarded as the first ‘martyr’ to the cause of the Union. He was buried, with imposing military ceremonies, from the White House, in Washington.
# The Modern Review/Volume 38/Number 5

November, 1925
* The Next Economic Stage
* Criticism and Defence of the Calcutta University
* Sir J. C. Bose’s Instruments
# The Modern Review/Volume 38/Number 6

December, 1925
* Striving for Swaraj
* The Unvoiced Life
* "The Poet and the Charkha"
* Our Friend Joynson-Hicks
* Our Insanitation
# The Modern Review/Volume 38/Number 5/Sir J. C. Bose’s Instruments

Sir J. C. Bose’s Instruments
The Inquirer of London quotes the portion relating to the nervous system of plants in Sir J. C. Bose’s seventh anniversary address at the Bose Institute, which we printed in full immediately after its delivery. In that address Prof. Bose said:
“It was after the successful invention of instruments of very high delicacy and precision that these very significant discoveries could be made.”
The Inquirer’s comments are as follows:—
“Before Sir J. C. Bose invented and utilized these new instruments, in which the registration of extremely minute movements is made possible by reflected light-beams, it was generally supposed by physiologists (led by certain German speculations) that “water-movement” of the response of plants to transmitted excitation. Now, however, the new methods of investigation are being pursued in German universities and editions of his works are not only in preparation in Germany but in France. A practical side to these interesting researches is pointed out by Sir Jagadis: “The discoveries in the laws of growth hold out great possibilities in increasing growth in plants on which the food-supply of the world depends.”
# The Modern Review/Volume 38/Number 6/Our Friend Joynson-Hicks

Our Friend Joynson-Hicks.
We do not call Sir William Joynson-Hicks our friend sarcastically. He is a real friend; for he spoke the truth, so far as the object, not the means and method, of the British ‘conquest’ of India is concerned, when, as quoted in Young India, he said:—
   “We, did not conquer India for the benefit of the Indians. I know it is said at missionary meetings that we conquered India to raise the level of the Indians. That is cant. We conquered India as the outlet for the goods of Great Britain. We conquered India by the sword and by the sword we should hold it. (“Shame”.) Call shame if you like. I am stating facts. I am interested in missionary work in India and have done much work of that kind, but I am not such a hypocrite as to say we hold India for the Indians. We hold it as the finest outlet for British goods in general, and for Lancashire cotton goods in particular.”
# The Modern Review/Volume 38/Number 6/Our Insanitation

Our Insanitation.
We have to quote the following words of Mr. M. K. Gandhi from Young India with pain and shame:—
   During my wanderings nothing has been so painful to me as to observe our insanitation throughout the length and breadth of the land. I do not believe in the use of force for carrying out reforms, but when I think of the time that must elapse before the ingrained habits of millions of people can be changed, I almost reconcile myself to com­pulsion in this the most important matter of insanitation. Several diseases can be directly traced to insanitation. Hookworm, for instance, is such a ​direct result. Not a single human being who observes the elementary principles of sanitation need suffer from hookworm. The disease is not even due to poverty. The only reason is gross ignorance of the first principles of sanitation.
   These reflections arise from the abominations I saw in Mandvi. The people of Mandvi are not poor. They cannot be classed as ignorant. And yet their habits are dirty beyond description. Men and women dirty the streets that they walk on with bare feet. They do this every morning. There is practically no such thing as a closet in that port. It was with the greatest difficulty that I was able to pass through these streets.
   Let me not be hard on the poor inhabitants of Mandvi. I know that I saw nothing better in many Streets of Madras. The sight of grown-up people lining the river banks and after the performance proceeding with criminal thoughtlessness to the river and cleaning themselves in it and injecting into its sacred water typhoid, cholera and dysentery germs has not yet faded from memory. This is the water that is used also for drinking. In the Punjab we violate God’s laws by dirtying our roofs and breeding millions of flies. In Bengal the same tank quenches the thirst of man and beast and cleanses him and his pots. But I must not continue this description of our shame. Seeing that it is there, it would be sinful to hide it. But I dare not carry it any further. I know I have underdrawn the picture.
Sir P.C. Ray once observed: “Science can wait, Swaraj cannot.” Whatever other sciences can wait, sanitation, which depends on the knowledge and application of many sciences, cannot. That seems to be implied when Mr. Gandhi observes:—
   Let us not put off everything till Swaraj is attained and thus put off Swaraj itself. Swaraj can be had only by brave and clean people. Whilst the Government has to answer for a lot, I know that the British officers are not responsible for our insanitation. Indeed, if we give them free scope in this matter, they would improve our habits at the point of the sword. They do not do so, because it does not pay. But they would gladly welcome and encourage any effort towards improved sanitation. In this matter Europe has much to teach us. We quote with pride a few texts from Manu or, if we are Musulmans, from the Quran. We do not carry even these into practice. Europeans have deduced an elaborate code of sanitation from the principles laid down in these books. Let us learn these from them and adapt them to our needs and habits.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Salt Bush

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ SALT BUSH. See Atriplex.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Salmasius, Claudius

Edition of 1905. See also Claudius Salmasius on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SALMASIUS, săl-mă′shĭ-ŭs, Claudius, or Claude de Saumaise (1588-1055). A French classical scholar and Protestant, born April 15, 1588, at Sémur-en-Auxois, France. After studying at Paris and Heidelberg he was made professor at Leyden (1031), but, in part because of the sensation caused by his Defensio regia pro Carolo I. (1649) and Milton's fierce rejoinder, he accepted an invitation to Stockholm (1650), whence he returned in 1651 with shattered health to Leyden. He died September, 1655, at Spa. Salmasius had immense but ill-digested learning. He was a great encyclopædist, but with little method, and weak as a textual critic. He is remembered for his discovery of the Greek Anthology of Kephalas at Heidelberg (1606), for editions of Scriptores Historiæ Augustæ (1620), and for Plinianæ Exercitationes in Solinum (1629), De Lingua Hellenistica (1643), De Usuris (1638), and De Re Militari Romanorum (1657). Salmasius's Life and Letters appeared at Leyden (1656). Consult: Masson, Life of Milton, vol. iv. (London, 1858-79); Creuzer, Opuscula Selecta, vol. ii. (Leipzig, 1854); and Saxius, Onomasticon, vol. iv. (Utrecht, 1775-83).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Salt, Titus

Edition of 1905. See also Titus Salt on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SALT, Sir Titus (1803-76). An English manufacturer, born at Morley, in the West Riding of Yorkshire. He learned the wool-stapling business, and in 1824 entered into partnership with his father at Bradford. He was the first to make practical use of Donskoi wool in worsted manufacture, and in 1836 he introduced alpaca to the British market. In 1853 he opened a great factory a few miles from Bradford, on the River Aire, about which there soon grew up the town of Saltaire. His factories were built with special regard to warmth, light, and ventilation, and in the town he erected hundreds of model dwellings, a public dining hall, factory schools, public baths, and other conveniences. He was created a baronet in 1869. Consult: Balgarnie, Life of Sir Titus Salt; and Holyrod, Saltaire and Its Founder.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Salmon, George

Edition of 1905. See also George Salmon on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SALMON, sä′mŭn, George (1819-1904). An Irish mathematician and divine, born in Dublin. He was educated at Trinity College in that city, where he became a fellow at the age of twenty. He took orders, and in 1866 became professor of theology. He wrote extensively on theology, his works including an Introduction to the Study of the New Testament (7th ed. 1894); Non-miraculous Christianity (2d ed. 1888); and The Infallibility of the Church (2d ed. 1891). But he is best known for his masterly treatises on mathematics, his text-books being the most advanced that have appeared in English in his generation. These works are: Treatise on Conic Sections (6th ed. 1879); Treatise on Higher Plane Curves (3d ed. 1879); Treatise on Analytic Geometry (1848); Treatise on Analytic Geometry of Three Dimensions (4th ed. 1882); Lessons Introductory to the Modern Higher Algebra (1859; 4th ed. 1885). These mathematical works have been translated into several languages, and the German editions of Fiedler are especially well known.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Salt-Cake

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ SALT-CAKE. A name applied to the crude sodium sulphate obtained when sodium chloride is treated with sulphuric acid. See Soda.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Salt-Marsh Caterpillar Moth

Edition of 1905. See also Estigmene acrea on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer. The genus should be Leucarctia.
​ SALT-MARSH CATERPILLAR MOTH. A moth (Leucarctica acræa) found in New England and so named because its larva, a hairy caterpillar, feeds on the salt grass of the marshes. See Colored Plate of Moths.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sally-Port

Edition of 1905. See also Sally port on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SALLY-PORT. In fortification, usually a cutting made through the glacis by which a sally may be made from the covered way. The term has also been applied to the postern leading from under the rampart into the ditch. The sally-port was an important feature of all the old castles and fortified buildings of Europe. See Fortification.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sallust, Gardens of

Edition of 1905. See also Gardens of Sallust on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SALLUST, Gardens of. The beautiful gardens laid out by the historian Sallust on the Quirinal Hill, later the favorite residence of several Roman emperors, who adorned them with magnificent works of art. The gardens survived until recently where the Villa Massimi stood.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Salmond, Stewart Dingwall Fordyce

Edition of 1905. See also Stewart Salmond on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SALMOND, sä′mond, Stewart Dingwall Fordyce (1838—). A Scotch educator, born at Aberdeen. He was educated at the University and Free Church College, Aberdeen, and at Erlangen University, and was assistant professor of Greek and examiner in classics at Aberdeen University from 1861 until 1867. In 1876 he became professor of systematic theology and exegesis of the Epistles in the United Free Church College, Aberdeen, and he was made principal of the college in 1898. His original works include: “Commentary on the Epistle of Peter,” in Schaff's Popular Commentary (1883); “Commentary on the Epistle of Jude,” in Pulpit Commentary (1889); The Christian Doctrine of Immortality (1895); and he also prepared translations of many of the minor Latin writers.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Plata, Rio de la

Edition of 1905. See also Río de la Plata on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PLATA, plä′tȧ, Rio de la. The estuary of the combined Paraná and Uruguay rivers (qq.v.) in South America. It forms a large marine inlet between the republics of Uruguay and Argentina (Map: Argentina, J 14). It is 143 miles wide at its mouth and tapers gradually inland for a distance of 200 miles to the delta of the Paraná. The Plata is the outlet for an enormous volume of water, amounting during floods to over two million cubic feet per second. Vast quantities of sediment are also brought down by the two rivers, and are gradually filling up the estuary, which formerly extended more than 100 miles farther inland. Shoals are everywhere forming rapidly, and, together with the strong currents and violent storms, make navigation dangerous. The best natural harbor on the estuary is Montevideo; artificial harbors have been constructed at La Plata and Buenos Ayres by means of jetties projecting beyond the shallows which line the Argentine shore. The Plata estuary was discovered in 1509 by Diaz de Solis, and received its present name (‘silver river’) from Sebastian Cabot.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Platt, Thomas Collier

Edition of 1905. See also Thomas C. Platt on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PLATT, Thomas Collier (1833—). An American political leader. He was born at Owego, N. Y.; studied at the Owego Academy, and was a member of the class of 1853 in Yale College, but withdrew in his junior year on account of ill health. He then went into business, became president of the Tioga National Bank, and invested largely in lumbering in Michigan. He was clerk of Tioga County in 1859-61, and a member of Congress from 1872 to 1876. In 1879 he was made secretary and director of the United States Express Company, and in 1880 became its president. He also acted as president of the Southern Central and other railways. In 1880 he was appointed a quarantine commissioner at the port of New York. In 1881 he was elected United States Senator, but within a few months both he
and Senator Roscoe Conkling, his colleague from New York, resigned because President Garfield did not defer sufficiently to their wishes in making appointments in New York. The immediate occasion of their resignation was the appointment by Garfield of W. H. Robertson as collector of the port of New York City. (See Conkling, Roscoe; and Robertson, W. H.) In an appeal to the Legislature for reëlection they were both defeated. Platt eventually gained virtual control of the Republican Party in New York and was again elected to the Senate both in 1897 and in 1903. He has been a delegate to all Republican national conventions since 1870 as well as a member of the National Republican Committee.