OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Furfooz Race

Edition of 1905. See also Furfooz on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ FURFOOZ (fur′fōz′) RACE. From brachycephalic skulls found at the Trou de Frontal, Furfooz, Belgium, this type of mankind is supposed to date from the end of the Quaternary period, just at the commencement of the Polished Stone age. The first appearance of broad-headed man in Europe at Furfooz, as well as at Grenelle and Cro-Magnon, associated with longheads, took place at different dates in the Neolithic period. Mortillet places the Furfooz man in the Robenhausen epoch of the Neolithic period, and also says that the associated relics have been disturbed. Consult: Le Préhistorique (Paris, 1900); Deniker, Races of Man (1900); Sergi, The Mediterranean Race (London, 1901).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Furbringer, Max Karl

Edition of 1905. See also Max Fürbringer on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ FURBRINGER, fụr′brĭng-ẽr, Max Karl (1846—). A German anatomist and writer on comparative morphology. He was born at Wittenberg, and was educated at Jena and Berlin. In 1888 he was appointed to a professorship at Jena. His publications include several valuable works on the anatomical structure and development of the Vertebrata, such as: Die Knochen und Muskeln der Extremitäten bei den schlangenähnlichen Saurien (1870); Zur Entwicklung der Amphibienniere (1877); and Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und Systematik der Vögel (1888).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Furioso, Orlando

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ FURIOSO, Orlando. See Orlando Furioso.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Furies

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​ FURIES. See Eumenides.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Furius, Marcus Furius Bibaculus

Edition of 1905. See also Marcus Furius Bibaculus on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ FU′RIUS, Marcus Furius Bibaculus (c.103 B.C.—?). A Latin poet, born at Cremona. He wrote iambics, epigrams, and a poem on Cæsar's Gallic wars. “Jupiter hibermas cana nive conspuet Alpes,” the opening line in the poem on Cæsar, is parodied by Horace (Sat. II., 5, 41), who substitutes Furius for Jupiter, and speaks of the poet as pingui tentus omaso, “distended with his fat paunch.” It is probable that Furius also wrote the poem Æthiopis, containing an account of the death of Memnon, and that the turgidus Alpinus of Horace is really Bibaculus. He is compared by Diomedes with Horace and Catullus, and is enumerated among the Roman iambic poets by Quintilian (X. 1, 96). Consult: Bährens, Fragmenta Poetarum Romanorum (Leipzig, 1886); and Weichert, Dissertatio de Turgido Alpino S. M. F. Bibaculo (1822).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Furioso, Bombastes

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ FURIOSO, fo͞o′rē̇-ō′sō̇, Bombastes. See Bombastes Furioso.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gotskowski, Johann Ernst

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
GOTSKOWSKI, gṓts-kōv'skḗ, Johann Ernst. See Gotzkowski.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gotter, Friedrich Wilhelm

Edition of 1905. See also Friedrich Wilhelm Gotter on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GOT'TER, Friedrich Wilhelm (1746-97). A German poet and dramatist, born at Gotha. He began the study of law, but was early influenced to write for the theatre. While at Wetzlar he became the friend of Goethe. Gotter wrote tragedies, comedies, and songs. He was a great admirer of everything French. Perhaps his best work is Medea (1775), for which Benda wrote the music (1778) . His complete works were published in 1787, and a posthumous volume, Litterarischer Nachlass, in 1802.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gottfried von Strassburg

Edition of 1905. See also Gottfried von Strassburg on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GOTTFRIED VON STRASSBURG, sträs'bōōrK (c.1200). The most brilliant of the German poets of the thirteenth century. Of his personality nothing is known save that he was of good family, and held some high public office in Strassburg. His greatest poem, “Tristan and Isolt” (about 1210), is a Celtic legend that reached Germany from France, and was given by Gottfried the form that has widely influenced later literature and furnished Wagner a subject for a great opera. This poem is in 19,552 very polished verses that give to the story of fateful passion a tragic force that is lacking in the French narrative. Gottfried left the poem at the moment when Tristan, parted from Isolt by the jealous uncle and husband, King Mark, has withdrawn to Normandy, and has vainly sought consolation from Isolt of the White Hands. The epic was twice concluded, by Ulrich von Türheim (1236), and by Heinrich von Freiberg (1270), both inferior poets. Gottfried wrote lyrics also, and has been one of the most widely imitated of the German mediæval poets. Gottfried's Works are edited by Bechstein (2 vols., Stuttgart, 1881) with an excellent critical introduction. There are translations of Tristan by Kurz (Stuttgart, 1844), and Simrock (Leipzig, 1855).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gotthelf, Jeremias

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
GOTTHELF, gṓt'hĕlf, Jeremias. The pseudonym of the Swiss author Albert Bitzius (q.v.).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gottenburg

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
GOTTENBURG, gŏt'ten-bōōrK. See Göteborg.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gotti, Girolamo Maria

Edition of 1905. See also Girolamo Maria Gotti on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GOTTI, gṓ'tē, Girolamo Maria (1834—). An Italian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was born in Genoa, where his father was a dock laborer. He joined the Carmelite Order at an early age, and, showing an unusual bent toward physical science, was made professor of mathematics and natural philosophy in one of their colleges. Later he became provincial, and a consulter of the Roman congregations. His diplomatic ability caused him to be selected for various special missions to South American States, which he fulfilled with success, especially in Brazil. In 1895 he was created a cardinal, and later prefect of the Congregation of Bishops and Regulars. In 1902 he was selected, on the death of Cardinal Ledochowski, as prefect of the Propaganda (q.v.)—a still more important office, practically second in importance and responsibility to the Papacy, for the succession to which his name was frequently mentioned, especially as the candidate of the Jesuit Order.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gotland

Edition of 1905. See also Gotland on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GOTLAND, gṓt'lȧnd, or GOTHLAND (Swedish Gottland). An island in the Baltic Sea, situated about 44 miles off the eastern coast of Sweden, and forming, together with the adjacent islets of Farö and Gotska Sandön, the Swedish Län of Gotland (Map: Sweden, H 8). Its greatest length is nearly 80 miles, its greatest breadth about 35 miles, and its area nearly 1140 square miles. The surface is level and the soil fertile, while the climate is comparatively mild. A large part of Gotland is under forests, and the arable land constitutes only about one-fifth of the total area. The chief occupations are agriculture and the breeding of live stock. There is also some manufacturing of lime, and a number of the inhabitants are engaged in seafaring. There are a number of good harbors, of which Slite Hamn is the most important. The population of the län was 52,781 in 1900. Chief town, Wisby (q.v.). The island was in the possession of Sweden as early as the ninth century. In the Middle Ages Wisby was an important member of the Hanseatic League. The island was taken several times by Denmark. It came back into the possession of Sweden in 1645.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gottfried, Johann Philipp

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
GOTTFRIED, gṓt'frḗt, Johann Philipp. See Abelin.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gosse, Philip Henry

Edition of 1905. See also Philip Henry Gosse on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GOSSE, Philip Henry (1810-88). An English naturalist, born at Worcester, England. From 1827 to 1835 he lived in Newfoundland as a merchant, from 1835 to 1838 in Canada as a farmer, and from 1838 to 1839 in Alabama as a teacher. In 1844 he visited Jamaica to study the birds there. He was an accurate observer of animal life, and a voluminous and most agreeable writer. In 1856 he was made F.R.S. Gosse did a great work in advancing and popularizing marine zoölogy, and the influence he exerted was widespread and lasting. Among his publications are: The Canadian Naturalist (1840); Birds of Jamaica (1851); Natural History (1848-51); Marine Zoölogy (1856); Evenings with the Microscope (1859); Letters from Alabama (1859).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Quain, Richard (Sir)

Edition of 1905. See also Richard Quain (Irish physician) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​QUAIN, Sir Richard (1816-98). An English anatomist and physician, born in Mallow, Ireland, a cousin of Richard and Jones Quain. He became fellow in 1857 and vice-president in 1889 of the Royal College of Physicians, and was appointed physician extraordinary to Queen Victoria as well as Lumleian lecturer for 1872 and Harveian orator in 1885. Edinburgh conferred the degree of LL.D. upon Sir Richard in 1889, and the General Medical Council elected him its president in 1891, the same year in which he was created a baronet. He published Diseases of the Muscular Walls of the Heart (1872), and The Healing Art in Its Historic and Prophetic Aspects (1885), and edited the Dictionary of Medicine (1882; 3d ed. 1902).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Quaking Grass

Edition of 1905. See also Briza on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​QUAKING GRASS (Briza). A small genus of mostly European grasses, with loose panicles; drooping, generally broad, compressed spikelets, suspended by delicate stalks, and tremulous in the slightest wind. The panicles are often used in winter bouquets. Briza media is considered a valuable pasture grass for dry situations in Central Europe. It has become sparingly naturalized in the United States. Briza maxima, a larger species, and Briza minor, a smaller one, are similar in habit.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Quamash

Edition of 1905. See also Camassia quamash on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​QUAM′ASH (from the North American Indian name), or Biscuit Root (Camassia esculenta) . A North American bulbous plant of the natural order Liliaceæ, nearly allied to hyacinth, abounding on the prairies. The roasted bulbs are agreeable and nutritious, and are much used by the Indians for food. The scapes, which are sheathed at their bases, are a foot or more tall and bear 10-40 blue or purple flowers. A smaller species, Camassia Fraseri, is found from Pennsylvania south and west. Other species, indigenous to the Pacific coast region, are sometimes cultivated in the East.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Quain, Richard

Edition of 1905. See also Richard Quain (1800–1887) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​QUAIN, Richard (1800-87). An English anatomist and surgeon, born at Fermoy, Ireland. He studied medicine in London and Paris. He was appointed demonstrator in 1828, professor of anatomy in 1832 in the University of London; assistant surgeon in 1834 and surgeon in 1850 to the North London Hospital, from which he resigned in 1866. He was president of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1868, and served as surgeon extraordinary to the Queen. Among his works are: Anatomy of the Arteries (1845); Diseases of the Rectum (1854); Observations on Medical Education (1865); Some Defects in General Education (1870); Clinical Lectures (1884). Dying, he bequeathed nearly £75,000 to University College, London, for education in modern languages (especially English) and in natural science.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Quaker City

Edition of 1905. See also Philadelphia on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​QUAKER CITY. A popular name of Philadelphia, Pa., in allusion to its early settlers.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Quaker Poet

Edition of 1905. See also John Greenleaf Whittier, Bernard Barton, and John Scott of Amwell on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​QUAKER POET. A title given to John Greenleaf Whittier. It has also been used of Bernard Barton and John Scott.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Quakers

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​QUAKERS. See Friends.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Quality

Edition of 1905. See also Quality (philosophy) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​QUALITY. A term used in philosophy to designate one of the categories under which reality is supposed to be thought or in which it is described. In this sense it is particularly distinguished from quantity, the latter taking into account the amount or mass of given phenomena, while quality denotes distinctive character. Quality has, in modern philosophy, a psychological connotation, denoting characteristics of perception as much as of real things. It is thus the individual attribute of sensation, that which characterizes or individualizes one kind of sensation so that it cannot possibly be mistaken for any other kind—redness, nausea, hunger, triangularity, are examples of quality. In psychology quality is especially distinguished from intensity, duration, and, in the case of special perceptions, from extension, as an attribute of sensation, and it furnishes the only test for distinguishing kinds of sensations. Of course, in ordinary experience qualities come to us fused, such a thing as a pure quality being seldom, if ever, experienced. Things are made up of compositions of qualities, and these compositions, in a certain sense, may themselves be considered as qualities in that they form the qualitative texture of actual experience and are the basis for our discriminations of things. See Category.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Quay, Matthew Stanley

Edition of 1905. See also Matthew Quay on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
QUAY, kwā, Matthew Stanley (1833-1904). An American politician, born in Dillsburg, York County, Pa. He graduated at Jefferson College
in 1850, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1854. During the Civil War he was successively assistant commissary-general of the State, colonel of the 134th Pennsylvania Regiment, State military agent at Washington, and military secretary to the Governor. He was a member of the Legislature from 1865 to 1867; was Secretary of State for Pennsylvania from 1872 to 1878; was Recorder of Philadelphia from 1878 to 1879; was again Secretary of State from 1879 to 1882; was elected State Treasurer in 1885; and was chosen United States Senator in 1887. He was for years the most influential of the Republican politicians in Pennsylvania, and also took a very active part in national politics. In 1888 he was chairman of the Executive Committee of the Republican National Committee, and as such conducted the successful Presidential campaign of that year. He was reëlected to the Senate in 1893, but failed to succeed himself in 1899, because of a deadlock which lasted throughout the session of the Legislature. His failure was partly due to an accusation that he had been instrumental in the misapplying of public funds. After he had been acquitted he was appointed Senator ad interim by the Governor, but the Senate refused to recognize the appointment. He was, however, nominated to succeed himself by the Republican State Convention, and in 1901 was reëlected for the term to expire in 1905. In 1902-03 he attracted attention by his championship of the admission of New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Arizona to Statehood, and by his opposition to the Panama Canal Treaty.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Schmidt, Johannes

Edition of 1905. See also Johannes Schmidt (linguist) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SCHMIDT, Johannes (1843-1901). A German philologist, born at Prenzlau, Prussia, and educated at Bonn and Jena. In 1868 he obtained a position as docent in comparative philology at Bonn and became adjunct professor in 1873. In the same year he was called to the professorship of comparative philology at Gratz, and in 1870 he accepted a similar chair in Berlin, where he remained until his death. His first important contribution was his ‘wave theory’ with reference to the relationship of the Indo-Germanic languages, (See Philology.) Among the most important of his numerous works were: Die Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der indogermanischen Sprachen (1872); Ueber die Theilung des indogermanischen Sprachstammes (1873); Zur Geschichte des indogermanischen Vokalismus (1875); Die Pluralbildungen der indogermanischen Neutra (1889); Die Urheimat der Indogermanen und das europäische Zahlsystem, (1890); and Kritik der Sonantentheorie (1895). He was joint editor with Ernst Juhn of the Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung from 1875 until his death.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Schmidt, Nathaniel

Edition of 1905. See also Nathaniel Schmidt on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SCHMIDT, Nathaniel (1862—). An American Hebraist, born at Hudiksvall, Sweden, and educated at Stockholm University, at Colgate University, and at the University of Berlin. He was professor of Semitic languages and literature in Colgate University from 1888 to 1896, and then became professor of the same branches at Cornell. He contributed to the Encyclopædia Biblica, to the Jewish Encyclopædia, and to the New International Encyclopædia, and wrote: Biblical Criticism and Theological Belief (1897); The Republic of Man (1899); Ecclesiasticus (1903); The Son of Man and the Son of God in Modern Theology (1903).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Schmidt, Wilhelm Adolf

Edition of 1905. See also Wilhelm Adolf Schmidt on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SCHMIDT, Wilhelm Adolf (1812-87). A prominent German historian, born in Berlin, where he studied history and philosophy, and in 1839 established himself as lecturer. In 1845 he became professor there, in 1851 at Zurich, and in 1860 at Jena. As a member of the Reichstag in 1874-76, he belonged to the National Liberal Party. His more important works include: Geschichte der Denk- und Glaubensfreiheit im ersten Jahrhundert der Kaiserherrschaft und des Christentums (1847); Preussens deutsche Politik (3d ed. 1867); Zeitgenössische Geschichten: I. Frankreich von 1815 bis 1830. II. Oesterreich von 1830 bis 1848 (1859); Elsasz und Lothringen (3d ed. 1870); Tableaux de la révolution française publiés sur les papiers inédits du département et de la police secrete de Paris (1867-71); Pariser Zustände während der Revolutionszeit 1789-1800 (1874-76); Das Perikleische Zeitalter (1877-79); Abhandlungen zur alten Geschichte (1888). He edited the 8th issue of Becker's Weltgeschichte, 22 vols. (Leipzig, 1874-79). Consult Landwehr, Zur Erinnerung an Adolf Schmidt (Berlin, 1888).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Schmidt, Max

Edition of 1905. See also Max Schmidt (painter) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SCHMIDT, Max (1818-1901). A German landscape painter, born in Berlin, where he studied in the Art Academy under Begas and Schirmer. He was largely influenced in his choice of subjects and in his treatment by his familiarity with Egypt and Greece, and paid little heed to German scenes until 1854, but then treated them with rare poetic feeling. In 1868 he became instructor at the School of Arts in Weimar, and in 1872 went to the Königsberg Academy. His chief works are the Oriental frescoes in the Berlin Museum, “Wood and Mountain” (1868) and “A View on the Spree” (1877), both in the Berlin National Gallery. He wrote Die Aquarellmalerei (7th ed. 1901).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Schnaase, Karl

Edition of 1905. See also Karl Schnaase on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SCHNAASE, shnä'ze, Karl (1798-1875). A distinguished German art-historian and jurist, with Rumohr, Waagen, and Kugler, one of the founders of modern art-history, who conceived art in its connection with the universal, cultural, and intellectual life. Born at Danzig, he began the study of law in 1816 and matriculated at Heidelberg also under Hegel, whom he followed to Berlin. Assessor at Königsberg in 1826, he was promoted to other positions at Marienwerder (1829), and at Düsseldorf, where he took great interest in the newly awakening artistic life, and in 1848 was appointed councilor at the Supreme Court in Berlin, but resigned in 1857 to confine himself to his studies. With Grüneisen and Schnorr he founded in 1858 the Christliches Kunstblatt, sojourned in Rome in 1865-66, and settled
at Wiesbaden in 1867. As an author he made himself first known by his Niederlandische Briefe (1834), which bore witness to his philosophic-historical conception of art, and was followed by numerous minor treatises and essays. His masterwork, however, is the Geschichte der bildenden Künste (1843-64; 2d ed. 1865-79), which created an epoch in the development of the modern science of art. In contradistinction to other art-histories, based on formal criticism, Schnaase in it sought to deduce the manifestations of artistic production from the physical, moral, and intellectual peculiarities of nations and to demonstrate how all other vital elements pervade artistic life. With rare universality of scientific training he treated art-history as an integral part of the history of civilization. Consult his biography by Lübke (Stuttgart, 1879).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Schmidt, Julian

Edition of 1905. See also Heinrich Julian Schmidt on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SCHMIDT, Julian (1818-86). An eminent German historian of literature, born at Marienwerder, West Prussia. He studied history and philology at Königsberg, taught in Berlin from 1842 to 1846, and went to Leipzig in 1847 as contributor to the Grenzboten, which he owned and edited, conjointly with Gustav Freytag, from 1848 to 1861. Returning to Berlin, he conducted for two years the Berliner Allgemeine Zeitung, then confined himself to the field of literary history. His first work of importance was the Geschichte der Romantik im Zeitalter der Revolution und Restauration (1847). His numerous critical articles for the Grenzboten formed the basis for his Geschichte der deutschen Nationallitteratur im 19. Jahrhundert (1853); 5th ed., revised and enlarged, under the title Geschichte der deutschen Litteratur seit Lessings Tod (1865-67). Into this was subsequently incorporated his Geschichte des geistigen Leibniz in Deutschland von Leibniz bis auf Lessings Tod (1860-64), and both works appeared combined as Geschichte der deutschen Litteratur von Leibniz bis auf unsere Zeit (1880-90). Noteworthy are also Geschichte der französischen Litteratur seit der Revolution 1789 (2d ed. 1873-74); Uebersicht der englischen Litteratur im 19. Jahrhundert (1859); Schiller und seine Zeitgenossen (1859); and the collections of ingenious essays Bilder aus dem geistigen Leben unserer Zeit (1870-74), and Proträts aus dem 19. Jahrhundert (1878). Julian Schmidt exercised more influence upon the period of German intellectual life in which he worked than has been accorded him. As a critic in journals and periodicals, his discussions comprised the entire scope of intellectual life in science, arts, and politics. The forte of his criticism, especially in regard to works of art, lay in an almost infallible instinct to perceive truth, power, and sterling worth, which quality enabled him to teach his contemporaries not to borrow their views of things from remote chains of thought, but to trust the spontaneity of their own feelings.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Schmidt, Karl

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
SCHMIDT, Karl (1812-95). An Alsatian Lutherian theologian. He was born and educated and died in Strassburg, and was professor of theology in the university from 1837 to 1877. He wrote, in French and German, numerous excellent works, of which may be mentioned his biographical studies of Gerson, Tauler, Roussel, Vermigli. Farel, Viret, Melanchthon, and Nicolas of Basel, and of the German and other mediæval mystics. His Essai historique sur la société civile dans le monde romain et sur sa transformation par le christianisme (1853) was translated into English under the title, The Social Result of Early Christianity (London, 1885).