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# The New Student's Reference Work/Vol III

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| Front Matter Title page verso Special Articles The Dairy Industry Work Done by our River Giant The Montessori Devices A Trip through the Panama Canal Articles Kruger — Kwangtung L — La Salle Lasalle — Lemnos Le Moine — Lindisfarne Lindsay — Louis XIII Louis XIV — Lytton M — Mahrattas Main — Margaret Maria — Mathew Mathews — Merrimac Merrimac, The — Minnehaha | Front Matter Title page verso Special Articles The Dairy Industry Work Done by our River Giant The Montessori Devices A Trip through the Panama Canal Articles Kruger — Kwangtung L — La Salle Lasalle — Lemnos Le Moine — Lindisfarne Lindsay — Louis XIII Louis XIV — Lytton M — Mahrattas Main — Margaret Maria — Mathew Mathews — Merrimac Merrimac, The — Minnehaha | Articles … (cont.) Minnesinger — Montesquieu Montessori — Münich Municipal — Myxomycetes N — New Brunswick New Caledonia — Normans Norns — Nymphs O — Orchids Ord — Ozone P — Passport Pasteur — Perfectionists Perfumery — Photius Photo — Plattdeutsch Platte — Plerome | Articles … (cont.) Minnesinger — Montesquieu Montessori — Münich Municipal — Myxomycetes N — New Brunswick New Caledonia — Normans Norns — Nymphs O — Orchids Ord — Ozone P — Passport Pasteur — Perfectionists Perfumery — Photius Photo — Plattdeutsch Platte — Plerome |
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vol III/verso

Copyright, 1893, by C. B. Beach
Copyright, 1901, by C. B. Beach
Copyright, 1909, by C. B. Beach Copyright, 1911, by C. B. Beach Copyright, 1912, by C. B. Beach
Copyright, 1912, by F. E. Compton and Company Copyright, 1913, by F. E. Compton and Company Copyright, 1914, by F. E. Compton and Company
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vol III:1

* Kruger — Kwangtung
* Kruger, Stephanus Johannes Paulus
* Krupp, Alfred
* Krypton
* Kubelik, Jan
* Kublai-Khan
* Ku Klux Klan
* Kurdistan
* Kuroki, General Baron Itel
* Kuropatkin, Alexei Nikolayevitch
* Kuyunjik
* Kwangtung
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vol III:11

| Merrimac, The — Meuse | Mexico — Middlebury | Middlesbrough — Miller, Harriett | Miller, Hugh — Minnehaha |
| Merrimac, The Merritt, Wesley Mersey Merv Mesas Meshed Mesmer, Friedrich Anton Mesophyll Mesophytes Mesopotamia Mesquite Messiah Messina Metabolism Metallurgy Metals Metamorphosis Meteorology Meteors Meter Metric System, The Metronome Metternich, Clemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar Metz Meuse | Mexico (city) Mexico Mexico, Gulf of Meyerbeer, Giacomo Miami Miamis Mica Michael Angelo Michel, Louise Michelet, Jules Michelson, Albert Abraham Michigan Michigan City, Ind. Michigan, Lake Microbes Micrometer Microphone Micropyle Microscope Microsporangium Microspore Microsporophyll Midas Middle Ages Middlebury | Middlesbrough Middletown, Conn. Middletown, N. Y. Middletown, Ohio Midianites Midrib Midsummer Night's Dream, A Midsummer Night's Dream Mignonette Migration Mikato Milan Mildew Miles, Nelson A. Miletus Military Schools Militia Milford, Mass. Milk “The Dairy Industry” Milkweed Milky Way Mill, John Stuart Millais, Sir John Everett Miller, Cincinnatus Heine Miller, Harriett Mann | Miller, Hugh Millet Millet, Jean Francois Mills, David Mills, James Millville, N. J. Milman, Henry Hart Milner, Alfred Milo Miltiades Milton, John Milwaukee Mimicry Mindanao Mindoro Mineral Oil Mineralogy Mineral Waters Mineral Wool Minerva Minié, Claude Étienne Mining Mink Minneapolis Minnehaha, Falls of |
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vol III:12

| Minnesinger — Missouri | Mistletoe — Mohammed | Mohave — Monism | Monitor — Montesquieu |
| Minnesinger Minnesota Minnesota (river) Minnow Minorca Minotaur Mint (plant) Mint (coining) Minto, Gilbert John, fourth earl of Minute Men Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riquette, Count de Miracle-Plays Mirage Miramon, Miguel Miramichi Mirror Missionary Ridge Mississippi Mississippi (river) “Work Done by our River Giant” Mississippi, University of Missolonghi Missouri Missouri (river) Missouris Mist Missouri, University of | Mistletoe Mitchell, Donald Grant Mitchell, John Mitchell, Maria Mitchell, Silas Weir Mitford, Mary Russell Mithradates the Great Mitosis Mitylene Mivart, St. George Moabites Moberly, Mo. Mobile (Alabama) Mobile (bay) Mobile (river) Moccasin (snake) Moccasin (shoe) Mocha Mockingbird Modena Modjeska, Helena Modocs Moffat, Robert Mogul Mohammed Mohammed (viceroy of Egypt) | Mohave Desert Mohawks Mohawk Valley Mohicans Moldau Moldavia Mole Mole-Cricket Molecule Moliére, Jean Baptiste Poquelin Moline Mollusks Molly Maguires Molting Moltke, Hellmuth Moluccas Islands Mommsen, Theodor Monaco Monasteries Monastir Moncton Money Mongolia Mongols Monism | Monitor Monk, George Monkey Monkshood Monmouth, Battle of Monmouth, James Monocotyledons Monongahela Monopoly Monroe, James Monroe Doctrine Monsoon Montagu, Mary Wortley Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de Montana Montana, University of Mont Blanc Montcalm, Louis Joseph Montclair, N. J. Montebello, Duke of Monte Carlo Montefiore, Moses Montenegro Monterey Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat |
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vol III:13

| Montessori — Morgan, John P. | Morgan, John T. — Mosaic | Mosby — Mount Vernon, N. Y. | Mount Vernon — Münich |
| Montessori System “The Montessori Devices” Montevideo Montezuma Montfort, Simon de Montgomery Montmorency, Falls of Mont Pelée Montpelier Montpellier Montreal Moody, Dwight Lyman Moody, William Henry Moon Moonstone Moore, Sir John Moore, Thomas Moors Moose Moosehead Lake Moqui Indians Moran, Thomas Moravians More, Hannah More, Sir Thomas Moreau, Jean Victor Morgan, John Hunt Morgan, John Pierpont | Morgan, John Tyler Morgarten Moriah, Mount Morley, John Mormons Morning Glory Morocco Morocco (city) Morpheus Morphology Morrill, Justin Smith Morris, Clara Morris, Gouverneur Morris, Robert Morris, Sir Lewis Morris, William Morrison, Robert Morristown, N. J. Morse, Samuel F. B. Mortality Mortar (artillery) Mortar (cement) Morton, Levi Parsons Morton, Oliver Perry Mosaic | Mosby, John Singleton Moscow Moselle Moses Mosquito Mosquito Coast Moss Moss, Florida Moss, Sir Charles Mosses Mother Goose Moths Motion, Laws of Motley, John Lothrop Motor Motor Organ Mott, Mrs. Lucretia Coffin Mould Moulting Mound-Builders Mountain Sheep Mount Carmel, Pa. Mount Holyoke College Mount McKinley Mount Vernon, N. Y. | Mount Vernon Mouse Movements Mowat, Sir Oliver Mozambique Mozambique Channel Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus Chrysostom Mudfishes Muensterberg, Hugo Muhlenberg, William Augustus Muir, John Mulatto Mulberry Mulch Mülhausen Mullein Müller, Friedrich Maximilian Müller, Johannes Mullet Mulock, Miss. Mulready, William Mummy Münchhausen, Karl Friedrich Hieronymus Muncie, Ind. Münich |
# The New Student's Reference Work/Secretion

See also Secretion on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Secre′tion (in plants), in its broadest sense, the process by which substances are separated from the protoplasm; also the substances so separated. In this sense the cell-wall and starch-grains are secretions, since they are formed by the protoplasm and separated from it. The term is usually applied, however, to waste products (sometimes distinguished as excretions) or to products which have some special function, e. g., enzymes (q. v.) and nectar. The number and variety of secretions are very great. Some are formed in a special cell or group of cells, constituting a gland, which may be on the surface (e. g., in geranium leaves) or may adjoin an internal space into which the secretion is poured (e. g., resin-glands of pines). In other cases the secretion accumulates in the gland-cells, which finally die, leaving a mass of the secretion occupying their room, e. g., in orange-rind. The methods by which the secretion is put forth from a cell are not known.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Seebeck, Thomas Johann

See also Thomas Johann Seebeck on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Seebeck (zā̇′bĕk), Thomas Johann, a German physicist, born April 9, 1770, at Reval, died on Dec. 10, 1831, at Berlin. Seebeck will be remembered principally for his very important discovery of thermo-electric currents, sometimes called the Seebeck effect. This is the converse of the Peltier effect. (See Electricity.) For an excellent account of these two “effects” see J. J. Thompson's Elements of Electricity and Magnetism, ch. 14.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Seddon, Richard John

See also Richard Seddon on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Sed′don, Richard John, premier and treasurer of New Zealand and minister of labor, defence, education and immigration, was born at Eccleston, Lancashire, England, in 1845, and educated there. He went to New Zealand in 1867. A mechanical engineer by profession, he had an intimate acquaintance with workingmen and their needs, and was continuously in public service after entering its house of representatives in 1879. His death occurred on June 10, 1906.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Selkirk, Alexander

See also the disclaimer.
​ Sel′kirk, Alexander. See Juan Fernandez.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sedalia, Mo.

See also Sedalia, Missouri on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Seda′lia, Mo., a thrifty city, is situated in a fine farming district and is a nest of factories. There are car-works, machine-shops, woolen-mills, manufactories of agricultural implements, wagons and furniture. It has fine railroad facilities, several roads converging here. It was founded in 1860, has five colleges and excellent public schools, and is especially an educational city. Population 17,822.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sedan

See also Sedan, Ardennes on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Sedan (sē̇-dăn′), a town and frontier fortress of France, stands on the Meuse, 64 miles northeast of Rheims. The citadel surrendered to the Germans in 1815; but Sedan is chiefly noted for the surrender, Sept. 2, 1870, of Napoleon III and 86,000 men to the Germans in the Franco-Prussian War. The Germans, under the command of King William of Prussia, began the battle on September 1. By manœuvers and hard fighting the French under Marshal MacMahon were driven from all sides to the fortress, where, defeated, surrounded and without provisions, they were forced to surrender. The emperor was sent a prisoner to Wilhelmshöhe, and two days later Gambetta proclaimed the republic at Paris. Colbert founded at Sedan cloth-mills, which now employ 10,000 men. Sedan-chairs were named from this town, where they are said to have been invented. Population 19,350.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Seljuks

See also Seljuk Empire on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Seljuks (sĕl-jūks′), a division of the Ghuzz confederacy of Turkish tribes. Togrul Beg, grandson of Seljuk, founder of the dynasty, crippled the empire of Ghazni (1040), conquered Persia and, ten years later, Baghdad. Togrul's nephew and successor, Alp-Arslan, wrested Syria and Palestine from the caliph of Egypt, and in 1071 captured Diogenes, the Byzantine emperor. Diogenes' ransom was the best part of Asia Minor. The empire at the close of this reign (1092) began to break up into smaller kingdoms. Even before this, strong chieftains like Saladin had been really independent. In the 13th century the orders of dervishes arose, and the Mongols began to gain the power which they wielded over this part of Asia till the rise of the Ottoman princes, who, like the Seljuks, were Turks and had been driven westward by the Mongols. Out of their supremacy grew the Turkish empire (q. v.).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sedgwick, John

See also John Sedgwick on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Sedgwick, John, was born at Cornwall, Conn., Sept. 13, 1813. A West Point graduate, he served in Florida as second-lieutenant when the Cherokees were removed. He also served through the Mexican War, gaining promotion at Contreras, Churubusco and Chapultepec. His record in the Civil War was brilliant. By the spring of 1862 Sedgwick was in command of a division, and in July of that year was made major-general of volunteers. As commander of the 6th or Sedgwick's corps, as it was called, he made a forced march of 35 miles to Gettysburg, and there commanded the left wing in the battle. Three days after the battle of the Wilderness, May 5 and 6, 1864, in which he had taken part, he was shot by a sharpshooter while ordering a battery to be brought into position. See MacMahon's Address on Major-General Sedgwick.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sedge

See also Cyperaceae on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Sedge, the name of a family of plants, one class of which contains over 200 kinds in North America. They are mostly found in swamps and other wet places, forming often thick tufts. The stems are solid and triangular. Sedges are most common in cold countries. They differ in some important respects from grasses, especially in being worthless as pasture or food plants.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sedgwick, Catherine Maria

See also Catherine Sedgwick on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Sedg′wick, Catherine Maria, American novelist and writer, was born at Stockbridge, Mass., Dec. 28, 1789, and died near Roxbury, Mass , July 31, 1867. She was the daughter of Theodore Sedgwick (1747-1813), the Federalist politician and jurist. She herself is noted as one of the earliest of American women of letters, a contributor to the Annuals in vogue early in the literary history of the United States, and a voluminous and entertaining writer of moral tales and miscellanies. Her chief works embrace A New England Tale; Redwood, reprinted in England and appearing in three or four European translations; Hope Leslie; and Linwoods.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Potash

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ POTASH. See Potassium; Soda.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Prairie, The

Edition of 1905. See also The Prairie on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ PRAIRIE, The. A novel by J. Fenimore Cooper (1827). It is the last of the Leatherstocking series, showing Natty Bumppo in the far West after the Louisiana Purchase opened the country to settlers, and giving a touching account of his old age and death.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Potekhin, Alexei Antipovitch

Edition of 1905. See also Alexei Potechin on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
POTEKHIN, pṓt-yĕK'ĭn, Alexei Antipovitch (1829—). A Russian dramatist and novelist. He was born at Kineshma, in Kostroma, studied at Jaroslav, and settled in Saint Petersburg. As a novelist he is a realist of much the same school as Pisemsky and especially able in his portrayal of dismal village life. His earlier works on the drama were slow in getting to the stage, as they were blocked by the censors for their attacks on present conditions. They include: The Voice of the People Not the Voice of God (1853); Ill-Gotten Gains Do Not Prosper (1854); Tinsel (1858); The Severed Limb (1865); and A Vacant Place (1870). His novels and tales of peasant life include: The Poor Nobles (1859); For Money, a story of factories; The Sick Woman (1876); Under the Spell of Money (1876); Before the Community (1877); Young Inclinations (1879); and Village Vampires (1880).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Prairie

Edition of 1905. See also Prairie on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ PRAIRIE (Fr. prairie, It. prateria, from ML. prataria, meadowland, from Lat. pratum, meadow). In general, an undulating, grass-covered plain, as distinguished from a forested plain on the one hand and a semi-arid region or steppe on the other. The name is applied more specifically to the extensive plain which stretches from southern Michigan and western Ohio across Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, thus including almost the entire area between the Ohio and the Missouri-Mississippi rivers. West of the Missouri River this level expanse is continued by the Great Plains to the base of the Rocky Mountains, while on the east it merges imperceptibly into the Alleghany Plateau. Its surface is unbroken by marked elevations, but the monotony is relieved by the broad undulations and by the channels of the streams tributary to the Ohio, Mississippi, and Missouri, which have been worn down in places so as to expose vertical walls or bluffs 100 feet or more in height. The elevation above sea-level ranges from 300 to 1500 feet. The prairies are underlaid by Paleozoic sandstones and limestones in nearly horizontal position; but the surface formation is largely of glacial origin and consists of boulder clay and sand more or less rearranged and decomposed by weathering and erosion. A fine sandy deposit resembling the loess of China occurs over wide areas in the Mississippi Valley. The prairies are characterized by a heavy rich soil admirably adapted for the growth of cereals, and while formerly covered only with grass and supporting herds of buffalo and deer, they have been brought under a high state of cultivation. As to the characteristics of their vegetation, prairies may be divided into two general groups: climatic, which include typical portions of the western part of the Mississippi Valley; and edaphic, which are smaller and are developed almost without exception from swamps. Among the theories commonly held to account for the treelessness of the great Western prairies are: (1) the lack of sufficient rainfall; (2) the grazing of animals and the action of fire; and (3) the excessive transpiration, due to wind—all of which prevent the growth of trees. In apparent proof of the first theory, trees gradually disappear as the distance from the seaboard increases, and this change is paralleled by a gradual reduction in the rainfall; of the second, trees have appeared in some parts of Kansas and Nebraska, where cattle-grazing and prairie fires have been stopped; of the third, transpiration is so great, especially during winter, that certain trees cannot be successfully grown unless in situations sheltered from the winds. Perhaps all of these theories are more or less tenable. See United States; Indiana; Illinois; etc.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Pratinas

Edition of 1905. See also Pratinas on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PRAT′INAS (Lat., from Gk. Πρατίνας). A Greek poet, born in Phlius, in the Peloponnesus, who lived in Athens about B.C. 500. According to Suidas. he was a contemporary and rival of Æschylus, and was the first to introduce the satyric drama into Athens. He also wrote tragedies, lyrics, and hyporchemata, of which a considerable
and interesting fragment has been preserved by Athenæus (xiv., 617). For the fragments of his lyrics, consult Bergk's Poetæ Lyrici Græci (Leipzig, 1843).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Potash Salts

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ POTASH SALTS. See Potassium.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Potemkin, Gregor Alexandrovitch

Edition of 1905. See also Grigory Potemkin on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
POTEM'KIN, Russ. pron. pot-ya̤m'kĭn, Gregor Alexandrovitch, Prince of Taurida (1736-91). A Russian politician, born in the Government of Smolensk. He was educated at Warsaw and became an ensign in the Imperial Horse Guards. He won the favor of the Empress Catharine II. (q.v.), and in 1762 he was made an officer of her household, succeeding in time Orloff as the recognized favorite of the Empress. When, in his turn, he was superseded as a lover, he retained his ascendency in affairs of State, being made general-in-chief of the army, field-marshal, and governor of important provinces. As the principal representative of the Russian foreign policy, his influence was courted by the foreign rulers, and, in spite of a lack of the real gifts of statesmanship, he displayed a certain amount of skill in the conduct of affairs. He zealously furthered the process of southern expansion at the expense of the Turks, was instrumental in annexing the Crimea to Russia (1783), and for this service received the title of Prince of Taurida together with the governorship of the newly acquired territory. He devoted himself to the economic development of the southern provinces of Russia, founded the towns of Kherson, Kertch, Nikolaev, and Sebastopol, and strengthened Russia's power in the Black Sea. It is told, as an illustration of the methods by which he preserved the Imperial favor, that in 1787, when Catharine visited his government, he caused a large number of villages to be constructed along her route, with hirelings to play the part of contented peasants and well-fed citizens, all of which pleased her Majesty and brought Potemkin increased honors. He died near Nikolayev, in Bessarabia, during the course of Catharine's second war against the Turks, October 16, 1791.
Consult: De Cerenville, Vie du Prince
Potemkin (Paris, 1808); Saint Jean (Potemkin's secretary), Lebensbeschreibung des Gregor Alexandrovitsch Potemkin des Tauriers, edited by Rothermel (Karlsruhe, 1888); and lives in Russian by Levshin (2 vols., Saint Petersburg, 1808) and Brückner (1892).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Prairial

Edition of 1905. See also Prairial on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ PRAIRIAL, prā̇′rē̇′ȧl′. The ninth month in the French Republican calendar, extending from May 20th to June 18th in the years I.-VII., and from May 21st to June 19th in the years VIII.-XIII.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Prairie Chicken

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ PRAIRIE CHICKEN. See Grouse.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wells, Charles J

Edition of 1905. See also Charles Jeremiah Wells on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​WELLS, Charles J. (c.1799-1870). An English poet, born probably in London. He was a friend of Keats, who dedicated a sonnet to him. Under the name of H. L. Howard, Wells published a volume called Stories After Nature (prose) in 1822, and in 1824 Joseph and His Brethren, a Scriptural Drama. These having met with no success, he abandoned literature, removed to Brittany, and practiced law. Within the last twenty years the drama has been lavishly praised by critics of the Swinburnian school, and in 1876 a revision of it was published with a critical introduction by Mr. Swinburne. It is distinguished by brilliant character-study and extreme richness of diction.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wells, David Ames

Edition of 1905. See also David Ames Wells on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​WELLS, David Ames (1828-98). An American economist, born at Springfield, Mass. He graduated at Williams College in 1847 and at the Lawrence Scientific School (Harvard) in 1851. His early interests were in the natural sciences and he published text-books on physics, chemistry, and geology. In 1864 he won a considerable reputation in politics through an essay Our Burden and Our Strength. In 1865 he was made chairman of a commission to inquire into methods of raising Federal revenues, and in 1866 was appointed special commissioner of the revenue. After his term of office expired he was appointed to membership on several commissions. State and Federal, and he rendered distinguished service in private enterprises, notably in the reorganization of the Alabama and Chattanooga Railway and of the Erie Railway. He was a prolific writer on economics and finance, at first defending the protectionist policy, later becoming an extreme advocate of free trade. His principal works are: Our Merchant Marine (1882); A Primer of Tariff Reform (1884); Practical Economics (1885): The Relation of the Tariff to Wages (1888); Recent Economic Changes (1898).
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse