OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Troppau

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​TROPPAU (Polish, Oppava; Czech, Opava), the capital of the Austrian duchy and crown land of Silesia, 180 m. N.E. of Vienna by rail. Pop. (1900), 26,725. It is situated on the Oppa river, close to the Prussian frontier, and is a well-built town with extensive suburbs. The industries comprise the manufacture of cloth, industrial machines, sugar-refining, jute fabrics and brewing. Troppau was founded in the 13th century; but almost its only claim to historical mention is the fact that in 1820 the monarchs of Austria, Russia and Prussia met here to deliberate on the tendencies of the Neapolitan revolution. This congress of Troppau, however, left nearly the whole matter to be considered and decided at Laibach. The former principality of Troppau is now divided between Austria and Prussia, the latter holding the lion's share.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Trossachs, The

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​TROSSACHS, THE (Gaelic, “the bristled country,” a crude allusion to its physical features), a defile in the south-west of Perthshire, Scotland. It is a narrow, beautifully wooded glen, of no great depth, extending from Loch Achray to Loch Katrine, and continued thence by a strip on the north-eastern shore to a point above the now submerged Silver Strand opposite to Ellen’s Isle—a total distance of 21/2 m. It is situated 8 m. W. of Callander and 5 m. N. of Aberfoyle, with both of which places there is daily communication by coach during the tourist season. It lies between the steep green slopes of Ben Venue (2393 ft.) on the S.W. and the precipitous craig of Ben A’an (1750 ft.) on the N.E. Characterized by lovely scenery, owing to its harmonious blending of wood, water, rock and hill, the region has been famous ever since the appearance of Sir Walter Scott’s The Lady of the Lake and Rob Roy. Before the construction of the road that now winds through the pass, Sir Walter says that the only access to the lake was by means of a ladder formed out of the branches and roots of trees. A rustic pier has been built at the Trossachs end of Loch Katrine for the convenience of tourists, and a large hotel stands on the northern shore of Loch Achray, near the beginning of the pass.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Van

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​VAN, an homonymous word, whose different meanings have no etymological connexion. In the most common sense “van” is merely an abbreviation of the Oriental word “caravan” (q.v.), and is applied to any large covered cart or vehicle used for the conveyance of goods, especially furniture, or, on railways, to a closed carriage for passengers' luggage, or for the accommodation of the guard. In the sense of the front portion of an army or fleet, or the, advanced portion of any body, actually or metaphorically, “van” represents the French avant (Lat. ab ante), in front, as in avant-garde, van-guard, the earliest form in which the word came into English. Lastly, the word is used as a variant of “fan” (Lat. vannus), for a contrivance for winnowing grain, for a bird's wing, and in mining to an appliance for separating ore by washing.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Van Wert

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​VAN WERT, a city and the county-seat of Van Wert county, Ohio, U.S.A., about 28 m. W. by N. of Lima. Pop. (1890) 5512; (1900) 6422 (221 foreign-born); (1910) 7157. Van Wert is served by the Pennsylvania and the Cincinnati Northern railways, and by an interurban electric line. Among the principal buildings are the city hall, the court house, the Brumback Library of Van Wert county (containing 14,650 volumes in 1908), the Home Office Building of the Home Guards of America (a fraternal society incorporated in 1899 and having about 16,000 members in 1910), and the Home Office Building of the Central Manufactures' Insurance Co. Van Wert is situated in a rich agricultural region. It has railway and machine shops and various manufactures. The municipality owns and operates the waterworks. Van Wert was settled about 1840, was incorporated as a town in 1848 and was chartered as a city in 1903. The county and the city were named in honour of Isaac Van Wert (1760-1828), one of the captors of Major John André.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vampyrella

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​VAMPYRELLA (L. Cienkowski), a genus of azoosporous Proteomyxa (q.v.), parasitic on freshwater algae.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Van Beers, Jan

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​VAN BEERS, JAN (1821-1888), Belgian poet, usually called "the elder " to distinguish him from his son, Jan van Beers, the well-known painter, was born at Antwerp on the 22nd of February 1821. He was essentially a Netherlander, though politically a Belgian, expressing his thoughts in the same language as any North Netherland writer. In fact, the poems of Jan van Beers are perhaps more popular in Holland than in Belgium, and of many of them there exist more editions printed in Holland than in his political fatherland. Van Beers started life as a teacher of Dutch language and literature, first at Malines, then at Lierre, and in 1860 was appointed a professor of both at the Athenaeum (high school) in Antwerp, where he had also been a sub-librarian in the communal library. Van Beers as a teacher was early in the field, with Hendrik Conscience, Willems and others, when the Flemish movement began. He composed a Dutch grammar (1852), which, in enlarged editions, still holds the field, and a volume of selections from Dutch authors, both books being so much appreciated that the Belgian government made them text-books in the public schools. Van Beers's historical poems, the principal ​of which is, perhaps, Jakob Van Maerlant (Amsterdam, 1860), helped the Flemish revival in Belgium as powerfully as his school-books. He is best known, however, as the writer of ballads and songs. Jongelingsdroomen (“A Young Man’s Dreams”) first appeared at Antwerp and Amsterdam in 1853. These poems were followed by Levensbeelden (“Life Figures or Pictures,” Amsterdam, 1858) and by Gevoel en Leven (“Feeling—Living,” Amsterdam, 1861). His Rijzende Bladen (“Rising Leaves”) first made its appearance at Ghent and Rotterdam in 1883. In the following year an édition de luxe of his poetry was published, adorned with pen-and-ink sketches by Jan van Beers the younger, and a popular edition of his collected poems was published at Ghent and Rotterdam in 1873 and 1884. Among the best known are De Blinde (“Blind”), De Zieke Jongeling (“Young and Doomed”), Bij ’t Kerkportaal (“At the Church Porch”). Van Beers’s poetry, full of glow and pathos, simple yet forcible, is somewhat akin to that of Longfellow. Van Beers died at Antwerp on the 14th of November 1888.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Van Horne, Sir William Cornelius

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​VAN HORNE, SIR WILLIAM CORNELIUS (1843-), Canadian financier, was born in Will county, Illinois, U.S.A., on the 3rd of February 1843, of Dutch descent. He was educated in the common schools of the state, and in 1857 began work as office boy in a railway station. His ability and force brought him to the front, and he rose till in 1881 he was appointed general manager of the Canadian Pacific railway. For the successful completion of this great road his strong will and mental grasp were largely responsible, and he it was who not only controlled but steadily extended its operations during the lean years which followed. In 1884 he became vice-president of the line, in 1888 president, and in 1899 chairman of the board of directors. From 1885 onward he was more and more associated with every branch of Canadian mercantile and financial life, and as a publicist gave shrewd expression to his views on political and economic questions. After the Spanish-American War (1898) he became one of the chief promoters of railway and industrial enterprise in Cuba. In May 1894 he was knighted by Queen Victoria in acknowledgment of bis distinguished public services. He was also known as a patron of art and literature and an amateur painter of no little merit.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Van Rensselaer, Stephen

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​VAN RENSSELAER, STEPHEN (1764–1839), American political leader and soldier, “last of the patroons,” was born at New York City on the 1st of November 1764. He was fifth in descent from Killian Van Rensselaer (c. 1580–1645), the original patroon of Rensselaerwyck, New York, who acquired his large estates between 1630 and 1637. Stephen was graduated at Harvard in 1782. In 1780–90 he was a member of the New York Assembly, and from 1791 to 1795 served as a member of the state Senate. He was lieutenant-governor of New York (1795–1801) for the two terms in which John Jay was governor. In 1801 he presided over the state constitutional convention, and from 1808 to 1810 was again in the Assembly. He was an ardent promoter of the Erie Canal, and as a commissioner to examine the proposed route, &c., he reported favourably to the Assembly in 1811. In the second war with Great Britain he commanded the First Division of the detached militia of the state of New York, with the rank of major-general, and on the 13th of October 1812 was defeated at the battle of Queenston Heights. As he was a Federalist he was severely criticised and censured for this defeat and resigned from the army. At the close of the war the Erie Canal project was renewed, and from 1816 till his death he was a member of the board of canal commissioners, and for nearly fifteen years was its president. In 1818 he was again elected to the Assembly; in 1819 he became a regent of the State University of which he was for a time chancellor; and in 1821 he was a delegate to the New York constitutional convention. From 1822 to 1829 he was a member of the National House of Representatives, and there voted for John Quincy Adams for the presidency, and served as chairman of the committee on agriculture. In 1820–23 he sent out at his own expense Professors Amos Eaton (1776–1842) and Edward Hitchcock to make extensive surveys, results of which were published as An Agricultural and Geological Survey of the District adjoining the Erie Canal (Albany, 1824). In 1824 he founded a school in Troy which was incorporated two years later as the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. He died at Albany, New York, on the 26th of January 1839.
See D. D. Barnard, A Discourse on the Life, Services and Character of Stephen Van Rensselaer (Albany, 1839).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Van Dorn, Earl

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​VAN DORN, EARL (1820–1863), American soldier, was born near Vicksburg in 1820, and entered the army of the United States from West Point in 1842. For several years previous to the Mexican War he was employed in garrison duty, but in that war he saw a good deal of active service, distinguishing himself at Cerro Gordo and Churubusco, returning to the United States a brevet-major. He also fought in the Seminole War and in 1858 against the Comanches. When his state seceded in 1861 he resigned his commission in the U.S. army, and in the September of that year became major-general C.S.A. He commanded the Confederates in the hard-fought battle of Pea Ridge, but was superseded for failing to win it. Later in 1862 he won promotion and a second independent command in the West, and led the Confederates at the battle of Corinth (the 3rd and 4th of October 1862) at which he came very near to success. In spite of the verdict of a court of inquiry, he was again superseded. As a subordinate of Lieut.-General Pemberton he did splendid service to the Confederate cause in defeating Grant's first advance on Vicksburg at Holly Springs (1862). He was shot in a private quarrel on the 8th of May 1863.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Oi
### Oi.
#### 鞋$^{-1}$

    Shoes.

#### 挨$^1$

    To place by the side of; to introduce; draw by force.

#### 矮$^2$

    A dwarf; of low stature.

#### 隘$^{-4}$

    A narrow pass; in narrow circumstances; urgent; straightened.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Oⁿi
### Oⁿi.
#### 閒$^{-1}$

    A crevice; space between; interval; leisure; unoccupied.

#### 閑$^{-1}$

    A barrier; a fence; to ward off; protect; large.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Nᵘng
### Nⁿng.
#### 郞$^{-1}$

    Name of an office; a respectful appellation of masters, husbands &c.

#### 女$^2$

    A woman; female; daughter.

#### 軟$^2$

    Soft; flexible; yielding; the wheel of a carriage.

#### 卵$^{-3}$

    An egg.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Pau
### Pau.
#### 包$^1$

    To wrap round; infold; envelope; contain.

#### 胞$^1$

    That which surrounds an infant in the womb; a bladder.

#### 苞$^1$

    Grass of which mats are made; the hull or husk of grain.

#### 暴$^{-3}$

    Scorching; cruel; fierce; oppressive; violent wind.

#### 菢$^{-3}$

    To cover over, as a bird its eggs.

#### 雹$^{-3}$

    Fish preserved in brine.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Ok
### Ok.
#### 屋$^4$

    A habitation; house; a covering.

#### 偓$^4$

    To restrict; limit.

#### 喔$^4$

    Crowing of a cock.

#### 幄$^4$

    A curtain; a tent.

#### 握$^4$

    To grasp in the hand; to take a handful.

#### 渥$^4$

    Moistened; tinged; imbued; enriched; glossy.

#### 齷$^4$

    Closely pressed; embarrassed; to gnash the teeth.

#### 澚$^4$

    A bank; a shore.

#### 沃$^4$

    To water plants; flourishing; soft; fertile.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Pe
### Pe.
#### 爬$^{-1}$

    To scrape; scratch; crawl like a crab.

#### 耙$^{-1}$鈀$^{-1}$

    A harrow; a rake; barbed arrow; military carriage.

#### 筢$^{-1}$

    A rake.

#### 琶$^{-1}$

    A three stringed instrument played with the hands.

#### 抓$^{-1}$

    To scratch gently; tickle; to cajole.

#### 杷$^2$

    A handle; an instrument for leveling the ground.

#### 父$^{-3}$

    A father.

#### 白$^{-4}$

    White; clear; manifest; to explain; gratuitously.

#### 帛$^{-4}$

    Silk; cloth goods; property; an official title; wealth.

#### 百$^4$

    A hundred; the whole number or species; many.

#### 伯$^4$

    A senior; superior; a father's elder brother.

#### 柏$^4$

    The cypress or fir; large; great; to urge.

#### 擘$^4$

    To beat the breast; break; to open; drive away.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Pek
### Pek.
#### 迫$^4$

    Urgent; pressing; to press hard upon and embarrass.

#### 偪$^4$

    To oppress; use ill; to compress; to fill; distend.

#### 逼$^4$

    To press upon; reduce to straits; tyrannize over.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/O
### O.
#### 湖$^{-1}$

    A lake; name of a river.

#### 箶$^{-1}$

    A species of bamboo.

#### 烏$^1$

    A crow; black; an interrogative particle; how?

#### 嫗$^1$

    A mother; the fructifying influences of nature.

#### 諏$^1$

    To recite; sing verses or songs; to nourish.

#### 鷗$^1$

    A certain kind of waterfowl.

#### 芋$^3$

    An edible plant, with a solid root & large leaf; luxuriant.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Ong
### Ong.
#### 翁$^1$

    Feathers on the neck of a bird; title of respect for old people.

#### 㨣$^{-3}$

    To tend a babe; toss up and down gently; embrance.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Pai
### Pai.
#### 牌$^{-1}$

    A tablet; an order of government; a permit; passport; warrant; a shield.

#### 排$^{-1}$

    To arrange; adjust; put in order; spread out.

#### 擺$^2$

    To separate; spread out; open; to strike; rouse.

#### 敗$^3$

    To subvert or be subverted; to break; spoil; ruin.

#### 拜$^{3-}$

    To bow; worship; to bow in token of accepting anything.

#### 湃$^{3-}$

    The sound of water increasing and rushing.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Épernon

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​ÉPERNON, a town of northern France in the department of Eure-et-Loir, at the confluence of the Drouette and the Guesle, 17 m. N.E. of Chartres by rail. Pop. (1906) 2370. It belonged originally to the counts of Montfort, who, in the 11th century, built a castle here of which the ruins are still left, and granted a charter to the town. In the 13th century it became an independent lordship, which remained attached to the crown of Navarre till, in the 16th century, it was sold by King Henry (afterwards King Henry IV. of France) to Jean Louis de Nogaret, for whom it was raised to the rank of a duchy in 1581. The new duke of Épernon was one of the favourites of Henry III., who were called les Mignons; the king showered favours upon him, giving him the posts of colonel-general in the infantry and of admiral of France. Under the reign of Henry IV. he made himself practically independent in his government of Provence. He was instrumental in giving the regency to Marie de’ Medici in 1610, and as a result exercised a considerable influence upon the government. During his governorship of Guienne in 1622 he had some scandalous scenes with the parlement and the archbishop of Bordeaux. He died in 1642. His eldest son, Henri de Nogaret de la Valette, duke of Candale, served under Richelieu, in the armies of Guienne, of Picardy and of Italy. The second son of Jean Louis de Nogaret, Bernard, who was born in 1592, and died in 1661, was, like his father, duke of Épernon, colonel-general in the infantry and governor of Guienne. After his death, the title of duke of Épernon was borne by the families of Goth and of Pardaillan.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Épée, Charles-Michel

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​ÉPÉE, CHARLES-MICHEL, Abbé de l’ (1712–1789), celebrated for his labours in behalf of the deaf and dumb, was born at Paris on the 25th of November 1712, being the son of the king’s architect. He studied for the church, but having declined to sign a religious formula opposed to the doctrines of the Jansenists, he was denied ordination by the bishop of his diocese. He then ​devoted himself to the study of law; but about the time of his admission to the bar of Paris, the bishop of Troyes granted him ordination, and offered him a canonry in his cathedral. This bishop died soon after, and the abbé, coming to Paris, was, on account of his relations with Soanen, the famous Jansenist, deprived of his ecclesiastical functions by the archbishop of Beaumont. About the same time it happened that he heard of two deaf mutes whom a priest lately dead had been endeavouring to instruct, and he offered to take his place. The Spaniard Pereira was then in Paris, exhibiting the results he had obtained in the education of deaf mutes; and it has been affirmed that it was from him that Épée obtained his manual alphabet. The abbé, however, affirmed that he knew nothing of Pereira’s method; and whether he did or not, there can be no doubt that he attained far greater success than Pereira or any of his predecessors, and that the whole system now followed in the instruction of deaf mutes virtually owes its origin to his intelligence and devotion. In 1755 he founded, for this beneficent purpose, a school which he supported at his own expense until his death, and which afterwards was succeeded by the “Institution Nationale des Sourds Muets à Paris,” founded by the National Assembly in 1791. He died on the 23rd of December 1789. In 1838 a bronze monument was erected over his grave in the church of Saint Roch. He published various books on his method of instruction, but that published in 1784 virtually supersedes all others. It is entitled La Véritable Manière d’instruire les sourds et muets, confirmée par une longue expérience. He also began a Dictionnaire général des signes, which was completed by his successor, the abbé Sicard.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Épernay

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​ÉPERNAY, a town of northern France, capital of an arrondissement in the department of Marne, 88 m. E.N.E. of Paris on the main line of the Eastern railway to Châlons-sur-Marne. Pop. (1906) 20,291. The town is situated on the left bank of the Marne at the extremity of the pretty valley of the Cubry, by which it is traversed. In the central and oldest quarter the streets are narrow and irregular; the surrounding suburbs are modern and more spacious, and that of La Folie, on the east, contains many handsome villas belonging to rich wine merchants. The town has also extended to the right bank of the Marne. One of its churches preserves a portal and stained-glass windows of the 16th century, but the other public buildings are modern. Épernay is best known as the principal entrepôt of the Champagne wines, which are bottled and kept in extensive vaults in the chalk rock on which the town is built. The manufacture of the apparatus and material used in the champagne industry occupies many hands, and the Eastern Railway Company has important workshops here. Brewing, and the manufacture of sugar and of hats and caps, are also carried on. Épernay is the seat of a sub-prefect and has tribunals of first instance and of commerce, and communal colleges for girls and boys.
Épernay (Sparnacum) belonged to the archbishops of Reims from the 5th to the 10th century, at which period it came into the possession of the counts of Champagne. It suffered severely during the Hundred Years’ War, and was burned by Francis I. in 1544. It resisted Henry of Navarre in 1592, and Marshal Biron fell in the attack which preceded its capture. In 1642 it was, along with Château-Thierry, erected into a duchy and assigned to the duke of Bouillon.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Épi

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​ÉPI, the French architectural term for a light finial, generally of metal, but sometimes of terra-cotta, forming the termination of a spire or the angle of a roof.