OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wistaria

Edition of 1905. See also Wisteria on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WISTARIA (Neo-Lat., named in honor of Caspar Wistar). A genus of climbing deciduous shrubs of the natural order Leguminosæ. The species have drooping racemes of bluish flowers, for which they are commonly grown against the
walls of houses or over arbors and trellises. Some of them are among the most magnificent ornamental climbers known in flower gardens. The Chinese wistaria (Wistaria Chinensis), the finest and most popular cultivated species,
produces long clusters of showy blue flowers. It sometimes blossoms a second time in the fall. There are white, double-flowered and variegated-leaved horticultural varieties. This species is not hardy in the Northern United States. The American wistaria (Wistaria fructescens) produces clusters of dark blue flowers a little later in the season than the foregoing species. Wistarias grow in almost any soil and are propagated by seeds, layers, cuttings, and division. The young shoots are frequently layered in the summer and the young plants separated from the parent plant the next spring.
AMERICAN WISTARIA.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wismar

Edition of 1905. See also Wismar on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
WISMAR, vĭs'mär. A seaport of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Germany, at the head of a bay of the same name, one of the best harbors of the Baltic, 18 miles north of
Schwerin (Map: Germany, D 2), It has manufactures of tobacco, sail-cloth, machinery, paper, malt liquors, and sugar. Shipbuilding and fishing are important industries. Population, in 1900, 19,758. Wismar was the capital of Mecklenburg from 1256 to 1358 and a Hanseatic town of importance. In 1648 it passed to Sweden, and in 1803 to Mecklenburg-Sehwerin.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Woodruff

Edition of 1905. See also Galium odoratum and Asperula tinctoria on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
* SWEET WOODRUFF
WOODRUFF (AS. wudurofe, wuderofe, from wudu, widu, wood + *rofe, of uncertain meaning, possibly ruff), Asperula. A genus of about 75 annual and perennial herbs of the natural order Rubiaceæ. The sweet woodruff (Asperula odorata) is common in shady woods in all parts of Europe. The plant when dried has an agreeable fragrance, similar to that of dried vernal grass. It forms an agreeable herb tea, and enters into the composition of the popular May drink of the Germans. Dyer's woodruff (Asperula tinctoria), a native of Europe and of Siberia, is a perennial whose root is used in Dalmatia and elsewhere instead of madder, but is less productive.
# The New Student's Reference Work/East Orange, N. J.

See also East Orange, New Jersey on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
East Orange, N. J., a favorite residential town in Essex County, N. J., for the business men of New York, 12 miles distant. It is served by the Erie and Delaware and Lackawanna and Western railroads. It adjoins Newark to the south. It has, besides a great number of handsome suburban villas, some good schools and commodious churches. Its growth has been considerable in the past decade. Population, 34,371.
# The New Student's Reference Work/East India Company

See also British East India Company on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
East India Company. The East India trade dates from the time when the Portuguese navigator, Vasco da Gama, having effected the eastern passage to India by doubling the Cape of Good Hope, cast anchor off the city of Calicut, May 20, 1498. Though the Portuguese did not start a formal trading-company, they held sway in the seas they had opened during the whole of the 16th century. In the next century their place was rapidly taken by the Dutch, whose first vessel had rounded the Cape in 1596 and whose East India Company was founded in 1602. But the earliest incorporated East India Company was the English, to which Queen Elizabeth granted a charter on the last day of the 16th century. Several later English companies, after a brief period of rivalry, were united with the original company under the title of The United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies. In the 17th century the Dutch crowded the English out of the islands where all the European powers had gained their first footing, and so settlements were founded by the English on the coasts of the Indian peninsula. Madras, Bombay and Calcutta were founded one after the other. Properly speaking, the company were only merchants exchanging the products of the east and west, but soon they were drawn into the quarrels among the native princes, which resulted in the establishment by England of sovereign powers over vast regions. The charter of this Company was renewed again and again, but a feeling against the monopoly gradually grew up in England. In 1833 the company’s exclusive trading-privileges were taken away, and from that time the government took a constantly increasing part both in trading and in governing the Indian dominion, though it was nominally done by the company. In 1858, after the Sepoy rebellion, the company was forced after great resistance to yield its powers to the crown; and Indian affairs are now managed by a secretary of state for India. French and Danish East India Companies have existed for short periods. See India; and India under British Rule, by J. T. Wheeler.
# The New Student's Reference Work/East Providence

See also East Providence, Rhode Island on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
East Providence, a town in Providence County, R. I., directly opposite the city of Providence, on Seekonk River. The important industries of the town are linen-factories, bleacheries, chemical, electrical and wire-works. The town was incorporated in 1862. East Providence and Seekonk, Mass., once were a part of the town of Rehoboth. Population, 15,808.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Earthworm

See also Earthworm on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Earthworm, the common angleworm that burrows in the earth. The surface of the body is provided with small bristles which aid in crawling and in burrowing. The body is divided by furrows into a number of rings; those in front are larger than those in the middle and those behind are flatter, so that one can easily tell the head-end and the tail-end. The earthworm, although to general appearances so low in the scale of life, is wonderfully constructed, and is provided with organs of digestion, circulation, nervous life, etc. The digestive system is a muscular tube running through the body, having a crop and gizzard in its course; the front end of it is capable of being thrown out and drawn by a set of muscles. The food consists of animal and vegetable matter mixed with the soil, for example, minute fragments of old leaves, etc. Therefore the earthworm fills its alimentary tube with earth in which are scattered particles of animal and vegetable matter. The food is digested and absorbed into the system and the earth is voided again. In this way these worms work the soil over, and their influence is greater than one would at first suspect. Darwin showed that in an acre of garden, on an average, as much as fifteen tons of soil would pass through their bodies in a year. They also bring vegetable mould to the surface, and bury objects thrown upon the ground, at the rate of two inches or more in ten years. They have been important agents in burying ancient cities, temples, columns, coins, etc. They also are very beneficial to the soil in loosening it and working it over. They have a set of coiled tubes, a pair in each joint, except the first three or four, that remove from the body the worn-out material, and correspond to the kidneys of higher animals. These organs are characteristic of worms. The nervous system consists of a mass of gray nervous matter in the head, united by strands around the throat to a long cord of nervous matter running along the under surface of the body. The nerve-trunks are connected with this central cord, those of the head-end uniting with the brain, those from the rest of the body with the ventral cord. The earthworms have no eyes, but the entire fore end of the body is sensitive to light. They feed mostly at night, crawling from their burrows, and their places may be discovered by tubular castings of earth. There are many other worms composed, like the earthworms, of a series of rings. It is probable that the parentage of vertebrated animals was from simple animals somewhat like these ringed worms. No one thinks that the worms of to-day represent the ancestors of vertebrates, but it is generally believed by naturalists that the vertebrated animal came from very simple forms many thousand or million years ago, and those early remote parents were probably in structure somewhat like the living ringed worms. See Darwin: Formation of Vegetable Mould.
# The New Student's Reference Work/East Indies

See also East Indies on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
East Indies, as distinguished from West Indies, include the two great peninsulas of southern Asia and all the neighboring islands from the delta of the Indus to the northern extremity of the Philippines. See India and, for the Dutch East Indies, Holland.
# The New Student's Reference Work/East Liverpool, O.

See also East Liverpool, Ohio on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
East Liverpool, O., a growing town in southeastern Ohio, whose trade chiefly consists of pottery-ware. It is in Columbiana County, on the Ohio River, and near the eastern boundary of the state. It lies about equidistant from Wheeling to the south and from Pittsburg, Pa., to the east. It is served by the Cleveland and Pittsburg Railroad. There are over thirty potteries in the town, manufacturing various wares, such as terra-cotta, granite, stone and earthenware, besides glass-works, foundries and machine-shops. Population, 20,387.
# The New Student's Reference Work/East St. Louis, Ill.

See also East St. Louis, Illinois on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
East St. Louis, Ill., a city of St. Clair County, on the Mississippi River, opposite St. Louis, Mo. The cities are connected by a steel-bridge across the river. East St. Louis is a great railroad-center, and the emporium of a considerable trade. Here are a number of the largest stock-yards in the United States; it also has extensive car and machine-shops, foundries, rolling-mills, breweries, glass-factories, sugar-mills, steel-plants, etc. There are many good schools and churches, a public library, an academy and the Howe (Baptist) Literary Institute. In the past decade the population has doubled, being 58,547.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Easter

See also Easter on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Easter, the festival of the resurrection of Jesus Christ, probably derives its name from Eastre, a Saxon goddess, whose festival was kept about the same time as Easter. In the ancient church, the celebration lasted eight days, but in later times it was limited to two or three days. It was a festival of pleasure; alms were given to the poor and slaves were often freed. Daily services were held during the whole week before Easter, and on Easter Day the people greeted each other with a kiss, saying: “He is risen,” to which the reply was made: “He is risen, indeed;” and this custom is still kept up in the Greek church. The custom of exchanging eggs as a symbol of resurrection or renewed life is very old. Easter Day is always the first Sunday after that full moon which comes upon or next after the 21st of March (the beginning of the old church-year), the full moon being understood to be (though not accurately) the 14th of the calendar moon. If the full moon comes on Sunday, Easter Day always is the Sunday after.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dall, Caroline Healy

Edition of 1905. See also Caroline Healey Dall on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​DALL, Caroline Healy (1822—). An American author and philanthropist, born in Boston. She lectured frequently on theological subjects, and on questions associated with the amelioration of conditions affecting woman, and was a founder of the Social Science Association, the constitution of which she framed. For many years she conducted a class in literature and morals at her home in Washington. With Mrs. Pauline Wright Davis she founded Una, a journal devoted to woman's rights, and the pioneer publication of its kind in Boston. The writings of Mrs. Dall are devoted chiefly to a discussion of the rights of woman, and her work entitled The College, the Market, and the Court, or Woman's Relation to Education, Employment, and Citizenship (1867), is a widely known contribution to that subject. Another popular work from her pen is entitled, What We Really Know About Shakespeare (1885; 2d ed. 1886).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dall, William Healy

Edition of 1905. See also William Healey Dall on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ DALL, William Healy (1845—). An American naturalist, born in Boston. He was a special student under Louis Agassiz. In 1865-68 he accompanied the International Telegraph Expedition to Alaska, and from 1871 to 1884 he was on the United States Coast Survey of Alaska. Since 1880 he has been attached to the United States National Museum, and since 1893 he has been professor of invertebrate paleontology at the Wagner Institute of Science, Philadelphia. He is the author of numerous papers on mollusks, brachiopods, and the natural history of Alaska. Important among his works are: Alaska and Its Resources (1870); Reports of the Mollusca of the Blake Expedition (1880-90); Mollusca of the Southwestern Coast of the United States (1890).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Daker Hen

Edition of 1905. See also Corn crake on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ DA′KER HEN (dialectic Engl. and Scotch daker, to loiter: cf. OFlem. daekeren, to move to and fro). An English local name for a corn-crake. See Crake.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dakota

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ DAKO′TA. See North Dakota; South Dakota.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Daisy Miller

Edition of 1905. See also Daisy Miller on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ DAISY MILLER. A well-known novel by Henry James (1878), so called from the name of its heroine, an American girl who disregarded European rules of conduct. This character sketch was much criticised as not being a true representation of the American type; but its veracity is now admitted.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Daitya

Edition of 1905. See also Daitya on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ DAITYA, dīt′yȧ (Skt., sons of Diti, a popular formation from Aditi, the boundless goddess). The Titans of Hindu mythology, hostile to the gods and disturbers of religious observances.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dallas, Alexander James

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ DALLAS, Alexander James (1759-1817). An American politician. He was born in the island of Jamaica, was educated at Edinburgh and at Westminster, and in 1783 removed from Jamaica to Philadelphia. In 1785 he was admitted to the bar, and soon became prominent both as a lawyer and a politician. He was Secretary of the Treasury in President Madison's Cabinet from 1814 to 1816, and it was on his recommendation that in 1816 Congress passed an act to incorporate a new United States bank. From 1815 to 1816 he discharged the duties of the War as well as of the Treasury Department. He published Reports of Cases Ruled and Adjudged by the Courts of the United States and of Pennsylvania Before and Since the Revolution (4 vols., 1790-1807); Address to the Society of Constitutional Republicans (1805); and Exposition of the Causes and Character of the War of 1812-15.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Daisy

Edition of 1905. See also Daisy on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ DAISY (AS. dæges ēage, day's eye, referring to the form of the flower). A plant of the genus Bellis, of the natural order Compositæ. The common daisy (Bellis perennis), plentiful throughout Europe, flowers almost all the year in pastures, meadows, and grassy places. For illustration, see Plate of Dahlias, etc. What are called double varieties, with flowers of various and often brilliant colors, are very commonly cultivated in gardens. A variety has the flower (head of flower) surrounded by smaller ones, the short stems of which grow from the summit of the scape or leafless stem. The daisy (gowan of the Scotch) has long been a favorite with poets and lovers of nature, characteristic as it is of many of the fairest summer scenes, its blossoms gemming the pastures, and recommended also by its frequent appearance during the severer seasons of the year. Its flowers close at night. It is sparingly introduced in America. A species of Bellis is, however, found in the United States (Bellis integrifolia), but it is confined to Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, and the Southwestern States. The flower commonly called daisy, or oxeye daisy, in the United States is a species of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum) . A number of other plants are called daisies in the United States, among them Rudbeckia hirta, also called yellow daisy and black-eyed susan. Erigeron annuus, Erigeron strigosus, and other species are called daisies or daisy fleabane, and a number of species of wild aster are likewise known as daisies.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Daisy, Solomon

Edition of 1905. See also Barnaby Rudge on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ DAISY, Solomon. In Dickens's Barnaby Rudge, the rusty little parish clerk of Chigwell, and one of the ‘quadrilateral,’ or village club, which met at the ‘Maypole.’
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dakar

Edition of 1905. See also Dakar on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ DAKAR, dȧ-kär′. A seaport in the French colony of Sénégal, Africa, situated about 1½ miles north of Gorée and on the extreme point of Cape Verde (Map: Africa, C 3). It has an excellent harbor and is connected by railway with Saint Louis, 163 miles distant. The climate is unhealthful. There are a number of large factories, and the commerce of the town has increased since the completion of the railway to Saint Louis. Population, in 1890, 12,000.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Triangulation

See also Triangulation on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Trian′gula′tion, a branch of surveying and geodesy, in which the positions of points on the earth's surface are determined by measuring with great accuracy a baseline and then constructing triangles on this. By measuring the angles and knowing the base line, the other distances become a matter of trigonometrical calculation. In connection with the survey of the United States being made by the coast and geodetic survey, a series of such triangles extending across the country has been fixed with great accuracy. The exact shape of the earth is determined from such triangulation in connection with astronomical observations of latitude and longitude.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tribunes, Roman

See also Tribune on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Trib′unes, Roman, were popular magistrates elected annually from among the plebs, Romans not of noble birth, to safeguard popular interests. According to tradition the right of election of tribunes was wrested by the plebeians from the patricians in B. C. 494 by the device of a secession. The rights and powers of the tribunes gradually increased. From the first they had the right of protecting accused plebeians; and their persons were inviolable. Their principal acquired power was that of veto of a proposed law. The tribunes had by the time of the Gracchi become serious rivals of the consuls, the chief magistrates. Their number was increased to as many as ten; so that in politics any one of ten officials might obstruct legislation. As in the case of the Gracchi, the tribunician power was often over-ridden and was finally usurped by Octavian when he became emperor under the title of Augustus. In addition to these tribunes of the people there were officers in the Roman army with the title of tribune. The name in this sense originally meant an officer of the tribe; and may be traced back to the ancient tribal organisation of the Roman army. There were six military tribunes in each legion, at first chosen by the consuls, but afterwards elected in the assembly of the tribes. Their powers were wholly military, not political.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tufts College

See also Tufts University on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Tufts College, a college (founded in 1852), controlled by the Universalist denomination, is located four miles from Boston, Mass. It comprises the college of letters, divinity school, medical school and dental school. It has 208 instructors and 1,020 students.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tucson, Ariz.

See also Tucson, Arizona on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Tucson (tū-sŏn′), Ariz., the largest city in the territory, is about 60 miles north of Mexico. It is 2,520 feet above the sea, in the valley of the Santa Cruz. The old part of the town looks like a Mexican city, with plazas, narrow streets and adobe houses, but the newer parts are American. The climate, mild in winter, is very hot in summer, and the yearly rainfall is only seven inches. The church of St. Xavier, built more than 100 years ago by Roman Catholic missionaries, is near the city, and the university of the territory is here. The city is supplied with gas and water, and has a large trade with Mexico and in supplying the Indian reservations. Tucson was a Mexican military post, and came into the possession of the United States by the Gadsden purchase in 1853. Population 13,193.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Trinidad

See also Trinidad on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Trinidad (trǐn' ǐ-dǎd), the most southern of the West Indies, lies off the coast of Venezuela, nearly opposite the mouth of the Orinoco. It is 50 miles long and from 30 to 60 wide, and includes 1,754 square miles. The two channels to the harbor are called the Dragon's Mouth and the Serpent's Mouth. On the northern coast are forest-covered mountains, one with two peaks, called Tamana, while the rest of the island abounds in fertile valleys and plains. There are some good-sized rivers and several fine harbors. A lake, with pitch floating on its surface, is one of the curiosities of the island. (See Asphalt.) The most important products are cocoa, sugar, rum, molasses, coffee, cotton, cocoanuts and oil. There are 250 public schools, with 40,956 pupils, many private schools, Queen's Royal College and a Roman Catholic College, with a total of 427 students. The chief town, Port of Spain, originally built of wood, was burned in 1808. The new town, built of stone, is one of the finest in the West Indies. The island was discovered by Columbus in 1498 and named Trinidad, because he first saw three mountain-summits from his ship. In 1797 it was taken by the British from the Spanish, and in 1889 Tobago was annexed. It has 81 miles of railway and 1,147 of telegraph and telephone. There are steamship lines to England, Holland, North America and Venezula. Population 330,074.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tucker, John Randolph

See also John Randolph Tucker (politician) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Tuck′er, John Randolph, American lawyer and statesman, son of Henry St. George Tucker, was born at Winchester, Va., Dec. 24, 1823, and died at Lexington, Va., Feb. 13, 1897. He was educated at the University of Virginia, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1845, and from 1857 to 1863 was attorney-general for his native state. The Civil War dispossessed him of this post, but he was appointed to the chair of equity and public law in Washington and Lee University and held that office four years (1870-4). From 1874 to 1887 he was a member of Congress, and acted frequently as chairman of the judiciary committee and of the committee on ways and means, and took an active part in the Congressional debates on the tariff. His oratory was frequently listened to in the house on many other important topics and themes of legislative import.