OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Smillie, Robert

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SMILLIE, ROBERT (1859-), British labour politician, was born in Belfast in 1859 of Scottish parents. He was sent to a primary school but left at the age of 14 years to work in a shipyard at Govan. Two years later he went into the mining industry of Lanarkshire and worked underground for 16 years. From 1878 onwards he was an active trade unionist, although in the earlier years of this period he was earning only 18s. 6d. a week. In 1890 he was elected paid organizer for the Larkhall district and owing to his activity the Lanarkshire Miners' Union soon reached a membership of 30,000. He took a prominent part in the formation of the Scottish Coal Trade Conciliation Board and its satisfactory results were largely attributable to his efforts. His abilities as a leader caused him to rise steadily from the chairmanship of the Scottish Trade Union Congress to the first presidency of the parliamentary committee of the Scottish Trade Union Congress and in 1894 he became permanent president of the Scottish Miners' Federation. In 1912 he was elected to the presidency of the Miners' Federation of Great Britain and the building up of this body has been the great work of his life. Politically his success has not been so great as on the industrial field and although he stood as a candidate for Parliament seven times he was never elected. His greatest poll was 3,847 in a three-cornered fight at Mid-Lanark in 1910. In 1885 he was elected a member of the district school board for Larkhall, a position which he filled for 20 years. His work on the Coal Industry Commission from March till June 1919 brought him into greater prominence, but he became very ill in Nov. 1919. In March 1920, as his health was no better, he tendered his resignation from the presidency of the Miners' Federation, but the Federation refused to accept it and gave him leave of absence instead. In March 1921 ill-health compelled him to resign from the Federation and retire from public life.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sickles, Daniel Edgar

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​SICKLES, DANIEL EDGAR (1825–1914), American soldier and diplomatist (see 25.36), died in New York City, May 3 1914. In 1912 after having served for more than a quarter of a century as chairman of the New York Monuments Commission he was removed following the discovery of a shortage of $27,000. His last years were disturbed by financial difficulties.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sidgwick, Arthur

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​SIDGWICK, ARTHUR (1840–1920), English scholar (see 25.39) was in his later years an ardent advocate of the abolition of compulsory Greek at Oxford, both in the interest of the classics and with the view of extending the field whence the university should draw its students. He was also a warm supporter of the admission of women to the university degrees, as he ​had previously been both of woman suffrage and indeed of all aspects of the higher education of women. He died at Oxford, Sept. 25 1920.
His elder brother, William Carr Sigdwick (1834–1919), also a classical scholar and fellow of Merton College, Oxford, died at Rugby, Oct. 18 1919.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sickert, Walter Richard

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​SICKERT, WALTER RICHARD (1860–), British painter, was born at Munich, May 31 1860, the son of the painter, Oswald Adalbert Sickert, a well-known contributor to Fliegende Blätter, and grandson of Johannes Sickert of Altona, painter and lithographer. Walter Sickert studied painting and etching under Whistler in Tite Street, Chelsea, but in 1885, following the advice of Degas, began to paint from drawings instead of from nature. His first work on these lines, "Mammoth Comique," was published in the Yellow Book. The dramatic quality of his work owes much to his study of the technique of wood engraving and to his interest in the work of John Leech and Charles Keene, while he was also much influenced by Wilhelm Busch (see 4.869) and Adolf Oberländer (see 19.946). His subject pictures include "Mamma mia po' areta" (1903), "Noctes Ambrosianae" (1906), "The Camden Town Murder" (1906), "Army and Navy" (1913), "Ennui" (1914), "Sinn Fein" (1915), "Pierrots on Brighton Beach at Night" (1915), "Baccarat at Dieppe" (1920) and "Supper at the Casino" (1920). He also produced some architectural paintings, including "Hotel Royal, Dieppe" (1900), "Miracoli" (1903), "Lansdowne Crescent" (1917) and "Pulteney Bridge" (1918), while his best known landscapes are "The Happy Valley" (1919) and "The Priory of Auberville" (1919). Examples of his work are in the British Museum, Tate Gallery, Bibliothèque Nationale, the Luxemburg and the art galleries of Manchester and Johannesburg. He became a member of the Société du Salon d'Automne, the Society of Twelve and the International Society, and was a fellow of the Royal Society of Painters, Etchers and Engravers. As a teacher he exercised a strong influence over the younger school of British painters.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Simon, Sir John Allsebrook

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​SIMON, SIR JOHN ALLSEBROOK (1873–), British politician and lawyer, the son of a Congregational minister, was educated at Fettes, and at Wadham College, Oxford, where he was a scholar and was eventually elected an hon. fellow. He became pres. of the Union in 1896, and took a first-class in Lit. Hum. in the same year, being subsequently elected fellow of All Souls. He went to the bar, became Barstow Law scholar in 1898, and was called in 1899. His manifest abilities and the persuasiveness of his advocacy soon brought him into notice; he was chosen one of the counsel for the British Government in the ​arbitration on the Alaska Boundary in 1903; and he rapidly attained so considerable a practice that he was able to take silk in 1908. Meanwhile he had gone into politics, and was elected as an advanced Liberal for Walthamstow at the general election of 1906. At first, probably owing to his absorption in his legal work, he did not command nearly so much attention in Parliament as his Wadham contemporary and fellow-lawyer, Mr. F. E. Smith (afterwards Lord Birkenhead). But he gradually made his way, and was appointed by Mr. Asquith solicitor-general in 1910, and Attorney-General with a seat in the Cabinet in 1913. On the outbreak of war in 1914, his resignation, along with those of Lord Morley and Mr. Burns, was confidently expected; but he finally decided to remain with his chief and the bulk of his colleagues. When the first war Coalition Government was formed in May 1915, he was offered the lord chancellorship, but he declined the greatest prize of his profession as he preferred a political career in the Commons. Accordingly he accepted the home secretaryship, and gave up his legal practice, by means of which he had acquired a comfortable fortune. Early, however, in the following year, owing to his inability to accept the Government bill for compulsory military service, he resigned his office and led a fruitless opposition to the measure in the House; and then went out to the front in France as a major in the R.A.F. He subsequently resumed practice as a barrister, and immediately regained his position in the front rank of his profession. On the break between Mr. Asquith and Mr. Lloyd George, Sir John Simon adhered to the former. He lost his seat in Parliament at the general election in Dec. 1918, subsequently taking an active part in political work outside the House in the interests of the Independent Liberals. He was twice married in 1899 to Ethel M. Venables, who died in 1902, leaving a son and two daughters, and in 1917 to Kathleen Manning.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Slatin, Sir Rudolf Carl von

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SLATIN, SIR RUDOLF CARL VON (1857–), Anglo-Austrian soldier and administrator in the Sudan (see 25.212). For his capable and gallant services in the Sudan Slatin Pasha had been created K.C.M.G. and had received the thanks of both Houses of Parliament in 1899. In 1906 he was created a baron of the Austrian Empire and was made an Austrian privy councillor in 1904. The same year he married Baroness Alice von Ramberg of Vienna (d. 1921). In 1912 he received the G.C.V.O. from H.M. King George. On the outbreak of the World War, Slatin, who was on leave in Vienna, was prevented, by the Austrian mobilization, from returning to his appointment in the Sudan, and in this difficult position he voluntarily took up work as head of the Austrian Red Cross, and in charge of prisoners-of-war, and would accept no remuneration for his services. In this capacity he did much to ameliorate the conditions of imprisonment, and was largely responsible for the humane treatment of the Allied soldiers in Austrian hands. The German Government (through Bethmann Hollweg) offered him a high post which he refused. Subsequent to the signing of the Armistice, he was selected as a member of the Austrian delegation to discuss the terms of peace in Paris.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Smith, Alfred Emanuel

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SMITH, ALFRED EMANUEL (1873-), American politician, was born in New York City, Dec. 30 1873. The son of humble parents, his father being a truck driver, he was educated in the St. James parochial school and for several years was employed in the Fulton Fish Market. He was very popular with his associates and at the age of 29 was offered the Democratic nomination for the N.Y. State Assembly by the Tammany leader of the district in which he lived. He was elected for 1903 and by reelection served for 12 years. In 1911 he became Democratic leader in the Assembly and was appointed vice-chairman of the Factory Investigating Committee which made a searching inquiry into industrial conditions in the state, resulting in remedial legislation. In 1913 he was speaker of the Assembly. In 1915 he was chosen a delegate to the State Constitutional Convention, taking an active part in its proceedings. He opposed the constitution as finally revised, one reason being that it contained a provision designed to
prevent New York City from having a majority of legislators. He “stumped” the state against its adoption and it was overwhelmingly rejected. The same year he was elected sheriff of New York county, then a lucrative post because of the system of fees (later abolished), and in 1917 president of the Board of Aldermen of New York City. In 1918 he was elected governor of New York, defeating Charles S. Whitman. As a member of the Assembly he had been a strong supporter of woman suffrage, and in June 1919, as governor, called a special session which ratified the woman suffrage amendment to the Federal Constitution. In 1920 he was again the Democratic nominee for governor, but was beaten in the overwhelming Republican landslide of that year; he lost, however, by only 73,000 votes, whereas the Democratic candidate for president was at the same time defeated by a million votes in New York state—a remarkable testimony to his own personal popularity.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Adair, Robert

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​Adair, Robert, the hero of the song of "Robin Adair," set to the music of the old Irish air of "Aileen Aroon," was an Irishman, a descendant of the Desmond FitzGeralds. He died about 1789. His father, Sir Robert Adair, was made a knight-banneret by William III. on the field, after the battle of the Boyne. For particulars concerning him and the tune of "Robin Adair," see Notes and Queries, 3rd Series.
* ↑ Manuscript and Special Information, and Current Periodicals.
* ↑ Notes and Queries. London, 1850–'78.
Addendum
​Adair, Robert, (page 1).—According to Dr. Reeves, he was not descended from Sir Robert Adair, Knight-banneret.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Aengus

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​Aengus, King of Munster, lived in the 5th century. His father entertained St. Patrick hospitably at Cashel, and with Aengus, received from him baptism. It is related that whilst celebrating the rite the Saint unwittingly pierced Aengus' foot with his pointed staff, which the prince bore uncomplainingly, supposing it to be part of the ceremony instituted in remembrance of the Crucifixion. When Aengus became king he endowed the church in Munster with the triennial offering of 500 sheep, 500 pieces of linen, 500 pieces of cloth, and 500 balls of iron, which continued to be paid down to the time of Cormac MacCullinan.
* ↑ Ecclesiastical History of Ireland: Rev. John Lanigan. 4 vols. Dublin, 1822.
* ↑ Ireland, History of, from the earliest period to the English Invasion: Rev. Geoffrey Keating: Translated from the Irish, and Noted by John O'Mahony. New York, 1857.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Adhna

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​Adhna, "Chief poet of Ireland," flourished in the reign of Conor MacNessa, in the 1st century. Fragments of laws attributed to him are to be found in the library of Trinity College. The sages Adhna, Forchern, and Atharne are said to have been the first to collect the axioms of Irish law into one volume.
* ↑ Irish Writers to 1750; Edward O'Reilly. Dublin, 1820.
* ↑ Ware, Sir James, Works: Walter Harris. 2 vols. Dublin, 1764.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Aedan, Saint

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​Aedan, Maedoc, or Mogue, Saint, was born about 560, on a small island in Brackley Lough, County of Cavan. He formed a youthful friendship with St. Laserian of Devenish, and was educated in Wales by St. David, by whom he was much loved. Upon his return to Ireland he settled in Wexford, where he established various monasteries. He lived chiefly at Ferns, on land granted to him by King Brandubh, through whose influence Ferns was constituted a see, and Aedan appointed its first bishop. He was noted for his benevolence and hospitality; and was patron saint of Hy Kinsellagh or Wexford. He died in 632, and was buried at Ferns. His festival is 31st January. He is generally known in the County of Wexford as St. Mogue.
* ↑ Irish Saints, Life of the: Rev. John O'Hanlon, vol. i. Dublin, N.D.
* ↑ Lanigan, Dr., and Irish Wits and Worthies: William J. FitzPatrick, LL.D. Dublin, 1873.
Addendum
​Aedan, (page 2).—Dr. Reeves places his birth in 555, and his death in 625.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Aedh

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​Aedh, King of Ireland, son of Laeghaire, reigned from 566 to 593. This monarch summoned a convention at Dromketh, now Daisy Hill, near Limavady—to reduce the power of the Fileas or Bards, of whom there were then in Ireland some 1,000, with hosts of followers; also to impose a tribute on the Scottish Dalriada, who until that time were bound to furnish an army and a fleet in time of war only; and to depose Sganlan Mor, King of Ossory, for refusal to pay tribute to the Ard Righ. This convention was attended by twelve "Kings of the Fifths and Lords of Cantons," and by St. Columcille from Iona. Chiefly through St. Columcille's influence and advice, it was arranged that the number of head Fileas should be reduced to those to be supported by the kings and chieftains, who were to allot them regular districts. St. Columcille refused to agree to the King's great desire to tax the Irish-Scotch, or to the deposition of Sganlan Mor, whom he freed from imprisonment, and reinstated on his throne. It appears to have been during Aedh's reign that the Isle of Man was lost to the Irish kings. Aedh fell at the battle of Dunbolg, in 593.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Adamnan, Saint

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​Adamnan, Saint, was born about 624, in the district now part of the County of Donegal. Very little is known concerning his early life, except that he was Abbot of Raphoe, a monastery which he probably founded. In 679 he was elected Abbot of the island of Iona, and in 686 was successful in a mission to Britain to plead for certain captives who had lately been carried away from Meath. About 692 he visited Ireland for the purpose of settling some matters connected with the Borromean tribute. In 697 he attended the Synod of Tara. It is probable that between these two visits he wrote his celebrated work, Vita Sancti Columbæ. The latter part of his life was chiefly spent in efforts (attended with little success) to induce his countrymen and the Hebridean Scots to accept the Roman computation of Easter. He is supposed to have died in 704 at Iona. Adamnan is justly considered one of the fathers of the Irish Church—no fewer than ten Irish and eight Scotch churches having been dedicated to, or called after him. His Vita Sancti Columbæ has been edited by Dr. Reeves, chiefly from a MS. of the early part of the 8th century, preserved in the public library of Schaffhausen. The following interesting remarks upon its style are made by the learned ​editor:—"The reader will observe the liberal employment of diminutives, so characteristic of Irish composition. … He delights in distributive numerals instead of cardinals, and in the adjective termination ax where admissible. He uses the pluperfect for the perfect, and the nominative instead of the ablative absolute. He occasionally employs Greek or Greco-Latin words; and in a few instances introduces Irish and Hiberno-Latin expressions. Proper names he sometimes inflects according to the rules of Irish grammar." Adamnan's festival is 23rd September.
* ↑ Columba, St., Adamnan's Life of: Edited by Rev. William Reeves, D.D. (I. A. S.) Dublin, 1857.
* ↑ Ecclesiastical History of Ireland: Rev. John Lanigan. 4 vols. Dublin, 1822.
* ↑ Martyrology of Donegal: Edited by J. H. Todd, D.D., and William Reeves, D.D. (I.A.S.) Dublin, 1864.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Adrian, Robert

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This is actually Robert Adrain
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​Adrian, Robert, mathematician, was born at Carrickfergus, 30th September 1775. He commanded a company of insurgents in 1798, and was dangerously wounded, but managed to escape to the United States. He taught school successively at Princeton, New Jersey, and at York and Reading, Pennsylvania. He was Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at Rutger's College, in 1810 and 1811; at Columbia College, from 1813 to 1825; and in the University of Pennsylvania, from 1827 to 1834. He was member of many scientific bodies in Europe and America. He edited the Mathematical Diary from 1825 to 1828, prepared an edition of Hutton's Mathematics, and contributed to magazines. Robert Adrian died at New Brunswick, New Jersey, 10th August 1843, aged 67.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography

A
COMPENDIUM OF IRISH BIOGRAPHY;
COMPRISING SKETCHES OF
DISTINGUISHED IRISHMEN,
AND OF
EMINENT PERSONS CONNECTED WITH IRELAND BY
OFFICE OR BY THEIR WRITINGS.
BY
ALFRED WEBB
'And if I have done well, and as is fitting the story, it is that which I desired: but if slenderly and meanly, it is that which I could attain unto."— II. Mac. XV. 38.
DUBLIN:
M. H. GILL & SON, SACKVILLE-STREET.
MDCCCLXXVIII
I dedicate this Book to the Memory of my Father
RICHARD DAVIS WEBB
WHO
DEEPLY INTERESTED IN ITS PLAN AND INCEPTION
HAS NOT LIVED TO SEE ITS COMPLETION
Contents
Index
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Aedh Ollam

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​Aedh Ollam, King of Ireland, 739 to 748. He was noted as a bard as well as a warrior. The battle of Belach Feli, between Munster and Leinster, was fought in his reign. At a meeting with Cathal, King of Munster, at Tirdalethglas, they "established the rule, and law, and rent of Patrick over Ireland." He defeated the King of Leinster at the battle of Ath Senaid (Ballyshannon, County of Kildare), with dreadful slaughter. He was killed by his successor in the battle of Seridh, near Kells.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rhodes, James Ford

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​Rhodes, James Ford (1848– ), American historian (see 23.257), was awarded in 1910 the gold medal of the National Institute of Arts and Letters. He published in 1913 Lectures on the American Civil War (delivered at Oxford in 1912); in 1917 History of the Civil War; and in 1919 History of the United States from Hayes to McKinley, being the eighth volume of his History of the United States, of which the first appeared in 1893 and the seventh in 1906.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Renner, Karl

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RENNER, KARL (1870-), Austrian politician, was born on Dec. 14 1870, the son of a peasant, at Unter-Tannowitz, Moravia. He studied law at the university of Vienna, occupying himself especially with questions of administration, and early attached himself to the Social Democratic party. He became an official in the library of the Reichsrat, and under the pseudonyms of “Synopticus” and “Rudolf Springer” showed a fertile literary activity, especially in connexion with the problems of the Austrian State, whose existence he justified on geographical, economic and political grounds. On the nationality question he upheld the so-called “personal autonomy,” on the basis of which the super-national state should develop, and thereby influenced the programme and tactics of the Social Democratic party in dealing with it. As a theorist he was reckoned as one of the leaders of Neo-Marxism. He had been a deputy since 1907 and after the revolution of Oct. 1918 he became state chancellor of the republic of Austria, headed the Austrian peace delegation at St. Germain, and took over, after Otto Bauer's retirement, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which he conducted from the time of the retirement of the Coalition Cabinet in the summer of 1920 until the new elections in Oct. 1920. His principal works are:—Grundlagen und Entwicklungsziele der oesterreichischen-ungarischen Monarchie (1906); Der Kampf der oesterreichischen Nationen um den Staat; Marxismus, Krieg und Internationale.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Renoir, Auguste

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​RENOIR, AUGUSTE (1841-1919), French painter (see 23.101), died on the Riviera Dec. 3 1919.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Reynolds, Stephen

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REYNOLDS, STEPHEN (1881-1919), English author, was born at Devizes May 16 1881. Educated at Manchester University and the École des Mines at Paris, he became sub-editor of an Anglo-French review in 1902 and the following year began an association with the Woolley brothers, fishermen of Sidmouth, which lasted for some years. He thus familiarized himself with fishing and the fisherman's point of view so far as to become a recognised authority on the subject and a medium of communication between fishermen and the Government. He was a member of the committee of inquiry into Devon and Cornwall Fisheries (1912), and of the departmental committee on Inshore Fisheries (1913), and in that year he was appointed adviser on Inshore Fisheries to the Development Commission. In 1914 he became also resident inspector of fisheries for the S.W. area. His publications included A Poor Man's House (1908); Alongshore (1910); The Lower Deck, the Navy and the Nation (1912); as well as a novel, The Holy Mountain, (1909) and a volume of tales. He died at Sidmouth Feb. 14 1919.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Repin, Ilja Jefimovich

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​REPIN, ILJA JEFIMOVICH (1844-1918), Russian painter (see 23.105), died at Knokkala, on the Finnish frontier, July 17 1918.