OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abernethy, John

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ABERNETHY, JOHN, an eminent English surgeon, founder of the School of St. Bartholomew's; born in London, Apr. 3, 1764. He was educated at Wolverhampton grammar school, and in 1779 was apprenticed to the assistant surgeon at St. Bartholomew's Hospital. In 1787 he was himself elected assistant surgeon to St. Bartholomew's, and soon after began to lecture. At first, he manifested extraordinary diffidence, but his power soon developed itself, and his lectures at last attracted crowds. His practice increased with his celebrity, which the eccentricity and rudeness of his manners contributed to heighten. He died at Enfield, April 28, 1881.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abesta

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ABESTA, or AVESTA, the name of one of the sacred books of the Persian magi, which they ascribe to their great founder Zoroaster. The "Abesta" is a commentary on two others of their religious books, called "Zend" and "Pazend"; the three together including the whole system of the Ignicolæ, or worshippers of fire.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abkhasia

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ABKHASIA, a region between the south slope of Caucasus and the Black Sea, having an area of about 2,500 square miles. The country is mountainous and has dense forests of oaks and walnuts. Maize, figs, wines, and wheat are produced. Its chief town is Sukhum Kalé. Under the Byzantine emperors it was an independent state, called Abassia. In 1154, the Russian Grand Prince Islayif Mstislavitch married an Abkhasian princess. In the 15th century it became subject to Turkey. After the peace of Adrianople in 1829, the region was annexed to Russia, but was not fully pacified until 1864. The inhabitants differ from the Cherkess in character and appearance. Their principal occupations are agriculture, grazing, wine raising, and bee-keeping. After the Turko-Russian War, many of them emigrated to Turkey. They number about 21,000. Total pop. about 150,000.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abhedananda, Swami

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ABHEDANANDA, SWAMI, a British-Indian lecturer and author, born in Calcutta in 1860. He was educated at Calcutta University, In 1897 he came to the United States, where he organized the Vendanta Society of New York and acted as its head. He also established several schools for the study of religion and lectured on Hindu philosophy before many educational institutions, societies, etc. He was the author of "Reincarnation" (1899); "Philosophy of Work" (1902); "India and Her People" (1906); "Great Saviors of the World" (1911); etc.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abijah

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ABIJAH, the second King of Judah, son of Rehoboam, and Solomon's grandson; reigned three years, beginning 956 B. C. He attempted to reunite the divided kingdoms of Israel and Judah. The attempt failed, though he defeated Jeroboam and a superior force, and wrested from the King of Israel several cities.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abilene

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ABILENE, a city of Texas, the county-seat of Taylor co., 160 miles S. W. of Forth Worth. It is on the Texas and Pacific, the Wichita Valley, and the Abilene Southern railroads. The town is an important industrial community. There are flour and planing mills, cotton ​oil mills, and cotton gins. The city contains a sanitarium, Federal court house, library, parks, etc. Pop. (1910) 9,204; (1920) 10,274.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abnoba

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ABNOBA, now ABENAU, a long range of mountains in Germany, extending from the Rhine to the Neckar. having different names in the different countries through which they stretch: the Oden, or Odenwald, about the river Main; the Spessart, between Hesse and Franconia; Baar, in Württemberg.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Aberration

Edition of 1921; disclaimer. See also Aberration on Wikipedia.
​ABERRATION, a wandering from.
In optics, a spherical aberration is that wandering of the rays of light from the normal path which takes place when they are made to pass through curved lenses, or are reflected from curved mirrors, constituting portions of a sphere, instead of parts of a parabola. Chromatic aberrations is the fringing of images with the prismatic colors which takes place when light passes through curved lenses.
In astronomy, the aberration of light is that alteration in the apparent position of a star which is produced by the motion of the earth in its orbit during the time that the light is coming from the star to the eye. The effect of this aberration is to make each star appear annually to describe a minute circle of about 40' diameter parallel to the earth's diameter.
In medicine, the passage of blood, or any other fluid of the body, from morbid causes, into vessels not designed to receive it. Mental aberration is that wandering from soundness of judgment which is so conspicuous in the insane.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abila

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ABILA, or ABYLA, a mountain of Africa, opposite that which is called Calpe, on the coast of Spain, only 18 miles distant. These two mountains are named the Pillars of Hercules, and were supposed formerly to have been united, till the hero separated them, and thereby effected a communication between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abington

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ABINGTON, a town in Massachusetts, in Plymouth co., about 20 miles S. E. of Boston. It is on the New York, New Haven and Hartford, and the Old Colony Electric railroads. The largest industry is the manufacture of boots and shoes. The city has an excellent school system and a library. In its park is a memorial arch to veterans of the Civil War which was dedicated in 1912. Abington was founded in 1680. Pop. (1910) 5,455; (1920) 5,787.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Matthew Lang

From volume 8 of the work.
Cardinal, Bishop of Gurk and Archbishop of Salzburg, b. at Augsburg in 1468; d. at Salzburg, 30 March, 1540.
After receiving a secular education at Ingolstadt, Tübingen, and Vienna, he entered the chancery of Archbishop Berthold von Henneberg of Mainz, became secretary of Emperor Maximilian I in 1494, imperial councillor in 1501, and chancellor in 1508. The emperor esteemed him very highly, and gave him many ecclesiastical benefices. After being raised to the nobility with the title of "von Wellenburg" in 1498, he became provost of the cathedral of Augsburg in 1500, and shortly after also of that of Constance. In 1503 he was appointed coadjutor, and on 5 October, 1505, Prince-Bishop of Gurk. Though bishop, he remained in the imperial chancery as a layman, not even once visiting his diocese as long as he was Bishop of Gurk (from 1505 to 11 March, 1522). As imperial legate he directed the emperor's negotiations with France, Venice, Hungary, and the pope from 1508 to 1515. On 10 March, 1511, Pope Julius II created him cardinal, but kept him in petto until 24 November, 1512. Despite imperial influence he was unsuccessful in his aspirations to the Sees of Mainz, Magdeburg, Halberstadt, and Trent, but was finally appointed coadjutor of the See of Salzburg in 1514, against the express wish of Archbishop Leonard Keutschach of Salzburg. After the death of the latter, on 8 June, 1519, Lang became Archbishop of Salzburg. On 24 September, 1519, he was ordained priest and on the next day consecrated bishop. Though originally a promoter of the schismatic Council of Pisa, he later effected a settlement between the pope and the emperor, and joined the Lateran Council on 3 December, 1512. It was due chiefly to his influence that Charles V was elected emperor in 1519. He also induced Charles V in 1521 to take measures against Luther, suppressed the Peasants' War in his domain between 1525 and 1526, insisted on church reform at the synods which he held in Mühldorf in 1522 and 1537, and joined the league of Catholic princes at Ratisbon on 7 July, 1524. In 1529 he received the title of "Primate of Germany". Cardinal Lang was a friend of letters but a proud and ambitious prince of the Church. His suppression of Protestantism and his ecclesiastical reforms were dictated rather by political than religious motives.
HAUTHALER, Kardinal Matthaus Lang und die religiossoziale Bewegung seiner Zeit, 1517-1540 (Salzburg, 1896); SCHMID, Des Kardinals u. Erzbischofs von Salzburg (1519-40) Matthaus Lang Verhalten zur Reformation (Furth, 1901); LEGERS in Mittheilungen der Gesellschaft fur Salzlburgische Landeskunde, XLVI (Salzburg, 1906), 437-517.
MICHAEL OTT
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Matthew Locke

From volume 9 of the work.
Matthew Locke, composer; born at Exeter, in 1629; died August, 1677. He was a chorister of Exeter Cathedral from 1638 to 1641. His first effort was as part-composer of music for Shirley's masque "Cupid and Death" (26 May, 1653). In 1654, he became a Catholic, and, in 1656, furnished some of the music for Davenant's opera "The Siege of Rhodes". In addition to some minor orchestral works he scored the processional march for the coronation of Charles II, in April, 1661, and was appointed composer to the king's private band at a salary of forty pounds a year. He composed incidental instrumental music for Dryden's and Davenant's version of "The Tempest", produced 7 November, 1667. His "Melothesia" (1673) was a good theoretical treatise. Of greater interest is the "Macbeth" music, composed in 1672, but it is almost certain that the well-known score was really the work of Henry Purcell. The ascription of it to Locke was based on an error due to Dr. Boyce, but it must be noted that Purcell's music - the so-called "Locke's" - was written for a revival of "Macbeth" in 1689. Locke composed the music for Shadwell's "Psyche" in 1673, and several anthems and Latin hymns. From 1672 to 1674 he was engaged in an acrimonious controversy with Thomas Salmon, who advocated the writing of all music on one clef. Locke's views are still upheld, while Salmon's pamphlets are forgotten. He was "Deputy Master of the King's Musick" for the year 1676-77, but his salary at Court was so irregularly paid that on 24 July, 1676, he assigned £174. l0s. 7d. - three years' and three quarters' salary due to him - to one of his creditors. He was buried in the Savoy, in which parish he spent his last years.
HUSK in GROVE, Dict. of Music and Musicians (London, 1906); s. v.; MATTHEW, Handbook of Musical History (London, 1898); WALKER, History of Music in England (Oxford, 1907); DE LAFONTAINE, The King's Musick (London, 1909).
W. H. Grattan-Flood.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Matthew of Janow

From volume 8 of the work.
A medieval ecclesiastical author, born in the fourteenth century in Bohemia; died at Prague, 30 Nov., 1394. Son of Wenzel of Janow, a Bohemian knight, he began his studies at Prague and continued them at the University of Paris where he graduated after a residence of nine years. Hence his title of Parisian Master (Magister Parisiensis). In 1381 he was appointed canon and confessor in the cathedral of Prague, offices which he held until his death. He was never a preacher of the first rank, but was conspicuous for his great zeal in the confessional. Between the years 1388 and 1392 he composed several treatises which he later collected under the title "Regulae Veteris et Novi Testamenti" The work has never been published in its entirety, nor is it to be found complete in any one manuscript. Parts of it were wrongly ascribed to John Hus and published with his writings (Nuremberg, 1588, I, 376-471).
Janow attributed the evils in the Church to the contemporary Papal Schism, the large number of papal exemptions and reservations, and the excessive importance attached by some Christians to accidental external practices. Owing to the abuses which at times attended the veneration of saints and relics, he ultimately advocated the removal of such special objects of piety from the churches. He was misled into this extreme view by his desire of promoting an intense interior devotion to the Blessed Eucharist. The frequent and even daily reception of Holy Communion by the laity was, according to him, not only desirable but almost necessary. At the Synod of Prague in 1389 such encouragement of daily Communion was prohibited, and the veneration of images defended. Janow's retraction of his erroneous views and his repeated protestations of never-failing loyalty to the Catholic Church are sufficient evidence that he cannot be styled, as is frequently done, a forerunner of Hus.
N.A. WEBER
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Matthew of Westminster

From volume 15 of the work.
The name given to the supposed author of a well-known English chronicle, the "Flores Historiarum". The misunderstanding regarding this imaginary personage originated in the title of a rather late manuscript of this history (Cotton, Claudius, E, 8) which describes the work as "liber qui Flores Historiarum intiulatur secundum Matthaeum monachum Westmonasteriensem". This seems to be due to the blunder of some copyist, who, perceiving that the latter part of the chronicle was written at Westminster while the greater portion followed the history of Matthew Paris, concluded that the said Matthew was himself a monk of Westminster. The "Flores Historiarum" in its fullest form extends from the Creation to 1326, but many manuscripts stop short at 1306. From 1259, where Matthew Paris ends, it possesses considerable historical value. The compilation for 1259-65 was made at St. Albans; from 1265-1325 it bears evident signs that the various writers who contributed to it lived at Westminster. The chronicle was printed for the first time by Archbishop Parker in 1567 and was attributed by him, following Bale and Joscelin, to "Matthew of Westminster". It was re-edited by Luard for the Rolls Series in 1890 with an introduction containing the fullest investigation of the genesis of the work.
MADDEN, Historia Anglorum of Matthew Paris in R.S., III (London, 1866-9); HARDY, Catalogue of Materials for British History in R.S., III (London, 1862-71); HUNT in Dict. Nat. Biog., s.v. Westminster, Matthew, based upon Luard, whose explanations are now generally recognized.
HERBERT THURSTON
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Matthias Döring

From volume 5 of the work.
Historian and theologian, b. between 1390 and 1400, at Kyritz, in Brandenburg; d. there 24 July, 1469. He joined the Friars Minor in his native place, studied at Oxford, was graduated (1424) at Erfurt as doctor of theology, and for some years taught theology and Biblical exegesis. In 1427 he was elected provincial of his order for Saxony. In the disputes between the Conventuals and those of the Observance he took an active part. In 1443 at Berne the Conventuals elected him minister general. This position he held for six years, receiving approbation from the assembly of prelates still posing as the General Council of Basle. In this council he had been prominent since 1432 as an over-zealous reformer and an adherent of the supremacy of a general council over the pope. He was sent by it to Denmark, to win over the king and the people, and assisted in the deposition (1439) of Eugene IV and the election of the antipope, Felix V. Excommunicated by the Archbishop of Magdeburg he appealed to Rome. In 1461 he resigned his office and spent the last years of his life in literary work at the convent of Kyritz.
Döring is said to be the author of the "Confutation primatus Papae", written (1443) anonymously and without title. Name and title were added when the article was edited in 1550 by Matthias Flacius Illyricus. It is in part an extract from the "Defensor pacis" of Marsilius of Padua (printed in Goldast, Monarchia, I, 557 sqq.). Other works attributed to Döring are "Defensorium postillae Nicolai Lyrani", against the Spanish bishop, Paul of Burgos, since 1481 frequently printed with the "Postillae"; "Liber perplexorum Ecclesiae" (lost); continuation (1420 to 1464) of the Chronicle of Dietrich Engelhus. He also wrote on the so-called "Donation of Constantine" and (1444) on the relics of the Precious Blood of Wilsnack.
FRANCIS MERSHMAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Matthew Rader

From volume 12 of the work.
Philologist and historian, born at Innichen in the Tyrol in 1561; died at Munich, 22 December, 1634. At the age of twenty he entered the Society of Jesus and subsequently taught the humanities for twenty-one years in different Jesuit institutions. He wrote several school dramas, but was particularly known among Catholics and non-Catholics for his scholarly attainments. In 1599 he published an improved and expurgated edition of Martial, and in 1628 one of Quintus Curtius. His edition of the Acts of the Eighth Xcumenical Council was incorporated by Labbe and Cossart in their collection of the Acts of councils; that of the works of St. John Climacus, published in 1614, was reprinted by Migne in his Greek patrology (LXXXVIII, 585 sqq.). More important than the publications just mentioned were his now very rare works: "Bavaria Sancta" (Munich, 7), and "Bavaria Pia" (Munich, 1628). Both were reprinted in 1704 at Dillingen and Augsburg, and the former was partly published in a German translation by Father Rassler at Straubing in 1840.
N.A. WEBER
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Matthew of Cracow

From volume 10 of the work.
Renowned scholar and preacher of the fourteenth century, b. at Cracow about 1335, d. at Pisa, 5 March, 1410. The view, once generally held, that he was descended from the Pomeranian noble family of Crakow, is now entirely discredited (cf. Sommererlad, "Matthäus von Krakow", 1891). His father was probably a notary in Cracow. Entering the University of Prague, Matthew graduated bachelor of arts in 1355 and master in 1357, and later filled for several terms the office of dean in the same faculty. In 1387 we first find documentary reference to him as professor of theology, and one manuscript speaks of him as "city preacher of Prague". About 1382 he headed an embassy from his university to Urban VI, before whom he delivered a dissertation in favour of reform. Accepting an invitation from the University of Heidelberg, he joined its professorial staff in 1395, and a year later was appointed rector. In 1395 he was named councillor to Ruprecht II, and the raising of Ruprecht III to the dignity of King of Rome in 1400 marks the beginning of Matthew's career as a statesman. Frequently employed by the king both at court and on embassies, he appeared at Rome in 1403 to solicit Boniface IX's confirmation of Reprechet's claims. On the elevation of Innocent VII to the papal throne in 1404, Matthew greeted him on behalf of Ruprecht. During the same year Matthew was appointed Bishop of Worms, but, beyond his settling of the dispute between the people and clergy of that city, we know little of his episcopal activity.
That he continued to reside in Heidelberg is very probable, and also that he continued to act as professor. Gregory XII wished to name him Cardinal Priest of S. Cyriaci in Thermis, but Matthew declined the honour. As ambassador of Ruprecht to the Council of Pisa, he displayed the greatest zeal on behalf of Gregory XII, whom he regarded as the legitimate occupant of the papal throne. He was a very prolific theological writer. Apart from Biblical commentaries, sermons, and works on current topics, the most important of his writings are: "De consolatione theologiae"; "De modo confitendi"; "De puritate conscientiae"; "De corpore Christi"; "De celebratione Missae". That he wrote "De arte moriendi"-to be distinguished from a similar work by Cardinal Capran-cannot be maintained with certainty, and recent investigation has shown beyond doubt that the work "De squaloribus curiae Romanae" is not from his hands (Scheuffgen, "Beiträge zur Gesch. Des grossen Schismas", 1889, p. 91).
In addition to the works already mentioned, consult SOMMERFELDT, Zu M.' kanzelredner. Schriften in Deutsche Zeitschr. fur Kirchengesch., XXII (Tubingen, 1901), 465-84; XXV (1904), 604-25; LOFFEN, Staat u. Kirche in der Pfalz am Ausgange des M. A. (1907), 45 sqq; BLIEMETZRIEDER, Matthaus v. K., der Verfasser der Postillen in Studien u. Mitteil. aus dem Benediktiner- u. dem Cisterzienerorden, XXV (1904), 544-56; FINKE in Kirchenlex, s.v. Matthaus von Krakau.
THOMAS KENNEDY
# The Recluse (Cook)/First Editions of George Sterling

A Check-list of the
First Editions of George Sterling
THE TESTIMONY OF THE SUNS AND OTHER POEMS.
W. E. Wood, San Francisco, 1903. Edition 650.
THE TESTIMONY OF THE SUNS AND OTHER POEMS.
A. M. Robertson, San Francisco, 1904. Second edition 2000. Mostly burned in 1906 fire. Minor changes in text. Second edition scarcest. About 200 sold before fire.
THE TESTIMONY OF THE SUNS AND OTHER POEMS.
A. M. Robertson, San Francisco, 1907. Third Edition 1000. Sundry changes in text.
THE TRIUMPH OF BOHEMIA: A Masque.
Privately printed by the Bohemian Club, San Francisco, 1907. Edition 1500.
A WINE OF WIZARDRY AND OTHER POEMS.
A. M. Roberston, San Francisco, 1909. Edition 2000.
THE HOUSE OF ORCHIDS AND OTHER POEMS.
A. M. Robertson, San Francisco, 1911. Edition 2000.
BEYOND THE BREAKERS AND OTHER POEMS.
A. M. Robertson, San Francisco, 1914. Edition 2000.
ODE ON THE OPENING OF THE PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION.
A. M. Roberston, San Francisco, 1915 Edition 525.
YOSEMITE. An Ode.
A. M. Robertson, San Francisco, 1916. Edition 2000.
THE EVANESCENT CITY.
A. M. Robertson, San Francisco, 1916. Edition 4000.
THE CAGED EAGLE AND OTHER POEMS.
A. M. Robertson, San Francisco, 1916. Edition 2000.
THIRTY-FIVE SONNETS.
The Book Club of California, San Francisco, 1917. Edition 300. Contains sonnet not heretofore published.
THE BINDING OF THE BEAST AND OTHER POEMS.
A. M. Robertson, San Francisco, 1917. Edition 1000.
EVERYMAN.
A. M. Robertson, San Francisco, 1917 Two hundred printed. A translation from the Everyman of Hugo von Hoffmannstahl. Contains several misprints in this first issue. One error, Christ says “Up the tree”, instead of “upon the tree.”
EVERYMAN.
Same edition, with mistakes corrected. Several thousand printed. Second issue.
LILITH. A Dramatic Poem.
A. M. Robertson, San Francisco, 1919. Edition 300; numbered and autographed.
​LILITH. A Dramatic Poem.
The Book Club of California, San Francisco, 1920. Edition 350; numbered.
ROSAMUND. A Dramatic Poem.
A. M. Robertson, San Francisco, 1920. Edition 500; numbered and autographed.
TO A GIRL DANCING. An Ode.
Edwin and Robert Grabhorn, San Francisco, 1921. Edition 120.
SAILS AND MIRAGE.
A. M. Robertson, San Francisco, 1921. Edition 2000.
SELECTED POEMS.
Henry Holt & Company, New York, 1928. Edition 750. Contains poem not heretofore published.
TRUTH. A Dramatic Poem.
The Bookfellows, Chicago, 1923. Edition 285; numbered and autographed.
* “POETICA EROTICA” has several poems not printed elsewhere.
* LETTERS OF AMBROSE BIERCE—Book Club of California. Memoir by Sterling.
* EBONY AND CRYSTAL, by Clark Ashton Smith—1922. Preface by Sterling.
* LAKE ISLE OF INNISFRU, by Yeats,—facsimile, privately printed by John Henry Nash, San Francisco—1924. Comment by Sterling in two pages.
* CONTINENT’S END, an authology of California verse—Book Club of California—1925. Preface by Sterling.
# The Recluse (Cook)/After Armageddon

After Armageddon
By Clark Ashton Smith
God walks lightly in the gardens of a cold, dark star, Knowing not the dust that gathers in His garments’ fold; God signs Him with the clay, marks Him with the mould, Walking in the fields unsunned of a sad, lost war In a star long cold.
God treads brightly where the bones of unknown things lie, Pale with His splendour as the frost in a moon-bleached place; God sees the tombs by the light of His face, He shudders at the runes writ thereon, and His shadow on the sky Is the shudder of space.
God talks briefly with His armies of the tomb-born worm, God holds parley with the grey worm and pale, avid moth: Their mouths have eaten all, but the worm is wroth With a dark hunger still, and he murmurs harm With the murmuring moth.
God turns Him heavenward in haste from a death-dark star, But His robes are assoilèd by the dust of unknown things dead; The grey worm follows creeping, and the pale moth has fed, Couched in a secret golden fold of His broad-trained cimar, Like a doom unsaid.