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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Moses Bar Cephas

From volume 10 of the work.
A Syriac bishop and writer, b. at Balad about 813; d. 12 Feb., 903. He is known through a biography by an anonymous Syriac writer and from references in the writings of Bar Hebraeus. He embraced early the monastic life, and was later bishop over a territory including Beit-Ramman, Beit-Kiyonnaya, and Mossul. On his elevation to the episcopate he received the name Severus. For ten years he also performed the duties of overseer of the neighbouring Diocese of Tagrita. He belonged to the Jacobitic branch of the Monophysites, and he was in his day the most voluminous writer of his sect. His works comprise a complete commentary on the Old and New Testaments, frequently quoted by Bar Hebraeus in his "Auçár Râzê" (Storehouse of Mysteries). Of this nothing has come down to us save fragments pertaining to Genesis, the Gospels, and the Pauline Epistles. He also wrote a treatise in four books on predestination and free will, of which a manuscript copy is preserved in the British Museum. Through a citation in Bar Hebraeus (Chron. eccl., ii, 215) we learn that Bar Cephas composed an otherwise unknown commentary on Aristotle's "Dialectica". A manuscript copy of his "Hexameron", or treatise on the six days of creation in five books with a curious geographical drawing, is one of the treasures in the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris. Other works of his are a treatise on paradise, of which there exists a Latin translation published by Masius in 1569; a treatise on the soul in forty chapters with a supplement on the utility of offerings for the dead, a book of controversy against heretics; homilies for the feasts of the liturgical year; a commentary on the works of Gregory Nazianzen; sermons on various subjects; and a history of the Church.
DUVAL, La Litterature Syriaque (Paris, 1899), 78, 252, 259, 283, 391.
James F. Driscoll.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Mosynoupolis

From volume 10 of the work.
Titular see, suffragan of Trajanopolis in Rhodope. A single bishop is known, Paul, who assisted at the council of 878, which re-established Photius (Le Quien, "Oriens christ.", I,1205). The see is mentioned in the "Notitia" of Leo the Wise, about 900 (Gelzer, Ungedruckte . . . . Notitiæ episcopatuum, 558); in that for 940 (Gelzer, "Georgii Cyprii Descriptio orbis Romani", 79); in that for 1170 under the name of Misinoupolis (Parthey, "Hierocles Synecdemus", 122). The monk Ephrem (Cæsares, V. 5695, in P. G, CXLIII, 216) says that the city was taken in 1190 by the Emperor Frederick of Swabia; and that Calojan, Tsar of the Bulgarians, ravaged it about 1206 (Cæsares, V. 7816). It is not known exactly where this town of Macedonia was situated nor what name it bears today.
S. VAILHÉ
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Osimo

From volume 11 of the work.
DIOCESE OF OSIMO (AUXIMANA).
Diocese in the Province of Ascoli Piceno, Italy. Osimo was contained in the territory of the Donation of Pepin. In the conflicts between the popes and the Swabian emperors, it was Ghibelline; but remained faithful when in 1375, at the instigation of the Florentines, nearly all the cities of the Pontifical States rebelled against the Holy See. Among other rulers it had Pandolfo Malatesta (1416); Francesco Sforza (1435); and finally, Buccolino, who surrendered the city to the Holy See in 1494. Remnants of the Roman walls and baths still exist; the cathedral is of the eighth century, restored and enlarged by Bishop Gentilis (1205); the baptistery of the church of St. John the Baptist is notable; the communal palace possesses a collection of inscriptions; the Collegio Campana had among its students Leo XII and Pius VIII. Saints Florentius, Sisinnius, and Diocletius were martyrs of Osimo; the city venerates as its first bishop St. Leopardus, of unknown era; the first bishop of certain date is Fortunatus (649). Among its prelates were Vitalianus (743), and Gentilis (1177). Gregory IX transferred the see to Ricanati in 1240 to punish Osimo for its felony, but Bishop Rinaldo persuaded Urban IV to restore the see to Osimo, and the first bishop thereafter was St. Benvenuto Scotivoli (d. 1283), who was succeeded by Berardo Berardi, afterwards cardinal; C. Giovanni Uguccione (1320), who died in prison, for which reason the see was again suppressed, the bishops residing at Cingoli; Urban VI restored the diocese, and among its subsequent bishops were Antonino Ugolino Sinibaldi (1498); Cardinal Antonio M. Galli (1591); and the Dominican Cardinal Galamini (1620). Under Bishop Agostino Pipia, Benedict XIII re-established the Diocese of Cingoli, uniting it to that of Osimo.
Cingoli, an ancient city of Piceno, is frequently named in connexion with the war between Cæsar and Pompey; its cathedral of Santa Maria is of the seventeenth century; the Gothic church of Sant'Esuperanzio is a notable temple. The first known bishop of this see was Theodosius (495) succeeded by Julianus, who accompanied Pope Vigilius to Constantinople in 544; between the dates of Theodosius and Julianus is placed the incumbency of St. Esuperantius, whose history is legendary. No other bishops of Cingoli are known. The Diocese of Osimo is subject directly to the Holy See; it has 34 parishes, with 49,200 inhabitants, 2 religious houses of men, and 4 of women, 2 schools for boys and 2 for girls.
CAPPELLETTI, Le Chiese d'Italia, VII; MARTORELLI, Memorie storiche della città di Osimo (Venice, 1705); COMPAGNONI, Memorie della Chiesa e dei vescovi di Osimo (Rome, 1782).
U. BENIGNI
# Chartism

* related portals: Chartism.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
LONDON:
JAMES FRASER, REGENT STREET.
1840.
LONDON:
PRINTED BY LEVEY, ROBSON, AND FRANKLYN,
46 St. Martin's Lane.
CONTENTS
| chap. | | page |
| I. | Condition-of-England Question | 1 |
| II. | Statistics | 9 |
| III. | New Poor-Law | 16 |
| IV. | Finest Peasantry in the World | 24 |
| V. | Rights and Mights | 36 |
| VI. | Laissez-Faire | 49 |
| VII. | Not Laissez-Faire | 63 |
| VIII. | New Eras | 69 |
| IX. | Parlimentary Radicalism | 89 |
| X. | Impossible | 96 |
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Squillace

From volume 14 of the work.
(Squillacensis).
Suffragan diocese of Reggio, in Calabria, Southern Italy. The city of Squillace, in the civil Province of Catanzaro, stands near the Ionian Sea at the base of a hill between the two branches of the River Alessi, and is a centre of the wine, olive, and silk industries; it also possesses lead and iron mines, and earthenware works. The ancient Scyllaceum, or Scylletium, had a harbour, which is now a marsh. According to Cassiodorus, who was born there and died in a monastery founded there by him, the city was established by an Athenian colony. Invasions of Saracens in the ninth and tenth centuries, a landing of the Turks in 1595, and the earthquake of 1783 caused its ruin. The diocese possesses the bodies of many saints, including : St. Achatius, martyr, in the cathedral; St. John Terrestre, abbot, a contemporary of St. Nilus in the (then Basilian) monastery of Stilo; and the holy minks Bartolomew, Nicholas, and Basil. St. Bruno established two Carthusian monasteries within the limits of the diocese, S. Maria dell' Eremo and S. Stefano in Nemore, the latter having the less rigorous discipline.
The first known Bishop of Squillace is Gaudentius (465); Zachæus accompanied Pope Vigilius to Constantinople (551); John, previously Bishop of Lissa, in Dalmatia, having been driven out by the barbarians, was transferred hither by St. Gregory the Great. After Bishop Demetrius (870), no bishops are mentioned until the Norman conquest, after which Count Roger erected the cathedral, into which the Latin Rite was introduced, while the Greek Rite continued much longer in the diocese. The series of bishops commences again with Theodore Mismer (1094). Other bishops were: Francesco degli Arcesi (1418-76); Cardinal Enrigo Borgia (1539); Cardinal Guglielmo Sirleto (1568), who resigned in favour of his nephew, Marcello (1573), the founder of a monastery for penitent women, and famous for his erudition; Tommaso (1594) and Fabrizio Sirleto (1693); Nicolò Micheli, who enlarged the seminary. The territory of Squillace contains Stilo, the ancient Consilinum, three bishops of which are known, Sabinus (495) being the earliest. The diocese contains 59 parishes, with 198 secular and 24 regular priests, 130,000 inhabitants, 5 convents of men and 1 of nuns.
Cappelletti, Le chiese d'Italia, XXI.
U. BENIGNI
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Steinamanger

From volume 14 of the work.
(SZOMBATHELY)
Located in Hungary, suffragan of Gran, founded in 1777 under Queen Maria Theresa. Originally Colonia Claudia Sabaria and capital of Pannonia during the Roman era, the city was in 445 laid waste by the Huns. In the ninth century Steinamanger, an episcopal see even before the invasion of the Huns, was placed under the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Salzburg; King St. Stephen, it is said, gave Steinamanger to the Bishop of Veszprém. In 1777 the see was reconstituted at the expense of the Dioceses of Agram and Veszprém. It includes the Counties of Vas and Zala and the territory lying on the River Mura. Its first bishop was John Szily (1777-99), who built the episcopal residence and the cathedral. His successor, Cardinal Franz Herzen (1799-1804), was envoy of Joseph II to the Holy See. Bishop Count Mikes is the present incumbent (since 1911). The Abbey of Jaák, one of the chief Romanesque edifices in Hungary, is in this diocese. The chapter of Steinamanger sprang from the chapter of Vasvár that claims as its founder King St. Stephen, though its documents are of later date. This chapter, richly endowed by the Hungarian kings, declined in the fifteenth century, and in 1578, during the invasions of the Turks, was removed to Steinamanger; on the foundation of the see it became the cathedral chapter. The number of canons was 6 with as many titular canons. The diocese has 6 archdeaneries, 189 priests, 54 parishes. A right of patronage is exercised. There are 5 abbeys and 3 titular abbots, 4 titular provosts, and 25 monasteries with 216 members. The clergy numbers 268 and the Catholic laity 463,947.
A Katolikus Magyarország (Catholic Hungary) (Budapest, 1901); Schematismus (1909).
A. ALDÁSY.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Spirito Santo

From volume 14 of the work.
(SPIRITUS SANCTI)
Suffragan of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro, established in 1896. Its jurisdiction comprises the State of Espirito Santo, United States of Brazil, South America, with twenty-eight municipalities and a Catholic population in 1911 of 202,000 inhabitants, 20 secular priests and 15 friars. Of Catholic educational institutions there are, in the city of Victoria, the capital of the state and seat of the bishop, a gymnasio or college of secondary instruction directed by secular priests and having the same privileges as a federal school; and the Collegio das Irmas de Caridade, for girls, under the direction of the Sisters of Charity. At Victoria are also located the "Hospital da Misericordia", in which five Sisters of Charity serve as nurses, and the Santa Casa de Misericordia, a charitable institution founded in 1545, and by decree of 1 June, 1606, it was accorded the same privileges of the Santa Casa de Misericordia of Lisbon; an important annex of this institution is the Orphanato Santa Luzia, an orphan asylum. There are also twelve Catholic associations in Victoria. In other cities and towns of the diocese there are also various Catholic schools, charitable institutions, etc. The present bishop is the Rt. Rev. Fernando de Sousa Monteiro born 22 Sept., 1866, raised to the see 1 March, 1902. (See BRAZIL.)
Julian Moreno-Lacalle.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Stanislawow

From volume 14 of the work.
Diocese of Stanislawow (Stanislaopoliensis)
Diocese of the Greek-Ruthenian Rite, in Galicia, Austria, suffragan of Lemberg.
The establishment of this see was decided on in May, 1850, but the plan was not carried out till the issuing of the Brief "De universo dominico grege" (26 March, 1885) and the imperial decrees of 26 December, 1885. The diocese includes most of south-eastern Galicia and all Bukovina as far as Halicz, which was reserved to the metropolitan mensa of Lemberg. It comprises the districts of Stanislawow, Kolomyja, and Czerniowce. There are 21 deaneries, 433 churches with and 298 without, resident priests, 63 chapels, 579 secular, and 13 regular, priests, 4 Reformed Basilian monasteries with 22 religious, 2 Basilian convents with 11 nuns, and 10 convents of the Servants of the Blessed Virgin Mary with 37 nuns. The Greek-Ruthenian Catholics number 920,000 out of a population of 1,387,930, of whom about 5000 belong to the Armenian, and 230,000 to the Latin, Rite. An esslesiastical seminary was established in 1907, the clergy having been trained previously at Lemberg and Vienna. The episcopal town of Stanislawow was founded by Stanislav Potocki (d. 1683), and was rebuilt after a disastrous fire in 1868. It is situated on the Bisthritza, 87 miles south-east of Lemberg, and has a population of 30,410, mostly Jews; it has a beautiful parish church containing the tombs of the Potocki, a Polish and a Ruthenian gymnasium, a Polish-Ruthenian normal school, 3 hospitals, a Jesuit residence, and convents of the Sisters of Charity and the Servants of the Immaculate Conception. It is a busy manufacturing centre (paper, lace, tanning, milling, and engineering works).
The bishops of Stanislawow were: (1) Mgr. Julian Pelisz, author of the "Geschichte der Union der ruth. Kirche mit Rom" (Vienna, 1878-81), previously rector of the Greek-Ruthenian Seminary, Vienna, then arch priest of Lemberg cathedral, preconized on 27 March, 1885; consecrated, 1 November, 1885; enthroned, 10 January, 1886; died 1891. (2) Mgr. Julian Kujlowski, b. at krolewski in the Diocese of Przemysl, 1 May, 1826, elected titular Bishop of Ephestum, 26 June, 1890; trasferred to Stanislawow, 22 September, 1891; held a diocesan synod in 1897. (3) Mgr. Count Andrea Alexander de Szeptyce-Szeptychi, member of a distinguished ancient Ruthenian family which joined the Latin Rite in the eighteenth century, b. at Przylbice, in the Diocese of Przemysl, 15 July, 1865, embraced the Ruthenian Rite to enter the Basilian Order, laboured energetically to strengthen the spirit of reform among the monks; was ordained, 29 August, 1892; accepted the episcopal dignity only on the formal order of Leo XIII; elected to the see, 19 June, 1899; promoted to the Archdiocese of Lemberg, 17 December, 1900. (4) Mgr. Gregorius Chomyszyn, b. on 24 March, 1867-8, elected, 19 April 1904, and still governing the diocese.
A. A. MacErlean.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Stuhlweissenburg (Székes-Fehérvàr)

From volume 14 of the work.
DIOCESE OF STUHLWEISSENBURG (ALBAE REGALENSIS)
Diocese in Hungary, and Suffragen of Gran. It was formed in 1777 from the dioceses of Gyor and Veszprem. In earlier times there was here a collegiate chapter of the Diocese of Veszprem, founded in 1006 by King St. Stephen; it was under a provost and was endowed with great privileges, the provost being chosen by the chapter, and the members of the chapter by the provost. Provost, chapter, and church were exempt from the jurisdiction of the bishop and directly subject to the pope. The chapter members were recruited from the chief families, and were once about forty, but in 1543, during the invasions of the Turks, the chapter became extinct, though the provosts and canons were yet nominated. The Provost of Stuhlweissenburg, according to the laws of the thirteenth century, was royal chancellor. The archives of the chapter were the most important in Hungary, and preserved a copy of the Golden Bull of 1222, the Magna Charta of Hungary. During the invasion of the Turks these archives were destroyed. The cathedral, in which the royal insignia were preserved, was later enlarged by the kings of Hungary and richly decorated. In 1601 it was destroyed by the Turks. From 1380 to 1527 Stuhlweissenburg was both coronation and burial place for the Hungarian kings. The diocese includes the entire County of Fejér and a part of the ancient County of Pilis, also the Island of Csepel in the Danube. Budapest, the capital of Hungary, though territorially within this diocese, is subject to the Archbishop of Gran.
The first Bishop of Stuhlweissenburg was Ignatius Nagy (1777-1789). Among his successors are Joseph Kopácsy (1821-1825), afterwards Archbishop of Gran; Vincent Jekelfalussy (1866-1874), the first Hungarian bishop to promulgate the dogma of the infallibility without previously asking the royal consent (placet regium), and for which he was rebuked. In 1901 Bishop Julius Városy was appointed Archbishop of Kalocsa. At present the see is ruled by Ottokar Prohaszka, a famous preacher and leader of the Hungarian Catholic movement. The diocese is divided into arch-deaconries; the parish priests number 92, and the clergy 152. In the diocese are 8 abbeys and 5 provostships, 4 monasteries for men and 12 for women, in all 109 members. Right of patronage belongs to 46 persons. Since 1841 the cathedral chapter, at the head of which is a chief provost, consists of 8 canons; the Catholic faithful are 230,305.
Das katholische Ungarn (Budapest, 1902) in Hungarian; Schematismus of the Diocese for 1910; KAROLY, Hist. of the County of Fejer (Szekes-Fehevar, 1886-1901), in Hungarian.
A. ALDASY
# Clarel/Part 3/Canto 32
## 32. Empty Stirrups

The gray of dawn. A tremor slight: The trouble of imperfect light Anew begins. In floating cloud Midway suspended down the gorge, A long mist trails white shreds of shroud 5 How languorous toward the Dead Sea's verge. Riders in seat halt by the gate: Why not set forth? For one they wait Whose stirrups empty be--the Swede. Still absent from the frater-hall 10 Since afternoon and vesper-call, He, they imagined, had but sought Some cave in keeping with his thought, And reappear would with the light Suddenly as the Gileadite 15 In Obadiah's way. But--no, He cometh not when they would go. Dismounting, they make search in vain Till Clarel--minding him again Of something settled in his air-- 20 A quietude beyond mere calm-- Whell seen from ledge beside the Palm Reclined in nook of Bethel stair, Thitherward led them in a thrill Of nervous apprehension, till 25 Startled he stops, with eyes avert And indicating hand.--  'Tis he-- So undisturbed, supine, inert-- The filmed orbs fixed upon the Tree-- 30 Night's dews upon his eyelids be. To test if breath remain, none tries: On those thin lips a feather lies-- An eagle's, wafted from the skies. The vow: and had the genius heard, 35 Benignant? nor had made delay, But, more than taking him at word,
Quick wafted where the palm-boughs sway In SaintJohn's heaven? Some divined That long had he been undermined 40 In frame; the brain a tocsin-bell Overburdensome for citadel Whose base was shattered. They refrain From aught but that dumb look that fell Identifying; feeling pain 45 That such a heart could beat, and will-- Aspire, yearn, suffer, baffled still, And end. With monks which round them stood Concerned, not discomposed in mood, Interment they provided for-- 50 Heaved a last sigh, nor tarried more.
 Nay; one a little lingered there; 'Twas Rolfe. And as the rising sun, Though viewless yet from Bethel stair, More lit the mountains, he was won 55 To invocation, scarce to prayer:
 "Holy Morning, What blessed lore reservest thou, Withheld from man, that evermore Without surprise, 60 But, rather, with a hurtless scorning
In thy placid eyes, Thou viewest all events alike? Oh, tell me, do thy bright beams strike The healing hills of Gilead now?" 65
And glanced toward the pale one near In shadow of the crag's dark brow.--  Did Charity follow that poor bier? It did; but Bigotry did steer: Friars buried him without the walls 70 (Nor in a consecrated bed) Where vulture unto vulture calls, And only ill things find a friend:
There let the beak and claw contend There the hyena's cub be fed: 75 Heaven that disclaims, and him beweeps In annual showers; and the tried spirit sleeps.
# Clarel/Part 3/Canto 29
## 29. Rolfe and the Palm

Pursued, the mounted robber flies Unawed through Kedron's plunged demesne: The clink, and clinking echo dies: He vanishes: a long ravine. And stealthy there, in little chinks 5
Betwixt or under slab-rocks, slinks The dwindled amber current lean.
Far down see Rolfe there, hidden low By ledges slant. Small does he show (If eagles eye), small and far off 10 As Mother-Cary's bird in den Of Cape Horn's hollowing billow-trough, When from the rail where lashed they bide The sweep of overcurling tide,-- Down, down, in bonds the seamen gaze 15 Upon that flutterer in glen Of waters where it sheltered plays,
While, over it, each briny hight Is torn with bubbling torrents white In slant foam tumbling from the snow 20 Upon the crest; and far as eye Can range through mist and scud which fly, Peak behind peak the liquid summits grow.
 By chance Rolfe won the rocky stair At base, and queried if it were 25 Man's work or nature's, or the twain Had wrought together in that lane Of high ascent, so crooked with turns And flanked by coignes, that one discerns But links thereof in flights encaved, 30 Whate'er the point of view. Up, slow He climbed for little space; then craved A respite, turned and sat; and, lo, The Tree in salutation waved Across the chasm. Remindings swell; 35 Sweet troubles of emotion mount-- Sylvan reveries, and they well From memory's Bandusia fount; Yet scarce the memory alone, But that and question merged in one: 40
 "Whom weave ye in, Ye vines, ye palms? whom now, Soolee? Lives yet your Indian Arcady? His sunburnt face what Saxon shows-- His limbs all white as lilies be-- 45 Where Eden, isled, impurpled glows In old Mendanna's sea? Takes who the venture after me?  "Who now adown the mountain dell (Till mine, by human foot untrod-- 50 Nor easy, like the steps to hell) In panic leaps the appalling crag, Alighting on the cloistral sod Where strange Hesperian orchards drag,
Walled round by cliff and cascatellc 55 Arcades of Iris; and though lorn, A truant ship-boy overworn, Is hailed for a descended god?  "Who sips the vernal cocoa's cream-- The nereids dimpling in the darkling stream? 60 For whom the gambol of the tricksy dream-- Even Puck's substantiated scene, Yea, much as man might hope and more than heaven may mean?  "And whom do priest and people sue, In terms which pathos yet shall tone 65 When memory comes unto her own, To dwell with them and ever find them true: 'Abide, for peace is here: Behold, nor heat nor cold we fear, Nor any dearth: one happy tide 70 A dance, a garland of the year: Abide!'  "But who so feels the stars annoy, Upbraiding him,--how far astray!-- That he abjures the simple joy, 75 And hurries over the briny world away?  "Renouncer! is it Adam's flight Without compulsion or the sin? And shall the vale avenge the slight By haunting thee in hours thou yet shalt win?" 80
 He tarried. And each swaying fan Sighed to his mood in threnodies of Pan.