OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Noon

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​NOON, midday, twelve o’clock. The O. Eng. nón, Nor. non, Dutch noen, are all from Lat. nona sc. hora, the ninth hour, i.e. according to the Roman system, three o’clock p.m. (see Day). The early uses of noon till the 13th and 14th centuries are either as translating the Latin, especially with reference to the Crucifixion, or as equivalent to the canonical hour of “nones” (see Breviary). The ordinary word for twelve o’clock was middæg, midday, also the equivalent of the canonical hour “sext.” Both the office and the meal taken about that time were shifted to an earlier hour, and by the 14th century the ordinary use of “noon” is that current to-day.
For “nones” (i.e. nonae, sc. dies) in the Roman calendar, see Calendar.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nonfeasance

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NONFEASANCE, Misfeasance, Malfeasance. The expressions "nonfeasance" and "misfeasance," and occasionally "malfeasance," are used in English law with reference to the discharge of public obligations existing by common law, custom or statute. The rule of law laid down is that no action lies for nonfeasance, i.e. for failure or refusal to perform the obligation, but that an action does lie for misfeasance or malfeasance, i.e. for negligently and improperly performing the obligation. The doctrine was formerly applied to certain callings carried on publicly (see R. v. Kilderby, 1669, 1 Will. Saund. 311, 312c). At present the terms misfeasance and nonfeasance are oftenest used with reference to the conduct of municipal authorities with reference to the discharge of their statutory obligations; and it is an established rule that an action lies in favour of persons injured by misfeasance, i.e. by negligence in discharge of the duty; but that in the case of nonfeasance the remedy is not by action but by indictment or mandamus or by the particular procedure prescribed by the statutes. This rule is fully established in the case of failure to repair public highways; but in other cases the courts are astute to find evidence of carelessness in the discharge of public duties and on that basis to award damages to individuals who have suffered thereby. Misfeasance is also used with reference to the conduct of directors and officers of joint-stock companies. The word malfeasance is sometimes used as equivalent to mala praxis by a medical practitioner.(W. F. C.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Obsequies

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​OBSEQUIES (Med. Lat. obsequiae, formed after class. Lat. exsequiae), a term for funeral rites and ceremonies, especially such as are carried out with great ceremony. The Lat. obsequium (from obsequi, to follow close after) produced the obsolete English “obsequy,” in the sense of ready complaisant service, especially of an inferior to a superior, still found in the adjective “obsequious.”
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Obsequens, Julius

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​OBSEQUENS, JULIUS, a Latin writer of uncertain date, generally placed about the middle of the 4th century A.D. He is the author of a small extant work De prodigiis, taken from an epitome of Livy, and giving an account of the prodigies and portents that occurred in Rome between 249–12 B.C.
The editio princeps was published by Aldus (1508); later editions by F. Oudendorp (1720) and O. Jahn (1853, with the periochae of Livy).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ocarina

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​OCARINA, a wind instrument invented in Italy, which must be classed with musical toys or freaks, although concerted music has been written for it. The ocarina consists of an earthenware vessel in the shape of an egg with a pointed base and a tube like a spout in the side, which contains the mouthpiece. There are usually 10 holes in the front surface of the instrument, nine for fingers and thumb and a vent hole; the newer models have 8 holes and two keys. By half covering the holes the semitones are obtained.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ocala

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​OCALA (a Seminole word for green or fertile land), a city and the county-seat of Marion county, Florida, U.S.A., in the N. central part of the state, about 100 m. S.W. of Jacksonville. Pop. (1900) 3380, (1905) 4493, of whom 2467 were negroes, (1910) 4370. It is served by the Seabord Air Line and the Atlantic Coast Line railways. About 6 m. E. is Silver Spring, the largest and best known of the springs of Florida. Its basin is circular, about 600 ft. in diameter; it is about 65 ft. in depth, and its waters are remarkable for their transparency and refractive powers. According to the estimate of Dr D. G. Brinton, the spring discharges more than 300,000,000 gallons of water daily, its outflow forming what is known as Silver Spring Run, 9 m. long, emptying into the Oklawaha river and navigable by small river steamers. For the drainage and sewerage of the city a subterranean river whose source and mouth are unknown is utilized. The city is the seat of the Emerson Memorial and Industrial Home (Methodist Episcopal) for negro girls. Ocala was settled in 1845, but its development dates from 1880, when it was first chartered as a city. In December 1890 it was the meeting-place of the National Convention of the Farmers' Alliance, which promulgated a statement of political principles generally known as the “Ocala Platform.” (See Farmers’ Movement.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ocaña

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​OCAÑA, a town of central Spain, in the province of Toledo; on the extreme north of the tableland known as the Mesa de Ocaña, with a station on the railway from Aranjuez to Cuenca. Pop. (1900) 6616. The town is surrounded by ruined walls, and in it are the remains of an old castle. In one of its parish churches is the chapel of Nuestra Señora de los Remedios, in which Ferdinand and Isabella were married in 1469. Ocaña is the Vicus Cuminarius of the Romans, and was the dowry that El Motamid of Seville gave his daughter Zaida on her marriage with Alphonso VI. of Castile (1072–1109). Near Ocaña, on the 19th of November 1809, the Spanish under their Irish general Lacy were routed by the French under Joseph Bonaparte and Marshal Soult.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nearchus

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​NEARCHUS, one of the officers in the army of Alexander the Great. A native of Crete, he settled at Amphipolis in Macedonia. In 325, when Alexander descended the Indus to the sea, he ordered Nearchus to conduct the fleet to the head of the Persian Gulf. The success with which Nearchus accomplished this arduous enterprise led to his selection by Alexander for the more difficult task of circumnavigating Arabia from the mouth of the Euphrates to the Isthmus of Suez. But this project was cut short by the illness and death of the king (323). In the troubles that followed Nearchus attached himself to Antigonus, under whom he held the government of his old provinces of Lycia and Pamphylia, and probably therefore shared in the downfall (301) of that monarch.
He wrote a detailed narrative of his expedition, of which a full abstract was embodied by Arrian in his Indica—one of the most interesting geographical treatises of antiquity.
The text, with copious geographical notes, is published in C. Müller’s Geographi Graeci Minores, i. (1856); on the topography see W. Tomaschek, “Topographische Erläuterung der Küstenfahrt Nearchs vom Indus bis zum Euphrat” in Sitzungsberichte der K. K. Acad. def Wissenschaften, cxxi. (Vienna, 1890). See also E. H. Bunbury, Ancient Geography, i. ch. 13; and Alexander the Great. Ancient authorities.—Arrian, Anab. vi. 19, 21; vii. 4, 19, 20, 25; Plutarch, Alexander, 10, 68, 75; Strabo xv. pp. 721, 725; Diod. Sic. xvii. 104; Justin xiii. 4.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nebraska City

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​NEBRASKA CITY, a city and the county-seat of Otoe county, Nebraska, U.S.A., situated on the high W. bank of the Missouri river, about 40 m. below Omaha. Pop. (1880) 4183; (1890) 11,494; (1900) 7380 (882 foreign-born); (1910) 5488. It is served by the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and the Missouri Pacific railway systems. A railway and wagon bridge spans the Missouri. The city is the seat of the state Institute for the Blind (1875), and has three public parks and a public library. The city is a distributing centre for a beautiful farming region, the trade in grain being especially large. In 1900 Nebraska City ranked third among the manufacturing cities of the state, the manufactures including canned fruits and vegetables, packed pork, flour, oatmeal, hominy, grits, meal, starch, cider-vinegar, agricultural implements, windmills, paving bricks, concrete, sewer pipe, beer, over-alls and shirts. It is one of the oldest settlements of the state. The first “old Fort Kearney” was established on the site of Nebraska City in 1847, but was abandoned in 1848, and the fort was re-established farther W. on the Platte river (see Kearney). Otoe county was organized in 1855, and the original Nebraska City was incorporated and made the county-seat in the same year. This city, together with Kearney City, incorporated in 1855—adjacent to the first “old” Fort Kearney—and South Nebraska City, were consolidated by the legislature into the present Nebraska City in 1858. (Twelve other city “additions” and so-called “towns,” all within or closely adjacent to the present city, were in existence in 1857.) Nebraska City was for some years the largest city of the state. In 1858 it became the headquarters of a great freighting-firm that distributed supplies for the United States government among the army posts between the Missouri river and the Rocky Mountains; in seven months in 1859 this one firm employed 602 men, used 517 wagons, 5682 oxen, and 75 mules, and shipped 2,782,258 ℔. of freight. Nebraska City was the initial point of several roads, parts at one time or another of the “Oregon,” “Old California,” and “Great Salt Lake” trails. (See Nebraska (State): History.) Nebraska City became a city of the second class in 1871 and a city of the first class in 1901.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nebuchadrezzar

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​NEBUCHADREZZAR, or Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, the Ναβουκοδρόσορος of the Greeks. The first and last are nearer to the original name as it is found on the cuneiform monuments, viz. Nabu-kudurri-usur, “Nebo, defend the landmark.” Nebuchadrezzar seems to have been of Chaldean origin. He married Amuhia, daughter of the Median king, according to Abydenus, and in 605 B.C. defeated Necho at Carchemish, driving the Egyptians out of Asia and annexing Syria to the Babylonian empire. In the following year he succeeded his father Nabopolassar on the Babylonian throne, ​and continued the restoration of Babylon, which he made one of the wonders of the world. His “new palace” there was built in fifteen days; temples were erected to the gods, the great walls of the city were constructed with a moat surrounding them, the Euphrates was lined with brick and a strong fortress erected. Canals were dug throughout the country and a great reservoir excavated near the capital. Only a fragment of his annals has been preserved, recording his campaign against Amasis (Ahmosi) of Egypt in his thirty-seventh year (567 B.C.) when he defeated the soldiers of “Phut of the Ionians.” Tyre revolted in the seventh year of his reign, and was besieged for thirteen years; a contract-tablet dated in his fortieth year shows that at that time it was under Babylonian officials. After the investment of Tyre Nebuchadrezzar marched against Jerusalem, put Jehoiakim to death and placed Jehoiachin on the throne. Three months later Jehoiachin was deposed and Zedekiah made king in his place. Zedekiah’s revolt in 588 B.C. led to another siege of Jerusalem, which was taken and destroyed in 586 B.C. (see Jews and Jerusalem). To this period probably belong an inscription of Nebuchadrezzar on the north bank of the Nahr el-Kelb near Beirut, and another in the Wadi Brissa in the Lebanon. From his inscriptions we gather that Nebuchadrezzar was a man of peculiarly religious character. A younger brother of his is called Nabo-sum-lisir.
See Josephus, Cont. Apion, i. 19; Eusebius, Praep. Evangel. x.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Neanderthal

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​NEANDERTHAL, a ravine near the village of Hochdal between Düsseldorf and Elberfeld, Rhenish Prussia. Here in 1856 were discovered in a Quaternary bed in the Feldhofen Cave human remains which have been referred to a type commonly called Neanderthal Man. The bones found were a brain-cap, two femora, two humeri and other fragments, now in the Fuhlrott Collection, Elberfeld. The cranium, pronounced by Huxley to be the most ape-like yet discovered, was remarkable for its enormous superciliary ridges. Professor Virchow and others contended that the remarkable shape was pathological or caused by disease during the lifetime of the individual. The subsequent discovery of two other skulls, almost identical in form, at Spy in Belgium, have helped to prove its typical character. The now generally accepted view is that the Neanderthal skull represents the oldest known dolichocephalic race of Europe.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Neap

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​NEAP, a word only used of tides in which the high-water mark is at its lowest, there being the least difference in level between high and low water, opposed to “spring tides” (see Tide). The word is obscure in origin. It appears in O. Eng. in népflód, and only once alone in the expression forthganges nép, “without power of advancing.” It may possibly be connected with “nip,” in the sense of “pinched,” “scanty.”
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Peripteral

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​PERIPTERAL (Gr. περί, round, and πτερόν, a wing), in architecture, the term applied to a temple or other structure where the columns of the front portico are returned along its sides as wings at the distance of one or two intercolumniations from the walls of the naos or cella. Almost all the Greek temples were peripteral, whether Doric, Ionic, or Corinthian (see Temple).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Perinthus

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​PERINTHUS (Turk. Eski Eregli, old Heraclea), an ancient town of Thrace, on the Propontis, 22 m. W. of Selymbria, strongly situated on a small peninsula on the bay of that name. It is said to have been a Samian colony, founded about 599 B.C. According to Tzetzes, its original name was Mygdonia; later it was called Heraclea (Heraclea Thraciae, Heraclea Perinthus). It is famous chiefly for its stubborn and successful resistance to Philip II of Macedon in 340; at that time it seems to have been more important than Byzantium itself.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Period

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​PERIOD (Gr. περίοδος, a going or way round, circuit, περί, round, and ὁδός, way, road), a circuit or course of time, a cycle; particularly the duration of time in which a planet revolves round its sun, or a satellite round its primary, a definite or indefinite recurring interval of time marked by some special or peculiar character, e.g. in history, literature, art, &c.; it is so used of a division of geological time. Particular uses of the word are for the various phases through which a disease passes, the termination or conclusion of any course of events, the pause at the end of a completed sentence, and the mark (.) used to signify the same (see Punctuation).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Peristyle

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​PERISTYLE (Gr. περί, round, and στυλος, column), in architecture, a range of columns (whether rectangular or circular on plan) in one or two rows, enclosing the sanctuary of a temple; the term is also applied to the same feature when built round the court in which the temple is situated and in Roman houses to the court in the rear, round which the private rooms of the family were arranged, which were entered from the covered colonnade round the court.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Perth Amboy

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​PERTH AMBOY, a city and port of entry of Middlesex county, New Jersey, U.S.A., at the mouth of the Raritan river, on Raritan Bay and Staten Island Sound, about 15 m. S. by W. of Newark. Pop (1910 census) 32,121. It is served by the Pennsylvania, Lehigh Valley, Central of New Jersey and Staten Island Rapid Transit railways, and by boats to New York City. It is connected by a railway bridge (C.R.R. of N.J.) and by a foot and wagon bridge with South Amboy, on the south shore of the Raritan Perth Amboy has a good harbour, shipyards and dry-docks. In the city still stands Franklin Palace (erected in 1764–1774), the home of William Franklin (1729–1813), a natural son of Benjamin Franklin and the last royal governor of New Jersey. In the vicinity is the Bartow House, in which William Dunlap (1766–1839), the art historian, made his first drawings. Other buildings of historic interest are the Parker Castle (c. 1729), a centre of Loyalist influence at the time of the War of Independence, and the Kearny Cottage, the home of “Madam Scribblerus,” a half-sister of Captain James Lawrence. The city has various manufactures, the factory product in 1905 being valued at $34,800,402. Clay is obtained in the vicinity, and large shipments of coal are made. Perth Amboy was founded in 1683. It was at first called Amboy after the original Indian name; in 1684 the proprietors named it Perth in honour of James, earl of Perth (1648–1716), one of their number, and a few years later the two names were combined. From 1686 until the end of the proprietary government in 1702 Perth Amboy was the capital of the province of East Jersey, and during the period of royal government the general assembly and supreme court of New jersey met alternately here and at Burlington. Perth Amboy was incorporated as a city in 1718, and received a new charter in 1784, and another in 1844, the last being revised in 1870. The township of Perth Amboy was incorporated in 1693 and in 1844 was included in the city.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Personation

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​PERSONATION, in English law, a form of fraud consisting in a false representation by one person (by words or conduct) that he is another person living or dead. It is not an offence by the common law unless the representation is made on oath under circumstances constituting the offence of perjury, or unless the representation if not made on oath is made under circumstances amounting to a common law cheat. Personation has been made an offence by statute in the following cases: (1) where it amounts to a false pretence by words or conduct, and is done with intent to defraud, and property is by such false pretence obtained, 24 & 25 Vict. c. 96 ss. 88–90 (see False Pretences); (2) in the case of false and deceitful personation of any person or of the heir, executor, administrator, wife, widow, next of kin or relative of any person with intent fraudulently to obtain any land, estate, chattel, money, valuable security or property (37 & 38 Vict. c. 36 s. 1); (3) in the case of personation of votes at elections (see Corrupt Practices).
The first of these offences is a misdemeanour only, the second is a felony punishable by penal servitude for life. The second offence was created in 1874 in consequence of the Tichborne case, in which under the law as it then stood it had been necessary ​to prosecute the claimant for perjury. Besides the enactments above referred to there are also a number of provisions for dealing with the personation of sailors, soldiers, pensioners and owners of stock in the public funds or shares in joint-stock companies, and of persons who falsely acknowledge in the name of another recognizances, deeds or instruments, before a court or person authorized to take the acknowledgment.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Perthes, Friedrich Christoph

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​PERTHES, FRIEDRICH CHRISTOPH (1772–1843), German publisher, nephew of Johan Georg Perthes (q.v.), was born at Rudolstadt on the 21st of April 1772. At the age of fifteen he became an apprentice in the service of Adam Friedrich Bohme, a bookseller in Leipzig, with whom he remained for about six years. In Hamburg, where he settled in 1793 as an assistant to the bookseller B. G. Hoffmann, he started in 1796 a book selling business of his own, and in 1798 he entered into partnership with his brother-in-law, Johann Heinrich Besser (1775–1826). By his marriage in 1797 with a daughter of the poet, Matthias Claudius, he was brought into intimate relation with a group of Protestant writers, who exercised a powerful influence on the growth of his religious opinions. This, however, did not prevent him from being on friendly terms with a number of eminent Roman Catholic authors. Perthes was an ardent patriot; and during the period of Napoleon’s supremacy he distinguished himself by his steady resistance to French pretensions. His zeal for the national cause led him, in 1810–1811, to issue Das deutsche Museum, to which many of the foremost publicists in Germany contributed. For some time the French made it impossible for him to live in Hamburg; and when, in 1814, he returned to that city he found that his business had greatly diminished. In 1821, his wife having died, he left Hamburg, transferring his business there to his partner, and went to Gotha, where he established what ultimately became one of the first publishing houses in Germany. It was owing to his initiation that the Börsenverein der deutschen Buchhändler (Union of German Booksellers) in Leipzig was founded in 1825. When the foundation-stone of the fine building of the Union was laid in 1834, Perthes was made an honorary freeman of the city of Leipzig, and in 1840 the university of Kiel conferred upon him the degree of doctor of philosophy. Perthes died at Gotha on the 18th of May 1843. His Life was written by his son, Klemens Theodor Perthes (1809–1867), professor of law in the university of Bonn, and author of Das deutsche Staatsleben vor der Revolution (Hamburg and Gotha, 1845), and Das Herbergswesen der Handwerksgesellen (Gotha, 1856, and again 1883), whose son Hermann Friedrich Perthes (1840–1883) was the founder of the Fridericianum at Davos Platz. The publishing business at Gotha was carried on by Perthes’s younger son, Andreas, (1813–1890) and his grandson, Emil (1841–), until 1889, when it was handed over to a company.
See also O. Adler, Friedrich and Karoline Perthes (Leipzig, 1900).