OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Waite, Morrison Remick

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​WAITE, MORRISON REMICK (1816–1888), American jurist, was born at Lyme, Connecticut, on the 29th of November 1816, the son of Henry Matson Waite (1787–1869), who was judge of the superior court and associate judge of the supreme court of Connecticut in 1834–1854 and chief justice of the latter in 1854–1857. He graduated at Yale in 1837, and soon afterwards removed to Maumee City, Ohio, where he studied law in the office of Samuel L. Young and was admitted to the bar in 1839. In 1850 he removed to Toledo, and he soon came to be recognized as a leader of the state bar. In politics he was first a Whig and later a Republican, and in 1849–1850 he was a member of the state senate. In 1871, with William M. Evarts and Caleb Cushing, he represented the United States as counsel before the “Alabama” Tribunal at Geneva, and in 1874 he presided over the Ohio constitutional convention. In the same year he was appointed by President U. S. Grant to succeed Judge Salmon P. Chase as chief-justice of the United States Supreme Court, and he held this position until his death at Washington, D.C., on the 23rd of March 1888. In the cases which grew out of the Civil War and Reconstruction, and especially in those which involved the interpretation of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments, he sympathized with the general tendency of the court to restrict the further extension of the powers of the Federal government. He concurred with the majority in the Head Money Cases (1884), the Ku-Klux Case (United States v. Harris, 1882), the Civil Rights Cases (1883) and the Juillard v. Greenman (legal tender) Case (1883). Among his own most important decisions were those in the Enforcement Act Cases (1875), the Sinking Fund Case (1878), the Railroad Commission Cases (1886) and the Telephone Cases (1887).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wai

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​WAI, a town in Satara district, Bombay, on the Kistna river. Pop. (1901) 13,989. It is a place of Hindu pilgrimage, with a large Brahman population, the river being lined with temples and bathing ghats. In the neighbourhood are Buddhist caves.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Terlizzi

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​TERLIZZI, a town in Apulia, Italy, in the province of Bari, and 18 m. by steam tramway W. from that town, situated in the midst of a fertile plain, 627 ft. above sea-level. Pop. (1901) 23,394. It has a castle which at one time was very strong, and occasionally resorted to by the Emperor Frederick II. and afterwards by the Aragonese sovereigns. The walls and towers of the town remain, but the fosse has been turned into boulevards. Terlizzi has some trade in the wine and fruit of the district. Near it, in an ancient tomb, was found in 1745 a fine inkstand inlaid in silver.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Terminal Figures

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​TERMINAL FIGURES, also called “termini” or “terms,” in architecture, figures of which the upper parts only, or perhaps the head and shoulders alone, are carved, the rest running into a parallelepiped, and sometimes into a diminishing pedestal, with feet indicated below, or even without them (see Hermae).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Terminus

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​TERMINUS, in Roman mythology, the god of boundaries, the protector of the limits both of private property and of the public territory of Rome. He was represented by a stone or post, set up in the ground with the following religious ceremonies. A trench was dug, in which a fire was lighted; a victim was sacrificed, and its blood poured into the trench; the body, upon which incense and fruits, honey and wine were thrown, was then cast into the fire. When it was entirely consumed, the boundary stone, which had been previously anointed and crowned with garlands, was placed upon the hot ashes and fixed in the ground. Any one who removed a boundary stone was accursed (sacer) and might be slain with impunity; a fine was afterwards substituted for the death penalty. On the 23rd of February (the end of the old Roman year) the festival called Terminalia, according to Wissowa a festival not of the god but of the boundary stones (termini), was held. The owners of adjacent lands assembled at the common boundary stone, and crowned their own side of the stone with garlands; an altar was set up and offerings of cakes, corn, honey and wine were made (later, a lamb or a sucking pig was sacrificed). The proceedings closed with songs to the god and a general merrymaking, in which all the members of the family and the servants took part. A similar festival was also held at the old boundary of the Roman territory between the fifth and sixth milestones on the road to Laurentum. The custom of fixing the boundaries of property and the institution of the yearly festival were both ascribed to Numa. Another Sabine prince, Titus Tatius, had dedicated a stone to Terminus on the Capitoline hill. When Tarquinius Superbus desired to build a temple to Jupiter, the auguries forbade its removal, and it was enclosed within the walls of the new sanctuary, an indication of the immovability of such stones and of the permanence of the Roman territory. Terminus was probably in its origin only an epithet of Jupiter. The fact of the inclusion of his statue in the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus; the hole cut in the temple roof so that he might be worshipped in the open air as being, like Jupiter, a god of ​the sky; and the later assumption of a Jupiter Terminus or Terminalis (cf. the Greek Ζεὺς ὅριος) support this view.
See Dion. Halic. ii. 74; Plutarch, Numa, 16 Quaest. Rom., 15; Livy i. 55; Horace, Epodes, ii. 59; Ovid, Fasti, ii. 637, 677; Siculus Flaccus in Gromatici veteres, ed. Lachmann (1848); G. Wissowa, Religion und Kultur der Rӧmer (1902); W. W. Fowler, The Roman Festivals (1899); G. Jourde, Le Culte du dieu Terme (Paris, 1886).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Termonde

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​TERMONDE (Flemish Dendermonde), a town of Belgium in the province of East Flanders, situated 25 m. S.W. of Antwerp at the junction of the Dender and the Scheldt. Pop. (1904) 10,141. It is still one of the five fortified places in Belgium, although its defences are not modernized. It was before Termonde that Louis XIV. in 1667 was compelled to beat an ignominious retreat through its defenders opening the dikes and flooding the country. The church of Notre Dame contains two fine pictures by Van Dyck, and one masterpiece of Crayer's. The fonts are of the 12th century.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Termini Imerese

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​TERMINI IMERESE (anc. Thermae Himeraeae), a seaport town of Sicily, in the province 'of Palermo, 23 m. E.S.E. of it by rail. Pop. (1901) 20,633. It is finely situated on a promontory above its harbour, and it is possible that it was occupied by an early Phoenician settlement; as a town, however, it was not founded until 407 B.C. by the Carthaginians, after their destruction of Himera, in the vicinity of hot springs mentioned by Pindar (Od. xii. 19) which are still resorted to and are well fitted up (temp. 110° F.). It remained a Carthaginian colony, though thoroughly Greek in character, until it was taken by Rome in the First Punic war. In the time of Cicero it was flourishing, though not of great importance. Augustus sent a Roman colony to it, and a Roman road ran from it to Catana. Its medieval castle was destroyed in 1860. The modern town presents no features of interest; there is a collection of antiquities and pictures, with a considerable number of Roman inscriptions. Scanty remains of buildings of Roman times (an amphitheatre and a so-called basilica) exist in the upper part of the town; and outside it on the S. are considerable remains of two aqueducts of the same period crossing a deep ravine. The surrounding district is fertile.
Four m. E. of Termini, about 1 m. W. of the railway station of Cerda, on an E. spur of the Monte S. Calogera, called Monte Castellaccio, is a Cyclopean wall, about 66 ft. long, 10 ft. thick, and 30 ft. high in the middle, blocking the only access to the summit of the spur, on the N.E. Fortifications in this style are very rare in Sicily.
See B. Romano, Antichitd Termitane (Palermo, 1838); Mauceri, Acropoli Pelasgica nei dintorni di Termini Imerese (Palermol, 1896). (T. As.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Terminator

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​TERMINATOR (from the Latin terminate, to limit), in astronomy, the bounding line beween light and darkness on the apparent disk of the moon or of a planet.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tula (town)

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​TULA, a town of Russia, capital of the government of the same name, 120 m. by rail S. of Moscow, in the broad but low, marshy and unhealthy valley of the Upa. Pop. (1882), 63,500; (1901), 109,352. It is an old town of Old Russia, but its growth began only towards the end of the 18th century after the manufacture of arms had commenced. The chief branch of industry is the making of rifles; next in importance comes the manufacture of samovars (tea-urns). Tula is an episcopal see of the Orthodox Greek Church. The public buildings include two cathedrals and an industrial museum.
The town is first mentioned in 1147; but its former site seems to have been higher up the Tulitsa. Its wooden fort was replaced in 1514–1521 by a stone kreml, or citadel, which still exists. Tsar Boris Godunov founded a gun factory here in 1595, and in 1632 a Dutchman, Winius, established an iron foundry. Tsar Michael Alexis and Peter the Great, especially the last-named, took great interest in the gun factories, and large establishments were built in 1705 and 1714.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tuguegarao

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​TUGUEGARAO, a town and the capital of the province of Cagayan, Luzon, Philippine Islands, on the Grande de Cagayan River, about 60 m. from its mouth. Pop. (1903), 16,105. Many of Tuguegarao’s buildings—government, religious, business and residential—are of stone or brick. There are a Dominican college for boys, a convent school for girls, and good public schools, including a high school. The river is navigable to Tuguegarao for vessels of light draught; the Cagayan Valley is the great tobacco-producing region of the Philippines; and Tuguegarao is an important shipping point for tobacco. Local business is largely in the hands of Chinese merchants; Spanish and German companies control the exportation of tobacco. The town was settled in 1774, and the old church and bell tower are still standing. The local dialects are Cagayan, and, of less importance, Ilocano and Tagalog.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tuggurt

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​Tuggurt, a town in the Wadi Ghir, Algerian Sahara, 127 m. S. of Biskra. Tuggurt, which has a population (1906) of 2073, was formerly surrounded by a moat, which the French filled up. The town is entered by two gates. Just within the northern gate is the market place, which contains the chief mosque. The surrounding oasis is very fertile. It has about 9000 inhabitants and contains about 200,000 date palms. From Tuggurt a road 75 m. long leads across the desert north-east to El Wad (q.v.). ​Some 12 m. south-west at the desert end of the Wadi Ghir is the oasis and town of Temacin (pop. 2120), one of the chief centres of the Mussulman fraternity of Tidianes.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tukulor

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​TUKULOR (Tuculers), the name, by some said to be the French tout-couleur, for the negro half-castes of Senegal, who are principally of Fula-Wolof descent. By others the word is identified with Tacurol, an old name of the country, which took the form of Tacurores in the Portuguese writers of the 16th century. The Tukulor are settled chiefly in the Damga, Futa, Toro and Dimar districts of Senegal, and are remarkable for their fanaticism as Mahommedans. An intelligent, energetic and fierce people, they offered strenuous opposition to the conquest of their country by the French in the latter half of the 19th century.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tula (government)

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​TULA, a government of central Russia, bounded by the governments of Moscow on the N., Ryazañ on the E., Tambov and Orel on the S., and Kaluga on the W. Area, 11,950 sq. m.; pop. (1906 estimate), 1,662,600. It is intersected from S.W. to N.E. by a gently undulating plateau, 950 to 1020 ft. in altitude, which separates the drainage area of the Oka from that of the Don.
The government is divided into twelve districts, the chief towns of which are Tula, Bogoroditsk, Alexin, Byelev, Epifan, Efremov, Kashira, Krapivna, Novosil, Odoyev, Chern and Venev. Only 2.4% of the aggregate area is considered as unavailable for cultivation, the remainder being distributed as follows: peasants, 481/2%; nobility, 321/2%; other private landowners, 11%; crown, towns, &c., 2%. Agriculture is the chief occupation. Petty trades and domestic industries (e.g. the making of tea-urns, brass wares, harmoniums, &c.) have always flourished. The principal factory establishments are machinery works, hardware factories, flour-mills, sugar works and distilleries. Coal is extracted, as also pyrites and iron ore. Metallurgy is a growing industry.
Before the Slav immigration the territory of Tula was inhabited by Mordvinians in the north and by Meshcheryaks in the south. The Slavs who occupied the Oka were soon compelled to pay tribute to the Khazars. Subsequently the territory on the Oka belonged to the principality of Chernigov. In the 14th century part fell under the rule of Ryazañ and ​Moscow, while the rest was under Lithuanian dominion till the 15th century.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tulcea

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​TULCEA, or Tultcha, the capital of the department of Tulcea, Rumania, on the right bank of the Danube, 42 m. from its mouth at Sulina. Pop. (1900), 18,800; including many Russians, Turks, Greeks and Jews. There is no railway within 20 m., and the surrounding country is barren and desolate. The principal commerce is in fish and grain. Wool is also exported to France, and hides to Turkey. Sheep-farming is carried on among the mountains.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tug-of-War

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​TUG-OF-WAR, a contest between two teams composed of one or more persons, each team striving to pull the other in its own direction by means of a rope held by the hands alone. Some rules allow the “anchor-men,” who hold the ends of the rope, to fasten it to their persons. A ribbon or handkerchief is tied round the middle of the rope, and others at a distance, usually, of one yard on each side of it. That team loses which allows itself to be pulled more than one yard from its original position. The British army teams are usually composed of ten men each, but the number varies in different parts of the world. The rules of the modern Olympic Games recognize teams of five. When a tug-of-war takes place out of doors the men, or at least the “anchors,” are allowed to dig holes in the ground for their feet; when indoors cleats are bolted to the floor as braces.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tyrant

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​TYRANT (Gr. τύραννος, master, ruler), a term applied in modern times to a ruler of a cruel and oppressive character. This use is, however, based on a complete misapprehension of the application of the Greek word, which implied nothing more than unconditional sovereignty. Such rulers are not, as is often supposed, confined to a single period, the 7th and 6th centuries B.C. (the so-called “Age of the Tyrants”) of Greek history, but appear sporadically at all times, and are frequent in the later city-states of the Greek world. The use of the term “tyrant” in the bad sense is due largely to the ultra-constitutionalists of the 4th century in Athens, to whom the democracy of Pericles was the ideal of government. Thus the government which Lysander set up in Athens at the close of the Peloponnesian War is called that of the “Thirty Tyrants” (see Critias). The same term is applied to those Roman generals (really 18) who usurped authority under Gallienus.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tyras

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​TYRAS, a colony of Miletus, probably founded about 600 B.C., situated some 10 m. from the mouth of the Tyras River (Dniester). Of no great importance in early times, in the 2nd century B.C. it fell under the dominion of native kings whose names appear on its coins, and it was destroyed by the Getae about 50 B.C. In A.D. 56 it seems to have been restored by the Romans and henceforth formed part of the province of Lower Moesia. There exists a series of its coins with heads of emperors from Domitian to Alexander Severus. Soon after the time of the latter it was destroyed by the Goths. Its government was in the hands of live archons, a senate, a popular assembly and a registrar. The types of its coins suggest a trade in wheat, wine and fish. The few inscriptions are also mostly concerned with trade. Its remains are scanty, as its site has been covered by the great medieval fortress of Monocastro or Akkerman (q.v.).
See E. H. Minns, Scythians and Greeks (Cambridge, 1909); V. V. Latyshev, Inscriptiones Orae Septentrionalis Ponti Euxini, vol. i.  (E. H. M.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Typhoon

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​TYPHOON (probably from the Arabic and Hindustani tufān, a tempest, which is perhaps derived from Typhon, q.v.: the Chinese t'ai fung, strong wind, is not used in application to typhoons), the name given to a heavy cyclonic storm in the seas fringing the eastern coast of Asia from Japan to the Philippine Islands. Typhoons generally occur in a series during the August, September and October, the season when the belt of equatorial calms in the Pacific Ocean reaches its northerly extension.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tyrconnell

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​TYRCONNELL (Tir-Conaill), an ancient kingdom of Ireland. Conall Gulban, a son of Niall of the Nine Hostages, king of Ireland, acquired the wild territory in the north-west of Ulster (the modern Co. Donegal, &c), and founded the kingdom about the middle of the 5th century. Of the several branches of his family, the O'Connells, O'Cannanans and O'Dohertys may be mentioned. The kings of Tyrconnell maintained their position until 1071.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tyrconnell, Richard Talbot, Earl of

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​TYRCONNELL, RICHARD TALBOT, Earl [Titular Duke] of (1630–1691), Irish Jacobite, came of an ancient Anglo-Norman family, the Talbots of Malahide. His father, Sir William Talbot (d. 1633), was a Roman Catholic lawyer and politician of note. His brother Peter was Roman Catholic archbishop of Dublin. Richard Talbot served as a royalist during the Great Rebellion. He was present in Drogheda (Tredah) when it was stormed by Cromwell on the 3rd of September 1647, and was one of the few members of the garrison who escaped from the massacre; he fled to Spain. He then lived like many other royalist refugees, partly by casual military service, but also by acting as a subordinate agent in plots to upset the Commonwealth and murder Cromwell. He was arrested in London in November 1655 and was examined by Cromwell. Once more he escaped, but it was said by his enemies that he was bribed by the Protector, with whom one of his brothers was certainly in correspondence. After the Restoration he had a place in the household of the duke of York (James II.). He was actively engaged in an infamous intrigue to ruin the character of Anne Hyde, the duke’s wife, but continued in James’s employment and saw some service at sea in the naval wars with the Dutch. He accumulated money by acting as agent for Irish Roman Catholics who sought to recover their confiscated property. He was arrested in connexion with the Popish Plot agitation in 1678, but was allowed to go into exile. He returned just before the death of Charles II., and during the reign of James II. he was the chief agent of the king’s policy in Ireland. He was appointed commander-in-chief and created earl of Tyrconnell in 1685. The duty assigned him was to create a Roman Catholic army which might be used to coerce England. In February 1687 he was appointed lord deputy, and became the civil as well as the military governor of Ireland. Tyrconnell, who foresaw the revolution in England, entered into intrigues for handing Ireland over to the king of France in order to secure the interest of his ​fellow Roman Catholics. For a time he made a pretence of protecting the Protestants, but when the revolution of 1688 occurred in England he threw himself, after some hesitation, into the struggle against William III., and when James fled to France Tyrconnell was left as his representative. When William raised the siege of Limerick, Tyrconnell went over to France to seek help, and after his return (January 1691) he was little more than a spectator of the military operations. When he did act it was to thwart the French General St Ruth and his own countryman Sarsfield. He became so unpopular that he was compelled to retire to Limerick, where he died of apoplexy on the 14th of August 1691. In 1689 King James created him duke of Tyrconnell, but the title was recognized only by the Jacobites.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Typhon

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​TYPHON (Typhaon, Typhoeus), in Greek mythology, youngest son of Gaea and Tartarus. He is described as a grisly monster with a hundred dragons' heads, who was conquered and cast into Tartarus by Zeus. In other accounts, he is confined in the land of the Arimi in Cilicia (Iliad, ii. 783) or under Etna (Aeschylus, P.V. 370) or in other volcanic regions, where he is the cause of eruptions. Typhon is thus the personification of volcanic forces. Amongst his children by Echidna are Cerberus, the Lernaean hydra, and the Chimaera. He is also the father of dangerous winds (typhoons), and by later writers is identified with the Egyptian Seth.
See Eduard Meyer, Set-Typhon (1875), and M. Mayer, Die Giganten und Titanen (1887); Preller-Robert, Griechische Mythologie (1894), pp. 63–66; O. Gruppe, Griechische Mythologie, ii. 845, 1333, according to whom Typhon, the “ snake-footed ” earth-spirit, is the god of the destructive wind, perhaps originally of the sirocco, but early taken by the Phoenicians to denote the north wind, in which sense it was probably used by the Greeks of the 5th century in nautical language; and also in Philologus, ii. n.f. (1889), where he endeavours to prove the identity of Typhon with the Phoenician Zephon (Baal-Zephon, translated in Gesenius's Thesaurus by “ locus Typhonis " or “ Typhoni saar ”), signifying “ darkness,” “the north wind," and perhaps “ snake ”; A. von Mess, “ Der Typhonmythus bei Pindar und Aeschylus," in Rhein. Mus. lvi. (1901), 167.