OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Wikileaks release of 'Who: Zabid Zahir'

* related portals: United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
When wikileaks release a document originally prepared by a US agency I believe that document remains in the public domain.
WHO: ZABID ZAHIR
WHAT: DETAINED BY ODA PARTNERED ANP FORCE; TRANSFERRED TO US CONTROL. ZABID ZAHIR IS A HIG COMMANDER FOR THE SHERZAD DISTRICT AND HAS SIGNIFICANT TIES TO WEAPONS AND EQUIPMENT SMUGGLING IN THE WESTERN NANGARHAR PROVINCE. ZABID ZAHIR IS ALSO SUSPECTED OF SMUGGLING FIGHTERS INTO THE AREA USING HIS COMPOUND AS A TRANSIENT POINT. HE IS REPORTED TO SUPPLY WEAPONS, IED&apos;&apos;S AND FUND INS OPERATIONS IN THE PROVINCE..
WHEN: 270030ZDEC07
WHERE: //MGRS: 42S WC 881 891 // SHERZAD DISTRICT, NANGARHAR PROVINCE, AF
WHY: HIS CAPTURE WILL HAVE SOME POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE AS HIS SON IS A FAIRLY INFLUENTIAL PROVINCIAL COUNCIL MEMBER; HOWEVER, HIS CAPTURE WILL ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY DISRUPT INS OPERATIONS IN WESTERN NANGARHAR. ZABID ZAHIR&apos;&apos;S CAPTURE AND SUBSEQUENT INTERROGATIONS MAY YIELD VALUABLE AND ACTIONABLE INTELLIGENCE ON WEAPONS PROCUREMENT, INS OPERATIONS AND THE FACILITATION NETWORK IN WESTERN NANGARHAR. HIS CAPTURE WILL PROVIDE VALUABLE INTELLIGENCE ON INS INFRASTRUCTURE, LOCATIONS AND TACTICS AND IED CELLS IN THE PROVINCE.
ENDSTATE/EFFECTS: THE CAPTURE OF ZABID ZAHIR WILL DISRUPT INS OPERATIONS IN WESTERN NANGARHAR.
THE ODA HAS BEEN WORKING ON IDENTIFYING ZABID ZAHIRS PATTERN OF LIFE THROUGH ITS SOURCE NETWORK. ONCE HIS PATTERN OF LIFE WAS DETERMINED AND THE THREAT MINIMIZED, THE ANP PLANNED AND CONDUCTED AN OPERATION TO CONDUCT A CORDON AND SEARCH OF HIS COMPOUND. THE TRIGGER FOR THIS SEARCH WAS SPECIAL REPORTS INDICATING MUNITIONS BEING STORED IN HIS COMPOUND. ALTHOUGH NO MUNITIONS WERE RECOVERED, THE DETACHMENT HAS OVER 15 CONTACTS AND OVER 25 PAGES OF REPORTING ON HIS INS ACTIVITIES. THE ODA REMAINED IN CONSTANT COMMUNICATION WITH THE ANP ELEMENT WHEN THEY MOVED TO DETAIN THE TARGET ENSURING THE ANP RELAYED INFORMATION UPDATING THE ODA. WHILE THE ANP WERE MANEUVERING TO CAPTURE THE TARGET, THE ODA WAS STAGED TO RESPOND AS A QRF IN THE EVENT THAT THE ANP BECAME DECISIVELY ENGAGED. FOLLOWING HIS ARREST, ZABID ZAHIR NOOR WAS TRANSPORTED TO THE DETACHMENTS DETENTION FACILITY.
Report key: 1B8F2D4E-09BC-4BD3-A117-ED876C62A853
Tracking number: 2008-001-091858-0296
Attack on: FRIEND
Complex attack: FALSE
Reporting unit: CJTF-82
Unit name: CJTF-82
Type of unit: None Selected
Originator group: UNKNOWN
Updated by group: UNKNOWN
MGRS: 42SWC8809989100
CCIR:
Sigact:
DColor: BLUE
# Zion's Watch Tower/Volume 9/Number 2/Scotland's Three "Protestant" Episcopal Churches

SCOTLAND'S THREE "PROTESTANT" EPISCOPAL CHURCHES
The "Evangelical Advocate" of Edinburgh states that there are now three separate Protestant Episcopal church bodies in Scotland.
The Scotch Episcopal Church, or as it is called The Episcopal Church in Scotland, is the Sacerdotal and Ritualistic portion of the Episcopal Churches in Scotland. Within its communion the most rampant Ritualism is in full practice, and it varies little from the practices and doctrines of the Church of Rome. It stands wholly on its own account, without any connection or affiliation with the other churches.
Another portion of Episcopal Churches which may be called the Church of England in Scotland, maintaining purity of Evangelical doctrine and church administration, are in connection with the Church of England, under Bishop E. H. Beckles, D.D. (the late Bishop of Sierra Leone), put into that position to keep the protestants from leaving the church's communion.
And another portion is known as the Reformed Episcopal Protestant Church of England in Scotland.
In the year 1873, ten thousand English Protestant church​men, with Bishop Gregg broke off from the church (not however in the way of schism) and formed a Reformed Church of England, and in January of 1880 the St. John’s Episcopal Church, Dundee, Scotland, decided by the unanimous wish of the incumbent church-wardens, trustees, vestry, and congregation to place the church under the jurisdiction of the bishops of the Reformed Church of England, and this has had its effects upon other similarly circumstanced churches objecting to Sacerdotalism and Ritualism, thus forming the third Protestant Episcopal Scotch Church.—The Christian Family Annual.
# Zionism/Authorities

AUTHORITIES
# Zion's Watch Tower/Volume 9/Number 2/Suggestive

SUGGESTIVE
A Presbyterian minister writes:—
"In all defences I have seen, of the old dogma of eternal, endless torment, I think there is not one, even of those that claim to prove the doctrine from the Scriptures, in which there is not at least ten times as much of argument to show that the inspired Word must be so understood, as there is of solid quotation from the Word itself. Where so much pounding with the hammer of human reason is required to shape God's Word into conformity to a traditional or preconceived theory, or to weld something upon that Word to supply a supposed deficiency, are we not justified in challenging the right of such a doctrine to demand our acceptance?
Let the explicit declaration of the Westminster Confession and Catechism be written on one side; on the other side place all the Scripture references or proof texts, with any other passages, that bear on this subject. Now is there any one in his right mind who will look carefully at the language on both sides, and then affirm that these form an equation? or that they can be made equal without adding, subtracting or transposing? And dare any Christian claim authority thus to tamper with God's Word?"
Another says:—"Until the Church realizes that there is something worse even than being 'agitated;' until it is forced into a position where crying 'Peace, peace,' when there is no peace, will be impossible, the real questions at issue will be held in the background, and as at Andover, the decision will be not upon the merits of the truth at stake, but upon the conformity of one's teaching to the artificial standards, conventionally interpreted."
# Zion's Watch Tower/Volume 9/Number 2/What the Czar Wants

WHAT THE CZAR WANTS
A French traveler in the East has discovered, according to The Wiener Tageblatt, the ultimate aim of the Czar's policy. He would be glad enough to obtain Constantinople, but the real object of his ambition is to become "the Pope of Jerusalem." The war of 1054, the French observer remarks, had its germ in the quarrels over the Holy Places in Palestine, and was a continuation of the conflict between East and West which the crusades left still unsettled. "Every step of the Russians towards Constantinople," says he, "is a step toward Jerusalem. It is of great significance that the Emperor Alexander III. confides much more upon the power of religious enthusiasm than either of his predecessors did." He wishes to procure a more officious and ostentatious consecration of his religious authority, and to have his position emphasized as the supreme Protector of the Eastern Churches and the Orthodox Faith, and so rally all the Greek-Oriental Churches and peoples around the person and office of the Czar as the Constantine and Justinian of the modern world. This bold project has been long in preparation, is never lost sight of in any diplomatic movement, and no sacrifice of money is thought too great to secure this end. "Numbers of settlements of Eastern monks, of apparently harmless and unpretending character, have been and are being founded, and Russia finds the money for the purchase of the land. Aid and counsel are always to be had from the Russian authorities. The European powers restrict their attention too one-sidedly to the movements on the Bosphorus, and ignore the extraordinary but quiet movements in the Holy Land." Two of the Vienna papers—The Politsche Correspondenz and The Wiener Tageblatt—appear to put some faith in the Frenchman's observations and predictions. The latter has no doubt that the Czar would hold a coronation on the site of the Holy Sepulchre of the world's Redeemer, to be the highest possible consecration of his authority. "Many imagine that Alexander III. reckons much upon being crowned Emperor of Asia in Samarkand; but to have the crown of Asia set upon his head in the mother city of Christendom corresponds much more to his character and to the thoughts which he cherishes in the stillness of Gatschina."—Pall Mall Gazette.
# Zionism/Chronological Summary

ZIONISM
Chronological Summary
# Zion's Watch Tower/Volume 9/Number 2/The Fiftieth Thousand

THE FIFTIETH THOUSAND
Still they go, you will be glad to learn. Millennial Dawn Vol. I. is now in its fiftieth thousand. Forty thousand have already gone out, and ten thousand more are now being printed and bound.
This was our first proposition—the hope first expressed—that before 1888 fifty thousand copies of Dawn would be in the hands of the people. Three months yet remain of this year and we want to suggest what is possible through still further faithfulness of the harvesters. It is possible to have twenty-five or fifty thousand more out by Jan'y 1st, 1888. How?—By the Colporteurs who are selling Dawn continuing at their present averages, or increasing them as the cool weather will permit; by more of the brethren and sisters entering this branch of the "harvest" work; and by all others of the readers of the Tower doing what they can.
What can the others do? They can each sell from four to twenty copies, or can use that number for loaning, though to sell is better. because people are almost sure to use what they pay even a small price for. So then, God knows and we know the possibilities; and as the New Years' Tower comes to you, all will see how faithful the servants have been as a whole. Some we are sure can do no more than they are now doing, though some others we fear are "slothful servants." But the "View" in the September Tower has seemed to awaken and quicken many previously asleep, or overcharged with the affairs of this world, for which we thank God.
# Zion's Watch Tower/Volume 9/Number 2/Untitled

​ The old Pharisees rejected Jesus because He taught men that God's plans or grace were wider than they had believed them to be. The Gentiles, the outcasts, the whole world of humanity, was included in them. The Pharisees believed that the Jews, and especially their own sect, had a monopoly of the grace of God. It is strange how this old spirit of human nature comes out in our day. Many in the church seem to be just as averse to any view of the gospel which widens its scope beyond the narrow lines in which they have conceived it. The idea that there can be any blessing in it for the countless masses of the dead who passed out of life before Christ came, or who have since died with no knowledge of Him, is something they cannot admit. Nor have they an ear for any interpretations of Scripture which do not pass current in their sect, or which bring within the scope of God's love and blessing those whom they have always regarded as outside of His covenant. Men love to think that they belong to that favored class who have a monopoly of both the truth and the grace of God.—Words of Reconciliation.
# Zionism/After the Roman Conquest

§3. After the Roman Conquest
The Romans planted colonies in Palestine with the express intention of preventing the political regeneration of the Jew. But, excluded from Palestine, the Jews strove in the ﬁrst place to establish, upon the ruins of Hellenism, actual commonwealths in Cyrene, Cyprus, Egypt, and Mesopotamia. There were repeated insurrections of the Jews under several Roman emperors. In the fourth century the Emperor Julian actually contemplated restoring Palestine to the Jews. The passionate longing for Palestine has always remained a Jewish characteristic. It permeates the Apocrypha and writings of the Rabbis. It is the leitmotif of the Jewish national fasts and the Hebrew Prayer Book. Every Jewish sermon and every Talmudic discussion, every occasional prayer, ended with the stock formula, 'May the redeemer come unto Zion!' Daily the Jews pray, 'O bring us in peace from the four corners of the earth, and make us to go upright to our land'.
In the solemn and ancient liturgy of the Day of Atonement, to this very day, the Jews all over the world pray that the redemption may succeed a League of Nations:
Now, therefore, O Lord our God, impose thine awe upon all thy works ... that all creatures may fear thee ... that they may all form a single league to do thy work with a perfect heart. ...
Give then glory, O Lord, unto thy people, praise to them that fear thee, hope to them that seek thee, and free speech to them that wait for thee, joy to thy land, gladness to thy city, a ﬂourishing horn unto David thy servant, and a clear shining light unto the son of Jesse, thine anointed, speedily in our days.
Then shall the just also see and be glad ... while all wickedness shall be wholly consumed like smoke, when thou makest the dominion of arrogance to pass away from the earth.
And thou, O Lord, shalt reign, thou alone, over all thy works on Mount Zion, the dwelling-place of thy glory, and in Jerusalem, thy holy city.
# Zionism/Anti-Semitism and Modern Zionism

§ 8. Anti-Semitism and Modern Zionism
But Zionism would never have attained its present overwhelming grasp of the minds and hopes of the vast majority of Jewry but for the outbreak of Anti-Semitism and the clouding of the prospects of Jews, alike emancipated, half-emancipated, and not emancipated at all.
The beginning of the nineteenth century, as has been seen, was still inﬂuenced by the liberal ideas of the Revolution. Prejudice there was against the Jew, but it was merely incidental. In 1848 the Continental Jew fought for freedom with all his heart and soul. Even in the three Prussian Wars, which culminated in Sedan and the foundation of the German Empire, Jews had shed their blood for their fatherland and were not subjected to deliberate and organized persecution and attack. But 1870 turned the Prussian heads. Heinrich von Treitschke (1834–96), a Saxon renegade to Prussia, became the chief panegyrist of the House of Hohenzollern and the militarism for which it stood. In his chair at the University of Berlin and in the Reichstag he pleaded eloquently for the narrowest German nationalism. He vehemently supported the Government in its attacks upon the Socialists and Poles, upon the Catholics and the Jews. The Jews have had to suffer from Anti-Semitism ever since 1878; and Treitschke was one of the few men of eminence who gave his support to the attacks upon them which began in that year.
The virus soon spread throughout Europe. In the East it led to the pogroms in Russia which started in 1880 and have recurred about every ten years. In England. Goldwin Smith raised the question 'Can Jews be patriots?' in 1878; then ensued a series of articles in which Hermann Adler was the apologist. The contagion spread a little later even to liberal France, where, in 1886, Drumont wrote La France Juive. preached that all French misfortunes were due to the Machiavellian Jew, and, ​to keep the ball rolling, founded La Libre Parole. Drumont is the father of the Anti-Semitism of the Dreyfus trial of 1898.
A whole literature arose around Anti-Semitism in general and the Dreyfus trial in particular. The Jews did not confine themselves to apologetic propaganda. Their leaders, in the more enlightened countries of the West, formed institutions with the express object of protecting their less-favoured co-religionists from oppression and injustice. But above all 'Zionism' came into being a positive remedy for the alleged homelessness of the disfranchised Jew. The term appears to have been first used in 1886, but was popularized by Herzl ten years later.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Archangel (town)

See also Arkhangelsk on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ARCHANGEL (Archangelsk), chief town of the government of Archangel, Russia, at the head of the delta of the Dvina, on the right bank of the river, in lat. 64° 32′ N. and long. 40° 33′ E. Pop. (1867) 19,936; (1897) 20,933. As early as the 10th century, if not earlier, the Norsemen frequented this part of the world (Bjarmeland) on trading expeditions; the best-known is that made by Ottar or Othere between 880 and 900 and described (or translated) by Alfred the Great, king of England. The modern town dates, however, from the visit of the English voyager, Richard Chancellor, in 1553. An English factory was erected on the lower Dvina soon after that date, and in 1584 a fort was built, around which the town grew up. Archangel was for long the only seaport of Russia (or Muscovy). The tsar Boris Godunov (1598–1605) threw the trade open to all nations; and the chief participants in it were England, Holland and Germany. In 1668–1684 the great bazaar and trading hall was built, principally by Tatar prisoners. In 1691–1700 the exports to England averaged £112,210 annually. After Peter the Great made St Petersburg the capital of his dominions (1702), he placed Archangel under vexatious commercial disabilities, and consequently its trade declined. In 1762 it was granted the same privileges as St Petersburg, and since then it has gradually recovered its former prosperity. It is the seat of a bishop, and has a cathedral (1709–1743), a museum, the monastery of the Archangel Michael (whence the city gets its name), an ecclesiastical seminary, a school of navigation and a naval hospital. Linen, leather, canvas, cordage, mats, tallow, potash and beer are manufactured. There is a lively trade with St Petersburg, and the sea-borne exports, which consist chiefly of timber, flax, linseed, oats, flour, pitch, tar, skins and mats, amount in value to about 1½ millions sterling annually (82½ % for timber), but the imports (mostly fish) are worth only about £200,000. A fish fair is held every year on the 1st (15th) of September. Archangel communicates with the interior of Russia by river and canal, and has a railway line (522 m.) to Yaroslavl. The harbour, deepened to 18¼ ft., is about a mile below the city, and is accessible from May to October. About 12 m. lower down there are a government dockyard and merchants’ warehouses. A new military harbour, Alexandrovsk or Port Catherine, has been made on Catherine (Ekaterininsk) Bay, on the Murman coast of the Kola peninsula. The shortest day at Archangel has only 3 hrs. 12 min., the longest 21 hrs. 48 min. of daylight.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Archbald

See also Archbald, Pennsylvania on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ARCHBALD, a borough of Lackawanna county, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., in the N.E. part of the state, 10 m. N.E. of Scranton. Pop. (1890) 4032; (1900) 5396; (1869 foreign-born); (1910) 7194. It is served by the Delaware & Hudson, and the New York, Ontario & Western railways, and by an interurban electric line. It is about 900 ft. above sea-level; in the vicinity are extensive deposits of anthracite coal, the mining and breaking of which is the principal industry; silk throwing and weaving is another industry of the borough. At Archbald is a large glacial “pot hole,” about 20 ft. in diameter and 40 ft. in depth. Archbald, named in honour of James Archbald, formerly chief engineer of the Delaware & Hudson railway, was a part of Blakely township (incorporated in 1818) until 1877, when it became a borough.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Archduke

See also Archduke on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ARCHDUKE (Lat. archidux, Ger. Erzherzog,) a title peculiar now to the Austrian royal family. According to Selden it denotes “an excellency or pre-eminence only, not a superiority or power over other dukes, as in archbishop it doth over other bishops.” Yet in this latter sense it would seem to have been assumed by Bruno of Saxony, archbishop of Cologne, and duke of Lorraine (953–965), when he divided his duchy into the dukedoms of Upper and Lower Lorraine. The designation was, however, exceedingly rare during the middle ages. The title of archduke of Lorraine ceased with the circumstances which had produced it. The later dynasties of Brabant and Lorraine, when these fiefs became hereditary, bore only the title of duke. The house of Habsburg, therefore, did not acquire this title with the inheritance of the dukes of Lorraine. Nor does it occur in any of the charters granted to the dukes of Austria by the emperors; though in that creating the first duke of Austria the archiduces palatii, i.e. the principal dukes of the court, are mentioned. The “Archidux Austriae, seu Austriae inferioris” is spoken of by Abbot Rudolph (d. 1138) in his chronicles of the abbey of St Trond (Gesta Abbatum Trudonensium) but this is no more than a rhetorical flourish, and the title of “archduke palatine” (Pfalz-Erzherzog) was, in fact, assumed first by Duke Rudolph IV. (d. 1365), and was one of the rights and privileges included in his famous forgery of the year 1358, the privilegium maius, which purported to have been bestowed by the emperor Frederick I. on the dukes of Austria in extension of the genuine privilegium minus of 1156, granted to the margrave Henry II. Rudolph IV. used the title on his seals and charters till he was compelled to desist by the emperor Charles IV. The title was also assumed for a time, probably on the strength of the privilegium maius, by Duke Ernest of Styria (d. 1424); but it ​did not legally belong to the house of Habsburg until 1453, when Duke Ernest’s son, the emperor Frederick III. (Frederick V., duke of Styria and Carinthia, 1424–1493, of Austria, 1463–1493), confirmed the privilegium maius and conferred the title of archduke of Austria on his son Maximilian and his heirs. The title archduke (or archduchess) is now borne by all members of the Austrian imperial house.
See John Selden, Titles of Honor (1672); Antonius Matthaeus, De nobilititate, de principibus, deducibus, &c., libri quatuor (Amsterdam and Leiden, 1696, lib. i. cap. 6); Pfeffel, Abrégé chronologique de l’hist, el du droit public d’Allemagne (Paris, 1766); Brinckmeier, Glossarium diplomaticum, &c. (1850–1863, 2 vols.); J. F. Joachim, “Abhandlung von dem Titel ‘Erzherzog,’ welchen das Haus Oesterreich führt.” in Prüfende Gesellschaft zu Halle, 7; F. Wachter, art. “Erzherzog,” in Allgem. Encykl. der Wissenschaften u. Künste (1842, pub. by Ersch and Gruber); A. Huber, Ueber die Entstehungszeit der oesterreichischen Freiheitsbriefe (Vienna, 1860); W. Erben, Das Privilegium Friedrichs I. für das Herzogtum Österreich (Vienna, 1902).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Archaism

See also Archaism on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ARCHAISM (adj. “archaic”; from Gr. ἁρχαῖος, old), an old-fashioned usage, or the deliberate employment of an out-of-date and ancient mode of expression.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Archelaus, King of Judaea

See also Herod Archelaus on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ARCHELAUS, king of Judaea, was the son of Herod the Great. He received the kingdom of Judaea by the last will of his father, though a previous will had bequeathed it to his brother Antipas. He was proclaimed king by the army, but declined to assume the title until he had submitted his claims to Augustus at Rome. Before setting out, he quelled with the utmost cruelty a sedition of the Pharisees, slaying nearly 3000 of them. At Rome he was opposed by Antipas and by many of the Jews, who feared his cruelty; but Augustus allotted to him the greater part of the kingdom (Judaea, Samaria, Ituraea) with the title of ethnarch. He married Glaphyra, the widow of his brother Alexander, though his wife and her second husband, Juba, king of Mauretania, were alive. This violation of the Mosaic law and his continued cruelty roused the Jews, who complained to Augustus. Archelaus was deposed (A.D. 7) and banished to Vienne. The date of his death is unknown.
Archelaus is mentioned in Matt. ii. 22, and the parable of Luke xix. 11 f. probably refers to his journey to Rome.
See Schürer, Gesch. des jüdischen Volkes, i. 449-453. (J. H. A. H.)