OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Essays (Francis Bacon)

* Essays (1597) (The first edition, containing 10 essays)
* Essays (1612) (The second edition, containing 38 essays)
* Essays (1625) (The third edition, containing 59 essays)
* Essays edited by Henry Morely published by Hurst & Company (New York 1883) IA
* Essays in The Works of Francis Bacon, edited by Basil Montagu (R. Worthington, New York 1884) (transcription project)
* Essays edited by Joseph Devey, M.A.
** Published by John B. Alden (New York 1883) (external scan)
** Published by The Rogers Co. (Philadelphia cir. 1900) IA
* Bacon's Essays edited by Alfred S. West (Cambridge 1908) (transcription project)
* The Essays of Francis Bacon edited by Mary Augusta Scott (New York 1908) (transcription project)
* Essays, civil and moral in The Harvard Classics Vol. 3 edited by Charles W. Eliot (New York 1909)
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Avebury

See also Avebury on Wikipedia; Avebury on Wikipedia, Avebury in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​AVEBURY, a village of England, in the county of Wilts, 6 miles W. of Marlborough. It occupies the site of
[ map ]
one of the most remarkable megalithic structures in England. This consisted of a large outer circle formed of 100 stones of from 15 to 17 feet in height, and about 40 feet in circumference, enclosing an area of about 1000 feet in diameter. This circle was surrounded by a broad ditch and lofty rampart. Within its area were two smaller circles, 350 and 325 feet in diameter respectively, each consisting of a double concentric row of stones, a stone pillar or niaenhir, 20 feet high, occupying the centre of the one, and a cromlech or dolmen that of the other. A long avenue of approach, now known as the Kennet Avenue, consisting of a double row of stones, branched off from this structure towards the S.E. for a distance of 1430 yards. Few traces of this immense erection now remain the stones having been broken down and used in the construc tion of the houses of the village, and for other purposes. In the vicinity are two other monuments of great impor tance, which may bo regarded as belonging to the same group, namely, the double oval of megaliths on Hakpen Hill Haca s pen and the artificial mound known as Silbury Hill. The Hakpen oval was, according to Stuke- ley, 138 feet by 155, and had an avenue 45 feet wide stretching in the direction of Silbury Hill. This hill is due south from Avebury, and the distance from the centre of the circle to the centre of the mound is very nearly one Roman mile. Much discussion has taken place about the age and object of these constructions, the most popular theory hitherto being that which ascribed them to the Druids, and thus got rid of historic difficulties by escaping into the region of the prehistoric. Recently, Mr Fergussori has strenuously maintained that the larger circle, or Avebury proper, and Silbury Hill, commemorate the last of the twelve Arthurian battles, which was fought (520 A.D.) at Badon Hill, a name which he identifies with Waden Hill.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Auxerre

See also Auxerre on Wikipedia; Auxerre on Wikipedia, Auxerre in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
AUXERRE (the ancient Autissiodurum), a town of France, in the department of Yonne, situated on the banks of the Yonne, in a wine-producing district, and built in an antique fashion. Its cathedral is one of the finest Gothic buildings in the country, and its episcopal palace, now used as a prefecture, will bear comparison with any. It has several normal schools, a college founded by the famous Jacques Amyot (who was a native of the town, and died there in 1593), a society of agriculture, botanic garden, museum, theatre, an extensive and valuable library, &c. The Yonne is navigable from a little above the town. Besides trade in wine and in firewood, there are manufactures of cloths, druggets, serges, cotton and woollen stockings, and some considerable tanneries. Population, 15,497.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Auxonne

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AUXONNE (formerly Assonium, i.e., ad Sonam, from its position on the Saone), a city of France, in the arrondissement of Dijon and department of Côte d'Or. It is strongly fortified, and possesses an old castle, an arsenal, and a school of artillery. Besides their manufactures of cloth and serges, the inhabitants carry on by the river considerable traffic with Lyons in wine, grain, and wood. Long. 5° 24′ E., lat. 47° 13′ N. Population, 5911.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Auvergne

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​AUVERGNE, a district, and formerly a province, of France, corresponding to the departments of Cantal and Fuy-de-D6me, with the arrondissement of Brioude in Haute- Loirs. It is divided into Lower and Upper by the River ​Rue ; the distinction between the two portions being well marked by their physical features. Upper Auvergne is rugged and mountainous, and is covered with evidences of volcanic activity, while Lower Auvergne consists largely of fertile and well-watered expanses. In climate, too, there is a marked difference ; the former suffering from violent extremes, and the latter enjoying a mild and equable temperature. The whole district is largely agricultural, and special attention is paid to the rearing of cattle, horses, and mules. The mountains are rich in minerals, such as iron, lead, copper, and coal ; and numerous medi cinal springs are scattered along their slopes. The inhabi tants, who to a certain extent are the descendants of the ancient Arverni, are a strong, ungainly race, habituated to toilsome labour. For a long time they have been accus tomed to leave their homes for the purpose of seeking their fortunes abroad, returning after they have acquired a competency. Spain was at one period a favourite resort, but the current of emigration is now principally towards Paris or the Belgian towns. In Paris alone it has been calculated that the Auvergnats number 50,000. They speak a distinct dialect, and are also recognised by their pronunciation. A closer resemblance to Latin, and the presence of many sounds, such as ts, tz, dj, which are foreign to ordinary French, are among the most striking features of the patois; the vocabulary also contains words introduced by the English at the time of their occupation of the country in the 14th century. Of the existing literature a con siderable proportion is spurious. Auvergne was early raised to the rank of a countship, and passed into the hands of various families, the most important of which is known as La Tour d Auvergne. It was finally united to the crown by Louis XIII. Of the numerous books which have been written on this interesting province, the following may be mentioned : Aigneperse, Petit Diet, des parsonnages d Auvergne, 1850; Michel, L ancicnne Auvergne, 3 vols. fol. ; Imberdis, L Auvergne historique, and Hist, des (jucrres rclig. en Auvergne pendant Ics XVI e et XVII e sieclcs ; Allard, Les caux thermo-mincrales d Auvergne.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Avallon

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​AVALLON, a town of France, in the department of Yonne, finely situated on a granite rock, at the foot of which flows the river Voisiu or Cousin. The church of St Lazare, which dates from the 12th century, is a good specimen of Burgundian Gothic. Manufactures of cloth, hats, hosiery, leather, and paper are carried on, and there is a considerable traffic in firewood, which is conveyed by the Voisin, the Yonne, and the Seine to Paris. The town was long an object of dispute between Burgundy and France, but was finally united to the crown on the death of Charles the Bold. It was pillaged by the Leaguers in 1594. Population, G070. Long. 3 56 E., lat. 47 30 N.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Avatcha

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​AVATCHA, one of the numerous volcanoes of Kam chatka, in lat. 53 17 N., and long. 158 50 E. It rises to a height of nearly 9000 feet (Mr Kennan says 11,000), and has an extensive crater at the summit and another on its side. It was in active eruption in 1827, 1837, and 1855. About twenty miles to the south lies the village of Avatcha on a river of the same name ; and in the immediate neigh bourhood of the mountain is situated the little town of Petropavlovski, which contains memorials of Behring and La Perouse, and was the scene of a desperate conflict during the Crimean War between the Russians and an invading party of the allies.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Autun

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​AUTUN, the capital of an arrondissement of the same name in the department of Saone and Loire, in France, is picturesquely situated on the declivity of a hill, at the foot of which flows the Arroux. It is one of the most ancient towns of France ; and when Caesar invaded Gaul it was the most important of the yEdui. Its name was then Bibracte, but being afterwards much improved and embellished by Augustus it took that of Augustodunum. In the later days of the Roman empire it was a flourishing city, and consequently attracted the barbarian bands. It was successively plundered and burned by the Vandals in 406, the Burgundians in 414, the Huns in 451, the Franks in 534, the Saracens in 739, and the Normans in 895. It was burned by the English in 1379, and besieged in 1591 by D Aumont. Yet in spite of all these disastrous events, its former greatness is attested by many Roman and other remains, among which are large masses of its ancient walls, two gates in admirable preservation, called the Porte d Arroux and the Porte Saint-Andre, the walls of the so- called temple of Janus, and a pyramid in the neighbour- bouring village of Couard, in which some recognise a monu ment to Divitiacus. The cathedral is a structure of the llth and 12th centuries, and is surmounted by a remark able spire of the 15th. Autun is the seat of a bishopric, and has a college, a diocesan seminary, a museum, which is very rich in medals and other minor antiquities, a library, a theatre, &c., with tribunals of primary jurisdiction and commerce. It has manufactures of cotton goods, hosiery, carpets, leather, and paper, with a considerable trade in timber, hemp, and cattle. Population in 1872, 11,684.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Auxentius of Cappadocia

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​AUXENTIUS of Cappadocia was an Arian theologian of some eminence. When Constantino deposed the ortho dox bishops who resisted, Auxentius was installed into the seat of Dionysius, bishop of Milan, and came to be regarded as the great opponent of the Nicene doctrine in the West. So prominent did he become, that he was specially mentioned by name in the condemnatory decree of the synod which Damasus, bishop of Rome, convened in defence of the Nicene doctrine. When the orthodox emperor Valentinian ascended the throne, Auxentius was left undisturbed in his diocese, but his theological doctrines were publicly attacked by Hilarius of Poitiers. The chief source of information about him is the Liber contra Aiixen- tium in the Benedictine edition of the works of Hilarius.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Aveiro

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AVEIRO, a town of Portugal, province of Beira, the seat of a bishopric and college. It has sardine, oyster, and herring fisheries, as well as a thriving trade in oil, salt, wine, and oranges. The haven is wide and deep. Population, 6456. Long. 8° 34′ W., lat. 40° 40′ N.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tatars

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TATARS.See Tartars.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tate, Nahum

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TATE, Nahum (1652–1715), poet-laureate, was born in 1652 in Dublin, and was educated at Trinity College there. He afterwards removed to London, and adopted literature as a profession, succeeding Shadwell as poet-laureate in 1692. He died within the precincts of the Mint, Southwark (whither he had taken refuge from his debtors), August 12, 1715.
His name is still remembered in connexion with the New Version of the Psalms of David, which, in conjunction with Nicholas Brady (q.v.), he published in 1696 (see Hymns, vol. xii. p. 590). Tate was also the author of some ten dramatic pieces (see Biogr. Dramatica, i. 703) and a great number of poems, including one entitled The Innocent Epicure, or The Art of Angling (1697).
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tassoni, Alessandro

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TASSONI, Alessandro, Italian poet, was a native of Modena, where he was born in 1565, and where he died in 1635. From 1599 till 1608 he was secretary to Cardinal Ascanio Colonna, and in this capacity saw some diplomatic service; he was afterwards employed for some time in similar occupations by Charles Emmanuel, duke of Savoy. His best-known literary work is a burlesque epic entitled La Secchia Rapita, or “The Rape of the Bucket” (1622), the reference being to a raid of the Modenese upon the people of Bologna in 1325, when a bucket was carried off as a trophy. As in Butler’s Hudibras, many of the personal and local allusions in this poem are now very obscure, and are apt to seem somewhat pointless to the general reader, but, in spite of Voltaire’s contempt, it cannot be neglected by any systematic student of Italian literature (compare vol. xii. p. 512.) Other characteristic works of Tassoni are his Pensieri Diversi (1612), in which he treats philosophical, literary, historical, and scientific questions with unusual freedom, and his Considerazioni sopra il Petrarcha (1609), a piece of criticism showing great independence of traditional views.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tatius, Achilles

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TATIUS, Achilles. See Romance, vol. xx. p. 635 sq.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tashkend

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A variety of petty trades are carried on in numerous small workshops,—weaving and dyeing of cottons and the manufacture of small brass and iron wares, of harness, and especially of boots, being the chief. Most of the inhabitants are also engaged in raising corn, rice, oil-plants, cotton, wine, and lucerne, and in gardening. The trade of Tashkend has lost its former importance, but corn, cattle, silk, cotton, and fruits are still exported, and all kinds of manufactured wares are imported from the countries to the south.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Torquatus

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TORQUATUS.See Manlius.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Torre Annunziata

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TORRE ANNUNZIATA, a town of Italy, in the province of Naples, 121/2 miles south-east from that city, on the Bay of Naples, at the southern base of Vesuvius. The inhabitants are mainly occupied in fishing and in a brisk coasting trade; there are also manufactures of arms, paper, and macaroni. The population in 1881 was 20,060.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Torshok

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TORSHOK, a district town of Russia, in the government of Tver, on the river Tvertsa, 38 miles by rail to the south-west of the Ostashkovo station of the St Petersburg and Moscow railway. It dates from the 11th century, and the very name ("market-place") shows that this de pendency of Novgorod was a commercial centre. It was strongly fortified with a stone wall, which, however, only partially protected it from the attacks of Mongols, Lithuanians, and Poles. Torshok is now celebrated in Russia for its embroidered leather-work and manufacture of travel ling bags, and for its trade in corn and flour. The population in 1884 was 12,900.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tortola

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TORTOLA.See Virgin Islands.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tortona

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TORTONA, a town of Italy, in the province of Alessandria, on the right bank of the Scrivia, at the northern foot of the Apennines, 13 miles to the east of Alessandria, was formerly a place of strength until its fortifications were destroyed by the French after Mareugo (1799); the ramparts are now turned into shady promenades. The cathedral, erected by Philip II., is architecturally uninteresting, but contains a remarkably fine Roman sarcophagus. Silk-weaving, tanning, and hat-making are the chief industries; and there is some trade in wine and grain. The population in 1881 was 9023 (commune 14,442).
Dertona is spoken of by Strabo as one of the most important towns of Liguria, and is alluded to by Pliny as a Roman colony. In the Middle Ages it was zealously attached to the Guelphic cause, on which account it was twice laid waste by Frederick Barbarossa (in 1155 and 1163).
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Torre del Greco

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TORRE DEL GRECO, a town of Italy, in the province of Naples, 71/2 miles to the south-east of that city, lies at the south-west foot of Vesuvius, on the shore of the Bay of Naples. It is built chiefly of lava, and stands on the lava stream of 1631, which destroyed two-thirds of the older town. Great damage was done by the eruptions of 1737 and 1794, when immense streams of lava flowed through the town into the sea; the earthquake of 1857 and the eruption of December 8, 1861, were even more destructive. After each disaster the people have returned and repaired the ruin, the advantage de rived from the rich land on the flanks of the volcano and the proximity to the sea and to Naples being more than enough to overcome apprehensions of danger. In the outskirts are many beautiful villas and gardens. The inhabitants are largely employed in fishing (tunny, oyster, sardine, and especially coral), and the neighbourhood is famed for its fruit and wine. The population in 1881 was 21,586.
# Eskimo Folk-Tales (1921)/Íkardlítuarssuk

​ÍKARDLÍTUARSSUK
Íkardlítuarssuk, men say, had a little brother; they lived at a place where there were many other houses. One autumn the sea was frozen right out from the coast, without a speck of open water for a long way out. After this, there was great dearth and famine; at last their fellow-villagers began to offer a new kayak paddle as a reward for the one who should magic it away, but there was no wizard among the people of that village.
Then it came about that Íkardlítuarssuk’s little brother began to speak to him thus:
“Íkardlítuarssuk, how very nice it would be to win that new paddle!”
And then it was revealed that Íkardlítuarssuk had formerly sat on the knee of one of those present when the wizards called up their helping spirits.
Then it came about that Íkardlítuarssuk one evening began to call upon his helping spirits. He called them up, and having called them up, went out, and having gone out, went down to the water’s edge, crept in through a crack between the land and the ice, and started off, walking along the bottom of the sea.
He walked along, and when he came to seaweed, it seemed as if there lay dogs in among the weed. But these were sharks. Then on his way he saw a little house, and went towards it. When he came up to the entrance, it was narrow as the edge of a woman’s knife. But he got in all the same, following that way which was narrow as the edge of a woman’s knife. And when he came in, there sat the mother of Tôrnârssuk, the spirit who lived down there; she was sitting by her lamp and weeping. And picking behind her ears, she threw down many strange things. Inside her lamp were many birds that dived down, and inside the house were many seals that bobbed up.
And now he began tickling the weeping woman as hard as he could, to encourage her; and at last she was encouraged, and after this, ​she freed a number of the birds, and then made a sign to many of the seals to swim out of the house. And when they swam out, there was one of the fjord seals which she liked so much that she plucked a few of the hairs from its back, that she might have it to make breeches of when it was caught.
And when all this had been done, she went home, and went to rest without saying a word.
When they awoke next morning, the sea was quite dark ahead, and all the ice had gone. But when the villagers came out, she said to them:
“Do not kill more than one; if any of you should kill two, he will never kill again.”
And furthermore she said:
“If any of you should catch a young fjord seal with a bare patch on its back, you must give it to me to make breeches.”
When they came back, each of the hunters had made a catch; only one of them had caught two. And the man who had caught two seals that day never after caught any seal at all when he rowed out, but all the others always made a catch when they rowed out, and some of them even caught several at a time.
Thus it came about that Íkardlítuarssuk with the little brother won the new paddle as a reward.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Chinchilla

See also Chinchilla (disambiguation) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
In the 9th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, Chinchilla may refer to:
* The town of Chinchilla in Spain; or
* Chinchilla, species of rodents native to South America.