OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lee, Sidney

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​LEE, SIDNEY (1859– ), English man of letters, was born in London on the 5th of December 1859. He was educated at the City of London school, and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated in modern history in 1882. In the next year he became assistant-editor of the Dictionary of National Biography. In 1890 he was made joint-editor, and on the retirement of Sir Leslie Stephen in 1891 succeeded him as editor. He was himself a voluminous contributor to the work, writing some 800 articles, mainly on Elizabethan authors or statesmen. While he was still at Balliol he wrote two articles on Shakespearian questions, which were printed in the Gentleman’s Magazine, and in 1884 he published a book on Stratford-on-Avon. His article on Shakespeare in the fifty-first volume (1897) of the Dictionary of National Biography formed the basis of his Life of William Shakespeare (1898), which reached its fifth edition in 1905. Mr Lee edited in 1902 the Oxford facsimile edition of the first folio of Shakespeare’s Comedies, Histories and Tragedies, followed in 1902 and 1904 by supplementary volumes giving details of extant copies, and in 1906 by a complete edition of ​Shakespeare’s Works. Besides editions of English classics his works include a Life of Queen Victoria (1902), Great Englishmen of the Sixteenth Century (1904), based on his Lowell Institute lectures at Boston, Mass., in 1903, and Shakespeare and the Modern Stage (1906).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lee, Sophia

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​LEE, SOPHIA (1750–1824), English novelist and dramatist, daughter of John Lee (d. 1781), actor and theatrical manager, was born in London. Her first piece, The Chapter of Accidents, a one-act-opera based on Diderot’s Père de famille, was produced by George Colman at the Haymarket Theatre on the 5th of August 1780. The proceeds were spent in establishing a school at Bath, where Miss Lee made a home for her sisters. Her subsequent productions included The Recess, or a Tale of other Times (1785), a historical romance; and Almeyda, Queen of Grenada (1796), a tragedy in blank verse; she also contributed to her sister’s Canterbury Tales (1797). She died at her house near Clifton on the 13th of March 1824.
Her sister, Harriet Lee (1757–1851), published in 1786 a novel written in letters, The Errors of Innocence. Clara Lennox followed in 1797. Her chief work is the Canterbury Tales (1797–1805), a series of twelve stories which became very popular. Lord Byron dramatized one of the tales, “Kruitzner,” as Werner, or the Inheritance. She died at Clifton on the 1st of August 1851.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Orphrey

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​ORPHREY, gold or other richly ornamented embroidery, particularly an embroidered border on an ecclesiastical vestment (see Vestments). The word is from O. Fr. orfreis, mod. orfroi, from med. Lat. aurifrisium, aurifrigium, &c., for auriphrygium, aurum, gold, and phrygium, Phrygian; a name given to gold-embroidered tissues, also known as vestes Phrygiae, the Phrygians being famous for their skill in embroidering in gold.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Orpiment

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​ORPIMENT (auripigmentum), arsenic trisulphide, As$_2$S$_3$, or yellow realgar (q.v.), occurring in small quantities as a mineral crystallizing in the rhombic system and of a brilliant golden-yellow colour in Bohemia, Peru, &c. For industrial purposes an artificial orpiment is manufactured by subliming one part of sulphur with two of arsenic trioxide. The sublimate varies in colour from yellow to red, according to the intimacy of the combination of the ingredients; and by varying the relative quantities used many intermediate tones may be obtained. These artificial preparations are highly poisonous. Formerly, under the name of “king’s yellow,” a preparation of orpiment was in considerable use as a pigment, but now it has been largely superseded by chrome-yellow. It was also at one time used in dyeing and calico-printing, and for the unhairing of skins, &c.; but safer and equally efficient substitutes have been found.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Orontes

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​ORONTES, the ancient name of the chief Syrian river, also called Draco, Typhon and Axius, the last a native form, from whose revival, or continuous employment in native speech, has proceeded the modern name ‛Āsī (“rebel”), which is variously interpreted by Arabs as referring to the stream’s impetuosity, to its unproductive channel, or to the fact that it flows away from Mecca. The Orontes rises in the great springs of Labweh on the east side of the Buka‛a, or inter-Lebanon district, very near the fountains of the southward-flowing Litani, and it runs due north, parallel with the coast, falling 2000 ft. through a rocky gorge. Leaving this it expands into the Lake of Homs, having been dammed back in antiquity. The valley now widens out into the rich district of Hamah (Hamath-Epiphancia), below which lie the broad meadow-lands of Ghāb, containing the sites of ancient Apamea and Larissa. This central Orontes valley ends at the rocky barrier of Jisr al-Hadid, where the river is diverted to the west, and the plain of Antioch opens. Two large tributaries from the N., the Afrīn and Kara Su, here reach it through the former Lake of Antioch, which is now drained through an artificial channel (Nahr al-Kowsit). Passing N. of the modern Antakia (Antioch) the Orontes plunges S.W. into a gorge (compared by the ancients to Tempe), and falls 150 ft. in 10 m. to the sea just south of the little port of Suedia (anc. Seleucia Pieriae), after a total course of 170 m. Mainly unnavigable and of little use for irrigation, the Orontes derives its historical importance solely from the convenience of its valley for traffic from N. to S. Roads from N. and N.E., converging at Antioch, follow the course of the stream up to Homs, where they fork to Damascus and to Coele-Syria and the S.; and along its valley have passed the armies and traffic bound to and from Egypt in all ages. (See Antioch and Homs.) (D. G. H.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Orpington

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​ORPINGTON, a town in the Dartford parliamentary division of Kent, England, 133/4 m. S.E. of London, and 21/2 m. S. by E. of Chislehurst, on the South-Eastern & Chatham railway. Pop. (1901), 4259. The church (Early English) contains some carved woodwork and ancient brasses. An old mansion called the Priory dates in part from 1393. The oak-panelled hall and the principal rooms are of the 15th century. In 1873 John Ruskin set up at Orpington a private publishing house for his works, in the hands of his friend George Allen. Fruit and hops are extensively grown in the neighbourhood. From its pleasant situation in a hilly, wooded district near the headwaters of the Cray stream, Orpington has become in modern times a favourite residential locality for those whose business lies in London. A line of populous villages extends down the valley between Orpington and Bexley—St Mary Cray (pop. 1894), St Paul’s Cray (1207), Foots Cray (an urban district, 5817), and North Cray.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Oropus

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​OROPUS, a Greek seaport, on the Euripus, in the district Πειραϊκή, opposite Eretria. It was a border city between Boeotia and Attica, and its possession was a continual cause of dispute between the two countries; but at last it came into the final possession of Athens, and is always alluded to under the Roman empire as an Attic town. The actual harbour, which was called Delphinium, was at the mouth of the Asopus, about a mile north of the city. A village still called Oropo occupies the site of the ancient town. The famous oracle of Amphiaraus was situated in the territory of Oropus, 12 stadia from the city. The site has been excavated by the Greek Archaeological Society; it contained a temple, a sacred spring, into which coins were thrown by worshippers, altars and porticoes, and a small theatre, of which the proscenium is well preserved. Worshippers used to consult the oracle of Amphiaraus by sleeping on the skin of a slaughtered ram within the sacred building.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Orphan

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​ORPHAN, the term used of one who has lost both parents by death, sometimes of one who has lost father or mother only. In Law, an orphan is such a person who is under age. The Late Lat. orphanus, from which the word, chiefly owing to its use in the Vulgate, was adopted into English, is a transliteration of ὀρφανός, in the same sense, the original meaning being “bereft of,” “destitute,” classical Lat. orbus. The Old English word for an orphan was steópcild, stepchild. By the custom of the city of London, the lord mayor and aldermen, in the Court of Orphans, have the guardianship of the children still under age of deceased freemen. Orphans’ courts exist for the guardianship of orphans and administration of their estates in Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey and Pennsylvania in the United States. In other states these are performed by officers of the Probate Court, known as “surrogates,” or by other titles.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Orrery, Charles Boyle, 4th Earl of

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​ORRERY, CHARLES BOYLE, 4th Earl of (1676–1731), the second son of Roger, 2nd earl, was born at Chelsea in 1676. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, and soon distinguished himself by his learning and abilities. Like the first earl, he was an author, soldier and statesman. He translated Plutarch’s life of Lysander, and published an edition of the epistles of Phalaris, which engaged him in the famous controversy with Bentley. He was three times member for the town of Huntingdon; and on the death of his brother, Lionel, 3rd earl, in 1703, he succeeded to the title. He entered the army, and in 1709 was raised to the rank of major-general, and sworn one of her Majesty’s privy council. At the battle of the Wood he acted with distinguished bravery. He was appointed queen’s envoy to the states of Brabant and Flanders; and having discharged this trust with ability, he was created an English peer, as Baron Boyle of Marston, in Somersetshire. He received several additional honours in the reign of George I.; but having had the misfortune to fall under the suspicion of the government he was committed to the Tower, where he remained six months, and was then admitted to bail. On a subsequent inquiry it was found impossible to criminate him, and he was discharged. He died on the 28th of August 1731. Among the works of Roger, earl of Orrery, will be found a comedy, entitled As you find it, written by Charles Boyle. His son John (see Cork, Earls of), the 5th earl of Orrery, succeeded to the earldom of Cork on the failure of the elder branch of the Boyle family, as earl of Cork and Orrery.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Shoreham

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​SHOREHAM, a seaport in the Lewes parliamentary division of Sussex, England, near the mouth of the river Adur, 6 m. W. of Brighton on the London, Brighton & South Coast railway. Pop. of urban district of New Shoreham (1901), 3837. The town is sometimes known as New Shoreham, in distinction from the village of Old Shoreham, a mile up the river, which was the former port. The church of St Mary the Virgin lacks almost the entire nave, but the remainder shows fine work ranging from Norman to Early English. Of no less interest is the church of St Nicholas, Old Shoreham, a cruciform Norman structure retaining some remarkable early woodwork. There are public gardens containing a museum and theatre. The trade of the small port is chiefly in coal, corn and timber. Shipbuilding is also carried on. The important public boys’ school of St Nicholas, Lancing, near Shoreham, is part of a wide scheme which within Sussex includes the middle-class school at Hurstpierpoint, that for sons of tradesmen, &c., at St Saviour’s, Ardingly, and the girls school of St Michael’s, Bognor. The scheme was originated by the Rev. N. Woodward in 1849.
It seems probable that soon after the Conquest the increasing prosperity of New Shoreham (Soresham, Sorham, Schorham) resulted in the decay of Old Shoreham, and that the borough grew up within the former. Shoreham owed its early importance to the natural harbour formed by the river Adur. In the time of the Confessor it was held by Azor of the king, but in 1066 was among the lands granted to William de Braose. From here Charles II. escaped to Fécamp after the battle of Worcester, 1651. It became a port of great consequence in the 13th and 14th centuries, but in the 15th and following centuries was much reduced, doubtless owing to the encroachment of the sea. The port revived during the reign of George III., when acts were passed for securing and improving the harbour. Shoreham was called a borough in 1236. In 1308 there was a mayor, and the “mayor and bailiffs of Shoreham” are mentioned in a Close Roll of 1346, but no charter of incorporation is known. The town adopted the Local Government Act of 1858 in 1866. It returned two members to parliament from 1295 until it was disfranchised in 1885. In the reign of Edward I., William de Braose held at Shoreham by prescriptive right weekly markets on Wednesdays and Saturdays, and a two-days’ fair at the Exaltation of the Holy Cross. In 1792 the market-day was Saturday and a fair was held on the 25th of July, but these are not now held. Shipbuilding has always been the chief industry, and was largely carried on in the 13th and 14th centuries.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Shorthouse, Joseph Henry

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​ SHORTHOUSE, JOSEPH HENRY (1834-1903), English novelist, was born in Great Charles Street, Birmingham, on the 9th of September 1834. He was the eldest son of Joseph Shorthouse, chemical manufacturer, and Mary Ann, daughter of John Hawker, of the same town. He was educated at Grove House, Tottenham, where he proved a promising and industrious pupil, and upon leaving school entered his father's business, in which he was all his life actively engaged. He married, in 1857, Sarah, daughter of John Scott, of Birmingham. His literary interest was fostered by a local essay club, to which he contributed many papers. It was not until he was nearly fifty years old that Shorthouse made his public appearance as an author, and even then his remarkable story, John Inglesant, had undergone vicissitudes. It was kept for over three years in MS., and the author eventually printed one hundred copies for private circulation. One of these found its way into the hands of Mrs Humphry Ward, who recommended it to Messrs Macmillan. Its first appearance was a quiet one; but Gladstone was at once struck by its quality, and made its reputation by his praise. It became the most discussed book of the day, and its author was suddenly famous. Besides John Inglesant (1881), Shorthouse published The Little Schoolmaster Mark (1883), Sir Percival (1886), The Countess Eve and A Teacher of the Violin (1888), and Blanche, Lady Falaise (1891); but none of these has been so popular as his first novel. He will always remain known to fame as “the author of John Inglesant.” Shorthouse was originally a Quaker, but the appeal of the Anglican Church was insistent with him, and he was baptized into its body before the appearance of his story. Something of his own stress of religious transition appears in the character of his hero, who is pictured as living in the time of the Civil War, a pupil of the Jesuits, a philosopher and a Platonist, who is yet true to the National Church. The story, ​which is deeply mystical and imaginative, has for its central idea the dangers of bigotry and superstition, and the necessity of intuitive religion to progress and culture. It is a work full of opulent colour and crowded life, no less than of philosophy and spiritual beauty. Shorthouse’s work was always marked by high earnestness of purpose, a luxuriant style and a genuinely spiritual quality. He lacked dramatic faculty and the workmanlike conduct of narrative, but he had almost every other quality of the born novelist. He died at Edgbaston on the 4th of March 1903.
See The Life, Letters and Literary Remains of J. Henry Shorthouse, edited by his wife (2 vols., 1905).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Shoreditch

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​SHOREDITCH, an eastern metropolitan borough of London, England, bounded N.W. by Islington, N.E. by Hackney, E. by Bethnal Green and Stepney, S. by the City of London, and W. by Finsbury. Pop. (1901), 118,637. It is a poor and crowded district extending east and west of Kingsland Road, and has a large artisan population. Chain-making, cabinet work, and other industries are carried on. An old form of the name is Soersditch, and the origin is lost, though early tradition connects it with Jane Shore, mistress of Edward IV. The parliamentary borough of Shoreditch includes the Hoxton and Haggerston divisions, each returning one member. In Hoxton is the Shoreditch technical institute. The borough council consists of a mayor, 7 aldermen and 42 councillors. Area, 657·6 acres.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Shorncliffe

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​SHORNCLIFFE, a military station in Kent, England, on high ground immediately north of Sandgate and 3 m. W. of Folkestone. It was first established in 1803, when Sir John Moore here trained the troops which afterwards formed the Light Division in the Peninsular War. Its position was chosen as a strategic position on the flank of the French invader who was expected at the time to descend upon the English coast.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Shop

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​SHOP, a term originally for a booth or stall where goods were sold, and in most cases also made, now used chiefly in the sense of a room or set of rooms in a building where goods are displayed for sale and sold by retail, also the building containing the rooms. Another application of the word is to the building or rooms in which the making or repairing of articles is carried on, a carpenter’s shop, a repairing-shop, at engineering works and the like. In America, in the smaller towns and rural districts the “shop” is usually styled a “store” (O.F. ester, Late Lat. staurum, instaurare, to build, construct, in later use, to provide necessaries). While in America in the larger cities the word “shop” is becoming applied to the retail places of sale, in English usage “store” has in recent years become the recognized form for the large retail places for universal supply.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Shore

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​SHORE, a word meaning (1) the margin or edge of land when bordering on a large piece of water, whether of an ocean or sea or lake, “bank” taking its place when applied to the borders on either side of a river; for the legal aspect of the “shore,” i.e., the space bordering on tidal waters between high and low water mark, see Foreshore; (2) a prop of timber, used as a support, temporary or permanent, for a building when threatening to fall or during reconstruction (see Shoring), and more particularly a timber support placed against a ship’s side when building on the stocks, or when ready for launching on the slips; the props which are the final supports knocked away at the moment of launching are called the “dog-shores,” one of the very numerous uses of “dog” for mechanical devices of many kinds (see Ship-building). Both words are to be derived ultimately from the same source, viz., the root seen in “shear,” to cut off; in sense (1) the word means a part cut or “shorn” oii, an edge, and appears in M.Eng. as schore, from O. Eng. sceran, to cut, shear; in sense (2) it is of Scandinavian origin and is an adaptation of the Nor. skora, a piece of timber cut off to serve as a prop or support.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Shore, Jane

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​SHORE, JANE (d. 1527), mistress of the English king Edward IV., is said to have been the daughter of Thomas Wainstead, a. prosperous London mercer. She was well brought up, and married young to William Shore, a goldsmith. She attracted the notice of Edward IV., and soon after 1470, leaving her husband, she became the king’s mistress. Edward called her the merriest of his concubines, and she exercised great influence; but, says More, “never abused it to any man’s hurt, but to many a man’s comfort and relief.” After Edward’s death she was mistress to Thomas Grey, marquess of Dorset, son of Elizabeth Woodville by her first husband. She also had relations with William Hastings, and may perhaps have been the intermediary between him and the Woodvilles. At all events she had political importance enough to incur the hostility of Richard of Gloucester, afterwards King Richard III., who accused her of having practised sorcery against him in collusion with the queen and Hastings. Richard had her put to public penance, but the people pitied her for her loveliness and womanly patience; her husband was dead, and now in poverty and disgrace she became a prisoner in London. There Thomas Lynom, the king’s solicitor, was smitten with her, and wished to make her his wife, but was apparently dissuaded. Jane Shore survived till 1527; in her last days she had to “beg a living of many that had begged if she had not been.” More, who knew her in old age when she was “lean, withered and dried up,” says that in youth she was “proper and fair, nothing in her body that you would have changed, but if you would have wished her somewhat higher.” Her greatest charm was, however, her pleasant behaviour; for she was “merry in company, ready and quick of answer.” She figured much in 16th-century literature, notably in the Mirrour for Magistrates, and in Thomas Heywood’s Edward IV. The legend which connected Jane Shore with Shoreditch is quite baseless; the place-name is very much older.
Bibliography.—Most of our information as to Jane Shore comes from Sir Thomas More’s Life of Richard III., edited by J. R. Lumby (Cambridge, 1883), supplemented a little by Edward Hall (Chronicle, pp. 363-364). See also H. B. Wheatley’s edition of Percy’s Reliques, ii. 264 (1876–1877), and J. Gairdner’s Life and Reign of Richard III (Cambridge, 1898). (C. L. K.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rand

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​RAND, a Dutch word meaning border, edge, used in South Africa to designate a low rounded range of hills; specifically it is an abbreviated form of Witwatersrand, an elevated ridge in the southern Transvaal, forming the water-parting between the basins of the Orange and Limpopo. The Rand is famous for its gold-bearing reefs (see Gold), and the word is often used as a synonym for the mining industry carried on over a great part of its area, or for Johannesburg (q.v.), the city which that industry created.