OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Water

See also Water on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Wa′ter (H$_2$O) is a clear, transparent liquid, formed of oxygen and hydrogen. It is almost colorless, though in large masses it looks blue. It freezes at 32°F. and boils at 212°F., and passes off in steam. Water dissolves almost everything it comes in contact with, so that strictly pure water is never found. Rainwater is the purest form, but even that has absorbed air and ammonia. Water is found very widely distributed in nature in the form of ice and snow, in watery vapor in the air, in lakes, rivers and seas, in the soil and rocks, in the sap and juices of plants and in the blood and flesh of animals. It covers three fourths of the surface of the earth, and forms a large part of the bodies of animals. The ocean is nature's great reservoir or cistern, and from it all other water may be said to be taken. A constant stream of vapor passes into the atmosphere and is condensed in colder regions, returning to the earth in the form of rain, dew, frost and snow, which fertilize the earth, are collected into pools, springs, lakes and rivers, and finally find their way back to the ocean. These waters all take up various substances, as is seen by the color of different rivers, which varies as the soil through which they pass. The water of the ocean is salt, but the saline or salty matter does not form a vapor, and so is left behind when the watery vapor rises from its surface. Besides its use in watering the earth and in feeding animal and vegetable life, water has been the great agent in forming the surface of the earth. A river carries with it a large amount of earthy matter, of which it has robbed the hills in which it springs, and deposits it in the valleys through which it flows; the great bars and deltas at the mouths of rivers being examples of the amount of land sometimes formed by the sediment in a river. This double process of breaking down and dissolving the rocks and of depositing and building up the land is constantly going on, and has been going on for ages. Geology gives the results of this constant action of water in past ages, as seen in the strata or layers of rocks which form the earth. In the form of ice or glaciers water has also had a large part to play in forming the continents. Some of the many purposes it serves are its use in supplying a motive-power to machinery, either mechanically, as in waterfalls, or by its expansion into steam, its use in cleansing and cooking or domestic purposes, its use in the laboratory as a solvent or dis-solver of most substances and its universal use by men, animals and plants for drinking purposes. Consult Tyndall's Forms of Water. See Glaciers, Ice, Ocean, Sea, Waterfall and Waterworks.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Water-Lily

See also Nymphaeaceae on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Water-Lily, a general name applied to all members of the family Nymphceaceæ. They are aquatic herbs, native to all temperate and tropical regions. The stems are submerged, and the broad leaf-blades (lily-pads), on long petioles, float on the surface of the water. The true water-lilies are a species of Nymphæa or Castalia, the flowers being showy and of various colors. In the common species the petals are numerous and beautifully white and fragrant. The yellow pond-lily or spatter-dock is a species of Nuphar.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Washington and Jefferson College

See also Washington & Jefferson College on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Washington and Jefferson College, at Washington, Penn., originated as Jefferson College (1802) and Washington College (1806), the two uniting in 1865 as Washington and Jefferson College. Thirty-one trustees control it, and are a self-perpetuating board. There are classical, engineering, French-scientific and Latin-scientific courses. The studies of the first two years of the classical, French and Latin courses differ, but in the last two years of each of these courses there are the same electives and the same required studies. The college possesses a preparatory department, and numbers 30 professors, 455 students and 20,000 volumes in its library. In 1907 its productive funds were $508,258 and its income $50,302.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Wasp

See also Wasp on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Wasp (wŏsp), any one of a considerable group of insects, forming, with bees and ants, the highest order of insects (Hymenoptera). These well-known insects show some variation in form. Sometimes the thorax and abdomen are connected by a slender thread; but in other forms these parts of the body merge into one another. The social wasps, like the hornet or yellow jacket, are the best known. They build nests of paper attached to bushes, trees, roofs and eaves of buildings; or near the ground; or sometimes under stumps and stones. The paper is manufactured from wood-fiber obtained from posts and unpainted boards. This is chewed in the jaws and united into sheets, often of considerable extent. The nests are often top-shaped or balloon-shaped, with layers of cello inside resembling honeycomb, all inclosed in a spherical envelop of paper with a hole at the bottom for entrance and exit. The cells are hexagonal and in a single layer. In each cell one egg is placed; the larvae, on emerging, hang head downward. The nests in tropical countries sometimes are six feet long. The species of social wasps that make nests in the ground form a more fragile sort of paper from decayed wood. The colonies include three forms: males, females and workers. The males and workers die on the arrival of cold weather but the females live over the winter in sheltered places, and start a new colony in the spring. The workers only have stings. The solitary wasps include miners, mud-daubers and carpenters. The mason-wasps or mud-daubers are the most familiar, as their mud nests are commonly seen on beams and walls. The carpenters cut tubular nests in wood and divide them by mud partitions. The miners dig tunnels in the earth. Young wasps as a rule are fed largely on insects, though fruit and flower juices are included in their diet. Caterpillars, other larvae, grubs and spiders are stored away for future use. In all their work and habits wasps are of much interest. Consult Lubbock's Ants, Bees and Wasps and Howard's The Insect-Book. See Hornets.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Watchmaking

See also Mechanical watch on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Watch′making. With the invention of coiled springs as the source of power in time-pieces, it became possible to make them small enough to put in the pocket. Now that clocks also are made with springs, the difference between them and watches is simply a matter of size. The first watches were made, it is said, in Nuremberg about 1500, and on account of their shape and size were called Nuremberg eggs. The early watches were made in many curious shapes, and indeed, before the modern day of hurry and necessity for promptitude, they were of little use. To overcome the variations in power as the spring uncoiled, the fusee and chain were used, the fusee being the axle on which the chain was coiled. Watches were not exact, and had only an hour-hand till Hooke in 1658 invented the balance-wheel, including the hair-spring. It is used to take the place of a pendulum, which of course can not be used in a watch. The next step was the invention of the lever escapement about 1770, which applies the regulation of the balance-wheel with much more accuracy than had been attainable. The fifth important step was the invention of the compensating balance. Watches are more affected by changes in temperature than are clocks, and it was necessary so to arrange different metals in the balance that the contraction or expansion of one would offset that of the other. This invention (1764) made possible the exactness of the chronometer, which in turn enables sailors to tell their longitude with precision. Perhaps the invention of stem-winding and stem-setting to take the place of the key so easily lost deserves the sixth place. The latest development is the application of machinery to the manufacture of watches, and this was brought about by American ingenuity about 1854, when the celebrated factories at Waltham (q.v.) were established. Not only does machinery make the parts more exactly than hand-labor, but this exactness makes it possible to dispense with the fusee and chain. The American watch has about 153 parts to the 800 parts that had to be brought together in the British or the Swiss watch. Improved methods of hardening steel made jewel-bearings less important, and so the way was prepared for the "dollar watch." Before machinery was applied, the parts of any one watch had to be specially made for it; but now the parts of a watch never face each other till they are ready to go into the case together. Being made of standard sizes, they always fit. Watch manufactories are now scattered over the north of the United States, but the chief centers are in Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York and Illinois. England and Switzerland make the better, Germany the cheaper, watches.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Water, Ascent of

See also Xylem on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Water, Ascent of (in plants). Water to supply the evaporation from the larger land-plants enters by the roots, especially the root-hairs, and passes thence into the woody strands which lie in the center of the root. These connect with similar strands in the stem, which run into the leaves and branch profusely, following the so-called veins and constituting the veinlets. The water travels chiefly in the interior of the minute, elongated tubes (ducts or vessels) which make up the greater part of these strands. These ducts are not continuous tubes, however, so that the water has to traverse the partition walls which occur here and there (abundantly in pines and their kin). The water is not forced up from below by the roots, except in low plants and at some seasons; it certainly does not rise by capillarity. No satisfactory understanding of the forces concerned has yet been reached, though the problem has been attacked by many investigators. See Root-Pressure, Transpiration and Vascular Bundles.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Water-Bug

See also Heteroptera on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Water-Bug, the name for a number of aqueous insects inhabiting the streams and ponds of the United States. They belong to the order of true bugs, that is, they have the mouth-parts in the form of a sharp stylet or beak for sucking. The water boatman is one form, swimming on its back. The water-stick is a long, slim, water-bug. Water-bugs are interesting to study in aquaria and may be collected with an insect net, sweeping the bottom of a pond and the submerged plants. The water scorpion, also sometimes called the electric light bug, is the most formidable of all the water-bugs. It is about two inches long, with sharp, pointed forelegs with which it catches small fishes and frogs and sucks their blood. It flies from pond to pond at night, and is attracted by strong lights. See Electric-Light Bug.
# The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787/Volume 3/Appendix A/CCLXXXIII

The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787/Volume 3/Appendix A/CCLXXXIII
​ⅭⅭⅬⅩⅩⅩⅢ. Abraham Baldwin in the House of Representatives.
January 15, 1799.
But it is insisted on, said Mr. B., by some gentlemen, that as the power to pass uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcy is expressly given to Congress by the Constitution, it is their duty to do it; and some go as far as to say that it is not proper for the States to legislate on that subject. He thought there was no great weight in that argument. Congress not having passed such a law for these ten years past, and the States having legislated upon it in their own way, is a sufficient proof that that has not been the understanding of the Constitution. …
Many other instances might be adduced to prove the same thing, if necessary. The fact is, the powers given to Congress as well as to all other Legislatures, are in general submitted to their ​discretion to use them as the circumstances of the country should require. He had no doubt in saying, as well from the perusal of the instrument as from his own recollection, that many of them must have been considered as of very difficult execution, and that it must have been supposed that the existence of the power in Congress would effect the control which they desired, would check the abuses which might otherwise have taken place, and prevent the necessity of using it. Any other view of that instrument, he thought, would lead to great perplexity and embarrassment. He was sure it was the one which its best friends had originally indulged, and had made the administration of the Government much more practicable and successful than it otherwise could have been.
# The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787/Volume 3/Appendix A/CCLXXXII

The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787/Volume 3/Appendix A/CCLXXXII
​ⅭⅭⅬⅩⅩⅩⅡ. Abraham Baldwin in the House of Representatives.
January 11, 1799.
All society showed that there was in the human character a foundation for radical different opinions on political subjects; there is not a place in which it does not show itself. … There was no doubt but that it showed itself early in this country; …
It also showed itself soon after the peace, in repeated attempts to jostle the pillars of the old Government, and that in defiance and without the consent of those who were administering it. After they consented to recommend a Convention to make alterations, it is well known to have shown itself in that assembly; the greatness of the occasion unexpectedly called forth such a portion of the oldest and most venerable statesmen of our country as effectually to correct and control the councils on those subjects; they kept the same ground as the Revolution had taken, and which was seen in all the State Governments. They took their principles from that set of political economists and philosophers now generally denominated in the English language Whigs, and consecrated them as a Constitution for the government of the Country. Though this was a very great and decided majority, yet it is equally well known that there were some who entertained very different opinions; they no doubt still entertain them, and they who expect to find any time when this will not be the case, expect too much of human nature, they will be sure to be disappointed.
# The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787/Volume 3/Appendix A/CCLXXIX

​ⅭⅭⅬⅩⅩⅨ. Charles Pinckney in the House of Representatives.
May 10, 1798.
The gentleman from Pennsylvania had said, with great truth, that it was the object of those who formed the Constitution, that the powers of Government should be distributed among the different departments, and that they ought not to be assigned or relinquished.
# The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787/Volume 3/Appendix A/CCLXXVIII

ⅭⅭⅬⅩⅩⅢ. Baldwin: Incident in House of Representatives.
1798March the 11th. ... Baldwin mentions at table the following fact. When the bank bill was under discussion in the House of Representatives, Judge Wilson came in, and was standing by Baldwin. Baldwin reminded him of the following fact which passed in the grand convention. Among the enumerated powers given to Congress, was one to erect corporations. It was, on debate, struck out. Several particular powers were then proposed. Among others, Robert Morris proposed to give Congress a power to establish a national bank. Gouverneur Morris opposed it, observing that it was extremely doubtful whether the constitution they were framing could ever be passed at all by the people of America; that to give it its best chance, however, they should make it as palatable as possible, and put nothing into ​it not very essential, which might raise up enemies; that his colleague (Robert Morris) well knew that ‘a bank’ was, in their State (Pennsylvania) the very watch-word of party; that a bank had been the great bone of contention between the two parties of the State, from the establishment of their constitution, having been erected, put down, and erected again, as either party preponderated; that therefore, to insert this power, would instantly enlist against the whole instrument, the whole of the anti-bank party in Pennsylvania. Whereupon it was rejected, as was every other special power, except that of giving copyrights to authors, and patents to inventors; the general power of incorporating being whittled down to this shred. Wilson agreed to the fact.
# The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787/Volume 3/Appendix A/CCLXXVII

ⅭⅭⅬⅩⅩⅦ. William Findley in the House of Representatives.
January 23, 1798.
When the Constitution of the United States was under consideration, it was well known to those members of the committee [of the whole] who were present at that time, (and some he saw,) that this [President’s power of appointing to office] was an important question. It was thrown into different shapes, until at last it was adopted, as it appeared in the Constitution. This regulation was adopted upon principle, and was not a mere arbitrary thing. The power of appointing to office was brought down by placing a part of it in the Legislature. It was further restrained by prohibiting any member of the Legislature from enjoying, during the period for which he was elected, any office which should have been created, or the emoluments of which should have been increased, during that time. Thus, holding up to view the avenues by which corruption was most likely to enter.
# The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787/Volume 3/Appendix A/CCLXXV

​ⅭⅭⅬⅩⅩⅤ. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson.
Philada, April 4, 1796.
The Newspapers will inform you that the call for the Treaty papers was carried by 62 agst 37. You will find the answer of the President herewith inclosed. The absolute refusal was as unexpected as the tone & tenor of the message are improper & indelicate. If you do not at once perceive the drift of the appeal to the Genl Convention & its journal, recollect one of Camillus’ last numbers, & read the latter part of Murray’s speech. …
According to my memory & that of others, the Journal of the Convention was, by a vote deposited with the P., to be kept sacred until called for by some competent authority. How can this be reconciled with the use he has made of it? Examine my notes if you please at the close of the business, & let me know what is said on the subject.—You will perceive that the quotation is nothing to the purpose. Most of the majority wd decide as the Convention did because they think there may be some Treaties, as a Mere Treaty of peace that would not require the Legislative power—a ratification by law also expressed a different idea from that entertained by the House of its agency.
* ↑ Hunt, Writings of James Madison, Ⅵ, 264–5.
* ↑ See ⅭⅭⅬⅩⅩⅣ above.
* ↑ See ⅭⅭⅬⅩⅩⅥ below.
# The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787/Volume 3/Appendix A/CCLXXIV

​ⅭⅭⅬⅩⅩⅣ. President Washington: Message to House of Representatives on Jay’s Treaty.
March 30, 1796
Having been a member of the General Convention, and knowing the principles on which the Constitution was formed, I have ever entertained but one opinion on this subject, and from the first establishment of the Government to this moment, my conduct has exemplified that opinion, that the power of making Treaties is exclusively vested in the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and that every Treaty so made, and promulgated, thenceforward becomes the law of the land. …
It is a fact, declared by the General Convention, and universally understood, that the Constitution of the United States was the result of a spirit of amity and mutual concession. And it is well known that, under this influence, the smaller States were admitted to an equal representation in the Senate, with the larger States; and that this branch of the Government was invested with great powers; for, on the equal participation of those powers, the sovereignty and political safety of the smaller States were deemed essentially to depend.
If other proofs than these, and the plain letter of the Constitution itself, be necessary to ascertain the point under consideration, they may be found in the Journals of the General Convention, which I have deposited in the office of the Department of State. In those Journals it will appear, that a proposition was made, ‘that no Treaty should be binding on the United States which was not ratified by a law,’ and that the proposition was explicitly rejected.
As, therefore, it is perfectly clear to my understanding, that the assent of the House of Representatives is not necessary to the validity of a Treaty; …
* ↑ Annals of Congress, Fourth Congress, First Session, 761.
* ↑ See ⅭⅭⅬⅩⅩⅤ and ⅭⅭⅬⅩⅩⅥ below.
* ↑ The following note, dated January 25, 1826, is found among the Madison Papers:—“In the Richmond Enquirer of the 21st is an extract from the Report of Secretary Hamilton on the constitutionality of the Bank, in which he opposes a resort, in expounding the Constitution, to the rejection of a proposition in the Convention, or to any evidence extrinsic to the text. Did he not advise, if not draw up, the message refusing to the House of Representatives the papers relating to Jay’s treaty, in which President Washington combats the right of their call by appealing to his personal knowledge of the intention of the Convention, having been himself a member of it, to the authority of a rejected proposition appearing on the journals of the Convention, and to the opinion’s entertained in the State Conventions?” (Letters and Other Writings of James Madison, Ⅲ, 515.)
# The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787/Volume 3/Appendix A/CCLXXXI

The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787/Volume 3/Appendix A/CCLXXXI
​ⅭⅭⅬⅩⅩⅩⅠ. Albert Gallatin in the House of Representatives.
June 19, 1798.
Mr. G[allatin] said he was well informed that those words had originally been inserted in the Constitution as a limitation to the power of laying taxes. After the limitation had been agreed to, and the Constitution was completed, a member of the Convention, (he was one of the members who represented the State of Pennsylvania) being one of a committee of revisal and arrangement, attempted to throw these words into a distinct paragraph, so as to create not a limitation, but a distinct power. The trick, however, was discovered by a member from Connecticut, now deceased, and the words restored as they now stand.
* ↑ Annals of Congress, Fifth Congress, 2d and 3d Session, Ⅱ, 1976.
* ↑ Quite probably the same as related in ⅭⅭⅬⅩⅨ above.
# The Return of the Soldier (Van Druten)

Van Druten’s play was adapted from the novella of the same name by Rebecca West.
Layout 2
JOHN VAN DRUTEN
THE RETURN OF THE SOLDIER
A PLAY in three Acts
LONDON
VICTOR GOLLANCZ LTD
14 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden
1928
THE RETURN OF THE SOLDIER
THE RETURN
OF THE SOLDIER
A PLAY IN THREE ACTS
by JOHN VAN DRUTEN
adapted from Rebecca West’s novel The Return of the Soldier
LONDON VICTOR GOLLANCZ LTD 14 Henrietta Street Covent Garden 1928
Printed in Great Britain by The Camelot Press Ltd., London and Southampton
CHARACTERS
(In order of appearance)
JENNY
ELLEN
KITTY
MARGARET GREY
REV. FRANK BALDRY
CHRIS BALDRY
DR. GILBERT ANDERSON
MR. GREY
| Scenes | Act I: | The Drawing-room at Baldry Court, Harrow Weald (Afternoon). |
| Scenes | Act II: | The same (The following afternoon). |
| Scenes | Act III: | The same (Afternoon. A week later). |
The action passes in the spring of 1916.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1957, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 66 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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