OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Causeway

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Causeway : A raised way, an ascent by steps, or a raised slope between Zion and the temple (1 Chr. 26:16, 18). In 2 Chr. 9:11 the same word is translated "terrace."
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Caul

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Caul : (Heb.@yothe'reth; i.e., "something redundant"), the membrane which covers the upper part of the liver (Ex. 29:13, 22; Lev. 3:4, 10, 15; 4:9; 7:4; marg., "midriff"). In Hos. 13:8 (Heb.@seghor; i.e., "an enclosure") the pericardium, or parts about the heart, is meant.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Cauls

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Cauls : In Isa. 3:18 this word (Heb.@shebisim), in the marg. "networks," denotes network caps to contain the hair, worn by females. Others explain it as meaning "wreaths worn round the forehead, reaching from one ear to the other."
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Ceiling

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Ceiling : The covering (1 Kings 7:3, 7) of the inside roof and walls of a house with planks of wood (2 Chr. 3:5; Jer. 22:14). Ceilings were sometimes adorned with various ornaments in stucco, gold, silver, gems, and ivory. The ceilings of the temple and of Solomon's palace are described 1 Kings 6:9, 15; 7:3; 2 Chr. 3:5, 9.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Cellar

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Cellar : A subterranean vault (1 Chr. 27:28), a storehouse. The word is also used to denote the treasury of the temple (1 Kings 7:51) and of the king (14:26). The Hebrew word is rendered "garner" in Joel 1:17, and "armoury" in Jer. 50:25.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Cedar

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Cedar : (Heb.@e'rez, Gr. kedros, Lat. cedrus), a tree very frequently mentioned in Scripture. It was stately (Ezek. 31:3-5), long-branched (Ps. 80:10; 92:12; Ezek. 31:6-9), odoriferous ([[../Solomon, Song of|Cant.]] 4:11; Hos. 14:6), durable, and therefore much used for boards, pillars, and ceilings (1 Kings 6:9, 10; 7:2; Jer. 22:14), for masts (Ezek. 27:5), and for carved images (Isa. 44:14).
It grew very abundantly in Palestine, and particularly on Lebanon, of which it was "the glory" (Isa. 35:2; 60:13). Hiram supplied Solomon with cedar trees from Lebanon for various purposes connected with the construction of the temple and the king's palace (2 Sam. 5:11; 7:2, 7; 1 Kings 5:6, 8, 10; 6:9, 10, 15, 16, 18, 20; 7:2, 3, 7, 11, 12; 9:11, etc.). Cedars were used also in the building of the second temple under Zerubbabel (|Ezra 3:7).
Of the ancient cedars of Lebanon there remain now only some seven or eight. They are not standing together. But beside them there are found between three hundred and four hundred of younger growth. They stand in an amphitheatre fronting the west, about 6,400 feet above the level of the sea.
The cedar is often figuratively alluded to in the sacred Scriptures. "The mighty conquerors of olden days, the despots of Assyria and the Pharaohs of Egypt, the proud and idolatrous monarchs of Judah, the Hebrew commonwealth itself, the war-like Ammonites of patriarchal times, and the moral majesty of the Messianic age, are all compared to the towering cedar, in its royal loftiness and supremacy (Isa. 2:13; Ezek. 17:3, 22, 23, 31:3-9; Amos 2:9; Zech. 11:1, 2; Job 40:17; Ps. 29:5; 80:10; 92:12, etc).", Groser's Scrip. Nat. Hist. (See BOX-TREE.)
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Catholic epistles

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Catholic epistles : The epistles of James, Peter, John, and Jude; so called because they are addressed to Christians in general, and not to any church or person in particular.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Cave

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Cave : There are numerous natural caves among the limestone rocks of Syria, many of which have been artificially enlarged for various purposes.
The first notice of a cave occurs in the history of Lot (Gen. 19:30).
The next we read of is the cave of Machpelah (q.v.), which Abraham purchased from the sons of Heth (Gen. 25:9, 10). It was the burying-place of Sarah and of Abraham himself, also of Isaac, Rebekah, Leah, and Jacob (Gen. 49:31; 50:13).
The cave of Makkedah, into which the five Amorite kings retired after their defeat by Joshua (10:16, 27).
The cave of Adullam (q.v.), an immense natural cavern, where David hid himself from Saul (1 Sam. 22:1, 2).
The cave of Engedi (q.v.), now called `Ain Jidy, i.e., the "Fountain of the Kid", where David cut off the skirt of Saul's robe (24:4). Here he also found a shelter for himself and his followers to the number of 600 (23:29; 24:1). "On all sides the country is full of caverns which might serve as lurking-places for David and his men, as they do for outlaws at the present day."
The cave in which Obadiah hid the prophets (1 Kings 18:4) was probably in the north, but it cannot be identified.
The cave of Elijah (1 Kings 19:9), and the "cleft" of Moses on Horeb (Ex. 33:22), cannot be determined.
In the time of Gideon the Israelites took refuge from the Midianites in dens and caves, such as abounded in the mountain regions of Manasseh (Judg. 6:2).
Caves were frequently used as dwelling-places (Num. 24:21; [[../Solomon, Song of|Cant.]] 2:14; Jer. 49:16; Obad. 1:3). "The excavations at Deir Dubban, on the south side of the wady leading to Santa Hanneh, are probably the dwellings of the Horites," the ancient inhabitants of Idumea Proper. The pits or cavities in rocks were also sometimes used as prisons (Isa. 24:22; 51:14; Zech. 9:11). Those which had niches in their sides were occupied as burying-places (Ezek. 32:23; John 11:38).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Cedron

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Cedron : The black torrent, the brook flowing through the ravine below the eastern wall of Jerusalem (John 18:1). (See KIDRON.)
# White Paper on Indian States (1950)/Part 1/The Influence of the First World War

The Influence of the First World War
16. The growing impact of modern conditions oi life was breaking down the isolation of States from one another and from the rest of India and the States began to be drawn into the vortex of questions, mainly economic, which concerned India as whole. The influences which were working to increase the range of matters in which there was need for a common policy and common action between the Provinces and States gathered momentum during the first World War. The war necessitated the mobilisation of the resources of the entire country; the organisation of the country's war-effort involved closer co-ordination of administrative activity in States a well as Provinces. During the stress of the War, the emphasis was on unity, unity of the British Empire, as a whole, on the one hand, and unity between British India and Indian States, on the other. The War, therefore, greatly accelerated the imperceptible process ​of infiltration into the States and brought them nearer to what was then British India.
# White Paper on Indian States (1950)/Part 1/The Policy of Annexation

The Policy of Annexation
11. The policy of annexation, which was initiated with the annexation of Coorg in 1884, had, as one of its professed objectives, the mitigation of the evils of the Subsidiary System. It was contended that if a scrupulous avoidance of interference in the internal affairs of a host of States was to remain an essential factor in the political system of India then annexation was the only corrective. The new trend found expression in the directive issued by the Directors in 1841: "to persevere in the one clear and direct course of abandoning no just and honourable accession of territory or revenue". The expansion of the Company's dominion in India was sought to be justified not only on the ground of ensuring better Government for the people but also for the protection of the Empire against invasion. Every excuse was now good enough to annex the territories of the States. The accretion of the Punjab and Sind by conquest was sought to be justified by imperial considerations. Satara, Nagpur and Jhansi were annexed by the application of the doctrine of lapse. Coorg and Oudh were annexed by the exercise of the old Moghul right of annexation for gross maladministration. Oudh, "whose wretched Princes were so absolutely loyal that no excuse could ever be imagined for depriving them of their power", was annexed because, in the words of Dalhousie, "the British Government would be guilty in the sight of God and man if it were any longer to aid in sustaining by its countenance an administration fraught with suffering to millions".
12. "Annexation", writes Lee Warner, "was not a mere incident arising from the peculiar views of a single Governor-General or from a temporary reaction against the king-making policy of the previous administration". It was a distinct policy, clearly enunciated and understood by the Court of Directors in England and the Company's agents in India. The policy, of which Dalhousie was the principal exponent, operated towards completing the work of Wellesley and Hastings. Whatever may ​have been the considerations underlying the policy of annexation, it had a clear and distinct objective, viz., the extension of the Company's dominion by absorbing "the mischievous anomalies" represented by the "yellow patches" on the map of India.
# White Paper on Indian States (1950)/Part 1/Lord Hastings' Settlements; Policy of Subordinate Isolation

Lord Hastings' Settlements: Policy of Subordinate Isolation
4. In the second phase which lasted from 1813 to 1857, larger schemes of Empire dawned upon the horizon and dominated the policy of the Company's agents. The march of events in India was leading up to an inevitable swing of the pendulum in the direction of the emergence of the British as the dominant power in India. It was no longer part of prudence to refrain from expansionist or imperial projects. The feudatory system, which may be distinguished from the protected alliance, came into existence with the changed conditions which, after the elimination of the Maharatta power, placed the Company in a position of unquestioned supremacy in India. The considerations underlying the new policy were set out by Metcalfe, one of the principal architects of the British Empire in India, in a letter written in 1816. The passage runs:
5. The policy of "the ringfence" now gave way to what Lee Warner describes as the policy of "subordinate isolation". From now onwards the place of treaties of mutual amity, friendly co-operation and reciprocal obligations was taken by treaties exhorting co-operation, allegiance and loyalty.
6. The new policy found its expression in the settlements made by the Marquis of Hastings under which the Princes virtually assumed the form in which they were found at the end of British rule in India. By the end of 1819 all States were caught in the wide net of treaties and engagements of subordinate co-operation. The protection guaranteed to the Princes by the British stabilised their position and the surviving States were saved from further disintegration or absorption.
# White Paper on Indian States (1950)/Part 1/Evils of Subsidiary System

Evils of Subsidiary System
8. The Subsidiary System of alliance which guaranteed to the Rulers their position and their possessions not only against external aggression but also against rebellion, revolution or opposition on the part of their subjects, removed all incentive for good government. Insured against the consequences of misrule, the Princes no longer found it necessary to cultivate the goodwill of the people or to maintain efficiency of administration. On the evils of the Subsidiary System, Thomas Munroe wrote as follows:—
9. In every State which came under subsidiary alliance, its influence had the same baneful effect. The situation deteriorated to such an extent that the London Times in a leading article described it thus in 1853:—
10. During the period following the retirement of Lord Hastings, the influence of the Company over the internal administration of the States rapidly increased, and the Company's Residents got gradually "transformed from diplomatic agents representing a foreign power into executive and controlling officers of a superior Government". The Residents assumed so much of authority that Colonel Macaulay wrote to the Raja of Cochin:
Yet in spite of the increasing interference by the Company in the internal affairs of the States, little was done to mitigate the evils of the ​Subsidiary System and the political system based on it. Conscientious statesmen viewed the corruption and tyranny which the Subsidiary System brought in its wake with concern. Mill from his detached position in the India Office advocated the abolition of States. To unscrupulous political adventurers the system provided a happy hunting ground for exercising "power without responsibility" end playing havoc with public funds. There were others who looked upon the States as a safety valve for the 'ignoble elements' of the Indian population, and tolerated with cynicism this scandalous state of affairs.
# White Paper on Indian States (1950)/Part 1/Consolidation of British power as a Unifying Factor

Consolidation of British power as a Unifying Factor
14. The new policy aimed at consolidating not the territories but the powers of the British Government. This involved a process of infiltration into the States, mainly in the economic field, without annexing their territories. Some projects could be undertaken only on a national scale. The lines of communications, the railways and posts could develop only ​on a national basis. The one feature which distinguished the British negotiations with the Princes during this period from those which preceded the Great Rebellion, is, the larger attention given to matters of common interest such as communications, currencies, tariff and other fiscal policies, rights and sources of irrigation, extradition, extra-territorial jurisdiction etc. In many of these matters, co-ordination of development policy as between British India and the States was secured either by the execution of formal documents or informal exchange of assurances. It was during this period that on the basis of usage, sufferance and conventions, the edifice of political practice was built up. Paramountcy provided British power an elastic instrument for regulating the relations with the Princes and between British India and the States. It was through paramountcy that the British brought about some kind of working arrangement between the two parts of India and enforced a measure of administrative and economic unity over the country.
15. Paramountcy of the British Crown, as British ingenuity developed it, was the coping stone of the imperial edifice in India. It constituted at once a link and a barrier. On the one hand, it provided a nexus between British India and States and thereby integrated the economic and administrative life of the country. On the obverse side, it drove a wedge between the two parts of India. The policy of "Hands off the Indian States" in British India with its reciprocal implication of "Hands off British Indian concerns" for States, which reared up high walls of isolationism around the States, could be made effective only by the operation of paramountcy.
# White Paper on Indian States (1950)/Part 1/East India Company's Treaty-making Activities

East India Company's Treaty-Making Activities
2. The first phase of the East India Company's treaty-making activities, which may be said to have extended from 1757 after the victory of Plassey to the close of the first Lord Minto's Governor-Generalship in 1813, was, generally speaking, marked by a desire to confine British interests to trading in and around the territories in which the British possessed settlements. During this period, the Company was struggling for a foothold in India and it recoiled from the expense and danger of extending its commitments beyond the ringfence of its own territorial acquisitions.
3. To the policy of non-involvement, the treaty-making career of Wellesley formed an exception. Wellesley came to India "inspired with imperial projects". "From the first he laid down, as his guiding principle, that the British must be the one paramount power in India, and that native Princes could only retain the personal insignia of sovereignty by surrendering their political independence." The Subsidiary System introduced by Wellesley contained in it the essentials of the framework of States as it was developed and maintained under British Rule. From the British point of view, the system had distinct advantages. It ensured the ​fidelity of the State by the presence of the subsidiary force maintained by the Company at the cost of the State; it enabled "the British to throw forward their military considerably in advance of their political frontier". The system contributed to the breakdown of the internal independence of the States on which it was imposed and paved the ground for advance towards paramountcy.
# White Paper on Indian States (1950)/Part 1/States under the British Crown

States under the British Crown
18. The Mutiny and great revolt of 1857 demonstrated the value of the "yellow patches" to the British Government. Except for some minor defections, the Indian Princes not only remained aloof from the rising but, in certain cases, extended effective assistance to the British to suppress it. Canning gratefully acknowledged the role of the States as "breakwaters in the storm which would have swept over us in one great wave". "Where should we have been now", wrote Elphinstone with his characteristic frankness, "if Scindia, the Nizam and the Sikh chiefs, etc., had been annexed, the subordinate Presidencies abolished, the whole army thrown into one and the revenue system brought into one mould". It was now realised that the States could play a most helpful role as a bulwark against the forces of Indian nationalism. This led to a radical change in the British policy towards the States. The new policy found expression in 1858; Queen Victoria's proclamation promised, "We shall respect the rights, dignity and honour of native Princes as our own". In 1861, Sanads were issued which guaranteed the Princes, big and small, their status and acknowledged their right of adoption. These sanads were intended to remove mistrust and suspicion and "to reassure and knit the naive sovereigns to paramount power". No more was heard of annexation as the only means of granting the "blessings" of civilised government to "the suffering millions". Under the new system described as that of "subordinate union", the supreme power accepted its moral responsibility for a minimum of good government, security, law and order within the territories of the Indian States. The system basically differed but little from the earlier system of subordinate isolation. However, the policy of "cutting the knot which the political practice had failed to untie" so vigorously pursued by Dalhousie, now gave way to a policy of mere window dressing.