OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, Charles (1687-1748)

​KING, CHARLES (1687–1748), musical composer, the son of Charles and Mary King, was born at Bury St. Edmunds in 1687, and was baptised in St. Mary's Church in that town 5 June 1693. He became a chorister of St. Paul's Cathedral, under Dr. Blow and Jeremiah Clark, and was subsequently appointed supernumerary singer in the same choir at an annual salary of 14l. On 12 July 1707 he proceeded to the degree of Mus. Bac. at Oxford, and in the same year married Clark's sister. At Clark's death (1 Dec. 1707) King received the appointments of almoner and ‘master of the children’ of St. Paul's, and in 1708 was elected, in addition, to the post of organist of St. Benet Finck, Royal Exchange. In 1730 he was nominated a vicar-choral of St. Paul's, and held that office with his organistship until his death on 17 March 1748.
King composed a large number of anthems and church services—a fact which gave rise to Maurice Greene's remark that ‘Mr. King was a very serviceable man.’ The titles of his best-known works are: 1. Anthems—‘Rejoice in the Lord,’ ‘Hear, O Lord,’ ‘O pray for the peace of Jerusalem,’ ‘Wherewithal shall a young man.’ 2. Services in F, C, B flat, and D, which are still occasionally performed. Four of his anthems are to be found in Page's ‘Harmonia Sacra,’ and two in Stevens's ‘Sacred Music.’ Other of his compositions are included in Arnold's ‘Cathedral Music,’ and the Tudway Collection (Harl. MSS. 7341–2). Some services and anthems by King were published separately in 1859 and 1866. Hawkins remarks that ‘King's inferiority was due rather to indolence than want of ability.’
[Georgian Era, iv. 512; Dict. of Mus. 1824; Grove's Dict.; parish registers.]
R. H. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/King, Daniel

​KING, DANIEL (d. 1664?), engraver, son of William King of Chester, baker, was apprenticed on 3 Sept. 1630 as painter for ten years to Randle Holme the elder [q. v.] After carrying on business for some years at Chester, he removed to London, where in 1656 he published ‘The Vale Royall of England, or the County Palatine of Chester Illustrated,’ folio. This was written by William Smith, William Webb, and Samuel Lee, with an appendix on the Isle of Man by James Chaloner. The dedication alone is by King; indeed, Dugdale told Wood that he was not able to write one word of true English, being ‘a most ignorant, silly fellow,’ and moreover ‘an arrant knave.’ The engravings to the ‘Vale Royall’ are admirably done by King himself in the style of Hollar. The ‘Vale Royall’ is embodied in Ormerod's ‘History of Cheshire,’ 1819, and an abridgment with notes by Thomas Hughes, F.S.A., was published in 1852. King also published:
* ‘The Cathedrall and Conventuall Churches of England and Wales Orthographically Delineated,’ 1656, oblong 4to, containing fifty engravings, three or four of them by Hollar.
* A translation of the ‘Universal Way of Dyaling, by G. de Desargues,’ 1659, 4to (Brit. Mus. Cat.).
* ‘An Orthographical Design of severall Viewes upon y$^e$ Road in England and Wales,’ about 1660.
He etched some plates for Dugdale's ‘Monasticon.’ On visiting Chester in 1660 he was received and entertained by the Stationers' Company of that city. Wood states that he made an unfortunate marriage, and that after his wife had robbed and left him, he died heartbroken near York House, in the Strand, about 1664.
[Wood's Athenæ Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 503; T. Hughes in Chester Archæol. Soc. Journal, ii. 25, 256; Sir W. Dugdale's Diary (Hamper), 1827, p. 108; Bryan's Dict. of Painters and Engravers (Graves), i. 732; Brit. Mus. Cat.]
C. W. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Kincaid, Jean

Jean Livingston in the ODNB.
​KINCAID, Mrs. JEAN (1579–1600), murderess, daughter of John Livingstoun of Dunipace, was born in 1579. She married John Kincaid of Warriston, who was a man of influence in Edinburgh, being nearly connected with the ancient family of Kincaid of that ilk in Stirlingshire, and possessed of extensive estates in Midlothian and Linlithgowshire. Owing to alleged maltreatment, the young wife conceived a deadly hatred for her husband, and a nurse who lived in her house urged her to take revenge. A servant of her father, a youth named Robert Weir, was admitted by Mrs. Kincaid into her husband's chamber in his house at Warriston at an early hour on the morning of Tuesday, 1 July 1600, and he killed Kincaid with his fists. News of the murder quickly reached Edinburgh, and ‘the Lady Warristoun,’ ‘the fause nourise,’ and her two ‘hyred women,’ were arrested ‘red-handed.’ Weir escaped, refusing to allow Mrs. Kincaid to accompany him in his flight. The prisoners were immediately brought before the magistrates of Edinburgh, and sentence of death was passed upon them. No official records of the trial are extant. ‘Scho was tane to the girth-crosse, upon the 5 day of July, and her heid struck fra her bodie, at the Cannagait-fit; quha deit very patiently. Her nurische was brunt at the same tyme, at 4 houres in the morneing, the 5 of July’ (Birrel, Diary, p. 49). According to Calderwood, ‘the nurse and ane hyred woman, her complices, were burnt in the Castell Hill of Edinburgh’ (Calderwood, History of the Kirk of Scotland, vi. 27). In the brief interval between the sentence and execution Mrs. Kincaid was brought, by the efforts of a clergyman, from a state of callous indifference to one of religious resignation. An authentic and interesting ‘memorial’ of her ‘conversion,’ ‘with an account of her carriage at her execution,’ by an eye-witness, was privately printed at Edinburgh in 1827, from a paper preserved among Wodrow's MSS. in the Advocates' Library, by Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe. The youth and beauty of Mrs. Kincaid were dwelt upon in numerous popular ballads, which are to be found in Jamieson's, Kinloch's, and Buchan's collections. Weir, who was arrested four years afterwards, was broken on the wheel (26 June 1604), a rare mode of execution in Scotland.
[Pitcairn's Criminal Trials, ii. 445–50; Chambers's Domestic Annals of Scotland, i. 316–17; Memorial of the Conversion of Jean Livingston, 1827.]
G. S-h.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Smith, Charles (1715?-1762)

​SMITH, CHARLES (1715?–1762), Irish county historian, born about 1715, was a native of Waterford, and followed the calling of an apothecary at Dungarvan in that county. In 1744 he published, in conjunction with Walter Harris [q. v.], the editor of Ware's ‘Works,’ a history of the county Down. This was the first Irish county history on a large scale ever written. The preface to this book contains the outline of a plan for a series of Irish county histories, which appears to have led in 1744 to his foundation at Dublin of the Physico-Historical Society for the purpose of providing topographical materials for such a series. With the imprimatur of this body were published successively Smith's important histories of Waterford and Cork. The history of Kerry was published independently after this society had broken up. Although encumbered with much irrelevant matter, these volumes form a valuable contribution to Irish topography, of which Smith may be regarded as the pioneer. Smith's statements of fact are generally to be trusted, though it was said of him in the counties of which he was the historian that his descriptions were regulated by the reception he was given in the houses he visited while making his investigations. His books are warmly commended by Macaulay, who frequently refers to them in his ‘History’ (1855, iii. 136 n.)
In 1756 Smith, with a number of eminent physicians, founded at Dublin the Medico-Philosophical Society, a learned association which survived till 1784. Of this body Smith was the first secretary, and the author of a ‘Discourse’ setting forth its objects. Its memoirs or minutes are preserved in part at the Royal Irish Academy, and in part at the Irish College of Physicians. Smith died at Bristol in July 1762.
His works are:
* ‘The Antient and Present State of the County of Down,’ 1744, in collaboration with Walter Harris.
* ‘The Antient and Present State of the County and City of Waterford,’ 1746.
* ‘The Antient and Present State of the County and City of Cork,’ 1750.
* ‘The Ancient and Present State of the County of Kerry,’ 1756.
[Webb's Compendium of Irish Biography; notice by M. J. Hurley in Waterford Society's Journal, No. 1; Dublin Mag. 1762; Minutes of the Physico-Historical Soc. (unprinted), in R. I. Academy; Memoirs of Medico-Philosophical Soc. (unprinted).]
C. L. F.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Smith, Archibald

​SMITH, ARCHIBALD (1813–1872), mathematician, born on 10 Aug. 1813 at Greenhead, Glasgow, was the only son of James Smith (1782–1867) [q. v.], merchant, of Glasgow, by his wife Mary, daughter of Alexander Wilson, professor of astronomy ​in Glasgow University. Archibald entered Glasgow University in 1828, and distinguished himself in classics, mathematics, and physics. He proceeded to Trinity College, Cambridge, whence he graduated B.A. in 1836 and M.A. in 1839. In 1836 he was senior wrangler and first Smith's prizeman, and was elected a fellow of Trinity College. He entered the society of Lincoln's Inn, and was called to the bar in Hilary term 1841. He practised for many years as an equity draughtsman in Stone Buildings, Lincoln's Inn, and became an eminent real-property lawyer. While still an undergraduate Smith communicated to the Cambridge Philosophical Society a paper on Fresnel's wave-surface, in which he deduced its algebraical equations by the symmetrical method, one of the first instances of its employment in analytical geometry in England. In November 1837, in conjunction with Duncan Farquharson Gregory [q. v.], he founded the Cambridge ‘Mathematical Journal.’ Between 1842 and 1847 Smith, at the request of General Sir Edward Sabine [q. v.], deduced from Poisson's general equation practical formulæ for the correction of observations made on board ship, which Sabine published in the ‘Transactions’ of the Royal Society. In 1851 he deduced convenient tabular forms from the formulæ, and in 1859 he edited the ‘Journal of a Voyage to Australia,’ by William Scoresby the younger [q. v.], giving in the introduction an exact formula for the effect of the iron of a ship on the compass. In 1862, in conjunction with Sir Frederick John Owen Evans [q. v.], he published an ‘Admiralty Manual for ascertaining and applying the Deviations of the Compass caused by the Iron in a Ship’ (London, 8vo). This work was translated into French, German, Russian, and Spanish. In recognition of his services Smith received the honorary degree of LL.D. from the university of Glasgow in 1864, and in the following year was awarded a gold medal by the Royal Society, of which he had been elected a fellow on 5 June 1856. In 1872 he received a grant of 2,000l. from government. In addition he was elected a corresponding member of the scientific committee of the imperial Russian navy. Smith died in London on 26 Dec. 1872. In 1853 he married Susan Emma, daughter of Sir James Parker of Rothley Temple, Leicestershire. By her he had six sons and two daughters. His eldest son, James Parker Smith, is M.P. for the Partick division of Lanarkshire. A portrait is prefixed to the Russian edition of the ‘Manual on the Deviation of the Compass.’
Besides the works mentioned, Smith was the author of: 1. ‘Supplement to the Rules for ascertaining the Deviations of the Compass caused by the Ship's Iron,’ London, 1855, 8vo. 2. ‘A Graphic Method of correcting the Deviations of a Ship's Compass,’ London, 1855, 8vo.
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Smith, Benjamin

​SMITH, BENJAMIN (d. 1833), engraver, was a pupil of Francesco Bartolozzi [q. v.], and practised wholly in the dot or stipple manner. For some years he was largely employed by the Boydells, for whom all his important plates were executed; these include five after Romney, T. Banks, and M. Browne, for the large ‘Shakespeare’ series; Sigismunda after Hogarth, 1795; the portrait of Hogarth with his dog Trump, 1795; portrait of Lord Cornwallis, after Copley, 1798; portrait of George III, after Beechey (frontispiece to Boydell's ‘Shakespeare;’ portrait of Napoleon, after Appiani; ‘The Ceremony of administering the Oath to Alderman Newnham at the Guildhall,’ after W. Miller, 1801; and several allegorical and biblical subjects after John Francis Rigaud [q. v.] and Benjamin West [q. v.] Among Smith's smaller plates, some of which he published himself, are portraits of Lord Charlemont; Barrymore and William Smith, the actors; and Charles and Anne Dibdin. His latest work, ‘Christ and his Disciples at Emmaus,’ after Guercino, is dated 1825. He died in very reduced circumstances in Judd Place, London, in 1833. Among his pupils were William Holl the elder [q. v.], Henry Meyer [q. v.], and Thomas Uwins [q. v.] A watercolour portrait of Smith is in the print-room of the British Museum.
F. M. O'D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Smith, Aquilla

​SMITH, AQUILLA, M.D. (1806–1890), Irish antiquary, born at Nenagh, co. Tipperary, on 28 April 1806, was the youngest child of William Smith of that town, and of Catherine Doolan, his wife. He received his education first at private schools in Dublin, and afterwards at Trinity College. He embraced the medical profession, in which his career was distinguished. He received the degree of M.D. honoris causa from his university in 1839, was king's professor of materia medica and pharmacy in the school of physic from 1864 to 1881, and from 1851 to 1890 represented the Irish College of Physicians on the council of medical education.
Smith was an active member of the Royal Irish Academy from 1835 until his death in 1890, and was reckoned in his lifetime the best authority on Irish coins, of which he was a large collector. At his death his collection of Irish coins and tokens was acquired by the academy for 350l. The Numismatic Society acknowledged his services by conferring its medal upon him in 1884. Smith was a copious writer on antiquarian subjects, mainly numismatics. His more important contributions to the department of archæology were published in the ‘Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy,’ 1839–53; ‘Transactions of the Kilkenny Archæological Society,’ 1852–63; the ‘Numismatic Chronicle,’ 1863–83, and by the Irish Archæological Society. Of his papers on medical topics, the most valuable is his account of the ‘Origin and Early History of the College of Physicians in Ireland,’ published in the ‘Journal of Medical Science’ (vol. xix.).
C. L. F.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Smith, Charles (1713-1777)

​SMITH, CHARLES (1713–1777), writer on the corn trade, born at Stepney in 1713, was the son of Charles Smith, a mill-owner of Croydon, Surrey, by his wife Anne, daughter of James Marrener of Fange, Essex, a naval captain in the service of the East India Company. Charles was educated at the grammar school of Ratcliff, Middlesex, entered his father's business, realised a fortune, married and settled at Stratford in Essex, and became a county magistrate. From an early period Smith devoted much attention to the subject of the corn trade and to the laws regulating it. The scarcity of 1757 turned public attention to the subject, and a strong feeling arose against the farmers and dealers of corn, whose avarice was considered to have caused it. In consequence, in the following year, Smith published ‘A Short Essay on the Corn-trade and Corn​laws,’ in which he demonstrated that, in a country largely dependent on home supplies, variations in price were the natural outcome of good or bad seasons. This treatise was followed in 1759 by ‘Considerations on the Laws relating to the Import and Export of Corn,’ and by ‘A Collection of Papers relative to the Price, Exportation, and Importation of Corn.’ These papers, which were republished with notes in 1804 by George Chalmers under the title of ‘Tracts on the Corn Trade,’ show an intimate acquaintance with the subject, and are written with much clearness and ability. They earned the praise of Adam Smith, and are valuable from the light they throw on the English corn trade in the eighteenth century. Smith was killed by a fall from his horse on 8 Feb. 1777. He married, in 1748, Judith, eldest daughter of Isaac Lefevre, son of a Huguenot refugee. By her he had two children: Charles Smith of Suttons, near Ongar in Essex, M.P. for Westbury in Wiltshire in 1802, and a daughter.
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Smith, Charles (1749?-1824)

​SMITH, CHARLES (1749?–1824), painter, born about 1749, was a native of the Orkneys and a nephew of Caleb Whitefoord [q. v.] After studying at the Royal Academy, where he was befriended by Sir Joshua Reynolds, he attempted to establish himself as a portrait-painter in London, but lost his patrons in consequence of his extreme and violently expressed political opinions. About 1783 he went to India, where he remained some years, and after his return styled himself ‘painter to the Great Mogul.’ From 1789 to 1797 Smith resided chiefly in London, and was an exhibitor at the Royal Academy, sending mythological and fancy compositions as well as portraits. In October 1798 a musical entertainment entitled ‘A Day at Rome,’ written by Smith, was unsuccessfully performed at Covent Garden Theatre, and he subsequently printed it. In 1802 he published ‘A Trip to Bengal, a musical entertainment.’ He died at Leith on 19 Dec. 1824. A portrait of Smith, in oriental dress, painted by himself, was mezzotinted by S. W. Reynolds, and a small plate, also by Reynolds from the same picture, is prefixed to his ‘Trip to Bengal.’
F. M. O'D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Smith, Charles (1786-1856)

The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography has "Knapschou, or, The Forest Fiend" in place of "The Tourist's Friend".
​SMITH, CHARLES (1786–1856), singer, born in London in 1786, was grandson of Edward Smith, page to the Princess Amelia, and son of Felton Smith, a chorister at Christ Church, Oxford. At the age of five, owing to his precocity, he became a pupil of Costellow for singing. Later, in 1796, on the advice of Dr. Arnold, he became a chorister at the Chapel Royal under Ayrton, and sang the principal solo in the anthem on the marriage of Charlotte Augusta Matilda, the princess royal, to the Prince of Würtemberg on 18 May 1797 [see Charlotte, (1766–1828)]. In 1798 he was articled to John Ashley, and in the following year was engaged to sing at Ranelagh, the Oratorio, and other concerts. In 1803 he went on tour in Scotland, but, his voice having broken, he renounced singing temporarily, and devoted himself to teaching and organ-playing, in which he was sufficiently proficient to act as deputy for Knyvett and John Stafford Smith at the Chapel Royal and for Bartleman at Croydon. On the latter's retirement, Smith was appointed organist there; but shortly afterwards he went to Ireland with a theatrical party as tenor singer, and on his return, a year later, he became organist of the Welbeck chapel in succession to Charles Wesley. In conjunction with Isaac Pocock [q. v.], he next turned his attention to writing for the theatres, and produced in rapid succession the music to the farces ‘Yes or No’ (produced at the Haymarket on 31 Aug. 1808 and published next year); ‘Hit or Miss’ (produced at the Lyceum on 26 Feb. 1810); ‘Anything New’ (produced on 1 July 1811); and ‘The Tourist's Friend,’ a melodrama; but withdrew from theatrical matters when Pocock left Drury Lane. In 1813 he was singing bass parts at the Oratorio concerts; in 1815 he married Miss Booth of Norwich; and in 1816 went to fill a lucrative post at Liverpool. He ultimately retired to Crediton in Devon, where he died on 22 Nov. 1856. He was an excellent organist and a fine singer. Many of his compositions enjoyed a considerable vogue, the most popular being a setting of Campbell's ‘Battle of Hohenlinden,’ ‘a work of rare and extraordinary merit.’
R. H. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Hayes, Edwin

​HAYES, EDWIN (1819–1904), marine painter, born at Bristol on 7 June 1819, was son of Charles Hayes, an Irishman. After education at a private school in Dublin, he studied art at the Kildare Street School of Art, Dublin, where he was a fellow pupil of John Henry Foley [q. v.], the sculptor, and he subsequently served an apprenticeship to Telbin, the scene painter, in London. From the first, however, his ambition was to be a marine painter. He spent much time in a 10-ton yacht in the Irish Channel, drawing and sketching. A little later he improved his knowledge of the ocean by taking a trip as steward in a barque called the Mary Campbell across the Atlantic to Mobile. Returning to Dublin to pursue his art, he exhibited his first picture, 'A Scene at Ryde,' at the British Institution. The picture was well hung and quickly sold. In 1845 he showed his first painting at the Royal Academy, London ; and he exhibited there every year until 1904, except 1864, 1867, 1882, and 1887. He was elected a member of the Royal Hibernian Academy in 1870, and was a member of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours. His subjects were always maritime, the most noteworthy of his pictures being 'Off Dover,' 'Saved' (1891), and 'Crossing the Bar' (1895). He is represented in the Tate Gallery by 'Sunset at Sea,' from Harlyn Bay, Cornwall (1894), bought by the Chantrey Bequest Trustees in 1896, and in public galleries at Bristol, Liverpool, Melbourne, and Sydney.
The 'Sunset at Sea' in the Tate Gallery is Hayes's only picture in which the ​subject was simply sky and sea and nothing else. It was his habit to introduce shipping or boats. His work, which reflected elements in the style of Stanfield, was not strikingly original, nor was it fine in colour like that of Henry Moore, but Hayes painted with the vision of a sailor and possessed a sailor's knowledge and experience. He died on 7 Nov. 1904 at Bayswater, London, and was buried in the Kensal Green cemetery. He married in 1847 Ellen, youngest daughter of James Briscoe of Carrick-on-Suir. Of his eleven children, Mr. Claude Hayes, R.I., a well-known landscape painter, has exhibited at the Royal Academy since 1876. Hayes's portrait was painted by John Parker.
[Mag. of Art, May 1901 ; M.A.P., 19 Nov. 1904 ; The Times, 9 Nov. 1904 ; Graves's Royal Acad. Exhibitors, 1906 ; private information.]
F. W. G-n.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Hearn, Mary Anne

​HEARN, MARY ANNE, 'Marianne Farningham' (1834–1909), hymn-writer, daughter of Joseph Hearn, village postmaster, was born at Farningham, Kent, on 17 Dec. 1834. Her kinsfolk were baptists of the rigid Calvinistic type. A teacher at Bristol (1862–7), at Gravesend (1867–9), and at Northampton (1859–66), she gave up school work in 1866 to devote herself entirely to literature. In 1867 she had joined the outside staff of the newly founded 'Christian World,' for which she wrote regularly till her death. To the 'Sunday School Times' she was first a contributor, and from 1885 editor. In later life she retired to Barmouth. A keen supporter of educational movements, and in request as a speaker at free church meetings, and as a lecturer, she died at Barmouth on 16 March 1909.
Adopting the pseudonym of 'Marianne Farningham,' a combination of her Christian names with the name of her birthplace, she published nearly forty volumes, most of them poems or papers collected from the 'Christian World' or from publications associated with it. The chief are: 1. 'Lays and Lyrics of the Blessed Life,' 1861. 2. 'Poems,' 1865. 3. 'Morning and Evening Hymns for the Week,' 1870. 4. 'Songs of Sunshine,' 1878. 6. 'A Working Woman's Life,' an autobiography, 1907. Three or four of her hymns passed into occasional use. The most popular, 'Watching and waiting for me,' is in Sankey's 'Songs and Solos.' Some of her dramatic poems, notably 'The Last Hymn,' 'A Goodbye at the Door,' 'A Blind Man's Story,' 'Jairus,' and 'Rebekah,' achieved a vogue as recitations.
[Autobiography, 1907; Christian World, 18 March 1909; Julian's Dict. of Hymnology.]
J. C. H.