OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Powers v. Comly

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
101 U.S. 789
Powers v. Comly
ERROR to the Circuit Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
This suit was brought by Powers & Weightman, of Philadelphia, against the collector of that port to recover the additional duty of ten per cent ad valorem, exacted by him under the third section of the act of June 6, 1872 (17 Stat. 232; Rev. Stat., sect. 2501), upon certain opium imported by them in 1874 from Liverpool, it having previously been exported from Persia to England, by way of the Isthmus of Suez and the Mediterranean. That section is as follows:--
'That on and after the first day of October next, there shall be collected and paid on all goods, wares, and merchandise of the growth or produce of countries east of the Cape of Good Hope (except wool, raw cotton, and raw silk as reeled from the cocoon, or not further advanced than tram, thrown, or organzine), when imported from places west of the Cape of Good Hope, a duty of ten per cent ad valorem, in addition to the duties imposed on any such article when imported directly from the place or places of their growth or production.'
Judgment was rendered for the defendant. The plaintiffs sued out this writ.
Mr. Henry Flanders for the plaintiffs in error.
The Solicitor-General, contra.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE WAITE delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Powers v. Comly/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
101 U.S. 789
Powers v. Comly
This case is substantially disposed of by Hadden v. The Collector (5 Wall. 107) and Sturges v. The Collector, 12 id. 19. Sect. 3 of the act of June 6, 1872 (17 Stat. 232), is in all material respects like the statutes under consideration in those cases where we held that countries 'beyond the Cape of Good Hope' and countries 'east of the Cape of Good Hope' meant countries with which, at that time, the United States ordinarily carried on commercial intercourse by passing around that cape. Although the act of 1872 was passed after the Suez Canal was in operation, we see no indication of an intention by Congress to give a new meaning to the language employed which had already received a judicial construction. The words used are words of description, and indicate to the popular mind the same countries now that they did before the course of trade was to some extent changed by cutting through the Isthmus of Suez. The object of Congress was to encourage a direct trade with these Eastern countries. For this purpose, in legal effect, a bounty was offered to those who imported the products of that region directly from the countries themselves, instead of from places west of the Cape.
We see nothing in the act of Congress which is in conflict with the treaty with Persia. 11 Stat. 709. If the subjects of Persia export their products directly to the United States, they are required to pay no more duties here than the 'merchants and subjects of the most favored nation.' It is only when their products are first exported to some place west of the Cape, and from there exported to the United States, that the additional duty is imposed. Under such circumstances, the importation into the United States is not, commercially speaking, from Persia, but from the last place of exportation.
Judgment affirmed.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Powers v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
312 U.S. 259
Powers v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue
Argued: Jan. 7, 1941. --- Decided: Feb 3, 1941
Mr. Ralph G. Boyd, of Boston, Mass., for petitioner.
Mr. J. Louis Monarch, of Washington, D.C., for respondent.
Mr. Justice DOUGLAS delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Proclamation 5515

Delivered on 1 August 1986.
By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation
August 1, 1986, marks the eleventh anniversary of the signing of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, known as the Helsinki Accords. Later this year, representatives from the signatory states will be meeting in Vienna to review implementation of these Accords, including the human rights and humanitarian provisions.
Human rights and fundamental freedoms lie at the heart of the commitments made in the Helsinki Accords of 1975 and in the follow-on Madrid Concluding Document of 1983. These documents set forth clearly a code of conduct, not only for relations among sovereign states, but also for relations between governments and their citizens. This code holds out a beacon of hope for those people in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union who seek a freer, more just, and more secure life. We and the other Atlantic democracies will not let up in our efforts to see to it that these solemn commitments are fully honored throughout Europe.
We Americans will never waver in our commitment to implement fully the human rights and humanitarian provisions of the Helsinki Accords, not only because these freedoms are fundamental to our way of life but because of our conviction they are the God-given entitlement of every member of the human family. Let us pledge ourselves once again to do all in our power so that all people may enjoy them in peace. We also call on all 35 CSCE signatory governments to uphold these just and fundamental principles.
The Congress, by Senate Joint Resolution 371, has designated August 1, 1986, as "Helsinki Human Rights Day" and authorized and requested the President to issue a proclamation reasserting our commitment to the Helsinki Accords.
Now, Therefore, I, Ronald Reagan, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim August 1, 1986, as Helsinki Human Rights Day and call upon all Americans to observe this day with appropriate observances that reflect our continuing dedication to full implementation of the human rights and fundamental freedoms set forth in the Helsinki Accords.
In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand this first day of August, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and eighty-six, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and eleventh.
RONALD REAGAN
[Filed with the Office of the Federal Register, 12:51 p.m., August 4, 1986]
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Proclamation 5514

Delivered on 29 July 1986.
By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation
Nuclear medicine is an invaluable medical resource that contributes significantly to improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of patients in the United States. It also provides powerful tools for biomedical research.
Today, nuclear medicine allows physicians to probe the bodies of patients without using a scalpel. Three-dimensional images of organs such as the heart and kidneys can be obtained, leading to early diagnosis of disease.
In addition to images of anatomy, nuclear medicine yields information on subtle chemical processes as they occur in the body. For example, investigators can now examine the brain's processing of glucose, which it uses as a source of energy. Due to advances in nuclear medicine, the underlying pathological changes in such illnesses as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia are now closer to being understood.
The field is growing so fast that what today seems a breakthrough will tomorrow be routine. Powerful tools such as positron emission tomography, or PET, are being brought to bear on heart disease and cancer. Where nuclear medicine techniques were once used to provide images of tumors, the tumors themselves may now be located and treated using specially targeted isotopes linked to antibodies specific to the tumor.
All across the country, from medical centers to community hospitals, nuclear medicine departments are becoming as common as x-ray laboratories. This field unites the skills of medicine, physics, chemistry, and mathematics in a common focus-healing the sick.
To stimulate public awareness of a medical field that has come of age, the Congress, by House Joint Resolution 297, has designated the week beginning July 27, 1986, as "National Nuclear Medicine Week" and authorized and requested the President to issue a proclamation in observance of this week.
Now, Therefore, I, Ronald Reagan, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim the week beginning July 27, 1986, as National Nuclear Medicine Week, and I call upon the people of the United States to observe this week with appropriate observances and activities.
In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-ninth day of July, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and eighty-six, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and eleventh.
RONALD REAGAN
[Filed with the Office of the Federal Register, 2:48 p.m., July 30, 1986]
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Proclamation 5516

Delivered on 12 August 1986.
By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation
Crime continues to be of deep concern to the American people. The fight against crime requires voluntary citizen cooperation with law enforcement officials.
We recognize the growth and the proven effectiveness of local crime watch organizations throughout the country. They have played a major role in turning the tide against crime. People working together with their local law enforcement agencies have always been the best deterrent to crime.
Citizens all across America will soon take part in a "National Night Out" to demonstrate the importance and effectiveness of community participation in crime prevention efforts. Those who take part will spend the period from 8:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m. on August 12, 1986, with their neighbors in front of their homes.
Americans should be aware of the significance of community crime prevention programs and the ways in which they can reduce crime in our towns and neighborhoods. This Administration has made crime prevention a top priority. We support efforts to repeat the highly visible "National Night Out" as a way of calling attention to the need for citizen-based crime prevention programs.
The Congress, by Senate Joint Resolution 256, has designated August 12, 1986, as "National Neighborhood Crime Watch Day" and authorized and requested the President to issue a proclamation in observance of this event.
Now, Therefore, I, Ronald Reagan, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim August 12, 1986, as National Neighborhood Crime Watch Day. I call upon the people of the United States to observe such day with appropriate programs, ceremonies, and activities.
In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand this twelfth day of August, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and eighty-six, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and eleventh.
RONALD REAGAN
[Filed with the Office of the Federal Register, 12:37 p.m., August 13, 1986]
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Proclamation 5517

Delivered on 22 August 1986.
By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation
In light of the May 20, 1985, statement of the Government of Cuba that it had decided "to suspend all types of procedures regarding the execution" of the December 14, 1984, immigration agreement between the United States and Cuba, thereby disrupting normal migration procedures between the two countries, and in light of the continuing failure of the Government of Cuba to resume normal migration procedures with the United States while at the same time facilitating illicit migration to the United States, I have determined that it is in the interest of the United States to suspend entry into the United States as immigrants by all Cuban nationals, with the exceptions noted below, pending the restoration of normal migration procedures between the two countries.
Now, Therefore, I, Ronald Reagan, by the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and laws of the United States of America, including Section 212(t) of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, as amended (8 U.S.C. 1182(1)) ("the Act"), having found that the unrestricted entry into the United States as immigrants by Cuban citizens would, except as provided in Section 2, be detrimental to the interests of the United States, do proclaim that:
Section 1. Entry of Cuban nationals as immigrants is hereby suspended, except as noted in Section 2.
Sec. 2. The suspension of entry as immigrants contained in Section 1 shall not apply: (a) to Cuban nationals applying for admission to the United States as immediate relatives under Section 201(b) of the Act (8 U.S.C. 1151(b)) and special immigrants described in Section 101(a)(27)(A) of the Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(27)(A)); (b) to Cuban nationals applying for admission into the United States as preference immigrants under Section 203(a) of the Act (8 U.S.C. 1153(a)) at United States consular posts designated by the Secretary of State for the processing of Cuban nationals, where the applicant can demonstrate that he or she departed Cuba prior to the date of this proclamation, has remained outside Cuba since that date, and otherwise qualified for preference immigrants status; and (c) in such other cases or categories of cases as may be designated from time to time by the Secretary of State or his designee.
Sec. 3. This proclamation shall be effective immediately and shall remain in effect until such time as the Secretary of State, after consultation with the Attorney General, determines that normal migration procedures with Cuba have been restored. Any such determination by the Secretary of State shall be published in the Federal Register.
In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-second day of August, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and eighty-six, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and eleventh.
RONALD REAGAN
[Filed with the Office of the Federal Register, 12:41 p.m., August 25, 1986]
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Proclamation 5519

Delivered on 27 August 1986.
By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation
The incidence of illiteracy and functional illiteracy among the Nation's adult population negatively affects our economy, our social institutions, and our security. It also limits the opportunities open to those who lack basic reading and writing skills. Estimates of the number of illiterate or functionally illiterate Americans range from twenty-three million to over fifty million.
Adult illiteracy has not received the attention it deserves. As Americans come to understand the problem better they will come to grips with it. Illiteracy is not limited to any region of the Nation, nor to any social or ethnic group. We must take this problem seriously and provide the means and the motivation to help those with literacy deficiencies to master the ability to read and write.
Americans traditionally have responded when they become aware of a problem, especially when it comes to helping their fellow Americans. The problem of adult illiteracy can be solved if enough Americans volunteer to serve as tutors, provide in-kind services, and support other targeted efforts. There must be maximum private initiative, public-private cooperation, and coordinated community action. The Federal government has recognized the need to address adult illiteracy, and the private sector is beginning to do its part through a number of promising initiatives.
I am pleased to learn that many organizations will be involved in addressing this problem. Others in communications-television producers, magazine publishers, book publishers, broadcasters, and advertising agencies-will be supporting and encouraging efforts to raise awareness of the problem of adult illiteracy in September 1986 and beyond.
In order to call attention to these efforts, the Congress, by Senate Joint Resolution 358, has designated the month of September 1986 as "Adult Literacy Awareness Month" and authorized and requested the President to issue a proclamation in observance of this event.
Now, Therefore, I, Ronald Reagan, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim the month of September 1986 as Adult Literacy Awareness Month. I call on the American people and organizations of every kind to observe the month with activities to increase awareness of the problem of adult illiteracy and to encourage involvement in programs to help eliminate illiteracy and functional illiteracy among adults in our Nation.
In Witness Whereof I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-seventh day of August, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and eighty-six, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and eleventh.
RONALD REAGAN
[Filed with the Office of the Federal Register, 11:08 a.m., September 2, 1986]
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Proclamation 5513

Delivered on 29 July 1986.
By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation
We are a nation of families. We take pride in our families, and we value family life. The family is the most basic unit in our society. It teaches us the values of loyalty, independence, responsibility, and mutual love. We look to our families for care, support, and protection. Strong, stable families are the vital cells of a society that is healthy and free. But to remain strong, families require nurturing; their bonds must be reinforced. A family reunion is a wonderful way to strengthen and preserve those family ties.
A family reunion can be a time of growth and learning, offering us an opportunity to gain a new perspective on ourselves and others. Each family has its own history, personality, sense of accomplishment, and dreams for the future. The family reunion provides an ideal setting for renewing these shared riches of the spirit. It is a time to learn, to laugh, and to renew the ties of affection. Family reunions bridge generations and remind us of our roots. I encourage all families to use the family reunion to tap these roots again and to renew their pledge of love and concern for each other. I also ask families to reach out to those who lack the support of families and to share their love and spirit with them.
In recognition of the importance of family reunions, the Congress, by Senate Joint Resolution 274, has authorized and requested the President to designate the weekend of August 1, 1986, through August 3, 1986, as "National Family Reunion Weekend."
Now, Therefore, I, Ronald Reagan, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim the weekend of August 1, 1986, through August 3, 1986, as National Family Reunion Weekend. I call upon the people of the United States to observe the occasion with appropriate ceremonies and activities.
In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-ninth day of July, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and eighty-six, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and eleventh.
RONALD REAGAN
[Filed with the Office of the Federal Register, 11:54 a.m., July 30, 1986]
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Proclamation 5520

Delivered on 28 August 1986.
By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation
Courage and sacrifice are no strangers to America. In every war since our first struggle for independence, America's prisoners of war have endured terrible hardships and have been called upon to make extraordinary sacrifices. The bravery, perseverance, and profound devotion to duty of our POWs and MIAs have earned them a place of honor in the hearts of all Americans. Their heroism is an inspiration to future generations. Their spirit of hope and their commitment to the defense of freedom are a claim on our loyalty to them.
All Americans are also deeply moved by the pain and suffering endured by the families and friends of those who remain missing or unaccounted for. We share both their burden and their commitment to secure the release of any U.S. personnel who may still be held against their will, to recover the missing, to resolve the accounting, and to relieve the suffering of our missing servicemen. Until the P.O.W./M.I.A. issue has been resolved, it will continue to be a matter of the highest national priority. As a symbol of this national commitment, the P.O.W./M.I.A. Flag will fly over the White House, the Departments of State and Defense, the Veterans' Administration, and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial on September 19, 1986. It will also fly over the Vietnam Veterans Memorial on Memorial Day and Veterans Day.
In order to recognize the special debt all Americans owe to the men and women who gave up their freedom in the service of our country and to reaffirm our commitment to their families, the Congress, by Senate Joint Resolution 220, has designated September 19, 1986, as "National P.O.W./M.I.A. Recognition Day," and authorized and requested the President to issue a proclamation in observance of this occasion.
Now, Therefore, I, Ronald Reagan, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim Friday, September 19, 1986, as National P.O.W./M.I.A. Recognition Day. I call on all Americans to join in honoring all former American prisoners of war, those still missing, and their families who have made extraordinary sacrifices on behalf of this country. I also call upon State and local officials and private organizations to observe this day with appropriate ceremonies and activities.
In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-eighth day of August, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and eighty-six, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and eleventh.
RONALD REAGAN
[Filed with the Office of the Federal Register, 11:09 a.m., September 2, 1986]
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse