OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Stuart, John (1365?-1429)

​STUART or STEWART, Sir JOHN of Darnley, Seigneur of Aubigny (1365?–1429), son of Alexander Stewart of Darnley (descended from Sir John Stewart of Bonkyl, second son of Alexander, high steward of Scotland), by his wife Janet, daughter and heiress of Sir William Keith of Galston, was born about 1365. In 1386 he was made a knight, and on 4 May 1387 he is mentioned as lord of Castlemilk. He succeeded his father on 5 May 1404. With the Earls of Buchan and Wigton he was appointed to the joint command of a Scottish force sent to the aid of the dauphin of France against the English, and for his distinguished services at their defeat at Beaugé on 21 March 1420–1, he received a grant of the seigneurie of Concreisault in Berry, with one thousand livres of yearly rent. Shortly afterwards he formally entered the service of France, holding command of a body of men-at-arms, for whose maintenance from November 1422 to December 1423 he received a monthly sum of one thousand livres. On 10 April he obtained a grant of the seigneurie of Aubigny in Berry, which was confirmed on 30 July 1425. While at the siege of Crevant in June 1423 he was severely defeated by the English, lost an eye, and was taken prisoner, but obtained not long afterwards his exchange. A little later his men-at-arms were formed into the bodyguard of Charles VII, from whom in January 1426–1427 he obtained the comté of Evreux in Normandy. For victories gained in 1426 and 1427 he also in February 1427–8 obtained the privilege of quartering the royal arms of France with his own. In 1427 he was sent on a special embassy to Scotland, first to obtain additional reinforcements, and secondly to demand the hand of the Princess Margaret for the dauphin. While in Scotland he received on 17 July 1428 from James I a charter re-granting him Tarbolton (Sir William Fraser, Lennox, ii. 62). On his return to France with reinforcements he was sent to Orleans, then besieged by the English under the Earl of Salisbury, but was killed while attacking a convoy of provisions. He was buried behind the choir in the chapel of Notre Dame Blanche, in the cathedral church, Orleans, in November 1429. By his wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Duncan, earl of Lennox, he had three sons: Sir Alan, who succeeded to the lands of Darnley and Lennox, but was slain by Sir Thomas Boyd in 1439; John, second seigneur of Aubigny and father of Bernard Stuart (1447?–1508) [q. v.]; and Alexander.
T. F. H.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Drunkenness

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Edition of 1802.
​DRUNKENNESS, is that state to which, from the intemperate drinking of liquors, reason has lost its powers, and the person intoxicated is unable to govern himself.
This odious vice is but too prevalent among the lower order of people, who, under the erroneous idea of drowning care, indulge themselves in strong liquors: and by gradually acquiring habits of intemperance, not only undermine their constitution, but also become a disgrace to society.
Drunkenness may be considered as a breach of the law of Nature, which directs us to preserve the use of our reason. By the law of this country, it cannot be pleaded as an excuse for committing trespasses and crimes; nay, any person who is found intoxicated, incurs a penalty of five shillings, or, in case of non-payment, is to be set in the stocks. Those who are guilty of it a second time, may be bound in a certain sum for their good behaviour; and, if any ale-house keeper be convicted of the offence, he is liable to be deprived of his license for the term of three years. These are wholesome regulations, and it is sincerely to be wished, that they were more frequently enforced, as well for the benefit of individuals, as on account of the national character.—See Intoxication.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Drone

Edition of 1802.
​DRONE, in natural history, a species of bee, which is nearly double the size of the common working insect. The head of drones is round, the eyes full, their tongue short, and the belly broader than ​in the other classes; they are likewise of a darker colour, and more thickly clothed.—See Bee, vol. i. p. 215.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Dropwort

Edition of 1802.
​DROPWORT, or Oenanthe, L. a genus of perennial plants, consisting of seven species, five of which are indigenous; among these the following only deserve notice:
1. The fistulosa, or Common Water Dropwort, which thrives in meadows, ponds, and ditches; and flowers in July. Its naked stalk grows only 12 inches high. The plant is refused by cows and horses; though, from experiments made in this country, it does not appear to be noxious to the former. Bechstein, however, affirms that in Germany this species of the dropwort is a poisonous vegetable, and has been found to produce dangerous effects on man and dogs: its root, therefore, which spreads extensively in a swampy soil, ought to be carefully extirpated.
2. The crocata, or Hemlock Water-Dropwort, or Dead-tongue, which grows in watery places, on the banks of rivers, and in ditches. Its reddish thick stalk attains a height from 3 to 5 feet. According to Dr. Withering, the whole of this plant is deleterious; and Dr. Pulteney remarks, that the root is the most virulent of all the vegetable poisons that Great Britain produces; many instances of its fatal effects being recorded. Unless the contents of the stomach, after eating any small portion of this root (which is sometimes mistaken for wild celery, or parsnip) be immediately emptied by briskly operating emetics, there is no other chance of saving the patient's life; because it speedily produces convulsions, madness, and death.
As a medicine, however, an infusion of the leaves, or three tea-spoonfuls of the juice of the root, taken every morning, has in one instance cured a very obstinate cutaneous disease: though we advise such trials to be made only with animals.—According to Mr.Gough, the country people in Westmoreland apply a poultice of the herb to the ulcer, which is sometimes formed in the fore part of the cleft of the hoof in horned cattle, and is termed the foul.—The inhabitants of Pembrokeshire call this plant, the five-fingered root: it is much used by them in cataplasms for the felon, or the worst kind of whitlow.—Sheep eat the leaves of this vegetable, but they are refused by cows and horses.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Drawback

Edition of 1802.
​DRAWBACK, in commerce, generally signifies certain duties, either of the customs, or excise, which are allowed upon some of our own manufactures; or upon certain foreign merchandizes, for which the duty has been paid when they were imported.
By the 2d and 3d Ann, c. 9, the oaths of the merchants importing and exporting, are required, in order to obtain the drawback on foreign goods, affirming the truth of the officer's certificate on the entry and payment of the duties. Such oaths are permitted by the statute to be made by the agent or husband of any corporation or company; or by the known servant of any merchant, who is usually employed in making the entries, and paying the customs.
With respect to foreign goods entered outwards, by the 13th and 14th Car. II. c. 2, and 8th Ann, c. 13; if such goods be fraudulently shipped out in a less quantity or value than is expressed in the exporter's certificate, the goods mentioned in the latter, or their value, are forfeited: and no drawback will be allowed for them. By the same statutes, foreign goods exported by certificate, in order to obtain the drawback, but which goods are not shipped or exported, or are re-landed in Great Britain (unless in case of distress, to save them from perishing), are to lose the benefit of the drawback, and are forfeited, or their value, together with the vessel, horses, carriages, &c. employed in re-landing such goods; and the persons employed in re-landing the same, or by whose privity or connivance they are re-landed; or into whose hands they shall knowingly come, are to forfeit double the amount of the drawback.
​By the 8th Ann, c. 13, officers of the customs, who connive at, or assist in any fraud relative to certificate-goods, besides incurring the penalties therein mentioned, are to forfeit their office, and be imprisoned for six months without bail; similar penalties are inflicted on the masters or persons belonging to ships, detected in such unlawful practices.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Towne, John

​TOWNE, JOHN (1711?–1791), controversialist, born about 1711, was educated at Clare Hall, Cambridge, whence he graduated B.A. in 1732 and M.A. in 1736. He became vicar of Thorpe-Ernald, Leicestershire, on 22 June 1740, archdeacon of Stowe in 1765, a prebendary of Lincoln, and rector of Little Paunton, Lincolnshire. He died on 15 March 1791 at Little Paunton, where he was buried, a mural tablet being erected to his memory in the church. Towne was a friend of Bishop Warburton, who held him in high esteem. By his wife Anne, who died on 31 Jan. 1754, he left three daughters and one son, who became a painter and died young.
His works are: 1. ‘A Critical Inquiry into the Opinions and Practice of the Ancient Philosophers, concerning the nature of the Soul and a Future State, and their method of teaching by the double doctrine. … With a Preface by the Author of the Divine Legation’ [William Warburton, bishop of Gloucester] (anon.), London, 1747, 8vo; 2nd edit. London, 1748, 8vo. 2. ‘The Argument of the Divine Legation [by Bishop Warburton], fairly stated and returned to the Deists, to whom it was originally addressed,’ London, 1751, 8vo. 3. ‘A Free and Candid Examination of the Principles advanced in the … Bishop of London's [i.e. Dr. Sherlock's] … Sermons, lately published; and in his … Discourses on Prophecy’ (anon.), London, 1756, 8vo. 4. ‘Dissertation on the Antient Mysteries,’ London, 1766. 5. ‘Remarks on Dr. Lowth's Letter to the Bishop of Gloucester [William Warburton]. With the Bishop's Appendix, and the second Epistolary Correspondence between his Lordship and the Doctor annexed’ (anon.), 2 pts. London, 1766, 8vo. 5. ‘Exposition of the Orthodox System of Civil Rights, and Church Power; addressed to Dr. Stebbing.’
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Towneley, Christopher

​TOWNELEY, CHRISTOPHER (1604–1674), antiquary, called ‘the Transscriber,’ son of Richard Towneley of Towneley Hall, Lancashire, was born there on 9 Jan. 1603–1604. He was an attorney, but probably did not long follow his profession (he was indeed disabled by being a recusant), the greater part of his long and leisured life being occupied in scientific and antiquarian pursuits. Among his friends and correspondents were Jeremiah Horrox, William Crabtree, William Gascoyne, Sir Jonas Moore, Jeremiah Shakerley, and Flamsteed, astronomers and mathematicians; Roger Dodsworth, Sir William Dugdale, and Hopkinson, antiquaries, and Sir Edward Sherburne, poet. In conjunction with Dr. Richard Kuerden [q. v.] he projected, but never finished, a history of Lancashire. Many years were spent by him in transcribing ‘in a fair but singular hand’ public records, chartularies, and other evidences relating chiefly to Lancashire and Yorkshire. These transcripts were drawn upon by friends during his lifetime, and have since proved a valuable storehouse of materials for county historians and genealogists. The best description of them is given in the fourth report of the historical manuscripts commission (1874, pp. 406, 613). The collections, after ​remaining at Towneley for over two centuries, were dispersed by auction at Sotheby's on 18–28 June 1883.
Towneley married, in 1640, Alice, daughter of John Braddyll of Portfield, near Whalley, and widow of Richard Towneley of Carr Hall, near Burnley. He had previously lived at Hapton Tower, near Burnley, now destroyed. On his marriage he removed to Carr, and on his wife's death in 1657 he changed his residence to Moorhiles in Pendle Forest, near Colne. He died in August 1674, and was buried at Burnley. In the inventory of his goods, taken after his death, his manuscripts, the labour of a life, were valued at 11s. Towneley Hall contains a good portrait of Towneley. Of this portrait a small woodcut appears in the ‘Transactions of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society’ (x. 86).
C. W. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Towne, Francis

​TOWNE, FRANCIS (1740–1816), landscape-painter, was born in 1740, apparently in London. He studied under William Pars, and gained a prize at the Society of Arts in 1759. In 1762 he was a member of the Free Society of Artists. He exhibited drawings in watercolour at the Royal Academy in 1775, and in 1779 ‘View on the Exe’ and some others, his residence then being in Exeter. About this time he went to Italy, and exhibited views taken there and in Switzerland until 1794, but he seems to have been resident in London, where he died at his house in Devonshire Street on 7 July 1816. He exhibited in London twenty-seven works at the Royal Academy, sixteen at the Society of Artists, three at the Free Society, and ten at the British Institute. He enjoyed a considerable reputation as a landscape-painter.
A. N.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Townley, Charles

​TOWNLEY, Sir CHARLES (1713–1774), Garter king-of-arms, eldest son of Charles Townley of Clapham, Surrey, descended from a younger branch of the ancient family of Towneley Hall, near Burnley, Lancashire, was born on Tower Hill, London, on 7 May 1713. James Townley [q. v.] was his younger brother. He was sent to Merchant Taylors' school in 1727. Entering the College of Arms, he was appointed York herald in July 1735, Norroy king-of-arms on 2 Nov. 1751, Clarenceux king-of-arms on 11 Jan. 1754–5, and Garter principal king-of-arms on 27 April 1773. He was knighted at George III's coronation in 1761. He died in Camden Street, Islington, on 7 June 1774, and was buried in the church of St. Dunstan-in-the-East. His portrait was painted by Thomas Frye.
He married Mary, daughter of George Eastwood of Thornhill, Yorkshire. A son, Charles Townley, born on 31 Oct. 1749, became Bluemantle pursuivant on 31 Dec. 1774, Lancaster herald on 24 Dec. 1781, and died on 25 Nov. 1800.
[Noble's College of Arms, pp. 383, 386, 388, 414, 418, 439, 441; Gent. Mag. 1774, p. 287; Robinson's Register of Merchant Taylors' School, i. 70.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Townley, James (1774-1833)

​TOWNLEY, JAMES (1774–1833), Wesleyan divine, son of Thomas Townley, a Manchester tradesman, was born at that town on 11 May 1774, and educated by the Rev. David Simpson [q. v.] of Macclesfield. He became a member of the Wesleyan methodist body in 1790, and a minister in 1796. In 1822 he received the degree of D.D. from the college of Princeton, New Jersey, in recognition of his literary work. From 1827 to 1832 he acted as general secretary of the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society, and in 1829 was elected president of the Wesleyan conference, and presided at the Dublin and Leeds conferences. While in Manchester he was a member of a philological society founded by Dr. Adam Clarke. He died at Ramsgate on 12 Dec. 1833. He was twice married—to Mary Marsden and Dinah Ball, both of London—and had seven children by his first wife. A portrait by John Jackson, R.A., was engraved in 1829.
Townley, a good preacher and an accomplished linguist, wrote:
* ‘Biblical Anecdotes,’ 1813, 12mo.
* ‘Illustrations of Biblical Literature, exhibiting the History and Fate of the Sacred Writings from the Earliest Times to the Present Century,’ 1821, 3 vols. 8vo.
* ‘Essays on various Subjects of Ecclesiastical History and Antiquity,’ 1824, 8vo.
* ‘The Reasons of the Laws of Moses, from the “More Nevochim” of Maimonides, with Notes, Dissertations, and a Life of the Author,’ 1827, 8vo.
* ‘An Introduction to the Literary History of the Bible,’ 1828, 8vo.
Among his contributions to the ‘Methodist Magazine,’ besides those included in his volume of ‘Essays,’ are (1) ‘On the Character of Popery,’ 1826; (2) ‘Claims of the Church of Rome Examined,’ 1827; (3) ‘Ancient and Foreign Missions,’ four articles, 1834.
[Minutes of Methodist Conference 1834, Wesleyan Methodist Mag. 1834, p. 78; Everett's Wesleyan Takings, i. 344; Osborn's Wesleyan Bibliography; information kindly supplied by Rev. R. Green of Didsbury College, and by Mr. F. M. Jackson.]
C. W. S.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Cross-wort

Edition of 1802.
​CROSS-WORT, or Mugweed, Galium cruciatum, v. Valantia, cruciata, L. an indigenous perennial plant, growing on hedge-banks, and in meadows. It produces yellow flowers which blow from May to July, and are succeeded by seeds. A decoction of this plant in wine has been recommended as an excellent vulnerary and detergent, and is said to be of great efficacy in attenuating and expectorating tough humours.—The bones of animals, fed on the roots of the cross-wort, acquire a red tinge; and wool may be dyed of a similar colour, both by the roots and leaves.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Croup

Edition of 1802.
​CROUP, a violent inflammation of the throat in children under twelve years of age, prevalent chiefly on the sea-coast, in cold and wet seasons. It is attended with a peculiar croaking sound of the voice; a sense of straitness about the throat, difficult breathing, and fever.
If the croup be not speedily relieved, it obstructs the passage of the air, and suffocates the patient. Hence the legs ought to be immersed in warm water, and afterwards mustard with vinegar, or horse-radish, applied to the soles of the feet, the neck, or between the shoulders. Laxative clysters should also be administered, without delay (see Clyster, p. 14); and the child be kept cool rather than warm, and receive no other but vegetable food and diluent, slightly acidulated, drink. No medicines can with safety be given internally, without medical advice; but a dram of asafœtida, camphor, or a few spoonfuls of the expressed juice of garlic, may be dissolved in each injection, which should be repeated every four or six hours.
Those who are peculiarly liable ​to attacks of this dangerous disease, ought to avoid all crude, hard, viscid, and heating food, especially salted and pickled provisions. Unripe fruits are particularly injurious. As an effectual preventive, Dr. Buchan advises a large plaster of Burgundy-pitch to be worn for several years, between the shoulders: also, constant setons or issues; of which latter, however, we by no means approve.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Crow-foot

Edition of 1802.
​CROW-FOOT, or Ranunculus, L. a genus of plants consisting of 53 species; but only 15 are indigenous, of which the following are the principal:
1. The flammula: See Lesser Spearwort.
2. The lingua: See Great Spearwort.
3. The ficaria, or Lesser Celandine: See Pilewort.
4. The auricomus, or Sweet Wood Crow-foot, or Goldilocks, which grows in woods, groves and hedges; produces yellow flowers in April and May; and is so inoffensive that the whole plant may be eaten as spinach;—the blossoms are much frequented by bees.
5. The sceleratus, or round-leaved Water Crow-foot; thrives in shallow waters; and produces small yellow flowers from June to August. The whole plant is so very corrosive, that beggars are said to employ it for ulcerating their feet, which they expose in that state to excite compassion. Internally taken, this vegetable, especially the seed-bud, is extremely poisonous to man and cattle; hence it ought to be carefully extirpated from meadows. It is, however, eaten by goats; but refused by cows, horses, and sheep.
6. The bulbosus, or Bulbous Crow-foot, also called Butter-flower, Butter-cups, &c. It grows on meadows and pastures, produces yellow flowers in May, and turnip-shaped bulbous roots, which, like the blossoms and leaves, are so corrosive, that they speedily blister the skin: on this account they deserve, for many reasons, to be substituted for the Spanish fly.
7. The acris, or Upright Meadow Crow-foot; See Butter-cup.
8. The arvensis, or Corn Crow-foot, is an annual plant growing in corn-fields; and bearing small pale yellow flowers, which blow in the month of June, and are succeeded by flat prickly seeds. This noxious weed is particularly luxuriant on damp soils, and most severely exercises the patience of the farmer. The only effectual method of extirpating it is, to fallow the soil infested with it.—In Italy, cows, horses, and sheep, are said to eat it greedily, though it is so acrid as to poison the latter: 3 oz. of its juice killed a dog in four minutes. As it thrives chiefly in corn-fields, where cattle are excluded, its deleterious qualities are from this circumstance less known in this country. Bechstein informs us, that in Germany the milk of cows becomes tinged with blood, when feeding on the fresh leaves of this plant.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Crocus

Edition of 1802.
​Crocus. See Saffron.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Crow-net

Edition of 1802.
​CROW-NET, a contrivance that may be used in the day time, for catching wild fowl in the winter season.
This net is made of double thread, or of fine pack-thread; its meshes should be two inches wide, its length ten yards, and its breadth three; it should also be verged on the side with strong cord, and stretched out very stiffly on long poles prepared for that purpose. ​When a person arrives at the place where the net is to be laid, he should open and spread it out at its full length and breadth. The lower end should next be fastened along the ground, so that it can only be moved up and down: the upper end must be extended on the long cord, the extremity of it being previously staked to the earth, by another at the distance of about five yards from the net, which must be placed in a straight line with the lower edge of the latter. The other end must be at least 25 yards distant, so as to extend to some natural or artificial shelter, by means of which a person should conceal himself from the fowl; otherwise no success can be expected. The net must, likewise, be placed in such an exact order that it may admit of being played on the birds, by the least agitation of the cord, which must be expeditiously pulled, lest the latter escape. This net may be advantageously employed for taking pigeons, crows, or other fowl, on corn-fields newly sown, as also in stubble-fields, provided the straw be long enough to hide the apparatus from the acute sight of the feathered tribe.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Crystal

Edition of 1802.
​CRYSTAL, a species of stone, of various colours, of which that most generally known is the pebble-crystal, or sprig or rock-crystal, as it is usually called. It is common in this country, and is frequently cut into chandeliers, vases, lustres, and other ornamental articles. Even this hard and beautiful mineral has often been used in medicine, as an astringent and lithontriptic: it was formerly given in diarrhœas, and in cases of stone in the kidnies. The dose usually prescribed is from 20 to 30 grains, finely pulverized by repeatedly calcining and plunging it in cold water. It has likewise been recommended as a dentrifice, but like other hard bodies, it is apt to corrode the teeth, and consequently renders them more liable to decay.