OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Simon du Fresne

Simund de Freine in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
​SIMON du FRESNE, Fraxinetus, or Ash (fl. 1200), poet, was a canon of Hereford. A friend of Giraldus Cambrensis [q. v.], he addressed two epigrams to him, defending him against poetical detractors such as Adam of Dore; both are printed from a manuscript at Lambeth in Giraldus's ‘Works;’ one is extant in Cotton. MS. Vitellius E. v. He wrote also a romance, ‘De la Fortune,’ an adaptation of Boethius's ‘Consolatio Philosophiæ,’ in seventeen hundred French verses (extant in Brit. Mus. MS. Reg. 20 B. xiv. ff. 67 sqq.; another version is in Douce MS. ccx. 51, in the Bodleian). The opening verses are written in acrostic form to read ‘Simund de Freine me fist.’ Part of it has been printed by M. Paul Meyer in ‘Bulletin de la Société des Anciens Textes,’ 1880, No. 3, p. 80. He wrote also, using a similar device, a ‘Life of St. George,’ in French verses of seven syllables, which is not known to be extant.
M. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Simon, Abraham

​SIMON, ABRAHAM (1622?–1692?), medallist, born about 1622, was the son of Peter and Anne Simon, and elder brother of Thomas Simon [q. v.], the well-known medallist. He was educated with a view to the church, but, being a skilful modeller in wax, he devoted himself to art. During a visit to Sweden he made portraits in wax of several eminent persons, and was given a position at the court of Queen Christina, who employed him as her agent in procuring works of art, and presented him with a gold medal and chain. In his wax-model portrait of himself he appears wearing this decoration, and Horace Walpole said he was supposed to have been in love with the queen. He attended her on her visit to Louis XIII, and, on account of his odd appearance, was arrested as a suspicious person while trying to model the king from the gallery of the royal chapel. He subsequently worked for some time in Holland.
He came to England in 1642 or later, and for several years was much employed in making medals and wax models of leading parliamentarians and others. He also made a large number of wax models (some now in the British Museum) for the portrait medals executed by his brother, Thomas Simon. His own medals are cast and chased, and are signed A. S. They are graceful and simple in treatment, but, being usually in low relief and of small module, seem occasionally deficient in vigour.
After the Restoration, Simon modelled the portrait of Charles II at the price of one hundred ‘broads.’ The Duke of York afterwards had his portrait done by him, but only proposed to pay him fifty broads. Simon then took up the wax model, and in the duke's presence deliberately defaced it. By this conduct he lost favour at court, and other sitters complained of his impatience when they offered any criticism of his work. In the later years of his life he seems to have received no further commissions, and he died in obscurity, and perhaps in poverty, about 1692. He was married, and had two daughters named Anne and Judith.
Simon's portrait was painted by Sir Peter Lely and Sir Godfrey Kneller. Of Lely's portrait there is a mezzotint by Blooteling. There is, in the British Museum, a portrait in wax of Simon by himself, and from this original a chased medal was made by Stuart circ. 1750. Simon was a little man, ‘of a primitive philosophic aspect,’ and always wore his hair and beard long. His eccentric dress excited derision in the street, but he was an excellent artist, and a man of the same independent character as Benedetto ​Pistrucci [q. v.] Evelyn (Diary, 8 June 1653) calls him ‘fantastical Simons (sic), who had the talent for embossing so to the life.’
Among his medals are the following: 1. Earl of Loudon, 1645. 2. William Pope, 1645. 3. Lord Inchiquin, 1646. 4. Albert Joachim the ambassador, 1646. 5. Sir Sidenham Poyntz, 1646. 6. Earl of Dunfermline, 1646. 7. Earl of Lauderdale. 8. Martinay, 1647. 9. Henry Cromwell, 1654.
W. W.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Bowing

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Bowing
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Bracelet

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Bracelet
(2.) The rendering of a Hebrew word meaning fasteners, found in Gen. 24:22, 30, 47.
(3.) In Isa. 3:19, the rendering of a Hebrew word meaning chains, i.e., twisted or chain-like bracelets.
(4.) In Ex. 35:22 it designates properly a clasp for fastening the dress of females. Some interpret it as a nose-ring.
(5.) In Gen. 38:18, 25, the rendering of a Hebrew word meaning "thread," and may denote the ornamental cord with which the signet was suspended from the neck of the wearer.
Bracelets were worn by men as well as by women ([[../Solomon, Song of|Cant.]] 5:14, R.V.). They were of many various forms. The weight of those presented by Eliezer to Rebekah was ten shekels (Gen. 24:22).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Bramble

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Bramble
(2.) Hebrew hoah, Isa. 34:13 (R.V. "thistles"); "thickets" in 1 Sam. 13:6; "thistles" in 2 Kings 14:9, 2 Chr. 25:18, Job 31:40; "thorns" in 2 Chr. 33:11, [[../Solomon, Song of|Cant.]] 2:2, Hos. 9:6. The word may be regarded as denoting the common thistle, of which there are many species which encumber the corn-fields of Palestine. (See [74]THORNS.)
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Branch

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Branch
Disciples are branches of the true vine (John 15:5, 6). "The branch of the terrible ones" (Isa. 25:5) is rightly translated in the Revised Version "the song of the terrible ones," i.e., the song of victory shall be brought low by the destruction of Babylon and the return of the Jews from captivity.
The "abominable branch" is a tree on which a malefactor has been hanged (Isa. 14:19). The "highest branch" in Ezek. 17:3 represents Jehoiakim the king.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Bow

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Bow
The arrows were carried in a quiver (Gen. 27:3; Isa. 22:6; 49:2; Ps. 127:5). They were apparently sometimes shot with some burning material attached to them (Ps. 120:4).
The bow is a symbol of victory (Ps. 7:12). It denotes also falsehood, deceit (Ps. 64:3, 4; Hos. 7:16; Jer. 9:3).
"The use of the bow" in 2 Sam. 1:18 (A.V.) ought to be "the song of the bow," as in the Revised Version.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Bowl

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Bowl
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Box

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# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Box-tree

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Box-tree
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Bozrah

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Bozrah
(2.) A Moabite city in the "plain country" (Jer. 48:24), i.e., on the high level down on the east of the Dead Sea. It is probably the modern Buzrah.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Bowels

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Bowels
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Alcali

Edition of 1802.
​Alcali. See Alkali.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Alchemilla vulgaris

Edition of 1802.
​Alchemilla vulgaris, L. See Common Ladies' Mantle.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Alcohol

Edition of 1802.
​ALCOHOL, in chemistry, signifies spirit of wine, in a more ardent and purified state, obtained by distillation. Its specific gravity is to that of distilled water, as 815 to 1000. Whten diluted, in the proportion of about twenty ounces to seventeen of water, it is called proof spirit, and is ​used for tinctures, distilled cordials, &c.—See the article, Spirit of Wine.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Alarum

Edition of 1802.
​ALARUM, a term employed to signify any instrument, or contrivance, for the purpose of awakening persons from sleep, at a certain hour, or of alarming them when exposed to danger. In the former sense, it is generally a part of clock-work, and deserves here no farther notice; but, in the latter, we strongly recommend the utility of alarums to every family, whether living in towns, or in solitary situations in the country.
Many ingenious suggestions have been devised, for affording security to the industrious, against the audacious attempts of house-breakers: the most common of these are, hanging bells to the windows, or larger bells and rattles kept in readiness for giving early notice to the watchman absent from his duty, or to the peaceful neighbour whose aid is required.
In the year 1771, Mr. Henry invented a curious alarum, which was highly approved of by Sir John Fielding. All burglaries being perpetrated at night, this piece of mechanism deserves peculiar encouragement. On being fixed up by a bell-hanger, with wires fastened to the windows and doors, it will, upon the least attempt to break into the house, go off with a noise sufficient to awaken the family. As every clock-maker is acquainted with the construction of this alarum, we think it unnecessary to give a particular description.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Alder-Tree

Edition of 1802.
​ALDER-TREE, or the Betula of Linnæus, is so well known by the name of common birch, as to require no particular description. There are three species, 1. the alba, or common; 2. the nana, or dwarf; and 3. the lenta, or Canada-birch: the last of which grows to a height of upwards of sixty feet. The alnus, or alder-tree, is, properly speaking, another species of the Canada-birch. When suffered to grow in an open situation, it has an agreeable appearance. Whenever any soil be intended for pasture, the alder should by no means be encouraged, as it poisons the herbage, and renders the soil moist and rotten.
The alba, or common birch, is easily propagated; either from seeds or layers, and will flourish in most soils. While in the nursery, they should, in dry weather, be constantly weeded and watered. According to Hanbury, the best method of producing them, and preserving their varieties, is by distributing them in layers.
The wood of this tree was, in ancient times, used for the construction of boats, and at present, on account of its hardness, is employed in the North of Europe for making carriages and wheels. In France, it is generally used for wooden shoes; and in England, for women's shoe-heels, travelling boxes, &c.; it also affords very good fuel. In Sweden it is employed for covering houses, and is very durable. On deeply wounding, or boring the trunk of this tree, in the beginning of spring, a sweetish juice exudes in large quantities; and one branch alone will yield a gallon in a day. This juice is recommended in scorbutic disorders, and other impurities of the blood. Its most sensible effect is in promoting the urinary discharge. By proper fermentation, and with the addition of sugar, it makes a pleasant wine. The plant itself is astringent, bat the bark of the black berry-bearing alder, is affirmed to be the most certain purge for horned cattle. The leaves, when eaten by cows, are said greatly to increase their milk.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Ale

Edition of 1802.
​ALE, a fermented liquor, extracted from malt by the process of brewing. It differs from beer, in having a less proportion of hops. This beverage was first made in Egypt, and used as a substitute in these climates which were unfavourable to the production of the grape. Among the Anglo-Saxons and Danes, it was a favourite drink, and they believed, that large and frequent potations of it constituted one of the chief enjoyments of those who were admitted into the Hall of Odin.
There are various kinds of ale, particularly the pale and brown; the former, being brewed from malt slightly roasted, is esteemed more glutinous and wholesome than the latter, which is made from malt of a drier nature.—It may be prepared in various ways, from wheat, rye, millet, oats, barley, &c. Its consumption in this country was, about twenty years ago, computed at the value of four millions sterling annually, including Great Britain and Ireland.—See the articles, Beer, and Brewing.
In cold countries, and to persons who take considerable exercise, ale may be of service, but in weak and lax habits, it isoften attended with disagreeable effects, such as indigestion, flatulency, &c. When drunk to excess, it has sometimes occasioned cholera morbus, and severe colics.
​Various methods of preserving this valuable liquor from turning sour on long voyages, have been proposed; of which the following appears to be the most effectual: it was first published by Dr. Stubbs, in the 27th Number of the Philosophical Transactions. For its discovery we are indebted to an ale-seller at Deal; and it was tried with success in a voyage to Jamaica—"To every runlet of five gallons, after being placed in a cask on ship-board, not to be stirred any more, put in two new-laid eggs whole, and let them lie in it; in a fortnight, or little more, the whole egg shells will be dissolved, and the become like, wind-eggs, inclosed only in a thin skin; after this, the white is preyed on, but the yolks are not touched or corrupted, by which means the ale was so well preserved, that it was found better at Jamaica than at Deal."
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Alchemy

* related portals: Alchemy.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Commons category, quotes, definition, textbook, Wikidata item.
Edition of 1802.
​ALCHEMY is the art of transmuting metals into gold, or changing the inferior into more precious ores. It was formerly much cultivated, and held in high estimation by fanatics, as well as by many learned but deluded men: in later times, however, it has been almost generally exploded, and is now pursued only by crafty impostors.
The ruin which frequently attended this popular delusion, became so exclusive, that alchemy has, at various times, been proscribed in several states. The Romans banished such persons as professed it; and Dioclesian and Cæsar ordered all books on this subject to be publicly burned. In England it has, at no period, been much encouraged; for the native good sense of our countrymen generally prevailed, so that this useless art has, by the more enlightened, always been considered in its true colours.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Albumen

Edition of 1802.
​ALBUMEN, properly signifies the white of an egg, but has lately been used in chemistry, to denote likewise one of those elementary constituents of vegetable bodies, which, in its colour and properties, bears an exact resemblance to the animal substance known under this denomination.
The white of eggs, if taken warm from the hen, especially in luke-warm milk, is uncommonly nourishing to the weak and infirm; but, when boiled hard, its nutritive quality is in a great measure destroyed, and it then becomes very difficult of digestion.
If the white of a fresh egg be applied to burns, immediately after the accident, it generally prevents them from rising in blisters: it also tends to abate recent inflammation of the eyes, when spread upon soft linen, and placed over the parts affected. Used as a lotion on the face, it preserves it from sun-burning or freckles, in the heat of summer. On the contrary, a very small portion of the white of an egg, if swallowed in a putrid state, is attended with dreadful effects; such as nausea, horror, fainting, vomiting, diarrhœa, and gripes, ​accompanied by heat, thirst and fever, while it inflames, or violently stimulates the bile, and, not unlike the plague, promotes a speedy dissolution of the humours.
It is remarkable that, according to Boerhaave, the white of eggs was employed by the reputed Paracelsus, as a menstruum of extraordinary properties; and which greatly contributed to his fame. When boiled hard in the shell, and then suspended in the air by a thread, it dissolves and drops down into a flavourless liquor; which, though destitute of acrid, oily, or saponaceous ingredients, makes a more perfect solution of myrrh than either water, oil, spirits, or even fire itself can effect.
In domestic economy, the white of eggs is usefully employed for clarifying ale, wine, &c. for which purpose it should be mixed with the liquor, and the whole boiled together: thus all the gross particles of the latter will subside, or be carried off with the former, which, by this process, is reduced to a concrete state, and is either precipitated, or combined with, the feculent ingredients of the liquid.
The vegetable albumen is one of those primary constituents of plants, which may be separated by chemical aid, without undergoing any change of their native or inherent qualities. It is found principally in cresses, scurvy-grass, hemlock, and most abundantly in the antiscorbutic and narcotic plants, where it generally resides in the leaves. Its existence may be easily discovered, by mixing the freshly expressed juice of these plants with spirits of wine, or by macerating them with hot water, nearly to the boiling point: in both cases, the albumen will be coagulated and separated from the other fluids in the form of cheesy matter. It is, perhaps, superfluous to observe, that this vegeto-animal production may in times of scarcity serve as a proper substitute for the white of eggs; it being possessed of similar properties.—See the article Eggs.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Alcea rosea

Edition of 1802.
​Alcea rosea, L. See Hollyhock and Paper.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Agony

Edition of 1802.
​AGONY is a term used to signify an extreme degree of pain, or the last pangs of death. The terror of death appears, in a great degree, occasioned by the contortions and convulsions with which the agony seems attended; though the general opinion of physiologists is, that in such cases the sensations of pain are not very acute; a course of affliction during sickness, having naturally indisposed the nerves for any quick sensations.
Various means have been employed for mitigating the agonies of death, such as opium, etc.; but these attempts are, by judicious persons, generally discountenanced: the conscious reflection of having spent an active and useful life, is, on this occasion, the most effectual remedy which suggests itself to the christian and the philosopher.