OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fitzalan, Bertram

​FITZALAN, BERTRAM (d. 1424), Carmelite, said to have been a member of the great family of the Fitzalans, entered the Carmelite fraternity at Lincoln, and studied at Oxford, presumably in the house of his order, where William Quaplod, also a Carmelite, who became bishop of Derry (not of Kildare, as Bale has it) in 1419, was his friend and patron. Fitzalan, after proceeding to the degree of, master, seems to have returned to Lincoln, and to have there founded a library, in which Bale saw the following works of his : 'Super quarto Sententiarum liber i.,' 'Quæstiones Theologiæ,' and 'Ad plebem Conciones.' Pits also assigns to him a volume of 'Excerpta quædam ex aliis auctoribus,' which he mentions as existing in the library of Balliol College, Oxford. The book has, however, either been lost, or else Pits was misled by a codex there (clxv. B) of miscellaneous contents, some of which are by Cardinal Peter Bertrand. Fitzalan died on 17 May 1424.
R. L. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mauduit, William

​MAUDUIT, WILLIAM, Earl of Warwick (1220–1268), was son of William Mauduit of Hanslape, whose great-grandfather of the same name was chamberlain to Henry I. William Mauduit (d. 1257) fought in the barons' war against John, during which his castle of Hanslape was taken and destroyed by Fawkes de Breauté on 28 Nov. 1215. He was present on the same side at Lincoln on 20 May 1217. In 1233 he had to give his son as a hostage to the king, but was taken into favour next year. He died in April 1257, leaving by his wife Alice, daughter of Waleran, earl of Warwick, one son, William, and a daughter Isabella. William Mauduit was thirty-six years old at his father's death. On the death of John de Plessis, second husband of his cousin Margaret, countess of Warwick, Mauduit became Earl of Warwick, on 4 April 1263, in right of his mother, and in the same year was summoned to the Welsh war under that title. In the barons' war he at first sided with Simon de Montfort, but afterwards joined the king. In April 1264 he was surprised at Warwick Castle by John Giffard [q. v.], taken prisoner with his wife, and imprisoned at Kenilworth. He had to pay nineteen hundred marks for his ransom. He was hereditary chamberlain to the king. Mauduit died on 8 Jan. 1268, having married Alice, daughter of Gilbert ​de Segrave. He left no children, and the earldom of Warwick consequently passed to his sister's son, William Beauchamp, who was father of Guy de Beauchamp [q. v.]
[Matthew Paris; Flores Historiarum (both in Rolls Ser.); Dugdale's Baronage, i. 398–9; Doyle's Official Baronage, iii. 577.]
C. L. K.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mauduith, John

John Maudith in the ODNB.
​MAUDUITH or MANDUIT, JOHN (fl. 1310), astronomer, was a fellow of Merton College, Oxford, and is supposed to have been elected about 1305. He is said to have resided at Merton as late as 1346; the name of Maudit occurs as bursar in 1311. Mauduith had a great reputation as a physician, astronomer, and theologian. Leland says that his mathematical tables were still well known to students in his time. Richard de Bury [q. v.] was a patron of his. Mauduith or Mauduit is no doubt the correct form of his name, the variety Manduit, given by Tanner and others, is probably an error. Mauduith's Tables are contained in Laud. MS. Misc. 674, f. 69, ‘Tabule Mawdith facte in Oxon. 1310,’ and f. 72, ‘Maudith. Tabula ascensionis signorum in arculo obliquo Oxon., cujus latitudo est 51 grad. et 50 min. verificata Oxon. A.D. 1310.’ In MS. Univ. Camb. Gg. vi. 3, f. 45, there is ‘Parvus Tractatus editus a magistro Johanne Mauduth super quattuor tabulis mirabiliter inventis in civitate Oxon. mcccx.’ Inc.: ‘Quia scientia astronomiæ.’ The four tables are: 1. ‘De chorda et arcu recto et verso, et umbris.’ 2. ‘De arcu æquinoctiali elevato, et horis et arcu diei.’ 3. ‘De altitudine stellarum, et arcu diurno stellæ, et distantia ab æquinoctio.’ 4. ‘De ascensionibus regionis triæ.’ The first of these tables explains Leland's reference to a ‘Libellus de chorda recta et umbra.’ This manuscript may also contain some other small tracts by him. Mauduith is likewise said to have written a treatise, ‘De doctrina Theologica,’ inc.: ‘Legimus in scripturis sacris.’ He left 40s. to the university, to be kept in S. Frideswide's chest (Munimenta Academica, i. 10, Rolls. Ser.).
[Leland's De Scriptt. p. 329; Bale, v. 70; Pits, p. 455; Tanner's Bibl. Brit.-Hib. p. 506; Brodrick's Memorials of Merton College, pp. 193–4 (Oxf. Hist. Soc.); information kindly supplied by Mr. F. Jenkinson, Cambridge University Library.]
C. L. K.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Maule, Patrick

​MAULE, PATRICK, first Earl of Panmure (d. 1661), was the son of Patrick Maule of Panmure, Forfarshire, and Margaret, daughter of John Erskine of Dun, the reformer. He succeeded to the estate on the death of his father in 1605, but before that time had made his appearance at court, and accompanied James I to London in 1603, being then appointed a gentleman of the bedchamber. He had charters of the barony and teinds of Panmure in 1610 and 1619. After the death of James I, in 1625, he was continued in his office as gentleman of the bedchamber, and was made keeper of the palace and park of Eltham, and sheriff of Forfarshire. He gained the confidence of Charles I during his long term of service at the court, and became one of that monarch's special favourites. There is ample evidence afforded by his letters to his nephew, Alexander Erskine of Dun, that Maule did his best to bring about a reconciliation between the king and the covenanters. Throughout the troubles in which Charles I was involved Maule adhered to him with unshaken fidelity, and he espoused the cause of Charles II, fighting bravely in his defence. His faithfulness was recognised by his being raised to the peerage on 2 Aug. 1646, with the title of Baron Maule of Brechin and Navar and Earl of Panmure. His loyalty provoked the resentment of Cromwell, and by the Act of Grace and Pardon he was fined in the exorbitant sum of 10,000l. sterling (afterwards reduced to 4,000l.), while his son, Henry Maule, was mulcted in the penalty of 2,500l. These fines were paid in 1655. Maule died on 22 Dec. 1661, and was buried in the family vault at Panbride, Forfarshire. He was thrice married, his first wife being Frances, daughter of Sir Edward Stanhope of Grimston, Yorkshire, who was the mother of his two sons, George, second earl of Panmure, and Henry Maule of Balmakelly, Kincardineshire. His two daughters by this wife were Jean, married to the second Earl of Northesk, and Elizabeth, married to the second Earl of Kinghorne, and ancestress of the Earls of Strathmore. His second wife was Mary Waldrum, maid of honour to Queen Henrietta Maria; and his third wife was Lady Mary Erskine, daughter of John, earl of Mar, and widow of William, sixth earl Marischal, but by neither of these had he issue.
[Millar's Roll of Eminent Burgesses of Dundee, p. 144; Registrum de Panmure; Taylor's Great Historic Families of Scotland, ii. 300; Hist. MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. p. 637; Nichols's Progresses of James I, i. 597, 600, ii. 440, 610.]
A. H. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mauger

​MAUGER (d. 1212), bishop of Worcester, of illegitimate birth, was physician to Richard I (Diceto), and archdeacon of Evreux. He was elected bishop of Worcester in August 1199, but his election was annulled by Pope Innocent III on the ground of his illegitimacy. Against this decision he pleaded in person before the pope, who was so favourably impressed by him that he confirmed the election, issued a decretal on his behalf (Innocentii Decretalium Collectio, tit. iv.), and consecrated him at Rome on 4 June 1200. On his return to England he was enthroned at Worcester, and reverently replaced in the church the bones of Bishop Wulfstan (d. 1095), which had been disturbed by his predecessor, Bishop John, of Coutances (d. 1198). Very many miracles followed this act. On 17 April 1202 the cathedral and other buildings were burnt. Apparently in order to raise funds to repair this disaster, the bishop and monks applied for the canonisation of Wulfstan, and satisfactory proof of the miracles having been given, their request was granted the following year. Mauger obtained a judgment subjecting the Abbey of Evesham to his jurisdiction, but the judgment was reversed by the pope. In 1207 Pope Innocent wrote to him and to the bishops of London and Ely bidding them urge King John to submit to the see of Rome, threatening him with an interdict, which they were to publish if he would not give way. They had an interview with John, and, their entreaties being in vain, pronounced the interdict on 23 March 1208. After this Mauger fled the kingdom secretly in company with the Bishop of Hereford, and his possessions were confiscated. At the king's bidding he returned with the bishops of London and Ely in the hope of an accommodation, but failed to persuade John, and after eight weeks returned to France. Innocent sent him and the other two bishops another letter bidding them pronounce the king's excommunication. They hesitated to obey, and sent the letter to the bishops remaining in England. Meanwhile they were blamed by some for having fled, and it was said that they lived in comfort, having left their flocks defenceless (Wendover, iii. 224). In 1209 Mauger and the bishops of London and Ely were again sent for by the king, who commissioned the chief justiciar, Geoffrey FitzPeter [q. v.], to arrange a reconciliation. The bishops landed in September, and discussed terms with the justiciar and other magnates at Canterbury. Mauger received back his manors and 100l. as an instalment of his losses. As, however, the king would not make full restitution, the negotiations fell through, and he and the two other bishops returned to France. He resided at the abbey at Pontigny, and died there on 1 July 1212, having before his death assumed the monastic habit.
W. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Maugham, Robert

​MAUGHAM, ROBERT (d. 1862), first secretary to the Incorporated Law Society, was admitted a solicitor in 1817, after serving his articles with Mr. Barrow of Threadneedle Street. In 1825 he urged, in conjunction with Bryan Holme, the formation of the Incorporated Law Society. He became secretary of a committee to report on the scheme, and the formal establishment of the society (1827) and its incorporation (1831) were the outcome of his labours. He continued to act as secretary and solicitor to the society during the rest of his life. He endeavoured in other ways to advance the interests of his profession, and was the author of several treatises which obtained a wide popularity. In 1830 he founded the ‘Legal Observer,’ of which he continued sole proprietor and editor until 1856, when it was merged in the ‘Solicitors' Journal and Reporter.’ He did much to promote the Attorneys and Solicitors Acts (1843 and 1860), and he was examined by the select committee on legal education (1846). In 1856 the members of the Law Society subscribed 600l. for a testimonial to him. He died on 16 July 1862, and was buried on 22 July at Nunhead cemetery.
Maugham's best-known works are: 1. ‘A Treatise on the Principles of the Usury Laws; with Disquisitions on the Arguments adduced against them by Mr. Bentham and other Writers, and a Review of the Authorities in their Favour,’ London, 1824, 8vo. See also the ‘Pamphleteer,’ vol. xxiii. 2. ‘A Treatise on the Laws of Literary Property, comprising the Statutes and Cases relating to Books, Manuscripts, Lectures,’ &c., London, 1828, 8vo. He published also: 3. ‘A Treatise on the Law of Attornies,’ &c., London, 1825, 8vo. 4. ‘A Complete Collection of the Statutes and Rules and Orders of Court relating to Attornies,’ &c., London, 1839, 8vo.
[Solicitors' Journal and Reporter, vi. 699, 727; Report from Select Committee on Legal Education, 1846, pp. 158–68.]
W. A. S. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mitchell, Hugh Henry

​MITCHELL, HUGH HENRY (1764?–1817), colonel, was appointed ensign in the 101st regiment in January 1782, and was promoted to be lieutenant in June 1783. He served with that regiment in India and until it was disbanded in 1784. In May 1786 he was gazetted to the 26th, and served with it in the latter part of the campaign of 1801 in Egypt. He rose in the 26th to the rank of lieutenant-colonel in December 1805. In June 1811 he exchanged to the 51st light infantry, and commanded that regiment in the Peninsula War till its conclusion in 1814. He obtained the rank of colonel in June 1813, and the order of companion of the Bath on 4 June 1815. In the Waterloo campaign Mitchell commanded a brigade consisting of the 3rd battalion of the 14th, the 23rd fusiliers, and the 51st light infantry.
Wellington was sparing—almost niggardly—in his expressions of praise, and never mentioned an officer in his despatches merely because he commanded a brigade or division, or was on the staff. Mitchell was the only commander of a brigade at Waterloo under the rank of general officer who was thus honoured. For his services in the campaign he received from the Emperor of Russia the order of St. Vladimir of the third class, and also the Russian order of St. Ann.
Mitchell died 20 April 1817, in Queen Anne Street, London.
[Gent. Mag. 1817, pt. i. p. 473; Wellington's Despatches; Gazettes; Army Lists, &c.]
E. O'C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mitchell, James (1791-1852)

​MITCHELL, JAMES (1791–1852), line-engraver, was born in 1791. His most important works were 'Alfred in the Neatherd's Cottage,' 1829, and 'Rat Hunters,' 1830, both after Sir David Wilkie, R.A. He engraved also 'The Contadina,' after Sir Charles L. Eastlake, P.R.A., and 'Lady Jane Grey,' after James Northcote, R.A., for the 'Literary Souvenir' of 1827 and 1832; 'The Farewell,' after Abraham Cooper, R.A.; 'Saturday Night' and 'The Dorty Bairn,' after Sir David Wilkie, and 'The Corsair,' after H. P. Briggs, R. A., for the 'Gem' of 1829, 1830, and 1832; and 'The Secret' after Robert Smirke, R.A., for 'The Keepsake' of 1831. Besides these he produced 'Edie Ochiltree,' after Sir Edwin Landseer and five other illustrations, after Kidd, Stanfield, J. W. Wright, and Alexander Fraser, for the author's edition of the 'Waverley Novels,' 1829-33. He died in London on 29 Nov. 1852, aged 61.
Robert Mitchell (1820–1873), his son, born on 19 May 1820, engraved in mezzotint 'Tapageur, a fashionable Member of the Canine Society,' after Sir Edwin Landseer, 1852, and 'The Parish Beauty' and 'The Pastor's Pet,' a pair after Alfred Rankley, 1853 and 1854; and in the mixed style 'The Happy Mothers' and 'The Startled Twins,' a pair after Richard Ansdell, R.A., 1850, and 'Christ walking on the Sea,' after Robert Scott Lauder, R.S.A., 1854. He also etched several plates, which were completed in mezzotint by other engravers. He died at Bromley, Kent, on 16 May 1873.
R. E. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mitchell, James (1786?-1844)

​MITCHELL, JAMES (1786?–1844), scientific writer, was born in or near Aberdeen about 1786. He was educated at the university of that town, graduated M.A. at University and King's college in 1804, and was subsequently created LL.D. His whole fortune when he came to London in 1805 was 10, and he supported himself by teaching until he became secretary, first to the Star Insurance Company, then to the British Annuity Company. He was employed as actuary to the parliamentary commission on factories, and as sub-commissioner on those relating to handloom-weaving and the condition of women and children in collieries. Overtasked by these labours, he was struck with paralysis in June 1843, and died of apoplexy on 3 Sept. 1844, in the house of his nephew, Mr. Templeton, at Exeter, aged 58. He was a fellow of the Geological Society of London, to which he made numerous communications, and from 1823 a corresponding member of the Society of Scottish Antiquaries.
His works include:
* 'On the Plurality of Worlds,' London, 1813.
* 'An Easy System of Shorthand,' 1815.
* 'A Tour through Belgium, Holland, &c., in the Summer of 1816,' 1816.
* 'The Elements of Natural Philosophy,' 1819.
* 'The Elements of Astronomy,' 1820.
* 'A Dictionary of the Mathematical and Physical Sciences,' 1823.
* 'A Dictionary of Chemistry, Mineralogy, and Geology,' 1823.
* 'The Scotsman's Library,' Edinburgh, 1825, &c.
He left besides many folio volumes in manuscript descriptive of the geology of London and its neighbourhood; and he made at great expense collections relative to Scottish antiquities, some of which he presented to the Society of Scottish Antiquaries, while the remainder were bequeathed by him to the university of Aberdeen.
[Gent. Mag. 1844, ii. 432; Ann. Reg. 1844, p. 267; A11ibone's Dict, of English Literature; Ward's Men of the Reign; Poggendorff's Biog. Lit. Handwörterbuch; Roy. Soc. Cat. of Scientific Papers; Brit. Mus. Cat.]
A. M. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mitchell, John (1806-1874)

​MITCHELL, JOHN (1806–1874), theatre and music agent and manager, was born on 21 April 1806. Early in life he was employed by William Sams of St. James's Street, London, who started the modern system of theatrical agency. In 1834 Mitchell opened a library in Old Bond Street, the headquarters of his extensive business for forty years. He made a practice of engaging a large number of the best seats in every theatre and public hall.
In 1836 and the two following seasons Mitchell opened the Lyceum Theatre for Italian comic opera, giving to it the name of 'Opera Buffa.' 'L'Elisir d'Amore,' on 10 Dec. 1836, was the first of a series of light operas, which, as well as Rossini's 'Stabat Mater' in 1842, were thus introduced to England. In 1842 Mitchell brought over French plays and players, who for a number of years performed at St. James's Theatre. For the same theatre he engaged a French comic opera company, which opened with ' Le Domino Noir ' on 15 Jan. 1849. In 1853 he brought the Cologne Choir to London.
Mitchell was held in great esteem and friendship by the leaders of the stage and concert-room. He died in London on 11 Dec. 1874, in his sixty-eighth year, leaving a son and daughter.
L. M. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Fihely, Maurice

​O'FIHELY, MAURICE (d. 1513), archbishop of Tuam, is generally known as Mauritius de Portu. He was a native of co. Cork, a Franciscan friar, and Wood and others say that he studied at Oxford. As he describe himself as 'Master of Arts,' he may have taken that degree at Oxford before entering the Minorite order. He became regent of the Franciscan schools at Milan in 1488, and regent doctor of theology in 1491 at Padua, where he was still lecturing publicly on theology in 1499, 1504, and 1506. He is said to have acted for some years as principal superintendent of the press set up by Ottaviano Scot to at Venice, but of this no satisfactory evidence is forthcoming. He was minister in Ireland in 1506, and took part in deposing the general minister, Ægidius Delphmus, in the first capitulum generalissimum at Rome in that year. In 1506 also he was made archbishop of Tuam by Julius H. He continued to reside in Italy, and was present at the Lateran council in 1612. He at length departed to Ireland, but died at Galway in 1513, and was buried among the Grey friars there. He is chiefly known as the editor of many of the works of Duns Scotus. He edited with omissions, expansions, and explanatory notes, the following treatisee of the subtle ​doctor: 'De primo principio,' 'Theoremata,' 'Expositio in XII libros Metaphysicorum,' 'Quæstiones in metaphysicam Aristotelis,' Venice, 1497, and elsewhere; 'Comment, in lib. i. Sententiarum,' Venice, 1506; 'Comment. in lib. i. et ii. Sententiarum,' Paris, 1513; 'De Formalitatibus,' Venice, 1506, 1517; 'Collationes,' Paris, 1513. He was the author of an 'Expositio quæstionum Doctoris Subtilis in quinque universalia Porphyrii,' or 'Expositio in quæstiones dialecticas J. Duns Scoti,' begun at Padua and finished at Ferrara, 1499 (Venice, 1500, 1519); of critical treatises on the same doctor's 'Quæstiones in Metaphysicam,' 'De Primo Principio,' and 'Theoremata' (Venice, 1497; Paris, 1513), and of a short treatise entitled 'Enchyridion fidei,' or 'De rerum contingentia et divina predestinatione,' dedicated to Gerald Fitzgerald, the 'great earl' of Kildare (Venice, 1505). He also edited, while lecturing at Padua, a version of the four books of the sentences in hexameters called 'Compendium Veritatum' (Venice, 1505), and began an edition of the works of Francis de Mayronis (Venice, 1520). The 'Distinctiones ordine alphabetico' sometimes attributed to him were the work of a Friar Maurice of the thirteenth century.
A relative, Domunall O'Fihely (fl. 1506), wrote 'Irish Annals,' in Irish, dedicated to Florence O'Mahony, which were seen in manuscript in London in 1626 by Sir James Ware, but are now lost (O'Doxovan, The Genealogy of Corca Laidhe; Ware, Irish Writers, 1704, p. 23).
[Wadding's Annales and Scriptores; Sbaralea, Supplementum ad Scriptores; J. Duns Scoti Opera Omnia, Lyons, 1639; Wood's Athenæ Oxon.; Tanner's Bibliotheca; Cotton's Fasti Eccles. Hibern.; The Grey Friars in Oxford (Oxford Hist. Soc.); Brady's Episcopal Succession; Gams's Series Epicoporum; Hardiman's Hist. of Galway, p. 265 ii.]
A. G. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Hagan, John

​O'HAGAN, JOHN (1822–1890), judge, second son of John Arthur O'Hagan of Newry, co. Down, born at Newry on 19 March 1822, graduated B.A. at Trinity College, Dublin, in 1842, and proceeded M.A. in 1860. He was called to the Irish bar in 1842, and went the Munster circuit. An active member of the Young Ireland party, he was one of the counsel for Sir Charles Gavan Duffy on his trial for complicity in the rebellion of 1848. He also contributed to the 'Nation,' both in prose and verse, his poems being distinguished by the pseudonyms or initials Sliabh Cuilluim, Carolina Wilhelmina, O., or J. O'H. They are collected in 'The Spirit of the Nation,' Dublin, 1874, 8vo.
O'Hagan was appointed commissioner of the board of national education in 1861, took silk in 1860, and was admitted a bencher of King's Inn in 1878. On the passing of the Land Law (Ireland) Act of 1881 he was appointed judicial commissioner thereunder, with the rank of justice of the high court of justice, having previously qualified for the office by being made her majesty's third Serjeant (31 May). He died on 12 Nov. 1890.
O'Hagan was a good scholar and a competent lawyer, and was equally respected for his integrity and admired for his chivalrous character. He married in 1865 Frances, daughter of Thomas O'Hagan [q. v.], lord chancellor of Ireland.
O'Hagan's patriotic songs are held in much esteem by his countrymen of the Nationalist party. Besides them he published a lecture on Chaucer in 'Afternoon Lectures on Literature and Art,' London, 1864, 8vo; 'The Song of Roland,' a metrical version of the 'Chanson de Roland,' London, 1883,; 'The Poetry of Sir Samuel Ferguson,' a critical essay, Dublin, 1887, 8vo; and 'Irish Patriotism: Thomas Davis,' in the 'Contemporary Review,' October 1890. 'Joan of Arc' (an historical study originally contributed to the 'Atlantis' in 1808) appeared in a posthumous volume, London, 1893, 8vo.
[O'Donoghue's Poets of Ireland; Irish Law Times, 15 Nov. 1890; Sir Charles Gavan Duff's Young Ireland. 1840-50, pp. 293, 565, 763, and Four Years of Irish History, pp. 582, 739; Ann. Reg. 1844, Chron. p. 304; Thom's Irish Almanac; Haydn's Book of Dignities, ed. Ockerby; Cal. Dubl. Grad.]
J. M. R.