OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993/1994-07-22/Chapter 2

Chapter 2
Citizenship and Franchise
Citizenship
5. (1) There shall be a South African citizenship.
(2) South African citizenship and the acquisition, loss and restoration of South African citizenship shall, subject to section 20 read with section 33(1), be regulated by an Act of Parliament.
(3) Every person who is a South African citizen shall, subject to this Constitution, be entitled to enjoy all rights, privileges and benefits of South African citizenship, and shall be subject to all duties, obligations and responsibilities of South African citizenship as are accorded or imposed upon him or her in terms of this Constitution or an Act of Parliament.
The franchise
6. Every person who is—
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
(c)
shall be entitled to vote in elections of the National Assembly, a provincial legislature or a local government and in referenda or plebiscites contemplated in this Constitution, in accordance with and subject to the laws regulating such elections, referenda and plebiscites.
# De Sylva v. Ballentine

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United States Supreme Court
351 U.S. 570
De Sylva v. Ballentine
Argued: April 25, 1956. --- Decided: June 11, 1956
Mr.
Theodore Kiendl, New York City, for petitioner.
Mr. Max Fink, Los Angeles, Cal., for respondent.
Opinion of the Court by Mr. Justice HARLAN, announced by Mr. Justice BURTON.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# De St. Colombe v. United States

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
32 U.S. 625
De St. Colombe v. United States

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# De St. Colombe v. United States/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
32 U.S. 625
De St. Colombe v. United States
APPEAL from the District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana. The case was argued by Livingston, in a printed argument, for the appellants; and by Taney, Attorney-General, for the United States.
MARSHALL, Ch. J., delivered the opinion of the court.
The United States had obtained judgment against P. F. Dubourg de St. Colombe, in his lifetime, for a large sum of money. This judgment was revived after his death; or, in the law language of Louisiana, declared executory; and the property of which he died possessed, ordered to be seized and sold to satisfy the demand of the United States. The heirs of P. F. Dubourg de St. Colombe filed their bill, praying an injunction to stay proceedings at law on this judgment.
The bill alleges, that the estate of their parents was held in common, at the death of their mother, and that the moiety belonging to their mother descended, at her death, on them, and was not liable for debts afterwards contracted by their father. It also alleges, that they were infants, and that their father took possession of their estate, which he had wasted to an amount exceeding his effects in their hands. The law of Louisiana, they say, gave them a lien, at the death of their mother, on all the estate of their father, to the extent of this waste, exempt from the claim of any subsequent creditor.
Several witnesses were examined, and several documents filed to prove the amount of the estate, at the death of their mother. The accounts are complex and intricate. The judge examined them, and being of opinion, that the estate was insolvent at the death of the mother, dissolved the injunction and decreed costs. This has been understood to be a final decree, and to be equivalent to dismissing the bill; the plaintiffs appealed to this court.
We are of opinion, that a complex and intricate account is an unfit subject for examination in court, and ought always to be referred to a commissioner, to be examined by him and reported, in order to a final decree. To such report, the parties may take any exceptions; and thus bring any question they may think proper before the court. The decree, therefore, is reversed, and the cause remanded to the court of the United States for the eastern district of Louisiana, with directions to refer the account to a commissioner, with instructions to settle and report the amount of the estate, at the death of the wife, in order to a final decree; and to state such matters specially as he may think necessary, or as either party may require.
Decree reversed.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# De Sobry v. Nicholson/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
70 U.S. 420
De Sobry v. Nicholson
No exception can be considered here which was not taken in the court below.
The point relied upon to reverse the judgment is not that the copartners of the plaintiff below could not assign their interests in the original contract so as to vest in him the right to sue in his own name alone, but that one of the assignors was, at the time of the commencement of the action, a citizen and resident of the same State with the defendant, and that hence the Circuit Court had no jurisdiction.
To this there are two answers.
The objection to jurisdiction upon the ground of citizenship, in actions at law, can only be made by a plea in abatement. After the general issue, it is too late. It cannot be raised at the trial upon the merits. If a plea in abatement be filed with the general issue, the latter waives the former. Where a plea in abatement is relied upon, the burden of proof rests upon the defendant. In equity, the defence must be presented by plea or demurrer, and not by answer. The court below properly overruled the motion.
We think, also, that a new contract between the plaintiff and the defendant, and its execution by the plaintiff, are substantially averred, and that the original contract is set out as inducement. It is said by the counsel for the plaintiff in error, that if such a contract be alleged, it is done with careful ambiguity and indefiniteness. Conceding this to be so, it is a case, not of a defective title, but of a title defectively stated, which is always cured by the verdict.
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED WITH COSTS.

## Notes

* ↑ Stoddard et al. v. Chambers, 2 Howard, 285; MdConald v. Smalley et al., 1 Peters, 620.
* ↑ Smith et al. v. Kernochen, 7 Howard, 216.
* ↑ Bailey v. Dozier, 6 Id. 30; Sheppard et al. v. Graves, 14 Id. 505.
* ↑ Ib. 505, 512.
* ↑ Livingston v. Story, 11 Peters, 351.
* ↑ 1 Chitty's Pleading (10th American ed.), 672. American ed.), 672.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Diary of the times of Charles II/Volume 1/The Countess of Sunderland to Mr. Sidney, January 23

THE COUNTESS OF SUNDERLAND TO MR. SIDNEY.
January 23.
I hope you will receive an everlasting reward for all the trouble and pains you take in a good cause, and that it will succeed to your heart's desire. I cannot but lament at the signs I see of your being kept longer from this poor closet, where I wish you very often in a day, and hope I am not mistaken in thinking my mind and yours agree in that particular.
We are every day between hopes and fears, but the last commonly crown the day. The King, God be praised, is better than ever I have seen him since his sickness; he dined here yesterday, and was in the best humour possible. This day the Common Council sits upon the petition; what the event will be I know not, but you'll hear, I suppose, from his honour. We hope well. Several counties of England have rejected and declared against it as a tumultuous thing. Nay, in ​Somersetshire they have gone so far as to set forth remonstrances against such seditions proceedings, but here is the business that crowns the day, Just now I have an account of what the Common Council has done, namely, that the petition was rejected by 15 voices, though my Lord Mayor played the devil. 'Tis the best news we could hope for. If the City be quiet, I think there is no great danger, and I hope in God, that time will bring people to their wits again. I assure you we are all very pert upon this unexpected good success. I pray God send we may make a good use of all these reprieves. It may seem very impertinent my writing all this, which you will certainly hear from better hands, and more impertinent my commenting upon it, but I love to impart my thoughts to my friend, and you, I hope, will ever be in the first rank.
# Diary of the times of Charles II/Volume 1/The Countess of Sunderland to Mr. Sidney, January 8

THE COUNTESS OF SUNDERLAND TO MR. SIDNEY.
January 8th.
I cannot forbear writing to let you know that your memorials and all you do is found most excellent and approved of by all persons. What a satisfaction 'tis to me to have you succeed so well, ​I cannot express; all I can say towards it is, that if my Lord Spencer were what you are, and behaved himself as well, I could not be more joyed; nor did I ever see my Lord so glad of any thing; and truly it must be a near concern to rejoice his heart, for he never was so desponding as now: but to give you an account of the last fine pranks of the French Ambassador upon your letter of what he had writ of the King into Holland, it has been all pursued with great warmth, and the King has hitherto done just as he should; but truly I fear there will be some scurvy patching, for the Duchess of Portsmouth is so d—d a Jade, that for my part I think it is but a folly to hope; for she will certainly sell us whenever she can for £500, and so God bless you in all your proceedings!
The more you write my Lord word that he will ​be ruined if he engages in the business of France, the better; not that he is at all inclined to it, but I know any thing of warning from you does him good.
* ↑ The passages in Italics are in cipher.
* ↑ "We are, however, much indebted to the memory of Barbara, Duchess of Cleveland, Louisa Duchess of Portsmouth, and Mrs. Eleanor Gwyn. We owe a tribute of gratitude to the Mays, the Killegrews, the Chiffinches, and the Grammonts. They played a serviceable part in ridding the kingdom of its bespotted loyalty. They saved our forefathers from the star-chamber and the high commission court; they laboured in their vocation against standing armies and corruption; they pressed forward the great ultimate security of English freedom, the expulsion of the house of Stuart."—Hallam's Constit. Hist., 217.
# Diary of the times of Charles II/Volume 1/The Dowager Lady Sunderland to Mr. Sidney, September 2

THE DOWAGER LADY SUNDERLAND TO MR. SIDNEY.
September 2nd.
Since you were so thankful for a poor silly letter, I'll tell you of one more. I writ to you as soon as my little brains were settled by hearing the King was much mended, and, thanks be to God, does yet continue; but I have the less comfort in it because his fits were put off, like mine, by the Jesuit's powder, and it was as necessary to give it to him as to me, for he was with two fits weaker than I was with more. If all the ​trouble people have been in was out of kindness to him, never any king had so much, for it was to a distraction. I believe yet there is scarce any body beyond Temple Bar that believes his distemper proceeded from any thing but poison, though as little like it as if he had fallen from a horse; every body is very desirous to have him come to town as soon as he is able; as yet he does not appear much inclined to it, yet one of our friends, he that is constantly there, you do not doubt, is very well in favour of it, and the other, who is much there, is so too.
In my last, I told you of a fine affair of love and caressing: now I am told, but by no Privy Councillor, that the Duchess of Richmond had, notwithstanding the troubles of the time, complained to the King of the great injury How had done her in bragging of her favours and letters when she had never given him cause for either. The King appointed the Duke of Monmouth, my Lords Essex, Sunderland, and Halifax, to examine this business; this I am told, and I think they judge of the lady's side; then he is a fine gentleman if he lies. If the Privy Councillors had not used their authority to keep the crowds out of the ​King's chamber, he had been smothered; the bedchamber men could do nothing to hinder it.
My niece, Martha, passed this way into Northamptonshire; my sister has been very kind to them, and keeps the child; the two sisters, I doubt, are not very kind, nor the two brothers-in-law. I dare say, by what Montague has told me, Mr. Algernon has been a good while at Paris, and not gone to Holland. Penn did what he could to help Fagg and hinder my brother, Pelham, who had not one gentleman against him. My Lord Clifford does not stand; my Lord Burlington would not bear the charge. This town does infinitely abound in lies; I believe there is a great one just now, that the Duke came last night, and went immediately to Windsor; this would make news indeed for the next post. With much affection, I am your humble servant,
D.S.
Not so strange as true, the Duke is come, as others will tell you, only with old Ned Villiers, Churchill, and young Legge; how he was received I did not hear. I have seen nobody that knows any thing. I believe nothing has surprised more a long time but his going.
# Diary of the times of Charles II/Volume 1/The Earl of Halifax to Mr. Sidney, September 19

THE EARL OF HALIFAX TO MR. SIDNEY.
London, September 19th,—79.
I have been indisposed and am so still, which, though it be some excuse for me that I have been so slow in answering your last, yet it must not keep me any longer from doing that which I have always so much mind to do. I do not wonder that what hath happened here lately set everybody's thoughts at work where you are; and no doubt till these riddles are cleared, we must expect nobody will be in temper to take any measures with us. But my Lord of Sunderland hath from time to time acquainted you with the state of our world, and by that enabled you to lessen if not destroy the fears that have been raised in Holland upon the late occasions, and when the things are executed which are intended, I hope the ​conclusion of these matters will give as much satisfaction as the beginning of them afforded occasion for jealousy and dispute. You cannot give me a greater mark of your kindness than your continuing to do me good offices where I am so ambitious to be well, and I do not doubt you will get so good an interest there yourself, as that, besides your own satisfaction, it will be an advantage and a furtherance to those things that are designed.
It is no small mark of the Prince's credit that he hath been able to draw Monsieur Van Beuninghen from his opinion, to which he is naturally partial enough, if I do not mistake him; therefore, if our disagreements here, when the Parliament meeteth, do not prove to be such as will discourage all our friends abroad from dealing with us, I am in hopes we may join in the means for our preservation, notwithstanding the arts as well the power of France, which are both great arguments to discompose any model that can be made against them. We say here that the Duke of Monmouth will go next week, and the Duke a day after him. The King seemeth inclined to go to Newmarket; his inclination is so strong for it, that it is an ill way of making one's court to dissuade him from it, ​though most wish he would stay in town for more reasons besides his health.
I am ever, your most faithful Servant,
Halifax.
# Diary of the times of Charles II/Volume 1/The Duke of York to Mr. Sidney, February 3

THE DUKE OF YORK TO MR. SIDNEY.
Edinburgh, February 3.
I received some days since yours of the 26th of the last month, in which you gave me an account how affairs stood where you are. I hope they will go as they should, and I am very confident his Majesty will do always what becomes him. At the distance I am from London, I can say little: I hope to be there very soon, expecting every ​moment the Yachts, which his Majesty has sent to fetch me and then I shall be able to say more; all things here are very quiet, and like to continue so; I wish they were so where I am going, and I hope and make no doubt they will, now they see his Majesty will be so steady in his resolutions.
I have not time to say any more now.
James.
When you write, do it without ceremony.
# Diary of the times of Charles II/Volume 1/The Earl of Essex to Charles the Second, July 21

THE EARL OF ESSEX TO CHARLES II.
London, July 21, 1679.
Since my coming to town I have heard of many discourses here, concerning the new company of ​guards which your Majesty is raising; those who do not wish well to your affairs do rejoice much at it, concluding it will give great cause of jealousy to your people, and prevent the good effects which your Majesty hopes for, this next session of Parliament; and that upon this occasion may be taken to question some guards now in being. 'Tis commonly said this is but a foundation of a standing army, whilst a body of officers shall be thus kept together to head men which may suddenly be raised; that this is an illusion of the act of disbanding, which intended to separate the officers and soldiers then in pay, when so soon after many of these officers are collected into a body again. There is nothing I do more apprehend than a mistrust men may have, that any design is on foot of ​governing by an army, and therefore the least action which may be construed to intend this cannot at this conjuncture but be very fatal to your Majesty. Your Majesty has gained much upon your people by disbanding the troops raised for Scotland, and I should grieve extremely to see you lose again that credit by forming this new constitution of guards. The world cannot but observe the great frugality your Majesty has begun in your household, and the retrenchments intended on pennons and otherwise. Now if monies shall be saved all other ways, and force increased, what hopes can there be of a supply to relieve your Majesty's pressing occasions, when, in so narrow a time as this, the charge of troops being increased, men will apprehend the money which shall be given will be applied to the like uses? I cannot but acquaint your Majesty of the effect it hath on the Treasury, for we do clearly find men much more backward to lend money than they were before. There are divers who have endeavoured to obstruct the credit there, but 'tis certain now they do it with much more force, whilst they have this pretence to back all they say. I speak nothing but from a heart zealous for your service, and therefore I hope your Majesty will be pleased graciously to accept what I ​have said, and make such reflections thereon as may be most for your own good, which is ever the aim of your Majesty's most dutiful and most obedient subject and servant.
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Apollinaris 2.

​1. Claudius Apollinaris, bishop of Hierapolis in Phrygia (A. D. 170 and onwards), wrote an "Apology for the Christian faith" (λόγοι ὑπὲρ τῆς πίστεως δπολογίας) to the emperor M. Antoninus. He also wrote against the Jews and the Gentiles, and against the heresies of the Montanists and the Encratites, and some other works, all of which are lost. (Euseb. H. E. iv. 27, v. 19 ; Hieron. de Vir. Illust. 26, Epist. 84 ; Nicephorus, iv. 11 ; Photius, Cod. 14; Theodoret. de Hueret. Fab. iii. 2 ; Chronicon Paschale.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Apollocrates

​APOLLO'CRATES (Ἀπολλοκράτης), the elder son of Dionysius, the Younger, was left by his father in command of the island and citadel of Syracuse, but was compelled by famine to surrender them to Dion, about b. c. 354. He was allowed to sail away to join his father in Italy. (Plut. Dion, 37, &c., 56; Strab. vi. p.259; Nepos, Dion, 5 ; Aelian, V. H. ii. 41.) Athenaeus speaks (vi. pp. 435, f., 436, a.) of Apollocrates as the son of the elder Dionysius; but this must be a mistake, unless we suppose with Kühn (ad Ael. l.c.), that there were two persons of this name, one a son of the elder and the other of the younger Dionysius.
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Aratus 3.

​ARA′TUS (Ἄρατος), of Cnidus, the author of a history of Egypt. (Anonym. Vit. Arat.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Apollinaris 4.

​3. The author of two epigrams in the Greek Anthology, is very probably the same person as the elder Apollinaris of Laodicea. (Jacobs, Anthol. Graec. xiii. p. 853.) [P. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Araros

​ARA′ROS (Ἀραρώς), an Athenian comic poet of the middle comedy, was the son of Aristophanes, who first introduced him to public notice as the principal actor in the second Plutus (B. C. 388), the last play which he exhibited in his own name: he wrote two more comedies, the Κώκαλος and the AioXoffΑἰολοσίκωνiKuv, which were brought out in the name of Araros (Arg, ad Plut. iv. Bekker), probably very soon after the above date. Araros first exhibited in his own name B. C. 375. (Suidas, s. v.) Suidas mentions the following as his comedies: Καινεύς, Καμπυλίων, Πανὸς γοναί, Ὑμέναιος, Ἄδωνις, Παρθενίδιον. All that we know of his dramatic character is contained in the following passage of Alexis (Athen. iii p. 123, e.), who, however, was his rival:
καὶ γὰρ βούλομαι ὕδατός σε γεῦσαι· πρᾶγμα δ᾽ ἐστί μοι μέγα φρέατος ἔνδον ψυχρότερον Ἀραρότος.
[P. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Aras

​ARAS. [Araethyrea.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Apollinaris, Claudius

​APOLLINA'RIS, CLAU'DIUS, the commander of Vitellius' fleet at Misenum, when it revolted to Vespasian in A. D. 70. Apollinaris escaped with six galleys. (Tac. Hist. iii. 57, 76, 77.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Apollinaris 1.

​APOLLINA'RIS and APOLLINA'RIUS are different forms of the same Greek name, Ἀπολλινάριος. For the sake of convenience we use in every case the form Apollinaris, which is always employed by Latin writers.