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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pectoral

From volume 11 of the work.
("pectoral of judgment").
The original meaning of the Hebrew term has been lost, and little light is thrown upon it by the early translations. The prevailing equivalent in the Sept. is logion; the Vulgate has rationale, whence the literal "rational" of the Douai version; the rendering in the Authorized Version is "breastplate".
In the minute directions given for the distinctive official dress of the high priest in Exodus, xxviii, a section belonging to the priestly code (cf. also Exodus, xxxix, 8-21), special prominence is given to the breastplate or pectoral. The divergent description of the same recorded by Josephus ("Antiq.", III, vii, 5 and "Bell." V, v, 7) is considered less reliable. The main reason of the importance attached to the construction of the pectoral seems to be the fact that it was the receptacle of the sacred oracular lot, the mysterious Urim and Thummim, a consideration which renders probable the tentative etymological signification of the original term proposed by Ewald ("Antiquities of Israel", 294), viz., "the pouch of the Oracle". From Exodus we learn that the material employed was the same substantially as for the ephod, viz., gold, blue, purple, and scarlet on a ground of fine twined linen, which are the finest and most artistic textile fabrics (cf. also Ecclus., xlv). The form of the pectoral was a square made by the folding in two of the material measuring a cubit in length and half a cubit in breadth. Into this square were fitted by means of gold settings four rows of precious stones, three in a row. On each jewel was inscribed the name of one of the twelve tribes of Israel, whose memory was thus borne continually before the Lord by the high priest in his official functions (see Exodus, xxviii, 29).
Besides the ordinary Commentaries on the Book of Exodus, see Ancessi, L'Egypte et Mo=95se (Paris, 1875), chap: Les Vétements les Grande Pr=90tre; KENNEDY in HASTINGS, Dict, of the Bible, s. v. Breastplate of the High Priest; BRAUN, Vest. Sacerd. Heb. (Amsterdam, 1680).
James F. Driscoll.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pectorale

From volume 11 of the work.
(Crux Pectoralis).
The name of the cross used by the pope, cardinals, bishops, abbots, and other prelates entitled to use the pontifical insignia. It is worn on the breast attached to a chain or silken cord, the colour differing, according to the dignity of the wearer, i.e. green, violet, or black. It is made of precious metal, ornamented, more or less, with diamonds, pearls, or similar embellishment, and contains either the relics of some saint, or a particle of the Holy Cross. It is worn over the alb during liturgical functions. The prelate should kiss the cross before putting it on his neck, and while putting it on say the prayer "Munire me digneris" (the origin of which dates back to the Middle Ages), in which he petitions God for protection against his enemies, and begs to bear in mind continually the Passion of Our Lord, and the triumphs of the confessors of the Faith. The pontifical pectoral cross is distinct from the simple cross, the use of which is often permitted by the pope to members of cathedral chapters. Canons, to whom this privilege has been granted, are permitted to wear the cross at choir service only, and not over the alb at liturgical services, unless specially permitted. The pectoral is the latest addition to episcopal ornaments. The custom, however, of wearing a cross on the breast either with or without holy relics, dates back to ancient time and was observed not only by bishops, but also by priests and lay people. The first mention made of the pectoral cross as a part of pontifical ornament is made by Innocent III, and its use as such only became customary toward the close of the Middle Ages. As an adornment for bishops we meet it the first time toward the end of the thirteenth century (Durandus), but at that time it was not generally worn by bishops. As Durandus says: "it was left to the discretion of the individual bishop to wear it or not". The Greek bishops also wear a pectoral cross but only over their liturgical vestments (chasuble or salkos).
JOSEPH BRAUN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Paulus Venetus

From volume 11 of the work.
Theologian of the Hermits of the Order of Saint Augustine, born according to the chroniclers of his order, at Udine, about 1368; died at Venice, 15 June, 1428. He made his religious profession in the Convent of Saint Stephen, Venice, whence the name, Venetus. In 1390 he is said to have been sent to Oxford for his studies in theology, but returned to Italy, and finished his course at Padua. He lectured in the University at Padua during the first quarter of the fifteenth century. His writings, aside from any question of their present worth, show a wide knowledge and interest in the scientific problems of his time. Besides the usual lectures on the four books of "Sentences", sermons, and instructions, he wrote "De Conceptione B. Mariae Virginis", "De quadratura circuli", "De circulis componentibus mundum", "Logica parva et logica magna". This last, also known as "Logica Duplex", was largely used as a textbook during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and was several times reprinted. Paulus was one of the theologians called to Rome in 1427, by Martin V, to take cognizance of the charges brought against St. Bernardine of Siena, occasioned by the preaching of the "new devotion" to the Holy Name.
FRANCIS E. TOURSCHER
# The Rebellion in the Cevennes/Translator's Preface

PREFACE
A predilection for the productions of Tieck and a desire to introduce this remarkable work of the great German Poet to a larger circle of the reading world: were the chief inducements, on the part of the translator, for causing it to appear in an English form. As far as regards the manner in which the translation itself has been executed, the writer will be allowed to affirm, that the original has been, in every sense, as closely adhered to, as the idiom of the English language would admit of; to say, however, whether those efforts have been attended with any corresponding success, must be humbly left to the judgment of the discerning critic.
# The Rebel (Pearse)

* information about this edition.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
from Notes for Revolutionaries Vol 1, Foilseacháin an Ghlór Gafa, Belfast, 2005, pg 68-70
I am come of the seed of the people, the people that sorrow;
Who have no treasure but hope,
No riches laid up but a memory of an ancient glory My mother bore me in bondage, in bondage my mother was born,
I am of the blood of serfs;
The children with whom I have played, the men and women with whom I have eaten Have had masters over them, have been under the lash of masters,
and though gentle, have served churls.
The hands that have touched mine,
the dear hands whose touch Is familiar to me
Have worn shameful manacles, have been bitten at the wrist by manacles,
have grown hard with the manacles and the task-work of strangers. I am flesh of the flesh of these lowly, I am bone of their bone I that have never submitted;
I that have a soul greater than the souls of my people’s masters,
I that have vision and prophecy, and the gift of fiery speech,
I that have spoken with God on the top of his holy hill.
And because I am of the people, I understand the people,
I am sorrowful with their sorrow, I am hungry with their desire;
My heart is heavy with the grief of mothers,
My eyes have been wet with the tears of children,
 I have yearned with old wistful men,
And laughed and cursed with young men;
 Their shame is my shame, and I have reddened for it
Reddened for that they have served, they who should be free Reddened for that they have gone in want, while others have been full,
Reddened for that they have walked in fear of lawyers and their jailors.
With their Writs of Summons and their handcuffs, Men mean and cruel.
I could have borne stripes on my body Rather than this shame of my people.
And now I speak, being full of vision: I speak to my people, and I speak in my people’s name to The masters of my people:
I say to my people that they are holy,
That they are august despite their chains.
That they are greater than those that hold them And stronger and purer,
That they have but need of courage, and to call on the name of their God,
God the unforgetting, the dear God who loves the people
For whom he died naked, suffering shame. And I say to my people’s masters: Beware
Beware of the thing that is coming, beware of the risen people Who shall take what ye would not give.
Did ye think to conquer the people, or that law is stronger than life,
And than men’s desire to be free?
We will try it out with you ye that have harried and held,
Ye that have bullied and bribed.
Tyrants… hypocrites… liars!
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Rebellion in the Cevennes/Author's Preface

Wikisource translation of Tieck's preface from the German edition of 1826.
PREFACE
_____
I began this tale as early as 1820. On my way home from Italy in 1806 I became acquainted with Herr Sinclair in Frankfurt-am-Mainz, who showed me three dramas on this very remarkable incident; these contained so much that was beautiful, especially in their lyrical parts, but they were not sufficiently appreciated at that time and are now largely forgotten. They moved me at least — to such an extent that I looked up this great event in French history. I soon discovered that Catholic historians have ignored this remarkable affair as much as possible, while the persecuted have lamented their sufferings more than historical opinion has been able to express.
When I became acquainted by chance with François-Maximilien Misson's The Sacred Theatre of the Cévennes, a tale of the visions and destinies of those persecuted ones who had fled to England, which was published in London in 1711, the outline of this novella began to take shape in my mind. I then read the memoirs of [Claude Louis Hector de] Villars and as many other memoirs as I could find, but the work I found particularly helpful was the Histoire des Camisards (London, 1744). My work of fiction was almost finished, however, when I first became acquainted with the Histoire des Troubles des Cévennes, which was reprinted in Alès in 1819. This is manifestly the best work on this affair, and a new edition of a book which was first printed in 1760 but which has seldom appeared in print since then.
Dresden, June 1826.  L. T.
# The Rebel

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "The Rebel."
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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* The Rebel (Marquis)
* The Rebel (Pearse)
# The Rebellion in the Cevennes

Ludwig Tieck's unfinished novella The Rebellion in the Cevennes (Der Aufruhr in den Cevennen) was begun in 1820 and first published in 1826. The third volume was never written.
THE
REBELLION IN THE CEVENNES,
AN HISTORICAL NOVEL.
IN TWO VOLUMES.
By LUDWIG TIECK
TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN BY
MADAME BURETTE.
VOL. I.
LONDON:
D. NUTT, FLEET STREET.
DUBLIN: J CUMMING.—EDINBURGH: BELL AND BRADFUTE
1845
Translator's Preface Author's Preface Historical Notice
Volume I Chapter I Chapter II Chapter III Chapter VI Chapter VII Chapter VIII Chapter IX Chapter X
Volume II Chapter I Chapter II Chapter III Chapter IV Chapter V Chapter VI Chapter VII Chapter VIII Chapter IX Chapter X
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.

## References

* ↑ Chapter IV was incorrectly called Chapter VI in Madame Burette's English translation. This is a complete and unabridged translation of Tieck's text.
* ↑ Part II (Zweiter Abschnitt) of Tieck's German text begins here.
# The Revolutionary Act

Contains Engels's Introduction to The Class Struggles in France
page
OFFICIAL ORGAN SOCIALIST LABOR PARTY
A revolutionary Socialist journal. Dedicated to the idea that the emancipation of the working class must be the class-conscious work of that class. The WEEKLY PEOPLE teaches that a political victory of the working class is "moonshine" unless the might of the workers in the shape of a revolutionary industrial union is behind that victory. It teaches further that the organization of the working class can not be accomplished by dragging the revolutionary movement into the rat-holes of anarchists and "pure and simple" physical forcists generally. The WEEKLY PEOPLE ruthlessly exposes the scheming "pure and simple" politician as well as the "pure and simple" physical forcist. In doing this it at the same time time imparts sound information regarding Marxian or scientific Socialism. It is a journal which, read a few times, becomes indispensable.
Subscription rates: One year, $2; six months, $1; three months, .50 cents; trial subscription. 25 cents. Bundle rates supplied on request.
Weekly People, 45 Rose St., New York City.
page
Frederick Engels
page
The Revolutionary Act
Military Insurrection or Political and Economic Action?
By FREDERICK ENGELS
Translated by Henry Kuhn
With an appendix by DANIEL DE LEON
Published, 1922, by the New York Labor News Company, (Socialist Labor Party) New York City
page
Copyright, 1922, by the National Executive Committee, Socialist Labor Party.
page
* Preface
* The Revolutionary Act
* Militarism or Industrial Unionism?
* Advertisements
page
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# The Orator (Cicero)

English-language translations of Orator include:
# The Order for Surrender, 29 April, 1916

This letter was written in 16 Moore Street, 29th April, 3.45 p.m., 1916.
In order to prevent the further slaughter of Dublin citizens, and in the hope of saving the lives of our followers now surrounded and hopelessly outnumbered, the members of the Provisional Government present at Headquarters have agreed to an unconditional surrender, and the Commandants of the various districts in the City and Country will order their commands to lay down arms. P. H. PEARSE. 29th April, 3.45 p.m., 1916.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Last Words,Piaras F. Mac Lochlainn,3rd Reprint, 2006 ISBN 0-7076-0101-0
* ↑ Last Words,Piaras F. Mac Lochlainn,3rd Reprint, 2006 ISBN 0-7076-0101-0
# The Orator

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "The Orator."
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* The Orator, an essay by M. Tullius Cicero
* "The Orator", a short story by Anton Chekov
# The Ordination (Burns)

* "The Ordination", in The Beauties of Burn's Poems (1819), a chapbook printed in Falkirk
* "The Ordination", in The Poetical Works of Robert Burns (1887), edited by Alexander Smith
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pierre Vernier

From volume 15 of the work.
Inventor of the instrument which bears his name, b. at Ornans, Franche-Comte, c. 1580; d. there, 14 Sept., 1637. His father was his teacher in science. He became captain and castellan, for the King of Spain, of the castle at Ornans, and councillor and director general of moneys in the County of Burgundy. At Brussels, 1631, he published and dedicated to the Infanta, the treatise "La construction, l'usage, et les propriétés du quadrant nouveau de mathématiques", describing the ingenious device on which his fame now rests. To a quadrant with a primary scale in half degrees Vernier proposed to attach a movable sector, thirty-one half degrees in length but divided into thirty equal parts (each part consisting then of a half degree plus one minute). In measuring an angle, minutes could be easily reckoned by noticing which division line of the sector coincided with a division line of the quadrant. Christopher Clavius (q.v.) had mentioned the idea but had not proposed to attach permanently the scale to the alidade. The name vernier, now commonly applied to a small movable scale attached to a sextant, barometer, or other graduated instrument, was given by Lalande who showed that the previous name nonius, after Peter Nunez, belonged more properly to a different contrivance.
DELAMBRE, Histoire de l'astronomie moderne, II (Paris, 1821), 119-25; LALANDE, Bibligraphie astronomique (Paris, 1803), 196.
Paul H. Linehan.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pierre Willems

From volume 15 of the work.
Philologist, born at Maastricht, 6 January, 1840; died at Louvain, 23 February, 1898. Following the custom of Belgian students he did not confine himself to the courses at Louvain but went to Paris to hear Oppert, Egger, and Patin, and to Berlin, Utrecht, and Leyden, where he followed the courses of Cobet. On his return in 1865 he was appointed professor of Latin philology at the University of Louvain; here he spent the remainder of his life, the only events being his lectures and his works. His two chief works are "Le droit public romain", first issued under the title, "Les antiquités romains envisagées au point de vue des institutions politiques" (Louvain, 1870; 7th ed. by his son Joseph Willems, Louvain, 1910), and "Le sénat de la republique romaine" (3 vols., Louvain, 1878-85). The first work is a handbook which stops at Constantine in the first three editions and now goes as far as Justinian. The author combined systematic and historical order by dividing the history of Roman institutions into "epochs" and "periods", viz., epoch of royalty, epoch of the republic, epoch of the empire, subdivided into the period of the principate and that of monarchy. In each of these sections Willems studies the conditions of persons, government, and administration. The book is a clear, concise, and very practical compendium, provided with a good bibliography, and is an excellent handbook for students. The book on the Roman Senate is more learned and shows more evidence of personal research. It contains a new opinion concerning the recruiting of the Senate; Willems does not admit that there were plebeian senators in the century following the expulsion of the kings. It was by the exercise of the curule magistracies that the plebs entered the Senate, in fact after 354-200; a plebiscite proposed by the tribune Ovinius and accepted at the end of the fourth century hastened the introduction of the plebeians, and, in short, made the Senate an assembly of former magistrates. The doctrine of Willems was discussed and eventually accepted. He completed his work by a series of studies on the composition of the Roman Senate in 575-179, in 699-55 in his great work, and in A. D. 65 in the "Musée belge" (published by his son, 1902). He also contributed to the "Bulletins" of the Brussels Academy a memoir on the municipal elections of Pompeii (1902). He assisted in the foundation of the second Belgian periodical for classical philology, "Le Musée belge" (1897), and organized a "Societas philologa", at Louvain, one of the oldest members of which was the Liège professor, Charles Michel, author of the "Recucit d'inscriptions grecques" (1900-12). He belonged to the Flemish party and collected materials for a work on the Flemish dialects, which remains unfinished. While not especially profound Willems was an exact and conscientious scholar.
BRANTS in l'Annuaire de l'Academie de Bruxelles (1889); LAMY, Bulletins de l'Academie de Bruxelles (1898), 297; WALTZING, Musée belge, II (1898), 94; SANDYS, A History of Classical Scholarship, III (Cambridge, 1908), 306.
PAUL LEJAY
# The Republic

English-language translations of Πολιτεία (Politéia) include:
* The Republic of Plato, translated by Benjamin Jowett (1901)
* The Republic, trans. by Henry Spens (1763) (transcription project)
* The Republic, trans. by Thomas Taylor (1804) (transcription project)
* The First Book of the Republic of Plato, trans. by A. E. Grant (1848) (transcription project)
* The Republic, trans. by D. J. Vaughan & J. L. Davies, 1st ed. (1852) (transcription project)
* The Republic, trans. by Henry Davis (1854) (transcription project)
* The Republic, trans. by William Whewell (1861) (transcription project)
* Republic, translated/paraphrased by C. H. Hoole (1875) (transcription project)
* The Republic, trans. by George Henry Wells (1882), 1st ed. (transcription project)
* The Republic, trans. by George Henry Wells (1887), 3rd ed. (transcription project)
* Fragments of Plato's Republic, trans. by Percy Shelley (1880) (transcription project)
* "The Republic" in A Day in Athens with Socrates, trans. by Ellen Francis Mason (1883) (transcription project)
* The Republic, trans. by D. J. Vaughan & J. L. Davies, 3rd ed. (1891) (transcription project)
* Truth and its Shadows & The Obligations of Morality, trans. by Thomas Taylor & Floyer Sydenham, and revised by Thomas W. Rolleston (1892) (transcription project)
* The Republic. Lib. I., II, trans. by Graduate (1894)
* The Republic. Book I, trans. by J. A. Prout (1896)
* The Republic. Book I, trans. by J. A. Nicklin (1896)
* The Myth of Er as it appears within The Republic, trans. by J. A. Stewart (1905) (transcription project)
* The Republic, trans. by Thomas Taylor & Floyer Sydenham (Revised by W. H. D. Rouse) (1906) (transcription project)
* The Republic, trans. by A. D. Lindsay (1st ed.) (1906) (transcription project)
* The Education of the Young in the Republic of Plato, trans. by Bernard Bosanquet (1908) (transcription project)
* Plato's Republic, trans. by T. M. Lindsay (1908)
* The Republic, trans. by H. Speers (1908)
* The Republic, trans. by Alexander Kerr (1901-1915) (transcription volumes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)
* Republic, trans. by John Kirky (1919) (transcription project)
* The Republic, trans. by A. D. Lindsay (3rd ed.) (1923, c. 1906) (transcription project)