OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Bithynia

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Bithynia : A province in Asia Minor, to the south of the Euxine and Propontis. Christian congregations were here formed at an early time (1 Pet. 1:1). Paul was prevented by the Spirit from entering this province (Acts 16:7). It is noted in church history as the province ruled over by Pliny as Roman proconsul, who was perplexed as to the course he should take with the numerous Christians brought before his tribunal on account of their profession of Christianity and their conduct, and wrote to Trajan, the emperor, for instructions (A.D. 107).
The Passover was to be eaten with "bitter herbs" (Ex. 12:8; Num. 9:11). The kind of herbs so designated is not known. Probably they were any bitter herbs obtainable at the place and time when the Passover was celebrated. They represented the severity of the servitude under which the people groaned; and have been regarded also as typical of the sufferings of Christ.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Bitumen

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Bitumen : Gen. 11:3, R.V., margin, rendered in the A.V. "slime"), a mineral pitch. With this the ark was pitched (6:14. See also Ex. 2:3.) (See [70]SLIME.)
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Bit

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Bit : The curb put into the mouths of horses to restrain them. The Hebrew word (metheg) so rendered in Ps. 32:9 is elsewhere translated "bridle" (2 Kings 19:28; Prov. 26:3; Isa. 37:29). Bits were generally made of bronze or iron, but sometimes also of gold or silver. In James 3:3 the Authorized Version translates the Greek word by "bits," but the Revised Version by "bridles."
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Bitter

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Bitter|Bitter : Bitterness is symbolical of affliction, misery, and servitude (Ex. 1:14; Ruth 1:20; Jer. 9:15). The Chaldeans are called the "bitter and hasty nation" (Hab. 1:6). The "gall of bitterness" expresses a state of great wickedness (Acts 8:23). A "root of bitterness" is a wicked person or a dangerous sin (Heb. 12:15).
The Passover was to be eaten with "bitter herbs" (Ex. 12:8; Num. 9:11). The kind of herbs so designated is not known. Probably they were any bitter herbs obtainable at the place and time when the Passover was celebrated. They represented the severity of the servitude under which the people groaned; and have been regarded also as typical of the sufferings of Christ.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Bittern

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Bittern : Is found three times in connection with the desolations to come upon Babylon, Idumea, and Nineveh (Isa. 14:23; 34:11; Zephaniah 2:14). This bird belongs to the class of cranes. Its scientific name is Botaurus stellaris. It is a solitary bird, frequenting marshy ground. The Hebrew word (kippod) thus rendered in the Authorized Version is rendered "porcupine" in the Revised Version. But in the passages noted the kippod is associated with birds, with pools of water, and with solitude and desolation. This favours the idea that not the "porcupine" but the "bittern" is really intended by the word.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Chemosh

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Chemosh : The destroyer, subduer, or fish-god, the god of the Moabites (Num. 21:29; Jer. 48:7, 13, 46). The worship of this god, "the abomination of Moab," was introduced at Jerusalem by Solomon (1 Kings 11:7), but was abolished by Josiah (2 Kings 23:13). On the "Moabite Stone" (q.v.), Mesha (2 Kings 3:5) ascribes his victories over the king of Israel to this god, "And Chemosh drove him before my sight."
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Chebar

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Chebar : Length, a river in the "land of the Chaldeans" (Ezek. 1:3), on the banks of which were located some of the Jews of the Captivity (Ezek. 1:1; 3:15, 23; 10:15, 20, 22). It has been supposed to be identical with the river Habor, the Chaboras, or modern Khabour, which falls into the Euphrates at Circesium. To the banks of this river some of the Israelites were removed by the Assyrians (2 Kings 17:6). An opinion that has much to support it is that the "Chebar" was the royal canal of Nebuchadnezzar, the Nahr Malcha, the greatest in Mesopotamia, which connected the Tigris with the Euphrates, in the excavation of which the Jewish captives were probably employed.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Chedorlaomer

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Chedorlaomer: (= Khudur-Lagamar of the inscriptions), king of Elam. Many centuries before the age of Abraham, Canaan and even the Sinaitic peninsula had been conquered by Babylonian kings, and in the time of Abraham himself Babylonia was ruled by a dynasty which claimed sovereignity over Syria and Palestine. The kings of the dynasty bore names which were not Babylonian, but at once South Arabic and Hebrew. The most famous king of the dynasty was Khammu-rabi, who united Babylonia under one rule, and made Babylon its capital. When he ascended the throne, the country was under the suzerainty of the Elamites, and was divided into two kingdoms, that of Babylon (the Biblical Shinar) and that of Larsa (the Biblical Ellasar). The king of Larsa was Eri-Aku ("the servant of the moon-god"), the son of an Elamite prince, Kudur-Mabug, who is entitled "the father of the land of the Amorites." A recently discovered tablet enumerates among the enemies of Khammu-rabi, Kudur-Lagamar ("the servant of the goddess Lagamar") or Chedorlaomer, Eri-Aku or Arioch, and Tudkhula or Tidal. Khammu-rabi, whose name is also read Ammi-rapaltu or Amraphel by some scholars, succeeded in overcoming Eri-Aku and driving the Elamites out of Babylonia. Assur-bani-pal, the last of the Assyrian conquerors, mentions in two inscriptions that he took Susa 1635 years after Kedor-nakhunta, king of Elam, had conquered Babylonia. It was in the year B.C. 660 that Assur-bani-pal took Susa.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Chephirah

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Chephirah : Village, one of the four cities of the Gibeonitish Hivites with whom Joshua made a league (9:17). It belonged to Benjamin. It has been identified with the modern Kefireh, on the west confines of Benjamin, about 2 miles west of Ajalon and 11 from Jerusalem.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Charran

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Charran : Another form (Acts 7:2, 4) of Haran (q.v.).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Cheek

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Cheek : Smiting on the cheek was accounted a grievous injury and insult (Job 16:10; Lam. 3:30; Micah 5:1). The admonition (Luke 6:29), "Unto him that smiteth thee on the one cheek offer also the other," means simply, "Resist not evil" (Matt. 5:39; 1 Pet. 2:19-23). Ps. 3:7 = that God had deprived his enemies of the power of doing him injury.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Chemarim

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Chemarim : Black, (Zephaniah 1:4; rendered "idolatrous priests" in 2 Kings 23:5, and "priests" in Hos. 10:5). Some derive this word from the Assyrian Kamaru, meaning "to throw down," and interpret it as describing the idolatrous priests who prostrate themselves before the idols. Others regard it as meaning "those who go about in black," or "ascetics."
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Cheese

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Cheese : (A.S. cese). This word occurs three times in the Authorized Version as the translation of three different Hebrew words: (1.) 1 Sam. 17:18, "ten cheeses;" i.e., ten sections of curd. (2.) 2 Sam. 17:29, "cheese of kine" = perhaps curdled milk of kine. The Vulgate version reads "fat calves." (3.) Job 10:10, curdled milk is meant by the word.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Chenaanah

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Chenaanah : Merchant. (1.) A Benjamite (1 Chr. 7:10). (2.) The father of Zedekiah (1 Kings 22:11, 24).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Chenaiah

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Chenaiah : Whom Jehovah hath made. "Chief of the Levites," probably a Kohathite (1 Chr. 15:22), and therefore not the same as mentioned in 26:29.
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Minggadari

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​MINGGADARI (Minggandari) 明安達禮, d. 1669, was a member of the Mongol Sirut 西魯特 clan which was settled in the Korchin district. His father Bobotu 博博圖 brought a group of fellow-tribesmen to join Nurhaci [q. v.] and was later made captain of a company (niru ejen) under the Mongol Plain White Banner. Minggadari inherited his father's rank on the death of the latter in 1627. In 1638 he accompanied Yoto [q. v.] on an expedition through the Great Wall as far as southern Chihli, and in 1642 took part in a similar invasion under the leadership of Abatai [q. v.]. After the capture of Peking in 1644 he joined in the pursuit of the bandit Li Tzŭ-ch'êng [q. v.]. Having distinguished himself in this operation he was appointed in 1646 vice-president of the Board of War, but was soon sent on active service to put down the Sunid 蘇尼特 rebellion.
The Sunids were a Mongol tribe who lived north of Kalgan between Chahar and the Gobi Desert. Their chieftains claimed direct descent from Genghis Khan. One of these, Tenghis 騰機思, had first come in 1637 to declare his submission to T'ai-tsung (Abahai, q.v.). In the following year he led a scouting party of Sunids in the van of Tai-tsung's expedition against the Khalka Mongols. In 1639 he brought a present of camels and horses, and two years later was granted by T'ai-tsung the rank of Jasak doroi chün-wang which continued throughout the Ch'ing dynasty to be the title held by the chief of the "left wing" of the Sunid tribe. Tenghis had remained loyal to the Manchus until 1646 when he joined the Cecen Khan 車臣汗 in a rebellion. Minggadari led an army into Outer Mongolia along the Kerulen River and pursued the rebels as far as the neighborhood of Urga. The rebellion was thus quelled and Tenghis surrendered in 1648.
Minggadari, on his return, was promoted commander of the Mongol Plain White Banner. In 1650 he became president of the Board of War and in 1652 a member of the Council of Princes and High Officials, receiving the hereditary rank of viscount of the second class. He was degraded in 1653, but after a victory in 1655 against the Russians on the Amur River (see under Šarhûda) was appointed in 1656 president of the Court of Colonial Affairs. He was again active in 1659 in the expedition against Chêng Ch'êng-kung [q. v.] from which he was recalled to resume his position as president of the Board of War. He retired from service in 1667 and died two years later. The posthumous name, Min-kuo 敏果, was conferred on him, and the minor hereditary rank of Ch'ing-ch'ê tu-yü 輕車都尉, first class, passed to his descendants.
[1/234/9b; 2/5/7b; 3/43/1a; 11/13/58b; on the Sunid tribe 1/524/12a.]
George A. Kennedy
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Mu-tsung

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​MU-tsung. Template name of Tsai-ch'un [q. v.].
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Mêng-ko-pu-lu

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​MÊNG-ko-pu-lu. See under Manggebulu.
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Minggantu

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​MINGGANTU (bayan) 明安圖 (巴顏), was a member of the Namdulu clan and chieftain of the Suifun 綏芬 branch when in 1610 an expedi​tion sent by Nurhaci [q. v.] demanded the submission of this division of the Weji tribe. Together with Kanggûri [q. v.], he joined Nurhaci's army, and his tribesmen were formed into two niru (companies of about 300 men) under the command of his sons, Hahana 哈哈納 and Cohono 綽和諾.
Hahana was given a maiden of Nurhaci's own clan for wife. In the campaign against the Ula tribe in 1612 and 1613 (see Bujantai) he acquitted himself with distinction and was rewarded by Nurhaci with rich presents. With his brother, Cohono, he was incorporated in the Bordered Red Banner which in 1619 encountered and defeated the Chinese army under Ma Lin (see Yang Hao) at Sanggiyan Hada. In 1626 Abahai [q. v.], successor to Nurhaci, appointed the two brothers assistants to the commander of their Banner. Cohono was killed in the battle of Ta-ling-ho in 1631. As he left no sons, the inheritance of his titles passed to an elder brother, Unggeni 翁格尼, and the post of captain of company 14 of the 5th division of the Bordered Red Banner became hereditary in that family. One of the sons of Unggeni was Fukacan 富喀禪 (1607–1669) who served as Tartar General at Sian for twenty-two years (1646–68). Hahana was prominent in the campaigns of 1634 and 1636, but was forced to retire in the latter year because of severe wounds and accompanying illness. He died not long afterwards, leaving to his descendants the hereditary post of captain of company 4 in the 2nd division of the Bordered Red Banner.
[1/233/6a; 3/263/12a; 11/16/15b; 34/171/4a, 18b.]
George A. Kennedy
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Mo Yu-chih

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​Mo Yu-chih attained high rank as a bibliophile, and in the field of bibliography left three works as follows: 宋元舊本書經眼錄 Sung Yüan chiu-pên shu ching-yen lu, 3 chüan, with a supplement in 2 chüan; 郘亭知見傳本書目 Lü-t'ing chih-chien ch'uan-pên shu-mu, 16 chüan; and Ch'ih-ching chai ts'ang-shu chi-yao (see under Ting Jih-ch'ang), 2 chüan. The first, printed in 1873, is a collection of bibliographical notes on Sung and Yüan editions that came to his notice in the years 1865–69. It has a supplement in 2 chüan consisting of notes on inscriptions on stone and bronze. The second is a classified list of the books he saw—with notes on the authors, the contents, and the editions. It was first printed in Peking in 1909 by a Japanese, Tanaka Keitaro 田中慶太郎. The third is an annotated catalogue of the rare editions of Ting Jih-ch'ang's [q. v.] library that Mo Yu-chih catalogued for Ting during the years 1867–69. He left two collections of verse: Lü-t'ing shih-ch'ao (詩鈔), 6 chüan; and Lü-t'ing i-shih (遺詩), 8 chüan; and a collection of prose, Lü-t'ing i-wên (文), 8 chüan. There is a short work of his on the Shuo-wên dictionary, entitled 仿唐寫本說文解字木部箋異 Fang T'ang hsieh-pên Shuo-wên chieh-tzŭ mu-pu chien-i. He also left a brief work on versification, entitled the 韻學源流 Yün-hsüeh yüan-liu, which was not printed until 1929. His collections of prose and verse, his notes on Sung and Yüan editions, his work on the Shuo-wên, and his father's collected literary works were printed by Mo Yu-chih during his lifetime, under the collective title, 影山草堂六種 Ying-shan ts'ao-tang liu-chung.
Two of his younger brothers, Mo T'ing-chih 莫庭芝 (T. 芷升, 1817–1889) and Mo Hsiang-chih 莫祥芝 (T. 善徵, H. 抢筹, 1827–1889), were also well known in their day.
[1/491/2b; 2/69/15b; 5/79/1a; Ts'ang-shu chi-shih shih (see under P'an Tsu-yin) 6/54; Liu I-chêng, on the History of the Kuo-hsüeh shu-chü, Nanking, Kiangsu Provincial Library Annual, 3d year; 上江二縣志 Shang-Chiang êr-hsien chih (1874), 12 shang 14a.]
Tu Lien-chê
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Wan Ching

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​WAN Ching 萬經 (T. 授一, H. 九沙, 小跛), Feb. 4, 1659-1741, Mar. 11, scholar and calligrapher, a native of Yin-hsien, Chekiang, was the son of Wan Ssŭ-ta and grandson of Wan T'ai [qq. v.]. He was brought up in Hangchow and later made his home there. Like his father and his paternal uncles, he studied under Huang Tsung-hsi [q. v.]. He was instructed in ethics and philosophy by Ying Hui-ch'ien [q. v.], in calligraphy by Chêng Fu 鄭簠 (d. 1693), and in geography by Yen Jo-chü [q. v.]. After taking the chin-shih degree in 1703, he was made a Hanlin compiler. When accusations were lodged against him, after his return from a post as provincial director of education in Kweichow in 1714, he was forced to make amends by supervising the construction of the city wall and moat at Tungchow, Chihli. To complete this work he consumed his entire fortune and finally was reduced to selling his calligraphy to make a living. Declining to accept further official posts, he set himself to the completion of his father's unfinished works on the Record of Rites and the Spring and Autumn Annals. In addition, he revised and supplemented certain works of his uncle, Wan Ssŭ-t'ung, and his cousin, Wan Yen [q. v.]. When he was eighty-two (sui) his house in the north city of Hangchow, east of the bridge known as Shih-hu ch'iao 獅虎橋 (or 師姑橋), caught fire and all these manuscripts were burned. Overcome with disappointment, he died the following year.
A small work by Wan Ching dealing with calligraphy in the li style (see under Ho Shao-chi), entitled 分隸偶存 Fên-li ou-ts'un, 2 chüan, printed in 1744, is said to be the only independent work of his that has survived. A reprint of this work appeared in 1936 in the fourth series of the Ssŭ-ming ts'ung-shu (see under Chang Huang-yen). Wan Ching had a share in the compilation of the well-known dictionary, K'ang-hsi tzŭ-tien (see under Chang Yü-shu), which was completed in 1716, and also of the local history of Ningpo (Ning-po-fu chih) in the edition of 1733.
[2/68/21a; 3/123/15a; 29/3/6b; Yin-hsien-chih (1877) 42/19b; Huang Shih-hsün 黃士珣 Pei-yü chang-lu (北隅掌錄) hsia/9a; Ssŭ-k'u 86/10a.]
Tu Lien-chê