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# The Consolation of Philosophy (James)/Wonder and Ignorance

Project Gutenberg
Book IV.
V.
On this I said: 'I see how there is a happiness and misery founded on the actual deserts of the righteous and the wicked. Nevertheless, I wonder in myself whether there is not some good and evil in fortune as the vulgar understand it. Surely, no sensible man would rather be exiled, poor and disgraced, than dwell prosperously in his own country, powerful, wealthy, and high in honour. Indeed, the work of wisdom is more clear and manifest in its operation when the happiness of rulers is somehow passed on to the people around them, especially considering that the prison, the law, and the other pains of legal punishment are properly due only to mischievous citizens on whose account they were originally instituted. Accordingly, I do exceedingly marvel why all this is completely reversed—why the good are harassed with the penalties due to crime, and the bad carry off the rewards of virtue; and I long to hear from thee what reason may be found for so unjust a state of disorder. For assuredly I should wonder less if I could believe that all things are the confused result of chance. But now my belief in God's governance doth add amazement to amazement. For, seeing that He sometimes assigns fair fortune to the good and harsh fortune to the bad, and then again deals harshly with the good, and grants to the bad their hearts' desire, how does this differ from chance, unless some reason is discovered for it all?'
'Nay; it is not wonderful,' said she, 'if all should be thought random and confused when the principle of order is not known. And though thou knowest not the causes on which this great system depends, yet forasmuch as a good ruler governs the world, doubt not for thy part that all is rightly done.'
Song V.
Wonder and Ignorance.
Who knoweth not how near the pole
Bootes' course doth go,
Must marvel by what heavenly law
He moves his Wain so slow;
Why late he plunges 'neath the main,
And swiftly lights his beams again.
When the full-orbèd moon grows pale
In the mid course of night,
And suddenly the stars shine forth
That languished in her light,
Th' astonied nations stand at gaze,
And beat the air in wild amaze.
None marvels why upon the shore
The storm-lashed breakers beat,
Nor why the frost-bound glaciers melt
At summer's fervent heat;
For here the cause seems plain and clear,
Only what's dark and hid we fear.
Weak-minded folly magnifies
All that is rare and strange,
And the dull herd's o'erwhelmed with awe
At unexpected change.
But wonder leaves enlightened minds,
When ignorance no longer blinds.

## Footnotes

* ↑ To frighten away the monster swallowing the moon. The superstition was once common. See Tylor's 'Primitive Culture,' pp. 296-302.
# The Constant Lady

* "The constant lady", in Belfast shoemaker, or, Bold Irvine and Jane Wilson (1802), a chapbook printed in Glasgow
* "The Constant Lady", in Shepherd's lament for the loss of his sweetheart (1802), a chapbook printed in Glasgow
* "The Constant Lady", in The True Hearted Maiden (1802), a chapbook printed in Glasgow
# The Constellations

O constellations of the early night, That sparkled brighter as the twilight died, And made the darkness glorious! I have seen Your rays grow dim upon the horizon's edge, And sink behind the mountains. I have seen The great Orion, with his jewelled belt, That large-limbed warrior of the skies, go down Into the gloom. Beside him sank a crowd Of shining ones. I look in vain to find The group of sister-stars, which mothers love To show their wondering babes, the gentle Seven. Along the desert space mine eyes in vain Seek the resplendent cressets which the Twins Uplifted in their ever-youthful hands. The streaming tresses of the Egyptian Queen Spangle the heavens no more. The Virgin trails No more her glittering garments through the blue. Gone! all are gone! and the forsaken Night, With all her winds, in all her dreary wastes, Sighs that they shine upon her face no more. No only here and there a little star Looks forth alone. Ah me! I know them not, Those dim successors of the numberless host That filled the heavenly fields, and flung to earth Their guivering fires. And now the middle watch Betwixt the eve and morn is past, and still The darkness gains upon the sky, and still It closes round my way. Shall, then, the Night, Grow starless in her later hours? Have these No train of flaming watchers, that shall mark Their coming and farewell? O Sons of Light! Have ye then left me ere the dawn of day To grope along my journey sad and faint? Thus I complained, and from the darkness round A voice replied--was it indeed a voice, Or seeming accents of a waking dream Heard by the inner ear? But thus it said: O Traveller of the Night! thine eyes are dim With watching; and the mists, that chill the vale Down which thy feet are passing, hide from view The ever-burning stars. It is thy sight That is so dark, and not the heaens. Thine eyes, Were they but clear, would see a fiery host Above thee; Hercules, with flashing mace, The Lyre with silver cords, the Swan uppoised On gleaming wings, the Dolphin gliding on With glistening scales, and that poetic steed, With beamy mane, whose hoof struck out from earth The fount of Hippocrene, and many more, Fair clustered splendors, with whose rays the Night Shall close her march in glory, ere she yield, To the young Day, the great earth steeped in dew. So spake the monitor, and I perceived How vain were my repinings, and my thought Went backward to the vanished years and all The good and great who came and passed with them, And knew that ever would the years to come Bring with them, in their course, the good and great, Lights of the world, though, to my clouded sight, Their rays might seem but dim, or reach me not.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Constitution of India (Original Calligraphed and Illuminated Version)/Eighth Schedule

Eighth Schedule
[Articles 344 (1) and 351]
Languages
* Assamese.
* Bengali.
* Gujarati.
* Hindi.
* Kannada.
* Kashmiri.
* Malayalam.
* Marathi.
* Oriya.
* Punjabi.
* Sanskrit.
* Tamil.
* Telugu.
* Urdu.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Flowers, Language of

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
FLOWERS, Language of. See Flowers, Symbolism of.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Flügge, Karl

Edition of 1920. See also Carl Flügge on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FLÜGGE, flü'ge, Karl, German sanitation expert: b. Hanover, 1847. He studied at the universities of Göttingen, Bonn, Leipzig and Munich. In 1878-83 he was lecturer at the University of Berlin and in 1883 became professor of hygiene at the Göttingen Hygienic Institute. He removed to Breslau in a similar capacity in 1887 and in 1909 was appointed professor of hygiene at the University of Berlin. He has made important investigations in experimental hygiene and bacteriology. His works include ‘Beiträge zur Hygiene’ (1872); ‘Die Mikroorganismen’ (3d ed., 1896); ‘Grundriss der Hygiene’ (new ed., 1902); ‘Ueber das Absolute in den ästhetischen urteilen Langensalza’ (1901). With Koch, he was joint editor of Zeitschrift für Hygiene after 1886.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Forest-fly

Edition of 1920. See also Hippobosca equina on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FOREST-FLY, the British name for the minute parasitic, flea-like flies called bird-ticks, bat-ticks and the like, in America; specifically Hippobosca equina, which is especially a torment to horses by thrusting its long beak through the skin and sucking the blood. See Bird-tick.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Flügel, Otto

Edition of 1920. See also Otto Flügel on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FLÜGEL, Otto, German philosopher: b. Lützen 1842. He studied at Schulpforta and Halle, and took up pastoral work; was made editor of the ‘Zeitschrift für exacte Philosophie im Sinne des Neueren Philosophischen Realismus,’ and in 1894 was one of the founders of ‘Zeitschrift für Philosophie und Pädagogik.’ He supports Herbartian realism, as opposed to New-Kantian speculations, yet he believes in the necessity of a revelation. Among his works may be mentioned ‘Die Spekulative Theologie der Gegenwart’; ‘Das Ich und die sittliche Idee im Leben der Völker’ (1892); ‘Über die persönliche Unsterblichkeit’ (1902); ‘Monismus und Theologie’ (1908).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Flüggen, Gisbert

Edition of 1920. See also Gisbert Flüggen on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FLÜGGEN, flü'gĕn, Gis'bert, German painter: b. at Cologne, 9 Feb. 1811; d. Munich, 3 Sept. 1859. In his youth he learned the manufacture of novelties in his native town, and in 1833 began his art studies at Munich, which he made his permanent home. He is a German counterpart of Hogarth and Wilkie, whom he rivals in masterly grouping and life-like expression, while in the technique of the brush he excels them both.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Flügel, Gustav Leberecht

Edition of 1920. See also Gustav Leberecht Flügel on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FLÜGEL, Gustav Leberecht, German orientalist: b. Bautzen, 18 Feb. 1802; d. Dresden, 5 July 1870. He was educated at the gymnasium of his native town and studied theology and philology at the University of Leipzig. Later he made special studies in Oriental languages at Vienna and Paris. In 1832 he became professor at the Fürstenschule of Saint Afra at Meissen. He resigned in 1850 and in the following year went to Vienna, where he was engaged to catalogue the Arabic, Turkish and Persian manuscripts of the court library. His principal work is an edition of the bibliographical and encylcopaedic lexicon of Haji Khalfa, with Latin translation (7 vols., London and Leipzig 1835-58). Other works are an edition of the Koran (Leipzig 1834 and 1893); ‘Concordantiae Corani Arabicæ’ (ib. 1842; 1898); ‘Mani, seine Lehren und seine Schriften’ (ib. 1862); ‘Die grammatischen Schulen der Araber’ (ib. 1862); ‘Ibn Kutlūbugas Krone der
Lebensbeschreibungen’ (ib. 1862); an edition of ‘Kitab-al-Fihrist,’ published after his death.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Flycatcher

Edition of 1920. See also Old World flycatcher and Tyrant flycatcher on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FLYCATCHER, one of many birds which catch insects in the air. More restrictedly, in ornithology, birds of the Old World insectivorous family Muscicapidæ, allied to the thrushes; this is a group very difficult to limit or define. All these are small, active birds, with great activity in flight and skill in seizing their agile prey; and all have broad flattened beaks, at the base of which is a growth of long stiff rictal bristles. The feet are usually weak and the wings long and pointed. Four or five species are common summer visitors to Europe, including the familiar and typical spotted flycatcher (Muscicapa grisola) and the pied or blackcap (M. atricapilla). In all the hotter latitudes of the Old World the species are very numerous, and ornate, many being crested, or having, in the case of the males at least, very long tail-feathers, which are handled most gracefully. Such are the paradise flycatchers (genus Tersiphone) of India and eastward, the Japanese species of which is so commonly represented on painted or embroidered screens. The “fantail” (q.v.) is another species remarkable in its flight. Most of these flycatchers are birds of the woods, and are usually solitary and silent, feeding on little except insects, which are habitually caught upon the wing with an audible snap of the bill. Some of the smaller ones are sometimes called “flysnappers.” They nest in various situations, and many make highly beautiful receptacles for their variously decorated eggs.
None of the muscicapids is to be found in the New World, but America has a large family of flycatchers (the Tyrannidæ) just as suitably so-called as are the others, so far as habits are concerned; nor are they far removed in structure. This family contains some 400 species, mainly tropical, and chiefly of an olive-green, or black-and-gray complexion, often with ornamental touches of scarlet on the head or wings. The bill is rather stronger as a rule than in the Old World flycatchers, and often decidedly hooked, like that of vireos or shrikes. The wings are usually short, and the tail varies greatly, sometimes being beautifully prolonged, as in the scissor-tailed flycatcher of the western United States. The genus Alectrurus presents still more striking examples of very long and beautifully modified tail plumes. Good examples of this group are the king-birds, pipiris, pewees, vermilion flycatcher, and scissor-tail, elsewhere described. An excellent general account of these families will be found in Evans' ‘Birds’ (London and New York 1900).
FLYCATCHERS
| 1 Spotted Flycatcher | 4 Kingbird |
| 2 Pied Flycatcher | 5 Bienteveo |
| 3 White-collared and Red-breasted Flycatchers ||
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Flügel, Ewald

Edition of 1920. See also Ewald Flügel on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FLÜGEL, flü'gel, Ewald, German-American philologist: b. Leipzig, 1863; d. 1914. He received his education at the University of Freiburg and at Leipzig, where he received the degree of Ph.D. in 1885. From 1888 to 1892 he was privatdozent at Leipzig, and coming to America in the latter year was appointed professor of English philology at Leland Stanford Junior University. In 1901-02 he was president of the western branch of the American Philological Association. He published ‘Carlyle's Religiöse und Sittliche Entwickelung’ (1887; Eng. trans., 1890); ‘Sidney's Astrophel and Defense of Poesy’ (1889); ‘Neuenglisches Lesebuch I’; ‘Periode Heinrichs VIII’ (1895); ‘Die nordamerikanische Litteratur’ (1907); Prolegomena to ‘Chaucer Dictionary’ (Vol. I, 1911-13), and articles in philological periodicals. He edited ‘Mitteilungen Beiblatt zur Anglia’ (2 vols., 1890-91); ‘Chaucer Lexicon’ (1891 et seq.); and Anglia (1889- ).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Flügel, Johann Gottfried

Edition of 1920. See also Johann Gottfried Flügel on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FLÜGEL, Johann Gottfried, German lexicographer: b. Barby on the Elbe, 22 Nov. 1788; d. Leipzig, 24 June 1855. He spent many years in the United States prior to 1820 in business, diplomatic and official occupations, and became professor of English in the University of Leipzig in 1824. He compiled a ‘Complete English-German and German-English Dictionary’ (1830), besides publishing ‘A Series of Commercial Letters’ (9th ed., 1874); ‘Practical Handbook of English Business Correspondence’ (9th ed., 1873); ‘Triglot; or Mercantile Dictionary in Three Tongues — German, English, French’ (2d ed., 1854); and other useful manuals, all revised or brought down to contemporary needs by his son.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Robinson, Edward (archæologist)

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
ROBINSON, Edward, American archæologist: b. Boston, Mass., 1 Nov. 1858. He was graduated at Harvard University in 1879, later spending five years in study in Europe, including 15 months in Greece and three semesters at Berlin. He was curator of classical antiquities at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts in 1885-1902 and director in 1902-05. He became assistant director at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, in 1906, and in 1910 succeeded Sir Caspar Purdon Clarke as director. He lectured on archæology at Harvard in 1893-94 and in 1898-1902, and was secretary of the art commission of Boston in 1890-98. He has contributed many articles to periodicals as well as to the Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Robinson, Edwin Arlington

Edition of 1920. See also Edwin Arlington Robinson on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ROBINSON, Edwin Arlington, American poet: b. Head Tide, Me., 22 Dec. 1869. He was educated at Gardiner, Me., and at Harvard University in 1891-93. His poetic work has been very well received by discriminating critics who have pronounced it thoroughly American
in tone and free of the meaningless twaddle all too common among our poets. His works are ‘The Torrent and the Night Before’ (1896); ‘The Children of the Night’ (1897); ‘Captain Craig’ (1902); ‘The Town Down the River’ (1910); ‘Van Zorn,’ a play (1914); ‘The Porcupine,’ a play (1915); ‘The Man Against the Sky,’ poems (1916); ‘Merlin,’ a poem (1917). See Merlin; Van Zorn.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rogers, William Barton

Edition of 1920. See also William Barton Rogers on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ROGERS, William Barton, American geologist and physicist: b. Philadelphia, 7 Dec. 1804: d. Boston, 30 May 1882. He was educated at William and Mary College, gave scientific lectures before the Maryland Institute in 1827 and in 1828 became professor of natural philosophy and chemistry in his alma mater. From 1835 until his resignation in 1853 he was professor of natural philosophy in the University of Virginia. He added to the course mineralogy and geology; and organized and directed the Virginia geological survey until its discontinuance in 1842. During his occupancy of this chair he devoted much of his time to original researches in geology, chemistry and physics. He was also a leading member of the Association of American Geologists and Naturalists (organized 1840), and to its Transactions contributed important memoirs, including observations on the temperature of coal mines in eastern Virginia. In 1853 he removed to Boston, where he continued his researches and voluminous contributions to scientific journals of the United States and Europe, and in 1861 lectured before the Lowell Institute on “The Application of Science to the Arts.” At the request of several citizens of Boston, he drew up in 1859 a scheme entitled “Object and Plan of an Institute of Technology,” to include a society of arts, a museum of arts and a school of industrial science. He then memorialized the State legislature and at length obtained from
the State a charter (1862), and the grant of a tract in the Back Bay district upon which to place the buildings of the institution. Chosen the first president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he was made also professor of physics and geology and in 1864 visited Europe for the purchase of scientific instruments and appliances. He organized the system of teaching which still in general obtains in the Institute and whose leading feature was laboratory instruction not only in chemistry, but in physics, mechanics and mining. He resigned his post as president in 1870, but resumed his duties from 1878 to 1881, when he was succeeded by Francis A. Walker (q.v.). In 1847 he presided at the meeting by which the Association of American Geologists and Naturalists was enlarged into the American Association for the Advancement of Science; was made president of the latter in 1875; was a corporate member of the National Academy of Sciences; became its president in 1878; and was a founder and the first president of the American Social Science Association. He has been characterized as one who had in a high degree “the faculty of presenting the claims of science on popular interest and respect with force and lucidity.” His gifts of expression as speaker and writer were excellent. Many of his researches added materially to scientific knowledge. Among his books were ‘The Strength of Materials’ (1838); ‘The elements of Mechanical Philosophy’ (1852); and ‘Papers on the Geology of Virginia’ (1884), comprising his yearly reports in 1836-40. Consult the ‘Life and Letters,’ published in 1897.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Robinson, Edward (scholar)

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
ROBINSON, Edward, American Biblical scholar: b. Southington, Conn., 10 April 1794; d. New York, 27 Jan. 1863. He was graduated at Hamilton College in 1816 and went in 1821 to Andover to publish his edition of books i-ix,
xviii and xix of the ‘Iliad’. There he aided Moses Stuart (q.v.) in the preparation of the second edition (1823) of the latter's ‘Hebrew Grammar,’ and rendered into English (1825) Wahl's ‘Clavis Philologica Novi Testamenti.’ After European study, largely in Halle and Berlin (1826-30), he was professor extraordinary of sacred literature in the Andover Theological Seminary in 1830-33, and professor of Biblical literature in Union Theological Seminary from 1837 until his death. In 1838 and 1852 he visited Palestine with the scholarly missionary, Eli Smith, and there made careful surveys and investigations. His chief work, ‘Biblical Researches’ (1841; 3 vols. compressed into 2, with a 3d 1856), which obtained for him the Royal Geographical Society's gold medal, was based on these studies. He was a leading member of the American ethnological, geographical and Oriental societies, and edited in 1831-34 the ‘Biblical Repository,’ in 1843 the ‘Bibliotheca Sacra,’ with which the ‘Repository’ was incorporated, and for which he continued to write until 1855. Among his other publications are ‘A Dictionary of the Bible’ (1883); editions of Buttmann's ‘Greek Grammar’ (1833; 3d ed., 1851) and Gensenius' ‘Hebrew Lexicon’ (1836; 5th ed. 1854), and Greek (1845; 2d ed., 1851) and English (1846) ‘Harmonies of the Gospels.’ Consult Hitchcock, ‘Life, Writings and Character of Edward Robinson’ (1863).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Robinson, Theresa Albertine Louise von Jakob

Edition of 1920. See also Therese Albertine Luise Robinson on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ROBINSON, Theresa Albertine Louise von Jakob, German-American author: b. Halle, Prussia, 26 Jan. 1797; d. Hamburg, 13 April 1870. She was the second wife of Edward Robinson (q.v.), and was known in Germany as an author under the name of “Talvj” (formed from her initials). While residing at Kharkoff she began to study Slavonian, and wrote her first poems. In 1824 she published a few tales in a volume bearing the title ‘Psyche.’ She also published, in 1825-26, translations of a number of Serbian popular songs entitled ‘Volkslieder des Serben.’ In America she began the study of aboriginal languages and translated into German Pickering's work on the Indian tongues. In 1834 she wrote a ‘Historical Review of the Slavic Languages’ for the ‘Biblical Repository,’ republished in enlarged form in 1850. During her husband's visit to Palestine she resided in Germany, where she published, in 1840, ‘Charakteristik der Volkslieder germanischer Nationen mit einer Uebersicht der Lieder aussereuropäischer Völkerschaften.’ ‘Die Colonisation von Neu-England’ was published at Leipzig in 1847; a defective translation by W. Hazlitt, Jr., appeared in London in 1851. She also wrote numerous tales, and contributed to magazines, both German and English. ‘Heloise,’ ‘Life's Discipline’ and ‘The Exiles’ were German tales translated into English by her daughter (1850-53). ‘Fifteen Years: A Picture of the Last Century’ appeared in 1870, and ‘Gesammelte Novellen’ in 1874.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rogers, Henry Darwin

Edition of 1920. See also Henry Darwin Rogers on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
ROGERS, Henry Darwin, American geologist: b. Philadelphia, 1 Aug. 1808; d. near Glasgow, Scotland, 29 May 1866. He was appointed professor of physical sciences at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa., in 1830, studied in London in 1831, was lecturer on geology at Franklin Institute in 1833-34. and in 1835-46 was professor of geology and mineralogy at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1835 he made a geological survey of the State of New Jersey, and was appointed geologist in charge of the survey of Pennsylvania in 1836. The survey was interrupted in 1841-51 by lack of appropriations, and Rogers was engaged as an expert for various coal companies, until he resumed the survey which was then concluded in 1854. The final report of the survey was entrusted to him, and he completed the work in Edinburgh. From 1857 until his death he was professor of geology and natural history at the University of Glasgow. He published ‘Description of the Geology of the State of New Jersey’ (1840); ‘The Geology of Pennsylvania, a Government Survey’ (1858); numerous geological reports.