OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Henry (fl.1150)

​HENRY, Saint (fl. 1150), an Englishman by birth, was bishop of Upsala in the reign of Saint Eric (IX), king of Sweden (1150?-1160). The statements of some Swedish historians, that he went to Sweden in the train of his fellow-countryman, Nicholas Breakspear, whom Pope Eugene III sent as legate to Scandinavia in 1148, and that he was consecrated by Nicolas in 1148 or 1152, seem to be mere conjectures; his earliest biographer simply says that he and the king were the two great lights who lighted their people in the way of true religion, righteousness, and peace; that he assisted Eric in his reforms, both secular and ecclesiastical; that he accompanied him in an expedition against the heathen Finns, which resulted in their total defeat and subjection, in the baptism of many converts, and the foundation of churches in Finland; that when the king returned home in triumph the bishop remained to water the seed which he had thus sown, till his zeal in enforcing the church's penitential discipline won him the crown of martyrdom at the hands of a man whom he had laid under ecclesiastical censure for homicide. Eric's conquest of Finland is placed by different ​authorities at dates ranging from 1150 to 1157; the date of Henry's martyrdom, therefore, remains in a like uncertainty. The name of his slayer, Lalli, seems to be preserved in a Finnish proverb (Scriptt. Rer. Svecic. vol. ii. pt. i. p. 332). No authority is known for the statement of Vastovius that St. Henry was canonised by Adrian IV in 1158; but he was undoubtedly recognised in the fourteenth century, if not earlier, as the apostle of Finland, and one of the patron saints of Sweden. Two festivals were kept in his honour, that of his martyrdom on 19 Jan., and that of his translation on 18 June; the latter commemorated the removal of his relics from their original burial-place at Nousis, near Abo, to the cathedral church of Abo itself, built after the foundation of a bishopric in that town, A.D. 1300, and dedicated to St. Henry. The relics, enclosed in an iron chest which had replaced the silver shrine made for them by the first bishop of Abo, were still there in the middle of the seventeenth century.
[Our earliest extant authority is the Vita et Miracula S. Henrici, which cannot have been written till near the middle of the thirteenth century; it is printed in Vastovius's Vitis Aquilonia and in the Acta Sanctorum, 19 Jan. ii. 613–14, and also, from another manuscript, in Benzelius's Monumentorum veterum Ecclesiæ Sveogothicæ Prolegomena, and in Scriptores Rerum Svecicarum, ed. Fant, &c., vol. ii. pt. i. The last-mentioned editors have collected some traditions relating to the saint; other accounts of him are summarised and sifted in H. G. Porthan's notes to P. Juusten's Chronicon Episcoporum Finlandensium.]
K. N.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Henry, William (d.1768)

​HENRY, WILLIAM, D.D. (d. 1768), dean of Killaloe, was probably a native of Gloucestershire, and was educated at the university of Dublin. His entrance and date of his B.A. degree are not recorded, but he proceeded M.A. vernis 1748, and B.D. and D.D. vernis 1750. Henry was the friend and chaplain to Dr. Josiah Hort [q. v.], who was consecrated to the see of Ferns in 1721, and was translated to Kilmore in 1727, and to Tuam in 1741. By this prelate he was collated to the benefice of Killesher, diocese of Kilmore, co. Fermanagh, 1 Oct. 1731. Henry became rector of Urney, diocese of Derry, co. Tyrone, in 1734, and dean of Killaloe 29 Nov. 1761. He died in Dublin on 13 Feb. 1768, and was interred at St. Anne's in that city. His wife survived him, and remarrying with Surgeon Doyle of Dublin (whom she also survived), died in February or March 1793. Henry was a popular preacher, a keen observer of natural history and phenomena, and an earnest advocate both for temperance and for civil and religious liberty. He was elected F.R.S. of London 20 Feb. 1755. At least twelve of his single sermons were printed, and three ​of his papers, read before the Royal Society, appear in the ‘Philosophical Transactions.’ One of these papers, read in 1753, treated of ‘The Copper Springs in County Wicklow.’ ‘A Description of Lough Erne in Ireland,’ from his pen, was first edited by Sir Charles King, bart. (Dublin, 1892), from the British Museum, Add. MS. 4436. Letters from Henry to the Duke of Newcastle between 1761 and 1768 are in Add. MSS. 32930, &c.
[Todd's Cat. of Grad. Univ. Dubl.; Cotton's Fasti Eccles. Hib.; Pue's Occurrences, 20 Feb. 1768, Dublin; Walker's Hib. Mag.; Cat. Scientific Papers; First-fruits Returns, Public Record Office, Dublin.]
W. R-l.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Henry, Thomas (1807-1876)

​HENRY, Sir THOMAS (1807–1876), police magistrate, eldest son of David Henry of St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, head of the firm of Henry, Mullins, & MacMahon, government contractors, was born in Dublin in 1807. He was educated at Von Feinagle's school in that city and at Trinity College, where he graduated B.A. 1824, and M.A. 1827. On 23 Jan. 1829 he was called to the bar at the Middle Temple, went the northern circuit, and attended the West Riding of Yorkshire sessions. He was magistrate at the Lambeth Street police-court, Whitechapel, from April 1840 till 1846, when he was transferred to Bow Street, became chief magistrate there 6 July 1864, and was knighted on 30 Nov. He discharged his duties with general approval. To him is very largely due the existing law of extradition; the Extradition Act and the various treaties connected therewith between England and foreign powers were in each case drawn by him. He was for many years the chief adviser of the government on all questions of administrative and correctional police, and his opinion was acted upon in the various licensing bills, the betting acts, Sunday trading legislation, and similar measures. He gave evidence before the committee on theatrical licenses, and pointed out with great precision the position of music-halls and casinos as places of amusement, and the degree of police supervision to which it is desirable that they should be subjected (Report on Theatrical Licenses, 1866, pp. 30–8). He died at his residence, 23 Hanover Square, London, 16 June 1876, and was buried in the ground of St. Thomas's Roman catholic church, Fulham, on 21 June.
[Times, 17 June 1876, p. 10, 22 June p. 5; Law Times, 1 July 1876, p. 167; Graphic, 24 June 1876, pp. 614, 628, with portrait; Illustrated London News, 14 March 1846 p. 172, with portrait, 24 June 1876 p. 623, 1 July pp. 3, 4, with portrait.]
G. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hobart, John (1694?-1756)

​HOBART, JOHN, first Earl of Buckinghamshire (1694?–1756), son of Sir Henry Hobart, fourth baronet, who was killed in a duel early in 1699, was in his fifth year at the time of his father's death. He was educated at Clare Hall, Cambridge, and was M.P. for St. Ives, Cornwall, in 1715 and from 1722 to 1727, and for Norfolk from 1727 to 1728. In 1721 he was a commissioner for ​trade and plantations. On 17 June 1725 he was created a knight of the Bath. At the accession of George II he was treasurer of the chamber, and the following year (28 May 1728) was created Baron Hobart of Blickling, Norfolk. On 31 Jan. 1739–40 he was nominated lord-lieutenant of Norfolk, and was sworn of the privy council on 3 Jan. 1744–5. On 5 Sept. 1746 he was created Earl of Buckinghamshire. One of the sisters of Buckinghamshire was Henrietta, afterwards Countess of Suffolk [see Howard, Henrietta]. The favour with which she was regarded by George II is supposed not to have been without its effect on her brother's rapid rise to honour (Coxe, Life of Sir R. Walpole, i. 276). Buckinghamshire died on 22 Sept. 1756. His portrait was painted by Thomas Hudson.
Buckinghamshire married, first, in 1722, Judith, daughter of Robert Brittiffe of Baconsthorpe in Norfolk; she died 7 Feb. 1727; secondly, in 1728, Elizabeth, sister of Robert Bristow. John, his son by his first marriage, succeeded as second earl (see below), and George Hobart [q. v.], eldest son of the second marriage, became third earl.
[Collins's Peerage, v. 153, ed. 1779; Gent. Mag. 1756, p. 451; Doyle's Official Baronage, i. 271; Lipscomb's Hist. of Buckinghamshire, ii. 274.]
J. W-s.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hobbes, Robert

​HOBBES, ROBERT (d. 1538), the last abbot of the Cistercian abbey of Woburn in Bedfordshire, held the office in 1529 (Dugdale gives the date of appointment as 1524). Hobbes was summoned to convocation in November 1529, and in the following January received a license to hold two annual fairs in the town of Woburn. In 1532 he, with four other abbots, was commissioned by the king to hold a visitation of the whole Cistercian order, in place of the abbot of Chailly, who had been charged to undertake this duty by the head visitor and reformator of the order, but was not allowed to perform it personally, being a Frenchman. In 1534 he not only himself acknowledged the king as supreme head of the church, but by advice and threats prevailed upon many of his monks to do the same. The deed of acknowledgment does not happen to have been preserved, but the fact is clearly proved by his confession. Subsequent events, however, such as the execution of the Carthusians and the suppression of monasteries, led him to repent of his action, and to maintain that ‘the part of the bishop of Rome was the true way,’ and ‘the king's part but usurpation desiderated by flattery and adulation.’ In time this became known at court. In May 1538 Hobbes and some of his monks were examined in the Tower, and his confession showed that he had failed to advocate the royal supremacy in his sermons, and that he did not believe in the existence of episcopal authority except as derived from the pope. Accordingly he was sent down to Lincoln to be tried, together with two of his brethren, Laurence Blonham, alias Peck, and Richard Woburn, alias Barnes, and the three, as well as the vicar of Puddington, were executed at Woburn. In 1818 there was still standing before the gate of the abbey an oak tree which was said to have been used as the gallows on that day.
[Cal. of Letters and Papers, Hen. VIII, iv. v. vi. vii. x. xi.; Gasquet's Hen. VIII and English Monasteries, ii. 192; Froude's Hist. of England, iii. 244; Dodd's Woburn, p. 38; Dugdale's Monasticon, v. 478; Wright's Suppression of the Monasteries (Camden Soc.), p. 145; Stow's Annales, p. 573.]
C. T. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hobday, William Armfield

​HOBDAY, WILLIAM ARMFIELD (1771–1831), portrait-painter, was born in 1771 at Birmingham, where his father was a manufacturer. Showing a capacity for drawing, he was sent to London when still a boy, and articled to an engraver named Barney, with whom he remained six years, studying at the same time in the Royal Academy schools. He then established himself in Charles Street, near the Middlesex Hospital, as a painter of miniatures and watercolour portraits, and commenced to exhibit at the Royal Academy in 1794. He was fortunate in soon securing a fashionable clientele, married, and in 1800 removed to Holles Street, Cavendish Square, where, supported largely by his father, he lived for a short time in a recklessly expensive style.
In 1804 he left London for Bristol , where for some years he was largely employed in painting the portraits of officers embarking for the seat of war in the Peninsula. Though Hobhouse ​ he thus earned large sums, he continued to be extravagant and in difficulties. In 1817, after the close of the war, Hobday returned to the metropolis, and took a large house in Broad Street, City, hoping to renew his earlier artistic and social connections; but in this he was disappointed, though patronised by Baron Rothschild, for whom he painted a family group at the price of a thousand guineas. In 1821 he removed to 54 Pall Mall, which had large galleries attached to it; and after a disastrous speculation in a panoramic exhibition, called the 'Poecilorama,' at the Egyptian Hall, he opened these galleries for the sale of pictures on commission. Though supported by all the leading English and many French artists, the venture proved a complete failure, and in 1820 Hobday became a bankrupt. He died 17 Feb. 1831, having lost his wife two years previously. Throughout his chequered career he was a constant exhibitor at the Royal Academy, frequently contributing during his residence at Bristol.
In 1819 he sent a portrait of the Duke of Sussex; his best work was a picture of Carolus the hermit of Tong. His portrait of Miss Biggs in the charahter of Cora, and that of Richard Reynolds, the Bristol philanthropist, have been engraved, the latter by W. Sharp. He was always well patronised, and obtained good prices for his works, but the quality of his art suffered greatly from his restless and improvident habits.
[A long memoir of Hobday will be found in Arnold's Library of the Fine Arts, ii. 384; Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Graves's Dict. of Artists, 1760-1880: Royal Academy Catalogues.]
F. M. O'D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hobart, Miles

​HOBART, Sir MILES (d. 1632), politician, was the son of Miles Hobart of London, by his third wife, Elizabeth, and was descended from William, brother of Sir James Hobart [q. v.] He appears to have been knighted at Salisbury on 8 Aug. 1623 (Metcalfe, Book of Knights, p. 181). In the parliament of 1627–8 he was returned for Great Marlow, Buckinghamshire. During the memorable debate of 2 March 1628–9 Hobart, to prevent the more timid members from leaving the house, locked the door and pocketed the key. For this he was arrested and examined before the council. He refused to give an account of his actions in parliament as being contrary to precedent, but did not deny having locked the door. On 2 April 1629 he was sent, probably from the Gatehouse, close prisoner to the King's Bench, with four other members. Each sued out a writ of habeas corpus (6 May). On 5 June application for bail was made to the court of king's bench, and the judges, who were willing to grant the request in spite of the king's opposition, were ready to give judgment on 23 June. But on 22 June Hobart, like other of the prisoners, had been suddenly removed, under a warrant signed by the king, from the King's Bench to the Tower. The keeper of the former prison was therefore unable to produce his prisoners on the 23rd, and on the 24th Sir Allen Apsley [q. v.], the lieutenant of the Tower, was directed by the crown not to produce them on any account. On 26 June the term ended, and the case was postponed till after the long vacation. In the following term it was agreed that the prisoners might be discharged upon bail, provided they also found sureties for good behaviour. This they unanimously refused to do. In the meantime the king proceeded against them in the Star-chamber, but eventually took no further action. In Michaelmas term 1629 Hobart vainly applied to the court of king's bench for some alleviation of the harshness of his imprisonment. Two years afterwards, in a time of plague, Hobart, having at length consented to give the required sureties, was discharged. He was killed on 29 June 1632 by the overturning of his coach, and was buried on 4 July at Great Marlow. On 18 Jan. 1646–7 parliament voted 500l. to erect a monument to his memory ​there (Commons' Journals, v. 56). He was apparently a bachelor.
[Gardiner's History, vii. 70, 90, 94; Gent. Mag. 1849 pt. i. 372–3, 1851 pt. ii. 227–34, 377–383; Burke's Peerage, s. v. ‘Buckinghamshire,’ wrongly makes Sir Miles Hobart a son of Sir Henry Hobart [q. v.]]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hobart, Vere Henry

​HOBART, VERE HENRY, Lord Hobart (1818–1875), governor of Madras, son of the Hon. and Rev. Augustus Edward Hobart (later Hobart-Hampden), afterwards sixth earl of Buckinghamshire, by Mary, daughter of John Williams, was born 8 Dec. 1818, at Welbourn, Lincolnshire. He went to Dr. Mayo's school at Cheam, Surrey. In 1836 he was elected to an open scholarship at Trinity College, Oxford, proceeded B.A. 3 Dec. 1840, and was appointed in the same year to a clerkship in the board of trade. In 1842 he accompanied Sir H. Ellis as secretary on a diplomatic mission to the emperor of Brazil, and about 1850 began to write many political articles upon Irish questions. In 1849, on his father's accession to the earldom, he succeeded to the courtesy title of Lord Hobart. In 1854 he became private secretary to Sir George Grey [q. v.], who was then secretary of state for the colonies, but resigned this post in 1855 in order to be free to oppose the continuance of the Crimean war. He advocated peace in a striking letter to the ‘Times’ of 22 Feb. of that year. In 1861 he was pro​moted from the senior clerkship at the board of trade to investigate and advise on the condition of Turkish finance, together with Mr. Foster, ‘deputy paymaster-general,’ his superior in office, and after making a report returned to Constantinople to carry out the measures he had proposed. Subsequently he was director-general of the Ottoman Bank, and in February 1872 was appointed governor of Madras. At Madras, despite his shy manner and scholarly tastes, he secured the esteem alike of the natives and of the English residents. He was anxious to improve the social status of the natives, and exerted himself in the promotion of education among all classes. He also busied himself in agitating for a harbour and an improved drainage system. He died at Madras of typhoid fever on 27 April 1875. Hobart appears to have been an unaffected lover of nature; he was a fluent, lucid, and forcible writer on political questions. He married, 4 Aug. 1853, Mary Catherine, daughter of Thomas Carr, bishop of Bombay.
His works are: 1. ‘Remarks on the Law of Partnership Liability,’ a pamphlet, 1853. 2. ‘Essay on the Alabama Claims,’ 1870. 3. ‘Political Essays,’ 1866; reprinted (with short biographical sketch), 1877. 4. ‘Fragments, &c.’ (in prose), Madras, 1875. 5. ‘Essays and Miscellaneous Writings’ (a collection of many of his articles and letters), with biographical sketch, ed. by Mary, lady Hobart, his widow, 2 vols. 1885.
[Biog. Sketch, 1877–85; Times, 11 Oct. 1876.]
N. D. F. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hobhouse, Benjamin

​HOBHOUSE, Sir BENJAMIN (1757–1831), politician, born in 1757, son of John Hobhouse, merchant at Bristol, received his education at the grammar school there, and at Brasenose College, Oxford, where he proceeded B.A. in 1778, M.A. in 1781. He was called to the bar by the society of the Middle Temple in the latter year. At the general election of 1796 he stood for Bristol without success, but in February 1797 was elected M.P. for Bletchingley, Surrey, in 1802 for Grampound, Cornwall, and in 1806 for Hindon, Wiltshire, which borough he represented till he withdrew from political life in 1818. In 1803 he took office under Addington as secretary to the board of control. He resigned this in May 1804, and in 1805 was appointed chairman of the committees for supplies. He was also first commissioner for investigating the debts of the nabobs of the Carnatic. He was made a baronet on 22 Dec. 1812. Hobhouse was president of the Bath and West of England Society (1805–17), and his bust by Chantrey was placed in the society's rooms. He was chairman of the committee of the Literary Fund, and a fellow of the Royal Society and of the Society of Antiquaries. He died at Berkeley Square on 14 Aug. 1831. Hobhouse was twice married: first, in September 1785, to Charlotte, daughter of Samuel Cam of Chantry House, near Bradford, Wiltshire;’ she died 25 Nov. 1791; secondly, in April 1793, to Amelia, daughter of the Rev. Joshua Parry of Cirencester. By his first wife he had five children, and by his second fourteen. His eldest son was John Cam Hobhouse [q. v.], afterwards Lord Broughton. The second, Benjamin, became a captain in the 69th foot, and fell at Waterloo. Portraits of Hobhouse were painted by J. Jackson, R.A., and T. Phillips, R.A.; the latter was engraved by P. Audinet.
Hobhouse wrote: 1. ‘A Treatise on Heresy as cognisable by the Spiritual Courts, and an Examination of the Statute of William III for Suppressing Blasphemy and Profaneness,’ 1792. 2. ‘A Reply to F. Randolph's Letter to Dr. Priestley; or an Examination of F. Randolph's Scriptural Revision of Socinian Arguments,’ Trowbridge, 1792; another edition, Bath, 1793. Answered by F. Randolph in ‘Scriptural Revision of Socinian Arguments, vindicated against the Reply of Benjamin Hobhouse,’ 1793. 3. Three letters addressed to ‘the several Patriotic Societies in London and its neighbourhood,’ and to the editor of the ‘Morning Chronicle,’ occasioned by the ‘prevailing disposition to riot and insurrection,’ 1792. 4. ‘An Inquiry into what constitutes the Crime of compassing and imagining the King's Death,’ 1795. 5. ‘Remarks on several parts of France, Italy, &c., in the years 1783, 1784, and 1785,’ Bath, 1796. 6. A collection of ‘Tracts,’ 1797.
[Gent. Mag. 1831, pt. ii. pp. 371, 372, 653; Cat. Oxford Grad.; Foster's Alumni Oxon.; Foster's Baronetage; Brit. Mus. Cat.; Add. MSS. 27823 f. 362, 29184 f. 87 (a letter to Warren Hastings about a sack of barley), 32166 f. 25.]
F. W-t.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Logan, James (1794?-1872)

​LOGAN, JAMES (1794?–1872), author of the ‘Scottish Gael,’ was born in Aberdeen about 1794, his father being a substantial merchant. He was educated at the grammar school and Marischal College, Aberdeen. He intended to become a lawyer, but a fracture of the skull, accidentally incurred while taking part in athletic sports, ruined his plans, and he took to drawing as a pastime. His friends urged him to persevere as an artist; he settled in London under the patronage of Lord Aberdeen, and studied in connection with the Royal Academy. Subsequently he became a journalist, and to help expenses acted for a time as clerk in an architect's office. Suddenly, however, about 1826, he started on a pedestrian tour over Scotland, gathering materials on Gaelic antiquities from the North Sea to the Atlantic. Returning to London he supported himself by periodical writing while he composed his ‘Scottish Gael, or Celtic Manners as preserved among the Highlanders,’ which was published in 1831 in 2 vols., with a dedication to William IV and illustrations by the author. He received one hundred guineas for the copyright, and the book, which was very favourably reviewed, sold well at thirty shillings—not, as Dr. Stewart states in his ‘Memoir,’ at fourteen guineas a copy.
Logan afterwards contributed to the ‘Gentleman's Magazine,’ in which he ably sustained a controversy with the Welsh scholar Dr. Davies on the respective merits of the Cymric and Gaelic branches of Celtic speech. This enhanced his reputation among scholars, bringing him a eulogistic letter from Lamartine and the offer of the secretaryship of the Highland Society of London, which he accepted and held for two or three years. Resigning this post, in accordance with his characteristic impatience of restraint, he trusted again for a living to miscellaneous literary work, contributing largely at the same time to the ‘Transactions’ of the Gaelic Society of London. He was generously patronised by the prince consort, who was interested in his special studies, and at length enabled him to become a brother of the Charterhouse, London. But Logan's restless and critical spirit led to his expulsion in 1866. Various members of the Highland and Celtic Societies befriended him, and his last years were comfortable and ostensibly independent. Logan died in London in April 1872.
The ‘Scottish Gael’ is scholarly, full, and vigorous; and, as edited by Dr. Alexander Stewart in 1876, with memoir and valuable notes, forms the standard authority on the characteristics, history, and literature of the Celt in Scotland. Logan also wrote the introduction to Mackenzie's ‘Sar-obair nam Bard Gaelach,’ or ‘Beauties of Gaelic Poetry’ (2 vols. 1841, new edit. 1877), and supplied adequate letterpress to MacIan's ‘Clans of the Scottish Highlands,’ an illustrated work on ‘Highland Costumes,’ 2 vols. fol. 1843–9; new edit. 1857.
[Dr. Stewart's Memoir in the Scottish Gael, 1876 ed.]
T. B.