OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Chimpanzee

See also Chimpanzee on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Chimpanzee (chĭm-pan′ zḗ), the best known of the man-like apes, because often seen in captivity, while its nearest relative, the gorilla, is practically unknown outside its natural haunts. It is also related to the orang-outang. It lives in the dense forests of Africa, on the coast of Guinea and in the heart of the continent as far north as the Sudan. It is of black color, with a broad, leathery, reddish-brown face, and attains a height of four or even five feet. It has no tail, and its arms, although long, are not so long in proportion to its body as those of the orang-outang. Its life is largely spent in the trees; when on the ground it often stands upright, and in walking places the knuckles of its hands on the ground, but the legs are bent and there is a forward stoop, so that the chimpanzee does not show its full height when walking. The chimpanzees, like other apes and monkeys, are great imitators, and show considerable intelligence and judgment. In their forest home they feed on berries and other fruits; cultivated bananas are also stolen, and on this account they are hunted by the natives. See Apes.
# The New Student's Reference Work/China-Ware

See also Porcelain on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​China-Ware, a species of fine porcelain, originally manufactured in China (whence its name). It is characterized by the fineness of its texture, transparency and beautiful color. It is made from two kinds of earth, known as petunse and kaolin, which are worked into a white paste, the kaolin enabling it to withstand great heat in the furnace; after this the article, cup, vase or whatever it may be, passes into the hands of the painters for decoration and delicate coloring, when it is then glazed or varnished, and once more submitted to the furnace to have the colors burned in and given their rich luster. China-ware has been manufactured more or less successfully in Europe. The finest imitations are those known as Sèvres, Dresden and Wedgwood or queensware. The French have turned out some beautiful china, which they call faïence fine, or Henri II ware; but the most artistic, probably, is Sèvres, manufactured in that town, in France, together with the Dresden ware manufactured in Saxony. The most notable English ware turned out has been that of Josiah Wedgwood, whose classical vases, ornamented by the sculptor Flaxman, attained great repute and command high prices. The Japanese have also reached great perfection in the manufacture of porcelain; the Hizen or “old Japan” ware being noted for its elegance and beauty of color.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Chinch-Bug

See also Chinch Bug on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Chinch-Bug, an insect very destructive, especially to corn and wheat. It is estimated that the loss from this pest—mainly in the Mississippi valley—has amounted to $60,000,000 in a single year. It is a true bug—having a sharp beak, instead of jaws, with which it punctures the grain and sucks the juices. The plants are not eaten but sapped of their life. The chinch-bug is a small bug about one sixth of an inch long, blackish in color, with snowy white wing-covers marked with a dark spot and line.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Chinese Wall, The

See also Great Wall of China on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Chinese Wall, The. The construction of this great feature of the Middle Kingdom was finished in 214 B. C., as a grand barrier along the north of the Chinese empire. It is 1,500 miles long, and is constructed of two strong retaining walls of brick, rising from granite foundations, the space between being filled with stones and earth. It is about 25 feet broad at the bottom and 15 feet at the top, and from 15 to 30 feet in height. The top was at first covered with bricks, but is now overgrown with grass. The wall took ten years to build, and it is said that several millions of workmen were employed on its construction.
# The New Student's Reference Work/China Sea, The

See also South China Sea on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
China Sea, The, is chiefly known to American boys as the scene of terrible adventures with Chinese and Malay pirates and of the destructive work of typhoons. It is destined, however, to be one of the most important seas in the world. It is enclosed by the Malay Peninsula (British), French China and China proper to the west; to the north by the Straits of Formosa; to the east by Formosa (Japan), the Philippine Islands and Borneo (British); to the south by the Java Sea. Hence it is girt by British, French, Chinese, Japanese and American dominions, countries that will no doubt develop into centers of civilization and wealth in days soon to come. East China Sea lies to the north of Formosa, being partly shut off from the Pacific by the Liu-Kiu Islands, a possession of Japan.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Chinooks

See also Chinookan peoples on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Chinooks (chĭ'nookz'), a tribe of Indians who formerly lived on both banks of the Columbia River, broken into many bands. Their language differed somewhat among different bands, and was hard to pronounce. This led the traders to use what was called Chinook jargon, containing some Chinook words, togther with French, English and words from other Indian languages. There are only a handful of Chinooks left, who are on the Chehalis reservation in Washington.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Edward Sheldon

From volume 13 of the work.
Translator, b. at Beoley, 23 April, 1599; d. in London, 27 March, 1687. He was the third son of Edward Sheldon of Beoley, Worcestershire, and Elizabeth Markham his wife. He studied at Oxford and afterward at Gray's Inn, London, completing his education by a foreign tour. Having married Mary (or Margaret) Wake, daughter of Lionel Wake of Pedington, Northamptonshire, by whom he had nine sons and four daughters, he led a quiet life on his estate at Stratton, Gloucestershire. In 1641, being molested because of his religion, he removed to London where hi lived in retirement till his death. He translated four works from the French: "The Holy Life of M. De Renty" (1658); "The Rule of Catholic Faith", by Dr. Veron (1660); "The Counsels of Wisdom", by Nicholas Fouquet, Marquis of Belle Isle (1680); and "Christian Thoughts for Every Day of the Month" (1680).
FOLEY, Records Eng. Prov. S.J., V, (Sheldon Pedigree), 850; WOOD, Athenæ Ozonienses, ed. BLISS, (London, 1813-1820); DODD, Church History m III (Brussels vere Wolverhampton, 1737-1742); GILLOW, Bibl. Dict. Eng. Cath., s.v.; COOPER in Dict. Nat. Biog., s.v.
EDWIN BURTON
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Edward Metcalfe

From volume 10 of the work.
Born in Yorkshire, 1792; died a martyr of charity at Leeds, 7 May, 1847. He entered the Benedictine monastery at Ampleforth in 1811, and was ordained five years later. He distinguished himself early as a linguist. From 1822 to 1824, he served on the mission at Kilvington. About this time, at the request of Bishop Baines, he and some other members of the community left Ampleforth to establish a monastery at Prior Park, near Bath. On 13 March, 1830, the Holy See authorized them to transfer their obedience to the vicar Apostolic; a little later, owing to some misunderstanding, they were secularized. In 1831 Father Metcalfe was made chaplain to Sir E. Mostyn, of Talacre, Flint, and soon acquired a knowledge of the Welsh language, so as to minister to the Welsh population. After five years he was transferred to Newport, and in 1844 to Bristol. Arrangements were almost completed for his re-admission into the Benedictines in 1847, when an outbreak of fever in Leeds, inspired him to offer his services to the bishop of that city; he hastened to the plague-stricken populace, and in a short time fell a victim to the epidemic. His principal works are: a Welsh translation of Challoner's two works, "Think well on't" and "The Garden of the Soul" (Llyfr Gweddi y Catholig); also "Crynoad o'r AthrawiÊth Cristionogol" (Rhyl, 1866).
GILLOW, Biog. Dict. of Eng. Cath.; Dolman's Magazine, V, 65; The Tablet, IV, 790; SHEPHERD, Reminiscences of Prior Park, passim.
A. A. MacErlean.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Edward Walsh

* related authors: Edward Walsh.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
From volume 15 of the work.
Irish poet, born at Derry in 1805; died at Cork, 6 August, 1850. When little more than a boy he showed great intellectual gifts, and in 1830 was private tutor in County Cork. He was for a time teacher of a school at Millstreet, whence, in 1837, he removed to Tourin, County Waterford, having been appointed to a school under the Commissioners of Education. Many of his songs and poems appeared between the years 1832-39, and he contributed to the "Nation". Worried with the surroundings of an uncongenial occupation, and pestered by officials, whose visits were ill-received by the super-sensitive poet, he went to reside in Dublin in 1843, and was befriended by Gavan Duffy, who got him appointed sub-editor of the "Monitor". His "Irish Jacobite Poetry" (1844) and his "Irish Popular Songs" (1847) gave unmistakable evidence of a genuine poet. Yet he was forced to fight against poverty, and, in 1848, he accepted the post of schoolmaster to the junior convicts of Spike Island, where he was visited by John Mitchell, on his way to penal servitude, who vividly describes in his "Jail Journal" his meeting with Walsh. Not long afterwards, he secured the schoolmastership of Cork work-house, but died within twelve months. A fine monument, with an epitaph in Irish and English, was erected to his memory in the Father Mathew Cemetery at Cork. Among his lyrics "Mo Chragibhin Cno", "Brighidin ban mo stor", and "O'Donovan's Daughters" are in most Irish anthologies, while his translations from the Irish are both faithful and musical.
KICKHAM, Edward Walsh in The Celt (Dublin, 1857); COLLINS, Celtic-Irish Songs and Song Writers (London, 1885); BROOKE and ROLLESTON, A Treasury of Irish Poetry (London, 1900).
W. H. Grattan-Flood.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Edward Worsley

From volume 15 of the work.
Born in Lancashire, England, 1605; died at Antwerp, 2 Sept., 1676. He is said to have been educated at Oxford, but his name does not occur in the University Registers, and it is equally uncertain that he took Anglican orders. Having become a Jesuit on 7 Sept., 1626, he studied at Liège, where he subsequently became a professor of philosophy, logic, and Scripture, winning a great reputation for talent and erudition. He was made a professed father 20 Sept., 1641. Having laboured for a time in London, he became rector of the college at Liège from 1658 till 1662, where he was made procurator at the professed house at Antwerp. His chief works, mostly written against Stillingfleet, are: "Truth will out" (1665); "Protestancy without Principles" (1668); "Reason and Religion" (1672); "The Infallibility of the Roman Catholic Church" (1674); "A Discourse of Miracles" (1676); and "Anti-Goliath" (1678), published after his death.
DODD, Church History (Brussles) vere Wolverhampton, 1737-42); FOLEY, Records Eng. Prov. S.J., IV and VII (London, 1883); OLIVER, Jesuit Collections (Exeter, 1838); COOPER in Dict. Nat. Biog., s.v.; DE BACKER, Bibl. des ecrivains de la Compagnie de Jesus.
Edwin Burton.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Edward Michelis

From volume 10 of the work.
A theologian, born in St. Mauritz, 6 Feb., 1813; died in Luxemburg, 8 June, 1855. After his ordination, in 1836, he was appointed private secretary to the Arehbishop of Cologne, Clemens August von Droste-Vischering, whose imprisonment he shared, first in the fortress of Minden (1837), and later at Magdeburg and Erfurt. On his release in 1841 he returne to St. Mauritz, where, the following year, he established the Sisters of Divine Providence, whom he placed in charge of an orphanage he had also founded. In 1844 he was made professor of dogmatic theology in the seminary at Luxemburg, where he remained until his death. Among his published writings are: "V-lker der S¸dsee u. die Geschichte der protestantischen und katholischen Missionen unter denselben" (Munster, 1847); "Lieder aus Westfalen", edited by his brother Friedrich in 1857; "Das heilige Messopfer und das Frohnleichnamsfest in ihrer welthistorischen Bedeutung" (Erfurt, 1841). He was also the founder of the "M¸nstersche Sonntagsblatt" and co-founder and editor-in-chief of "Das Luxemburger Wort" (1848).
LAUCHERT in Buchberger, Kirchliches Handlex.; Konversationslex.
Florence Rudge McGahan.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Egbert

From volume 5 of the work.
Egbert (Ecgbehrt or Ecgbryht), frequently though incorrectly called "First King of England", d. A.D. 839. He styled himself in 828 Rex Anglorum, i.e. "Overlord of East Anglia", a title used by Offa fifty years before; in 830 he described himself as "King of the West Saxons and Kentishmen", and in 833 he is "King of the West Saxons". He came of the royal race descended from Ine of Wessex and, owing to his pretensions to power, was exiled by the joint action of Beorhtric of Wessex and Offa of Mercia. The date and duration of his exile are unknown, but he returned in 802 and was chosen King of the West Saxons. In 815 he ravaged Cornwall and conquered the West Welsh who dwelt there. They rebelled in 825, when he again defeated them just in time to repel a Mercian invasion at the battle of Ellandune. Shortly afterwards Kent, Surrey, Sussex, and Essex accepted him as king and East Anglia submitted to his overlordship. War with Mercia again broke out, and ended in Egbert driving out Wiglaf and receiving the submission of that kingdom. In 829 he attacked Northumbria, but the Northumbrians met him at Dore and recognized him as overlord.
Thus for the first time he had united the whole English race under one overlordship, in this way substantially justifying the title King of England, though the idea of territorial kingship had not at that time come into being. Nor was he actually king of all the subject tribes, for the underkings still ruled, though they were under him as Bretwalda. Thus he restored Wiglaf to the throne of Mercia and made his own son Ethelwulf King of the Kentishmen. In his own Kingdom of Wessex he developed the shire system, carefully regulating the relations of the ealdorman and the bishop to the shire. He also organized the Fyrd, or militia. His ecclesiastical policy was very favorable to the Church, and at the Council of Kingston, in 838, he gave the archbishop assurances of friendship and certain privileges which considerably strengthened the primatial see. In 831 he forced the North Welsh (the people of Wales) to accept his overlordship, but three years later he had to defend his realm from Scandinavian pirates who were invading Sheppey. He beat them off, but they returned in 835 and defeated him at Charmouth in Dorsetshire. In 837 he again had to meet a great fleet of Northmen, who on this occasion were helped by an insurrection of the West Welsh. He, however, won a great victory over the allies at Hengestdune, on the borders of Cornwall, after which he remained at peace till his death.
The chronology of the Anglo-Saxon chronicle is often two, and sometimes three, years out with regard to the events of his reign. His coins, which are rare, though specimens from nineteen different mints are known, bear his name and the title Rex, the additions Saxo, "M", or "A" denoting Wessex, Mercia, and East Anglia respectively.
EDWIN BURTON
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Edwy

From volume 5 of the work.
Edwy (or Eadwig), King of the English, eldest son of Edmund and St. Aelfgifu, b. about 940; d. 959. Though but fifteen years old at the death of his uncle Edred, he was unanimously chosen king, and was crowned at Kingston in January, 956. Too young, almost, to know his own mind, and surrounded by counsellors who pandered to all that was worst in him, his reign was of short duration. Despite the exhortations of St. Dunstan and Archbishop Odo, both of whom fell under his displeasure, he put imposition after imposition upon his subjects. His relatives were removed from court, honest thanes were despoiled of their lands and inheritances, and his grandmother Eadgive, who, by her piety and dignity, had endeared herself to the entire nation, was deprived of all her possessions.
At length, in 957, the Mercians and Northumbrians, who felt his course most keenly, rose against him. Edgar, Edwy's younger brother, withdrew from the court with Archbishop Odo and put himself at the head of the insurgents. Edwy advanced to meet him but was defeated at Gloucester and obliged to flee for his life. Unwilling to prolong a civil war, the men of Kent and Wessex assented to a general meeting of the thanes from North and South to arrange for peace. It was decided that the country should be divided in half at the Thames, and that each brother should rule over a part. To Edwy was allotted the southern portion, and to Edgar the northern. Taught prudence by his reverses, Edwy governed his portion from that time forward with commendable justice and moderation, but died, prematurely, in 959.
His relations with St. Dunstan were not the happiest, and constitute the chief interest of Edwy's career. His opposition to the saint dated from the refusal of the latter to countenance his relations with Ethelgive, by some presumed to be his foster mother, and her daughter. Seeing that he was in disfavor, Dunstan withdrew for a time to his cloister, but the anger of the king, kept alive by Ethelgive, followed him into that sanctuary. The monks were incited to revolt, the abbey was plundered. Dunstan fled and, though hotly pursued, managed to escape to the Continent, where he remained until after Edwy's death. Osbern's story to the effect that Edwy engaged in a general persecution of the monks may, however, be safely rejected, as the revolt against him was not concerned with the dispute between the regulars and seculars which began only after Edwy's death. On the other hand, Edwy's dislike for Dunstan may have helped to impede the saint's monastic reforms.
Stanley J. Quinn.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Edward Patrick Allen

From volume 1 of the work.
​Allen, Edward Patrick, fifth Bishop of Mobile, Alabama, U. S., b. at Lowell, Mass., 17 March, 1853. He made his college course at Mount St. Mary's, Emmittsburg, Md., graduating 26 June, 1878, and then entered the seminary there for his theological studies. He was ordained priest 17 December, 1881, and remained at Mount St. Mary's, as a member of the faculty, until early in 1882, when he was made an assistant at the cathedral in Boston, and later at Framingham, Mass. In 1884 he returned to Mount St. Mary's to assume the presidency of the college, which office he held until he was appointed Bishop of Mobile. He was consecrated at Baltimore, Md., 16 May, 1897. In 1889 Georgetown University conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Divinity.
Reuss, Biog. Cyclo. of the Cath. Hierarchy of the U. S.; Catholic Directory, 1898.
Thomas F. Meehan.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Firmicus Maternus

From volume 6 of the work.
Christian author of the fourth century, wrote a work "De errore profanarum religionum". Nothing is known about him except what can be gleaned from this work, which is found in only one MS. (Codex Vaticano-Palatinus, Saec. X). Some references to the Persian Wars, and the fact that the work was addressed to the two emperors, Constantius II and Constans I, have led to the conclusion that it was composed during their joint reign (337-350). The work is valuable because it gives a picture of the character which the paganism of the later Roman Empire had taken, under the stress of the new spiritual needs aroused by contact with the religions of Egypt and the East. It aims, if one may judge from the mutilated introduction, at presenting from a philosophical and historical standpoint, reasons showing the superiority of Christianity over the superstitions and licentiousness of heathenism. In a general survey of pagan creeds and beliefs the author holds up to scorn the origin and practices of the Gentile cults. All its parts are not of equal merit or importance, from the purely historical standpoint. The first portion, in which the religions of Greece and the East are described, is merely a compilation from earlier sources, but in the latter section of the work, in which the mysteries of Eleusis, Isis, and especially Mithra are set forth in detail, with their system of curious passwords, formulae, and ceremonies, the author seems to speak from personal experience, and thus reveals many interesting facts which are not found elsewhere. The emperors are exhorted to stamp out this network of superstition and immorality, as a sacred duty for which they will receive a reward from God Himself, and ultimately the praise and thanks of those whom they rescue from error and corruption. The theory that the author of the Christian work was identical with Julius Firmicus Maternus Siculus, who wrote a work on astrology (De Nativitatibus sive Matheseos), assigned by Mommsen to the year 337 ["Hermes", XXIX (1894), 468 sq.], is favourably received by some, as well because of the identity of names and dates, as because of similarities in style which they are satisfied the two documents exhibit. This theory of course supposes that the author wrote one work before, the other after, his conversion. Critical edition by Halm (Vienna, 1867) in "Corpus Scrip. Eccles. Lat.", II.
PATRICK J. HEALY
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Filippo Scannabecchi

From volume 13 of the work.
[DALMASIO; LIPPO DI DALMASIO; LIPPO DALLE MADONNE; MURATORI(?)].
Bolognese painter, born about 1360; died about 1410. Of his life and career we know exceedingly little. Malvasia gives few details, but regards his work as of the highest importance, and says that no great family in Bologna was without an example of it. It is not easy at the present day to know upon what basis Malvasia wrote, because there is no work of Scannabecchi which seems to modern critics to deserve such praise. He was, however, one of the earliest painters of Bologna, and one of the first to reveal beauty in the features of the Madonna and Child. His father, Dalmasio Scannabecchi, who painted in the same city, trained him, and also Vitale da Bologna. We have no definite dates concerning him, save that he made his will in 1410. The name Muratori, by which one or two writers have styled him, really belongs to another artist of the name of Scannabecchi, a woman, Teresa, a seventeenth-century painter, and should not be applied to him. His name of Lippo Dalle Madonne was given him because he usually painted the Madonna.
There is a reference to him in Le Pubbliche Pitture di Piacenza (Piacenza, 1780); MALVASIA, Felsina Pittrice (Bologna, 1678); the unpublished memoirs of ORETTI in the Bologna Museum.
GEORGE CHARLES WILLIAMSON