OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Farīd-ud-Dīn ʿAṭṭār

Edition of 1905. See also Attar of Nishapur on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​FARĪD-UD-DĪN ʿAṬṬĀR, fȧ-rēd′ ụd dēn ȧt-tär′ (c.1119-1229). A Persian poet and mystic. He was the son of a druggist, brought up to his father's business, and his real name was Muhammad ibn Ibrahim, his better-known appellation, Farīd-ud-Dīn ʿAttār (‘the pearl of the faith, the druggist’), being a poet's name, or takhallus. His life of 110 years was spent in the neighborhood of the city of Naishâpur. During the invasion of Genghiz Khan he fell a victim to an ignorant Mongol soldier. He studied the mystic philosophy of the Sufis, and was its principal representative after his pupil Jalāl ud-Dīn Rūmī. He was a voluminous writer, leaving no fewer than 120,000 couplets of poetry. His most famous work is the “Mantiq ut-Tair,” or parliament of birds, an allegorical poem, according to which the birds, weary of anarchy, longed for a king. As the hoopoe who had guided Solomon through the desert best knows what a king should be, he is asked whom they shall choose. “The Simurgh in the Caucasus,” is his reply. But the way to the Caucasus is long and dangerous, and most of the birds excuse themselves from the journey. A few, however, set out; but by the time they reach the great King's court, their number is reduced to thirty. The thirty birds, wing-weary and hunger-stricken, at length gain access to their chosen monarch, the Simurgh; but only to find that they strangely lose their identity in his presence—that they are he, and he is they. Consult: Garcin de Tassy, Mantic uttaïr ou le langage des oiseaux, poème de philosophie religieuse, par Farid-uddin Attar (Paris, 1857-63); Fitzgerald, Salāmān and Absál . . . together with A Bird's-Eye View of Farid-uddin Attar's Bird-Parliament, edited by Dole (Boston, 1899).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fast and Loose

Edition of 1905. See also Fast and Loose (con game) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FAST AND LOOSE. The name of a cheating game, also called pricking at the belt, which appears to have been much practiced by the gypsies in the time of Shakespeare. The following is a description: “A leathern belt is made up into a number of intricate folds, and placed edgewise upon a table. One of the folds is made to resemble the middle of a girdle, so that whoever shall thrust a skewer into it would think he held it fast to the table; whereas, when he has so done, the person with whom he plays may take hold of both ends and draw it away.”
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fecundation

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​FECUNDATION (in plants). See Fertilization.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fedalma

Edition of 1905. See also George Eliot on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​FEDALMA, Span. pron. fā̇-Däl′mȧ. The gypsy's daughter in The Spanish Gypsy, by George Eliot.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fastenrath, Johann

Edition of 1905. See also Johannes Fastenrath on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FASTENRATH, fäs'ten-rät, Johann (1839—). A German writer, born at Remscheid. He studied at the universities of Bonn, Heidelberg, Munich, and Berlin, and in Paris; traveled extensively in Spain in 1864, 1869, and 1879; wrote several works of verse after the Spanish manner (Ein spanischer Romanzenstrauss, 1866; Hesperische Blüten, 1869; Immortellen aus Toledo, 1869); and in Das Buch meiner spanischen Freunde (1870) introduced to German readers the work of contemporary Spanish poets through translations of representative specimens. His La Walhalla y las glorias de Alemania (1872-87) performed a reverse service, describing for Spanish benefit, under the guise of interesting essays, prominent German characters from the days of Hermann. Numerous other original volumes and translations have in a scholarly manner familiarized in Germany much of Spanish literature and history.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Feckenham, John de

Edition of 1905. See also John Feckenham on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​FECK′ENHAM, John de (c.1518-85). The last abbot of Westminster, and the last mitred abbot who sat in Queen Elizabeth's Parliament. He was born in Feckenham Forest, Worcestershire, about 1518, and his family name was Howman. He became a monk at Evesham, and there took the name by which he is now known. He studied at Oxford. After holding other positions, in 1543 he became chaplain to Bonner, Bishop of London, and when the latter was deprived of his see Feckenham was sent to the Tower (1549). Although for much of the time a prisoner, he was active in political matters. Queen Mary released him and made him her chaplain (1553). In 1556 Queen Mary refounded the Benedictine Monastery of Saint Peter, Westminster, London, and made him mitred abbot. Elizabeth was personally friendly to him, but would do nothing for him, as he would not conform to the new (Protestant) faith. All his influence was thrown against the Reformation and its doctrines. In 1559 he was removed, and sent to the Tower in 1560, and, though released on bail in 1574, was practically a prisoner till his death, at Wisbech, near Elyin, 1585.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Federalist, The

Edition of 1905. See also Federalist Papers on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​FEDERALIST, The. A series of essays issued in 1787 and 1788 in favor of the adoption of the proposed Federal Constitution for the United States. The Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia adjourned September 17, 1787; the text of the new Constitution was first published in New York on September 27th; and on October 27th the first number of the Federalist appeared in The Independent Journal, a semi-weekly newspaper of New York, the successive essays continuing to appear therein until April 2, 1788. All of the eighty-five essays (the concluding eight of which did not appear until the Federalist was printed in book form) were published over the name of ‘Publius,’ but they were composed severally by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. The authorship of several of the numbers has been the subject of prolonged and inconclusive discussion; but the chief credit for the conception of the enterprise and for its execution has at all times been given to Hamilton. In newspaper and in pamphlet form the Federalist had a wide circulation, and its influence was conspicuous in turning popular opinion in favor of the Constitution. Especially in New York, to whose inhabitants it was particularly addressed, it was an important factor in the conversion of the State from anti-federalism to federalism. No contemporary exposition of the text of the Constitution, of the purposes of its framers, and of its relation to the actual development of the State, was so complete, so scholarly, or so authoritative as was that in the Federalist. It has, consequently, become recognized, even by the courts, as the most reliable commentary on the Constitution and as an essential aid in the interpretation of such passages as are of obscure or disputed meaning. Many editions have been published, the latest and most useful (containing for the first time a full index of the essays) is that by Paul L. Ford (New York, 1898). In the edition edited by John C. Hamilton (Philadelphia, 1875) there is an elaborate essay on the authorship of the several papers. The discussion is almost as interesting to the antiquary as that concerning the identity of ‘Junius.’ Useful editions have also been published by H. C. Lodge (New York, 1888) and by E. H. Scott (Chicago, 1895).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Federalists

Edition of 1905. See also Federalist Party on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​FEDERALISTS. In American history, the name given to those who in 1787 and 1788 advocated the adoption of the new Constitution of the United States, and who later contended, for the most part, for a liberal construction of the Constitution and the establishment of a strong National Government. In the end Washington undoubtedly favored their views; but Hamilton, with his plans for a national bank, a sinking fund, the assumption of State debts, and the encouragement of manufactures, was the real leader of the Federalists, while Jay, John Adams, Gouverneur Morris, Ames, and later Marshall were prominent members of the party. The Federalists were conservative in their belief in popular government, and had little sympathy with the French Revolution, being upon these two, as upon other points, opposed by the strict constructionists under the leadership of Jefferson and Madison, known as the Republicans, or Democratic Republicans. (See Democratic Party.) The Federalists controlled the first three administrations—those of Washington and of John Adams—but the party was disrupted by factional controversies during Adams's Administration, and was overthrown by the Republican victory of 1800, which placed Jefferson in the Presidential chair. Their candidates for President from 1804 to 1816 received scarcely any support outside of New England, and in 1820 no Federalist nomination was made. During these years the party was kept alive in New England by those who had opposed Adams's Administration, and who formed the most aristocratic and pro-English faction. (See Essex Junto.) Their opposition to the Embargo and kindred measures, and to the War of 1812, culminated in the Hartford Convention (q.v.) in 1814. The convention was immeasurably denounced, and was fatal to the little life still left in the Federalist Party. One of the last appointments of President Adams was that of John Marshall as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and during his tenure of that office Marshall succeeded in stamping indelibly upon the Constitution the best portions of the Federalist doctrine. Moreover, the Democrats in power gradually became scarcely less liberal in their interpretation of the Constitution than the Federalists had been before them; and while in 1798 the Federalists denounced the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (q.v.) passed by the Democrats in favor of State's rights, in 1814 the Federalists were vigorously opposed to any extension of the authority of the central Government, while the Democrats were wholly committed in this respect to the former Federalist policy.
# The Master Thief

* "Der Meisterdieb" in Grimm, Kinder- und Hausmärchen
* "The Master Thief in The Red Fairy Book, 1890
* "The Master-Thief" in Margaret Hunt, Grimm's Household Tales. Volume 2. No 192. (1894)
* "The Master Thief" in Joseph Jacobs. Europa's Fairy Book, 1895.
* "The Master Thief" in George Dasent. Popular Tales from the Norse, 1912
# The New Student's Reference Work/Delaware Bay

See also Delaware Bay on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Del′aware Bay separates New Jersey and Delaware. Where it flows by Cape May and Cape Henlopen and joins the Atlantic, it is 15 miles broad, It is about 60 miles in length, to the entrance of Delaware River, and its greatest breadth is from 25 to 30 miles. The main channel is from 35 to 75 feet deep, and the largest vessels can sail to Philadelphia. A large breakwater, built by the government at Cape Henlopen, affords a safe harbor.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Delcassé, Théophile

See also Théophile Delcassé on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Delcassé (dĕl-käs-sā), Théophile, French minister of foreign affairs, was born at Pamiers on Nov. 1, 1852,and began his career early. In 1889 he entered the French chamber, and in 1893 became under-secretary for the colonies, and in the following year colonial minister in the Dupuy cabinet. He was a consistent advocate of colonial expansion, and had charge of the Fashoda interests in the Méline cabinet in 1898 as minister of foreign affairs. He retained the latter post in the Waldeck-Rousseau ministry, under the presidency of Emile Loubet. In 1899 he negotiated the agreement with Great Britain as to the Nile valley and Central Africa.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Denison, Tex.

See also Denison, Texas on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Denison, Tex., a town in Grayson County and near the Red River in north-central Texas, on the Mo., Kans. & Texas and the Houston & Texas Central railways. It has considerable trade in fruits and agricultural products and a number of manufacturing establishments, including railway machine-shops. St. Xavier convent is situated here, and besides good public schools there also is a business-college. Denison erected the first public-school building in Texas. Population, 13,632.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Dennison, William

See also William Dennison, Jr. on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Dennison, William, war-governor of Ohio, was born at Cincinnati, O., Nov. 23, 1815; and died at Columbus, June 15, 1882. After graduating at Miami in 1835, he studied law, and in 1848 became a member of the state legislature of Ohio, and in 1860 was chosen governor. He was a stanch supporter of the Union, being an anti-slavery man, and incited the state to raise and equip troops for the prosecution of the war and to provide funds for their maintenance. Under Presidents Lincoln and Johnson he was postmaster-general. Governor Dennison was a philanthropic benefactor of Dennison University (formerly known as Granville College).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Density

See also Density on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Den′sity is defined as the ratio of mass to volume. This term is so frequently misused by writers on scientific subjects, that it was considered worth while by the international congress of physicists, at Paris in 1900, to pass a resolution defining this quantity as stated above. Density and specific gravity are by no means the same, although one is proportional to the other. The specific gravity of any substance is defined as the ratio of its density to the density of water. The average density of a body is the ratio of the total mass of the body to the total volume of the body, while the density of a body at any one point is the limit which is approached by the ratio of a small mass about that point to the volume of this small mass.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Delaware, Thomas West, Lord

See also Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Delaware or De La Warr, Thomas West, Lord, was appointed captain-general and first governor of Virginia in 1609. He reached the colony in the next year, with three ships. He found the colonists in despair because of scarcity of food and bad government, but by good management he made them orderly, contented and industrious. In 1611 ill-health sent him back to England. In 1618 the bad government under which the Virginians suffered turned their thoughts to Lord Delaware, and they urged him to become their governor. He set out to meet their wishes, but died on the voyage.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Delaware River

See also Delaware River on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Del′aware River is formed by the junction, on the boundary line of New York and Pennsylvania, of two small streams which flow from the Catskills. It separates those states till it reaches Kittatinny Mountain, about 70 miles distant, where it turns sharply southwest and separates Pennsylvania from New Jersey. Soon it passes through Delaware Water Gap, a gorge whose banks are rocks 1,000 and 1,200 feet high on either side. Easton and Trenton are passed, and tide-water is met 132 miles from the sea. Philadelphia is the head of navigation for the largest vessels. Just across the mile-wide channel is Camden. Forty miles below Philadelphia the river empties into Delaware Bay, after a course of 300 miles. The chief branches are the Lehigh and the Schuylkill. The river is connected with the Hudson by the Delaware and Hudson and Morris and Essex Canals.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Delawares

See also Lenape on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Delawares, a tribe of the great Algonquin family of Indians, were found by the whites in detached bands, under chiefs or sachems, dwelling on the Delaware River, and calling themselves Lenapes. The Dutch, the Swedes and the English all traded with them peaceably. William Penn bought large tracts of their lands. The Delawares claimed that they were cheated in this walking-treaty, as it was called, and at first were not going to remove. But the Pennsylvanians called on the Six Nations for help, who haughtily ordered the Delawares, as women, to retire. They at this time were composed of three clans, those of the Turtle, the Turkey and the Wolf. From this time they kept splitting into bands and changing their homes. The Ohio, Muskingum, Miami, parts of Canada, the White River of Missouri, the Red River and the Kansas were successively homes of the Delawares. Most of them now are on the Verdigris River, on lands bought from the Cherokees. The Delawares fought at Braddock's defeat, took part in the wars of Pontiac, helped the Miamis in the defeat of St. Clair in 1791, fought against the Sioux, and in the Civil War sent most of their warriers to join the north. The early Swedish settlers attempted to Christianize them; but the best work among them was done by the Moravians, beginning in 1741. In 1866 the United States government allowed them to become citizens, which they chose to do, their lands and money held by the government being divided among the members of the tribe. Tammany, the name adopted by the well-known political society of New York city, was an early Delaware chief. The Delawares now number about 1,000.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Quince

See also Quince on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Quince, the fruit of a species of Pirus (P. cydonia), a member of the rose family. The species is sometimes regarded as entitled to separate, generic rank, and is then called Cydonia vulgaris. It is said to be a native of northern Persia, but is naturalized through the northern hemisphere. There are only three principal varieties in cultivation: Those in which the fruit is apple-shaped; those in which it is pear-shaped; and the so-called Portugal quince, which has very large fruit.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Quin, James

See also James Quin on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Quin, James, a celebrated actor of Irish descent, was born at London in 1693, and made his first appearance on the stage at Dublin in 1714. Shortly after, he was engaged at Drury Lane, London, but for quite inferior parts. In 1716, however, the sudden illness of a leading actor led to Quin being called to take the character of Bajazet in the once-famous play of Tamerlane. His success was marked. Next year he went to Rich's Theater at Lincoln's Inn Fields, where he remained as a principal actor for 17 years. The only really fine parts which he seems to have played were Captain McHeath in the Beggar's Opera and Falstaff in The Merry Wives of Windsor. In 1734 he returned to Drury Lane Theater "on such terms," says Cibber, "as no hired actor had before received;" and from this date until the appearance of Garrick in 1741 he was by universal consent the first actor in England. He died at Bath, Jan. 21, 1766.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Quincy, Josiah

See also Josiah Quincy II on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Quincy, Josiah, an American lawyer, was born at Boston, Feb. 23, 1744, and died at sea, off Gloucester, Mass., April 26, 1775. After graduating at Harvard in 1763, he studied law. He took a strong stand against the oppressions of the parliament of the mother-country and its violations of the rights of the colonists, and his name is associated with those of James Otis and Joseph Warren as men who had most influence in bringing about the Revolution. Although Quincy had a slender frame and ill-health, his gift of oratory, heightened by a voice of rare beauty and compass and an impassioned and graceful delivery, had great weight in public assemblies. When Captain Prescott and the soldiers who fired on the people in the Boston massacre of March 5, 1770, were arrested, Josiah Quincy and John Adams were applied to in their behalf to act as their counsel, and, although they earned great reproach by doing so, the acquittal of the prisoners on trial the next autumn justified their course. In May, 1774, he published his chief political work: Observations on the Boston Port Bill, with Thoughts on Civil Government and Standing Armies. In September, 1774, he went to England on a private mission for the popular cause, as also for his health. This visit excited much notice in London. He had interviews with Lords North and Dartmouth at their own request, had intercourse with Dr. Franklin and other friends constantly, and received the most bitter personal abuse from Lord Hillsborough. He returned early in the spring, against the advice of his physician, and died just before arriving. Almost his last words were that he could die content if he had an hour's talk with Samuel Adams or Joseph Warren. See Life by his son, Josiah Quincy (1820).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Quincy, Mass.

See also Quincy, Massachusetts on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Quincy, Mass., an historic city and seaport of Norfolk County, on Quincy Bay, is separated from Boston by Neponset River on the north and from Weymouth by Fore River on the south. It is on the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad and the Old Colony Street Railway. It is noted for its granite, and for this reason is sometimes called the Granite City. Other important industries are shipbuilding, rivets and studs, gears, a foundry, translucent fabrics and many minor industries. Besides an excellent system of public schools there are Adams Academy (a secondary school for boys founded by President John Adams), Woodward Institute (a secondary school for girls), Quincy Mansion School (a girls' boarding-school), Thomas Crane Library (public), a city-hospital and other civic and social institutions. Quincy is often called the City of Presidents, as it is the place of birth, residence and burial of John Adams and John Quincy Adams. It also is the birthplace of John Hancock. Population 32,642.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Quicksilver

See also Quicksilver on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Quick'sil'ver. See Mercury.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Quiller-Couch, A. T.

See also Arthur Quiller-Couch on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Quil'ler-Couch', A. T., English novelist, essayist and literary critic, was born in Cornwall in 1863, and early in his career was a classical lecturer at Trinity College, Oxford (1886-7). For the next ten years he was on the staff of The Speaker (London) or connected with it as a contributor. Some of his essays and reviews in The Speaker and elsewhere will be found in a collection under the title of Adventures in Criticism (1896). About ten years earlier he devoted himself to the writing of fiction, many of the characters in his novels, together with much of the scenery and traditions of his native county, treating of Cornwall. Among his novels are Dead Man's Rock; Troy Town; The Mayor of Troy; The Splendid Spur; The Delectable Duchy; The Ship of Stars; Old Fires and Profitable Ghosts; The Adventures of Harry Revel; Hetty Wesley; and Sir John Constantine. In 1904 he published Fort Amity, a story which treats of the stormy days of war with France in Canada. Besides completing Stevenson's unfinished romance of St. Ives and writing a monograph on George Eliot, Mr. Quiller-Couch has issued delightful verses and parodies under the title of Green Bays, with Poems and Ballads and many charming short stories.