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# The Canal System of England

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THE CANAL SYSTEM
OF
ENGLAND:
ITS GROWTH AND PRESENT CONDITION
WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO
THE CHEAP CARRIAGE OF GOODS.
BY
H. GORDON THOMPSON, M.B., Ch.B.,
Cobden Medallist and Prizeman, Victoria University, Holt Fellow, Liverpool University, etc.
PUBLISHED FOR THE COBDEN CLUB BY REQUEST.
SECOND EDITION.
London: T. FISHER UNWIN,
PATERNOSTER SQUARE.
"Of all the inventions, the alphabet and the printing press alone excepted, those inventions which abridge distance have done most for civilisation."—Macauley.
TO
SIR JOHN T. BRUNNER, BART, M.P.,
THIS ACCOUNT
OF THE CANAL SYSTEM OF ENGLAND
IS INSCRIBED
WITH THE WRITER'S SINCERE RESPECT
PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.
The material from which this little work has been drawn has necessarily been exceedingly various.
I had at one time thought of indicating the many authorities to whose works I am indebted for information, and as far as possible this has been done in the footnotes to the text.
So extensive, however, have been the sources from which my information has been derived, that it will hardly be surprising if some have been left unacknowledged. May I therefore express my indebtedness to all upon whose experience I have based my argument—or from whom I have obtained facts and figures, either by direct communication or by a consultation of their works.
The object of this account of our Canal System has been, not so much to discuss each individual waterway, but to set forth in order the facts relating to our inland navigations as a whole, and to give some idea of the possibilities which lie before the method of transport.
November 15th, 1902.
PEEFACE TO SECOND EDITION.
Since the publication of the First Edition of this work in 1902, the subject of transport has come to the front in connection with the fiscal question.
That improvement of Transport would solve the problem cannot be dogmatically asserted, but it would certainly go far to improve the condition of trade, and again prove the truth of Cicero's line:
"Magnum vectigal est parsimonia"
which may well be translated:
"Economy is a source of great revenue."
Additional sections have been devoted to Continental Improvements, and Economy of Water Transport, for the purpose of giving breadth of view and completeness to the subject.
The author would acknowledge with many thanks kindly suggestions and criticisms from Mr. H. K. de Salis, Assoc. M. Inst. C.E., Mr. Lionel Wells, M. Inst. C.E., Mr. Urquhart Forbes, and others.
H. GORDON THOMPSON.
July 30th, 1904.  Walmer House,  1, Catharine Street, Liverpool.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Anabasis of Alexander/Book III/Chapter XV

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CHAPTER XV.
Defeat of the Persians and Pursuit of Darius.
* ↑ We learn from Diodorus and Curtius that Parmenio had driven Mazaeus back before Alexander's arrival.
* ↑ The Lycus, now called the Great Zab, is a tributary of the Tigris. Xenophon calls it Zabatus (Anab., ii. 5). The Greek Lycus is a translation of the Syrian Zaba (wolf).
* ↑ About sixty-nine miles. Cf. Strabo (xvi. 1, 3).
* ↑ ὲλνύσας. This is an Ionic word used by Herodotus (viii. 71, etc.), and rarely in Attic poets and later prose writers.
* ↑ See Arrian, ii. 11 supra.
* ↑ Curtius (iv. 63) says that 40,000 of the Persians were slain, and that less than 300 Macedonians were killed. Diodorus (xvii. 61) states that more than 90,000 Persians and 500 Macedonians were elain.
* ↑ September 331 B.C. Cf. Plutarch (Alex., 31).
* ↑ For this prediction, see iii. 7 supra.
# The Anabasis of Alexander/Book III/Chapter XXIV

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CHAPTER XXIV.
Expedition against the Mardians.
He then marched forward against the Mardians taking with him the shield-bearing guards, the archers, the ​Agrianians, the brigades of Coenus and Amyntas, half of the Companion cavalry, and the horse-lancers; for he had now a troop of horse-lancers. Traversing the greater part of the land of the Mardians, he killed many of them in their flight, some indeed having turned to defend themselves; and many were taken prisoners. No one for a long ' time had invaded their land in a hostile manner, not only on account of its ruggedness, but also because the people were poor, and besides being poor were warlike. Therefore they never feared that Alexander would attack them, especially as he had already advanced, further than their country. For this reason they were caught more easily off their guard. Many of them, however, escaped into the mountains, which in their land are very lofty and craggy, thinking that Alexander would not penetrate to these at any rate. But when he was approaching them even here, they sent envoys to surrender both the people and their land to him. He pardoned them, and appointed Autophradates, whom he had also recently placed over the Tapurians, viceroy over them. Returning to the camp, from which he had started to invade the country of the Mardians, he found that the Grecian mercenaries of Darius had arrived, accompanied by the envoys from the Lacedaemonians who were on an embassy to king Darius. The names of these men were, Callicratidas, Pausippus, Monimus, Onomas, and Dropides, a man from Athens. These were arrested and kept under guard; but he released the envoys from the Sinopeans, because these people had no share in the commonwealth of the Greeks; and as they were in subjection to the Persians, they did not seem to be doing anything unreasonable in going on an embassy to their own king. He also released the rest of ​the Greeks who were serving for pay with the Persians before the peace and alliance which had been made by the Greeks with the Macedonians. He likewise released Heraclides, the ambassador from the Chalcedonians to Darius. The rest he ordered to serve in his army for the same pay as they had received from the Persian king, putting them under the command of Andronicus, who had led them, and had evidently been taking prudent measures to save the lives of the men.
* ↑ Cf. Curtius, vi. 16.
* ↑ Sinope was a prosperous colony of Miletus on the Euxine. It is still called Sinoub. It was the birthplace of Diogenes.
* ↑ Chalcedon was a colony of Megara, situated on the Propontis at the entrance of the Bosporus, nearly opposite Byzantium.
# The Anabasis of Alexander/Book III/Chapter XX

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CHAPTER XX.
March through the Caspian Gates.
Then taking the Companion cavalry, the light cavalry used for skirmishing, the Greek mercenary cavalry, under the command of Erigyius, the Macedonian phalanx, except the men who had been placed in charge of the money, the archers, and the Agrianians, he marched against Darius. In the forced march which he made, many of his soldiers were left behind, worn out with ​fatigue, and many of the horses died. He nevertheless pressed on, and on the eleventh day arrived at Rhagae. This place is distant from the Caspian Gates one day's journey to one marching as Alexander did. But Darius had already passed through this defile before Alexander came up, though many of those who were his companions in flight deserted him on the way and retired to their own abodes. Many also surrendered to Alexander. The latter now gave up the hope of capturing Darius by close pursuit, and remained there five days to give his troops repose. He appointed Oxodates a Persian, who had the ill fortune to be arrested by Darius and shut up at Susa, to the office of viceroy of Media; for this treatment was an inducement to Alexander to rely on his fidelity. He then marched towards Parthia; and on the first day encamped near the Caspian Gates, which he passed through on the second day as far as the country was inhabited. Hearing that the country further on was desert, he resolved to procure a stock of provisions from the place where he was encamped, and accordingly sent Coenus out on a foraging expedition with the cavalry and a small body of infantry.
* ↑ A large city in the extreme north of Media, mentioned in the Book of Tobit. It was famous in the Middle Ages under the name of Rai. The ruins of Rai lie south-east of Teheran.
* ↑ ἒστε generally means until. In its present use cf. ii. 11 supra, ἒστε μὲν φἀος ῆν.
# The Anabasis of Alexander/Book III/Chapter XVII

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CHAPTER XVII.
Subjugation of the Uxians.
* ↑ A river flowing through Susiana, formed by the junction of the Eulaeus and Coprates.
* ↑ Cf. Strabo, xv. 3.
* ↑ πλεονεκτούμενοι, with dative, defrauded of. Cf. Demosthenes, 1035, 26.
* ↑ γἐρα. An Homeric expression.
* ↑ Named Sisygambis (Curtius, v. 11).
# The Book of Scottish Song/Jockey fou, Jenny fain

Jockey fou, Jenny fain.
[This song, which advocates the supremacy of love over all worldly considerations, appears, with the exception of the fourth verse, in Ramsay's Tea-Table Miscellany, with the signature Q, sisnifying that it is old, with additions. The fourth verse is by Burns. The air, which goes by the same name as the title of the song, is very old.]
Jockey fou, Jenny fain; Jenny was na ill to gain: She was couthie, he was kind; And thus the wooer tell'd his mind:
Jenny, I'll nae mair be nice; Gi'e me love at ony price: I winna prig for red or white, Love alane can gi'e delyte.
Others seek they kenna what, In looks, in carriage, and a' that; Gi'e me love for her I court: Love in love makes a' the sport.
Let love sparkle in her e'e, Let her love nae man but me: That's the tocher-gude I prize; There the lover's treasure lies.
Colours mingled unco fine, Common notions lang sinsyne, Never can engage my love, Until my fancy first approve. ​It is nae meat, but appetite, That makes our eating a delyte; Beauty is at best deceit; Fancy only kens nae cheat.
# The Book of Scottish Song/Jocky met wi' Jenny

Jocky met wi' Jenny.
[The tune of "O'er the hills and far away" is a very old Scottish melody. We find it mentioned by Pepys in the days of Charles the Second. It is also selected by Gay for one of his songs in the Beggar's Opera, "Were I laid on Greenland's coast." The song here given is, with the exception of the chorus, not properly a Scottish production, being rather a London imitaticn of Scottish song, brought out about the beginning of the last century, and published with the music in the "Pills to Purge Melancholy," (2d edition, 1709) where it is called "Jocky's Lamentation." Ramsay adopts the song in his Miscellany, with some verbal alterations.]
Jocky met with Jenny fair, Aft by the dawning of the day; But Jocky now is full of care, Since Jenny staw his heart away. ​Although she promised to be true, She proven has, alake! unkind; Which gars poor Jocky often rue, That e'er he loved a fickle mind.
And it's over the hills and far away, Over the hills and far away, Over the hills and far away, The wind has blawn my plaid away.
Now Jocky was a bonnie lad As e'er was born in Scotland fair; But now, poor man! he's e'en gane wud, Since Jenny has gart him despair.
Young Jocky was a piper's son, And fell in love when he was young; But a' the springs that he could play, Was o'er the hills, and far away. And it's o'er the hills, &c.
He sung—When first my Jenny's face I saw, she seem'd sae fu' of grace, With meikle joy my heart was fill'd, That's now, alas! with sorrow kill'd. Oh! was she but as true as fair, 'Twad put an end to my despair; Instead of that she is unkind, And wavers like the winter wind. And it's o'er the hills, &c.
Ah! could she find the dismal wae, That for her sake I undergae, She could nae choose but grant relief, And put an end to a' my grief, But, oh! she is as fause as fair, Which causes a' my sighs and care; But she triumphs in proud disdain, And takes a pleasure in my pain. And it's o'er the hills, &c.
Hard was my hap to fa' in love With ane that does sae faithless prove; Hard was my fate to court a maid, That has my constant heart betray'd. A thousand times to me she swore, She wad be true for evermore; But, to my grief, alake! I say, She staw my heart and ran away. And it's o'er the hills, &c.
Since that she will nae pity take, I maun gae wander for her sake, And, in ilk wood and gloomy grove, I'll sighing sing, adieu to love! Since she is fause whom I adore, I'll never trust a woman more; Frae a' their charms I'll flee away, And on my pipe I'll sweetly play. And it's o'er the hills, &c.
# The Book of Scottish Song/John Grumlie

John Grumlie.
[This song, which Allan Cunningham says is "a favourite among the peasantry of Nithsdale," seems to be founded on the well-known old Scottish poem, called "The Wife of Auchtermuchty."]
John Grumlie swore by the light o' the moon, And the green leafs on the tree, That he could do more work in a day Than his wife could do in three. His wife rose up in the morning Wi' cares and troubles enow— John Grumlie bide at hame, John, And I'll go haud the plow.
First ye maun dress your children fair, And put them a' in their gear; And ye maun turn the malt, John, Or else ye'll spoil the beer: And ye maun reel the tweel, John, That I span yesterday; And ye maun ca' in the hens, John, Else they'll all lay away.
O he did dress his children fair, And put them a' in their gear; But he forgot to turn the malt, And so he spoil'd the beer: And he sang loud as he reeled the tweel That his wife span yesterday; But he forgot to put up the hens, And the hens all layed away.
The hawket crummie loot down nae milk; He kirned, nor butter gat; And a' gade wrang, and nought gade right: He danced with rage, and grat; Than up he ran to the head o' the knowe Wi' mony a wave and shout— She heard him as she heard him not, And steered the stots about.
John Grumlie's wife cam hame at e'en, A weary wife and sad, And burst into a laughter loud, And laughed as she'd been mad; While John Grumlie swore by the light o' the moon And the green leafs on the tree. If my wife should na win a pennie a day, She's aye have her will for me.
# The Book of Scottish Song/Jockie's ta'en the parting kiss

Jockie's ta'en the parting kiss.
[Burns.—Written for the Museum, to the old tune of "Bonnie lassie, tak' a man."]
Jockie's ta'en the parting kiss, Ower the mountains he is gane; And with him is a' my bliss; Nought but griefs wi' me remain. Spare my love, ye winds that blaw, Plashy sleets, and beating rain! Spare my love, thou feathery snaw, Drifting o'er the frozen plain!
When the shades of evening creep Ower the day's fair gladsome e'e, Sound and safely may he sleep, Sweetly blythe his waukening be! He will think on her he loves, Fondly he'll repeat her name; For, where'er he distant roves, Jockie's heart is still at hame.
# The Book of Scottish Song/Jockey

Jockey.
[Published by Charles Wilson In his "St. Cecilia, or Harmonious Companion," 1779. The author of the words and composer of the air are both unknown.]
My laddie is gane far awa' o'er the plain, While in sorrow behind I am forc'd to remain; Though blue bells and vi'lets the hedges adorn, Though trees are in blossom, and sweet blows the thorn, No pleasure they give me, in vain they look gay; There's nothing can please now, my Jockey's away, Forlorn I sit singing, and this is my strain, Haste, haste, my dear Jockey, to me back again.
When lads and their lasses are on the green met, They dance and they sing, they laugh and they chat, Contented and happy, with hearts full of glee, I can't without envy their merriment see; Those pleasures offend me, my shepherd's not there, No pleasures I relish that Jockey don't share; It makes me to sigh, I from tears scarce refrain: I wish my dear Jockey return'd back again. ​But hope shall sustain me, nor will I despair, He promis'd he would in a fortnight be here; On fond expectation my wishes I'll feast, For love, my dear Jockey, to Jenny will haste: Then, farewell, each care, and adieu, each vain sigh, Who'll then be so blest or so happy as I; I'll sing on the meadows, and alter my strain, When Jocky returns to my arms back again.
# The Book of Scottish Song/Jocky said to Jenny

Jocky said to Jenny.
[This was an old song even in Ramsay's days, as it was marked with a Z in the first volume of ia Miscellany. The title there given to it is "For the love of Jean," which must have some relation to another song to the same tune. "Jocky and Jenny," says Mr. Robert Chambers, "were names which, for a long period previous to the early part of the last century, acted as general titles for every Scottish pair in humble life. The male name, in particular, was then invariably used by the English as appropriate to the personified idea of a Scotsman—exactly as Sandy is used at the present day."]
Jocky said to Jenny, Jenny wilt thou wed? Ne'er a fit, quo' Jenny, for my tocher-gude; For my tocher-gude, I winna marry thee. E'en 's ye like, quo' Johnnie; ye may let it be!
I ha'e gowd and gear; I ha'e land eneuch; I ha'e seven good owsen gangin' in a pleuch; Gangin' in a pleuch, and linkin' ower the lea: And gin ye winna tak' me, I can let ye be.
I ha'e a gude ha' house, a barn, and a byre, A stack afore the door; I'll mak' a rantin fire: I'll mak' a rantin fire, and merry shall we be: And, gin ye winna tak' me, I can let ye be.
Jenny said to Jocky, Gin ye winna tell, Ye shall be the lad; I'll be the lass mysell: Ye're a bonnie lad, and I'm a lassie free: Ye're welcomer to tak' me than to let me be.
# The Book of Scottish Song/Jock o' Hazeldean

Jock o' Hazeldean.
[Written by Sir Walter Scott for Albyn's Anthology, a collection of Highland airs edited by Alex. Campbell. There is an old ballad, called Jock o' Hazelgreen, from which the poet has borrowed several lines.]
"Why weep ye by the tide, ladye— Why weep ye by the tide? I'll wed ye to my youngest son, And ye shall be his bride; And ye shall be his bride, ladye, Sae comely to be seen:" But aye she loot the tears down fa', For Jock o' Hazeldean.
"Now let this wilful grief be done, And dry that cheek so pale: Young Frank is chief of Errington, And lord of Langley dale; His step is first in peaceful ha' His sword in battle keen:" But aye she loot the tears down fa', For Jock o' Hazeldean.
"A chain o' gold ye sall not lack, Nor braid to bind your hair, Nor mettled hound, nor managed hawk, Nor palfrey fresh and fair; And you, the foremost o' them a', Shall ride our forest queen:" But aye she loot the tears down fa', For Jock o' Hazeldean.
The kirk was decked at morning-tide, The tapers glimmered fair; The priest and bridegroom wait the bride, And dame and knight were there: They sought her baith by bower and ha'; The ladye was not seen!— She's o'er the border, and awa' Wi' Jock o' Hazeldean!
# The Book of Scottish Song/John, come kiss me now

John, come kiss me now.
[The tune called "John, come kiss me now," is of great antiquity, but the words to which it was originally sung, with the exception of the chorus, seem to be lost. At the Reformation, an endeavour was made by the more zealous of the clergy to give a spiritual meaning to the songs in popular use, and thus to convert profane or licentious rhymes into holy hymns. Among the songs so metamorphosed was "John, come kiss me now;" and we quote a verse of it in its spiritualized garb, to show the daring and unscrupulous lengths which the early reformers could go in combining familiar images with sacred. The effect is startling.
Johne, cum kiss me now, Johne, cum kiss me now; Johne, cum kiss me by and by, And make no more adow.
The Lord thy God I am, That John dois thee call; Johne represents man By grace celestiall, &c.
The following fragment appears in Herd's Collection, and seems to be all that remains of the original song.]
John, come kiss me now, now, now, O John come kiss me now, John come kiss me by and by, And make nae mair ado.
Some will court and compliment, And make a great ado, Some will make of their goodman, And sae will I of you. John, come kiss, &c.
# The Collected Poems of Dora Sigerson Shorter/The Flight of the Wild Geese

From The Collected Poems of Dora Sigerson Shorter (1907).
THE FLIGHT OF THE WILD GEESE
Wrapt in the darkness of the night, Gathering in silence on the shore, Wild geese flown from hiding on the hills (Hark I the wolf-hound; thrice he howled before), Wild geese with forest leaves tangled in their hair. Is that blood on the heaving breasts of some. Or dull red clay from fox-deserted lair? Why thus so stealthy do they come? Wild geese, women's arms round you in the darkness; Women's hearts forbid to cry though they break; Little children must not sob in their kissing; “Brother, forever? O hush thee, for God's sake!” Wild geese with fierce eyes, deathless hope in your hearts. Stretching your strong white wings eager for your flight. These women's eyes will watch your swift returning. (Thrice the banshee cried in the stormy night).
Flinging the salt from their wings, and despair from their hearts. They arise on the breast of the storm with a cry and are gone. When will you come home, wild geese, with your thousand strong? (The wolf-dog loud in the silence of night howls on.) Not the fierce wind can stay your return or tumultuous sea, for the freedom France gives to your feet on her luxuriant shore.
No smiles for your love like the tears of your sorrowing land,
Only Death in his reaping could make you return no more.
White birds, white birds, I dream of that glad homecoming;
Though human eyes could not mark your silent flight,
Women lie face down with clenched hands in the sea.
(Thrice the banshee cries in the stormy night.)
# The Collected Poems of Dora Sigerson Shorter/The Heart of a Maid

From The Collected Poems of Dora Sigerson Shorter (1907).
THE HEART OF A MAID
In the heart of a rose Lies the heart of a maid; If you be not afraid You will wear it. Who knows?
In the pink of its bloom, Lay your lips to her cheek; Since a rose cannot speak, And you gain the perfume.
If the dews on the leaf Are the tears from her eyes; If she withers and dies, Why, you have the belief,
That a rose cannot speak. Though the heart of a maid In its bosom must fade. And with fading must break.
# The Collected Poems of Dora Sigerson Shorter/The Heritage

From The Collected Poems of Dora Sigerson Shorter (1907).
THE HERITAGE
He on his man-child laid a soothing hand. And hushed him into slumber, singing, “Sleep! For thee the world was made and for thee planned. With this thy heritage, why dost thou weep?
“For thee the mother bird on her soft nest Doth turn her speckled eggs with patient care. And lists until they move beneath her breast, To break to music in the summer air.
“For thee the flower in the still night lifts up Her tender buds the drooping dew to stay, So that each mom she hath a brimming cup Of perfumed wine to pledge the coming day.
“For thee the beast at thy young feet lets fall His crimson life, that thou mayst live and grow; To hold the earth and all things great and small— For thee were made the tides to ebb and flow.
“For thee the wondrous earth, so hush thy cries”— He laid his hand upon the tumbled curls— “And God's high paradise”; he sought the skies. And there despairing saw—unnumbered worlds.
# The Collected Poems of Dora Sigerson Shorter/The Fairy Changeling

From The Collected Poems of Dora Sigerson Shorter (1907).
THE FAIRY CHANGELING
Brian O'Byrne of Omah town In his garden strode up and down; He pulled his beard, and he beat his breast; And this is his trouble and woe confessed:
“The good-folk came in the night, and they Have stolen my bonny wean away; Have put in his place a changeling, A weashy, weakly, wizen thing!
“From the speckled hen nine eggs I stole, And lighting a fire of a glowing coal, I fried the shells, and I spilt the yolk; But never a word the stranger spoke.
“A bar of metal I heated red To frighten the fairy from its bed, To put in the place of this fretting wean My own bright beautiful boy again.
“But my wife had hidden it in her arms, And cried ‘For shame!’ on my fairy charms; She sobs, with the strange child on her breast: ‘I love the weak, wee babe the best!’”
To Brian O'Byrne's, the tale to hear. The neighbours came from far and near: Outside his gate, in the long boreen, They crossed themselves, and said between
Their mattered prayers, “He has no luck! For sure the woman is fairy-struck, To leave her child a fairy guest, And love the weak, wee wean the best!”