OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Allibond, Richard

​ALLIBOND, or ALLIBONE, Sir RICHARD (1636–1688), justice of the King's Bench, was a son of Job Allibond, and grandson of Peter Allibond, D.D., the rector of Chenies, Buckinghamshire, who has been already noticed. Job, having become a Roman catholic, was disinherited, but he obtained a considerable place in the post office, which afforded him a ​comfortable subsistence and enabled him to give his children a liberal education. Richard, born in 1636, was entered as a student at the English college, Douay, 24 March 1652. On returning to this country he began his legal education at Gray's Inn in 1663. In 1686 he was selected by King James II to be one of his counsel, and was knighted. On 28 April 1687 he was made a serjeant-at-law, and then appointed to fill the place of a puisne judge in the King's Bench, vacated by the discharge of Mr. Justice Wythens. The appointment was very unpopular in consequence of Allibond being a catholic, and Lord Macaulay asserts that he was even more ignorant of the law than Sir Robert Wright, who had been appointed lord chief justice of England. At the famous trial of the seven bishops in Trinity term, 1688, Sir Richard Allibond laid down the most arbitrary doctrines, and exerted himself to the utmost to procure their conviction. Lord Macaulay says ‘he showed such gross ignorance of law and history as brought on him the contempt of all who heard him.’ On going the home circuit in July, immediately after the trial, he had the indecency, in his charge to the Croydon jury, to speak against the verdict of acquittal in the case of the bishops, and to stigmatise their petition to the king as a libel that tended to sedition. His death, which occurred in the following month (22 Aug. 1688) at his house in Brownlow Street, Holborn, saved him from the attainder with which he would probably have been visited if he had lived till after the revolution. He was buried on 4 Sept. near the grave of his mother at Dagenham in Essex, where a sumptuous monument was erected to his memory. His wife was Barbara Blakiston, of the family of Sir Francis Blakiston of Gibside, Durham, baronet.
[Dodd's Church History (1737), iii. 458; Macaulay's Hist. of England, 12th edit. ii. 273, 371, 380; Foss's Judges of England, vii. 209; Foss's Biographia Juridica, 12; Wood's Athen. Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 441; The Trial of the Seven Bishops in Howell's State Trials, xii. 183 et seq.; Lingard's Hist. of England, 6th edit. x. 154; Salmon's Chronological Historian, 3rd edit. i. 243; MS. Addit. 9458, f. 19.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Allom, Thomas

​ALLOM, THOMAS (1804–1872), architect, born in London on 13 March 1804, was articled to Francis Goodwin, and spent more than seven years in his office. He was as much artist as architect, and, in the employ of Messrs. Virtue & Co. and Messrs. Heath & Co., he furnished the drawings for the series of illustrated works upon which his reputation rests. Amongst these may be named his ‘Cumberland and Westmoreland,’ ‘Devonshire and Cornwall,’ ‘Scotland,’ ‘France,’ ‘Constantinople,’ ‘Asia Minor,’ and ‘China.’ He exhibited for many years at the Royal Academy, ‘where his charming pencil usually gained a place of honour.’ ‘He was frequently called upon to assist his professional brethren, and there are few artists who forget the vigour and beauty of the drawings, made for the late Sir Charles Barry, of the new Houses of Parliament, ​and presented by him to the late Emperor Nicholas.’ He died at Barnes, Surrey, on 21 Oct. 1872.
E. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Allman, William

​ALLMAN, WILLIAM, M.D. (1776–1846), professor of botany at Dublin, was born at Kingston, Jamaica, on 7 Feb. 1776, but his parents removed to Ireland before he was four years of age, his mother being a native of Waterford. He was educated at that town, and Trinity College, Dublin, where he obtained a scholarship, and graduated B.A. in 1796, M.A. in 1801, and M.D. in 1804. He practised medicine in Clonmel until 1809, when he was elected professor of botany in Dublin University. Soon after this event he became acquainted with Robert Brown, the botanist, with whom his friendship was lifelong. In consequence of this intimacy, Dr. Allman arranged his lectures in 1812 on the natural system, he being the first professor in the British isles to do so. He held the chair of botany until 1844, when he was succeeded by Dr. George James Allman; but he did not long enjoy his well-earned leisure, for he died on 8 Dec. 1846.
In addition to the two mathematical papers mentioned in the ‘Catalogue of Scientific Papers,’ he wrote ‘On the Mathematical Relations of the Forms of the Cells of Plants,’ in the ‘British Association Report’ for 1835, erroneously attributed in the above-mentioned catalogue to his successor. He was also the author of an ‘arrangement of plants’ according to their natural affinities, which was read before the British Association at Dublin in 1835, and printed in its ‘Proceedings.’ This was afterwards more developed and issued under the title ‘Familiæ Plantarum,’ Dublin, 1836, as a text-book for his classes. His best known work is a thin quarto entitled ‘Analysis per differentias constantes viginti, inchoata, generum plantarum quæ in Britanniis, Gallia, Helvetia … sponte sua crescunt,’ London, 1828. In 1844 he privately brought out an abstract of a memoir read in 1811 before the Royal Society, but not printed, on the mathematical connection between the external organs of plants and their internal structure.
[Information from Prof. G. Johnston Allman, Professor in Queen's College, Galway, son of William Allman.]
B. D. J.
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Liberatus Diaconus

Liberatus (7) Diaconus, archdeacon of Carthage, a Latin writer on the Nestorian and Eutychian heresies, an account of which he wrote entitled, Breviarium Causae Nestorianorum et Eutychianorum, in which he records some circumstances of his life. He visited Rome in the pontificate of John II. on the affair of the Acoemetae order of monks (c. 20). In 535 he was deputed to Rome, with the bps. Caius and Peter, by the council of Carthage, to consult John II. as to how conforming Arian bishops should be received. They arrived about the time of the pope's death (he was buried May 27, 535), and his successor Agapetus (consecrated June 3, 535) replied to the synod by the three envoys (Mansi, viii. 849) Liberatus was an ardent defender of the Three Chapters, and undertook many journeys in that cause. On his return home he composed his Breviarum, so named as being an abridgment in 24 chapters of a history which, beginning with the ordination of Nestorius in 428, reached to the meeting of the fifth synod in 553. The work was probably written c. 560. Liberatus intimates in his preface that he collected his materials from the Ecclesiastical History which had been recently translated from the Greek into Latin (as Garnier thinks, the Historia Tripartitia of Cassiodorus), from the Acts of the councils, and from episcopal letters. The Breviarum was ed. with copious notes and dissertations by Garnier in 1675 (8vo, Paris), and this ed. is
reprinted by Migne (Patr. Lat. lxviii. 969). Accounts of Liberatus will be found in Dupin (Eccl. Wr. t. i. p. 558, ed. 1722), Ceillier (xi. 303), Cave (i. 527), Fabric. (Bibl. Lat. t. iv. p. 272, ed. Mansi, 1754).
[C.H.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Licentius (1)

Licentius (1). [ROMANIANUS.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Lucanus (1)

Lucanus (1), or Lucianus, Marcionite (Lucanus, Pseudo-Tert. 18; Philast. 46, and so probably their source, the Syntagma of Hippolytus; Tertull. de Resur. Carn. 2; Λουκᾶνος, Orig. cont. Cels. ii. 27; on the other hand, Λουκιανός Hippol. Ref. vii. 37; Epiph. Haer. 43). The former is the better attested form, and more likely to have been altered into the other. The Lucianites are reckoned as a sect distinct from the Marcionites, as well by Origen as by Hippolytus and his followers; but lack of authentic report of any important difference in doctrine leads us to believe that Lucanus did not separate from Marcion, but that after the latter's death Lucanus was a Marcionite teacher (probably at Rome), whose celebrity caused his followers to be known by his name rather than by that of the original founder of the sect. They may have been so called in contradistinction to the Marcionites of the school of Apelles, who approached more nearly to the orthodox. Origen's language (οἶμαι) implies that he had no very intimate knowledge of the teaching of Lucanus; he will not speak positively as to whether Lucanus tampered with the Gospels. Epiphanius owns that, the sect being extinct in his time, he had difficulty in obtaining accurate information about it. Tertullian alone (u.s.) seems to have direct knowledge of the teaching of Lucanus. He accuses him of going beyond other heretics who merely denied the resurrection of the body, and of maintaining that not even the soul would rise, but some other thing, neither soul nor body. Neander (Ch. Hist. ii. 189) interprets this to mean that Lucanus held that the ψυχή would perish and the πνεῦμα alone be immortal; and possibly this may be so, though Tertullian's language would lead us to attribute to Lucanus a theory more peculiar to himself than this would be. Some commentators, taking a jest of Tertullian's too literally, have, without good reason, ascribed to Lucanus a doctrine of transmigration of souls of men into bodies of brutes. They have, however, the authority of Epiphanius (Haer. 42, p. 330) for regarding this doctrine as one likely to be held by a Marcionite. Lucanus has been conjectured to be the author of the apocryphal Acts which bore the name of LEUCIUS, and Lardner treats the identification as certain. Even, however, if it were certain that the Acts of Leucius were Marcionite, not Manichean, and as early as the 2nd cent., there is no ground for this identification but the similarity of name.
[G.S.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Lucius (1) I

Lucius (1) I., bp. of Rome, after Cornelius, probably from June 25, 253, to Mar. 5, 254, or thereabouts. These dates are arrived at by Lipsius (Chronol. der röm. Bischöfe) after elaborate examination of conflicting data.
The Decian persecution having been renewed by Gallus, and Cornelius having died in banishment at Centumcellae, Lucius, elected in his place at Rome, was himself almost immediately banished. His banishment was of very short duration; for Cyprian, in his one extant letter addressed to him, while alluding to his election as recent, congratulates him also on his return (Ep. 61). A large number of Roman exiles for the faith appear from this letter to have returned to Rome with Lucius. In a letter to his successor Stephen (Ep. 68), Cyprian calls both Lucius and Cornelius "blessed martyrs," but probably uses the word to include confessors. For, though the Felician and later editions of the Liber Pontificalis say that Lucius was beheaded for the faith, the earlier Liberian Catalogue mentions his death only; and it is in the Liberian Depositio Episcoporum, not Martyrum, that his name is found. With regard to the then burning question of the reception of the lapsi, on which the schism of Novatian had begun under his predecessor Cornelius, he continued the lenient view which Cornelius, in accord with St. Cyprian of Carthage, had maintained (Cypr. Ep. 68). The Roman Martyrology, the Felician, and other editions of the Liber Pontificalis, rightly assign the cemetery of Callistus as his place of burial, and De Rossi has discovered, in the Papal crypt, fragments of a slab bearing the inscription ΛΟΥΚΙC. Six decreta, addressed to the churches of Gaul and Spain, are assigned to Lucius by the Pseudo-Isidore, and three others by Gratian—all undoubtedly spurious.
[J.B—Y.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fitzsimons, Walter

​FITZSIMONS or FITZSYMOND, WALTER (d. 1511), archbishop of Dublin, was precentor of St. Patrick's Cathedral in 1476; he was the chapter's proxy in a parliament held in 1478 (King's Collections and Cod. Clar. p. 46); and was also official, or vicar-general, of the diocese. He has been described in old records as a learned divine and philosopher, a man of great gravity of character and of a commanding aspect. Having first sued out a charter of pardon from Henry VII, for accepting promotion by a papal provision, he was appointed by Pope Sixtus IV to the archbishopric of Dublin on 14 June 1484, and was the first arch​bishop consecrated in St. Patrick's (Monck Mason, History of St. Patrick's Cathedral, p. 139). Along with the Earl of Kildare, lord deputy of Ireland, he espoused, in 1487, the cause of Lambert Simnel, to whose coronation in Christ Church Cathedral he was accessory. The pope directed an inquiry to be held, and a full report of the matter having been made, the archbishop, with the bishops of Meath and Kildare, was found guilty. In the following year, however, he was permitted with others to renew his allegiance to the king, and received pardon through Sir Richard Edgecombe. The archbishop, ‘when the mass was ended in the choir of the said church [St. Mary's Abbey], began Te Deum, and the choir with the organs sung it up solemnly, and at that time all the bells in the church rang’ (Harris, Hibernica, pt. i. p. 33). He was subsequently taken into great favour by the king, who made him lord deputy of Ireland in 1492, lord chancellor in 1496 and 1501, and again, in 1503, lord deputy.
Fitzsimons strenuously exerted himself, while holding the office of lord deputy in 1492, to lessen the number of useless idlers in Ireland. He represented to the king the idleness of the younger brothers of the nobility, and the indolence of the common people ‘on account of the great plenty of all kinds of provisions.’ At his suggestion vagrancy was strictly forbidden, and workhouses were everywhere erected for the employment of able-bodied vagabonds, beadles being appointed by him ‘to look after the several cities, towns, and parishes, to keep beggars out, and to take up strangers’ (Council Books, temp. Henry VII).
In 1496, the king, having made his son Henry, duke of York, lord-lieutenant of Ireland, appointed Fitzsimons lord chancellor of Ireland (Rymer Fœdera, ed. 1727, vol. xii.). In the same year Fitzsimons held a provincial synod, on which occasion an annual contribution for seven years was settled by the clergy of the province, to provide salaries for lecturers of the university in St. Patrick's Cathedral (Allen, Registry, f. 105). In 1509 he was again lord chancellor, by appointment of Henry VIII, and held that office until his death, at Finglas, near Dublin, on 14 May 1511. He was buried in the nave of St. Patrick's, but no memorial of him remains.
B. H. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fitzstephen, William

​FITZSTEPHEN, WILLIAM (d. 1190?), the biographer of Becket, styles himself the archbishop's ‘concivis.’ He was in the closest connection with Becket for ten years or more, as his ‘clericus et convictor.’ When Becket became chancellor, he appointed Fitzstephen to be ‘dictator in cancelleria ejus.’ Later William became subdeacon in his chapel, and was entrusted with the duty of perusing letters and petitions. Sometimes at Becket's bidding, he either decided these cases on his own authority, or was appointed advocate to one of the parties—‘patronus causarum.’ He was present at the great council of Northampton (13 Oct. 1164), and was sitting at the archbishop's feet, when Herbert of Bosham gave his master the rash advice to excommunicate his enemies if they laid hands upon him. William induced the archbishop to refuse this counsel, as the archbishop afterwards confessed when during his exile he met William at St. Benedict's on the Loire (Vit. S. Thomæ, pp. 1, 2, 59). ​Fitzstephen appears to have escaped most of the disadvantages of intimacy with Becket. He has himself preserved a rhyming Latin poem, some ninety lines long, which he composed and presented to Henry II in the chapel of ‘Bruhull.’ In return for this petition the king pardoned him. It would appear, however, that when Becket was reconciled to the king, his old clerk once more entered his service, for he was an eye-witness of his murder: ‘passionem ejus Cantuariæ inspexi.’ Of the rest of his life we have no certain knowledge; but Mr. Foss is inclined to identify this author with William Fitzstephen, who along with his brother, Ralph Fitzstephen, was sheriff of Gloucester from 18 Henry II to 1 Richard I, i.e. 1171–90 (Foss, i. 370; Fuller, i. 569). This William Fitzstephen is probably the same William Fitzstephen whom Henry II in 1176 placed at the head of one of the six circuits into which he divided the country. The circuit in question included the county of Gloucester, and his pleas are recorded in that and the four following years, not only in fourteen counties, but ‘ad scaccarium’ also. His name appears as a justice itinerant in 1 Richard I (Foss, ib.; cf. Madox, i. 83, 127, &c.; Hoveden, ii. 88), about which time he perhaps died.
William Fitzstephen's most important work is the ‘Vita Sancti Thomæ.’ This is the main authority for the archbishop's early life. The curious preface, entitled ‘ Descriptio nobilissimæ civitatis Londoniæ,’ is by far the most graphic and elaborate account of London during the twelfth century yet remaining. It has been printed separately in Stow's ‘Survey of London,’ and Hearne's ed. of Leland's ‘Itinerary.’ The ‘Vita Thomæ’ was first printed in Sparke's ‘Historiæ Anglicanæ Scriptores’ (1723). The chief later editions are those of Dr. Giles (1845), and that by the Rev. J. C. Robertson (Rolls Ser. 1877). To the same author are also attributed, though, as it seems, on doubtful grounds, ‘Libri quinque de Miraculis B. Thomæ’ (cf. also Hardy, ii. 382).
T. A. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fitzroy, Henry (1807-1859)

​FITZROY, HENRY (1807–1859), statesman, second son of George Ferdinand, second Baron Southampton, by his second wife, Frances Isabella, second daughter of Lord Robert Seymour, was born 2 May 1807 in Great Stanhope Street, Mayfair, London. He matriculated at Magdalen College, Oxford, on 27 April 1826, but afterwards left Oxford and graduated M.A. at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1828, and was returned to parliament for Great Grimsby in 1831 as a conservative. He was elected for Lewes on 21 April 1837, and represented it till death. He spoke frequently upon practical and administrative topics, and in 1845 became a lord of the admiralty in Sir Robert Peel's government. He joined the Peelites and ultimately became a liberal. In Dec. 1852 he returned to office under Lord Aberdeen as under-secretary of the home department, and was largely instrumental in passing the Hackney Carriages (Metropolis) Act and Aggravated Assaults Act of 1853, 16 and 17 Vict. c. 30 and 33, and the County Courts Extension Act Explanation Act of 1854, having been equally active in passing the County Courts Extension Act in 1850, 17 and 18 Vict. c. 94, and 13 and 14 Vict. c. 61. Quitting this office in February 1855, he was elected chairman of committees in March, and in Lord Palmerston's administration of 1859 became chief commissioner of the board of works, without a seat in the cabinet. After a long and painful illness he died at Sussex Square, Kemptown, Brighton, 22 Dec. 1859. He married, 29 April 1839, Hannah Meyer, second daughter of Baron Nathan Meyer Rothschild, who survived him five years, and had issue Arthur Frederic, who died in 1858, and Caroline Blanche, who married Sir Coutts Lindsay, bart.
J. A. H.
# Diary of One Month in Honolulu/Day 28

Only three more days, and a hundred things I want to do.
Today we motored out to Makapuu Point. The road is not good all the way, and I would rather have driven, but Jack was bound to go by motor because he wanted plenty of time out there, and quite a number of people said that they had motored out, and that it wasn't so very bad. The lighthouse there is one of the largest in the world, and Jack learned all there is to know about lighthouses, and then some. It stands on a point about 650 feet above the sea, and the bare, ragged precipice drops straight into the swirling water.
Coming down from there we tramped across the divide, less than a mile, where still lie the stones of a causeway said to have been begun by the Menehunes hundreds of years ago. Upon one hand, stretches a broad beach, and upon the other, ragged lava with climbing surf and gay little tide gardens full of bright-colored coral, sea urchins in red, lavender and green, and brilliant little fish which dart madly away from your fingers.
Nobody lives out there, excepting at the lighthouse, or anywhere near Koko Crater. It is a dry, lonely land, but wonderfully beautiful.
# Diary of One Month in Honolulu/Day 29

Motored out to Kahala, which is on the beach a few miles beyond Diamond Head. The road does not run near the beach, so we sent the car back to wait for us just below the Diamond Head lighthouse, and we tramped back over the lava of Kupikipikio, the southernmost point of the Island. After we left the point, where the surf tangles over the black crags, we came to the long sandy beach of Kaalawai, and passed the beautiful homes which lie close to the water. This is the only way to see them, for they are out of sight of the road. It would be a delightful place to live. Some of the hotel people walked out there from the end of the car line, by moonlight, and they were wonderfully enthusiastic.
Went to the Kamehameha Schools this afternoon. It is certainly a splendid institution. Jack wished that he was a boy so that he could get into some of the departments and work. He couldn't, anyway, because he is not Hawaiian.
# Diary of One Month in Honolulu/Day 3

Got up early for a swim before breakfast and feel as if I were sixteen. The only way to find enervation here is to sit around and invite it to call on you.
Motored this afternoon. Went around Diamond Head first. View of land and sea is superb. Then out Manoa Valley—the broad valley we see from the hotel. The streets and homes are beautiful and the mountains tower close and green on three sides with a wonderful sea view on the fourth.
Then we went to the Pali. No use in trying to write anything about that—the scene is too marvelous. Don't think I breathed for five minutes after we reached the brow. Motored right to the edge of the precipice. Jack was so astonished that he couldn't even ask questions—just looked. He asked them on the way back, though.
The flowering trees here are as impossibly brilliant as the fish. I used to make them like that when I was a kiddie with a paint box, and mother used to scold me for not sticking to nature. Wish she could see these.
# Diary of One Month in Honolulu/Day 30

We sail tomorrow! I don't want to.
Took a last surf-boat ride this morning and then showed Jack how well I can swim. He was more complimentary than he has been for ten years. I guess I was, too, for he really does splendidly on a surf-board. I know he'll wear out the ironing-board when he gets home, practicing for next year. He says he's coming earlier next year so as to have at least two months, because he wants to do the other islands, too, and a lot more on this one.
Spent the afternoon packing and went to the Japanese theater this evening. I am so glad that we didn't miss that, for it was a real experience. Some of the actors are actually excellent, and although it was only pantomime to us, we could gather quite a good idea of the plot—and the audience was as interesting as the stage. Jack liked it immensely.