OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Wells (Somerset)

Edition of 1905. See also Wells, Somerset on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​WELLS. A city in Somersetshire, England, pleasantly situated at the foot of the Mendip Hills, 15 miles southwest of Bath (Map: England, D 5). The cathedral dates from the first half of the thirteenth century, and is for the most part in Early English: its west front, one of the noblest façades in the kingdom, enriched with 300 statues, is in Gothic. One of the most important of Wessex towns in Saxon times. Wells was created a see in 905. Population, in 1891, 4822; in 1901, 4849.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# The New International Encyclopædia/Wells, Benjamin Willis

Edition of 1905. See also Benjamin Willis Wells on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​WELLS, Benjamin Willis (1850—). An American teacher, journalist, and author, born at Walpole, N. H. He graduated in 1877 at Harvard, and received the degree of Ph.D. in 1880. Later he studied for a time at Berlin, held a fellowship at Johns Hopkins University, was an instructor in the Friends' School, Providence, R, I., from 1882 to 1887, and from 1801 to 1890 was professor of modern languages in the University of the South at Sewanee, Tenn. In 1800 he joined the editorial staff of The Churchman in New York City. Besides writing numerous magazine articles, he edited a number of school texts in French and German, contributed to the New International Encyclopædia, and published: Modern German Literature (1805); Modern French Literature (1807); and A Century of French Fiction (1898). With W. P. Trent, he edited Colonial Prose and Poetry, 1607-1775 (1901).
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# The New International Encyclopædia/Wells, Sir Thomas Spencer

Edition of 1905. See also Thomas Spencer Wells on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​WELLS, Sir Thomas Spencer (1818-97). An English surgeon and ovariotomist, born at Saint Albans (Hertfordshire), and educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and at Saint Thomas's Hospital, London. In 1841 he was admitted to the Royal College of Surgeons, and in that institution subsequently held all the principal offices. After serving in the Naval Hospital at Malta, he studied under Magendie in Paris, and in 1853 established himself as an ophthalmic surgeon in London. He was chosen surgeon at the Samaritan Free Hospital for Women and Children (1854). At the Samaritan Hospital he began the work in abdominal surgery which made his name famous. In 1858 he first performed the discredited operation of ovariotomy. In spite of much opposition, the method was finally accepted by the profession in 1864, and by 1880 Wells had performed his thousandth operation. For his achievements Wells was elected to the King's and Queen's College of Ireland, and to the Irish Royal College of Surgeons, and received many other honors. He was one of the first advocates of cremation in England and was largely instrumental in obtaining countenance for that system. He published: Practical Observations on Gout and Its Complications (1854); Cancer Cures and Cancer Curers (1860); Diseases of the Ovaries: Their Diagnosis and Treatment (1865-72; also Leipzig, 1800-74; and U. S. A.); On Ovarian and Uterine Tumors: Their Diagnosis and Treatment (1882; also Milan, 1882); Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment of Abdominal Tumors (1885; also Paris, 1886).
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# The New International Encyclopædia/Wells, Henry Tanworth

Edition of 1905. See also Henry Tanworth Wells on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​WELLS, Henry Tanworth (1828-1903). An English painter, born in London. He at first painted miniatures, but in 1861 exhibited at the Royal Academy a full-length portrait of Lord Ranelagh. During Lord Leighton's absence from England on account of ill health. Wells acted as deputy president of the Academy. His works include: "Group of Portraits at Table" (1862); "Tableau Vivant," a portrait of three sisters ​(1865); "Mr. Robert Jardine with Greyhounds" (1876); "Victoria Regina" (1880), picturing the Queen receiving the news of William IV.'s death; and "The Queen and Her Judges" (1887), which was his largest canvas.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# The New International Encyclopædia/Wells, Herbert George

Edition of 1905. See also Herbert George Wells on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​WELLS, Herbert George (1866—). An English novelist, born at Bromley, in Kent. He was educated at the Midhurst grammar school and the Royal College of Science, taking his degree in 1888. From 1894 to 1896 he was on the staff of the Saturday Review. His scientific training, first shown in the publication of a Text-Book on Biology (2 vols., 1892-93), prepared him for a remarkable series of romances in which Swift's circumstantial method is applied to the limits of modern science. The series includes: The Time Machine (1895): The Stolen Bacillus, and Other Stories (1895); The Wonderful Visit (1895); The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896); The Wheels of Chance (1896); The Plattner Story and Others (1897); The Invisible Man (1897); The War of the Worlds (1898); When the Sleeper Wakes (1899); Tales of Space and Time (1899); Love and Mr. Lewisham (1900); The First Men in the Moon (1901); Anticipations (1901); The Lady of the Sea (1902); and Mankind in the Making (1903). We owe to him also a volume of essays entitled Certain Personal Matters (1897).
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# The New International Encyclopædia/Wells, Horace

Edition of 1905. See also Horace Wells on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​WELLS, Horace (1815-48). An American dentist, born in Hartford, Vt. He studied dentistry in Boston, and practiced it for a time there till 1836, when he removed to Hartford, Conn. He had already conceived the idea that some anaesthetic might be used in dentistry to prevent pain, and had thought of the employment of nitrous oxide gas as early as 1840. In 1844 he used it successfully in several cases. Early in 1845 he communicated his discovery to Drs. Hayward, Warren, V. T. G. Morton, C. T. Jackson, and others in Boston. In 1846 Dr, Morton and Dr. Jackson obtained a patent for anaesthetics against the remonstrance of Wells. After a visit to Paris, where he communicated his discovery to the French medical societies, and on his return to America, he published A History of the Discovery of the Application of Nitrous Oxide Gas, Ether, and Other Vapors to Surgical Operations (1847). The dispute as to his discovery and constant experiments upon himself with chloroform produced mental alienation. While in New York, where he was urging his claims before the medical profession, he was arrested and committed suicide. Wells was certainly the first to carry to a successful issue the use of an anaesthetic in surgical operations, with the possible exception of Crawford V. Long (q.v.), whose success was not known till 1849. To Morton is due the credit of having made the discovery widely known and having put it within the reach of the surgical world. See Anæsthesia: Morton, W. T. G. Consult Dr. Wells, the Discoverer of Anæsthesia (New York, 1860).
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# The New International Encyclopædia/Wells, Webster

Edition of 1905. See also Webster Wells on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​WELLS, Webster (1851—). An American mathematician, born in Boston, Mass. He graduated in 1873 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he was an instructor from 1873 to 1880, and later became successively an assistant professor (1883), an associate professor (1885), and a full professor (1893) of mathematics. He is chiefly known as the author of a series of mathematical text-books, which are used in many schools and colleges in the United States. His publications include: Logarithms (1878); University Algebra (1878); Plane and Spherical Trigonometry (1884); Plane and Solid Geometry (1887); Higher Algebra (1889); College Algebra (1890); Academic Arithmetic (1893); and Complete Trigonometry (1900).
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# The New International Encyclopædia/Wells, Charles

Edition of 1905. See also Charles Wells on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​WELLS, Charles (1838—). An English Orientalist, born in London and educated at King's College, London, where he won the Turkish prize in 1800. He was professor of English at the Imperial Naval College at Constantinople from 1870 to 1874, and became professor of Turkish in King's College, London, in 1889 and Oriental translator to the Foreign Office in 1892. His publications are: Ibn Tedbir-i-Mulk, an essay on Turkish political economy (1860); Mohamet, the Kurd, and Other Tales from Eastern Sources (1865); A Practical Grammar of the Turkish Language (1880); and The Literature of the Turks (1900). He also published a revised and enlarged edition of Reahouse's Turkish Dictionary (1880).
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# The New Student's Reference Work/Euripides

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​Euripides (ū-rĭp′ĭ-dēz), a famous Greek poet, was born in Salamis in 480 B. C. He was the last of the three great tragic poets of Greece. He was a pupil of Anaxagoras and a friend of Socrates. His first play was written when he was 18. He is said to have written from 75 to 90 dramas, of which we have 18 complete. Alcestis, Medea, Hecuba, Andromache, Ion, Orestes, Iphigenia, Electra and The Bacchæ are some of his works. Socrates admired his tragedies so much that he always went to the theater if a play of Euripides was performed, but Aristophanes made fun of him and charged him with degrading tragedy by introducing in it scenes from every-day life. He left Athens for the court of Archelaus, king of Macedon, where he died in 406 B. C. When the news of his death reached Athens, the whole city was plunged in mourning. Sophocles, then 90 years old, made his actors wear mourning on the stage. The Athenians asked for the body of Euripides for burial, and when refused built a magnificent tomb to his memory on the road to the Piræus, with the inscription: “All Greece is the monument of Euripides. Macedonian earth covers but his bones.” Archelaus also built a monument, and inscribed upon it: “Never, O Euripides, will thy memory be forgotten.” His popularity increased after his death. His plays were much oftener revived on the stage than those of Sophocles or Æschylus. His works were favorites of Aristotle, Vergil, Ovid, Horace, Milton and Browning.
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# The New Student's Reference Work/Evanston, Ill.

See also Evanston, Illinois on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Evanston, Ill., a rapidly progressing city in Cook County, on Lake Michigan, practically a suburb of Chicago, and lying 12 miles north of the City Hall. It is the seat of Northwestern University, connected with which is Cumnock School of Oratory. Swedish, Danish and Norwegian Theological schools and a public and a parochial system of education are maintained; also Garrett Biblical Institute. There are many attractive suburban residences of Chicago merchants, numerous churches and a delightful social life. Population 24,978.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Everest, Mt.

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​ Ev′erest, Mt., a peak of the Himalayas, in Nepal, is the highest point yet found on the earth, rising to an elevation of 29,002 feet above the sea. It was named in honor of Sir George Everest, surveyor-general of India.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Evangeline

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​Evangeline, a beautiful pastoral poem published by Longfellow in 1847, deals with the loves of Evangeline and Gabriel. They are parted through the removal of the Acadians from Nova Scotia by the British government, and only meet many years later at the death-bed of Gabriel. The poem is written in hexameters; and is one of the most successful poems written in this style in English.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Evans, Rear-Admiral Robley Dunglison

See also Robley D. Evans on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* REAR-ADMIRAL EVANS
Evans, Rear-Admiral Robley Dunglison, was born in Floyd County, Va., Aug. 18, 1846, and was educated at the Naval Academy. He was first attached to the West India, and subsequently to the North Atlantic, squadron, and took part in January, 1865, in the attacks on Fort Fisher, in which he was twice wounded. He subsequently served on various cruisers, and was in command of the Yorktown at Valparaiso, Chile, during diplomatic disputes between that government and the United States. He later had command of the battleships Indiana and Iowa, and in the latter did excellent service in the bombardment of the forts of San Juan, Porto Rico, and took part (July 3, 1898) in the naval battle off Santiago de Cuba. He was made rear-admiral in 1901, was placed in command of the Asiatic fleet of the American navy, and in 1904 was assigned to the command of the Atlantic fleet. He was in command of the fleet of 16 battleships which sailed from Hampton Roads in Dec. 1907, passed around South America to the Pacific, and arrived at San Francisco in April of 1908. He was familiarly known to seamen as “Fighting Bob.” He died Jan. 3, 1912.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Evansville, Indiana

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​Evansville, Indiana, capital of Vanderburg County, a railroad center and a port of entry on the Ohio, about halfway between Louisville and Cairo. It has a handsome post-office and custom-house, court-house, city-hall, public library and art-gallery, excellent schools and about 50 churches. Coal and iron ore abound in the vicinity, and the town has 400 factories, employing 11,000 workmen. These establishments produce plows, furniture, cotton and woolen goods, malt liquors, saddlery, harness, pottery, etc. Besides, the city has a large trade in tobacco, flour and other staples. Evansville is noted for its many flour-mills and large output; but especially for its extensive manufacture of the product of its great hardwood-lumber trade. Its commercial importance is aided by its central situation, which makes it the chief ​shipping point in southwestern Indiana. Population, 69,647.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Evarts, William Maxwell

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* WILLIAM M. EVARTS
Ev′arts, William Maxwell, American lawyer and statesman, was born at Boston, Feb. 6, 1818, and died at New York city, Feb. 28, 1901. He graduated at Yale, and was admitted to the New York bar in 1841, where he built up a notable practice,—receiving as high as $50,000 for an opinion in a case. He was chief counsel for President Johnson in the impeachment trial in 1868, and was United States attorney-general to the close of Johnson's administration. He was United States counsel before the Alabama tribunal in 1872, and senior counsel for Henry Ward Beecher in 1875. In 1877-81 he was secretary of state, and United States senator for the term 1885—91.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Eustis, James Biddle

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​Eus′tis, James Biddle, American jurist, senator and ambassador, was born at New Orleans in August, 1834, graduated in law at Harvard (1854), and practiced in his native city. When the Civil War broke out, he entered the Confederate army and served as judge-advocate. From 1874 to 1876 he was a member of his state senate, and from 1876 to 1879 and again from 1885 to 1891 was a member of the United States senate. He also held the chair of professor of civil law in the University of Louisiana. During Mr. Cleveland's second term as president, Senator Eustis was minister and subsequently ambassador-extraordinary of the United States to France. In 1897 he resumed his legal practice at New York; but died two years later.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Salt Lake City

See also Salt Lake City, Utah on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Salt Lake City, capital of Utah, is on Jordan River, twelve miles from Great Salt Lake and 4,265 feet above the sea. It covers twelve square miles. Its streets are 132 feet wide, shaded by fine trees, many of them freshened by streams of running water from the neighboring mountains, and lighted by electricity. The finest public buildings are the Mormon temple, which cost $4,000,000, with walls built of dressed granite, twenty feet thick at the bottom, tapering to six feet at the top; the tabernacle, a huge building in the shape of an ellipse, with a dome-shaped roof resting on sandstone pillars, and seating 7,000; and the city and county building. Though Mormon influence is strong, there are Roman Catholic, Episcopalian, Presbyterian, Congregational and Methodist churches. St. Mark's cathedral (Episcopalian), the cathedral (Roman Catholic) and the First Presbyterian Church are the finest Gentile churches. The city is the center of large mining-industries, and has smelting-works, flour and paper mills, foundries, machine-shops, breweries and tanneries. It has good free public schools, supported at an annual cost of $500,000, and an enrollment of 15,500. Here is the University of Utah, a coeducational institution supported by the state, having 53 instructors and 957 students, including the preparatory department. There also are denominational schools. Salt Lake City was founded in 1847 by Brigham Young who, with a company of Mormon pioneers, left Council Bluffs in the spring to find a site for the future Mormon capital. For years the growth of the city depended upon the inflow of Mormon immigrants, but later the mines in its vicinity attracted Gentiles or non-Mormons. The population of the city is 92,777.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Samoa

See also Samoa on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Samoa (sä-mō' ȧ), is the name of a group of islands in the Pacific, from 400 to 500 miles northeast of Fiji. All but one are of volcanic formation, and are mostly surrounded by coral reefs. They are mountainous, well-wooded, with rich soil. Only four are of any size. The largest, Savaii, is 47 miles long and 28 wide. Upolu has on its northern side the bay and harbor of Apia, while on the shore of the bay is Apia, the chief town of the islands. In the spring there are disastrous hurricanes. Copra, the dried kernel of the cocoanut, is the chief export. Cotton, coffee and tobacco are cultivated, and sugarcane grows wild. Steamers ply between Apia and San Francisco, Auckland and Sydney. The Samoans belong to the brown Polynesian race. They are a well-formed people, but lessening in numbers, the present population being about 35,000. The Frenchman Bougainville visited the islands in 1768, and called them the Navigators' Islands, from the skill of the native boatman. The natives are Christians. By treaty, in 1889, the United States, Great Britain and Germany assumed joint control of the islands. This arrangement continued in force till 1898, when King Malietoa Laupepa died, and disturbances arose regarding the succession. A joint commission which was appointed recommended, among other measures, the abolition of the kingship. The result was that, by the Anglo-German agreement of Nov. 14, 1899, accepted and ratified by the United States in January, 1900, Great Britain renounced all rights over the islands in favor of Germany as regards Savaii and Upolu and in favor of the United States as regards Tutuila and other islands. In February, 1900, a naval governor was appointed for Tutuila. The island of Tutuila, 70 miles from Apia, has an area of about 54 square miles, with a population of 3,800. Manua and the other islets have a united area of about 25 square miles, with about 2,000 inhabitants. Tutuila is mountainous, luxuriantly wooded and fertile. It is described as the most pleasing of the Samoan islands. The harbor at Pago-Pago, which penetrates the south coast, is the only good harbor in Samoa. The German islands of Savaii and Upolu have a combined area of 1,000 square miles, with a population of 33,000.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Samson

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Sam'son "judged Israel twenty years." He was a Danite and a native of Zorah. At his birth he became a Nazarite, and in accordance with this vow his head remained unshorn and his lips never knew the taste of wine. The account of his marvelous feats of strength and his fall through his love for Delilah, a Philistine woman, forms one of the most interesting of Bible stories.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Saltpeter

See also Potassium nitrate on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Salt'peter or Ni'ter is potassium nitrate (KNO$_2$). It generally is in long, colorless, six-sided prisms. Its taste is cooling and very salty. It dissolves in water but not in alcohol. Mixtures of niter and carbon or of niter and sulphur or of all three explode with great energy on applying heat. If saltpeter be thrown on glowing coals, it flashes briskly. Niter is found in India and Persia as a natural product, on the soil or scattered through the upper rocks. But most saltpeter is now made from the Chilean sodium nitrate. Niter is used in making sulphuric acid, nitric acid, fireworks and, especially, gunpowder. It also is a medicine. Sodium nitrate is found abundantly on the surface of the soil in Chile and Peru in the form of cube-like crystals, and so is often called cubic niter. Besides its use in the manufacture of saltpeter, it is a valuable fertilizer. In 1905 1,688,976 tons of this nitrate or Chilean saltpeter, as it is called, were shipped from Chilean ports. See W. H. Russell's Visit to the Nitrate Fields of Tarapacá.
# The New Student's Reference Work/San Diego, Cal.

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​ San Diego (dḗ-ā'gṓ), Cal., county-seat of San Diego County, the main port of southern California, stands on the beautiful bay of the same name, 125 miles southeast of Los Angeles. The bay, ten miles long, forms a good and very busy harbor. The climate is remarkably genial, and thousands of tourists come here and to Coronado Beach, a suburb across the bay, whose hotel cost $1,200,000. San Diego is the oldest city in California, and Father Junipero's Jesuit mission of 1768 is still preserved and used. A few miles back, at the mouth of a canon, stands the famous Sweetwater dam, one of the largest in the world, with a curving wall of masonry 90 feet high and 46 feet through at the base. A large trade in wool, nuts, fruit, honey and other products of the country is carried on. San Diego has carriage and wagon works, flour and planing mills and machine-shops. It has a splendid system of public and parochial schools and other educational institutions, and is served by four railroads. A monument to Richard A. Proctor (q. v.) was set up near San Diego in 1891. Population 39,578.
# The New Student's Reference Work/San Domingo

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​San Domingo. See Haiti and Santo Domingo.