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# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Thorn (town)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer. Now part of Poland.
THORN, a strongly fortified town in the province of West Prussia, on the right bank of the Vistula (here spanned by a viaduct 1,100 yards long), 31 miles E. S. E. of Bromberg. Founded by the Teutonic order in 1231, and a member of the Hanseatic League, Thorn contains a town hall and a number of other buildings remarkable for their beautiful gables and interiors; became a Polish town in 1454; and was annexed to Prussia in 1793, and again finally in 1815. It became an important fortified stronghold in the 17th century: was five times besieged between 1629 and 1813; and since 1878 has been made a fortress of the first rank by Prussia, the old fortifications being removed, and a series of detached forts built. Copernicus was a native; and a colossal bronze statute of him was erected in 1853. An active trade in corn and timber is carried on. Pop. about 46,000.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Trenton (Mo.)

* related portals: Missouri.
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Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
TRENTON, a city and county-seat of Grundy co., Mo.; on the Crooked Fork of Grand river, and on the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific railroad; 102 miles N. E. of Leavenworth, Kan. It contains Avalon College (United Brethren), a court house, churches. National and other banks, and several newspapers. It has flour and woolen mills and an assessed property valuation exceeding $1,200,000. Pop. (1910) 5,656; (1920) 6,951.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Trenton (New Jersey)

* related portals: New Jersey.
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Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
TRENTON, a city of New Jersey, the capital of the State, and the county-seat of Mercer co. It is on the Delaware river, the Delaware and Raritan canal, and on the main line of the Pennsylvania and of the Philadelphia and Reading railroads. The city is connected by electric lines with Philadelphia, northern New Jersey, and New York, while there is a large traffic on the canal and by steamship and barges on the Delaware river to the south. The city is connected with Morrisville in Pennsylvania by bridges
over the river. Trenton is an important industrial city and is noted for the wide variety and extent of its manufactures. The industrial zone had in 1920 200 manufacturing plants with $120,000,000 invested and 40,000 employees. The value of the finished product was nearly $175,000,000. The leading industries are the manufacture of pottery, rubber, wire, machinery, structural steel and linoleum, automobiles, bedding and spring mattresses, bricks, candy, cigars, clothing, furniture, hosiery, silk and woolen yarns, steam turbines, watches, etc. Trenton has a total area of 19 square miles. The assessed property valuation in 1919 was $76,177,195 in real estate and $16,030,800 in personal property. The net public debt was $6,110,437. The annual cost of maintaining the city government was $1,665,169. There were enrolled in the public schools 15,336 pupils and the cost of maintaining the schools was $734,606. It is the seat of the State Normal and Model School, School of Industrial Arts, and several private schools. It contains three hospitals. State home for girls, a reformatory. State hospital for the insane, and a State prison. The notable public buildings include the State Capitol, Masonic Temple, and the State Armory. The city has two parks. The spot where Washington planted his cannon during the Battle of Trenton is marked by a statue.
History.—The site of Trenton was settled as early as 1679 by Mahlon Stacy and other Quakers. Judge Trent purchased a large plantation here about 1715, and the place became known as Trent Town, subsequently shortened to Trenton. It became the State capital in 1790, but prior to that year the Legislature often met here. The town was incorporated in 1792. After the Revolutionary War the Continental Congress once met here and discussed the feasibility of making Trenton the National capital, but State jealousies defeated the movement. On Dec. 25, 1776, the town was the scene of night attack by Washington on the British troops, whom he surprised by crossing the Delaware, when the floating ice was supposed to have rendered it impassable. A monument erected by the National and State governments commemorates this event. Pop. (1910) 96,815; (1920) 119,289.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Trincomalee

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​TRINCOMALEE, a seaport, naval station, and harbor on the N. E. coast of Ceylon; 110 miles N. E. of Kandy. The town is built on a bold peninsula, which divides the inner and outer harbors. Here the Malabar invaders of Ceylon built the "Temple of a Thousand Columns," to which pilgrims flocked from all parts of India. This celebrated shrine was demolished in 1622 by the Portuguese, who fortified the heights with the materials derived from its destruction. It was next held by the Dutch, and subsequently by them and the French alternately, till the capture of Ceylon by the British in 1795. The Bay of Trincomalee is landlocked; the harbor is renowned for its extent and security; unlike every other in the Indian seas, it is accessible to every description of craft in every variation of weather, but it lies out of the course of trade, Colombo having in this respect a great advantage over it. Pop. about 12,000.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Topeka

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
TOPEKA, a city of Kansas, the county seat of Shawnee co. It is on the Kansas river and the Missouri Pacific, the Union Pacific, the Atchison, Topeka and Sante Fe, the Leavenworth and Topeka, and the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific railroads. It has an area of about 16 square miles. The city is laid out in unusually attractive lines and the streets are adorned with beautiful shade trees. The notable buildings include the State Capitol, the Kansas Memorial Building, public library. United States Government building, State Museum, county court house, city hill and an auditorium. It is the seat of Washington College, and also has a State insane asylum and a State reform school, as well as many important local and charitable institutions. The industries are chiefly those connected with the Santa Fe Railroad shops. There are also manufactures of machinery, lumber, boilers, woolen goods, etc. There is a considerable wholesale jobbing business. Topeka was founded in 1854 by eastern anti-slavery men following the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. In 1856 an antislavery convention adopted the Topeka Constitution and the Topeka Government was established. This, however, was soon broken up by United States troops. In 1857 it was chartered as a city and in 1861 became the capital of the State. Pop. (1910), 43,684; (1920), 50,022.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Trine, Ralph Waldo

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​TRINE, RALPH WALDO, an American author; born in Mt. Morris, III., Sept. 9, 1866; was graduated at Knox College, Galesburg, 111., in 1891, and then pursued studies in history and social and political science at Johns Hopkins University. He became deeply interested in social problems; was made director of the American Humane Society and the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. His publications include: "The Life Books" (3 vols. 1896-1898); "The Greatest Thing Ever Known" (1898); "Every Living Creature" (1899); "Character-Building Thought Power" (1900); "Land of Living Men" (1910); "The New Alinement of Life" (1913).
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Townsend, Charles Henry Tyler

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
TOWNSEND, CHARLES HENRY TYLER, an American entomologist and biologist, born in Oberlin, Ohio, in 1863. He studied at the Columbian (now George Washington) University in Washington, D. C., at the School of Medicine, then became assistant entomologist in the United States Department of Agriculture. In 1891 he became professor of entomology and zoology at the Agricultural College of New Mexico and the state experiment station. In 1909 he became permanent director of the entomological stations of the United States, and, in 1914, entomological assistant in the Bureau of Entomology of the United States Department of Agriculture. Since 1919 he has been chief entomologist of the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Trimorphism

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​TRIMORPHISM, in biology, the existence in certain plants and animals of three distinct forms, especially in connection with the reproductive organs. In trimorphic plants there are three forms, differing in the lengths of their pistils and stamens, in size and color of their pollen grains, and in some other respects; and, as in each of the three forms there are two sets of stamens, the three forms possess altogether six sets of stamens and three kinds of pistils. These organs are so proportioned in length to each other that half the stamens in two of the forms stand on a level with the stigma of the third form. To obtain full fertility with these plants, it is necessary that the stigma of the one should be fertilized by pollen taken from the stamens of corresponding height in another form. Hence six unions are legitimate, i. e., fully fertile, and 12 are illegitimate, or more or less unfertile. Wallace has shown that the females of certain butter- flies from the Malay Archipelago appear in three conspicuously distinct forms without intermediate links. In crystallography, the occurrence of certain forms in minerals which have the same chemical composition, but are referable to three systems of crystallization.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Trimurti

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​TRIMURTI, in comparative religion. the later Hindu triad = Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva—considered as an inseparable unity. The Padma Purana, which, as a Purana of the Vaishnavas, assigns to Vishnu the highest rank, thus defines the Trimurti; "In the beginning of creation the great Vishnu, desirous of creating the world, produced from the right side of his body himself as Brahma; then, in order to preserve the world, he produced from the left side of his body Vishnu; and in order to destroy the world, he produced from the middle of his body the eternal Siva. Some worship Brahma, others Vishnu; one, yet three-fold, creates, preserves, and destroys; therefore let the pious make no difference between the three." Trimurti, there fore, implies the unity of the three principles of creation, preservation, and destruction, and is an expression of philosophical, rather than of popular belief. The symbol of the Trimurti is the mystical syllable o (=a+u) m; where a stands for Brahma, u for Vishnu, and m for Siva. Also a representation of the Hindu triad. It consists of one human body with three heads, that of Brahma in the middle, that of Vishnu at the right, and that of Siva at the left.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Familiars

From volume 5 of the work.
Strictly speaking, seculars subject to a master's authority and maintained at his expense. In this sense the idea embodies service rendered to masters, as well as wages, board, and lodging provided by the masters. In canon law the term usually signifies seculars residing in monasteries and other religious houses, actually employed therein as servants and subject to the authority of the regular prelate to the same extent as servants are subject to their masters. Many of the privileges and exemptions granted to religious are accorded their familiars. For this reason familiars validly receive absolution from a confessor approved by the regular prelate, or from one approved by the ordinary of the place where the house is located. In like manner, familiars actually dwelling in a monastery may receive their Easter Communion in the church or chapel of the monastery. Extreme unction and Viaticum may also be administered to them in the monastery. Boys boarding in colleges or academies supervised by religious or by diocesan clergy, and girls boarding in convents conducted by sisterhoods, practically enjoy the same privileges as familiars. According to Council of Trent (Sess. XXIII, cap. ix, De Reformatione), "a bishop may not ordain one of his own household who is not his subject unless he has lived with him for the space of three years, and he shall really and without fraud of any kind, straightway confer on him a benefice, notwithstanding any contrary custom even immemorial".
Taunton, Law of the Church (London, 1906); Smith, Elements of Ecclesiastical Law (New York, 1887); Bachofen, Compendium Juris Regularium (New York, 1903); Lombardi, Juris Canonici Privati Institutiones (Rome, 1901); Icard, Praelectiones Juris Canonici (Paris, 1880); Bouix, Tractatus de Jure Regularium (Paris, 1886); Noldin, De Sacramentis (Innsbruck, 1903); Lehmkuhl, Theologia Moralis (Freiburg, 1898); Muller, Theologia Moralis (Vienna, 1902).
J.D. O'NEILL
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Faltonia Proba

From volume 12 of the work.
A Christian poetess of the fourth century. The name Faltonia is doubtful and is apparently due to a confusion, as the manuscripts call the author simply Proba. As granddaughter of Probus, consul in 310, daughter of Petronius Probianius, consul in 322, wife of Claudius Celcinus Adalphius, prefect of Rome in 351, and mother of C. Clodius Hermogenianus Olybrius, consul in 379, and of Faltonius Alypius, Proba belonged to that Roman aristocracy which upheld the old pagan religion so long against Christianity. Proba was at first a pagan, as was her husband, but once converted she persuaded him to follow her example. She had celebrated in an epic poem now lost in the wars between Constantine and Magnentius. After her conversion she wrote a zento in hexameter verses in which she relates sacred history in terms borrowed exclusively from Virgil. The story of the Old Testament is briefly outlined, the author dwelling only on the Creation, the Fall, and the Deluge. The larger portion of the work recounts the life of Christ according to the Gospels. But the action of the poem is constrained and unequal, the manner absurd, the diction frequently either obscure or improper; nevertheless the work had a certain popularity during the Middle Ages.
GLOVER, Life and Letters in the Fourth Century (Cambridge, 1901), 144; for the latest edition, with an exhaustive study, see SCHENKL in Poet. Christ. min, I, Corp. script. eccles. lat. (Vienna, 1888).
PAUL LEJAY
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Famagusta

From volume 5 of the work.
A titular see in the Island of Cyprus. The name appears to be derived from the Greek ammochostos (a sandy point) rather than from Fama Augusti, the traditional etymology. The history of the city cannot be traced beyond the eighth century of our era. It is not certain, Lequien to the contrary notwithstanding (II, 1065), that it occupies the site of Arsinoe. Famagusta prospered through the destruction of the neighbouring Salamis, the former capital of the island. By the twelfth century its importance was such that Guy de Lusignan chose to be crowned there (1191) King of Jerusalem and Cyprus. The French princes fortified the town, and in the thirteenth century built the beautiful Cathedral of St. Nicholas, transformed since then into a mosque. Famagusta was the seat of a Latin diocese from the twelfth century and had residential bishops till the end of the sixteenth. The list is given by Lequien, III, 1219-24; Ducange, "Les familles d'outre-mer", 861-864; Eubel, I, 253-54, II, 168; Hackett, "History of the Orthodox Church of Cyprus", London, 1901, 577-87.
The prosperity of Famagusta was not effected by the fall of Acre. In 1342, a German writer described it as one of the richest and most beautiful cities of the world, its wealth surpassing that of Constantinople and Venice. (See Mas-Latrie, L'île de Chypre, Paris, 1879, 236-40.) St. Bridget of Sweden, in her revelations, compares it to Sodom and Gomorrha. Captured by the Genoese in 1374, it fell, in 1389, into the hands of the Venetians, who retained it till 1571. Finally, after a siege of ten months, which cost the enemy 50,000 men, the city surrendered to the Turks, who, despite their treaty, massacred the garrison, burned alive the brave governor, Bragadino, and completely sacked the city. Famagusta, which formerly numbered 70,000 inhabitants, was reduced to a mere village. It is known today as Mankosta (1000 inhabitants) and is the chief town of one of the six departments of the island. Its harbour is choked with sand; its palaces, dwellings, highways, ramparts, and churches are all in ruins.
S. VAILHÉ
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Faldstool

From volume 5 of the work.
(Lat. faldistorium; also facistorium, faudestolus, faudestola).
A movable folding chair used in pontifical functions by the bishop outside of his cathedral, or within it if he is not at his throne or cathedra. Other prelates enjoying the privilege of full pontificals also use it. The rubrics prescribe it as a seat in the conferring of baptism and Holy orders, in the consecration of oils on Maundy Thursday, at the ceremonies of Good Friday, etc. It is prescribed as a genuflexorium at the door of the church at the solemn reception of a bishop, at the altar of the Blessed Sacrament, and before the high altar. Red, green, and violet cloths are ordered as a covering to correspond to the season or the rank of the prelate. It may have once been something like a campstool and it accompanied the bishop in his journeys. Materials, even the most costly, were employed in its construction; one wrought of gold and jewelled was presented to Pope Clement IV by Charles, King of Naples. Some were made of silver, of gilt metal, of ebony, or of wood. They were sometimes elaborately carved, ending in clawlike feet, the four corners at the top representing the neck and head of animals. Cloths of silk of a rich texture with gold and silver served to cover them. A faldstool is prescribed by the old English Ritual in the consecration of a bishop. Of Hugh Pudsey, Bishop of Durham (d. 1195), we are told that on taking the cross for the holy war he had made among other things to carry along with him a magnificent silver chair.
FRANCIS MERSHMAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Facundus of Hermiane

From volume 5 of the work.
A sixth-century Christian author, Bishop of Hermiane in Africa, about whose career very little is known. His place in history is due entirely to the spirited and protracted opposition which he offered to the condemnation (by the edict of Justinian in 543 or 544) of the "Three Chapters". At the instance of Theodore Ascidas, and with the ostensible purpose of reuniting to the Church the Acephali, a sect of Monophysites, Justinian was induced to censure the "Three Chapters". By this act certain writings of the fifth-century Theodore of Mopsuestia, Theodoret of Cyrus, and Ibas of Edessa were condemned. Facundus was in Constantinople when this censure was pronounced, and shortly after its publication he and several other western bishops refused to subscribe to the decree, alleging that is was an attack on the Council of Chalcedon, which had accepted at least the letter of Ibas to the Persian Maris. This document was especially aimed at in the decree of the emperor. Facundus also drew up a memorial in protest, but was prevented from presenting it by the arrival of Pope Vigilius. The weak and vacillating conduct of this pontiff and his acquiescence in the condemnation of the "Three Chapters" spurred Facundus to complete this work, which he entitled "Pro Defensione Trium Capitulorum". It is not known when the work was completed nor when it was presented to the emperor, so that nothing can be said of its immediate effect on the controversy. After its publication Facundus was compelled to fly from Constantinople and find safety in concealment. Because of the attitude of Vigilius in acceding to the emperor's insistence that he subscribe to the censure of the "Three Chapters", Facundus and many African bishops cut themselves off from communion with him. This schism lasted for many years, and during that time Facundus wrote two other works at the request of his fellow-bishops, in response to reproaches of insubordination ("Liber contra Mocianum Scholasticum" and "Epistola Fidei Catholicae in defensione trium capitulorum"). The works of Facundus are in P.L., LXVII, 527-878; see Hefele, "History of the Church Councils", tr., IV, 229-286.
PATRICK J. HEALY
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Fajardo Diego de Saavedra

From volume 16 of the work.
Statesman and author, b. at Algezares, Murcia, Spain, in 1584; d. at Madrid in 1648. He made his studies at the University of Salamance where he received his degree in law. After having been the secretary of Cardinal Borgia, Spanish ambassador at Rome, he succeeded him in that position. Saavedra enjoyed the full confidence of Philip IV, conducting the political and diplomatic affairs of the latter during the course of thirty- five years in Italy, Germany, and Switzerland. His qualities and abilities as a statesman are shown as well in his works as in his deeds. His "Idea de un principe. . .representado en cien empresas" (Madrid, 1670), translation by J.E. (London, 1827), embodied in a pleasing garb of humor. Other secondary works of Saavedra are: "Corona gótica" (1670), "Locuras de Europa" and "politica y razón de estado del Rey Católico D. Fernando". A complete edition of all his works appeared at Madrid in 1853. Saavedra is not only one of the foremost prose writers of Spain but is also one of the greatest glories of Spanish diplomacy.
TICKNOR, History of Spanish Literature, III (New York, 1854), 185; MENENDEZ Y PELAYO, Historia de las ideas esteticas en Espana, III (Madrid, 1888); DE PIUBUSQUE, Histoire comparee des litterateures espagnole et francaise (Paris, 1854); CORTINES Y MURUBE, Ideas juridicas de Saavedra Fajardo (Madrid, 1908): This latter work is prefaced by a very good account of Saavedra's life and diplomatic missions.
William Furlong.
# Conferring with myself

Conferring with myself My stranger disappeared Though first upon a berry fat Miraculously fared How paltry looked my cares My practise how absurd Superfluous my whole career Beside this travelling Bird
# Confederated Bands of Ute Indians v. United States

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
330 U.S. 169
Confederated Bands of Ute Indians v. United States
Argued: Jan. 14, 15, 1947. --- Decided: Feb 17, 1947
[Syllabus from pages 169-171 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Ernest L. Wilkinson, of Washington, D.C., for petitioners.
Mr. Marvin J. Sonosky, of Washington D.C., for respondent.
Mr. Justice BLACK delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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