OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Hayward, Robert Baldwin

​HAYWARD, ROBERT BALDWIN (1829–1903), mathematician, born on 7 March 1829, at Bocking, Essex, was son of Robert Hayward by his wife Ann Baldwin. The father, of an old Quaker family, withdrew from the Quaker community on his marriage. Educated at University College, London, Robert Baldwin entered St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1846, graduating as fourth wrangler in 1850. He was fellow from 30 March 1852 till 27 March 1860, and from 1852 till 1855 assistant tutor. From 1855 he was mathematical tutor and reader in natural philosophy at Durham University, leaving in 1859 to become a mathematical master at Harrow School. Hayward remained at Harrow till 1893, a period of thirty-four years. He improved the system of arithmetical teaching there, and ably advocated better methods. He was president (1878–89) of the Association for the Improvement of Geometrical Teaching (afterwards the Mathematical Association), and published in 1895 a pamphlet, ‘Hints on teaching Arithmetic.’ He was author of a text-book on ‘Elementary Solid Geometry’ (1890) and ‘The Algebra of Coplanar Vectors and Trigonometry’ (1899). In pure mathematics he made many researches, and published numerous papers in the ‘Transactions’ of the Cambridge Philosophical Society and the ‘Quarterly Journal of Mathematics.’ He was elected F.R.S. on 1 June 1876.
Hayward, whose interests were varied, was a capable mountain climber and an original member of the Alpine Club from its foundation in 1858, withdrawing in 1865. To the ‘Nineteenth Century’ (Feb. 1884) he contributed an article on ‘Proportional Representation’ which attracted notice He died at Shanklin, Isle of Wight, on 2 Feb. 1903. He married in 1860 Marianne, daughter of Henry Rowe, of Cambridge; his wife's sister married Henry William Watson [q. v. Suppl. II]. He had issue two sons and four daughters.
[Proc. Roy. See. vol. lxxv.; Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. vol. xxxv.; Roy. Soc. Cat.]
T. E. J.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Hawker, Mary Elizabeth

​HAWKER, MARY ELIZABETH, writing under the pseudonym of Lanoe Falconer (1848–1908), novelist, born on 29 Jan. 1848 at Inverary, Aberdeenshire, was elder daughter of Major Peter William Lanoe Hawker (1812-1857), of the 74th highlanders, of Longparish House near Whitchurch, Hampshire, by his wife Elizabeth Fraser. Her grandfather was Lieutenant-colonel Peter Hawker [q. v.], author of 'Instructions to Young Sportsmen' (1841). Miss Hawker's education was desultory, but she read assiduously for herself. Her father died in 1857, and after her mother's second marriage in the autumn of 1862 to Herbert Fennell, the family lived for some years in Franco and Germany, and Miss Hawker became efficient in French and German. She was also an admirable pianist.
Miss Hawker early began to write, and a few stories and essays appeared in magazines and newspapers. Success did not come until 1890, when there appeared, as the initial volume of a series of novels issued by Mr. Fisher Unwin in the 'Pseudonym Library,' a story by Miss Hawker entitled 'Mademoiselle Ixe, by Lanoe Falconer.' The manuscript had been previously rejected by many publishers. The heroine was a governess in an English country house who was connected with Russian nihilists. The mystery was cleverly handled, and the artistic treatment showed a delicacy and refinement which were uncommon in English writers of short stories. The 'Saturday Review' declared it to be 'one of the finest short stories in England.' Success was great and immediate. Gladstone wrote and spoke the praises of the book, of which the circulation was forbidden in Russia; it was admired by Taine. Over 40,000 copies of the English editions were sold, and there were also continental and American editions. It was translated into French, German, Dutch, and Italian. Subsequently she published in 1891 'Cecilia de Noël,' an original and cleverly told ghost story, and 'The Hotel d'Angleterre.' But failure of health interrupted her work, and her mother's death on 23 May 1901 proved a blow from which she never recovered.
She died from rapid consumption on 16 June 1908, at Broxwood Court, Herefordshire, and was buried at Lyonshall in that county.
Other works by Miss Hawker are 'Old Hampshire Vignettes' (1907) and two short ​tales, 'Shoulder to Shoulder' (1891) and 'The Wrong Prescription ' (1893).
[The Times, 20 June 1908; Who's Who, 1907; Burke's Landed Gentry; Cornhill Magazine, Feb. 1912, article by Miss March Phillipps ; private information.]
E. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/List of Writers

* Supplementary Volume 1
* Supplementary Volume 2
* Supplementary Volume 3
Supplementary Volume 1
LIST OF WRITERS
IN THE FIRST VOLUME OF THE SECOND SUPPLEMENT
Supplementary Volume 2
LIST OF WRITERS
IN THE SECOND VOLUME OF THE SECOND SUPPLEMENT
Supplementary Volume 3
LIST OF WRITERS
IN THE THIRD VOLUME OF THE SECOND SUPPLEMENT
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Lewis, Bunnell

​LEWIS, BUNNELL (1824–1908), classical archaeologist, born in London on 26 July 1824, was the eldest of the twelve children of William Jones Lewis of London by his first wife Mary Bunnell, a descendant of Philip Henry, the nonconformist divine. Samuel Savage Lewis [q. v.] was his half-brother. Educated under Dr. Jack- ​son, afterwards bishop of London, at Islington proprietary sohool and at University College, London, Lewis, after reading with Charles Rann Kennedy [q. v.], graduated B.A. in 1843 in the University of London, obtaining the university scholarship in classics. He became fellow of University College in 1847, and proceeded M.A. in classics in 1849, taking the gold medal, then first awarded. He waa appointed the same year professor of Latin at Queen's College, Cork, an appointment which he held until 1905. He laboured to make archæology an integral part of university education, and with that end in view collected objects of art and antiquity for the museum of his college. At the foundation of the Queen's University in Ireland he took an active part in its administration, and held the office of examiner in Latin for four years.
Lewis early devoted his attention to archæology, being elected F.S.A. on 2 Feb. 1860, and was in 1883 appointed foreign corresponding associate of the National Society of Antiquaries of France. In 1873-1874 he delivered courses of lectures on classical archæology at University College in connection with the Slade School of Art. The inaugural lecture was published. His special study was the survival of Roman antiquities in various parts of Europe, and his inquiries took him during the summer recesses to Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, France, Switzerland, Italy, Sicily, and Turkey. His discoveries of Roman antiquities, which shed much new light on the interpretation of Latin literature, were embodied in papers contributed between 1875 and 1907 to the 'Archæological Journal.'
Lewis died at his residence, 49 Sunday's Well Road, Cork, on 2 July 1908, and was buried at Cork. He was twice married : (1) on 2 Oct. 1855 to Jane (d. 31 Dec. 1867), second daughter of the Rev. John Whitley, D.D., chancellor of Killaloe; and (2) on 4 Oct. 1871 to Louise Emily (d Nov. 1882), daughter of Admiral Bowes-Watson of Cambridge. He left no issue. He bequeathed to University College, London, his classical and archaeological library and 1000l. for a 'Bunnell Lewis prize' for proficiency in original Latin verse and in translations from Latin and Greek.
Besides his archæological papers and contributions to the second (revised) edition of Dr. William Smith's Latin Dictionary, he published a 'Letter to J. Robson, Esq., on the Slade Professorships of Fine Art' (1869) and 'Remarks on Ivory Cabinets in the Possession of Wickham Flowor, Esq., (1871).
[Summary of the Life of the Rev. George Lewin, D.D., and Genealogy, 1873; Q.C.C., conducted by the Students of Queen's College, Cork Constitution, 3 July 1908; Irish Times, 3 July 1908; The Times, 3 17 Aug. 1908 (will); Men and Women of the Time, 1899; information kindly supplied by Miss Mary Bunnell Barton.]
C. W.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Carpenter, Robert

​CARPENTER, ROBERT (1830–1901), cricketer, was born at Mill Road, Cambridge, on 18 Nov. 1830. His elder brother George (1818-1849), a butcher, played cricket for the Cambridge town club about 1839. Originally a bootcloser by trade, Robert early became a professional cricketer in a humble way, having engagements at Godmanchester (1854), at Ipswich (1855-7), at Birkenhead (1858), and at Marlborough College (1859-60). Subsequently at Cambridge, where he was known as the 'Old Gardener,' he was custodian of Parker's Piece, a position which he resigned on 9 Nov. 1881. Carpenter appeared late in first-class cricket, first taking part in it in June 1858, when he scored 45 for the United XI against the All England XI at Lord's. His performance brought him immediate fame. The following year he first appeared for the Players v. Gentlemen, and played for them in eighteen matches from 1859 to 1873; his chief scores were 119 in 1860 and 106 in 1861 at Kennington Oval. In the famous match between Surrey and England in 1862, when John Lilly white no-balled Willsher for illegal bowling, Carpenter scored 94. Other noteworthy performances were 100 for Cambridgeshire v. Surrey at Kennington Oval in 1861 and 134 for the All England XI v. Yorkshire at Sheffield in July 1865. Carpenter's name is especially associated with that of Tom Hayward (1835-1876), also of Cambridgeshire. They were the two best batsmen in England for a few seasons from 1860, and with the bowler George Tarrant (1838-1870) raised Cambridgeshire for several seasons to a leading position among cricketing counties. They went together to America in 1859 with the English XI, and to Australia in George Parr's team in the winter of 1863-4. Through the greater part of his career Carpenter toured with the United XI throughout the country, playing against local teams of 18 or 22 players.
Carpenter, a strong man of medium height, batted in elegant style, standing up at the wicket 'to his full height in a commanding attitude like a man' (Pycroft's Cricketana, p. 237). He was the champion back player of the nineteenth century, a fine lofty square leg hitter, and a brilliant fieldsman at point.
He died on 13 July 1901 at his home in Cambridge. He was married. One of his sons, Harry Carpenter (b. 1869), is the Essex batsman.
[The Times, 15 July 1901; Wisden's Cricketers' Almanack, 1902, p. lix; Pycroft's Cricketana, 1865 (portrait with T. Hayward, p. 176); Daft's Kings of Cricket (portrait with T. Hayward, p. 69); Haygarth's Cricket Scores and Biographies, vi. 30; viii. 374; W. Caffyn's Seventy-one Not Out, 1899, pp. 123-41 passim (portrait with Diver and Hayward, p. 164); information from Mr. P. M. Thornton.]
W. B. O.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Carey, Rosa Nouchette

​CAREY, ROSA NOUCHETTE (1840–1909), novelist, eighth child and fourth daughter of William Henry Carey, shipbroker, by his wife Maria Jane, daughter of Edward J. Wooddill, was born at Stratford-le-Bow, London, on 24 Sept. 1840. Her childhood was spent at Hackney. She was educated first at home and later at the Ladies' Institute, St. John's Wood, where Mathilde Blind was a school-fellow. The friendship then formed was interrupted later by the divergence of their religious opinions. As a child she wrote little plays for her brothers and sisters to act, and invented stories for their amusement. Her first novel, 'Nellie's Memories,' told verbally in this way when in her teens, was published in 1868, and was immediately successful. Henceforward her career as a writer was assured. More than 52,000 copies of this book have been sold. Between 1868 and the year of her death Miss Carey published thirty-nine novels. The large sales, varying between 41,000 and 14,000 copies, testify to their popularity. Those which enjoyed the widest vogue were 'Wee Wifie' (1869); 'Wooed and Married' (1875); 'Not like other Girls' (1884); 'Uncle Max' (1887), ​and 'Only the Governess' (1888). Her last novel, 'The Sunny Side of the Hill,' appeared in 1908. Besides novels Miss Carey wrote short stories, many of which were issued by the Religious Tract Society, and a volume of brief biographies, 'Twelve Notable Good Women of the Nineteenth Century' (1899). Miss Carey held orthodox and conservative views of life, and like that of Charlotte Mary Yonge [q. v. Suppl. II] and Elizabeth Missing Sewell [q. v. Suppl. II] her fiction favoured high church principles. Her plots closely resemble one another, and her style lacks distinction. But her sentiment was well adapted to girls, who were her most numerous and appreciative readers. She mainly depicts women of a generation whose education and sphere of action were restricted by a convention which no longer prevails. Miss Carey led a retired life, but formed many close and enduring friendships. Her most intimate friends were Mrs. Henry Wood [q. v.], her son, Charles Wood, and Miss H. M. Burnside. She resided for about thirty-nine years at Hampstead, and then for aboiit twenty years at Putney, where she died on 19 July 1909, at Sandilands, Keswick Road. She was buried in the West Hampstead cemetery.
[The Times, 20 July 1909; Helen C. Black, Notable Women Authors of the Day, 1893; Pratt, People of the Period, 1897; private information.]
E. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Carter, Hugh

​CARTER, HUGH (1837–1903), painter, was born in Birmingham on 4 March 1837. His father, Samuel Carter, was solicitor to the London and North Western and Midland railway companies, and was at one time M.P. for Coventry. Coming to London, Carter studied for a short time at Heatherley's Art School, and afterwards with J. W. Bottomley, Alexander Johnson, Topham, and John Phillip. He also worked at Düsseldorf under K. F. von Gebhardt. From 1859 to 1902 Carter exhibited twenty-four pictures at the Royal Academy, mostly subject paintings of domestic interest, together with portraits of 'Alexander Blair, LL.D.' (1873 and 1898), 'Sir Joshua Staples, F.S.A.' (1887), and 'Mrs. Worsley Taylor' (1890). Two of his most successful exhibits were 'Music hath Charms' (1872) and 'Card Players' (1873), both representing scenes from Westphalian peasant life. His work was distinguished throughout by delicacy of colour and subtle expression of human character. Much of his best work was done in water-colour and pastel. In those mediums he painted a number of landscapes which displayed a fine sense of colour and atmospheric effect. As a water-colour painter he was a frequent exhibitor at the Royal Institute, of which he became an associate in 1871 and a member in 1875. He was also a member of the Institute of Oil Painters from its start in 1883, and latterly of the New English Art Club. At the Tate Gallery he is represented by an oil painting, 'The Last Ray' (1878); in the permanent collection at the Guildhall by 'Hard Times'; and at the Victoria and Albert Museum by two water-colours, 'Buildings and Gondolas at Venice' and 'Interior of the Capuchin Convent at Albano.' His portrait of his uncle, Sir Francis Ronalds [q. v.], the inventor of the first working electric telegraph, is in the National Portrait Gallery. Carter died on 27 Sept. 1903, and was buried at Kensal Green. A memorial exhibition of his works was held at Leighton House in October 1904.
On 7 July 1866 Carter married Maria, daughter of J. W. Bottomley, and had four daughters and two sons, one of whom, Mr. Frank W. Carter, is well known as an artist.
[Graves's Royal Acad. Exhibitors; Catalogue of the National Gallery of British Art; private information.]
M. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Maire, Christopher

​MAIRE, CHRISTOPHER (1697–1767), jesuit, son of Christopher Maire, esq., of Hartbushes, co. Durham, by Frances Ingleby of Lawkland, Yorkshire, was born on 6 March 1696–7, and studied humanities in the college of the English jesuits at St. Omer. He entered the Society of Jesus 7 Sept. 1715, and was professed of the four vows 2 Feb. 1733. After a course of teaching at St. Omer, and professing philosophy and theology at Liège, he was declared rector of the English College at Rome in the autumn of 1744, and he held that office until 1750. He returned to St. Omer in March 1757; and died at Ghent on 22 Feb. 1767.
Alban Butler calls him ‘an able mathematician,’ in allusion to measurements which he made of St. Paul's Cathedral, London (Lives of the Saints, 18 Nov., note). Pope Benedict XIV entrusted to him and Father Boscovich the task of making a correct map of the State of the Church.
His works are: 1. ‘Tractatus Theologicus de Sanctissima Trinitate,’ 1737, 12mo, pp. 152, manuscript in the library of the University of Liège. 2. ‘Observationes Cometæ ineunte anno mdccxliv in Collegio Anglicano Romæ habitæ, et cum theoria Newtoniana comparatæ,’ Rome, 1744, 4to. A translation into Italian also appeared. 3. ‘Observationes Astronomicæ Leodii, Audomarapoli, et Romæ habitæ ab anno 1727 ad 1743:’ in C. A. Giuliani's ‘Memorie sopra la Fisica e Istoria Naturale di diversi Valentuomini,’ Lucca, 1744, vol. ii. (see Journal des Savants, 1746, p. 224). 4. ‘Continuatio Observationum Astronomicarum P. C. Maire … quas Romæ habuit annis 1743 et 1744:’ in Giuliani's ‘Memorie,’ vol. iii. 5. ‘Table of Longitudes and Latitudes for the principal Towns of the World:’ in ‘Scientia Eclipsium,’ Rome, 1747. 6. ‘Defectus Solis observatus die 25 Julii in Collegio Anglicano:’ in ‘Mém. de Trev.’ September 1748, p. 2087. 7. ‘Observatio partialis Eclipsis Lunæ die 25 Decembris 1749 in Collegio Anglicano:’ in Zaccaria's ‘Storia Letteraria d'Italia,’ xi. 375–7, and in the ‘Giornale di Roma,’ 1749, art. 42. 8. ‘Observations made at Rome of the Eclipse of the Moon, Dec. 23, 1749, and of that of the Sun, Jan. 8, 1750:’ in ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ x. 4 (1750). 9. ‘Osservazioni dell' ultimo passagio di Mercurio fatte in Roma,’ 1753: in the ‘Giornali de' Letterati’ (see Zaccaria, Storia Letteraria, viii. 181). 10. ‘De litteraria Expeditione per Pontificiam Ditionem ad dimetiendos duos Meridiani Gradus et corrigendam Mappam geographicam, jussu et auspiciis Benedicti XIV Pont. Max. suscepta a Patribus Societatis Jesu Christophoro Maire et Rogerio Josepho Boscovich,’ Rome, 1755, 4to. A French translation, with notes by Hugon, appeared at Paris in 1770, 4to. 11. ‘Nuova Carta Geographica dello Stato Ecclesiastico,’ fol. (Catal. de Cotte, No. 1559). 12. Three letters in Stanislaus Wydra's ‘Vita Josephi Stepling,’ Prague, 1779, 8vo, pp. 106–12.
[Oliver's Jesuit Collections, p. 137; Foley's Records, v. 653, vii. 479; De Backer's Bibl. de la Compagnie de Jésus, ii. 1007; Archbishop Ullathorne's Autobiog. pp. 132–7; Watt's Bibl. Brit.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Maire, William

​MAIRE, WILLIAM (d. 1769), Roman catholic prelate, was the fifth son of Thomas Maire, esq., of Hardwick, co. Durham, and Lartington, Yorkshire, by his wife, Mary Fermor of Tusmore, Oxfordshire. He arrived at the English College, Douay, 16 Aug. 1719, was ordained priest at Tournay in 1730, and became professor at Douay, first of rhetoric and afterwards of philosophy. From 1742 to 1767 he served the Durham mission. In 1767 he was appointed coadjutor to Francis Petre, vicar-apostolic of the northern district of England, and was consecrated bishop of Cinna, in partibus infidelium. He died at Lartington on 25 July 1769, and was buried in the family vault in the parish church of Ronaldkirk. He published a translation of Gobinet's ‘Instruction of Youth in Christian Piety.’
[Brady's Episcopal Succession, iii. 259, 261; Foley's Records, v. 654; Surtees's Durham, i. 53.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Maitland, Charles (1815-1866)

​MAITLAND, CHARLES (1815–1866), author, born at Woolwich in Kent, 6 Jan. 1815, was nephew of General Sir Peregrine Maitland [q. v.], and eldest son of Charles David Maitland. The father was at one time a captain of the royal artillery, who served with some distinction at the end of the great European war, but for the last forty years of his life was minister of St. James's Chapel at Brighton. Charles was educated first at a large private school at Brighton, and afterwards, when he chose medicine for his profession, in the house of a general practitioner in London. He studied in Edinburgh for three years, and graduated M.D. in 1838, the subject of his inaugural essay being ‘Continued Fever.’ After visiting with a patient Malta, Italy, Greece, and Egypt, he returned to England and was admitted an extra-licentiate of the London College of ​Physicians, July 1842. He practised for a few years at Windsor with success. But his tastes drew him more towards theology, and he matriculated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, 1848, graduated B.A. (with a second class in classics) 1852, and was ordained deacon in the same year, and priest in the year following. He was at first curate at Southampton, then at Lyndhurst, Hampshire, and afterwards in the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire. But his mind gave way; and after being for some years separated from his family, he died in London, 26 July 1866, and was buried in the Brompton cemetery.
While at Rome Maitland was attracted by the catacombs, and, being a good amateur artist, made numerous drawings, which still exist. In 1846 he published ‘The Church in the Catacombs: a Description of the Primitive Church of Rome, illustrated by its Sepulchral Remains,’ London, 8vo. This was the first popular book on the subject, was generally accurate, and abounded in information. While still an undergraduate at Oxford he published ‘The Apostles' School of Prophetic Interpretation: with its History down to the Present Time,’ London, 1849, 8vo—an attack on the current protestant school of interpretation of prophecy, then mainly represented by Edward B. Elliott [q.v.] in his ‘Horæ Apocalypticæ.’
In November 1842 he married Julia Charlotte, widow of James Thomas, an Indian judge in the Madras presidency. Her maiden name was Barrett, and her mother was a niece of Fanny Burney, Madame d'Arblay [see Arblay]. She was the authoress of some clever ‘Letters from Madras during the Years 1836 to 1839,’ published anonymously, 1843, and reprinted in Murray's ‘Home and Colonial Library,’ 1846. She also wrote some bright little books for children, which passed through several editions: ‘Historical Charades,’ 1847, new edit. 1858; ‘Cat and Dog,’ 5th edit. 1858; ‘The Doll and her Friends,’ 5th edit. 1868. She died at Stowe Provost, near Shaftesbury, 29 Jan. 1864.
[Information from the family and personal knowledge.]
W. A. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mainwaring, Rowland

​MAINWARING, ROWLAND (1783–1862), naval commander and author, born on 31 Dec. 1783, was second son of Rowland Mainwaring (1745–1815), a field-officer, of Four Oaks, Warwickshire, by his second wife, Jane, daughter of Captain Latham, R.N. (Burke, Landed Gentry, 7th edit. ii. 1213). Entering the navy, he was present at the battle of the Nile (1798) as midshipman in the Majestic, and he served in the Defence at the blockade of Copenhagen (1801). On 13 Aug. 1812 he was gazetted to the command of the Caledonia, 120, the flagship of Sir Edward Pellew (Lord Exmouth), but he did not serve after the peace of 1815. He was promoted captain on 22 July 1830, and was placed on the list of retired rear-admirals on 27 Sept. 1855. In 1837 Mainwaring succeeded his first cousin, Miss Sarah Mainwaring, in the estates of Whitmore Hall, Newcastle-under-Lyme, and Biddulph, Staffordshire. He died at Whitmore Hall on 11 April 1862 (Gent. Mag. 1862, pt. i. p. 657). He married thrice, and left a large family. ​Mainwaring, who was a tolerably good artist, published ‘Instructive Gleanings, Moral and Scientific, from the best Writers, on Painting and Drawing,’ 8vo, London, 1832. He also compiled ‘Annals of Bath, from 1800 to the passing of the new Municipal Act,’ 8vo, Bath, 1838, a miscellany of amusing local gossip.
[Family information; Navy Lists.]
G. G.