OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Constitution of the United States of America/Annotated/Introduction/Federal Habeas Claims and State Court Convictions

Online at https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/intro.4-3-4/ALDE_00000007/
Pursuant to the relevant provisions of the federal habeas statute, a federal court may not issue a writ of habeas corpus—that is, an order releasing a person from imprisonment or detention—with respect to any claim that was adjudicated by a state court unless the underlying state court decision was “contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States.” A federal habeas petition will generally be granted as a result of a constitutional error only if the state court: (1) arrived “at a conclusion opposite to that reached by [the Supreme Court] on a question of law or . . . decide[d] a case differently than [the] Court has on a set of materially indistinguishable facts;” or (2) “identifie[d] the correct governing legal principle from [the] Court’s decisions but unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of the prisoner’s case.” As a consequence of the governing standard in habeas cases, the Supreme Court may not opine on the scope of the underlying constitutional right, but instead merely address whether the state court erred in its assessment of the constitutional right. Such cases are, as a rule, generally not included in the Constitution Annotated.

## References in the original work

* ↑ See Habeas Corpus, Black’s Law Dictionary 825 (10th ed. 2014) (defining the writ of habeas corpus to be “[a] writ employed to bring a person before a court, most frequently to ensure that the person’s imprisonment or detention is not illegal.”).
* ↑ See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1).
* ↑ See Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 412–13 (2000).

## Notes

* $^{[A]}$↑ Williams v. Taylor.
# Constitution of the United States of America/Annotated/Introduction/Federalism and the Constitution

Online at https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/intro.7-3/ALDE_00000032/
Another basic concept embodied in the Constitution is federalism, which refers to the division and sharing of power between the national and state governments. By allocating power among state and federal governments, the Framers sought to establish a unified national government of limited powers while maintaining a distinct sphere of autonomy in which state governments could exercise a general police power. Although the Framers’ sought to preserve liberty by diffusing power, Justices and scholars have noted that federalism has other advantages, including that it allows individual states to experiment with novel government programs as “laboratories of democracy” and increases the accountability of elected government officials to citizens.
Although the text of the Constitution does not clearly delineate many of the boundaries between the powers of the federal and state governments, the Supreme Court has frequently invoked certain constitutional provisions when determining that Congress has exceeded its constitutional powers and infringed upon state sovereignty. One well-known provision, regarded by the Court as both a shield and sword to thwart federal encroachment, is the Tenth Amendment, which provides that “the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.” In modern times, the Court has vacillated between the view that the Tenth Amendment operates to restrict Congress’s power and the view that the amendment is a mere “truism” that cannot be used to strike down federal statutes. Other notable provisions addressing Congress’s power relative to the states that the Court has debated include the Supremacy Clause in Article VI, which establishes federal law as superior to state law; the Commerce Clause in Article I, Section 8, Clause 3, which grants Congress the authority to legislate on matters concerning interstate commerce; and Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment, which grants Congress the power to enforce that Amendment’s guarantees against the states through the enactment of appropriate legislation. More broadly, federalism principles also undergird many Supreme Court decisions interpreting individual rights and the extent to which the Court should federalize, for example, the rights afforded to state criminal defendants. But judges and scholars disagree on how basic principles of federalism should be realized, and a key point of controversy is whether the judiciary should enforce the interests of the states against the Federal Government or leave the resolution of such key questions about the relationship between federal and state power to the political process.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Burke, Edmund

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​BURKE, EDMUND (1729–1797)
Son of Richard Burke: born Jan. 12, 1729: educated at Ballitore and Trinity College, Dublin, 1743–8: entered at the Middle Temple, but not called to the bar: took to literature: founded the Annual Register, 1759: Private Secretary to Lord Rockingham, Prime Minister, 1765: M.P. for Wendover, 1765–74: for Bristol, 1774–80: for Malton, 1781–94: Paymaster of the Forces, 1782–3: his connexion with India extended over many years: he attacked the E. I. Co., 1766: refused, in 1772, an offer by the E. I. Co.'s Directors, of an appointment to reform their adminstration: opposed Lord North's "Regulating Act," 1773: was member of the Committee on the affairs of the E.I. Co., 1783, wrote both the Ninth Report on the trade of Bengal and the system pursued by Warren Hastings, and the Eleventh Report on the system of presents: drafted Fox's. East India Bill, 1783: attacked Hastings in a speech on the debts of the Nawab of Arcot, 1785, and again on the Rohilla war, 1786: impeached Hastings before the House of Lords, May, 1787: led the impeachment at the trial of Hastings in Westminster Hall, Feb., 1788: secured its continuation in a new Parliament, 1790: spoke for nine days in May-June, 1794, in reply to Hastings' defence: Hastings was acquitted in April, 1795: Burke died July 9, 1797: no further allusion need be made here to his writings, speeches in Parliament and political. ​career, which are well known apart from his relations to India.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Burgoyne, Sir John, Baronet

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​BURGOYNE, SIR JOHN, BARONET (1739–1785)
General: born 1739: entered the Army young: served in the 7th and other regts.: Lt-Colonel of 58th regt., 1764: and of 14th Light Dragoons: raised, in 1781, the first regt. of European cavalry sent to India, called the 23rd Light Dragoons, afterwards the 19th Dragoons and the 19th Hussars, which he took to Madras: Maj-General, 1783: he and Sir Robert Fletcher were the champions of what they considered the rights and privileges of the King's service as against the authority of the E.I. Co.'s Governor and Council: both were recalled, but Burgoyne died at Madras, Sep. 23, 1785: buried in the Fort Church there.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Burlton, Philip Bowles

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​BURLTON, PHILIP BOWLES (1803–1829)
Son of William Burlton: joined the Bengal Artillery at Dumdum in 1821: was transferred to Africa: was actively employed in the Burmese war of 1824: devoted himself zealously to discovering the sources of the Brahmaputra and Irawadi, and solving geographical questions: he also wrote about the Assamese: was murdered, with Lt. Bedingfield of the Artillery, by the Khasias at Nunklow, in Assam: died April 4, 1829.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Burnes, James

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​BURNES, JAMES (1801–1862)
Elder brother of Sir Alexander Burnes, (q.v.): born Feb. 12, 1801: educated at Edinburgh University and London hospitals: went out to Bombay with his brother, 1821: was Residency Surgeon at Cutch: in the expedition of 1825 against Sind: invited, in 1827, by the Amirs to Sind: from 1837, he held medical and other scientific appointments at Bombay, and was Secretary and Member of the Medical Board and, finally, Physician-General, retiring in 1849: President of the Medical and Physical Society: Vice-President of the Bombay Asiatic Society: was LL.D. of Glasgow, 1834: F.R.C.P. of Edinburgh: F.R.S. and a Knight of the Guelphic Order: wrote a Narrative of a Visit to Sind, and a History of Cutch: died Sep. 19, 1862.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Burke, William Augustus

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​BURKE, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS (1769–1837)
Entered the Army as a Hospital Mate on Sep. 13, 1795, and rose, through the grades of Regimental Surgeon, Apothecary, Surgeon, etc. to be, on Oct. 5, 1825, Inspr-General of Hospitals of the Forces in the East Indies, until his death. In 1817, he was Physician-General in the Mauritius, was present at the capture of nearly all the French and Dutch colonies in the West Indies and South America: served in Europe, including the Mediterranean and Gibraltar: and was at the capture of Bhartpur by Lord Combermere in 1826: died at Calcutta, May 22, 1837.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Burnes, Sir Alexander

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​BURNES, SIR ALEXANDER (1805–1841)
Political: son of James Burnes: born May 16, 1805, connected with the family of the poet Burns: educated at Montrose Academy: entered the E. I. Co.'s military service at 16: Interpreter at Surat in 1823: transferred to Cutch in 1825: sent, in 1830, on a mission, with a gift of horses, to Ranjit Singh at Lahore, and to explore the country: in 1832, travelled, under the orders of Government, in N. India, Afghanistan, Bokhara and Persia: in England in 1833–5, was lionized as a traveller: received the medal of the Royal Geographical Society, and elected member of learned Societies: on return to India, he succeeded, by negotiation at Hyderabad (Sind), in warding off war with the Amirs, who agreed to a survey of the Indus: in 1836, Burnes was sent on a mission, nominally commercial, but really political, to Dost Muhammad, Amir of ​Kabul: his discovery of Russia's intrigues, and the arrival of a Russian agent at Kabul, led to his advice, that Dost Muhammad, the reigning Amir, should be supported: but this advice was not accepted, the Amir's requests were rejected, and, by the second Afghan war. Shah Shuja was to be reinstated. Burnes was sent to Sind and Beluchistan, to prepare the way of the British Army: he was made, later, Political Agent at Kabul under the Envoy Sir W. H. Macnaghten: Shah Shuja was re-made Amir: Burnes was knighted, made Lt-Colonel: and C.B.: for 2 years, at Kabul, he had a subordinate position: the Afghan mob rose, not without warning, on Nov. 2, 1841; and Burnes was assassinated. It came to light, in 1861, that some of Burnes' despatches from Kabul, in 1839, had been altered, so as to convey opinions opposite to his. The matter was brought before Parliament, on an application for an inquiry: but Lord Palmerston's Government resisted the motion, which was defeated on the ground of the interval of time that had passed since the occurrence.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Burnouf, Emile Louis

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​BURNOUF, EMILE LOUIS (1821–)
Born at Valognes, Aug. 25, 1821: cousin of the Orientalist, Eugene Burnouf (q.v.): studied at Paris: appointed Professor of Oriental studies at Nancy, 1854: in 1867, Director of the Ecole Francaise at Athens: returned to France in 1875, and settled at Paris: as an Indian scholar, his chief works are:—his Sanskrit Grammar, brought out in collaboration with Leupol, 1859: a Sanskrit and French Dictionary, 1863–5: Essai sur le Veda, 1863: Bhagavad-Gita, translation, 1861, 1895.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Burne, Sir Owen Tudor

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​BURNE, SIR OWEN TUDOR (1837–)
Maj-General: son of the Rev. Henry Thomas Burne: entered the Army, 1855: served in the Crimea and in the Indian mutiny: present in 15 actions, including the siege and capture of Lucknow: promoted for gallantry in the field: Military Secretary to Lord Strathnairn, when C.-in-C. in India, 1861: Private Secretary to Lord Mayo, Viceroy of India, 1869–72: Political A.D.C. to the Secretary of State for India, 1872: Assistant Secretary, 1873, and later. Secretary, Political and Secret Department, India Office, 1874: Private Secretary to Lord Lytton, Viceroy of India, 1876–7: Member of the Council of India, 1887–97: author of Clyde and Strathnairn, in the "Rulers of India" series; Lord Strathnairn, Imperial Assemblage at Delhi, etc.: C.I.E., 1877: K.C.S.I.. 1879.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Burnell, Arthur Coke

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​BURNELL, ARTHUR COKE (1840–1882)
I.C.S.: born 1840: son of Arthur Burnell, of the E.I. Co.'s Marine Service: educated at Bedford and King's College: after passing the open competitive examination, went to Madras, 1860: held minor appointments and, from 1870, district judgeships in various districts, longest at Tanjore, until 1880, when his health, always indifferent, gave way. On his retirement, the Madras Government recorded their regret for being "prematurely deprived of the services of so distinguished a scholar": died Oct. 12, 1882. He began early to collect Sanskrit MSS., and made an extensive collection, which he presented to the India Office Library: was an excellent Sanskrit scholar: published translations from Sanskrit, and catalogues: also knew some Tibetan, Arabic, Kawi, Japanese, Coptic and Pali: travelled in Arabia, Egypt, Nubia: wrote a Handbook of South Indian Palæography, on The Portuguese in India, The Aindra School of Sanskrit Grammarians, 1875: made a catalogue of the Tanjore Library, and, with Sir H. Yule, compiled the Hobson-Jobson, a Glossary of Anglo-Indian colloquial words and phrases: besides many papers on law, languages, ethnography and inscriptions: C.I.E.: and Ph.D. of the University, Strasburg.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Burney, Henry

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​BURNEY, HENRY ( ? –1846?)
Captain: attached to the 20th (Marine) N.L: on duty at Prince of Wales' Island: learnt Malay: acquired knowledge of the Archipelago and Malacca: appointed Military Secretary of the Penang Government: employed to negotiate with Malay and Siamese Chiefs: Political Agent to Siamese States, 1825: Envoy to Siam: obtained the release of 1,400 Burmans and Peguese: Deputy Commissioner of Tenasserim, 1827–9: Resident at the Court of Ava, 1829–38: contributed papers to the J.A.S.B., about Ava: wrote a Historical Review of the Political Relations between British India and Ava: had a Dictionary of Pali compiled: returned to India, 1842: died there in 1845–6.
# Devonshire Characters and Strange Events/Front matter

DEVONSHIRE CHARACTERS AND STRANGE EVENTS
* BY THE SAME AUTHOR
* YORKSHIRE ODDITIES
* TRAGEDY OF THE CÆSARS
* CURIOUS MYTHS
* LIVES OF THE SAINTS
* ETC. ETC.
# The Uses of Poetry

Published in Poems (1909).
I've fond anticipation of a day O'erfilled with pure diversion presently, For I must read a lady poesy The while we glide by many a leafy bay,
Hid deep in rushes, where at random play The glossy black winged May-flies, or whence flee Hush-throated nestlings in alarm, Whom we have idly frighted with our boat's long sway.
For, lest o'ersaddened by such woes as spring To rural peace from our meek onward trend, What else more fit? We'll draw the latch-string
And close the door of sense; then satiate wend, On poesy's transforming giant wing, To worlds afar whose fruits all anguish mend.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1963, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 60 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Uttermost Farthing

* information about this edition.
* sister projects: Commons category, Wikidata item.
Edition: Philadelphia: John C. Winston Company, 1914. Also published as A Savant's Vendetta.
THE UTTERMOST FARTHING
My wife lay on the hearth rug. She was stone dead. I saw that at a glance
THE UTTERMOST FARTHING
A SAVANT'S VENDETTA
BY
R. AUSTIN FREEMAN
Author of "The Mystery of 31, New Inn," etc.
ILLUSTRATED BY
H. WESTON TAYLOR
PHILADELPHIA THE JOHN C. WINSTON COMPANY PUBLISHERS
Copyright, 1914 by The John C. Winston Co.

### CONTENTS

* CHAPTERPAGE
* I. The Motive Force 9
* II. "Number One" 42
* III. The Housemaid's Followers 80
* IV. The Gifts of Chance 115
* V. By-products of Industry 159
* VI. The Trail of the Serpent 195
* VII. The Uttermost Farthing 253

### LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1943, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 80 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baker, William Erskine

​BAKER, Sir WILLIAM ERSKINE (1808–1881), general, and a distinguished engineer, was the fourth son of Captain Joseph Baker, R.N., and was born at Leith in 1808. He was educated at the East India Company's military college at Addiscombe, and went out to India as a lieutenant in the Bengal engineers in 1826. He was promoted captain in 1840, and saw service in the first Sikh war. He led one of the attacking columns to the entrenchments at Sobraon, for which he was thanked in the despatch and promoted major. He was afterwards exclusively employed in the public works department, and was successively ​superintendent of the Delhi canals, superintendent of canals and forests in Scinde, director of the Ganges canal, consulting engineer to the government of India for railways, and secretary to the government of India in the public works department. His services as a civil engineer were very great, and he was regarded as the greatest authority of his time on irrigation. His military promotion continued during his civil employment, and he became lieutenant-colonel in 1854 and colonel in 1857. In 1857 he returned to England, and in the following year was appointed military secretary to the India Office. But his knowledge was rather that of an engineer than a soldier, and in 1861 he became a member of the council of India, and in that capacity chief adviser to the home government on Indian engineering matters. He was promoted major-general in 1865, colonel-commandant of the royal (late Bengal) engineers in 1871, and lieutenant-general in 1874; he was made a K.C.B. in 1870, and in 1875 he withdrew from public life. He retired to his seat in Somersetshire, and, after becoming general in 1877, died there on 16 Dec. 1881. Sir William Erskine Baker's work in Scinde is particularly memorable; the great irrigation works which he carried out there have rendered Sir Charles Napier's conquest of real value, and, according to Captain Burton, have made 'the desert flourish like the rose.'
H. M. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Balatine, Alan

The ODNB regards this person as apocryphal, a misnomer of John Bellenden.
​BALATINE, ALAN (fl. 1560), is mentioned by Edward Hall in the list of the English writers from whose works he compiled his 'Chronicle.' Pits on this account classes him as an Englishman, but, according to Dempster, he was of Scotch origin, and, after studying privately, went to Germany, where he completed his education, and also taught in the gymnasiums. He wrote 'De Astrolabio,' 'De Terræ Mensura,' and 'Chronicon Universale.' Dempster states that he flourished about 1560, but as Hall's 'Chronicle' was published in 1542, Balatine must have written his 'Chronicon Universale' at least twenty years before 1560. He died in Germany.
[Pits, De Angliæ Scriptoribus, p. 825; Dempsters Hist. Ecc. Gent. Scot. (1627), p. 100; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. p. 66.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Balcarres, Countess of

​BALCARRES, Countess of. [See Campbell, Anna.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Balcarres, Earls of

​BALCARRES, Earls of. [See Lindsay.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Balam, Richard

​BALAM, RICHARD (fl. 1653), mathematician, was the author of 'Algebra, or the Doctrine of composing, inferring, and resolving an Equation' (1653). There seems to be nothing original in this work but a multitude of terms which have perished with their inventor. The following sentence may be worth quoting: 'It seems probable to me that quantity is not the true genus of number; but that measure and number, magnitude and multitude, quantity and quotity, are two distinct species of one common genus.'
F. Y. E.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Balcanquhall, Walter (1586?-1645)

1904 Errata appended.
​BALCANQUHALL, WALTER, D.D. (1586?–1645), royalist, son of the Rev. Walter Balcanquhall [q. v.], who steadfastly opposed episcopacy, was born in Edinburgh 'about 1586' the year of his father's 'rebuke' by King James. Convinced, it has been alleged, by the arguments in favour of bishops maintained by the sovereign, he proceeded to the university of Edinburgh with a purpose ultimately to take orders in the church of England. In 1609 he graduated M.A. He afterwards removed to Oxford, entering at Pembroke College. He passed B.D., and was admitted a fellow on 8 Sept. 1611. He was appointed one of the king's chaplains, and in 1617 he received the mastership of the Savoy, London. In 1618 James sent him to the synod of Dort. His letters from that famous synod, which were addressed to Sir Dudley Carleton, are preserved in John Hales's 'Golden Remains.' Before proceeding to Dort the university of Oxford conferred upon him the degree of D.D. In March 1624 he obtained the deanery of Rochester, and in 1639 he was made dean of Durham. The 'Calendars of State Papers' from 1625 onward reveal him as a pushing suppliant for offices and dignities. On the death of the celebrated George Heriot on 12 Feb. 1624, it was found that Balcanquhall was one of the three executors of his will and was assigned the most responsible part in founding the hospital which was to bear the royal jeweller's name, Balcanquhall ​drew up the statutes in 1627, and, it is universally conceded, discharged the weighty trust imposed on him with integrity and ability.
In 1638 he revisited his native country, as chaplain to the Marquis of Hamilton, the royal commissioner. Balcanquhall was accused of shiftiness and treachery in his conduct towards 'the people' who were contending earnestly for their religious rights. He was the undoubted author of an apologetical narrative of the court proceedings under the title of 'His Majestie's Large Declaration concerning the Late Tumults in Scotland' (1639). On 29 July 1641 he and others of kin with him were denounced by the Scottish parliament as 'incendiaries.' He was afterwards 'hardly entreated' by the dominant puritan party, and was one of the 'sufferers' celebrated by Walker in his 'Sufferings' He retreated to Oxford and shared the waning fortunes of the king. He died at Chirk Castle, Denbighshire, on Christmas day 1645, whilst the echoes of Naseby were in the air. Sir Thomas Middleton erected a 'splendid monument' to him in the parish church of Chirk.
[Dr. Stevens's History of George Heriot's Hospital; Wood's Athenæ (Bliss), iii. 180, 839; Walker's Sufferings, pt. ii. 19; Anderson's Scottish Nation; The two Sermons of 1634 on Psalm cxxvi. 5, and S. Matt. xxi. 13.]
A. B. G.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.13 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
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