OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Philosophical Review/Volume 1/Summary: Gercke - Ariston

Ar. f. G. Ph. = Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie
The Peripatetic philosopher, Ariston of Keos, and the Stoic of the same name, of Chios, have been much confused. In earlier times, writers followed the catalogue of the works of the Stoic (Diog. Laert, VII, 163), where a note is added: "But Panaitios and Sosikrates claim that only the letters are to be ascribed to him, the remaining works to the Peripatetic Ariston." Lately, writers have made Ariston's relationship to Bion the basis of treatment, using, however, the wrong Ariston. One learns of the Stoic best from Seneca, Epist. 94, which contains a short account of his teaching. Seneca says expressly, that this doctrine he describes belongs to Ariston 'Stoicus.' From the Peripatetic Ariston we have fragments of at least two works,—one on Old Age, and another on Characters. The last named was used by Philodemos in Bk. X of his de vitiis. This kind of writing is peculiar to the early Peripatetic school, and points conclusively to the origin of this work. Also the ὁμοιώματα Ἀρίστωνος is to be referred to the Peripatetic, although Wachsmuth, Zeller, Heinze, Hirzel, and others ascribe it to the Stoic; the content of some of the fragments, however, preclude a Stoic origin (Stob., Flor., IV, 200 Mein.; I, 263; III, 193). To the Stoic is to be referred the Protreptikos used by Seneca and Sextos; and to the Peripatetic, the writings, περὶ τῶν διὰ τύχην ὑπερηφανούντων, On Old Age, and at least partly, if not entirely, the ὁμοιώματα. The imitations of Bion are to be referred, not to the Stoic, but to the Peripatetic. Strabo mentions the Peripatetic philosopher Ariston as imitator of Bion of Borysthenes, and as a native of Julis in Keos. Comparison of the work on Old Age and the ὁμοιώματα with Bion, reveal that the former have much in common with the latter. The influence of Theophrastos is ​apparent in the work On Pride, in which the Peripatetic love of historical examples comes to light. If the character of the writings of the Peripatetic are so sharply distinct from those of the Stoic, one would expect that Panaitios would have been able to separate them. Not so. He ascribed to the Chian only the letter; and yet, of his Protreptikos there are still fragments extant. These belong to προτρεπτικῶν β of the catalogue; further are probably to be ascribed to the Stoic: περὶ τῶν Ζήνωνος δογμάτων and πρὸς Κλεάνθην.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Newhaven

Edition of 1905. See also Newhaven, East Sussex on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NEWHA′VEN. A seaport town in Sussex, England, on the English Channel at the mouth of the Ouse, 8½ miles east of Brighton (Map: England, G 6). Its importance is to be measured by its shipping trade and not by its population. It is a bonding port with a well-equipped harbor, a large coasting trade, and bi-diurnal communication with Dieppe, France, 64 miles to the southeast. The average annual value of its imports and exports is $70,000,000. The principal articles of export are woolen, cotton, silk, and hat manufactures, leather, silver plate, pictures, paper, machinery and mill work, cycles, hardware and cutlery, chemical products, etc.; the imports include agricultural produce and provisions of all kinds, cotton, woolen, silk, and linen manufactures, gloves, india-rubber goods, glassware, spirits, sugar, tobacco, and timber. It is a terminus of the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway, a coast guard station, and is protected by a large modern fort. Its twelfth-century Norman church is archæologically interesting. Population, in 1891, 4995; in 1901, 6772.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Newport

Edition of 1905. See also Newport, Wales on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​NEW′PORT. A market-town and river-port in Monmouthshire, England, 20 miles southwest of Monmouth, on the Usk, four miles from the Bristol Channel, and 12 miles northeast of Cardiff (Map: England, C 5). It has brass and iron foundries, breweries and pottery works, and manufactures of telegraph and railway supplies and wagons, india-rubber, and gutta percha. Iron ships are also built here. The dock accommodation covers 80 acres, and it has an important shipping trade in coal and iron. The town has fine buildings. Prominent among them are the town hall and Saint Woollos, one of the most curious churches in England. The municipality owns much real estate, the water-works, electric lighting plant, tramways, baths, slaughter houses, markets, cemeteries, provides technical instruction and cottage allotments, and maintains a free library, museum, parks, isolation hospital, and a fire brigade. The town is first mentioned at the beginning of the tenth century, and received its first charter from Edward II. The towers and the central mass remain of the castle, built about 1130 by Robert, Earl of Gloucester. Population, in 1891, 54,707; in 1901, 67,290.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Newburn

See also Newburn on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NEW′BURN. A town in Northumberland, England, on the Tyne, 5½ miles west of Newcastle. Population, in 1891, 8000; in 1901, 12,500.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Newhall, Charles Stedman

See also the disclaimer.
​ NEWHALL, nū′ha̤l, Charles Stedman (1842—) . An American naturalist and author of juvenile books. He was born in Boston; studied at Amherst (1869) and at the Union Theological Seminary; soon left the ministry for educational work; and then became United States assistant special forest agent and superintendent of the forest reserves of northern and central California. Newhall wrote: A History of Fall River, Mass. (1862); various juveniles, including: Harry's Trip to the Orient (1885) and Ruthie's Story (1888); and the following works on botany: Trees of Northeastern America (1892); Shrubs of Northeastern America (1893); Leaf Collector's Handbook and Herbarium (1892); and Vines of Northeastern America (1897).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Newmarket (Canada)

Edition of 1905. See also Newmarket, Ontario on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NEWMARKET. A town of York County, Ontario, Canada, 34 miles north of Toronto on the Northern Railway (Map: Ontario, D 3). It has busy trading interests and some manufactures. Population, in 1891, 2143; in 1901, 2125.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Newburgh Addresses

See also Newburgh Conspiracy on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NEWBURGH ADDRESSES. Two anonymous letters that appeared in 1783, after the close of the Revolutionary War. They urged some organized action to redress the wrongs of American soldiers, especially the withholding of their pay, and were later found to have been written by General John Armstrong.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Newmarket (England)

Edition of 1905. See also Newmarket, Suffolk on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NEW′MARKET. A market-town on the border of Suffolk and Cambridgeshire, England, 15 miles northeast of Cambridge (Map: England, G 4). The market-house and the celebrated Jockey Club are the chief edifices. The town owes its prosperity to the horse-races. The race-course of Newmarket, upward of four miles in length, is said to be the finest in the world, and the training ground bears a similar reputation for excellence. There are eight race-meetings held here annually. Population, in 1891, 8631; in 1901, 10,686. Consult Hore, History of Newmarket and Annals of the Turf (3 vols., London, 1886).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Newnan

Edition of 1905. See also Newnan, Georgia on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​NEWNAN, nū′nan. A city and the county-seat of Coweta County, Ga., 39 miles south by west of Atlanta; on the Atlanta and West Point and the Central of Georgia railroads (Map: Georgia, B 2). It is the centre of a productive fruit-growing and farming region, and has a large trade in cotton. The chief industrial establishments include canning and cigar factories, cotton and cottonseed oil mills, foundries and machine shops, and manufactories of phosphates, fertilizers, etc. The water-works are owned by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 2859; in 1900, 3654.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Newnham College

Edition of 1905. See also Newnham College, Cambridge on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​NEWNHAM COLLEGE. An institution for the higher education of women, situated at Cambridge, England. It had its inception in the amalgamation in 1880 of the Association for Promoting the Higher Education of Women in Cambridge, organized in 1873, with the Newnham Hall Company, opened in 1875. As early as 1871 five women students came to Cambridge to study under the direction of Miss Clough, subsequently principal of Newnham College. This number increased to twenty-five by 1874. The growth of the college has continued steadily, and in 1902 it included North Hall, established in 1880; Clough Hall, 1888; and the Pfeiffer Building, 1893. The library contains about 8000 volumes. The attendance in 1902 was 174. The faculty included 15 resident and 37 non-resident tutors. With certain restrictions the students have since 1881 enjoyed all the scholastic privileges offered at the University of Cambridge. Their names appear in the tripos or honor list in the university calendar. They do not, however, receive degrees, but are granted certificates instead.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Newbury

See also Newbury, Berkshire on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NEW′BURY. A municipal borough and market town in Berkshire, England, on the Kennet, 17 miles southwest of Reading (Map: England, E 5). Trade in agricultural produce and malting are the principal industries, and an annual wool market is held. The chief buildings are the church, built in the reign of Henry VII., and the Corn Exchange. The town owns real estate, markets, and the gas works. It dates from the Roman period, and was a gift of the Conqueror to Ernulf de Hesdin. Newbury is best known for two hard-fought but indecisive battles between the Royalists and Parliamentarian forces in September, 1643, and in October, 1644. On the battlefield is a handsome memorial to Lords Falkland, Sutherland, and Carnarvon, Royalists, who fell in 1643. Population, in 1901, 11,061. Consult Money, History of Newbury (Oxford, 1887).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Venus (planet)

See also Venus on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Venus. See Planets.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vermilion

See also Vermilion on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Vermil′ion, a bright scarlet color which is obtained from a native ore called cinnabar, or is made artificially from mercury and sulphur. This compound, sulphide of mercury, is thrown into tall, earthen pots, and the lower parts kept red-hot. The substance volatilizes and coats the pots with cinnabar. The pots are broken and the cinnabar scraped off, ground and dried, when it is ready for use as vermilion. Cinnabar, the ore from which vermilion is obtained, is a compound of sulphur and mercury, of a blood-red color. It is simply ground fine, and then known as vermilion. The most important mines are those of Almaden in Spain, which have been worked for 3,000 years, and of New Almaden in California. There are mines in Brazil, Peru, Austria, Hungary, China and Japan.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vernation

See also Vernation on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Verna′tion, the arrangement of leaves in the bud, sometimes called præfoliation. Numerous names have been applied to various forms of vernation. Among the principal ones are imbricate, in which the edge of a leaf overlaps its neighbor; valvate, in which neighboring edges touch, but there is no overlapping; conduplicate, in which the leaves are folded lengthwise; convolute, in which the leaf is rolled from one margin; circinate (characteristic of ferns), in which the leaf is rolled from the apex downward.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Verne, Jules

See also Jules Verne on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Verne (vârn), Jules, a French writer, was born at Nantes, Feb. 8, 1814. He first wrote plays and opera pieces, and for some time was connected with a theater. His wild and improbable stories have most of them been translated into English. The first one to make him known, published in 1863, was Five Weeks in a Balloon. It was based on modern science and had an air of reality. His other writings, except an illustrated geography of France, are of the same character. His works include A Journey to the Center of the Earth, Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea, From the Earth to the Moon and Around the World in Eighty Days. He died at Amiens on March 24, 1905.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vernet, Emile J. Horace

See also Horace Vernet on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Vernet, Emile J. Horace, a French military painter, was born at Paris, June 30, 1789. His first military painting was the Capture of a Redoubt. His pictures of the life of Napoleon and the army, as The Dog of the Regiment, Soldier of Waterloo, Barrier of Clichy, were very popular, and engravings of them could be found in nearly every cottage in France. Louis Philippe sent him to represent the French government at Rome. He traveled extensively, wrote several works on art, and made hundreds of designs for illustrated books. His fame rests on his military pictures, as the battle-pictures of Jena, Wagram and Fontenoy and the Capture of the Imala. He died at Paris, Jan. 17, 1863.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vernon, Edward

See also Edward Vernon on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Ver′non, Edward, an English admiral, was born at London, Nov. 12, 1684. He was at the taking of Gibraltar in 1704, and was made a rear-admiral when only 24. While a member of Parliament, he declared that Porto Bello could be taken with only six ships of war, and when put in command of six vessels and sent to the West Indies, he took the city in one day, with the loss of only seven men. The English people were wild over the victory; Vernon's birthday was celebrated in London with public illuminations; and 130 medals were struck in his honor. With a larger fleet he attacked Cartagena, but failed to take it. In the invasion of the Pretender, Vernon's fleet had command of the coasts of Kent and Sussex. On account of a quarrel with the officers of the admiralty, his name was struck from the list of English admirals. George Washington's older brother, Lawrence, was with Vernon on his expedition against Cartagena, and afterwards in his honor named the Washington home on the Potomac Mt. Vernon. Admiral Vernon died in Suffolk, Oct. 29, 1757.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vernet, Claude Joseph

See also Claude Joseph Vernet on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Vernet (vâr′nắ′), Claude Joseph, an eminent French painter, was born at Avignon, Aug. 17, 1714. When on a voyage to Rome, in a terrible storm he was fastened to the mast, and the scene so impressed him that he became a painter of sea-views, being considered the first marine painter in Europe. His best-known work is a series of the seaports of France, executed by royal order. His works have been extensively engraved. He died in Paris, Dec. 3, 1789.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Viburnum

See also Viburnum on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer. Probably "laurustinus" is meant instead of "lamestinus." Also Viburnum rather than Virburnum (twice).
​Vibur′num, a class of shrubs and small trees belonging to the honeysuckle family. Of the nearly 80 species about a dozen are found in the United States, growing in woods or hedges. The hobble bush, whose straggling branches catch the traveler's foot, is found in the northern states; the sheepberry or sweet virburnum, having clusters of fragrant flowers in May or June and a blue-black, eatable fruit, and growing sometimes from 20 to 30 feet high; the arrow-wood, with sharp teeth on its large-veined leaves; and the maple-leaved virburnum, easily mistaken for a small maple tree and called dockmackie in some parts of the country, are the most common varieties. The lamestinus, a native of southern Europe, with evergreen leaves and white flowers, belongs to the viburnums and is a favorite house-plant.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Verona

See also Verona on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Vero′na, a city of northern Italy, is situated at the foot of the Tyrolese Alps, on Adige River, 62 miles west of Venice. The fortifications, begun by the Romans and carried on by Charlemagne, were almost destroyed in 1801, but were rebuilt by the Austrians. The present fortifications are a circle of forts far outside the old city-walls. It is a city of palaces; the Scaligeri palace, built in 1370, and those of the Canossa and Pompeii families in the 16th century are among the finest. Among the many churches are the cathedral, consecrated by Urban I in 1187 and having Titian's Assumption on its walls; St. Anastasia, one of the finest Gothic churches in Italy; St. Zeno, rebuilt in the 12th century; and that of San Giorgio, with paintings by Paul Veronese. Among Roman antiquities is a ruined amphitheater, built of marble and seating 22,000 people, much like the Colosseum at Rome. There are some fine streets and squares, many art-collections, an academy of painting and sculpture, a theological seminary, a city library and beautiful bridges across the Adige. Its manufactures are of silk, linen and woolen goods, and it has a trade in sumac, grain and oil. The tomb of Romeo and Juliet has been destroyed, but another has been found to satisfy the curiosity of tourists. Verona was a Roman colony, its walls and gates having inscriptions dating from the 3d century. The ancient moat still remains as a canal around the old part of the city. It was taken by Constantine (312), Theodoric (489) and Charlemagne (774), and afterwards became a free city. For 100 years it was ruled by the Scala family. In the 15th century it was conquered by Venice. The French took the city in 1796, and ceded it to Austria in 1797. Since 1866 it has been a part of the kingdom of Italy. Population 74,271,
# The Rover Boys in Camp/front matter

Books by Arthur M. Winfield (Edward Stratemeyer)
THE FIRST ROVER BOYS SERIES
THE ROVER BOYS AT SCHOOL
THE ROVER BOYS ON THE OCEAN
THE ROVER BOYS IN THE JUNGLE
THE ROVER BOYS OUT WEST
THE ROVER BOYS ON THE GREAT LAKES
THE ROVER BOYS IN THE MOUNTAINS
THE ROVER BOYS IN CAMP
THE ROVER BOYS ON LAND AND SEA
THE ROVER BOYS ON THE RIVER
THE ROVER BOYS ON THE PLAINS
THE ROVER BOYS IN SOUTHERN WATERS
THE ROVER BOYS ON THE FARM
THE ROVER BOYS ON TREASURE ISLE
THE ROVER BOYS AT COLLEGE
THE ROVER BOYS DOWN EAST
THE ROVER BOYS IN THE AIR
THE ROVER BOYS IN NEW YORK
THE ROVER BOYS IN ALASKA
THE ROVER BOYS IN BUSINESS
THE ROVER BOYS ON A TOUR
THE SECOND ROVER BOYS SERIES
THE ROVER BOYS AT COLBY HALL
THE PUTNAM HALL SERIES
THE PUTNAM HALL CADETS
THE PUTNAM HALL RIVALS
THE PUTNAM HALL CHAMPIONS
THE PUTNAM HALL REBELLION
THE PUTNAM HALL ENCAMPMENT
THE PUTNAM HALL MYSTERY
12mo.Cloth.Illustrated.
Grosset & Dunlap, Publishers, New York
COPYRIGHT, 1904, BY
THE MERSHON COMPANY
The Rover Boys in Camp
# The New Student's Reference Work/Androscoggin

See also Androscoggin River on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Androscoggin, a river which rises in New Hampshire, flows through part of Maine, and enters the Kennebec River near Bath. Length, 145 miles.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Anemone

See also Anemone on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Anemone (ȧ-něm' ŏ-nē), called also the wind-flower, is one of the most beautiful of our spring flowers. It grows wild in woodlands and pastures. When growing in the shade, the colors are pink, rose color or purple; in the sun, they appear white or slightly flushed with rose color. The flowers of the wild anemone are single, but they can be doubled by cultivation. At the approach of night or of rain they curl up and go to sleep. The plant is well fitted to be an early spring blossom, for its slender stem bends but does not break in strong blasts. Poetry and myth give many stories of this flower. The Greeks said Anemos, the Wind, sent forth the starry blossoms as heralds of spring. It was believed that only the wind could open the flower—
"The coy Anemone, that ne'er uncloses
 Her lips, until they 're blown on by the wind."
It is called Windröschen (little wind-rose) by the Germans. It is widely distributed in Asia, prized by the Chinese, a great favorite in Europe, Canada and the United States.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Andros, Sir Edmund

See also Edmund Andros on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
An'dros, Sir Edmund (born 1637, died 1714), was governor of the colony of New York for eight years, beginning in 1674; subsequently he was governor of New England for three years. He was deposed by the colonies and then was made governor of Virginia for six years. He was harsh, and ruled without any regard to the wishes of the colonists. This made him disliked, in spite of his acknowledged honesty and uprightness. His demand for the charter of Connecticut is famous. To get it, he went to Hartford with a band of soldiers. The general assembly kept him talking in their hall until night, when candles were lighted and the charter brought in a box and laid on the table. Suddenly the lights were blown out. They were quickly lighted again, but the charter was gone. For three years no one knew where it was, but in 1789, when the new king, William III, had recalled Andros, the charter was carefully taken from the hollow of an oak tree, where it had been hastily put on the night it disappeared. This tree was known as the "Charter oak."
# The New Student's Reference Work/Anemometer

See also Anemometer on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Anemom'eter, an instrument for measuring the rate and pressure of the wind. There are several instruments for this purpose; the simplest and the one most used was invented in 1946 by Dr. Robinson. It consists of four hollow cups fastened to the ends of two horizontal iron rods which cross each other at right angles, and which are supported on a vertical rod which turns freely. It looks like four spokes of a wheel, at right angles to each other, each having a cup on the end to catch the wind, and the axle in which they are fitted being set up on end. This axle or rod is connected with a set of wheels, which record the number of revolutions. It was found that the cups whirl round with about a third of the velocity of the wind, and so, from the number of the revolutions, it is easy to calculate the rate of the wind. Another kind of instrument is the pressure anemometer. The best known is Osler's. A brass plate is fastened by springs to a vane in such a way that the varying pressure of the wind on the plate causes the springs to yield in corresponding degrees, and this is recorded on a moving sheet of paper by a pencil fastened to the vane; another .pencil records the changes in the direction of the wind, and usually a third pencil, guided by a rain gauge, shows the amount of rain that has fallen.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Aneroid

See also Barometer on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Aneroid. See Barometer.