OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Kövess, Hermann, Freiherr von Kövesshaza

See also Hermann Kövess von Kövessháza on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KÖVESS, HERMANN, Freiherr von Kövesshaza (1854-), Austro-Hungarian field-marshal, was born in Temesvar in 1854, and began his military career in the engineers, then served on the general staff and in the infantry. At the beginning of the World War he commanded the XII. (Transylvania) Corps, and fought in the tenacious defence against the superior Russian forces in east and central Galicia, and later in Russian Poland. During the spring offensive of 1915 he captured by storm the fortress of Ivangorod, and in the autumn, under the command of Mackensen, led the III. Army, with which he captured Belgrade and penetrated into Serbia, then, in independent command, overthrew Montenegro, and occupied Albania. In the early summer of 1916 Kövess' army coöperated in the operation against Arsiero-Asiago, but after the break-through of Brussilov was transported in all haste to the Galician theatre of war. Kövess soon after took over the command of the VII. Army, and defended the ridges of the Wooded Carpathians against Russian attack. In the summer of 1917 he sallied from the mountains with his troops, made himself master of Czernowitz and Radautz, and drove the Russians almost entirely from the Bukovina. From the middle of Jan. to the beginning of April 1918 the field-marshal commanded the army front consisting of the I. and VII. Armies, extending from the Dniester to the south-eastern corner of Transylvania. Entrusted after the desertion of Bulgaria with the thankless task of the command of the troops in the Balkans, he could do nothing more than arrange for the evacuation of the occupied territories according to plan, and for the defence of the Danube-Save line. When the Emperor Charles laid down the supreme command he nominated Kövess as his successor. But the dispersal of the forces closed the field-marshal's military career. He was one of the most popular army leaders of the old monarchy. After his downfall he lived in retirement, cultivating his historical and artistic tastes.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/La Follette, Robert Marion

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LA FOLLETTE, ROBERT MARION (1855-), American politician, was born on a farm in Primrose township, Dane co., Wis., June 14 1855. He graduated from the university of Wisconsin in 1879, studied law there for one term, and was admitted to the bar in 1880. He began immediately to practise in Madison and served as district attorney for Dane co. for two terms (1880-4). From 1885 to 1891 he was a representative in Congress, and, as a member of the Ways and Means Committee, helped to draft the McKinley Tariff bill. On being defeated for Congress in 1891 he returned to practise in Madison. In 1896 he was a delegate to the Republican National Convention. He was elected governor of Wisconsin in 1901 and was reëlected in 1903 and 1905. It was largely due to him that state laws were passed for taxing railways according to valuation (1903), for nominating all candidates for public office by direct vote of the people (1904), and for regulating the railways in the state through a state commission (1905). He resigned the governorship in 1905 on being elected to the U.S. Senate, and was reëlected for two succeeding terms. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the presidential nomination at the Republican National Convention in 1908. In 1915 he was sponsor in the Senate for the seamen's bill providing for better working conditions and increase of life-saving equipment on board ship. He favoured, in 1916, an embargo on the shipment of arms from America, but supported armed intervention in Mexico. After America's entrance into the World War he was a pronounced and conspicuous pacifist.
He was the author of La Follette's Autobiography (1913).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Labor, Department of

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LABOR, DEPARTMENT OF (United States): see labour ministry and department of labour.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Kuprin, Alexander Ivanovich

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​KUPRIN, ALEXANDER IVANOVICH (1870–), Russian writer, was born in 1870. He passed through the cadet school and military college at Moscow, and in 1890 entered the army as lieutenant. In 1897 he resigned his commission in order to devote himself to literature. He first made a name by his stories of Russian army life, and later wrote many satires on various sections of society. He is considered. to be, after Chekhov, the most popular writer of short stories in Russia. His short stories include Rekajizori (The River of Life, 1916); Duel (first published 1907; English translation 1916) and Sasha (1920).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Külpe, Oswald

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​KÜLPE, OSWALD (1862–1915), German philosopher (see 18.242), was born at Candau, Courland, Aug. 3 1862. He was educated at the universities of Leipzig, Berlin, Göttingen and Dorpat; in 1891 he became lecturer in philosophy at Würzburg, holding subsequently (1894–1909) the chair of philosophy and aesthetics in that university, at Bonn (1900–13) and at Munich from 1913 until his death in 1915.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Edmunds, George Franklin

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​EDMUNDS, GEORGE FRANKLIN (1828–1919), American lawyer and political leader (see 8.949), died in Pasadena, Cal., Feb. 27 1919.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ebert, Friedrich

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EBERT, FRIEDRICH (1871-), first president of the Reich or German Federated Republic, was born Feb. 4 1871 at Heidelberg, where he attended the national elementary school and then learned the trade of a saddler; after he had become a journeyman he migrated, according to the German custom, from place to place in Germany, seeing the country and learning fresh details of his work until he finally settled at Bremen. There he became interested in the agitation of the Social Democratic party, obtained in 1893 an editorial post on the Socialist Bremer Volkszeitung and in 1900 was appointed a trade-union secretary and ultimately elected a member of the Bremen Bürgerschaft (comitia of citizens) as representative of the Social Democratic party; in 1905 he was elected to the presiding board of his party and was returned as a deputy to the Reichstag in 1912. In 1913 he was chosen as successor to Bebel to preside over the whole Social Democratic party. During the World War he endeavoured by negotiations with the Dutch and Swedish Social Democrats to prepare the way for united action by all the Socialists in the belligerent countries. He took part in 1917 in the Stockholm conference, which, however, had no practical result. He likewise endeavoured without success to bring about a German understanding with Russia. After the revolution he was one of the six commissaries of the people who formed the first provisional Government, in which he shared the presidency with the Independent Socialist Haase. His influence among the commissaries became predominant, and he rendered eminent services in conjunction with the Socialist War Minister, Noske, and the Socialist leader, Scheidemann, in the restoration of tranquillity and orderly administration. He was a keen opponent of all varieties of the Spartacist, Communist or Bolshevist movements, and bore a leading part in the suppression of the Spartacist insurrections. He was elected president of the Reich by the National Assembly at Weimar on Nov. 12 1919. (C. K.*)
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ebner-Eschenbach, Marie, Freifrau von

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EBNER-ESCHENBACH, MARIE, FREIFRAU VON (1830-1916), Austrian novelist (see 8.843), died in 1916. (See also Austrian Empire: Literature.)
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Edmonton

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​EDMONTON, the capital of the province of Alberta, Canada (see 8.946), first established as a trading post by the Hudson Bay Co. in 1795, remained little more than a village until 1901. Since then its growth has been rapid, and in 1920 it had a pop. of 67,000. Edmonton has 5 railways with 13 radiating lines, and is the terminus of the Calgary and Edmonton branch of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The city council consists of a mayor and 10 aldermen elected from the city at large—the mayor for one year and aldermen for two—and the mayor and two commissioners act as a board for administration. There is also an elected board of six public school trustees, and another elected board of trustees for the separate (Roman Catholic) schools. The Supreme Court sits at Edmonton several times a year. Edmonton ​is the chief educational centre of the province, and besides the university of Alberta has a branch of the Normal school, Alberta College, Westminster Ladies' College and a Presbyterian college.
Edmonton has extensive live-stock, dairy, milling and packing industries. There are 9 coal mines within the city limits and 24 on the outskirts, giving a yearly output of 1,680,000 tons. Gold, silver and oil are also found in the neighbourhood.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Edison, Thomas Alva

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​EDISON, THOMAS ALVA (1847–), American inventor (see 8.946), made great progress after 1910 in perfecting a battery of large storage capacity for propelling vehicles. This proved of great service, for example, in moving baggage trucks at railway stations. He hoped to produce, with Henry Ford, an automobile so propelled. He was specially interested in the cinema, and early in 1913 displayed the first talking pictures, produced by synchronizing the motion-picture and the phonograph. Although as yet unperfected, the inventor believed that such pictures were destined largely to replace text-books in the schools. On the outbreak of the World War he urged "potential preparedness" through mobilizing facilities for research in America, on the ground that "future soldiers will be machinists." In 1915 he was awarded a Nobel prize for physics and the same year was made president of the Naval Consulting Board. After America's entrance into the World War he was in charge of several plants manufacturing chemicals used in warfare. In 1916 he announced a portable searchlight, fed by a storage battery, far more powerful than the acetylene lamp, for use amid smoke in mine rescues, train wrecks, etc.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Eichhorn, Hermann von

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EICHHORN, HERMANN VON (1848-1918), German field-marshal, was born at Breslau Feb. 13 1848. He took part, as a young officer, in the campaigns of 1866 and 1870-1. In 1897 he was appointed chief of the staff of the VI. Army Corps at Breslau, in 1901 divisional and in 1907 corps commander. In 1905 he was promoted to the rank of general of the infantry and in 1913 to that of Generaloberst, while in the same year he was appointed inspector-general of the VII. Army Inspection at Saarbrücken. At the outbreak of the World War he was incapacitated in consequence of an accident, but was able to play a part in the battle of Soissons in Jan. 1915. In that month he was appointed to the command of the X. Army, which was engaged in the great battle of the Masurian Lakes in the following February. In Aug. he took Kovno and afterwards the fortresses of Grodno and Olita, and continued his victorious advance into Russia. From 1916-8 Eichhorn was in command of the army group known by his name in Courland. In Dec. 1917 he was raised to the rank of field-marshal and was sent to the Ukraine as chief-in-command of the German troops on the eastern front. He was assassinated at Kiev July 30 1918.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ehrlich, Paul

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EHRLICH, PAUL (1854-1915), German bacteriologist, was born in Silesia March 14 1854, of Jewish parentage. He was educated at Breslau and Strassburg, where he studied medicine. He was soon drawn towards research in chemistry, and in his earlier years carried out various important investigations in aniline dyes. He was at the same time winning fame as a bacteriologist, and in 1907 discovered a red dye, known as “trypan red,” which effected the complete sterilization of animals infected with trypanosomes, a work of enormous importance for the treatment of diseases caused by these parasites. He considerably improved the technique of serum preparation, and also discovered a method by which the potency of the anti-diphtheria toxin could be tested. He also investigated the problems of cancer. Ehrlich's most famous discovery, however, was made in connexion with his researches into venereal diseases. It was announced in 1910 that he had prepared an arsenical compound, known as salvarsan or “606,” which was a cure for syphilis. He lectured in London in 1907, and in 1913 attended the medical congress held there. He received many honours from his Government and marks of distinction from almost every university and scientific society. He died at Homburg Aug. 20 1915.
See Paul Ehrlich: eine Darstellung seines wissenschaftlichen Wirkens, Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstage des Forschers (1914).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Steak

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​STEAK, a thick slice or piece of meat cut for frying, broiling or stewing. The word is apparently derived from Icel. steik, used in the same sense, which meant properly roasted meat, from steikja, to roast, that is, placed on a stick or peg of wood before the fire, stika, stick, cf. Swed. stek; Dan. steg, roast meat. A ​steak may be cut from any meat or fish, but the best-known is a “beef-steak,” cut properly from the rump a “rump-steak,” or part of the loin a “tenderloin.” A “porter-house” steak is a choice cut of steak from the loin, so named apparently first in New York from a well-known “porter-house,” an eating-house where chops, steaks, &c., and porter or stout were served, at which these steaks were a speciality. A steak grilled between two other steaks, which are not served after the cooking is finished, is also sometimes called a “porter-house” steak.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ste Anne de Beaupré

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​STE ANNE DE BEAUPRE, a post-village of Montmorency county, Quebec, Canada, at the junction of the Ste Anne river with the St Lawrence, and on the Quebec, Montmorency & Charlevoix railway, 22 m. below the city of Quebec. It stands in a rolling agricultural country, with hills in the background; and near by, on the Ste Anne river, are beautiful falls and excellent fishing. For over two centuries Ste Anne has been known as a Roman Catholic place of pilgrimage, and many miracles are still said to be performed through the intercession of the saint, the mother of the Virgin. In the basilica, an over ornate building, are ever-increasing piles of crutches and other aids, cast aside by the cured. The resident population is about 1500, chiefly composed of hotel-keepers and members of religious orders, but throughout the year many pilgrimages are made, and on such days as the feast day of Ste Anne (26th of July) 30,000 people are often present. The total number of pilgrims in 1905 was 170,000. In addition to the basilica the village contains numerous religious edifices, the chief being the Scala Santa, built in imitation of the Holy Stairs at Rome.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Steam

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​STEAM (O. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. stoom; the origin is unknown), water-vapour. Dry steam is steam free from mechanically mixed water particles; wet steam, on the other hand, contains water particles in suspension. Saturated steam is steam in contact with liquid water at a temperature which is the boiling point of the water and condensing point of the steam ; superheated steam is steam out of contact with water heated above this temperature. For theoretical considerations see Vaporization, and for the most important application see Steam Engine; also Water.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stavropol (town)

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​STAVROPOL, a town of southern Russia, capital of the government of the same name, situated on a plateau 2030 ft. above the sea, on the northern slope of the Caucasus, 200 m. N.W. of Vladikavkaz. It is connected by rail (247 m.) with Rostov-on-the-Don. Although founded only in 1776, it has grown rapidly, and had in 1885 a population of 35,561, and of 46,965 in 1900. Stavropol is an episcopal see of the Orthodox Greek Church, and one of the best-built provincial towns of the ​Russian Empire, having wide streets, and houses mostly of stone, with large gardens surrounding the houses. There are public libraries, a people's palace and several scientific societies. Stavropol has flour-mills and various small factories. Large numbers of cattle are sent to Moscow and St Petersburg, while cereals, tallow and sheepskins are exported to Russia, and manufactured wares imported. Armenian, Georgian and Persian merchants carry on a lively trade in local wares.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stawell

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​STAWELL, a municipality of Borung county, Victoria, Australia, 179 m. by rail W.N.W. of Melbourne. Pop. (1901), 5296. The quartz reefs of the Pleasant Creek goldfields near the town are worked at very deep levels and there are several extensive cyanide plants on the reef. In the adjacent Grampians, which are connected by rail with Stawell, there are numerous freestone quarries. Wheat is extensively grown in the vicinity and also large numbers of vines, for which the soil is particularly adapted. Stawell is the changing station on the line from Melbourne to Adelaide, and has large engine-houses and repairing shops.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stay Bars

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​STAY BARS, in architecture, saddle bars passing through the mullions in one length across the whole window, and secured to the jambs on each side (see Saddle).
# 2 Samuel (Bible)

2 Samuel is a book of the Christian and Hebrew Bibles. It is universally accepted across all Jewish and Christian biblical canons. In Eastern Orthodox bibles it is named 2 Kingdoms. In older bibles based on the Vulgate, it was named 2 Kings.
English-language translations of Shmuel 2 include:
* "II. Kyngis" in the Wycliffe version (first printing, c. 1384)
* "2 Kings" in the Wycliffe version (revised by Purvey et al., c. 1394)
* "II. Regum" in the Coverdale version (1535)
* "2 Samuel" in the Geneva version (1560)
* "2 Kings" in the Bishops' version (1568)
* "2 Samuel" in the Douay–Rheims version (first printing, 1582–1610)
* "2 Samuel" in the King James version (first printing, 1611)
* "2 Samuel" in the Douay–Rheims version (illustrated version, 1633–1635)
* "2 Samuel" in the Douay–Rheims version (Challoner's revision, 1749–1952)
* "2 Samuel" in the King James version (Oxford text, 1769)
* "2 Samuel" in the Thomson version (1808)
* "2 Samuel" in the Webster's version (1833)
* "2 Samuel" in the Leeser version (1853)
* "2 Samuel" in the English Revised version (1885)
* "2 Samuel" in the Young's Literal Translation version (1898)
* "2 Samuel" in the American Standard version (1901)
* "II. Samuel" in the King James version (tercentenary printing, 1911)
* "2 Samuel" in the Emphasised Bible version (1916)
* "II Samuel" in the Jewish Publication Society version (third impression, 1919)
* "2 Samuel" in the Basic English version (1941–1949)
* "2 Samuel" in the World English version (in progress since 1997)
* "2 Samuel" in the Wikisource edition (in progress since 2006)
* "2 Samuel" in the Literal Standard Version (2020)
# 2 Thessalonians

* related portals: Second Epistle to the Thessalonians.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Commons category, quotes, Wikidata item.
2 Thessalonians is a book in the Bible.
English-language translations of Pros Thessalonikeis 2 include:
* "2 Thessalonians" in the Wycliffe version of the Bible (1380s)
* "2 Thessalonians" in the Tyndale version of the Bible (1526)
* "2 Thessalonians" in the Bishops' version of the Bible (1568)
* "2 Thessalonians" in the King James version of the Bible (1611)
* "2 Thessalonians" in the American Standard version of the Bible (1901)
* "2 Thessalonians" in the World English version (in progress since 1997)
* "2 Thessalonians" in the Wikisource version (in progress since 2006)
* "2 Thessalonians" in the Literal Standard Version of the Bible (2020)
# 2 Samuel

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "2 Samuel."
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* A book of the Christian and Hebrew Bibles; for versions, see 2 Samuel (Bible).
* Biblical commentary and analysis
** "2 Samuel," in Catholic Encyclopedia, (ed.) by Charles G. Herbermann and others, New York: The Encyclopaedia Press (1913)
** "2 Samuel" in Halley's Bible Handbook
See also Samuel.
# 2 Timothy

* related portals: Second Epistle to Timothy.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Commons category, quotes, Wikidata item.
2 Timothy is a book in the Bible.
English-language translations of Pros Timotheon 2 include:
* "2 Timothy" in the Wycliffe version (first printing, c. 1384)
* "2 Timothy" in the Wycliffe version (revised by Purvey et al., c. 1394)
* "2 Timothy" in the Tyndale version (1526)
* "2 Timothy" in the Coverdale version (1535)
* "2 Timothy" in the Geneva version (1560)
* "2 Timothy" in the Bishops' version (1568)
* "2 Timothy" in the Douay–Rheims version (first printing, 1582–1610)
* "2 Timothy" in the King James version (first printing, 1611)
* "2 Timothy" in the Douay–Rheims version (illustrated version, 1633–1635)
* "2 Timothy" in the Douay–Rheims version (Challoner's revision, 1749–1952)
* "2 Timothy" in the King James version (Oxford text, 1769)
* "2 Timothy" in the Thomson version (1808)
* "2 Timothy" in the Webster's version (1833)
* "2 Timothy" in the English Revised version (1885)
* "2 Timothy" in the Young's Literal Translation version (1898)
* "2 Timothy" in the American Standard version (1901)
* "2 Timothy" in the King James version (tercentenary printing, 1911)
* "2 Timothy" in the Emphasised Bible version (1916)
* "2 Timothy" in the Basic English version (1941–1949)
* "2 Timothy" in the World English version (in progress since 1997)
* "2 Timothy" in the Wikisource edition (in progress since 2006)
* "2 Timothy" in the Literal Standard Version (2020)