# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Library

Edition of 1879. See also Library on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
LIBRARY (Lat. librarium, a bookcase), a collection of books designed for use and preservation; also the repository of such a collection. Although the English word comes directly from the Latin, the Romans usually designated a library by the Greek word bibliotheca, which has been adopted into almost every cultivated language excepting the English. Libraries are probably nearly coeval with the art of writing. The oldest of which we have any record is
that of the Ramesseum, a temple founded in Thebes by Rameses II., in honor of his father Seti I., the Osymandias of Diodorus. According to Hecatæus, one of its rooms was the depository of the histories and records of the priests, a statement which seems to have been substantiated by the researches of Egyptologists. Another great library existed at an early date in Memphis, but the most famous of all ancient libraries was that founded early in the 3d century B. C. by the Ptolemies in Alexandria. (See Alexandrian Library.) Layard discovered in the ruins of the palace of Koyunjik the library of the Ninevite kings, consisting of a large number of tablets of clay, impressed before burning with inscriptions in cuneiform characters; they had originally been paged and preserved in cases. Several thousands of these tablets are now in the British museum. The Hebrews preserved their sacred writings in the temple. The kings of Persia also had collections of books and of archives. — According to Aulus Gellius and Athenæus, the first library established in Greece was founded at Athens by Pisistratus; but Strabo says that Aristotle's collection was the first. The former library is said to have been carried to Persia by Xerxes, and finally restored to Athens by the emperor Hadrian; the latter was purchased by Ptolemy Philadelphus and added to that of Alexandria. Polycrates also formed a library at Samos at an early date. Next to the Alexandrian library, that founded by Eumenes II., king of Pergamus, was the most celebrated of antiquity. Plutarch says it contained 200,000 volumes, and it probably continued to increase in numbers and value until the time of Mark Antony, who transported it as a present to Cleopatra to Alexandria, where it became a part of its more famous rival and finally shared its fate. About 167 B. C. Paulus Æmilius carried to Rome a library, the spoil of his campaign in Macedonia; but to Asinius Pollio belongs the honor of founding the first Roman public library, in the atrium libertatis on Mount Aventine. Sulla carried from Athens to Rome the library of Apellicon the Teian; Lucullus made a large collection, and his galleries and porticoes became a favorite resort for conversation; Varro, Atticus, and Cicero were enthusiastic collectors of books. One of the unfulfilled projects of Cæsar was the formation of a public library which should contain all the works in Greek and Latin literature. Augustus established the Octavian and Palatine public libraries, the latter of which continued until the time of Pope Gregory I. More important was the Ulpian library, founded by Trajan. At a later period 28 public libraries are mentioned as existing in Rome, besides many valuable private collections. All of these perished in the barbarian invasions. The library of Constantinople, founded by Constantine, and enlarged by Julian and the younger Theodosius to the number of 120,000 volumes, was partially
burned by the iconoclasts in the 8th century under Leo the Isaurian. This disaster was repaired by Constantine Porphyrogenitus, who restored and enlarged the collection. After the fall of the Byzantine empire it was preserved by the command of Mohammed II. in the seraglio, and was either destroyed by Amurath IV. or perished by neglect. Libraries were founded from the 9th to the 11th century, especially by the imperial family of the Comneni, in the cloisters on the islands of the archipelago and on Mt. Athos. — When Christian Europe was plunged in ignorance, the Moslems cultivated letters with assiduity, and made large collections of books. They had an important library in Alexandria and another in Cairo. The latter, which is said to have been the largest in the Mohammedan dominions, is said by some of the Arab writers to have numbered 1,600,000 volumes. Other great Arabian libraries were at Bagdad, Tripoli in Syria, and Fez. Under Moslem domination Spain possessed 70 public libraries; that at Cordova contained 400,000 volumes. — In the West, after the fall of the Roman empire, learning was confined to the monasteries, and almost all libraries, up to the 14th century, belonged to ecclesiastical institutions. They were generally small, comprising only the wreck of the collections dispersed by the barbarians. Among the cultivators of learning in the dark ages the Benedictines stood foremost, and to their careful reproduction of manuscripts the world is indebted chiefly for the preservation of the classics. At Monte Casino, Bobbio, and Pomposia in Italy; Cluny, St. Riquier, and Fleury in France; Marburg, Sponheim, Reichenau, and Korvei in Germany; St. Gall in Switzerland; Canterbury, Croyland, Yarrow, Bury St. Edmunds, Whitby, York, Durham, and Wearmouth in England, and other monasteries, were collected valuable libraries which became the nuclei of the great collections of later times. With the revival of learning began a new era in the history of libraries. The fall of Constantinople sent numbers of learned men into the West, who brought with them many valuable manuscripts. A zeal for the collection and preservation of books arose. Scholars traversed Europe and parts of Asia and of Africa in search of literary treasures, and in a few years most of the classic authors now known were to be found in the libraries of the great cities of Italy, Germany, and France. Several of the largest of the European libraries date from this period, among them those of Prague, Paris, Vienna, the Vatican, and the Laurentian of Florence, founded by Lorenzo de' Medici. The splendid collection made at Buda by Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary, which is said to have numbered 50,000 manuscripts, and that of Frederick, duke of Urbino, belong to this time. The former, which was scattered at the capture of Buda by the Turks in 1526, has been almost entirely lost, only about 125 of its treasures
being known to exist. Nearly one half of these are preserved in the imperial library at Vienna. The Urbino library is partly in the Vatican and partly in other collections. The invention of printing, by increasing the number and reducing the cost of books, made possible the formation of many public libraries, which soon sprang up in all the considerable towns of Germany, Italy, and France; and in these and the several university libraries were gradually merged most of the small collections of the monasteries which were suppressed after the reformation. — The following table shows the condition in 1874 of all the larger libraries of Europe:
EUROPEAN PUBLIC LIBRARIES CONTAINING
100,000 VOLUMES OR MORE.
| PLACE. | Name. | When founded. | Printed vols. | MSS. |
| Cambridge Dublin Edinburgh Edinburgh Glasgow Liverpool London Manchester Oxford Aix Bordeaux Lyons Paris Paris Paris Paris Paris Paris Paris Rouen Troyes Augsburg Berlin Bonn Breslau Carlsruhe Cassel Darmstadt Dresden Erlangen Frankfort Freiburg Giessen Gotha Göttingen Greifswald Halle Hamburg Hanover Heidelberg Jena Kiel Königsberg Leipsic Leipsic Marburg Mentz Munich Munich Rostock Strasburg Stuttgart Treves Tübingen Weimar Wolfenbüttel Würzburg Cracow Pesth Pesth Prague Vienna Vienna Zürich Bologna Florence Milan Milan Modena Naples Padua Parma Rome Rome Rome Turin Venice Madrid Lisbon Hague Brussels Copenhagen Copenhagen Christiania Lund Stockholm Upsal Helsingfors Kiev Moscow Moscow St. Petersburg St. Petersburg Athens | University Trinity College Advocates' University University Public British Museum Public Bodleian Mejanes City City National Arsenal Ste. Geneviève Mazarin Sorbonne Institute City City City City Royal University University City Electoral (now royal) Grand ducal Royal University City University University Ducal University University University City Royal University University University University and city University City University City Royal University University City Royal City University Grand ducal Ducal University University National University University Imperial University City University National Ambrosian Public (Brera) Este National (Bourbon) University Public Casanatense Angelica Vatican University St. Mark's National National Royal Royal Royal University University University Royal University University University University Museum Imperial Academy of Sciences University | 1475 1601 1680 1580 1473 1850 1753 1852 1598 1418 1738 . . . . 1350 1781 1624 1660 . . . . 1759 1759 1809 . . . . 1537 1650 1818 1811 . . . . 1580 1760 1555 1743 . . . . 1454 1607 1640 1734 1604 1696 1529 1690 1703 1548 1665 1544 1543 1677 1527 . . . . 1660 1575 1419 1531 1765 1773 1477 . . . . 1604 1403 1364 1804 . . . . 1350 1440 1777 1832 1690 1864 1609 1763 . . . . 1780 1629 . . . . 1700 1605 1378 1436 1468 1712 1796 1795 1400 1550 1731 1811 1671 1540 1621 1630 1833 1755 . . . . 1714 1726 1837 | 400,000 145,000 300,000 130,000 105,000 100,000 1,100,000 120,000 310,000 100,000 140,000 165,000 2,000,000 225,000 200,000 160,000 140,000 100,000 100,000 120,000 100,000 150,000 700,000 200,000 350,000 105,000 100,000 300,000 500,000 120,000 100,000 170,000 100,000 150,000 400,000 100,000 100,000 200,000 120,000 220,000 200,000 140,000 220,000 200,000 170,000 130,000 120,000 900,000 230,000 120,000 300,000 450,000 100,000 200,000 150,000 200,000 100,000 140,000 200,000 105,000 142,000 600,000 160,000 100,000 200,000 200,000 100,000 185,000 100,000 200,000 100,000 140,000 100,000 100,000 105,000 125,000 120,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 250,000 550,000 200,000 200,000 100,000 125,000 150,000 140,000 110,000 160,000 165,000 1,100,000 120,000 125,000 | 3,000 1,600 . . . . 3,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,000 1,200 200 2,400 150,000 6,000 3,500 4,000 1,000 . . . . . . . . 1,000 5,000 . . . . 15,000 1,000 2,500 1,300 400 4,000 3,000 1,000 . . . . . . . . 1,500 5,000 5,000 . . . . . . . . 5,000 2,000 2,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,500 2,000 . . . . 1,500 22,000 2,000 . . . . . . . . 3,500 . . . . 2,000 2,000 5,000 1,500 5,400 . . . . 1,600 4,000 20,000 . . . . . . . . 6,000 14,000 15,000 . . . . 3,000 5,000 1,500 . . . . 2,000 3,000 25,500 . . . . 10,000 8,500 10,000 . . . . 20,000 25,000 5,000 . . . . 1,000 5,000 8,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,000 35,000 . . . . 600 |
In consequence of the rapid increase of many of the European libraries, and discrepancies in authorities, some of the figures in this table vary from those previously given in articles on the several cities and towns. It is probable that other libraries are large enough to be included in the list, but it is difficult to obtain statistics regarding them. There are several other collections in London which number nearly if not quite 100,000 volumes; the library of the university of Aberdeen has over 90,000, and that of St. Andrews nearly as many. There are several private libraries in England which number over 50,000 volumes each. The five principal libraries of Great Britain, the British museum, Bodleian, Cambridge university, Advocates' of Edinburgh, and Trinity college of Dublin, are each entitled by statute to a copy of every book published in the empire. In France, the town libraries of Marseilles, Besançon, Versailles, and Grenoble contain from 75,000 to 90,000 volumes each; and those of Avignon, Caen, Chartres, Le Mans, Nîmes, and Douai, from 50,000 to 75,000. The library of the Louvre in Paris, which numbered 90,000 volumes, remarkable for splendid bindings, was partly destroyed by the communists in 1871. The two libraries of St. Cloud and Meudon, which were removed into Paris shortly before the siege, have since been added to it, and probably it now contains more volumes than before. In Germany, the city libraries of Münster and Bamberg contain more than 75,000 volumes each, the commercial library of Hamburg has more than 60,000, the university of Erfurt about the same, and
there are many others of 50,000 and upward. The largest private library in Germany is that of the prince von Oettingen at Wallerstein in Bavaria, containing 100,000 volumes; that of Prince Thurn and Taxis at Ratisbon has nearly as many; and there are several other private collections numbering nearly 50,000 volumes. The library of Strasburg, which contained about 220,000 volumes of printed books and many valuable manuscripts, was partly burned during the siege of the city by the Germans in 1870; it has since been restored by contributions from the German publishers, and now has at least 80,000 volumes more than when injured. Austria possesses a number of valuable libraries besides those mentioned in the table. In Vienna the library founded by Francis I. has 75,000 volumes, and the private collections of the archduke Albrecht and of the princes Liechtenstein, Esterházy, Schwarzenberg, and Metternich have over 50,000 each. The private library of Prince Lobkowitz at Prague contains 70,000 volumes, and he has another of 40,000 in his castle of Raudnitz on the Elbe. In Prague are also the private libraries of the princes Kinsky and Fürstenberg, containing respectively 40,000 and 30,000 volumes. The university of Gratz has 70,000 volumes, those of Innspruck and Olmütz 60,000 each, and that of Lemberg 55,000. In 1870 Cisleithan Austria had in all her public and private libraries 5,756,066 volumes. In Holland, the university of Leyden has 90,000, and that of Utrecht 75,000 volumes. In Belgium, the libraries of Ghent, Liége, and Louvain have about 90,000 volumes each. In the city and province of Rome there were in the various convents previous to their suppression libraries containing in the aggregate 770,000 printed volumes and 12,000 manuscripts. These were all taken possession of by the government, and will be in part distributed, it is reported, among the other great libraries, and the remainder formed into a new public library. The Alessandrina library in Rome has 70,000 volumes. The national library of Florence was formed in 1864 by the union of the Magliabecchian (founded in 1714) and the Palatine or library of the Pitti palace. The Marucellian of Florence contains about 60,000 volumes, and the Riccardian about 30,000. The Brancaccian of Naples has more than 75,000, and the library of the university of Palermo more than 80,000 volumes. According to the report of the minister of public instruction for 1871-'2, the total number of public libraries in Italy, including university, lyceum, gymnasium, and former convent libraries, was 687. In Russia, the universities of Kazan and Kharkov possess each about 70,000 volumes, and that of Dorpat has 80,000. The great imperial library of St. Petersburg owes many of its treasures to the spoils of Poland, particularly of the Zaluski library of Warsaw, which, when transported to Russia by Suvaroff in 1795, contained 300,000 volumes of printed books and many
valuable manuscripts. The national library in Lisbon is wholly the growth of the present century. When the reigning family of Portugal emigrated to Brazil in 1807, the royal library was carried to Rio de Janeiro; it now forms the imperial library of Brazil, and numbers upward of 100,000 volumes. The private library of the late royal family of Spain contained nearly 100,000 volumes; that of the Escurial, although rich in manuscripts, has only about 40,000 printed books. Switzerland possesses 25 public and cantonal libraries, which contain in the aggregate 925,000 volumes. Those at Neufchâtel, Lausanne, Bern, Aargau, Geneva, Lucerne, and Basel contain from 50,000 to 95,000 volumes each. There are also in Switzerland 1,629 other libraries, containing about 700,000 volumes. Constantinople has several libraries, but they are all very small, and do not contain in the aggregate more than 40,000 or 50,000 books. The khedive of Egypt is making efforts to build up a large library in Cairo, and he has already acquired a very valuable collection of manuscripts of the Koran, among which is said to be the oldest copy known. Hopes were entertained by scholars that the opening of Khiva by the Russians in 1873 would furnish traces of the famous library of Samarcand, founded by Tamerlane and enlarged by his successors, but the result did not justify the expectations. Of the libraries of China and Japan but little is known, but there is said to be one containing 300,000 volumes in Peking, and one of 150,000 volumes in Tokio (Yedo), the latter being particularly rich in Chinese literature. — The libraries of the United States, public and private, numbered in 1860, according to the census of that year, 27,730, and contained in the aggregate 13,316,379 volumes. The census of 1870 shows a remarkable increase, the number of libraries having reached 164,815, and the total number of volumes 45,528,938. Of these libraries, 108,800 were private, containing in the aggregate 26,072,420 volumes, and 56,015 public, with 19,456,518 volumes. The public libraries are classed as follows: United States congressional, 190,000 volumes; United States departmental, 115,185; state and territorial, 653,915; town, city, &c., 1,237,430; court and law, 426,782; university, college, and school, 3,598,537; Sunday school, 8,346,153; church, 1,634,915; historical, literary, and scientific societies, 590,002; charitable and penal institutions, 13,890; benevolent and secret associations, 114,581; circulating, 2,536,128. According to the report of the United States commissioner of education for the year 1872, there were 1,080 public libraries in the United States, each containing 1,000 volumes and upward. Of these, 150 had from 10,000 to 25,000 volumes each, 37 from 25,000 to 50,000 each, and 15 more than 50,000. The following table shows the condition of the most important libraries of the United States in 1874:
PUBLIC LIBRARIES IN THE UNITED STATES
CONTAINING 25,000 VOLUMES OR MORE.
| PLACE. | Name. | When founded. | No. of volumes. | Rate of annual increase. |
| Augusta, Me. Brunswick, Me. Hanover, N. H. Amherst, Mass. Andover, Mass. Boston, Mass. Boston, Mass. Boston, Mass. Cambridge, Mass. New Bedford, Mass. Salem, Mass. Springfield, Mass. Springfield, Mass. Worcester, Mass. Worcester, Mass. Providence, R. I. Providence, R. I. Hartford, Conn. Hartford, Conn. Middletown, Conn. New Haven, Conn. Albany, N. Y. Albany, N. Y. Brooklyn, N. Y. Brooklyn, N. Y. Buffalo, N. Y. Ithaca, N. Y. New York, N. Y. New York, N. Y. New York, N. Y. New York, N. Y. New York, N. Y. New York, N. Y. New York, N. Y. New York, N. Y. West Point, N. Y. Princeton, N. J. Princeton, N. J. Carlisle, Pa. Harrisburg, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Annapolis, Md. Baltimore, Md. Baltimore, Md. Georgetown, D. C. Washington, D. C. Washington, D. C. Washington, D. C. Richmond, Va. Charlottesville, Va. Columbia, S. C. New Orleans La. Cincinnati, Ohio Cincinnati, Ohio Columbus, Ohio Marietta, Ohio Louisville, Ky. Ann Arbor, Mich. Detroit, Mich. Lansing, Mich. Madison, Wis. Chicago, Ill. Evanston, Ill. St. Louis, Mo. St. Louis, Mo. St. Louis, Mo. Sacramento, Cal. San Francisco, Cal. San Francisco, Cal. | State Bowdoin college Dartmouth college Amherst college Theological semin'y Athenæum Public State Harvard university Public Essex Institute City Museum of natural history Antiquarian society Public Brown university Athenæum Watkinson and Connecticut hist. soc. Young men's institute Wesleyan university Yale university State, general State, law Long Island historical society Mercantile Young men's association Cornell university Apprentices' Astor Columbia college Eclectic Historical society Mercantile Society Union theological seminary U. S. military acad'y Coll'e of New Jersey Theological semin'y Dickinson college State Academy of natural sciences Brotherhead Library company Mercantile University of Pa. State Mercantile Peabody institute Georgetown college Congress Surgeon general's office Patent office State Univ'y of Virginia University of South Carolina State Public Mercantile State Marietta college Public Univ'y of Michigan Public State State historical society Public Northwestern university Public school Mercantile St. Louis university State Mercantile Odd Fellows' | 1827 1802 1770 1827 1807 1807 1852 1826 1638 1852 1848 1861 . . . . 1812 1859 1768 1836 1858 1838 1831 1700 1818 . . . . 1863 1857 1835 1868 1820 1848 1754 1869 1804 1820 1700 1836 1815 1748 1812 1783 1816 1812 1860 1731 1821 1749 1827 1839 1857 1789 1802 1865 1840 1822 1825 1805 . . . . 1867 1835 1817 1835 1871 1841 1865 . . . . 1849 1874 1857 1865 1846 1829 1853 1853 1854 | 28,000 35,000 50,000 29,000 32,800 103,000 260,500 35,000 200,000 30,000 30,000 36,000 28,000 55,000 83,500 42,000 34,500 44,500 26,000 25,500 100,000 67,500 25,500 26,500 48,000 27,500 40,000 50,000 148,000 25,000 30,000 40,000 148,000 64,000 32,500 25,000 28,500 25,000 31,000 30,000 25,600 26,000 101,000 105,000 25,000 40,000 27,300 56,000 81,000 261,000 38,000 25,000 30,000 36,000 30,000 26,000 62,000 35,500 39,000 26,000 30,000 30,000 25,000 40,000 28,000 40,000 26,000 36,000 42,000 25,000 34,000 38,000 26,000 | . . . . 150 1,000 800 600 . . . . 15,000 1,200 . . . . 1,500 . . . . 2,000 . . . . 1,500 3,100 . . . . 800 . . . . 1,200 1,700 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,350 3,500 2,000 2,000 2,500 3,500 1,000 . . . . . . . . 4,500 . . . . 500 700 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 2,500 . . . . 12,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,500 300 12,000 2,500 . . . . 1,500 400 300 . . . . 8,000 1,200 1,200 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,900 . . . . . . . . 15,000 400 5,000 1,300 300 1,600 3,000 2,500 |
These figures, which include bound volumes only, do not fairly represent the value of the libraries of the United States, as most of them contain in addition many thousands of unbound pamphlets. The public library of Boston, for example, has more than 100,000 pamphlets and unbound serials, the antiquarian society of Worcester 70,000, the library of congress 50,000, &c. If these were counted as they would be under the English law, which defines the term book to include “every volume, part or division of a volume, pamphlet, sheet of letterpress, sheet of music, map, chart, or plan separately published,” many of our libraries could be stated to contain several thousand volumes more. The same or a similar rule is followed also in many of the European continental libraries, which will account partly for their rapid increase in the last decade. The number of volumes in college libraries in the above table represents all the collections, legal, theological, medical, &c., under the government of the several institutions.