OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vulture

See also Vulture on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Vul′ture, the common name for various carrion-eating birds of the Old World. They are birds from two to four feet long, and the largest of them have an expanse of wing from nine to ten feet. Their head and part of the neck are destitute of feathers. There are six species more or less common about the shores of the Mediterranean. Two of these inhabit Africa, and the other four are found in Europe. There the crested black vulture is the type; it is one of the large vultures, reaching a length of nearly four feet. It ranges east through Asia to China and south into northern Africa. Other common species are the griffon, the Nubian or eared vulture and the Egyptian vulture. These birds are called the true vultures; they are closely related to the eagles and to buzzards. A number of American birds, belonging to a different family, are also called vultures. They include the black vulture or carrion-crow, the turkey-buzzard and the California vulture. The American vultures are found chiefly in the southern states. The turkey-vulture or buzzard, a large, blackish-brown bird with a red head, is a very familiar bird of the south, protected by law because of its services as scavenger and its harmlessness, not preying upon barnyard fowls. This bird is gregarious. Large companies are to be seen about rubbish heaps at edge of southern towns or soaring high over fields. The black vulture or carrion-crow also is very common in the south, and is a great scavenger. It is smaller than the preceding, but has a heavier body. Its flight lacks the grace that marks the soaring of the turkey-buzzard. It is very bold, and troops of crows walk about the streets of southern towns. See Condor, Crow (Carrion) and Turkey-Buzzard.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Wabash, Ind.

See also Wabash, Indiana on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Wabash (wa̤′ băsh), Ind., a city, the seat of Wabash County, on Wabash River, and on the Wabash and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad, 40 miles southwest of Fort Wayne. Settled in 1837, it was incorporated the same year, and had its charter as a city in 1865. Among its public institutions are the Memorial Hall, Masonic Temple, a Woman’s Orphan Home, besides municipal and school buildings, churches, a library and a county hospital. Besides the railroad shops of the “Big Four” road, its industries include church and school furniture, cabinets, bridge and iron works, manufactures of hats, cash-registers, paper and paper boxes, shafting, harness, carts, sleds and wagons. Population 8,687.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Wacht am Rhein, Die

See also Die Wacht am Rhein on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Wacht am Rhein, Die (wäkht äm rīne, dḗ). A modern German folk-song which was adopted as a national song during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1. The poem is by Max Schneckenburger (1819–49); the music by Carl Wilhelm (1815–73). The music was composed in 1854 as a part-song for men’s voices, and obtained for the composer an annual pension of $150 in 1871. Previous to his attempt the words had received musical treatment from F. Mendel, Leopold Schröter and F. W. Sering, whose work never gained the hold upon the public accorded to Wilhelm’s composition.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vosges

See also Vosges mountains on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Vosges (vōzh), a range of mountains on the left bank of the Rhine, in northeastern France and western Germany. The tops are rounded and called balloons, and are covered with snow for several months in the year. Mines of iron, lead, salt and copper abound.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Voting-Machine

See also Voting machine on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Vot'ing-Machine, a mechanical apparatus, automatically arranged, for use in voting, and devised primarily in the interest of ballot-reform to lessen fraud in the casting and counting of votes. The introduction of the voting-machine has greatly simplified and shortened casting the vote, and their use in recent years and in various types has been widespread. The authorized use of these devices dates about from 1892, and those now in large use are the McTammany (Massachusetts) ballot-machine; the Myers American ballot-machine, first legalized in New York State; the votograph or American ballot-protector and recorder; the Rhines, first legally used in Michigan; the Bardwell votometer; and the Standard. The methods of working these instruments are various, and on the whole suitable, and are a vast improvement on the old methods of casting paper-ballots. The general principle of alt is much the same, viz.: the push-button one; and their advantages, besides those of secrecy and simplicity of voting, include impossibility of multiple voting as well as the prevention of fraud in counting the cast votes.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vulcan

See also Vulcan on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Vul'can (Greek, Hephæstus), in Roman mythology the god of fire, was the son of Jupiter and Juno. He was deformed in his feet from his birth, according to some stories, while others assert that his lameness was due to his being hurled down to earth by Jupiter for interfering in a family quarrel. He fell on the Island of Lemnos, where he built a palace, with a workshop and anvil. He also had a beautiful palace in Olympus or, according to others, in the heart of an island, where with the help of the Cyclops he made the scepter for Jupiter, the armor of Achilles and the weapons of Hercules. There were a temple to him at Rome and a raised square outside the city, called the Volcanol, where statues of persons struck by lightning were sometimes placed. There also were several festivals in his honor.
# The New Student's Reference Work/W

See also W on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
W (dŭb′ l ū), the twenty-third letter, is a consonant usually, but sometimes a semivowel. Being made at the lips, it is classed as a voiced or sonant labial, as in we, inward. W’s close relation to o͞o, for it begins with this sound, makes it a semivowel, as in war, woe, woo. It is a consonant when beginning a word or syllable, a vowel when ending either. W, if not silent, is always followed by a vowel in the same syllable, as above. W, after a vowel in the same syllable and before r, is silent as a consonant, as in glow, wring. W first came into use in the 13th century. Before v was specialized as a consonantal sign, w was called “doubled v,” and from this it takes its shape. Its name, however, comes from u doubled. Some uneducated Englishmen, especially in London, confuse v and w, saying weal for veal, vine for wine. Even well-educated Englishmen pronounce when as w’en.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Wabash

See also Wabash River on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Wabash, a river of Indiana. It rises in western Ohio, runs through Indiana, forming for 100 miles the boundary line between that state and Illinois, and flows into the Ohio. It is 600 miles long, and is navigable for 300 miles.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Voorhees, Daniel W.

See also Daniel W. Voorhees on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Voorhees (vōr'ēz), Daniel W., an American politician, was born in Ohio Sept. 26, 1827. He studied at Asbury University in Indiana, and began his law practice in that state, where he was appointed district attorney. He was a representative from Indiana for four terms of Congress, became United States senator in 1877, and was re-elected in 1885 and 1891. He died on April 10, 1897.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Vulgate, The

See also Vulgate on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Vul'gate, The, is a Latin translation of the Bible which originated in the second century, probably in the Roman province of Syria. The Vulgate appears to have originated out of a number of different Latin translations which were intended rather for private use than for publication. This being the case, there soon were many Latin versions, which often contained dangerous interpolations as well as corruptions. Accordingly the task of a revision of these versions in the light of the original Greek was entrusted by Damasus, Bishop of Rome, to St. Jerome. The Vulgate of St. Jerome appeared about 384 A. D. Owing to the multiplication of manuscript copies, this text also became very corrupt. Alcuin in 801 and Lanfranc about 1070 undertook revision of it. The best extant manuscript of Jerome's Vulgate is the Codex Amiatinus at Florence, which dates perhaps as early as the seventh century. The Vulgate was revised by the authority of the papacy in 1590 and again in 1592. The edition of 1592, known as the Clementine Vulgate for Pope Clement VIII, is the standard Bible in the Roman Catholic church. The most recent critical edition of the Vulgate is that of Wordsworth and White. The Latin of the Vulgate is excellent, and bears the mark of close collation with the Greek version. The language, however, although idiomatic, is not always classical, but occasionally includes later ecclesiastical words and phrases. In some instances it is probable that the Latin version is earlier than the extant Greek. The Vulgate powerfully, though indirectly, influenced the Authorized Version in English, through Wiclif's translation, which was directly from the Vulgate, and through the Douai New Testament.
# The New York Times/1918/06/28/No Influenza in Our Army

Published Friday, June 28, 1918
NO INFLUENZA IN OUR ARMY.
Washington Has Had No Reports About German Forces.
Special to The New York Times.
WASHINGTON, June 27.—No advices have reached the War Department about the influenza among the German troops on the western front.
The reported epidemic is not regarded here as having serious proportions. It is clear that the soldier who has it is incapacitated for duty, and thousands may be down with the disease at once, so that military movements may be delayed.
The American troops have at no time shown any form of the disease. Precautions have already been ordered, however, to meet any emergency.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New York Times/1918/07

| Jul 1918 | Page | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 |
| Jul 1918 | Scan | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 |
# The New York Times/1918/07/03/Fumigate for Influenza

Published Wednesday, July 3, 1918
FUMIGATE FOR INFLUENZA.
All on Spanish Ship Treated to Keep Out War Disease.
AN ATLANTIC PORT, July 2.—Passengers arriving today from Spain were fumigated before the health officers would allow them to land. In addition their clothing was passed through a steamer lest the passengers bring ashore germs or the influenza which has been prevalent in Spain for five months.
Passengers in the first cabin said it was supposed in Spain that the germs of influenza had been brought by the strong Winter winds from the battlefields of France and that they would have been more deadly if they had not encountered the snow-clad Pyrennes.
Mrs. Andrea De Onís of Salamanca said the disease had spread over Spain and brought business to a standstill in many cities.
George Colay, a French merchant living in Barcelona, said that only a small minority of the people in Spain were in favor of the Germans in the war. "Spain wants to be neutral," he declared, "and become rich by manufacturing munitions for the Allies. Spanish business men are satisfied that the United States did not enter the war as an aggressor, and had only the loftiest aims."
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Pipes at Lucknow

Pipes of the misty moorlands Voice of the glens and hills; The droning of the torrents, The treble of the rills! Not the braes of broom and heather, Nor the mountains dark with rain, Nor maiden bower, nor border tower, Have heard your sweetest strain!
Dear to the Lowland reaper, And plaided mountaineer,— To the cottage and the castle The Scottish pipes are dear;— Sweet sounds the ancient pibroch O'er mountain, loch, and glade; But the sweetest of all music The Pipes at Lucknow played.
Day by day the Indian tiger Louder yelled, and nearer crept; Round and round the jungle-serpent Near and nearer circles swept. "Pray for rescue, wives and mothers,— Pray to-day!" the soldier said; "To-morrow, death's between us And the wrong and shame we dread."
O, they listened, looked, and waited, Till their hope became despair; And the sobs of low bewailing Filled the pauses of their prayer. Then up spake a Scottish maiden, With her ear unto the ground "Dinna ye hear it?—dinna ye hear it? The pipes o' Havelock sound!"
Hushed the wounded man his groaning; Hushed the wife her little ones; Alone they heard the drum-roll And the roar of Sepoy guns. But to sounds of home and childhood The Highland ear was true; As her mother's cradle-crooning The mountain pipes she knew.
Like the march of soundless music Through the vision of the seer, More of feeling than of hearing, Of the heart than of the ear, She knew the droning pibroch, She knew the Campbell's call "Hark! hear ye no' MacGregor's,— The grandest o' them all!"
O, they listened, dumb and breathless, And they caught the sound at last; Faint and far beyond the Goomtee Rose and fell the piper's blast! Then a burst of wild thanksgiving Mingled woman's voice and man's "God be praised!—the March of Havelock! The piping of the clans!"
Louder, nearer, fierce as vengeance, Sharp and shrill as swords at strife, Came the wild MacGregor's clan-call, Stinging all the air to life. But when the far-off dust-cloud To plaided legions grew, Full tenderly and blithesomely The pipes of rescue blew!
Round the silver domes of Lucknow, Moslem mosque and Pagan shrine, Breathed the air to Britons dearest, The air of Auld Lang Syne. O'er the cruel roll of war-drums Rose that sweet and homelike strain; And the tartan clove the turban, As the Goomtee cleaves the plain.
Dear to the corn-land reaper And plaided mountaineer,— To the cottage and the castle The piper's song is dear. Sweet sounds the Gaelic pibroch O'er mountain, glen, and glade, But the sweetest of all music The Pipes at Lucknow played!
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Pioneers (Cooper)/Characters

This is a list of characters that appear in James Fenimore Cooper's third novel The Pioneers. The chapter in parentheses, at the end of each entry, indicates where the character is first introduced or significantly described.

### Aggy

* Aggy (Agamemnon) — Richard Jones' black slave. As a Quaker, Temple himself cannot own slaves. (Ch. 1)

### Bumppo

* Nathaniel (Natty) Bumppo — main character of all the the Leatherstocking Tales. Goes by the names of Leather-Stocking, Hawkeye, Deerslayer, and Pathfinder, depending on the book. During the period covered in The Pioneers, he was 68 years old. (Ch. 1)

### Chingachgook

* Chingachgook or John Mohegan — Native American companion of Natty Bumppo.

### Doolittle

* Squire Hiram Doolittle — co-architect of Judge Temple's house (Ch. 3)

### Edwards

* Oliver Edwards — young traveller who is accidentally shot by Judge Temple

### Effingham

* Edward Effingham — aristocratic boyhood friend of Marmaduke Temple. (Ch. 2)
* Major Effingham — Edward's father. (Ch. 2)

### Grant

* Rev. Mr. Grant — the local divine (Ch. 4)
* Miss Louisa Grant — daughter of Rev. Mr. Grant (Ch. 19)

### Hartmann

* Major Hartmann —

### Hector and Slut

* Hector — Natty Bumppo's old hound. (Ch. 1)
* Slut or the slut — Natty Bumppo's female hound. (Ch. 1)

### Jones

* Squire Richard (Dick, Dickon) Jones — Judge Temple's cousin and co-architect of his house. Named county sherriff by Judge temple. (Ch. 3)

### Kirby

* Billy Kirby — This fellow, whose occupation, when he did labor, was that of clearing lands, or chopping jobs, was of great stature, and carried in his very air the index of his character. (Ch. 17)

### Leather-Stocking

* Leather-Stocking — one of the various aliases of Natty Bumppo. (Ch. 1)

### Lippet

* Mr. Lippet — lawyer.

### Milligan

* Milligan — a man whose leg was amputated by Dr. Todd (Ch. 6)

### Mohegan

* John Mohegan or Indian John — Christian name of Chingachgook (Ch. 1)

### Penguillan

* Benjamin Penguillan (Ben Pump) — (Ch. 5)

### Pettibone

* Remarkable Pettibone — spinster housekeeper for Judge Temple. (Ch. 5)

### Le Quoi

* Monsieur Le Quoi — a French refugee. (Ch. 4)

### Temple

* Elizabeth (Bess) Temple — Judge Temple's daughter. (Ch. 1)
* Judge Marmaduke Temple (called cousin 'Duke by Richard Jones) — a major character in The Pioneers, based on Cooper's real-life father Judge William Cooper, founder of Cooperstown, New York. (Ch. 1)

### Todd

* Doctor Elnathan Todd — physician. (Ch. 6)
* Ichabod Todd — Dr. Todd's father. (Ch. 6)
* James Fenimore Cooper,
* The Pioneers,
* Preface,
* Ch.1,
* Ch.2,
* Ch.3,
* Ch.4,
* Ch.5,
* Ch.6,
* Ch.7,
* Ch.8,
* Ch.9,
* Ch.10,
* Ch.11,
* Ch.12,
* Ch.13,
* Ch.14,
* Ch.15,
* Ch.16,
* Ch.17,
* Ch.18,
* Ch.19,
* Ch.20,
* Ch.21,
* Ch.22,
* Ch.23,
* Ch.24,
* Ch.25,
* Ch.26,
* Ch.27,
* Ch.28,
* Ch.29,
* Ch.30,
* Ch.31,
* Ch.32,
* Ch.33,
* Ch.34,
* Ch.35,
* Ch.36,
* Ch.37,
* Ch.38,
* Ch.39,
* Ch.40,
* Ch.41,
* Characters.
# The Pipe (Chekhov)

English-language translations of Свирель include:
* The Reed, translated by Robert Edward Crozier Long in The Kiss and Other Stories, 1908
* The Pipe, translated by Constance Garnett
# The New Student's Reference Work/James, Henry

See also Henry James on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
James, Henry, American novelist, essayist and one of the most cultured and polished of writers, was born at New York, April 15, 1843. He is the son of Henry James, religious author and lecturer, and like his father has become noted as an author. He was educated at New York, Geneva, Paris and Boulogne, and in 1862 entered Harvard Law School. He soon began to write magazine stories. His first novel was Roderick Hudson (1875). He is known as eminent critic as well as novelist, and has given us such clever studies as French Poets and Novelists, Partial Portraits and a monograph on Hawthorne. Perhaps his best story is Daisy Miller. Others include The American, The Europeans, The Bostonians.
# The New Student's Reference Work/James II

See also James II of England on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
James II of England and VII of Scotland, second son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria, was born on Oct. 15, 1633. In 1643 he was made duke of York. During the Civil War he escaped into France. He served in the French and Spanish armies. In 1661 he married Anne, daughter of Lord-chancellor Hyde. When Charles II died, James was made king, Feb. 6, 1685. He was most unpopular, because he was a Roman Catholic and utterly failed to understand the temper of the English people. He levied, without warrant from parliament, from the customs-duties. He became, as his brother Charles had been, a mere puppet in the hands of the French king, Louis XIV. The Covenanters of Scotland were persecuted even worse than they had been when Charles had handed Scotland over to the tender mercies of James. After the unsuccessful rebellion of the king’s nephew, Monmouth, came the “Bloody Assize,” the court held by the wicked Jeffreys, in which 320 persons were hanged. Such acts roused the anger of the nation to the highest pitch. An invitation was sent to William, Prince of Orange, signed by seven of the leading English statesmen, to come over to England and take the crown and throne. At the head of a powerful army William landed at Torbay on the English Channel, on Nov. 5, 1688, and began his march toward London. He was everywhere hailed as a deliverer, while James was deserted, not only by his ministers and troops, but even by his daughter, Princess Anne. The king had feared danger, and had sent his wife and infant son to France, where he soon joined them at St. Germain. He was kindly received by Louis XIV, who settled a revenue upon him. Next year he made a hopeless attempt to regain his throne, with an army furnished by France. He invaded Ireland, but was totally defeated at the battle of the Boyne (1690), He died at St. Germain, Sept. 6, 1701. See Macaulay’s, Ranke’s and Lingard’s histories and Burnet’s History of his Own Time.
# The New Student's Reference Work/James III

See also James III of Scotland on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
James III of Scotland, the son of James II and Mary of Guelderland (Guelders), was born in 1452. On the death of his father the government was conducted by his mother, aided by the wisdom of Bishop Kennedy. Upon her death in 1465 the young king came to power. He all his life, however, was under the influence of scheming favorites. Among these was a man named Cochran, who had been a mason. Through his influence the duke of Albany, the king's brother, was forced to fly from the kingdom, having been charged with witchcraft; while the earl of Mar, another brother, died in prison. The rule of Cochran and other lowborn favorites led to a rebellion among the nobility. The result was that they were hanged. The king himself was shut up in his castle at Edinburgh. James's love for literary pursuits drew upon him the contempt of the warlike and ignorant nobles. An attempt was made to take the throne from him. James led out the royal army to defeat the rebels, near Stirling, but was himself overcome and obliged to fly. He was thrown from his horse and murdered, June 11, 1488.
# The New Student's Reference Work/James IV

See also James II of England on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
James IV of Scotland, the son of James III and Margaret of Denmark, was born on March 17, 1472. The rule of the new king, who came to the throne after the death of his father, gave promise of being both vigorous and popular, while his personal beauty and open frankness won the hearts of his people. He exhibited energy and sense in the management of public affairs, in vindicating the law and punishing crime, in encouraging ship-building and in developing agriculture and manufactures. In 1503 the king married Margaret, oldest daughter of Henry VII of England, an alliance which led to the union of the two crowns just 100 years later. Henry VIII came to the English throne in 1509, disputes followed, and James invaded England. He was met by the earl of Surrey, and in the battle of Flodden, Sept. 9, 1513, the king and many of his nobles were killed. He was 46 years old, and had reigned 26 years. James was onty in his 16th year when he was persuaded to join the barons in their rebellion against his father. The remorse which he felt when he learned that his father had been cruelly murdered is shown by his wearing an iron chain about his waist and doing many other things by way of penance for his guilt. He possessed great ability, but was headstrong, obstinate and overfond of pleasure. See Gregory Smith’s Days of James IV.