# The Gall Wasp Genus Cynips: A Study in the Origin of Species/Plates

EXPLANATIONS OF PLATES
ADULTS, EUROPEAN SUBGENUS CYNIPS
Figs. 77-78. C. folii bisex. form taschenbergi, Solingen, Eigen, in Kinsey coll. Male = fig. 77. Female = fig. 78. X 15
Fig. 79. C. folii agamic form folii, Solingen, Germany, P. Eigen, in Kinsey coll. X 15
FIGS 77-80. ALTERNATE GENERATIONS, CYNIPS FOLII
FRONT WINGS, EUROPEAN CYNIPS
From adults uniformly enlarged to length of 50 mm., so wing-body ratios may be compared by direct comparisons of wing drawings
Fig. 81. C. folii agamic form folii, Bleicherode, Germany, Forsius det., in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 82. C. folii bisex. form taschenbergi, Solingen, Germany, P. Eigen, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 83. C. longiventris longiventris, Solingen, Germany, P. Eigen, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 84. C. divisa divisa, Bleicherode, Germany, P. Eigen, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 85. C. agama, Bleicherode, Germany, P. Eigen, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 86. C. disticha, Bleicherode, Germany, P. Eigen, in Kinsey coll.
FIGS. 81-87. WINGS, EUROPEAN SUBGENUS CYNIPS
DETAILS, EUROPEAN CYNIPS
Fig. 88. Ovipositor, C. folii agamic form folii. Redrawn after Beyerinck. X 25
Figs. 89-90. Ovipositor, C. folii bisex. form taschenbergi.
Fig. 89 redrawn after Beyerinck; fig. 90 redrawn after Adler. X 25
Fig. 91. Egg, C. folii agamic form folii. Redrawn after Beyerinck.
Fig. 92. Tarsal claw, C. folii folii, Brno, Czecho-Slovakia, Ed. Baudys, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 93. Egg, C. folii, bisex. form taschenbergi. Redrawn from Beyerinck.
HYPOPYGIAL SPINES, EUROPEAN CYNIPS
From adults uniformly enlarged to 150 mm., so relative sizes of spines may be seen by direct comparisons of drawings
Fig. 94. C. folii folii, Bleicherode, Germany, Forsius det., in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 95. C. folii pubescentis, Budapest, Hungary, C. Sajo, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 96. C. folii atrifolii, holotype, Bromme, Denmark, E. B. Hoffmeyer, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 97. C. longiventris longiventris, Solingen, Germany, P. Eigen, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 98. C. longiventris forsiusi, holotype, Lojo, Finland, R. Forsius, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 99. C. folii bisex. form taschenbergi, Solingen, Germany, P. Eigen, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 100. C. longiventris bisex. form substituta, Basnaes, Denmark, E. B. Hoffmeyer, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 101. C. divisa bisex. form verrucosa, Thüringen, Germany, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 102. C. divisa agamic form divisa, Buchy, France, Q. pedunculata, Noury, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 103. C. divisa atridivisa, holotype, Bromme, Denmark, E. B. Hoffmeyer, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 104. C. agama, Bleicherode, Germany, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 105. C. disticha, Buchow, Germany, Schirmer, in Kinsey coll.
FIGS. 88-106. STRUCTURAL DETAILS, SUBGENUS CYNIPS
GALL FORMATION, CYNIPS FOLII
Redrawn after Beyerinck
Fig. 107. Agamic adult folii oviposits in buds where bisex. form will subsequently develop.
Figs. 108-111. Successive stages in formation of bud galls of bisex. form taschenbergi.
Fig. 112. Histologic details, bud galls of bisex. form taschenbergi.
Fig. 113. Bisexual female taschenbergi oviposits in leaf vein where agamic form folii will subsequently develop.
FIGS. 107-116. GALL FORMATION, CYNIPS FOLII
GALL DIAGRAMS, EUROPEAN CYNIPS
X 6
Fig. 117. C. folii, showing some histologic details. Redrawn after Beyerinck.
Fig. 118. C. divisa divisa, showing epidermal, parenchyma, protective, and nutritive zones.
Fig. 119. C. cornifex, showing epidermal, collenchyma, parenchyma, protective, and nutritive zones. Empty cavity above larval cell.
Fig. 120. C. agama, showing epidermal, parenchyma, protective, and nutritive zones.
Fig. 121. C. folii taschenbergi, showing epidermal, undifferentiated (and nutritive?) zones.
Fig. 122. C. longiventris longiventris, showing some collenchyma layer beneath epidermal zone.
Fig. 123. Histologic detail, C. disticha, showing collenchyma (“compact crystalline”) layer under epidermis. Empty cavity above larval cell. Redrawn after Weidel.
FIGS. 117-124. GALL DIAGRAMS, SUBGENUS CYNIPS
GALLS, EUROPEAN CYNIPS
Figs. 125-126. C. folii agamic form folii, near Budapest, Hungary, C. Sajo, in Kinsey coll. X 1.5
Figs. 127-128. C. folii bisex. form taschenbergi, Berlin, Germany, in Kinsey coll. X 3
Fig. 129. C. agama, Dresden, Germany, in Kinsey coll. X 3
Figs. 130-132. C. longiventris longiventris, Stiznaes, Sjelland, Denmark, E. B. Hoffmeyer, in Kinsey coll. X 3
Figs. 133-134. C. disticha, Vienna, Austria, G. Mayr, in Kinsey coll. X 4.5
Fig. 135. C. divisa divisa, Buchy, France, Q. pedunculata, Noury, in Kinsey coll. X 3
FIGS. 125-137. GALLS, PART OF EUROPEAN SUBGENUS CYNIPS
GALLS, EUROPEAN CYNIPS
X 3
Fig. 138. C. cornifex, southern Austria, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 139. C. cornifex, Verona, Italy, A. Trotter, in Kinsey coll.
GALLS, SUBGENUS ANTRON
X 3
Fig. 140. C. guadaloupensis insolens, paratype, Idyllwild, Calif., Weld, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 141. C. guadaloupensis insolens, San Jacinto Mt., Calif., Kinsey coll.
Fig. 142. C. teres clavuloides, Diablo, Calif., F. A. Leach, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 143. C. teres (clavuloides?), Dinuba, Calif., Q. lobata, L. H. Powell, in Kinsey coll.
Figs. 144-145. C. guadaloupensis patelloides, Pasadena, Calif., Kinsey coll.
FIGS. 138-146. GALLS, PARTS OF SUBGENERA CYNIPS AND ANTRON
GALLS, CYNIPS (ANTRON) ECHINUS
Agamic forms, X 3
Figs. 147-148. C. echinus dumosae, paratypes, Upland, Calif., Q. dumosa, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 149. C. echinus dumosae, Jacumba, Calif., Q. turbinella, A. E. Stanley, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 150. C. echinus mista, northeastern Los Angeles Co., Calif., Q. dumosa, W. Ebeling, in Kinsey coll.
Figs. 151-152. C. echinus schulthessae, paratypes, Kelseyville, Calif., Q. durata, P. Schulthess, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 153. C. echinus schulthessae, Middletown, Calif., Q. durata, F. A. Leach, in Kinsey coll.
Figs. 154-155. C. echinus douglasii, Napa, Calif., Q. lobata, F. A. Leach, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 156. C. echinus echinus, Diablo, Calif., Q. Douglasii, F. A. Leach, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 157. C. echinus echinus, Dinuba, Calif., Q. Douglasii, L. H. Powell, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 158. Young galls, C. echinus echinus, Battle Creek, Calif., Q. Douglasii, F. A. Leach, in Kinsey coll.
Bisexual form, X 4.5
FIGS. 147-159. GALLS, CYNIPS (ANTRON) ECHINUS
ADULTS, SUBGENUS ANTRON
X 15
Figs. 160-161. C. echinus echinus bisex. form ribes, paratypes, Oroville, Calif., Q. Douglasii, Kinsey coll. Female = fig. 160. Male = fig. 161.
Fig. 162. C. teres hildebrandae, paratype, Seigler Springs, Calif., Q. durata, Hildebrand, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 163. C. echinus echinus agamic form echinus, paratype of Bassett's speciosus, Q. Douglasii, Napa City, Calif., E. H. King, in Kinsey coll.
FIGS. 160-104. ADULTS SUBGENUS ANTRON
FRONT WINGS, SUBGENUS ANTRON
From adults uniformly enlarged to 50. mm., so wing-body ratios may be compared by direct comparisons of wing drawings
Fig. 165. C. echinus schulthessae agamic form schulthessae, paratype, Kelseyville, Calif., Q. durata, P. Schulthess, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 166. C. echinus schulthessae bisex. form atrata, paratype, Kelseyville, Calif., Q. durata, P. Schulthess, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 167. C. guadaloupensis insolens, paratype, Idyllwild, Calif., Weld, in Field Mus.
Fig. 168. C. guadaloupensis guadaloupensis, holotype, Guadaloupe, Calif., R. W. Patterson, in Stanford Univ.
Fig. 169. C. guadaloupensis (var.?), San Bernardino Mts., Calif., in Weld coll.
Fig. 170. C. guadaloupensis patelloides, paratype (?), Idyllwild, Calif., Weld, in Field Mus.
Fig. 171. C. teres clavuloides, from type lot, Sonoma County, Calif., A . Koebele, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 172. C. teres teres, paratype, Sequoia National Park, Calif., Q. garryana semota, Weld, in Kinsey coll.
FIGS. 165-173. WING MUTANTS, SUBGENUS ANTRON
SUBGENUS ANTRON
Fig. 174. Tarsal claw, C. echinus schulthessae, paratype, Kelseyville, Calif., Q. durata, P. Schulthess, in Kinsey coll.
hypopygial spines
From adults uniformly enlarged to 150. mm., so relative sizes of spines may be seen by direct comparisons of drawings
Fig. 175. C. echinus douglasii, Diablo, Calif., Q. lobata, F. A. Leach, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 176. C. echinus echinus, Diablo, Calif., Q. Douglasii, F. A. Leach, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 177. C. echinus vicina, paratype, Kelseyville, Calif., Q. Douglasii, P. Schulthess. in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 178. C. echinus schulthessae, paratype, Kelseyville, Calif., Q. durata, P. Schulthess, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 179. C. echinus dumosae, paratype, Upland, Calif., Q. dumosa, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 180. C. echinus douglasii bisex. form lobata, Three Rivers, Calif., Q. lobata, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 181. C. echinus echinus bisex. form ribes, paratype, Oroville, Calif., Q. Douglasii, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 182. C. echinus vicina bisex. form incepta, paratype, Kelseyville, Calif., Q. Douglasii, P. Schulthess, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 183. C. echinus schulthessae bisex. form atrata, holotype, Kelseyville, Calif., Q. durata, P. Schulthess, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 184. C. echinus mista, holotype, Victorville, Calif., Q. dumosa, V. H. Ward, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 185. C. guadaloupensis guadaloupensis, holotype, Guadaloupe, Calif., R. W. Patterson, in Stanford Univ.
Fig. 186. C. guadaloupensis insolens, paratype, Idyllwild, Calif., Weld, in Field Mus.
Fig. 187. C. guadaloupensis patelloides, paratype (?), Idyll wild, Calif., Weld, in Field Mus.
Fig. 188. C. teres clavuloides, from type lot, Sonoma County, Calif., A. Koebele, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 189. C. teres hildebrandae, holotype, Seigler Springs, Calif., Q. durata, Hildebrand, in Kinsey coll.
FIGS. 174-190. HYPOPYGIAL SPINES, SUBGENUS ANTRON
GALL DIAGRAMS
X6
antron
Fig. 191. C. echinus echinus, showing epidermis, well developed collenchyma, scant parenchyma, protective, and nutritive zones. Empty cavity below larval cell.
Fig. 192. C. guadaloupensis patelloides, showing epidermis, collenchyma, compacted parenchyma, protective, and nutritive zones. Empty cavity below larval cell.
Fig. 193. C. echinus schulthessae, showing epidermis, large collenchyma, scant parenchyma, protective, and nutritive zones. Large empty cavity below larval cell.
Fig. 194. C. echinus echinus agamic form ribes, showing epidermis and undifferentiated parenchyma layers.
besbicus
Fig. 195. C. multipunctata heldae, showing epidermis, collenchyma, parenchyma, (protective?), and nutritive zones. No cavity except larval cell.
Fig. 196. C. teres hildebrandae, showing epidermis, distinct collenchyma, scant parenchyma, (protective?) and nutritive zones. Some cavity below larval cell.
Fig. 197. Figure applies to C. (Besbicus) mirabilis, and to all species of Atrusca. Showing epidermis, some collenchyma, extensive fibrous parenchyma, (protective?) and nutritive zones.
Fig. 198. C. multipunctata indicta, showing epidermis, distinct collenchyma, parenchyma, (protective?), and nutritive zones.
Fig. 199. C. maculosa tritior, showing broken epidermis, distinct collenchyma, parenchyma, (protective?), and nutritive zones.
philonix
FIGS. 191-200. GALL DIAGRAMS, ANTRON, BESBICUS, PHILONIX, ATRUSCA
GALLS, SUBGENUS BESBICUS
Figs. 201-202. C. multipunctata indicta, paratypes, Kelseyville, Calif., Q. Douglasii, P. Schulthess, in Kinsey coll. X 3
Figs. 203-204. C. multipunctata conspicua, Diablo, Calif., Q. lobata, F. A. Leach, in Kinsey coll. X 3
Fig. 205. C. multipunctata heldae, Clear Lake, Calif., Q. lobata, F. A. Leach, in Kinsey coll. X2.5
Fig. 206. C. multipunctata heldae, Cloverdale, Calif., Q. lobata, F. A. Leach, in Kinsey coll. X2.5
Fig. 207. C. maculosa tritior, Scott Valley, Calif., Q. dumosa, Schulthess, in Kinsey coll. X 3
Fig. 208. C. maculosa tritior, paratype, Kelseyville, Q. durata, Schulthess, in Kinsey coll. X 3
FIGS. 201-210. GALLS, PACIFIC AMERICAN SUBGENUS BESBICUS
SUBGENUS BESBICUS
Fig. 211. Adult, C. multipunctata conspicua, paratype, Napa, Calif., Q. lobata, F. A. Leach, in Kinsey coll. X 15
front wings
From adults uniformly enlarged to 50. mm., so wing-body ratios may be compared by direct comparisons of wing drawings
Fig. 212. C. multipunctata indicta, paratype, Kelseyville, Calif., Q. Douglasii, P. Schulthess, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 213. C. multipunctata heldae, Kelseyville, Calif., Q. lobata, P. Schulthess, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 214. C. maculosa maculosa, paratype, Sequoia National Park, Calif., Q. dumosa, Weld, in Kinsey coll.
FIGS. 211-215 ADULT AND WINGS, SUBGENUS BESBICUS
SUBGENUS BESBICUS
Fig. 216. Tarsal claw, C. mirabilis leachii, paratype, Yorkville, Calif., Q. garryana, F. A. Leach, in Kinsey coll.
hypopygial spines
From adults uniformly enlarged to 150. mm., so relative sizes may be seen by direct comparisons of drawings
Fig. 217. C. multipunctata multipunctata, Diablo, Calif., Q. Douglasii, F. A . Leach, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 218. C. multipunctata indicta, holotype, Kelseyville, Calif., Q. Douglasii, P. Schulthess, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 219. C. multipunctata conspicua, holotype, Napa, Calif., Q. lobata, F. A . Leach, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 220. C. multipunctata heldae, Kelseyville, Calif., Q. lobata, P. Schulthess, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 221. C. maculosa maculosa, paratype, Sequoia National Park, Calif., Q. dumosa, Weld, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 222. C. maculosa tritior, holotype, Kelseyville, Calif., Q. durata, P. Schulthess, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 223. C. mirabilis leachii, holotype, Yorkville, Calif., Q. garryana, F. A. Leach, in Kinsey coll.
FIGS. 216-224. HYPOPYGIAL SPINES, SUBGENUS BESBICUS Note uniformity within hereditary stocks.
GALLS, SUBGENUS PHILONIX
agamic galls, x 3
Fig. 225. C. plumbea, paratype, Esperaro Canyon in Santa Catalina Mts., Ariz., Q. oblongifolia, Hofer and Edmonston, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 226. C. plumbea, Sabino Trail in Santa Catalina Mts., Ariz., Q. oblongifolia, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 227. C. fulvicollis major, paratype, America, 111., Q. alba, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 228. C. fulvicollis fulvicollis, paratype of Bassett's gillettei, Ionia Co., Mich., or Ames, Iowa, Q. alba, C. P. Gillette, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 229. C. fulvicollis gigas, Winfield, Kans., Q. Mühlenbergii, R. Voris, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 230. C. fulvicollis vorisi, paratype, Winfield, Kans., Q. macrocarpa, R. Voris, in Kinsey coll.
bisexual galls, x 5
FIGS. 225-231. GALLS, SUBGENUS PHILONIX
ADULTS, SUBGENUS PHILONIX
X 15
Figs. 232-233. C. fulvicollis fulvicollis bisex. form pallipes, Charlestown, Ind., Q. alba, E. W. Spieth, in Kinsey coll. Male = fig. 232. Female = fig. 233.
Fig. 234. C. fulvicollis fulvicollis agamic form fulvicollis, Bennett, N.J., Q. alba, Kinsey coll.
FIGS. 232-235. ADULTS, SUBGENUS PHILONIX
Long-winged and short-winged relatives (figs. 234-235) differ no more than alternate generations of one species (figs. 232-234).
FRONT WINGS, SUBGENUS PHILONIX
From adults uniformly enlarged to 50 mm., so wing-body ratios may be compared by direct comparisons of wing drawings
Fig. 236. C. plumbea, paratype, Esperaro Canyon in Santa Catalina Mts., Ariz., Q. oblongifolia, Hofer and Edmonston, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 237. C. fulvicollis rubricosa, holotype, Charleston, Tenn., Q. alba, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 238. C. fulvicollis vorisi, holotype, Winfield, Kans., Q. macrocarpa, R. Voris, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 239. C. fulvicollis major, holotype, America, 111., Q. alba, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 240. C. fulvicollis lanaeglobuli, holotype, eastern Florida, Q. bicolor, W. H. Ashmead, in U.S. Nat. Mus.
Fig. 241. C. fulvicollis gigas, paratype, Hoxie, Ark., Q. lyrata, L. H. Weld, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 242. C. fulvicollis fulvicollis, holotype of Fitch's nigricollis, (Albany?) N.Y., A. Fitch, in U.S. Nat. Mus. Incorrectly labelled major.
Fig. 243. C. fulvicollis fulvicollis agamic form fulvicollis, holotype, (Albany?) N.Y., A. Fitch, in U.S. Nat. Mus.
Fig. 244. C. fulvicollis canadensis, holotype, Traverse City, Mich., Q. alba, Kinsey coll.
FIGS. 236-245. WING MUTANTS IN PHILONIX
SUBGENUS PHILONIX
hypopygial spines
From adults uniformly enlarged to 150. mm., so sizes of spines may be compared by direct comparisons of drawings
Fig. 246. C. plumbea, holotype, Esperaro Canyon in Santa Catalina Mts., Ariz., Q. oblongifolia, Hofer and Edmonston, in U.S. Nat. Mus.
Fig. 247. C. fulvicollis rubricosa, holotype, Charleston, Tenn., Q. alba, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 248. C. fulvicollis vorisi, holotype, Winfield, Kans., Q. macrocarpa, R. Voris, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 249. C. fulvicollis major, holotype, America, 111., Q. alba, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 250. C. fulvicollis gigas, paratype, Hoxie, Ark., Q. lyrata, L. H. Weld, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 251. C. fulvicollis fulvicollis bisex. form pallipes, holotype, Waterbury, Conn., Q. alba, Bassett, in Phila. Acad.
Fig. 252. C. fulvicollis fulvicollis agamic form fulvicollis, holotype, (Albany?) N.Y., A. Fitch, in U.S. Nat. Mus.
Fig. 253. C. fulvicollis lanaeglobuli, holotype, eastern Florida, Q. bicolor, W . H. Ashmead, in U.S. Nat. Mus.
Fig. 254. C. fulvicollis canadensis, paratype, Traverse City, Mich., Q. alba, Kinsey coll.
tarsal claw
FIGS. 246-255. MUTANT SPINES IN PHILONIX
GALLS, SUBGENUS ATRUSCA
Figs. 256-257. C. centricola strians, paratypes, Bonnie, 111., Q. stellata, Kinsey coll. X 1.5
Figs. 258-259. C. centricola clivorum, Madisonville, Tenn., Q. stellata, Kinsey coll. X 1.5
Figs. 260-261. C. cava, Round Rock, Texas, Q. breviloba, Kinsey coll. X 1.5
Fig. 262. C. dugèsi brevipennata, cotypes of Kinsey's pellucidus, Colorado Springs, Colo., W. L. Carpenter, in Mus. Comp. Zool. X 3
FIGS. 256-263. GALLS, SUBGENUS ATRUSCA
ADULTS, SUBGENUS ATRUSCA
X 15
Fig. 264. C. dugèsi simulatrix, holotype, Hillsboro, N.M., Q. grisea, Kinsey coll.
FIGS. 264-265. ADULTS. SUBGENUS ATRUSCA
FRONT WINGS, SUBGENUS ATRUSCA
From adults uniformly enlarged to 50. mm., so wing-body ratios may be compared by direct comparisons of wing drawings
Fig. 266. C. dugèsi simulatrix, holotype, Hillsboro, N.M., Q. grisea, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 267. C. dugèsi pupoides, holotype, Alpine, Texas, Q. grisea, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 268. C. dugèsi dugèsi, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, Ed. Palmer, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 269. C. centricola clivorum, holotype, Coolville, Ohio, Q. stellata, Kinsey coli.
Fig. 270. C. cava, paratype, near Austin, Texas, Q. breviloba, L. H. Weld, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 271. C. centricola centricola, Annapolis, Mo., Q. stellata, E. S. Anderson, in Kinsey coli.
Fig. 272. C. bella bella, Alamogordo, N.M., Q. arizonica, Kinsey coli.
Fig. 273. C. bella brevipennata, paratype of Kinsey's pellucidus, Colorado Springs, Colo., W. L. Carpenter, m Kinsey coll.
Fig. 274. Galls, C. centricola rubrae, (Texas?), Van Zandt, in Berlin Mus. Redrawn after Karsch, 1880: figs. 4a-4b.
FIGS. 266-275. WINGS IN ATRUSCA
SUBGENUS ATRUSCA
hypopygial spines
From adults uniformly enlarged to 150. mm., so sizes of spines may be compared by direct comparisons of drawings
Fig. 276. C. dugèsi simulatrix, holotype, Hillsboro, N.M., Q. grisea, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 277. C. dugèsi dugèsi, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, Ed. Palmer, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 278. C. dugèsi brevipennata, Las Vegas, N.M., Q. fendleri, L. H. Weld, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 279. C. dugèsi pupoides, holotype, Alpine, Texas, Q. grisea, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 280. C. bella bella, Magdalena, N.M., Q. grisea, L. H. Weld, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 281. C. bella congesta, holotype, Alpine, Texas, Q. grisea, Kinsey coli.
Fig. 282. C. bella vanescens, holotype, Globe, Ariz., Q. grisea, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 283. C. cava, paratype, near Austin, Texas, Q. breviloba, L. H. Weld, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 284. C. centricola centricola, Farmingdale, N.Y., Q. stellata, Angus, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 285. C. centricola clivorum, holotype, Coolville, Ohio, Q. stellata, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 286. C. centricola strians, holotype, Bonnie, 111., Q. stellata, Kinsey coll.
tarsal claw
FIGS. 276-287. HYPOPYGIAL SPINES IN ATRUSCA
GALLS, SURGENUS ACRASPIS
Figs. 288-289. C. conica, paratypes, Globe, Ariz., Q. grisea, Kinsey coll. X 3
Figs. 290-291. C. arida, paratypes, Alpine, Texas, Q. grisea, Kinsey coll. X 3
Figs. 292-293. C. mellea Carolina, Carmel, N.J., Q. stellata, Kinsey coll. X 3
Figs. 294-295. C. mellea bifurca, paratypes, Picayune, Miss., Q. stellata, W. E. Smith, in Kinsey coll. X 4
Figs. 296-297. C. mellea compta, Austin, Texas, Q. stellata, Kinsey coll. X 3
FIGS. 288-208. GALLS, PART OF SUBGENUS ACRASPIS
GALLS, SUBGENUS ACRASPIS
Figs. 299-300. C. nubila incompta, paratype, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, Q. reticulata (?) , Ed. Palmer, in Kinsey coll. X 2
Fig. 301. C. villosa expositor, paratype, Alpine, Texas, Q. grisea, Kinsey coll. X 3
Fig. 302. C. villosa expositor, Soledad Canyon in Organ Mt., N.M., Q. arizonica, L. H. Bridewell, in Kinsey coll. X 3
Fig. 303. C. villosa apache, paratype, Globe, Arizona, Q. arizonica, Kinsey coll. X 3
FIGS. 299-304. GALLS, PART OF SUBGENUS ACRASPIS
GALLS, SUBGENUS ACRASPIS
bisexual form, x 5
Figs. 305-306. C. gemmula gemmula, paratypes, Waterbury, Conn., Q. prinoides, H. F. Bassett, in Kinsey coll.
agamic forms, x 3
Fig. 307. C. villosa calvescens, Farmington, Utah, Q. utahensis, B. and H. J. Pack, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 308. C. villosa calvescens, paratypes, Bountiful, Utah, Q. utahensis, B. and H. J. Pack, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 309. C. gemmula fuscata, Silverdale, Kans., Q. Mühlenbergii, R. Voris, in Kinsey coll.
FIGS. 305-310. BISEXUAL AND AGAMIC GALLS OF ACRASPIS
GALLS, ACRASPIS
bisexual form, x 4
Fig. 311. C. pezomachoides erinacei bicolens, Charlestown, Ind., Q. alba, E. W . Spieth, in Kinsey coll.
agamic forms, x 3
Figs. 312-315. C. pezomachoides erinacei, Nashville, Ind., Q. alba, Kinsey coll. Showing typical gall variation in a variety of hybrid origin.
Fig. 316. C. hirta macrescens, Big Rapids, Mich., Q. macrocarpa, Kinsey coll.
Figs. 317-318. C. hirta paekorum, Farmington, Utah, Q. utahensis, B. and H. J. Pack, in Kinsey coll.
Figs. 319-320. C. pezomachoides advena, paratypes, Oakdale, Tenn., Q. alba, Kinsey coll.
Figs. 321-322. C. hirta hirta, paratypes, Waterbury, Conn., Q. Prinus, H. F. Bassett, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 323. C. pezomachoides derivatus, Barnesville, Georgia, Q. alba, Kinsey coll.
FIGS. 311-324. GALLS, TWO SPECIES OF ACRASPIS
Bisexual galls (fig. 311). Agamic galls of C. pezomachoides varieties (figs. 312-315. 319-320. 323-324); and of C. hirta (figs. 316-318. 321-322). Note variation within hybrid variety erinacei (figs. 312-315).
GALL DIAGRAMS, SUBGENUS ACRASPIS
X 6
Fig. 325. C. nubila russa, showing wool-like hairs on epidermis, collenchyma (and nutritive?) zones.
Fig. 326. C. villosa expositor, showing stiff hairs on epidermis, collenchyma, (and nutritive?) zones.
Fig. 327. C. gemmula gemmula agamic form prinoides, showing stiff spines on epidermis, thick collenchyma, (and nutritive?) zones.
Fig. 328. C. pezomachoides erinacei agamic form erinacei, showing spiny form of gall.
Fig. 329. C. hirta macrescenst showing faceted surface derived from swollen bases of spines on epidermis, and collenchyma (and nutritive?) zones.
Fig. 330. C. villosa acraspiformis, showing stiff spines on epidermis, collenchyma (and nutritive?) zones.
Fig. 331. C. pezomachoides erinacei agamic form erinacei, showing naked form of gall.
Fig. 332. C. pezomachoides erinacei bisex. form bicolens, showing epidermis and undifferentiated parenchyma zones.
Fig. 333. C. curida, showing epidermis, collenchyma, fibrous parenchyma (protective?), and nutritive zones.
Fig. 334. C. mellea carolina, showing epidermis, scant collenchyma, rather fibrous parenchyma (protective?), and nutritive zones.
Fig. 335. C. gemmula gemmula bisex. form gemmula, showing epidermis and undifferentiated parenchyma zones.
FIGS. 325-336. GALL DIAGRAMS, SUBGENUS ACRASPIS
Note uniform plan of structure in galls produced by long-winged insects (figs. 325-326, 330) and short-winged insects (figs. 327-329, 331).
ADULTS, SUBGENUS ACRASPIS
X 15
Fig. 337. C. mellea anceps, paratype, Austin, Texas, Q. breviloba, J. T. Patterson no. 127, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 338. C. mellea bifurca, with wing-body ratio of 0.54, wing bifurcate. From Fender, Georgia, Q. floridana, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 339. C. mellea bifurca, with wing-body ratio of 0.27, wing pointed. Paratype, Picayune, Miss., Q. stellata, W. E. Smith, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 340. C. villosa expositor, holotype, Alpine, Texas, Q. grisea, Kinsey coll.
FIGS. 337-341. MUTATING SPECIES IN ACRASPIS
Present-day mutants within one variety (figures 337-339): and an established species (fig. 341) derived by mutation from long-winged stocks (fig. 340).
ALTERNATING GENERATIONS IN ACRASPIS
adults, x 15
Figs. 342-343. C. gemmula gemmula bisex. form gemmula, paratypes, Waterbury, Conn., Q. prinoides, H. F. Bassett, in Kinsey coll. Female = fig. 342. Male = fig. 343.
Fig. 344. C. gemmula gemmula agamic form prinoides, Richland, N.J., Q. prinoides, Kinsey coll.
front wings
From adults uniformly enlarged to 50. mm., so wing-body ratios may be compared by direct comparisons of drawings
Fig. 345. C. gemmula gemmula bisex. form gemmula, paratype, Waterbury, Conn., Q. prinoides, H. F. Bassett, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 346. C. gemmula gemmula agamic form prinoides, Richland, N.J., Q. prinoides, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 347. C. pezomachoides erinacei bisex. form bicolens, Glencoe, 111., Q. alba, L. H. Weld, in Kinsey coll.
FIGS. 342-348. ALTERNATING GENERATIONS IN ACRASPIS
SUBGENUS ACRASPIS
structural details
Fig. 349. Tarsal claw, C. mellea carolina, Richland, N.J., Q. stellata, Kinsey coll. Typical of Ashmead's group Sphaeroteras.
Fig. 350. Tarsal claw, C. mellea compta, paratype, Austin, Texas, Q. stellata, J. T. Patterson no. 138, in Kinsey coll. Claw less distinctly simple.
Fig. 351. C. pezomachoides pezomachoides, Richland, N.J. Q. alba, Kinsey coll. Toothed claw of the species which is type of Acraspis.
Figs. 352-353. Eggs, C. pezomachoides erinacei. Agamic form erinacei (fig. 352) and bisex. form bicolens (fig. 353). Redrawn after Triggerson.
front wings
From adults uniformly enlarged to 50. mm., so wing-body ratios may be compared by direct comparisons of wing drawings
Fig. 354. C. arida, holotype, Alpine, Texas, Q. grisea, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 355. C. mellea compta, paratype, Austin, Texas, Q. stellata, J. T. Patterson no. 138, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 356. C. mellea mellea, holotype, Jacksonville, Florida, Q. stellata var., W. H. Ashmead, in U.S. Nat. Mus.
Fig. 357. C. mellea bifurca, Fender, Georgia, Q. floridana, Kinsey coll. Wing-body ratio = 0.54.
Fig. 358. C. mellea bifurca, holotype, Picayune, Miss., Q. stellata, W. E. Smith, in Kinsey coll. Wing-body ratio = 0.44.
Figs. 359-360. C. mellea bifurca, paratypes, Picayune, Miss., Q. stellata, W. E. Smith, in Kinsey coll. Wing-body ratio = 0.34 (fig. 359) and 0.27 (fig. 360).
FIGS. 349-361. STRUCTURES AND WING MUTATIONS IN ACRASPIS
Actively mutating forma (figs. 357-360), and a short-winged species (fig. 356) with long-winged relative (fig. 355).
FRONT WINGS, SUBGENUS ACRASPIS
From adults uniformly enlarged to 50. mm., so wing-body ratios may be compared by direct comparisons of wing drawings
Fig. 362. C. villosa expositor, paratype, Alpine, Texas, Q. grisca, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 363. C. villosa apache, holotype, Globe, Arizona, Q. grisea, Kinsey coll. Reconstruction of part of venation, from damaged wing.
Fig. 364. C. villosa alaria, paratype, Colorado Springs, Colo., Q. Gambelii, J. H. Pollock, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 365. C. villosa villosa, holotype, Ames, Iowa, Q. macrocarpa, C. P. Gillette, in U.S. Nat. Mus.
Fig. 366. C. villosa calvescens, holotype, Bountiful, Utah, Q. utahensis, B. and H. J. Pack, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 367. C. villosa consocians, holotype, Winfield, Kans., Q. macrocarpa, R. Voris, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 368. C. nubila russa, Oracle, Ariz., Q. arizonica, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 369. C. gemmula suspecta, holotype, Bloomington, Ind., Q. Michauxii, C. M. Kinsey, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 370. C. gemmula fuscata, holotype, Winfield, Kans. Q. Mühlenbergii, R. Voris, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 371. C. gemmula cruenta, holotype, America, 111., Q. Michauxii, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 372. C. pezomachoides cincturata, holotype, Colorado, C. F. Baker, in U.S. Nat. Mus.
Fig. 373. C. pezomachoides ozark, holotype, Arcadia, Mo., Q. alba, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 374. C. pezomachoides wheeleri, holotype, Bay City, Mich., Q. alba, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 375. C. pezomachoides pezomachoides, Eastville, Va., Q. alba, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 376. C. pezomachoides derivatus, holotype, 13 miles north of Troy, Alabama, Q. alba, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 377. C. pezomachoides advena, holotype, Oakdale, Tenn., Q. alba, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 378. C. pezomachoides echinoides, holotype, Jacksonville, Fla., Q. bicolor, W . H. Ashmead, in U.S. Nat. Mus.
Fig. 379. C. hirta undulata, holotype, Manitou, Colo., Q. Gambelii, C. P. Gillette, in U.S. Nat. Mus.
Fig. 380. C. hirta paekorum, holotype, Bountiful, Utah, Q. utahensis, B. and H. J. Pack, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 381. C. hirta obtrectans, holotype, Austin, Texas., Q. macrocarpa, J. T. Patterson no. 136, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 382. C. hirta opima, holotype, Seneca, 111., Q. macrocarpa, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 383. C. hirta scelesta, holotype, Wayland, Mich., Q. macrocarpa, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 384. C. hirta macrescens, paratype of Bassett's macrocarpae, Rockport, Ohio, Q. macrocarpa, from H. F. Bassett coll., in Kinsey coll.
FIGS. 362-385. WING MUTATION IN ACRASPIS All short-winged species derived from long-winged, ancestral stocks.
NORMAL HYPOPYGIAL SPINE IN ACRASPIS
From adults uniformly enlarged to 150. mm., so sizes of spines may be compared by direct comparisons of drawings
Fig. 386. C. mellea rydbergiana, holotype, Las Vegas Hot Springs, N.M., Q. rydbergiana. T. D. A. Cockerell, in U.S. Nat. Mus.
Fig. 387. C. mellea unica, paratype, Ironton, Mo., Q. stellata, L. H. Weld, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 388. C. mellea compta, paratype, Austin, Texas, Q. stellata, J. T. Patterson no. 138, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 389. C. mellea anceps, paratype, Austin, Texas, Q. breviloba, J. T. Patterson no. 127, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 390. C. mellea bifurca, holotype, Picayune, Miss., Q. stellata, W. E. Smith, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 391. C. mellea litigans, holotype, Athens, Alabama, Q. stellata, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 392. C. mellea concolor, holotype, Bowling Green, Fla., Q. minima, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 393. C. mellea mellea, holotype, Jacksonville, Fla., Q. stellata var., W. H. Ashmead, in U.S. Nat. Mus.
Fig. 394. C. mellea Carolina, Richland, N.J., Q. stellata, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 395. C. mellea crassior, holotype, Acworth, Georgia, Q. stellata, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 396. C. mellea albicolens, holotype, Madison, Georgia, Q. alba, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 397. C. nubila nubila, Santa Rita Mts., Ariz., Q. arizonica, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 398. C. nubila russa, Oracle, Ariz., Q. arizonica, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 399. C. nubila incompta, paratype, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, Q. reticulata (?) , Ed. Palmer, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 400. C. villosa acraspiformis, Kingston, N.M., Q. grisea, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 401. C. villosa expositor, holotype, Alpine, Texas, Q. grisea, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 402. C. villosa apache, holotype, Globe, Ariz., Q. grisea, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 403. C. arida, holotype, Alpine, Texas, Q. grisea, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 404. C. conica, holotype, Globet Ariz., Q. grisea, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 405. C. gemmula gemmula bisex. form gemmula, paratype, Waterbury, Conn., Q. prinoides, H. F. Bassett, in Kinsey coll.
FIGS. 386-406. NORMAL HYPOPYGIAL SPINE IN ACRASPIS
Found only in long-winged forms. Spine more slender in bisexual forms (figs. 405-406).
HYPOPYGIAL SPINES IN SHORT-WINGED ACRASPIS
From adults uniformly enlarged to 150. mm., so sizes of spines may be compared by direct comparisons of drawings
Fig. 407. C. villosa alaria, paratype, Colorado Springs, Colo., Q. Gambelii, J. H. Pollock, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 408. C. villosa calvescena, holotype, Bountiful, Utah, Q. utahensis, B. and H. J. Pack, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 409. C. villosa villosa, holotype, Ames, Iowa, Q. macrocarpa, C. P. Gillette, in U.S. Nat. Mus.
Fig. 410. C. villosa consocians, holotype, Winfield, Kans., Q. macrocarpa, R. Voris, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 411. C. gemmula cruenta, holotype, America, 111., Q. Michauxii, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 412. C. gemmula fuscata, holotype, Winfield, Kans., Q. Mühlenbergii, R. Voris, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 413. C. gemmula suspecta, holotype, Bloomington, Ind., Q. Michauxii, C. M. Kinsey, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 414. C. gemmula gemmula agamic form prinoides, Richland, N.J., Q. prinoides, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 415. C. pezomachoides cincturata, holotype, Colorado, C. F. Baker, in U.S. Nat. Mus.
Fig. 416. C. pezomachoides ozark, holotype, Arcadia, Mo., Q. alba, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 417. C. pezomachoides wheeleri, holotype, Bay City, Mich., Q. alba, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 418. C. pezomachoides pezomachoides, Eastville, Va., Q. alba, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 419. C. pezomachoides derivatus, holotype, 13 miles north of Troy, Alabama, Q. alba, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 420. C. pezomachoides erinacei, paratype, (Rockport?) Ohio, from H. F. Bassett coll., in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 421. C. pezomachoides advena, Jiolotype, Oakdale, Tenn., Q. alba. Kinsey coll.
Fig. 422. C. pezomachoides echinoides, holotype, Jacksonville, Fla., Q. bicolor, W. H. Ashmead, in U.S. Nat. Mus.
Fig. 423. C. hirta undulata, holotype, Manitou, Colo., Q. Gambelii, C. P. Gillette, in U.S. Nat. Mus.
Fig. 424. C. hirta paekorum, holotype, Bountiful, Utah, Q. utahensis, B. and H. J. Pack, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 425. C. hirta obtrectans, holotype, Austin, Texas, Q. macrocarpa, J. T. Patterson no. 136, in Kinsey coll.
Fig. 426. C. hirta opima, holotype, Seneca, 111., Q. macrocarpa, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 427. C. hirta scelesta, holotype, Wayland, Mich., Q. macrocarpa, Kinsey coll.
Fig. 428. C. hirta macrescens, paratype of Bassett's macrocarpae., Rockport, Ohio, Q. macrocarpa, from H. F. Bassett coll., in Kinsey coll.
FIGS. 407-429. HYPOPYGIAL SPINE IN SHORT-WINGED ACRASPIS