OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Emancipation of South America/Chapter 11

CHAPTER XI.
THE IDEA OF THE PASSAGE OF THE ANDES.
1815—1816.
​In March, 1816, a detachment of the grenadiers, under Aldao, made a successful reconnaissance by the Uspallata Pass, of the Royalist positions on the western slopes of the Andes, and brought back much useful information; but true to his principle of concealing his plans, San Martin reported to Government that the central passes were so well defended that the only practical course was by those to the south of Mendoza; and also that advanced field works were necessary about Uspallata, in order to secure the Province of Cuyo as the base of operations. This procured him a further much needed supply of guns.
In April General Balcarce, the hero of Suipacha, succeeded Alvarez as Provisional Director, and San Martin was thenceforward much better supported by the central power; military supplies were sent to him on a much more liberal scale than under the previous administration.
The power of the Lautaro Lodge had fallen with Alvear, but the society still existed, and San Martin now established a branch in Mendoza, in which the principal leaders of the Chilian refugees, and many of the foremost men of Cuyo, were affiliated.
At this time he received most efficient assistance from his friend Don Tomas Guido, who had first met him in London, and who had afterwards in Tucuman learned from him something of his ideas in regard to the conduct of the war. Guido drew up a memorial and presented it to the Supreme Director, in which he warmly supported the idea of attacking Peru by way of Chile; and his aid became still more efficacious when the meeting of the Congress of Tucuman, a few weeks later on, placed the administration of affairs in new hands.
# The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar

A short story about a mesmerist who puts a man in a suspended hypnotic state at the moment of death. An example of a tale of suspense and horror, it is also, to a certain degree, a hoax as it was published without claiming to be fictional, and many at the time of publication (1845) took it to be a factual account. Poe toyed with this for a while before admitting it was a work of pure fiction in his "Marginalia".
* The Facts of M. Valdemar's Case (December 1845) as it appeared in The American Review—joint first publication with The Broadway Journal (December 20, 1845)
* La Vérité sur le cas de M. Valdemar in Histoires extraordinaires, 1856
* The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar (April 1926) as it appeared in Amazing Stories
* "The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar", in Poe's Tales of Mystery and Imagination (1935)
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Factory Controversy; a warning against meddling legislation

THE
FACTORY CONTROVERSY;
A WARNING AGAINST
MEDDLING LEGISLATION.
BY
HARRIET MARTINEAU.
ISSUED BY THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF FACTORY OCCUPIERS,
13, CORPORATION STREET, MANCHESTER.
MANCHESTER: PRINTED BY A. IRELAND AND CO., PALL MALL. 1855.
page
Prefatory letter The Factory Controversy
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Commons, John Rogers

Edition of 1920. See also John R. Commons on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
COMMONS, John Rogers, American economist: b. Hollandsburg, Ohio, 13 Oct. 1862. He was graduated at Oberlin College with the degree of A.B. in 1888, and received the degree of LL.D. from the same institution in 1915. He studied at Johns Hopkins University 1888-90 and became professor of economics and sociology at Oberlin College 1891, at Indiana University 1892-95, Syracuse University 1895-99, and at the University of Wisconsin since 1904. He was director of the Bureau of Economic Research 1899-1901, and is director of the American Bureau of Industrial Research since 1904. He was investigator for the United States Industrial Commission 1901-02. In 1911 he was appointed a member of the Wisconsin Industrial Commission; and in 1913 he published a report of the work of the Milwaukee Bureau of Economy and Efficiency. He is the author of articles on wealth, labor, representation, etc., in scientific and other journals, and of ‘The Distribution of Wealth’ (1893); ‘Social Reform and the Church' (1894); ’Proportional Representation‘ (1895, rev. 1907); ’Trade Unionism and Labor Problems‘ (1905); ’Races and Immigrants in America‘ (1907); ’Labor and Administration‘ (1913); ’Labor Legislation‘ (with John B. Andrews, 1916). He edited ’Restriction of Output by Employers and Employees (the 7th special report of the United States Commissioner of Labor, 1904). He was also one of the editors of ‘A Documentary History of American Industrial Society’ (1910); ‘History of Labor in the United States’ (1917); and wrote ‘Principles of Labor Legislation’ (with John Andrews, 1917).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Confessions, Les

Edition of 1920. See also Confessions (Rousseau) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
CONFESSIONS, Les, an autobiographical work of Jean Jacques Rousseau (q.v.). It was written during the six most agitated years of his life, from 1765 to 1770; and his state of health at this time, both mental and bodily, may account for some of its peculiarities. The first six books were not published until 1781, and the second six not until 1788. According to more than one critic, the ‘Confessions,’ however charming as literature, are to be taken as documentary evidence with great reserve. They form practically a complete life of Rousseau from his earliest years, in which he discloses not only all his own weaknesses, but the faults of those who had been his friends and intimates.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Colvin, Sidney

Edition of 1920. See also Sidney Colvin on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
COLVIN, Sir Sidney, English critic: b. Norwood, England, 18 June 1845. He was Slade professor of fine arts at Cambridge 1873-85 and keeper of prints and drawings at the British Museum 1884-1912. His writings include ‘Children in Italian and English Design’ (1872); ‘Life of Walter Savage Landor’ (1881); ‘Life of Keats’ (1887); ‘A Florentine Picture-Chronicle’ (1898); ‘Early History of Engraving in England’ (1905). He edited the Edinburgh edition of the works of Robert Louis Stevenson (1894-97), and also his letters. He was knighted in 1911.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Comédie Humaine

Edition of 1920. See also La Comédie humaine on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
COMÉDIE HUMAINE, ü-mān, La, a series of novels by Balzac, so designated by their author, and intended to form a picture of the manners and morals of the period. The first volume of the ‘Comédie Humaine’ appeared in 1829; but it was not until 1842 that Balzac adopted the general title. The author intended to present a panorama of his time in France, and he wrote nearly 100 novels without completing the herculean task he had set himself.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Comedietta

Edition of 1920. See also comedietta on Wiktionary, and the disclaimer.
COMEDIETTA, kō-mā-dĭ-ĕt'tạ (It. diminutive of commedia), a dramatic composition of the comedy class, but not so much elaborated as a regular comedy, and generally consisting of one or at most two acts.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Comedy of Errors, The

Edition of 1920. See also The Comedy of Errors on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
COMEDY OF ERRORS, The. This, Shakespeare's shortest play, is certainly one of his earliest. Conservative modern critics are inclined to fix upon 1591 as the probable date of composition and to place it second only to ‘Love’s Labour's Lost' in the order of the poet's independent works. To the general reader the comedy is chiefly known as Shakespeare's solitary effort at direct imitation of a classic model; and the neglect it suffers may be due to the mistaken notion that it is no more than a free rendering of the ‘Menæchmi’ of Plautus. The idea of the indistinguishable Antipholus twins and the rough pattern of their adventures, to be sure, come from the ‘Menæchmi,’ and certain other points from a second Plautine play, the ‘Amphitruo’ — notably the situation in Act III, scene I, where the true master and his slave are shut out of their house while their doubles revel within. Both in plot, however, and in development the Shakespearean play invents more than it borrows, and it deserves respect as an instance of the same kind of treatment of sources which marks the poet's maturest work. Short as it is, ‘The Comedy of Errors’ is vastly richer and more varied than the ‘Menæchmi.’ The clever notion of duplicating the twin Antipholi by twin servants (the Dromios) trebles the opportunity for mirthful misunderstanding; while the creation of the pathetic figures of the old father and mother and the charming sister-in-law, Luciana, introduces a depth of human feeling and a romantic atmosphere entirely alien to Plautus. The reader of ‘The Comedy of Errors’ will find many suggestions of later plays. Compare the old father Ægeon with Egeus in ‘A Midsummer Night's Dream’; the business of the chain with the trouble over the ring in ‘The Merchant of Venice,’ and note particularly the forecast of ‘Twelfth Night’ in the story of the escape of the shipwrecked twins, their subsequent confusion and the episode of the supposed madman bound and laid
in a dark room. An English translation of the ‘Menæchmi’ was printed in 1595 and may conceivably have been accessible to Shakespeare in manuscript at an earlier date. It seems more likely that he got his general knowledge of this play as well as of the untranslated ‘Amphitruo’ while at school, where Plautus was often a regular subject of study. For the influence of Plautus on English drama in the 16th century, consult the introduction to M. W. Wallace's edition of ‘The Birth of Hercules’ (Chicago 1903). The 1595 translation of the ‘Menæchmi,’ with parallel Latin text and introduction, has been edited by W. H. D. Rouse in the ‘Shakespeare Classics Series’ (New York 1912).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Comedy

Edition of 1920. See also Comedy on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
COMEDY, a dramatic representation of a light and amusing nature, in which are satirized pleasantly the weaknesses or manners of society and the ludicrous incidents of life. Comedy took its origin in the Dionysian festivals, with those who led the phallic songs of the band of revelers (Gr. kōmos) who, at the vintage festivals, gave expression to the exuberant joy and merriment by parading about, dressed up, and singing jovial songs in honor of Dionysus. These songs were frequently interspersed with extemporized jokes at the expense of the bystanders. Comedy first assumed a regular shape among the Dorians. The first attempts at it among the Athenians were made by Susarion, a native of Megara, about 578 B.C. Epicharmus first gave comedy a new form and introduced a regular plot. That branch of the Attic drama known as the Old Comedy begins properly with Cratinus. It lasted from 458 B.C. to 404 B.C. The later pieces of Aristophanes belong to the Middle Comedy. The chorus in a comedy consisted of 24. The Middle Comedy lasted from 404 B.C. to 340 B.C. and the New Comedy till 260 B.C. Middle Comedy found its materials in satirizing classes of people instead of individuals. New Comedy answers to the comedy of the present day. The most distinguished of Roman comic writers were Plautus and Terence, whose plots were mainly derived from the Greek. See Drama; Literary Forms.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Comedones

Edition of 1920. See also Blackhead on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
COMEDONES, kŏm'ẹ-dōnz, a name applied to the little cylinders of sebaceous and epithelial substances which are apt to accumulate in the follicles of the skin and to appear on the surface as small round black spots. When squeezed out they have the appearance of minute maggots or grubs with black heads, and thence have derived their name. They are generally associated with a weak state of the skin as well as of the individual. Generous diet and tonic treatment with soap-and-water cleansing and friction will be useful; as an astringent to invigorate a debilitated skin, a lotion of corrosive sublimate (two grains) in emulsion of bitter almonds (one ounce) and dilute alcohol will be effective. See Acne.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Ruhmkorff, Heinrich Daniel

Edition of 1920. See also Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RUHMKORFF, room'kŏrf, Heinrich Daniel, German inventor: b. Hanover, 1803: d. Paris, 21 Dec. 1877. He removed to Paris in 1839, where he continued to reside. In 1851 he invented the induction coil which bears his name.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rum, Romanism and Rebellion

Edition of 1920. See also United States presidential election, 1884 on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RUM, ROMANISM AND REBELLION, a phrase celebrated in American political
history. At a meeting of clergy, in which all denominations were supposed to be represented, held in the Fifty Avenue Hotel, New York, during the Presidential campaign of 1884, in the interest of the Republicans, Rev. R. B. Burchard described the Democrats as the party of “Rum, Romanism and Rebellion.” This remark was unfortunate for the Republicans and helped in a great measure to win the election for the Democrats.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rutgers, Henry

Edition of 1920. See also Henry Rutgers on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RUTGERS, Henry, American philanthropist: b. New York, 7 Oct. 1745; d. there, 17 Feb. 1830. He was graduated from Columbia in 1766; served as captain in the Revolutionary War and later as colonel of New York militia, and entered the legislature in 1784 to which he was frequently re-elected. He was a member of the board of regents of the New York University from 1802 to 1826. His gifts to public purposes were many, the chief being $5,000 to Queen's College of New Jersey, which thereupon took the name of Rutgers.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rutgers Scientific School

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
RUTGERS SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL, a department of Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N. J., designated by law as the New Jersey State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. See Rutgers College.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Ruff

Edition of 1920. See also Ruff on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RUFF, a sandpiper (Machetes pugnax) of the northern parts of the Old World, the female of which is called “reeve.” It is about 10 inches long and the bill 1¼; above it is varied with black, rufous and gray, arranged in oblique bands on the scapulars and tertiaries and whitish below; primaries dark brown, with green reflections above and with inner webs finely mottled toward the base; the tail transversely barred; sides of rump white, bill brown and legs yellow. The males in spring have the feathers of the neck developed into a kind of ruff, whence the common name, and the face is covered with reddish papillæ. They fight during the breeding season, unlike most wading birds; they are also polygamous and larger than the females, in these respects seeming to form one of the links between wading and gallinaceous birds. The colors of the ruff vary exceedingly and no two are precisely similar. They are natives of northern Europe and Asia, migrating southward during winter, and they are found chiefly in flocks, in marshy districts; they feed at night on worms, insects and larvæ; the nest is made of coarse grass and is placed in a hollow of the ground; the eggs are four or five, pointed, green, with brown specks. Their flesh is highly esteemed for the table; they are taken alive in nets and are fattened for market on bread and milk and boiled wheat, in a dark place to prevent their fighting; great numbers are sent from Holland to London.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rum

Edition of 1920. See also Rum on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RUM, a distilled liquor obtained from the fermented juice of the sugar-cane or molasses. Rum owes its flavor to a volatile oil and butyric acid, a fact which has been utilized to prepare a butyric compound called essence of rum to enable the spirit-dealer to manufacture a fictitious rum from malt or molasses spirit. The color is usually imparted after distillation by adding burnt sugar or carmel.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Russell, William Eustis

Edition of 1920. See also William Russell (governor) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RUSSELL, William Eustis, American lawyer and political leader: b. Cambridge, Mass., 6 Jan. 1857; d. Little Palos, Quebec, Canada, 16 July 1896. He was graduated from Harvard in 1877, and from the Boston University Law School in 1879, winning the Lawrence prize for the best legal essay. He was admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1880 and began the practice of law with his father's firm. He also became an active member of the Democratic party; was elected to the common council of Cambridge in 1881, to the board of aldermen in 1883 and 1884; and was mayor of the city 1885-87. His efficient administration as mayor, and his effective campaign speeches during the Presidential campaign of 1884, had made him a prominent figure in State politics, and in 1888 he was the Democratic nominee for governor. He was defeated in that year and again in 1889, but in 1890 was elected and twice re-elected in 1891 and 1892. He took an active part in all his gubernatorial campaigns, making numerous speeches in all parts of the State. His election as governor for three successive years was a remarkable testimony to his personal integrity and popularity, as the majority of the legislature and the State officials were Republicans. Several laws were passed on his recommendation, including a measure to regulate the lobby, and a law abolishing the property qualification for governor and the poll tax. At the close of his term he resumed the practice of law, and in 1894 was appointed a member of the board of Indian commissioners. In 1896 he was one of the most active opponents of the adoption of the free silver platform at the Democratic National Convention, and distinguished himself by a remarkable speech pleading for a return to the original principles of the Democracy; he was prominently mentioned as a candidate for the presidency by those who favored the gold standard. His death occurred suddenly, shortly after the convention, and was thought to be due largely to the strain he had undergone at that time.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Ruellia

Edition of 1920. See also Ruellia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RUELLIA (Neo Lat. named for Jean Ruel, a French botanist of the 16th century), a genus of herbs and shrubs of the family Scanthaceæ. The genus is characterized by opposite leaves, and bears flowers of large size in shades of violet, white and red, and occasionally yellow or orange. There are about 200 species, chiefly native to tropical America, while occasional varieties are found in Asia, Africa and Australia; and some eight varieties are found in the United States. About 20 varieties are under cultivation, some of them being especially desirable for greenhouse use. R. tuberosa is the “manyroot,” also called “spirit-leaf” and “snapdragon”; R. paniculata is a trailing variety found in Mexico and Jamaica and has inch-long blue corollas; R. ciliosa is a charming hardy species of southern United States; R. indigotica furnishes by maceration an indigo-like dye and is native to India, Burma and China.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rutgers College

RUTGERS COLLEGE, located at New Brunswick, N. J. It was chartered in 1766 under the name of Queen's College; the charter was slightly altered in 1770. In 1771 the college was located at New Brunswick. During the Revolutionary War, when the British army occupied New Brunswick, the college exercises were continued at Millstone and at North Branch. The present site of the college was secured in 1808, and in 1825 a generous donation was received from Col. Henry Rutgers, and the name changed to Rutgers College in his honor. A theological school was at first affiliated with the college, but has since become an independent institution. There is a preparatory school, established at the same time with the college. The organization of the collegiate department now includes two schools, the classical school and the Rutgers Scientific School. In 1864, the legislature designated “The trustees of Rutgers College in New Jersey maintaining the Rutgers Scientific School” as the State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts; the Scientific School thus became the beneficiary of the Congressional land grant of 1862, and of the appropriation law of 1890. In the classical school the work of the freshman and sophomore years is required, while two courses are elective for junior and senior years; the degrees of A.B. and B.L. are conferred. In the Scientific School the studies of the freshman year are the same for all courses; at the end of that year the student elects one of the six courses offered, certain subjects, such as English, history, political economy, etc., being required in all. The six courses are agriculture, civil engineering, and mechanics, chemistry, electricity, biology, clay-working and ceramics. All courses lead to the degree of B.S. There is also a special two years' course in ceramics. Military drill is required of all students in the Scientific School. The school conducts a university extension department, and the State agricultural experiment station is connected with it. The Scientific School is under control of the college board of trustees of which the governor, the chief justice and the attorney-general are members ex officio; and is also under the
supervision of a State board of visitors appointed by the governor. The college farm contains 100 acres and is well equipped with modern apparatus. The buildings on the campus include Queen's College, Fine Arts Building, Van Nest Hall, Geological Hall, Kirkpatrick Chapel and Library, State Laboratory, Ceramics Building, Winants' Hall (dormitory) and the Ballantine Gymnasium. The library in 1915 contained some 80,000 volumes; the students in the collegiate department numbered 475 and the faculty 55, besides special teachers. The college also conducts a summer school and extension lectures and during the past 20 years has more than doubled its enrolment.
# The Constant Heart

"Sadde songe is out of season"
* Edmund Clarence Stedman (1897), "The Constant Heart" in Poems, now first collected.
* Edmund Clarence Stedman (1908), "The Constant Heart" in The poems of Edmund Clarence Stedman.