OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Bacharach

Edition of 1905. See also Bacharach on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BACHARACH, biir/a-rar,. A town of the Rhine Province, Prussia. Germany, picturesquely situated on the left bank of the Rhine, at the entrance of the Steeger Valley, 8 miles north- west of Bingen. From the Tenth to the Sixteenth Century, it was one of the most important wine markets in the Rhine Valley. Its commerce and population have greatly diminished, but it is still noteworthy on account of its interesting historical associations and mediæval remains, which include the commanding Castle of Stahleck crowning the hill, the old town walls and towers, the fine ruins of the Thirteenth-Century Gothic Church of Saint Werner, and a timbered hostelry of the Fifteenth Century. Bacharach wine had such high repute that by command, a cask was annually sent to Rome for Æneas Sylvius (Pope Pius II.), and four tuns were accepted yearly by Emperor Wenzel as tribute for the freedom of the town. Through the Steeger Valley, also called the Blucher Valley, Blucher pursued the French troops after crossing the Rhine, on January 1, 1814. Population, in 1900, 1904.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Bach, Alexander, Baron

Edition of 1905. See also Baron Alexander von Bach on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BACH, Alexander, Baron (1813-93). An Austrian statesman. He was born at Loosdorf, in Lower Austria, where his father held a judicial office. At the age of 24 he was made a doctor of laws, and then entered the Imperial service, where he remained for nine years. Although he favored a departure from the absolute system of Metternich, Bach was not prepared to go so far as the Revolutionists of 1848 wished. Popular opposition, in fact, drove him into the conservative ranks. In 1848, and again from 1849 to 1859, he was in the ministry, at first in the department of justice, and later in that of the interior. He stood for a strong and absolute central government, and opposed all measures that savored of liberalism and concession to other nationalities than the German. He however carried out some salutary measures, such as the emancipation of the peasants from their feudal obligations. From 1859 to 1867 he was ambassador at Rome. Consult Springer, Geschichte Oesterreichs seit dem Wiener Frieden (Leipzig, 1863-65).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Aymara

Edition of 1905. See also Aymara people on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
AYMARA, ī'mȧ-rä'. The name commonly applied to a confederacy or group of semi-civilized tribes centring in the high plateau about Lake Titicaca, in Peru and Bolivia, and numbering now, including mixed bloods, more than half a million. At the time of the discovery they were subject to the Incas, but there is considerable ground for the opinion held by some writers that they are themselves the originators of the Inca (Quichua) civilization. Physically they are distinguished for their great chest development, due to the rarefied air which they breathe. The mysterious cyclopean ruins of Tiahuanaco are within their territory, and are probably of Aymara origin. The language appears to constitute a distinct linguistic stock, although it shows strong Quichuan correspondences.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Aymon

Edition of 1905. See also Duke Aymon on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
AYMON, ā'mon. The surname of four brothers, called respectively Alard, Richard, Guiscard, and Renaud, sons of Aymon, or Haimon, Count of Dordogne, who figure among the most illustrious heroes of the chivalrie poetry of the Middle Ages. The story belongs to the cycle of romances in which Charlemagne is the central figure. Huon de Villeneuve, a French poet of the time of Philip Augustus (1180-1223), tells the story in his poem, entitled, Les quatre fils Aymon, while Ariosto later conferred poetical immortality on the family by the publication of his Orlando furioso, in which Renaud, or Roland, the bravest of the four brothers, plays the most distinguished part. Caxton printed, about 1489, an English translation of the story, and in 1884-85 the Early English Text Society reprinted Caxton's work, under the title, The Four Sons of Aymon. Tieck, the popular German writer, edited and published the story, but seems to have taken it from a different source. See Roland, The Song of.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ingelow, Jean

See also Jean Ingelow on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ingelow (in′jē̇-lō̇), Jean, a popular English poet and novelist, was born at Boston, Lincolnshire, England, in 1820. A great part of her poetry is of a devotional type, sweet and simple and filled with beautiful thoughts. Among her noted works are the poem, Divided, the ballad, High Tide on the Coast of Lincolnshire, and the larger poem, A Story of Doom. Her works of fiction are Off the Skelligs, Fated to be Free, Sarah de Berenger, Don John and others. She died at London on July 20, 1897.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Indo–European

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​In'do–Europe'an or Ar'yan is the name usually applied to the races and languages of Europe, with a few exceptions, and to the southwestern part of Asia. There are seven principal divisions—the Germanic or Teutonic, the Slavic, Celtic, Italic, Greek, Persian and Sanskrit or Indian. The Germanic branch includes Swedish, Norse, Dutch, Danish, German and English; Irish is a Celtic language; Latin, French, Spanish and Italian are Italic; and Russian is Slavic. The study and comparison of languages prove that all these languages had the same origin and, therefore, that the races originally were the same. The oldest literature in these languages is in the Sanskrit language, and is found in the sacred books of the Hindus. See Science of Language by Max Müller and Language and the Study of Language by Whitney.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ingersoll, Robert G.

See also Robert G. Ingersoll on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​In′gersoll, Robert G., a prominent lawyer, a politician, and a sceptical writer and lecturer on religious topics, was born in New York in 1833, and died in 1899. His oration in favor of J. G. Blaine at the Republican convention of 1876 showed him to be a great orator, and lecturing thenceforth became his occupation. His works include The Gods; Ghosts; Some Mistakes of Moses; What Shall I do to be Saved? Great Speeches; and Prose Poems.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ingraham, Duncan Nathaniel

See also Duncan Ingraham on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​In′graham, Duncan Nathaniel, a Confederate officer, was born in South Carolina in 1802. Entering the United States navy as midshipman in 1812, he became captain in 1855. He commanded the St. Louis, sailing in the Mediterranean, and prevented the arrest, by the Austrians at Smyrna, of Martin Koszta, a Hungarian, who had declared in New York his intention of becoming an American citizen. The course of Captain Ingraham was approved by our government, and Congress voted him a medal. He was made chief of the bureau of ordnance, resigning in 1861 to take a like position in the Confederate navy, where he became commodore. He died in 1891.
# The New Student's Reference Work/International Law

See also International law on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​International Law, is the name given to the rules which govern either the actions of states in their relation to each other or the relations of citizens of different countries. It is a system created by civilized countries during the last three centuries, and its rules are now in use only among civilized peoples. The increasing intercourse between individuals of different nations by commerce and travel gives a growing importance to the interests affected by this branch of law. Each state may establish, alter or abolish its own constitution; discover and settle new countries; extend its navigation or fisheries; improve its revenues, arts, agriculture and commerce; and develop its national resources by all beneficial and lawful means. In order to do this, the attitude of states to one another must be one of mutual confidence. See International Law by Woolsey.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Indo–China

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​In'do–Chi'na or Further India, is the name given to the French possessions in the Anamese peninsula, which extends, in Chinese waters, from the Gulf of Tonquin southwestward to the Gulf of Siam. The region embraces Tonquin or Tonking, Anam, Cambodia, Cochin-China and Laos (q. v.).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ingalls, John James

See also John James Ingalls on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​In′galls, John James, an American lawyer, essayist and statesman. He was born at Middleton, Essex County, Mass., Dec. 29, 1833. He graduated at Williams College, studied law, and was admitted to practice in Massachusetts in 1857, and in 1858 went to Kansas. He was elected United States senator from Kansas in 1873, and was again elected in 1879 and in 1885. Ingalls was noted for scholarly attainments and quick and acute perception. He was an eloquent speaker, his power of sarcastic rejoinder being a marked trait. As a writer of essays and a lecturer his diction was elegant and concise, and he excelled in the power of picturesque description. He was the author of the famous single-stanza poem Opportunity. He died at Las Vegas, New Mexico, Aug. 16, 1900.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Inheritance-Tax

See also Inheritance tax on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Inher′itance-Tax. This tax is imposed on those acquiring property by inheritance or will. It is often imposed simply for the revenue it brings in; for it is easy and cheap to collect, hard to evade and one of the least unpopular forms of taxation. In most countries some form of inheritance-tax exists, and in most of our states. A special form of the tax is called the collateral inheritance tax, which imposes a higher rate upon property that is willed to distant relatives or to strangers. The form of inheritance tax that is exciting special interest at this time is one that charges a higher rate on larger fortunes, and has for its purpose not revenue only, but the diminution of large inherited fortunes. The Australasian colonies seem to have led the way in imposing such graduated inheritance-taxes. England adopted it in 1894 as a means to meet her great expenses. Congress has imposed such a tax on three occasions: from 1797 to 1802; for eight years between 1862 and 1870; and from 1898 to 1902. In the earlier of these the rate was much less on very small fortunes.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Injector

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​Injec′tor, an instrument used to force water into a boiler by using the energy in a jet of steam taken from the boiler into which the water is to be forced. It is simply an instrument for allowing steam to escape from a boiler through a suitable nozzle and to suck up and mix with a stream of cold water, by which it imparts so much of its own energy that the combined mass of cold water and condensed steam enters and feeds the boiler. The injector takes many special forms given by different makers and for special conditions. The injector was invented in 1858 by H. J. Giffard, a French mathematician and engineer. It is used universally on locomotives. It is said that “it is without doubt better than any device hitherto used for feeding boilers and the best that can be employed, and also is the simplest and the most ingenious.”
# The New Student's Reference Work/Indra

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​In'dra, a word meaning to see or to discover, is the name of a Hindu god worshiped in the early period of the Hindu religion. He was called "the protector of the pious, the lord of the virtuous and the upholder of heaven, earth and firmament." All the wonderful deeds of Indra, related in legends, were performed for the benefit of the good and wise. He is represented in human form with numerous eyes, and often pictured as riding on an elephant.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bisbee

See also Bisbee, Arizona on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Bisbee, a city in Cochise County, Arizona, about thirty miles from Tombstone, is situated in a cañon of the Mule-Pass Mountains, and is a substantially built modern city. Among its noteworthy buildings are the Y. M. C. A., the public library and Central School. Bisbee has an admirable public-school system and several fine churches. Its copper mines are among the richest in the world, and the two of greatest importance are known as the Calumet and Arizona and the Copper Queen. The city has electric light, waterworks and an electric street-car system; also the service of the El Paso & Southwestern Railroad, by which it is connected (at Benson) with the Southern Pacific. Bisbee, inclusive of its suburbs, has a population of 9,019.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bismarck, N. Dakota

See also Bismarck, North Dakota on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Bismarck, N. Dakota, since 1889 capital of the state, on the Missouri River. Four federal buildings are located here—an Indian school an army post, a weather bureau and a modern building containing the new post office, the land office and the federal courts. The state buildings are the capitol and the penitentiary. The city has good grammar schools, a model high school, ample fire and police protection, good sewerage and well lighted streets. Sixteen wholesale houses have their home offices or branches here and there are three excellent banking institutions. It has the service of two railroads. The site of the town was visited by the explorers, Lewis and Clarke, but it was not until after 1875 that it was incorporated. Population, 5,443.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bismarck Archipelago

See also Bismarck Archipelago on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Bismarck (bĭs′märk) Archipelago, is made up of what was formerly called the New Britain Archipelago, the Admiralty Islands and several other groups lying to the north and east of Kaiser Wilhelm's Land or German New Guinea. The white population in 1909 was 474, of whom 364 were Germans. The imports in 1910 amounted to 2,914,792 marks; the exports to 3,224,027, chiefly copra, with some cotton, coffee and kapok, a sort of cotton. About 170,000 acres are under cultivation.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Black Hawk

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Black Hawk, a famous Indian chief of the Sac and Fox tribe, was born about 1768 on the east shore of the Mississippi, near the mouth of Rock River. When about twenty years old, he succeeded his father as chief of the Sacs. In the War of 1812, he took part with England. When the remainder of the tribes removed to their reservation across the Mississippi, Black Hawk, with his followers, remained. Some years after, war began with the whites, and after a number of the whites had been massacred, the Indians were driven to the Wisconsin River and twice defeated, and Black Hawk was captured. A treaty was made, and the Indians were removed to the region near Fort Des Moines. Black Hawk and his two sons were taken as hostages through the cities of the East. They were confined for a time in Fortress Monroe, but were allowed to rejoin their tribes in 1833. Black Hawk died in Iowa in 1838.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Birds of Passage

See also Bird migration on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Birds of Passage are birds which are migratory, passing regularly with the seasons from one climate to another. Birds which breed in the United States and go south in the fall, returning to the north in the spring, are called summer birds of passage; while the wild geese which breed in the Arctic regions and visit the United States in autumn, flying north again in the spring, are winter birds of passage. Most of the migratory birds of the western United States pass the winter in Mexico. Birds of the eastern states winter in the south, West Indies, Central America and even (Bobolinks) in Brazil.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Birmingham (Alabama)

See also Birmingham, Alabama on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Birmingham (bĕr′mĭng-ŭm), a city in Alabama, founded in 1871 and called the Magic City of the South. It is situated in Jones Valley, from which rises Red Mountain, and is the capital of Jefferson County. It is close to almost inexhaustible supplies of iron ore, coal, limestone and oil, and promises to rival Birmingham, England, and to become the greatest metal-workers' city in America. It has large rolling mills, which manufacture rail and bar iron, plate and sheet iron, steel and rail mills, and by-product plants, factories for making ice, glass, bridges, chains, steel cars, etc. Twenty-five furnaces in or near the city are now engaged in making iron. One company employs 3,500 men and has a capital of nearly ​$4,000,000. The red ores, found in enormous quantities in the region, make an excellent quality of steel, and the annual output is now very considerable, giving employment to many thousand hands. Seven railroads center here and fine buildings are going up. Krupp, the iron king of Germany, is reported to have said that “if fate should drive him from Germany, he would go to Birmingham, Alabama.” The city has fine schools and churches, including among its public buildings a handsome courthouse, a $200,000 high school building and many other fine civic institutions. Near by, at East Lake, is Howard College, a Baptist institution, and three miles west of the city is Birmingham College, the Methodist institution of the state. Electric trains give access to the city's growing suburbs, which have a combined population greater than the city; it also has an excellent system of water-works. The population (1910) is 132,685, while in 1880 it was only a little over 3,800.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Biscay, Bay of

See also Bay of Biscay on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Biscay (bĭs′kắ) Bay of, an eastern arm of the Atlantic, extending from Ushant Island to Cape Ortegal, and flanked on the east by France and on the south by Spain. It is about 350 miles long by 300 miles in width. Violent circular currents, as well as storms, make the navigation difficult. The Spanish coast is rocky, but the French coast is low and sandy. The depth varies from 20 to 200 fathoms. The principal ports on the French coast are Bayonne, Bordeaux, Nantes, Rochefort, La Rochelle and Brest; those on the Spanish coast are Santander, San Sebastian and Bilboa. The Rivers Loire and Garonne flow into the bay.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Birkenhead

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​ Birkenhead, an English seaport in Cheshire, on the left bank of the Mersey, opposite Liverpool. The population, 130,832. It dates back to the 12th century, but has gained its present importance within recent years. It has several fine parks, one being 180 acres in extent, and a number of public buildings, such as a free library and public baths. In its neighborhood is St. Aidan's College. There is communication across the Mersey by bridge, by ferry and by a railroad tunnel, 1,230 yards long, which was opened in 1886. The docks are united with those of Liverpool. For some years Birkenhead has been noted for its shipbuilding yards, where have been built some of the largest iron ships afloat.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Black Forest

See also Black Forest on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Black Forest, a wooded mountain chain in Baden and Württemberg, running northeast and southwest along the course of the Rhine. The chief rivers rising in it are the Danube and the Neckar. The loftiest elevation is reached in the round-topped Feldberg, and is 4,903 feet high, above the narrow valley of Höllenthal, connected with Moreau's famous retreat in 1796. The Kaiserstuhl or Emperor's Chair is a great mass west of the main chain. Its numerous valleys are beautiful. The legends of many centuries cluster around the whole region. Silver, copper, cobalt, lead and iron are found, and the mineral waters are famous, especially those at Baden-Baden. Some farming is done, but cattle rearing and the manufacture of wooden articles, such as clocks, musical boxes and toys, form the chief industries. Of these articles, 600,000 are exported yearly to all parts of the world. A railroad encircles the forest, and numerous lines cross it. The engineering has been very difficult, the line between Freiburg and Neustadt rising in elevation 2,000 feet in twenty-two miles. The region forms a district in Württemberg, Germany, area, 1,844 square miles, with a population of 541,662, largely Protestant.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Birmingham (England)

See also Birmingham on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Bir′mingham, an English manufacturing city in Warwickshire, famed for its metal works, is situated near the center of England. From an early period it has made all kinds of metallic articles. The chief variety is the brass-working trade, in which 10,000 people are engaged. The next in importance is the manufacture of jewelry, gold, silver and gilt; then come small arms of all sorts. Other specialties are buttons, hooks and eyes, pins, screws, nails, steel pens, electric-plating and bell making. About 20,000,000 steel pens are made every week, and Birmingham has the monopoly of the screw trade in England. There are a large number of fine buildings, such as the City Hall, where musical festivals are held every three years, and great political gatherings, for which the place is famous. Mason and Queen's Colleges are situated here, together with several art galleries and libraries. A large number of fine statues adorn the place, among them those of Lord Nelson and Sir Robert Peel. The famous Soho works, founded by Watt and Boulton, where the first engines were made, are near Birmingham. The city is divided into seven districts, each of which returns a member to Parliament. The population, 570,113.
# The Morning Call/1957/Social Club Sets Fashion Show Tonight At 8:30

Selma Louise Freudenberg (1921-2009) in the The Morning Call of Paterson, New Jersey on 12 November 1957. The original text used the word "show" instead of "shown".
Social Club Sets Fashion Show Tonight At 8:30. Paramus, New Jersey. The Ridge Ranch Social Club of the Ridge Ranch School will sponsor a fashion show tonight at 8:30 p.m. at the school. Selections from Casual Shop, Garden State Plaza, Paramus, 214 Main St. Paterson will be show by models Bonnie Clarkon, Nina Crisafulli, Bobby Goldner, Sally Norton, Rose Riebecell, Marge Russell, Muriel Siefert, Margaret Sortino, Doris Simonds and Virginia Wahl, who are members of the Ridge Ranch Social Club. Included in the show will be a dazzling array of holiday dresses and separates as well as casual fashions such as slacks, skirts and sweaters, etc. Mrs. Margaret Weiss is chairman of the affair.
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