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# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Indigo

Edition of 1802.
​INDIGO, a drug for dyeing blue, prepared from the indigo plant, or Indigofera tinctoria, L. a native of the warmer parts of Asia, Africa, and America.
Instead of describing the particular culture of this exotic, which cannot be raised with success, even in the hot-houses of our climate, we shall briefly point out the characters of the best indigo that is imported, and which has frequently undergone the various processes of adulteration with earth, ashes, and pounded slate.—The genuine drug ought to be of a rich dark blue colour, approaching to black, and, when broken, to display the lustre of copper: nor should it sink in water, or leave behind any sediment, after being dissolved. The purest indigo is brought from Guatimala, in South America.
Although large quantities of this dyeing material are annually produced in the British colonies, and thence imported, yet we might easily dispense with this costly drug, which, to the detriment of native productions, and especially that of woad, was first brought to Europe by the trafficking Dutch, about the middle of the 16th century. Indeed, there is every reason to believe, that many plants of English growth would yield excellent substitutes for indigo.—We have, in the progress of this work, already hinted at several vegetables of this description; and, as a repetition of their names and properties would be here superfluous (though incomplete, at the present letter of the alphabet) we shall purposely delay that useful task till the conclusion of our labours, when it will appear in the General Index of Reference.
Indigo is much used in washing, to impart a blueish cast to linen; painters also employ it as a water-colour; and dyers consume large quantities in the various tints of blue cloths.
In March 1797, a patent was granted to Mr. Joseph Barton, chemist, for an improved method of preparing indigo for dyeing wool, &c. in a more perfect manner than has hitherto been discovered. As, however, this patent is not expired, and the process is too expensive to be attempted for the gratification of the experimenter, we refer the inquisitive reader to the 9th volume of the Repertory of Arts and Manufactures, where it is minutely described.
By the 36th Geo. III. c. 40, indigo and cochineal may be imported from any place, in British ships, or such as belong to friendly nations, free from duty, except that of convoy, until the 29th of September 1802, and to the end of the then next session of parliament.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Interfering

Edition of 1802.
​INTERFERING, a local disease incident to horses. It arises from various causes; and though this malady is sometimes constitutional in the animal, yet it is more frequently occasioned by an improper method ot shoeing; in consequence of which the horse moves his hind feet so closely together, that hard scabs are gradually formed by their continual friction, and the disorder at length is attended with halting or lameness.
According to Professor Bradley, interfering may be cured by a compound made of three parts of fresh sheep's dung, and one part of rye or wheaten flour, well dried.—These ingredients should be formed into a cake, then baked in an oven, and applied warm to the part affected, which will thus speedily heal; or, it may be anointed with a mixture of turpentine, and verdigrease finely pulverized, by the use of which the scabs in general shortly disappear.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Industry

* related portals: Poverty.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Commons category, definition, Wikidata item.
Edition of 1802.
​INDUSTRY, Houses of, are buildings erected in various parts of England, in order to maintain the sick, infirm, and aged poor; while children and healthy adults, who are received into the house, labour for their support, and are allowed a certain part of their earnings, as an inducement to industrious habits.
These buildings, doubtless, contribute to the comfort of the poor, ​and are calculated to lessen the severe burthen of parochial rates: they conduce to the rearing of an healthy, honest, and virtuous race of peasantry. Of this patriotic tendency is the Shrewsbury House of Industry; which, being excellently adapted to the purpose, has given birth to many similar institutions lately formed in various parts of Britain. We are no advocates for the toleration of beggars, who, under the imposing appearance of misery, extort alms from credulous charity: nor is it consistent with good policy to tolerate those hordes of idlers and drunkards, especially in the metropolis; for numbers of such as do strictly belong to the list of mendicants, might be very properly committed to the work-house, under the description of vagrants; because they prey upon the vitals of a deluded public. On the whole, however, we are of opinion, that industry would be more effectually promoted, if the poor were allowed to retain their little independence, and encouraged to persevere in their honest endeavours, by small bounties, occasionally bestowed on them by the parish. At the same time, a comfortable provision might be made for the infirmities of age, by means of friendly societies, which, in the course of a few years, would supercede the necessity of building houses of industry. And, if those benevolent associations could be so organized that the rich and poor should contribute according to their respective abilities, we hesitate not to say, that the latter would be better assisted than they can be at present, on the irregular plan of parochial assessments, which, in too many instances, nearly double the rent of the premises. The opulent would become better acquainted with the real wants and miseries of the poor, while these would gradually acquire both principles and habits of industry: in short, they would thus be reconciled to their lot, and prosper under the management of the wealthy.
Many objections have been urged for and against houses of industry. Those readers who wish to peruse the arguments on both sides of the question, will derive equal amusement and information from Mr. Wood's pamphlet, entitled, Some Account of the Shrewsbury House of Industry, (8vo. 5th edit. 3s. 6d. Longman and Rees, 1800), in which several objections are ably answered.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Intermittent Fever

Edition of 1802.
​Intermittent Fever. See Ague.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Instinct

Edition of 1802.
​INSTINCT, denotes that faculty or disposition of mind, by which animals are led spontaneously to perform whatever is necessary to preserve the individual, or to continue the species; independently of any instruction or experience, and aiming at no determinate object.
Thus, infants suck immediately after they are born; thus, too, insects deposit their eggs in all climates, invariably in such situations as are peculiarly favourable for the hatching and support of their future progeny.
In succeeding years, the faculties of the juvenile mind enlarge, and our conduct is, or at least ought to be, dictated by reason; while the actions of the brute creation are generally directed by instinct. With respect, however, to the human instinct, philosophers are by no means agreed; some affirming that man possesses a greater number of instincts than any species of brutes, while others assert that human ​nature is utterly destitute of any power or propensity, that can with propriety be denominated instinctive. Amid such diversity of opinions, it is difficult to decide; though it cannot be denied that infants afford very strong proofs of a natural impulse. But the inquisitive reader, who is in search of farther information, may with satisfaction peruse the late Mr. Smellie's Philosophy of Natural History, 8vo. and Dr. Reid's Essays on the Active Powers of Man; in which the subject is considered in different points of view.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Interest

Edition of 1802.
​INTEREST, implies the premium or sum, paid for the loan or use of money.
The rate of legal interest has varied, and been progressively reduced, during the last two centuries; accordingly as the quantity of specie has increased by accessions of trade, the introduction of paper-credit, and other circumstances. The Stat. 37 Hen. VIII. c. 9, confined interest to ten per cent.; and likewise the stat. 13 Eliz. c. 8. But as, through the encouragement given in her reign to commerce, the nation became more wealthy, the stat. 21 Jac. I. c. 17, lowered it to eight per cent.; the 12 Car. II. c. 13, to six; and lastly, by the stat. 12 Ann, c. 16, § 2, it was reduced to five per cent. yearly, which is at present the highest legal interest that can be taken.
It is also enacted by the same law, that if any person take, upon whatever contract, either directly or indirectly, more than five per cent. per annum, for the loan of money, goods, &c. he shall forfeit treble the value of the money, &c. thus advanced; one half of which belongs to the crown, and the other to the informer.
If a contract, which carries interest, be made in a foreign country, the courts of justice in Britain will direct its payment, according to the law of that country in which the contract was made. And by stat. 14 Geo. III. c. 79, all mortgages and other securities upon estates, or other properties, in Ireland, or the Plantations, bearing interest not exceeding six per cent. shall be legal, though executed in the kingdom of Great-Britain; unless the money lent shall be known at the time to exceed the value of the thing in pledge: in which case also, to prevent usuricus contracts at home, under colour of foreign securities, the borrower shall forfeit treble the sum so borrowed.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Interment

Edition of 1802.
​Interment. See Burial; and Apparent Death, vol. ii. p. 125.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Cerussa

Edition of 1802.
​Cerussa. See White Lead.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Cats Tail

Edition of 1802.
​CATS TAIL, or Reed-Mace, the Typha, L. a genus of native plants consisting of two species: 1. The latifolia, or great cats tail, bearing a stalk from six to eight feet high, leaves a yard long, and somewhat sword-shaped, cylindrical catkins, and no blossoms; it grows on the banks of rivers, fish-ponds, and in marshes; 2. The angustifolia, or small cats tail, with semi-cylindrical leaves below, where sheathing the stem; but flat and strap shaped towards the end; it also grows in ditches and ponds, and is frequently met with in the clay-pits of Norfolk and Suffolk. There is, according to Linnæus, a variety of the second species growing among rocks, where its roots are confined; so that it becomes smaller, but its spikes are more numerous. Specimens of it have been found on Hounslow-heath.
The cats tail is one of those neglected plants which might be easily applied to various useful purposes. At present, its leaves only are employed, partly by coopers for calking the bottom of casks, and partly by the manufacturers of rush-bottomed chairs. In Russia, the woolly down surrounding the seed, is mixed with the feathers of quails, and used for stuffing bolsters. But the Germans have lately made successful attempts towards converting the downy catkins of this plant into a more valuable article of commerce. In 1789, M. Weichhan, an ingenious hatter of Ostritz, in Lower Lusatia, transmitted to the Economical Society of Leipzig, an excellent hat, manufactured of one part of this vegetable substance, and two parts of hare's fur. He assured the Society, that the mixture not only worked admirably well under the bow, but likewise formed a complete union when felted. A proportionate addition of Spanish wool, would probably afford a still better material, and produce hats sufficiently fine and elastic.
Professor Förster, of Halle, in the year 1790, sent to the Society above-mentioned, a specimen of blotting paper made of a mixture, consisting partly of the villous hair of the cats tail, and partly of the coarsest linen and woollen rags employed for that purpose; but Dr. Böhmer, whose botanical work we have frequently quoted, asserts, that a good writing paper has been manufactured of the dry down obtained from those catkins, after they had been, in a manner, parched by the heat of the sun; and that such paper was peculiarly fit for drawings and paintings.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Cedar

Edition of 1802.
​CEDAR, or the Pinus Cedrus, L. a species of the pine-tree, usually called the Cedar of Libanon, is a native of Syria. It is an evergreen of the larger kind, bearing roundish cones, with smooth, erect scales, each fruit about five inches long, and four in circumference. The cedar attains a considerable size, and is said to arrive at a greater age than the oak. It appears to have been introduced into England towards the latter end of the 17th century, and may be easily propagated by seed; as it will grow on a poor sandy soil with a mixture of clay. Plantations of this beautiful tree might conduce to the ornament as well as convenience of domestic life: for the wood of cedar is not subject to the depredations of worms, and is admirably calculated to withstand the effects of moisture: hence attempts have been made to imitate it, by dying inferior wood of a red colour; but the fraud may be easily detected by the smell, as that of the cedar is very aromatic. Beside the numerous articles of the cabinet-maker and joiner, the wood of cedar is also made into moulds for black lead pencils.
There are two other varieties of this tree, namely, the red and white cedar, both of which are natives of America, and species of the juniper tree. The former has seminal varieties, some trees producing, as they grow up, leaves similar to those of the cypress, while others more resemble those of the juniper. It is a most durable wood, especially for posts, which, when once fixed in the ground, will stand unimpaired for a century. It was formerly in much request in America, for chests and wainscoting; but, its smell being rather disagreeable, it is now almost entirely disused.
The white cedar, from its very small cones, resembles the cypress. From its bark are gathered small lumps or grains of dry resin, called olibanum, or frankincense. The wood of this tree is much used in America for shingles, and has a sweet smell, not unlike cinnamon. Both these last mentioned varieties delight in a dry sandy soil; and, if planted in England, would add much to the beauty of the country.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Chaff

Edition of 1802.
​CHAFF, in husbandry, the husks of the corn separated from the grain, by screening or winnowing it. This term is also applied to the rind of corn, which in grinding it, produces the coarser part of the meal.
By treating corn in a manner similar to that practised by the Tartars with buck-wheat (see pp. 376 and 377), it may be easily deprived of its rind, or, in a manner, blanched; and the same effect may be produced by merely steeping it in water, and expressing the starch: but the husky part thus separated, cannot with propriety be called chaff, as it is in reality part of the grain. Nor do we think that cut straw deserves that appellation; because it is a distinct part, or the stalk of the plant. For this reason, we shall delay the description of its properties, as well as the various machines invented for saving the labour of cutting straw by the hand.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Ceiling

Edition of 1802.
​CEILING, in architecture, is the top, or roof, of an upper room, made of plaster, laid over laths nailed on the bottom of the joists of the upper room; or, where there is no upper room, on joists made for that purpose, which are therefore called ceiling-joists.
Plastered ceilings are in much greater use in England than in any other country of Europe; they are preferable to papered, or other ceilings, as they make a room not only lighter, but also prevent the dust from penetrating through crevices; lessen the noise from above; check the progress of accidental fires; and, during summer, contribute to cool the air.—See Mortar, and Plaster of Paris.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Celandine

Edition of 1802.
​Celandine. See Horned Poppy.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Cephalic

Edition of 1802.
​CEPHALIC, generally signifies whatever relates to the head. Hence these remedies that are given for disorders of that part, are denominated cephalic medicines. Under this description are comprehended cordials, and whatever tends to promote a free circulation of the blood through the brain: thus cephalic snuff is taken with a view to remove pains in the head, by occasioning the patient to sneeze, and, in this manner, perhaps, giving vent to obstructions in the smaller vessels. Such is the imperfect theory of cephalic medicines; and, strictly speaking, we are possessed of no specific remedy for relieving a common head-ach, unless the cause from which it proceed, can be ascertained. Of the multiplicity of circumstances which may operate, to produce that complaint, and likewise of the most proper means of alleviating it, we shall endeavour to convince the reader, under the article Head-ach.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Chadlock

Edition of 1802.
​Chadlock. See Charlock.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1927 supplement/List of Contributors

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
1912–1921
# Durga Puja/The Pratima or the Group of Figures/Painting the Idols

PAINTING THE IDOLS.
As soon as the idols are dry, the painter comes in and lays on the figures three or four coatings of a water-paint made of chalk. This forms the ground, and when it gets sufficiently dry, Durga, Lakshmi and Kartikeya are painted yellow with harital, sulphurate of arsenic, which is ground and mixed carefully with water and gum from the Vel fruit. Ganesa is painted similarly with hingul, a coarse ore of sulphuret of mercury, and the demon with jangal, verdigris, done up with ​a varnish of garjan oil. And all these figures are subsequently covered with a varnish. The Lion and Sarasvati are painted with another preparation of chalk, and are polished by the surface being rubbed with fine linen. The painter forgets not to put on the forehead and arms of the goddesses the usual tatoo marks.
As soon as the painting of the idols is finished, the remnants of the paint are taken to the ladies of the house, and they paint with the same a particular spot in the room alloted to the family idol. After the paints are sufficiently dry, at an auspicious moment the entire group is removed to the place of worship, and is set up on a raised platform of wood, which is washed and painted over by the ladies of the house with a white paint made of ground rice, the designs on the platform being a bed of lotuses, the feet of the goddesses, and a series of yantras, mystic figures. This platform or low table about 1 1/2 feet high, is placed upon clay, and beneath it are sprinkled the five grains, rice, wheat, barley, mas (Phaseolus Roxburghii, Wight) and sesamum. In about three or four days small seedlings of a whitish yellow color spring up beneath the table.
# Durgesa Nandini

Original published in 1865.
DURGESA NANDINI
OR
The Chieftain's Daughter
PUBLISHED
UNDER THE DISTINGUISHED PATRONAGE
OF
HIS EXCELLENCY THE RIGHT HONORABLE EDWARD ROBERT LYTTON, BULWER LYTTON, BARON LYTTON OF KNEBWORTH, G. M, S. I., &c, &c, &c,
VICEROY AND GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF INDIA.
DURGESA NANDINI
OR
THE CHIEFTAIN'S DAUGHTER
A BENGALI ROMANCE BY BANKIM CHANDRA CHATTERJEE
TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH PROSE
BY
CHARU CHANDRA MOOKERJEE.
CALCUTTA H. M. MOOKERJEE & CO. 14, DUFF STREET. 1880.
CONTENTS.
BOOK I.
Page.
BOOK II.
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Vine-fretter

Edition of 1802.
​Vine-fretter. See Plant-louse.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Volume 1

Edition of 1802.
| Front Matter Title To the King Preface Contents of the First Volume Index to the Corresponding Synonyms, or Inversions of Terms, occurring in the First Volume Plates in the First Volume Errata et Corrigenda | Front Matter Title To the King Preface Contents of the First Volume Index to the Corresponding Synonyms, or Inversions of Terms, occurring in the First Volume Plates in the First Volume Errata et Corrigenda | Articles Abdomen — Anemoscope Aneurism — Asarum Ascarides — Beard Bearsfoot — Blighted Corn Blindness — Buck-Wheat Bucking — Cassia-bark Castor — Cisterns | Articles Abdomen — Anemoscope Aneurism — Asarum Ascarides — Beard Bearsfoot — Blighted Corn Blindness — Buck-Wheat Bucking — Cassia-bark Castor — Cisterns |
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Volume 1/Errata et Corrigenda

Edition of 1802.
ERRATA ET CORRIGENDA.
* Page 5, Col. 1, line 22, for were, read, was.
* —— 27, —— 1, —— 4, after Betula, add, alnus.
* —— 29, —— 1, —— 45, for Salop, read, Salep.
* —— 31, —— 1, —— 25, after The, add, Red.
* —— 40, —— 1, —— 26, for medial, read, medical.
* —— 59, —— 1, —— 9, for Beattie, read, Battie.
* —— 75, —— 2, —— 46, for Indus, read Indicus.
* —— 76, —— 1, —— 1, for Spurg, read, Spurge.
* —— 94, —— 1, —— 43, dele, Arabis, see Cress.
* —— 115, —— 1, —— 25, for Assimulation, read Assimilation.
* —— 130, —— 2, —— 5, for scolopendrum, read, scolopendrium.
* —— 136, —— 1, —— 20 and 21, dele, see Divination, and Necromancy.
* —— 137, —— 1, —— 43, for Clairult, read, Clairault.
* —— 143, —— 1, —— 45, for Brewing, read, Beer.
* —— 146, —— 2, —— 4, for obtaining, read, curing.
* —— 161, —— 1, —— 32, for Golden Fish, read, Gold-Fish.
* —— 162, —— 2, —— 33 for Glass-wreck, read, Grass-wrack.
* —— 178, —— 2, —— 16, after latter, add, are.
* —— 202, —— 1, —— 34, after Vicia, add, faba.
* —— 236, —— 1, —— 45, read Viper-broth.
* —— 239, —— 2, —— 3, for hederaca, read, hederacea.
* —— 257, —— 2, —— 31, after Bill, add, or Note of Hand.
* —— 290, —— 2, —— 17, for, by these, read, these, by &c.
* —— 293, —— 1, —— 32, dele Dragon's Blood, see Dragon.
* —— 299, —— 1, —— 44 and 45, for implements of restoration from Drowning, read, Instruments for recovering the drowned.
* —— 303, —— 1, —— 13, for last, read, 1800.
* —— 321, —— 1, —— 2, for Lenetive, read, Lenitive.
* —— ib. —— ib. —— 4, for rosin, read, resin.
* —— 332, —— 2, —— 20, for Orage, read, Orache.
* —— 335, —— 2, —— 45, for yellow, read, pale.
* —— 337, —— 2, —— 41, read, art of breeding, &c.
* —— 370, —— 1, —— 46, read, Wild-vine.
* —— 377, —— 1, —— 14, read, the rind soon cracks.
* —— ib. —— 2, —— 22, read, of this volume.
* —— 387, —— 1, —— 33, for end, read, ends.
* —— 427, —— 2, —— 39, read, canariensis.
* —— 494, —— 2, —— 6, for cartaligenous, read, cartilaginous.
* —— 509, —— 1, —— 6, for fifteen, read, thirty.