OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Declaration of Independence of California

(Nailed to church doors on Sunday.) La ecselentisima diputación de la Alta California á sus habitantes... The Legislature (Diputación) declared independence from Mexico in the Revolution of 1836. In 1838, Gov. Alvarado was able to use that to federate California with Mexico, which was forced to recognize California as a "free and sovereign state" of its own. The last governor appointed by Mexico, Manuel Micheltorena, was thrown out of California in 1845, and replaced with native son Pío Pico in free elections. Isaac Graham, whose Tennessean troops secured Californian liberty, returned to a hero's welcome. By 1846, California would be permanently independent from Mexico. Further reading: http://www.amazon.com/Juan-Alvarado-Governor-California-1836-1842/dp/0806130776/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1451613633&sr=8-1&keywords=Juan+Bautista+Alvarado and http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/hb1z09n8qz/ at Calisphere, hosted by the University of California.
November 3, 1836
The most excellent Deputation of Upper California unto its inhabitants.
Californians:
Heaven favors us; undoubtedly you are its select few, and this is why you are guided propitiously to happiness. You might have been until now the unfortunate beings of civil factions, whose leaders, satisfied with a passing triumph, pressed you to the limit of your docility and sufferings. You swore solemnly before God and man to be free or to perish rather than to be slaves. Thereby you adopted forever the federal constitution of 1824 as the only social and governing pact that you were to obey. Your government was organized at the expense of many sacrifices that unnaturalized sons found convenient to amass their fortunes and to develop their criminal tendencies. So that when it seemed that you were a certain patrimony for the tyrant aristocrats, you waived the banner of free men and said, “Federation or Death is the Californians’ fate !”
Thus you have exclaimed, and this so patriotic cry will forever be firmly engraved in our hearts, where the eternal and sacred flame of love of country burns. You have tasted the sweet nectar of liberty and you will not share it with impunity with the bitter cup of oppression !
California is free and it will cut off all relations with Mexico until the mother country cease being oppressed by the present ruling faction known as the central government. In order to accomplish such a grandiose and interesting purpose, all the inhabitants of this ground must unite and form one single party, one single mind. Be unanimous, Californians, and you will be invincible if you employ all the available resource at your disposal. Only proceeding in this manner can we prove to the world that we are firm in our convictions, and that we are federalists and free men–that we prefer death to slavery.
José Castro
Juan Bautista Alvarado Antonio Buelna
José Antonio Noriega
# Davis v. Packard (32 U.S. 276)

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United States Supreme Court
32 U.S. 276
Davis v. Packard

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Davis v. Patrick

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* Davis v. Patrick (122 U.S. 138)
* Davis v. Patrick (141 U.S. 479)
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Edmunds, John

​EDMUNDS, JOHN, D.D. (d. 1544), master of Peterhouse, proceeded B.A. 1503–4, M.A. 1507, was admitted fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge, 1517, and afterwards fellow of St. John's 1519. He was prebendary of St. Paul's 1510–17, and chancellor 1517–29. He commenced D.D. 1520, being then a member of Peterhouse; was Lady Margaret preacher 1521, was elected master of Peterhouse 1522, vice-chancellor 1523–8–9, 1541–3, and became chancellor of Salisbury Cathedral. He also held a prebend in the same church (Wood, Fasti, i. 124n). He died November 1544, and was buried in the church of St. Mary, outside Trumpington gates. He married a sister of the wife of John Mere. He was one of the compilers of ‘The Institution of a Christian Man.’
[Cooper's Athenæ Cantab. 1861, i. 86; Annals of Cambridge, i. 327, &c.; Fisher's Sermons for Lady Margaret, ed. Hymers.]
N. D. F. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Edric the Wild

​EDRIC or EADRIC (fl. 1067), called the Wild (cognomento Silvaticus, Flor. Wig.; Guilda, id est Silvaticus, Orderic; Salvage, Domesday), and described by the title of Child (A.-S. Chron., 1067), the son of Ælfric, brother of Eadric or Edric Streona [q. v.], was a powerful thegn, who in the time of Eadward the Confessor held lands in Herefordshire and Shropshire. Along with the lords of middle and northern England he submitted to the conqueror at Barking, but in August 1067 joined with the Welsh kings Bleddyn and Rhiwallon in making war on the Normans in Herefordshire, wasted the country as far as the Lugg, and did much mischief to the garrison of Hereford Castle. He kept the western march in a state of insurrection, and in 1069, in alliance with the Welsh and the men of Chester, besieged Shrewsbury and burnt the town. In the summer of the next year, after the Danish fleet had sailed away, Eadric submitted to William, and appears to have become one of his personal followers, for in August 1072 he accompanied the king on his expedition against Scotland.
The story that at a later date Eadric held Wigmore Castle against Ralph of Mortemar and was condemned by William to perpetual imprisonment is untrue.
W. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ednyved

Ednyved Fychan in the ODNB.
​EDNYVED, surnamed Vychan (Vaughan) i.e. the Little (fl. 1230–1240), statesman and warrior, seems to have been the most trusted counsellor of Llewelyn ab Iorwerth [q. v.] In 1231 he signed a truce between Henry III and Llewelyn (Fœdera, i. 201), and in 1232 signs, as Llewelyn's seneschal (ib. 208), a convention between the Welsh prince and his overlord. Again in 1238 his name is attached to similar documents (ib. 236). In 1240 and 1241 he appears acting as a negotiator for Davydd [q. v.], the successor of Llewelyn, though in 1241 another Welsh magnate, named Tewdwr, appears acting as seneschal to the new prince (ib. 241). His activity culminates in his taking part in the important treaty ‘apud Alnetum’ near St. Asaph in 1241 (Matt. Paris, ed. Luard, iv. 322).
In legendary history Ednyved is very famous, and stories are told how he slew three English chiefs in a hard fight, and was consequently allowed by Llewelyn to bear as his arms ‘three Englishmen's heads couped.’ He is still more famous with the genealogists. Himself of most noble descent, he became the ancestor of many leading Welsh families, and among them of the house of Tudor. He is said to have married, first, Gwenllian, daughter of the Lord Rhys of South Wales, and, secondly, the daughter of Llywerch ab Bran. By each of these ladies he had numerous offspring (Dwnn, Heraldic Visitations of Wales, i. 199, ii. 101, 144). One of his sons, Howel, was bishop of St. Asaph between 1240 and 1247. Another, Goronwy, is commemorated by elegies of Bleddyn Vardd and Prydydd Bychan. Ednyved himself is the subject of an elegy of Elidyr Sais (Myvyrian Archaiology of Wales, i. 346, 369, 390).
[Authorities cited in text.]
T. F. T.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bowman, Eddowes

​BOWMAN, EDDOWES (1810–1869), dissenting tutor, eldest son of John Eddowes Bowman the elder [q. v.] and Elisabeth, his cousin, was born at Nantwich on 12 Nov. 1810. He was educated chiefly at Hazelwood, near Birmingham, by Thomas Wright Hill, father of Sir Rowland Hill. The future postal reformer was his teacher in mathematics. From school he passed to the Eagle foundry, Birmingham, where he improved himself in mechanical engineering. He became, about ​1835, sub-manager of the Varteg ironworks, near Pontypool. On the closing of the Varteg works in 1840 Bowman betook himself to study, graduated M.A. at Glasgow, and attended lectures at Berlin, acquiring several modern languages and mastering various branches of physical science. In 1846 Francis W. Newman resigned the classical chair in the Manchester New College, having been elected to the chair of Latin in University College, London. Bowman was immediately appointed his successor at Manchester as professor of classical literature and history, and he held that post till the removal of the college to Gordon Square, London, as a purely theological institution, in 1853. To this removal he was strongly opposed. Remaining in Manchester, though possessed of a sufficient independence, he gratified his natural taste for teaching by engaging in the education of girls. For the study of astronomy he had built himself an excellent observatory. On optics and acoustics he delivered several courses of lectures at the Manchester Royal Institution and elsewhere. From 1865, when the Owens scholarship was founded in connection with the Unitarian Home Missionary Board, he was one of the examiners. He was a man of undemonstrative disposition, of wise kindness, and of cultured philanthropy. He died, unmarried, at Victoria Park, Manchester, on 10 July 1869. Among his publications are:
* 'Arguments against the Divine Authority of the Sabbath … considered, and shown to be inconclusive' 1842, 8vo.
* 'Some Remarks on the proposed Removal of Manchester New College, and its Connection with University College, London,' 1848, 8vo.
* 'Replies to Articles relating to Manchester New College and University College,' 1848, 8vo.
* 'On the Roman Governors of Syria at the time of the Birth of Christ' (anonymous, but signed B.), 1855, 8vo (an able and learned monograph, reprinted from the 'Christian Reformer,' October 1855, a magazine to which he was a frequent contributor).
[W. H. H. (Rev. William Henry Herford) in Inquirer, 10 July 1869; Unitarian Herald, 16 July 1869; Roll of Students at Manchester New College, 1868; Hall's Hist, of Nantwich, 1883, p. 505 sq.]
A. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bowman, Henry

​BOWMAN, HENRY (fl. 1677), was a musician, of whose life little is recorded. He was probably a connection of that Franc. Bowman mentioned by Anthony à Wood as a bookseller of St. Mary's parish, Oxford, with whom lodged Thomas Wren, the bishop of Ely's son, an amateur musician of repute in Oxford (Wood, Athenæ Oxon. (Bliss), i. xxv). Henry was organist of Trinity College, Cambridge, and published in 1677 at Oxford a thin folio volume of 'Songs for one, two, and three Voices to Thorow Bass; with some short Simphonies collected out of some of the Select Poems of the incomparable Mr. Cowley and others, and composed by H. B., Philo Musicus.' A second edition was brought out at Oxford in 1679. The Oxford Music School Collection contains some English songs and a set of 'Fifteen Ayres,' which were 'first performed in the schooles 5 Feb. 1673-4.' In the same collection are some Latin motets by Bowman, and the Christ Church Collection contains a manuscript Miserere by him.
[Euing Musical Library Catalogue, 1878, p. 148; North's Memoirs of Musick; Catalogues of Royal College of Music Library, Christ Church Collection and Music School Collection; Grove's Dictionary of Music.]
R. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bowman, John Eddowes (1785-1841)

​BOWMAN, JOHN EDDOWES, the elder (1785–1841), banker and naturalist, was born 30 Oct. 1785 at Nantwich, where his father, Eddowes Bowman (1758-1844), was a tobacconist. His education was only that of a grammar school, but he was a bookish boy, and got from his father a taste for botany, and from his friend Joseph Hunter (1783-1861), then a lad at Sheffield, a fondness for genealogy. He was at first in his father's shop, and became manager of the manufacturing department, and traveller. He wished to enter the ministry of the Unitarian body to which his family belonged, but his father dissuaded him. In 1813 he joined, as junior partner, a banking business on which his father entered. Its failure in 1816 left him penniless, and he became manager at Welshpool of a branch of the bank of Beck & Co. of Shrewsbury. In 1824 he became managing partner of a bank at Wrexham, and was able to retire from business in 1830. From 1837 he resided in Manchester, where he pursued many branches of physical science. He was a fellow of the Linnean and Geological Societies, and one of the founders of the Manchester Geological Society. His discoveries were chiefly in relation to mosses, fungi, and parasitical plants. A minute fossil, which he detected in Derbyshire, is named from him the 'Endothyra Bowmanni.' In the last years of his life he devoted himself almost entirely to geology. He died on 4 Dec. 1841. He married, 6 July 1809, his cousin, Elizabeth (1788-1859), daughter of W. Eddowes of Shrewsbury. A daughter, married to George S. Kenrick, died in November 1838. Four sons survived him : 1. Eddowes [q. v.] 2. Henry [see below]. 3. Sir William, born 20 July 1816, the distinguished oculist. ​4. John Eddowes, professor of chemistry [q. v.] J. E. Bowman, senior, contributed various papers to the Transactions of the Linnean and other learned societies, and also to London's 'Magazine of Natural History.'
Henry Bowman (1814-1883), second son of J. E. Bowman, an architect in Manchester, was joint author with James Hadfield of 'Ecclesiastical Architecture of Great Britain, from the Conquest to the Reformation,' 1845, 4to; and with his partner, J. S. Crowther, of 'The Churches of the Middle Ages,' 1857, fol. He died at Brockham Green, near Reigate, on 14 May 1883.
[Tayler's Sketch of the Life and Character of J. E. Bowman, in Memoirs of the Manch. Lit. and Phil. Soc., 2nd ser. vol. vii. pt. i. p. 45 (read 4 Oct. 1842); Hall's Hist. Nantwich, 1883, p. 505 sq.; Lyell's Student's Elem. of Geology, 1871, p. 382; Cooper's Men of the Time, 1884, p. 155; Catalogues of Advocates' Library, Edin.; Surgeon-General's Library, Washington, U.S.; information from C. W. Sutton, Manchester.]
A. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bowles, William

​BOWLES, WILLIAM (1705–1780), naturalist, was born near Cork. He gave up the legal profession, for which he was destined, and in 1740 went to Paris, where he studied natural history, chemistry, and metallurgy. He subsequently travelled through France, investigating its natural history and mineral and other productions. In 1752, having become acquainted with Don Antonio de Ulloa, afterwards admiral of the Spanish fleet, Bowles was induced to enter the Spanish service, being appointed to superintend the state mines and to form a collection of natural history and fit up a chemical laboratory. He first visited the quicksilver mines of Almaden, which had been seriously damaged by fire, and the plans he suggested were successfully adopted for their resuscitation. He afterwards travelled through Spain, investigating its minerals and natural history, living chiefly at Madrid and Bilbao. He married a German lady, Anna Rustein, who was pensioned by the king of Spain after her husband's death. Bowles is described as tall and fine-looking, generous, honourable, active, ingenious, and well informed. His society was much valued in the best Spanish circles. He died at Madrid 25 Aug. 1780.
Bowles's principal work was 'An Introduction to the Natural History and Physical Geography of Spain,' published in Spanish at Madrid 1775. It is not systematically arranged, but has very considerable value as being the first work of its kind. The second edition (1782) was edited by Don J. N. de Azara, who rendered considerable assistance to the author in preparing the first edition. It was translated into French by Vicomte de Flavigny (Paris, 1776). An Italian edition, much enlarged by Azara, then Spanish ambassador at Rome, was published at Parma in 1784. Bowles was also the author of 'A Brief Account of the Spanish and German Mines' (Phil. Trans. lvi.); of 'A Letter on the Merino Sheep,' &c. (Gent. Mag. May and June 1764); and of 'An Account of the Spanish Locusts' (Madrid, 1781). Sir J. T. Dillon's 'Travels through Spain' (London, 1781) is very largely an adaptation of Bowles.
[Preface to English translation of Bowles's Treatise on Merino Sheep, London, 1811.]
G. T. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bowley, Robert Kanzow

​BOWLEY, ROBERT KANZOW (1813–1870), amateur musician, was born 13 May 1813. His father was a bootmaker at Charing Cross, and Bowley was brought up to the same business. His first taste for music was acquired by associating with the choristers of Westminster Abbey, and at an early age he became a member, and subsequently conductor, of the Benevolent Society of Musical Amateurs. He was a member of the committee of the amateur musical festival held at Exeter Hall in 1834, and about the same date was appointed organist of an independent chapel near Leicester Square. Bowley joined the Sacred Harmonic Society in 1834, and all his life contributed much to its success, being librarian from 1837 to 1854, and treasurer from 1854 to the year of his death. It was Bowley who, in 1856, originated the plan of the gigantic Handel festivals, which have been held every three years at the Crystal Palace since 1857. His connection with these performances led to his appointment On 1858) as general manager of the building at Sydenham, a post he continued to hold until his death, which took place 25 Aug. 1870.
[Mr. W. H. Husk in Grove's Dict. of Music. i. 266 b, 658.]
W. B. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bowles, George

1904 Errata appended.
​BOWLES, Sir GEORGE (1787–1876), general, colonel 1st West India Regiment, and lieutenant of the Tower of London, was second son of W. Bowles of Heale House, Wiltshire, and was born in 1787. He entered the army as ensign in the Coldstream guards in 1804, and served with that corps in the north of Germany in 1805-6, at Copenhagen in 1807, in the Peninsula and south of France from 1809 to 1814, excepting the winters of 1810 and 1811, and in the Waterloo campaign, being present at the passage of the Douro, the battles of Talavera, Salamanca, and Vittoria, the capture of Madrid, the sieges of Ciudad Rodrigo, Badajos, Burgos, and San Sebastian, the passages of the Nive, Nivelle, and Adour, the investment of Bayonne, the battles of Quatre Bras and Waterloo, and the occupation of Paris. When a brevet-major he served as military secretary to the Duke of Richmond in Canada in 1818-20, and as deputy adjutant-general in the West Indies from 1820to 1825. While with his battalion of the Coldstreams in Canada, as lieutenant-colonel and brevet-colonel, he commanded the troops in the Lower Province during the rebellion of 1838. He retired on half-pay in 1843. In 1845 Bowles, who while on half-pay had been comptroller of the viceregal household in Dublin, was appointed master of the queen's household, in succession to the Hon. O. A. Murray. A good deal of invidious feeling had arisen in connection with the duties of the office, and Bowles's appointment is said to have been made at the recommendation of the Duke of Wellington. He was promoted to the rank of major-general in 1846, and on his resignation of his appointment in the royal household, on account of ill-health, in 1851, was made K.C.B. and appointed lieutenant of the Tower of London. Bowles, who was unmarried, died at his residence in Berkeley Street, Berkeley Square, London, on 21 May 1876, in the ninetieth year of his age.
[Hoare's Wiltshire, iv. 11, 36 (pedigree); Mackinnon's Origin of Coldstream Guards (London, 1832); Hart's Army Lists; Sketches H.M. Household (London, 1848); Martin's Life of the Prince Consort, ii. 382-3; Ann. Reg. 1876; lllust. London News, lxviii. 551, and lxix. 255 (will).]
H. M. C.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.34 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 68 | i | 16 | Bowles, Sir George: after West India Regiment insert (1855) |
| | | 10 f.e. | after 1846 insert lieutenant-general 1854 and general 1862 |
| | | 6 f.e. | after London insert He became G.C.B. in 1873 |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bowles, John

​BOWLES, JOHN (d. 1637). [See Bowle.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bowles, Phineas

1904 Errata appended. Contains subarticle, Phineas Bowles (d. 12 Dec. 1746), his son.
​BOWLES, PHINEAS (d. 1722), major-general, is first mentioned in the 'Military Entry Books' in January 1692, when he was appointed captain-lieutenant in the regiment of Colonel W. Selwyn, since the 2nd Queen's, then just arrived in Holland from Ireland (Home Off. Mil. Entry Books, vol. iii.) In July 1705 he succeeded Colonel Caulfield in command of a regiment of foot in Ireland, with which he went to Spain and served at the siege of Barcelona. According to memoranda of General Erie (Treas. Papers, vols. cvi. cxvi.), Bowles's was one of the regiments broken at the bloody battle of Almanza. It appears to have been reorganised in England, as Narcissus Luttrell mentions Bowles's arrival in England on parole, and afterwards that he was at Portsmouth with his regiment, awaiting embarkation with some troops supposed to be destined for Newfoundland. Instead, he again proceeded with his Regiment to Spain, where it was distinguished at the battle of Saragossa in 1710, and was one of the regiments surrounded in the mountains of Castile, and made prisoners after a gallant resistance, in December of the same year. After this Bowles's regiment disappeared from the rolls, and its colonel remained unemployed until 1715, when, as a brigadier-general, he was commissioned to raise a corps of dragoons, of six troops, in Berkshire, Hampshire, and Buckinghamshire, to rendezvous at Reading. This corps is now the 12th lancers. In 1719 Bowles was transferred to the colonelcy of the 8th dragoons. He died in 1722.
Phineas Bowles, lieutenant-general, son of the above, served long as an officer in the 3rd foot guards, in which he became captain and lieutenant-colonel in 1712 (Home Off. Mil. Entry Books, vol. viii.) He made the campaigns of 1710-11 under the Duke of Marlborough, and was employed in Scotland in 1715 during the suppression of the Earl of Mar's rebellion. In 1719, being then lieutenant-colonel, 12th dragoons, he succeeded his father as colonel, and commanded the regiment in Ireland until 1740. He became a brigadier-general in 1735, major-general in 1739, and a lieutenant-general 27 May 1745. He was also governor of Londonderry (Chamberlayne, Magn. Brit. Not. 1745), ​and colonel of the 7th horse, now the 6th dragoon guards or carabineers. He died in 1749. He was member of parliament for Bewdley in February 1734-5.
[Luttrell's Relation of State Affairs, 1857, vi. 213, 427; Home Office Mil. Entry Books, vols. iii. and viii.; Treasury Papers, cvi. 57, cxvi. 32; Cannon's Hist. Records, 6th Dragoon Guards, 8th Hussars, 12th Lancers.]
H. M. C.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.34 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 69 | i | 2-3 | Bowles, Phineas: for in 1749 read on 12 Dec. 1746 ; before member insert whig |
| | | 4 | for in February 1734-5 read 1735-41 |