OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Course in Miracles/Workbook for Students/Love created me like itself

Love created me like itself.
Today's idea is a complete and accurate statement of what you are. This is why you are the light of the world. This is why God appointed you as the world's savior. This is why the Son of God looks to you for his salvation. He is saved by what you are. We will make every effort today to reach this truth about you, and to realize fully, if only for a moment, that it is the truth.
In the longer practice period, we will think about your reality and its wholly unchanged and unchangeable nature. We will begin by repeating this truth about you, and then spend a few minutes adding some relevant thoughts, such as:
    Holiness created me holy.
    Kindness created me kind.
    Helpfulness created me helpful.
    Perfection created me perfect.
Any attribute which is in accord with God as He defines Himself is appropriate for use. We are trying today to undo your definition of God and replace it with His Own. We are also trying to emphasize that you are part of His definition of Himself.
After you have gone over several such related thoughts, try to let all thoughts drop away for a brief preparatory interval, and then try to reach past all your images and preconceptions about yourself to the truth in you. If love created you like itself, this Self must be in you. And somewhere in your mind It is there for you to find.
You may find it necessary to repeat the idea for today from time to time to replace distracting thoughts. You may also find that this is not sufficient, and that you need to continue adding other thoughts related to the truth about yourself. Yet perhaps you will succeed in going past that, and through the interval of thoughtlessness to the awareness of a blazing light in which you recognize yourself as love created you. Be confident that you will do much today to bring that awareness nearer, whether you feel you have succeeded or not.
It will be particularly helpful today to practice the idea for the day as often as you can. You need to hear the truth about yourself as frequently as possible, because your mind is so preoccupied with false self-images. Four or five times an hour, and perhaps even more, it would be most beneficial to remind yourself that love created you like itself. Hear the truth about yourself in this.
Try to realize in the shorter practice periods that this is not your tiny, solitary voice that tells you this. This is the Voice for God, reminding you of your Father and of your Self. This is the Voice of truth, replacing everything that the ego tells you about yourself with the simple truth about the Son of God. You were created by love like itself.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Songe d'un Nuit d'Êté, Le

[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Songs without Words

[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Sonatina

​SONATINA. This is a work in the same form and of the same general character as a sonata, but shorter, simpler, and slenderer. The average form of the sonata appears to be the most successful yet discovered for pure instrumental works of large scope. It is admirably adapted for the expression and development of broad and noble ideas; and the distribution of the various movements, and the clearness with which the main sections and divisions of each movement are marked out, give it a dignity and solidity which seem most appropriate in such circumstances. But the very clearness of the outlines, and the strength of contrast between one division and another, make the form less fit for works of smaller scope. As long as such a work is laid out on a scale sufficiently large to admit variety of treatment and freedom of movement within the limits of these divisions, there is fair chance of the work having musical value proportionate to the composer's capacity; but if the limits are so narrow as to admit little more than mere statement of the usual form, and no more than the conventional order of modulations, the possibilities of musical sense and sentiment are reduced to a minimum, and a want of positive musical interest commonly results. Consequently sonatinas form one of the least satisfactory groups of musical products. The composers who have produced the greatest impression with short and concise movements in modern times have uniformly avoided them, and adopted something of a more free and lyrical cast, in which there is a more appropriate kind of unity, and more of freedom and individuality in the general outlines. It might be quite possible to group these small pieces so as to present a very strong analogy to the sonata on a small scale; but it has not been attempted, owing possibly to a feeling that certain limitations of style and character are generally accepted in the musical world as appropriate for works of the sonata class, and that it would be superfluous to violate them.
[ C. H. H. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Sonnambula, La

[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Soprano

The word 'Soprano' is etymologically synonymous with 'Sovrano,' the head, chief, or highest. In the present day the soprano is the highest natural voice of women and boys—the artificial soprani belonging to the past; and in women it is, perhaps, the voice which varies most in compass. [See Singing.] That of Agujari is the highest and most extended on record, and that of Titjens one of the largest in quality and power. But, as with other voices, it is not a question of compass alone, but of timbre. Many mezzo-soprani can sing higher notes than many soprani; but there is a middle to every voice, which, as a rule, it is not difficult to find, and about this the tessitura (literally texture) of the music and the practice should be woven. Tessitura is the technical term used by the Italians to signify the notes or part of the scale upon which music is framed, and though, as said above, a mezzo-soprano may sing higher notes than a soprano, it would generally be found distressing to the former voice to dwell upon that part of the scale upon which even a limited soprano part is written. No one can say that F on the line is a high note for a soprano, and yet 'Voi che sapete' (which never goes above F) is found a trying song by some limited soprani, the tessitura being high. [See Tessitura.] Faustina, Cuzzoni, Mingotti, Anastasia Robinson, Mara, Banti, Catalani, Mrs. Billington, and Miss Paton are some of the principal soprani of bygone days, possessing exceptionally good voices; and those of Grisi, Clara Novello, Titjens, and Adelina Patti, may perhaps be considered the four best natural soprano voices of modern times. Some great singers have depended more upon their artistic excellence than upon their voices—Pasta and Persiani for example. Jenny Lind made her voice what it was. Massive soprano voices are ​found amongst the Germans, of which Madame Rudersdorff was an instance, but they are chiefly adapted to declamatory singing. A striking example of the soprano leggiero, the exact opposite of the last-mentioned voice, was Madame Stockhausen, who was very popular on account of the musical quality of her voice and the faultless manner of her execution. But she was unimpassioned, and though there was a great charm about her rendering of her native Swiss airs, her performance of such songs as Meyerbeer's 'Idole de ma vie' (Robert le Diable) was almost that of a musical box. The great artificial soprani of the 17th, 18th, and the early part of the present centuries were Ferri, Pasqualini,Nicolini (afterwards changing to contralto), Bernacchi, Caffarelli, and Farinelli (the two greatest), Carestini, Gizziello, Guarducci, Aprile, Millico, Pacchierotti, Crescentini, Velluti, etc. Pergetti was the last of the tribe who sang in England.
[ H. C. D. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Sons of the Clergy

[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Sonnleithner

[ C. F. P. ]
* ↑ Revised by Treitschke for the revival of the opera in 1814. [See vol. i. p. 191.]
* ↑ Society of ladies for the encouragement of the good and the useful.
* ↑ The first scheme of instruction was drawn up by Hofrath von Mosel.
* ↑ August von Gymnich, an imperial official, and a much esteemed tenor, died Oct. 6, 1821, aged 36.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Marchand, Jean-Baptiste

See also Jean-Baptiste Marchand on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​MARCHAND, JEAN-BAPTISTE (1863- ), French general and African explorer, was born at Thoissey (Ain) on Nov. 22 1863. After four years' service in the ranks, he was, in March 1887, appointed a sub-h'eutenant. In 1889 he was on active service in Senegal, was twice wounded and made a chevalier of the Legion of Honour. He was promoted lieutenant in Jan. 1890, captain in 1892, and commandant (chef de bataillon) in 1898. In the latter year he carried out his historic march on and occupation of Fashoda (see 1.341), and for this he was promoted to the high grade of commander in the Legion of Honour, having been previously (July 1895) raised from the grade of chevalier to that of officer. In Jan. 1900 he became lieutenant-colonel, and was made colonel two years later. On the outbreak of war in Aug. 1914 he was serving on the staff of the governor of Belfort; but in Sept. he was appointed to command the Colonial Bde. of the XIV. Corps. He distinguished himself in that capacity, was cited in army orders, and in Feb. 1915 was promoted a temporary-general of brigade. The following May he assumed command of the 10th (Colonial) Division. He was wounded in Sept. 1915, and was made a grand officer of the Legion of Honour. On March 25 1916 he was made a substantive-general of brigade. In the following Oct. he was again wounded, and on March 17 1917 received a second mention for distinguished service. On April 4 1917 he was promoted general of division and confirmed in his appointment as commander of the 10th Colonial Div. an appointment which he held throughout the later campaigns on the western front. He retired from the army in 1919 with a high reputation as a leader of troops in battle. He was given the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour in 1920.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mahan, Alfred Thayer

See also Alfred Thayer Mahan on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MAHAN, ALFRED THAYER (1840-1914), American naval officer and historian (see 17.394), died in Washington, D.C., Dec. 1 1914. His later works included The Interest of America in International Conditions (1910); Naval Strategy Compared and Contrasted with the Principles of Military Operations on Land (1911, lectures delivered at the U.S. Naval War College, Newport, R.I., between 1887 and 1911); Armaments and Arbitration (1912) and The Major Operations of the Navies in the War of American Independence (1913).
See C. Carlisle Taylor, The Life of Admiral Mahan (1921).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mangin, Charles Marie Emmanuel

See also Charles Mangin on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MANGIN, CHARLES MARIE EMMANUEL (1866-), French general, was born at Sarrebourg (Meurthe) on July 6 1866. After six months' service in the ranks (with the 77th Inf. Regt.) he entered the École Speciale Militaire Oct. 30 1886 and was appointed a sous-lieutenant on the completion of his two years' course. The following year he went to Senegal and remained there until June 1892. In Oct. 1893 he went to the French Soudan, and spent most of the following six years either in that country or in the Congo (Marchand Mission), being made a captain in 1897. From 1901 to 1904 he was in Tonkin, and in 1905 was made lieutenant-colonel and posted to the 6th Regt. of colonial infantry. From Nov. 1906 to Dec. 1908 he served in W. Africa, returning there for six months in 1910, in which year he was promoted colonel. From Feb. 1912 to July 1913 he served both in W. Africa and Morocco and was made a general of brigade on Aug. 8 1913.
At the outbreak of the World War he was in command of the 8th Inf. Bde., but on Sept. 2 1914 took over the 5th Inf. Division. In June 1916 he was given temporary rank as a general of division and placed at the head of the XI. Army Corps. His temporary rank was made substantive in Oct. of the same year, just before he carried out at Verdun (Oct. 24 1916) the brilliant attack which resulted in the retaking of Fort Douaumont. On Dec. 19 1916 he assumed command of the VI. Army. This command formed part of the group of armies under Gen. Michelet which was designated to carry out the offensive on the Aisne in the spring of 1917. Extravagant hopes of decisive victory were
cherished by his Government and the generalissimo Nivelle. Victory indeed was won, but it was a Pyrrhic victory. Mangin, involved in the bitter controversy which followed the disappointment, was made one of the scapegoats and deprived of his command. Later, however, he was exonerated from blame by a commission of inquiry and placed by M. Clemenceau at the head of the X. Army. While commanding this army he carried out, in July 1918 and in conjunction with General Degoutte, the great counter-offensive on the enemy's right flank which resulted in the first of the final series of Allied victories. He was given the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour on July 6 1919, and was made a member of the Superior War Council in Jan. 1920. In 1921 he was sent on a special mission to South America.
The incorporation of African troops in the French army on a large scale, both before and especially during the war, was the result chiefly of Mangin's persistent advocacy of the idea, which had many opponents. His conception of a “plus grande France,” based on political autonomy and military obligation for all parts of the French Empire, is put forward in the concluding chapters of his work Comment finit la Guerre (1920), which in spite of its title is really a masterly review of the whole war.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mahommed V.

See also Mehmed V on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MAHOMMED V. (1844-1918), Sultan of Turkey, was born at Topkapu Nov. 3 1844, a younger son of the Sultan ‛Abdul Mejid (1822-1861). He led a quiet and retired life, and suffered at times considerably from the jealousy and suspicion of his elder brother, the Sultan ‛Abdul Hamid II. On the deposition of ‛Abdul Hamid he was invested as caliph (April 27 1909). He was for the most part merely a tool in the hands of the Committee of Union and Progress, and though he was supposed to dislike the pro-German policy of Enver Pasha, he was unable to take any effective steps to oppose him. He died at Yildiz July 3 1918, and was succeeded by his brother Vahid-ed-Din (b. 1861), who took the title of Mahommed VI.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Malabari, Behramji

See also Behramji Malabari on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MALABARI, BEHRAMJI (1853-1912), Indian journalist and social reformer (see 17.453), died at Bandora, near Bombay, July 12 1912. Up to the time of his death he continued to edit the monthly periodical East and West, and he wielded remarkable influence with a long succession of viceroys, governors and heads of departments in India, as well as originating various philanthropic enterprises.
See biographies by Payaram Giduma (1891) and Sirdar Jogendra Singh (1914).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Marchesi, Mathilde

See also Mathilde Marchesi on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MARCHESI, MATHILDE (1826-1913), singer and teacher of singing, was born at Frankfort-on-Main March 26 1826, her father's name being Graumann. She made her debut as a singer in 1844, but in 1849 began her career as a teacher, in which she speedily earned a wide reputation, teaching at the conservatoires of Vienna and Cologne, as well as in London and Paris. In 1852 she married Salvatore Marchesi, Cavaliere de Castrone (d. 1908), himself a well-known singer and teacher. Among Madame Marchesi's pupils were Emma Calvé, Emma Eames, Melba,
Emma Nevada, Gabrielle Kraus and Etelka Gerster. She published various works on the technique of singing, and in 1897 a volume of reminiscences, Marchesi and Music. She died in London Nov. 17 1913.
Her daughter, Blanche Marchesi (b. 1863), also a famous singer and teacher, made her début as a singer very young. She first appeared in opera at Prague in 1900, and subsequently sang at Covent Garden in 1902 and 1903.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mahaffy, Sir John Pentland

See also John Pentland Mahaffy on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MAHAFFY, SIR JOHN PENTLAND (1830-1919), Irish classical scholar (see 17.394). He became vice-provost of Trinity College, Dublin, in 1913 and succeeded Dr. Traill as provost in 1914. His provostship covered an eventful period in the history of Ireland and of the college, and Dr. Mahaffy took an active part in the questions which agitated the country. He was a vigorous supporter of the cause of the Allies in the World War, and encouraged the loyal effort of the college, which sent practically all its young men who were eligible for service to the front. Though a strong Unionist by conviction, he believed that the conditions after the rebellion of 1916 necessitated compromise. At his invitation the Irish Convention met in Trinity College in 1917, and Dr. Mahaffy, who was one of the members nominated by the Government, took an active part in the debates. He pressed for a solution of the Irish question on the lines of Swiss federalism, and embodied his views in a minority report which was signed also by Dr. Crozier, Protestant Archbishop of Armagh. In recognition of the services of the college during the war, Dr. Mahaffy was in 1918 made a G.B.E., the Lord Lieutenant, Visct. French, at the same time giving him the accolade. Dr. Mahaffy was thus the first Roman Catholic priest to be made a knight. Dr. Mahaffy held many foreign and other distinctions; he was a D.C.L. of Oxford, an LL.D. of St. Andrew's, a Ph.D. of Louvain and a Ph.D. of Athens, as well as a corresponding member of several foreign learned societies. From 1911 to 1916 he was president of the Royal Irish Academy. He died April 30 1919.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/March, Francis Andrew

See also Francis March on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825-1911), American philologist (see 17.688), died at Easton, Pa., Sept. 9 1911.
His son, Peyton Conway March (1864- ), American soldier, was born at Easton, Pa., Dec. 27 1864. He graduated from Lafayette College in 1884 and four years later from the U.S. Military Academy, being commissioned second lieutenant. In 1894 he was appointed first lieutenant. He graduated from the Artillery school in 1898, and on the outbreak of the Spanish-American War went to the Philippines as captain of volunteers, in charge of the Astor battery. He remained there three years, being promoted major of volunteers in 1899 and lieutenant-colonel in 1900. After honourable discharge from volunteer service in 1901 he was appointed captain of artillery in the regular army. From 1903 to 1907 he was a member of the General Staff and in 1904 during the Russo-Japanese War was with the Japanese army in Russia as observer. He was promoted major in 1907, lieutenant-colonel in 1912, and colonel in 1916. Soon after America's entrance into the World War in 1917 he was made a brigadier-general, regular army, and later major-general of the national army, and in Sept. 1917 major-general of the regular army. In 1917 he was with General Pershing in France in charge of the American artillery forces. In March 1918 he was appointed acting chief-of-staff, and the following May chief-of-staff with the rank of general, U.S. army. The same year he was awarded the D.S.M. He also received honours from many foreign powers. In July 1920 his rank reverted to that of major-general and at his own request he was retired from active service Oct. 31 1921.
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Introduction/38

[Sidenote: The preceding objections not applicable to the Koran.]
38. All these objections more or less apply rather to the teachings of the Mohammadan Common Law (canon and civil), called "Fiqah" or Shara, than to the Koran, the Mohammadan Revealed Law. Our Common Law, which treats both ecclesiastical and the civil law, is by no means considered to be a divine or unchangeable law. This subject has been treated by me in a separate work on the Legal, Political and Social Reforms to which the reader is referred. The space allowed to me in this Introduction, which has already exceeded its proper limit, does not admit a full and lengthy discussion of the objections quoted above, but I will review them here in as few words as possible.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Reforms, Political, Social and Legal, under the Moslem Rule, Bombay Education Society's Press, 1883.
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Introduction/42

[Sidenote: Adaptability of the Koran to surrounding circumstances.]
42. (5) The Koran keeps pace with the most fully and rapidly-developing civilization, if it is rationally interpreted, not as expounded by the Ulema in the Common Law Book and enforced by the sentiment of a nation. It is only the Mohammadan Common Law, with all its traditions or oral sayings of the Prophet,—very few of which are genuine reports, and the supposed chimerical concurrence of the learned Moslem Doctors and mostly their analogical reasonings (called Hadees, Ijma, and Kias), passed under the name of Fiqah or Shariat, that has blended together the spiritual and the secular, and has become a barrier in some respects regarding certain social and political innovations for the higher civilization and progress of the nation. But the Koran is not responsible for this all.
Mr. Stanley Lane Poole writes:—
    "The Koran does not contain, even in outline, the elaborate ritual and complicated law which now passes under the name of Islam. It contains merely those decisions which happened to be called for at Medina. Mohammad himself knew that it did not provide for every emergency, and recommended a principle of analogical deduction to guide his followers when they were in doubt. This analogical deduction has been the ruin of Islam. Commentators and Jurists have set their nimble wits to work to extract from the Koran legal decisions which an ordinary mind could never discover there; and the whole structure of modern Mohammadanism has been built upon the foundation of sand. The Koran is not responsible for it."
I can only differ from the above in the allegation that Mohammad recommended a principle of analogical deduction.

## Footnotes

* ↑ The Speeches and Table-talk of the Prophet Mohammad, by Stanley Lane Poole, pages lii and liii, Introduction, London, 1882.