OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Peter Reichensberger

From volume 12 of the work.
Jurist and parliamentarian, b. at Coblenz, 28 May, 1810; d. at Berlin, 31 December, 1892. He studied at Bonn and Heidelberg, and was successively counsellor at Coblenz (1843), of the court of appeal at Cologne (1850), and of the supreme court of Berlin (1859) until its dissolution (1879). From 1848 he was active as a parliamentarian in the Prussian Diet, the Erfurt Volkshaus, the Prussian second chamber (1849), the constituent North-German Reichstag (1857), the Customs' Parliament (1868), and the German Reichstag, representing in the last-mentioned the same district from 1871 to his death. From the first we find him labouring in close connexion with his elder brother August, and, like the latter, he defended the Rhenish system of laws against the minister von Kamptz ("Oeffentlichkeit, Mündlichkeit und Schwurgerichte", 1834). Like his brother he collaborated with the author in de Failly's much-discussed book (De la Prusse, 1842), and they jointly drew up a petition for electoral reform (1847). In the same year was published one of his best works: "Die Agrarfrage aus dem Gesichtspunkt der Nationalökonomie, der Politik und des Rechts". In 1858, when a collection of their parliamentary speeches appeared, the brothers published their political programme in the pamphlet "Die Wahlen zum preussischen Abgeordnetenhause", and two years later "Deutschlands nächste Aufgaben für die Zukunft". Shoulder to shoulder the two Dioscuri toiled in the defence of constitutional monarchy against Radicalism and of religious autonomy against bureaucratic enslavement. Less versatile than his brother, Peter surpassed him in juristic keenness and intellectual depth. In special writings he combatted the income tax (1850), the abolition of the usury laws (1860), and the corn tax (1887). At the request of the ministry of justice he drafted a mortgage law (1851). Five years later he wrote on free agricultural laws, in 1872 on the relation between Church and State, in 1876 on the and peace between Church and State. In 1882 appeared his experiences of an old parliamentarian in the revolutionary year 1848. Though co-founder and leader of the Centre, he followed in many individual questions his own views, e.g. in the extension of the socialist law and in the question of the septennate.
GORRES in Staatslexikon der Gorresgesellschaft (3rd ed., 1911).
Hermann Cardauns.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Peter Schöffer

From volume 13 of the work.
Publisher and printer, b. at Gernsheim on the Rine about 1425; d. at Mainz in 1503. As a cleric in minor orders he was in Paris in 1451 working as a manuscript copyist. In 1455 he appeared as a witness at Mainz for Johannes Fust against Gutenberg. Later he married Fust's daughter, Christine, and he was a partner of Fust in the publishing business until 1456, from that date up to 1503 printing independently. Schöffer may have become an experienced printer as an assistant of Fust and perhaps of Gutenberg, but he had no share whatever either in the invention or in the improvement of typography, as has been claimed for him and his descendants; this is certain, notwithstanding the splendid impressions of the Psalters bearing his name and published in 1457 and 1459, the technical preparation of which has been ascribed to Gutenberg. The evident deterioration of books issued at the end of the century proves that Schöffer made no technical improvement in the art of printing. The work of Schöffer's press shows all the technical excellence of his predecessors, but no advance. He did much for the development of the art of printing by establishing commercial relations beyond the borders of Germany. But the management of his press was always conservative, and he published almost exclusively works on civil law, canon law, and theology. He neither made improvements nor did he adopt the improvements of his contemporaries, such as reducing the size of his books, issuing popular books, etc. At the time of Schöffer's death many printers of Germany and Italy had long surpassed both his publications and his press. Schöffer's son John carried on the business, 1503-31. The son was a capable printer and exerted himself to improve the work produced by his press, but was unable to place himself in the front rank of printers of the time. A second son of Schöffer's, Peter the younger, was a capable die-cutter and printer, and engaged in his trade at Mainz, 1509-23; at Worms, 1512-29; at Strasburg, 1530-39; at Venice, 1541-42. His son Ivo took up his quarters at Mainz, 1531-55, and there carried on the printing business of his grandfather.
Van der Linde, Gesch. der Erfind. der Buchdruckkunst (Berlin, 1886); Hartwig, Festschrift zum 500 jahr. Geburstage von J. Gutenberg (Mainz, 1900).
Heinrich Wilhelm Wallau.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Peter Skarga

From volume 14 of the work.
Theologian and missionary, b. at Grojec, 1536; d. at Cracow, 27 Sept., 1612. He began his education in his native town in 1552; he went to study in Cracow and afterwards in Warsaw. In 1557 he was in Vienna as tutor to the young Castellan, Teczynski; returning thence in 1564, he received Holy orders, and later was nominated canon of Lemberg Cathedral. Here he began to preach his famous sermons, and to convert Protestants. In 1568 he entered the Society of Jesus and went to Rome, where he became penitentiary for the Polish language at St. Peter's. Returning to Poland, he worked in the Jesuit colleges of Pultusk and Wilna, where he converted a multitude of Protestants, Calvinism being at the time prevalent in those parts. To this end he first published some works of controversy; and in 1576, in order to convince the numerous schismatics in Poland, he issued his great treatise "On the Unity of the Church of God", which did much good then, and is even now held in great esteem. It powerfully promoted the cause of the Union. King Stephen Báthori prized Skarga greatly, often profited by his aid and advice, took him on one of his expeditions, and made him rector of the Academy of Wilna, founded in 1578. In 1584 he was sent to Cracow as superior, and founded there the Brotherhood of Mercy and the "Mons pietatis", meanwhile effecting numerous conversions. He was appointed court preacher by Sigismund III in 1588, and for twenty-four years filled this post to the great advantage of the Church and the nation. In 1596 the Ruthenian Church was united with Rome, largely through his efforts. When the nobles, headed by Zebrzydowski, revolted against Sigismund III, Skarga was sent on a mission of conciliation to the rebels, which, however, proved fruitless. Besides the controversial works mentioned, Skarga published a "History of the Church", and "Lives of the Saints" (Wilna, 1579; 25th ed., Lemberg, 1883-84), possibly the most widely read book in Poland. But most important of all are his "Sermons for Sundays and Holidays" (Cracow, 1595) and "Sermons on the Seven Sacraments" (Cracow, 1600), which, besides their glowing eloquence, are profound and instructive. In addition to these are "Sermons on Various Occasions" and the "Sermons Preached to the Diet". These last for inspiration and feeling are the finest productions in the literature of Poland before the Partitions. Nowhere are there found such style, eloquence, and patriotism, with the deepest religious conviction. Skarga occupies a high place in the literature and the history of Poland. His efforts to convert heretics, to restore schismatics to unity, to prevent corruption, and to stem the tide of public and political license, tending even then towards anarchy, were indeed as to this last point unsuccessful; but that was the nation's fault, not his.
S. Tarnowski.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Peter Philips

From volume 12 of the work.
(Also known as PETRUS PHILIPPUS, PIETRO PHILLIPO.)
Born in England about 1560; date and place of death unknown. It is generally accepted that Philips, remaining faithful to the Church, left England for the Netherlands, whence he went to Rome, and afterwards, returning to Antwerp, became organist at the court of the governor, Duke Albert. Having entered Holy orders, he held a canonry at Bethune, in Flanders, which he exchanged for a similar honour at Soignes in 1612. It has been pointed out that the title-pages of his published works are the best index to his movements and abiding places, and they are various. Philips ranks in importance as a musician with Tallys, Byrd, Morley, and Orlando Gibbons, and is considered one of the great masters of his time. Besides canzoni and madrigals for six and eight voices, he left innumerable instrumental works which have been preserved in the libraries of Antwerp, Leyden, Strasburg, and London. Nineteen of these are contained in "The Fitz-William Virginal Book" by J. A. Fuller- Maitland and W. B. Squire. To the Church, however, Philips devoted his best efforts. Besides single numbers found in various collections of his period, a volume of five-part motets; another of similar works for eight voices; "Gemmulae sacrae" for two and three voices and figured bass; "Les rossignols spirituels", a collection of two- and four-part pieces, some to Latin words, but most of them to French; "Deliciae sacrae", forty-one compositions for two and three parts, are preserved in the British Museum. The library of John IV of Portugal contains Philips's posthumous works — masses for six, eight, and nine voices, and motets for eight voices. His "Cantiones sacrae" have recently been made available for modern use, and have been added to the repertoire of the choir of Westminster Cathedral.
BERGMANS, L'Organiste des archiducs Albert et Isabelle (Ghent, 1903); SQUIRE in GROVE, Dictionary of Music, s.v.
JOSEPH OTTEN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Peter Roh

From volume 13 of the work.
Born at Conthey (Gunthis) in the canton of Valais (French Switzerland), 14 August, 1811; d. at Bonn, 17 May, 1872. Up to his thirteenth year he spoke only French, so that he had to learn German from a German priest in the vicinity before he was able to begin his gymnasial studies in the boarding-school kept by the Jesuits at Brig in Switzerland. Later he became a day-pupil at the gymnasium kept by the Jesuits at Sittin. While here he resolved to enter the Society of Jesus (1829); strange to say the external means of bringing him to this decision was the reading of Pascal's pamphlet "Monita Secreta". He taught the lower gymnasial classes at the lyceum at Fribourg. During these years of study Roh showed two characteristic qualities: the talent of imparting knowledge in a clear and convincing manner, and an unusual gift for oratory. These abilities determined his future work to be that of a teacher and a preacher. He was first (1842-5) professor of dogmatics at Fribourg, then at the academy at Lucerne which had just been given to the Jesuits. At the same time he preached and aided as opportunity occurred in missions. These labors were interrupted by the breaking out of the war of the Swiss Sonderbund, during which he was military chaplain; but after its unfortunate end he was obliged to flee into Piedmont, from there to Linz and Gries, finally finding a safe refuge at Rappoltsweiler in Alsace as tutor in the family of his countryman and friend Siegwart-Müller, also expatriated. Here he stayed until 1849. A professorship of dogmatics at Louvain only lasted a year. When the missions for the common people were opened in Germany in 1850 his real labors began; as he said himself, "Praise God, I now come into my element." Both friend and foe acknowledge that the success of these missions was largely due to Roh, and his powerful and homely eloquence received the highest praise. He was an extemporaneous speaker; the writing of sermons and addresses was, as he himself confessed, "simply impossible" to him; yet, thoroughly trained in philosophy and theology, he could also write when necessary, as several articles from him in the "Stimmen aus Maria-Laach" prove. His pamphlet "Das alte Lied: der Zweck heiligt die Mittel, im Texte verbessert und auf neue Melodie gesetzt" has preserved a certain reputation until the present day, as Father Roh declared he would give a thousand gulden to the person who could show to the faculty of law of Bonn or Heidelberg a book written by a Jesuit which taught the principle that the end justifies the means. The prize is still unclaimed. Some of his sermons have also been preserved; they were printed against his will from stenographic notes. Father Roh's greatest strength lay in his power of speech and "he was the most powerful and effective preacher of the German tongue that the Jesuits have had in this century".
KNABENBAUER, Erinnerungen an P. Peter Roh S. J., reprint of the biography in Stimmen aus Maria-Laach (1872).
N. SCHEID
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Peter Stephen Duponceau

From volume 5 of the work.
A jurist and linguist, b. at St-Martin de Ré, France 3 June, 1760; d. at Philadelphia, U.S.A., 1 April, 1844. Educated in a Benedictine college, he exhibited a marked taste for languages, and in 1777 accompanied Baron Steuben to America, serving as his secretary in the Revolutionary army, with rank of captain, until compelled by ill-health to resign in 1781. He settled in Philadelphia, studied law, and was admitted to the Bar. Throughout a long life he was identified with public affairs and was also author or translator of a number of legal or historical treatises, but his fame rests chiefly upon his studies of the native American languages at a period when ethnology was as yet hardly recognized as a science. Most of his linguistic papers appeared in volumes of the American Philosophical Society (Philadelphia), of which he was a member from 1791 and president from 1827 until his death. His memoir on the grammatical system of the Indian languages (Mémoire sur le systeme grammatical des langues de quelques nations Indiennes de l'Amérique du Nord) won the Volney prize of the French Institute in 1835.
JAMES MOONEY
# Charles von Hügel/Memoirs and Addresses

Page 1 and title extracts of the Memoirs and Addresses
MEMOIRS AND ADDRESSES
title extracts of sections I-IV
I. Memorial Address
    by Dr Julius Wiesner. Translated from the German by Anatole von Hügel.
    Karl Freiherr von Hügel, Hortologe, Geograph und Staatsman. Gedenkrede gehalten anlässlich der Enthüllung des Hügeldenkmals, am 3. October 1901, von Dr Julius Wiesner, k. k. Hofrath u. Universistäts-professor in Wien. Vienna, 1901. 8vo.
II. Biographical Sketch
    by Alfred von Reumont. Translated from the German by Friedrich von Hügel.
    Carl Freiherr Von Hügel. By Alfred Baron von Reumont [later Prussian Minister at Florence]. Biographische Denkblätter. Leipzig, 1878. 8vo
III. In Memoriam
    by Lady Georgiana Fullerton
    In Memoriam. His Excellency the Baron Charles von Hügel. By Lady Georgiana Fullerton. Privately Printed. 1870. 4to.
IV. Presentation Address
    by W. R. Hamilton, F.R.S. President of the Royal Geographical Society of London.
    Presentation of the Gold Medals at the Anniversary Meeting of the Royal Geographic Society of London, held May 28,1849. See Journal Royal Geographical Society of London. Vol. XIX.
# Charles von Hügel/Events in the life

EVENTS IN THE LIFE OF CHARLES VON HÜGEL.
* ↑ See Notes (2).
* ↑ See Notes (8).
* ↑ See Notes (19)
# Charles von Hügel/Distinctions

PATRON'S MEDAL OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. AWARDED TO CHARLES VON HÜGEL. May 28, 1849.
DISTINCTIONS CONFERRED ON CHARLES VON HÜGEL.
| M. | 1815 | Austria.: The Armee Kreux for native service with the Allied Armies, 1813–1814 (Conferred by the Emperor Francis I.) |
| Sc. | 1836 | (December.) England: Honorary Foreign Member of the Royal Geographical Society of London, for research during a six years' journey in Asia, Africa, and Australia. |
| H. | 1837 | Austria: President of the then established k. k. Gartenbaugesellschaft of Vienna. |
| D. | 1840 | (December 13.) Prussia: Knight of the Royal Order of the Red Order of the Red Eagle (conferred by King Frederick William). |
| ″ | 1842 | (August 15.) Denmark: Commander of the Dannebrog (conferred by King Christian VIII). |
| ″ | 1847 | (February 21.) Sweden: Commander of the Vasa (conferred by King Oscar I). |
| Sc. | ″ | (May 14.) Austria: Actual Member of the then founded k. k. Akademie der Wissenschaften of Vienna. |
| H. | ″ | (June 29.) Belgium: Officer of the Order of Leopold, Civil Class (conferred by King Leopold I). |
| G. | 1848 | (July 5.) England; the D.C.L. honoris causa, Oxford. |
| H. | 1840 | The Honorary Presidency of the k. k. Gartenbaugesellschaft of Vienna, conferred for life, on his departure from Austria. |
| | | (From all the other leading horticultural and botanical societies of Europe, and from many zoological and other scientific societies, Hügel held diplomas or other marks of distinction.) |
| Sc. | ″ | (May 28.) England: The Patrons's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society of London for research in Cashmere and elsewhere. |
| D. | ″ | (Nov. 17.) Papal States: Knight of the Pontifical Order of Christ; |
| ″ | ″ | (——). Papal States: The 1849 Medal (see engravings below), for services rendered before and during the Mission to Gaeta (conferred by Pope Pius IX). |
| Q. | 1850 | (July). Tuscany; Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of St Joseph of Tuscany (conferred by the Grand Duke Leopold II). |
| D. | 1852 | (June 24). Papal States: Grand Cross of the Pontifical Order of St Gregory the Great (conferred by Pope Pius IX). |
| M. | " | (June 28). Parma: Grand Cross of the Constantinian Order of St George (conferred by Duke Ferdinand Charles III). |
| G. | 1855 | (April 30). Austria: A Privy Councillorship; and |
| ″ | 1851 | (Jan. 17}. Austria: Knight of the Iron Crown, First Class, (conferred by the Emperor Francis Joseph). |
| D. | 1863 | (July 17). Belgium: Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold (conferred by King Leopold I.) |
| P. | 1864 | (April 10). Mexico: Grand Cross of the Order of Our Lady of Guadalupe (conferred by the Emperor Maximilian). |
| G. | 1868 | (Feb. 28). Austria: Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold on his retirement into private life fifty-seven years’ service to the State (conferred by the Emperor Francis Joseph.) |
Note. The letters M., D., Sc., H., G. and P. prefixed to the entries indicate the nature of the service (Military, Diplomatic, Scientific, Horticultural, General or Personal) which they commemorated.
# Chinatown, My Chinatown

When the town is fast asleep, And it's midnight in the sky, That's the time the festive Chink Starts to wink his other eye, Starts to wink his dreamy eye, Lazily you'll hear him sigh.
Chinatown, my Chinatown, Where the lights are low, Hearts that know no other land, Drifting to and fro, Dreamy, dreamy Chinatown, Almond eyes of brown, Heart seems light and life seems bright, In dreamy Chinatown.
Strangers taking in the sights, Pigtails flying here and there; See that broken Wall Street sport Still thinks he's a millionaire, Still thinks he's a millionaire, Pipe dreams banish ev'ry care.
Chinatown, my Chinatown, Where the lights are low, Hearts that know no other land, Drifting to and fro, Dreamy, dreamy Chinatown, Almond eyes of brown, Heart seems light and life seems bright, In dreamy Chinatown.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1956, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 67 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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# China in Revolt/Back Matter

The Little Red Library
Valuable Literature Accessible to
EVERY WORKER
| 1— | TRADE UNIONS IN AMERICA |
| | By Wm. Z. Foster, Jas. P. Cannon, and E. R. Browder |
| 2— | CLASS STRUGGLE VS. CLASS COLLABORATION |
| | By Earl R. Browder |
| 3— | PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNISM |
| | By Frederick Engels—Translations by Max Bedacht |
| 4— | WORKER CORRESPONDENCE |
| | By Wm. F. Dunne |
| 5— | POEMS FOR WORKERS |
| | An anthology, edited by Manuel Gomez |
| 6— | THE DAMNED AGITATOR—And Other Stories |
| | By Michael Gold |
| 7— | MARX AND ENGELS ON REVOLUTION IN AMERICA |
| | By Heinz Neumann |
| 8— | 1871—THE PARIS COMMUNE |
| | By Max Schachtman |
| 9— | CLASS COLLABORATION, HOW IT WORKS |
| | By Bertram D. Wolfe |
| 10— | LABOR LAWS AND CONSTITUTION OF THE U. S. S. R. |
| 11— | "JIM" CONNOLLY AND IRISH FREEDOM |
| | By G. Schueller |
The Daily Worker Publishing Co. 33 EAST FIRST STREET NEW YORK CITY
# China and the Manchus/front matter

The Cambridge Manuals of Science and Literature
CHINA AND THE MANCHUS
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
London: FETTER LANE, E.C.
C. F. CLAY, Manager
Edinburgh: 100 PRINCES STREET
Berlin: A. ASHER AND CO.
Leipzig: F. A. BROCKHAUS
New York: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
Bombay and Calcutta: MACMILLAN AND CO., Ltd.
All rights reserved
# China in Revolt/Introduction

Introduction.
The struggle in China is in the foreground of events today. The Chinese masses are in revolt against the age long oppression by foreign usurpers. And the battleships of these foreign usurpers, of English, American, French, etc. imperialists, are steaming full speed toward China to keep the Chinese masses in subjection.
We must protect American lives and property, says our secretary of state. What hypocrisy! For a century the property of the Chinese people was ravaged by foreign imperialists. The Chinese were killed by the thousand on any arbitrary pretext. Now these masses revolt, They defend their property and resist the mass murders perpetrated upon them for so long.
A feeling of shame must overcome every one who reads the hypocritical statements of our statesmen about the protection of life and property and compares them with the acts of wanton destruction of life and property committed on the order of the same statesmen. August 22 an English steamer ran into two Chinese boats on the Yangtze river. 58 Chinese soldiers on one of the boats drowned and all goods on the boat were lost. Thereupon the Chinese authorities took over the English steamer. As a result of this act the English admiralty gave orders to bombard the city of Wanshien. The bombardment destroyed completely whole sections of the city and killed and maimed 5,000 Chinese men, women, and children. A massacre of innocents, a wholesale destruction of property. Where do these statesmen get the nerve to face the world with their phrase of protecting life and property?
The Chinese revolt is of world importance. It effects the struggle of the oppressed and exploited the world ​over. The nationalist army in China fights for these masses. And they must fight for the Chinese. They must organize so that their will, their action, may prevent their respective imperialist masters to mobilize their forces against the Chinese revolution.
In the following pages the problems and the meaning of the Chinese nationalist revolution are dealt with exhaustively. This is a reprint of some of the speeches made during the consideration of the Chinese question by the Executive Committee of the Comintern at its seventh plenary session. A study of these pages will give a comprehensive understanding of the question.
# China in Revolt

China in Revolt
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page
* Introduction
* The Prospects of the Revolution in China
* The Situation in China
* China and the Capitalist World
* The Prerequisites and Tasks of the Chinese Revolution
* Back Matter
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.