OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Froth-fly

Edition of 1906. See also Froghopper on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FROTH-FLY, FROTH-HOPPER, FROGFLY, or FROGHOPPER. Insects of which the young—larvæ and pupæ—are found in a frothy exudation on plants. They form the family Cercopidæ of homopterous bugs, and are allied to aphids, and still more nearly to cicadas and lantern-flies. The larvæ and pupæ differ little in appearance from the perfect insect, except that the latter possesses four large wings. The froth, commonly called frog-spittle, is believed to be composed of sap which the insect sucks up through its proboscis. The sap passes through the intestine and is emitted as a clear mass, into which the insect draws bubbles of air by means of its tail claspers, and thus makes foam. When the insect is about to transform, the foam dries in such a way as to produce a shelter for the ensuing quiescent stage. The most common one in the Eastern United States is Aphrophora quadrangularis. Some of the tropical forms assume very bizarre shapes, caused by outgrowths from the thorax. The fluid is emitted by some species in drops which may be thrown a considerable distance, causing the phenomenon known as weeping trees. A few dozen larvæ of a Madagascar form may exude a quart of fluid in an hour and a half. Frog-spittle is supposed to be produced as a protective covering for the young insect, but in spite of it certain Hymenoptera pick the larvæ out and carry them off to lie stored as food for their larvæ. The winged stage is a much flattened one and capable of long leaps, whence the name ‘froghopper,’ first given to them because they came from the ‘frog-spittle,’ is doubly appropriate.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Friesen, Hermann, Baron

Edition of 1906. See also the disclaimer.
FRIESEN, frē'zen, Hermann, Baron (1802-82). A German Shakespearean scholar. He was educated at Leipzig and Göttingen, and occupied several positions at the Court of Saxony. He became known for his Briefe über Shakespeares Hamlet (1864), and Shakespeare-Studien (1874-76). He also made valuable contributions to the Jahrbuch of the German Shakespeare Society.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Friesen, Richard, Freiherr von

Edition of 1906. See also Richard von Friesen on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FRIESEN, Richard, Freiherr von (1808-84). A statesman of Saxony. He was born at Thürmsdorf, Saxony, was educated at Göttingen and Leipzig, entered the civil service of Saxony, and rose to be Minister of the Interior from 1849 to 1852. In 1858 he became Minister of Finance, and in 1867 of Foreign Affairs also. He was appointed in 1870 a commissioner to arrange in Versailles with the South German States treaties looking to the unification of Germany. From 1871 until his retirement in 1876 he was president of the Ministry. Consult his Erinnerungen aus meinem Leben (Dresden, 1880).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Frothingham, Nathaniel Langdon

Edition of 1905. See also Nathaniel Langdon Frothingham on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FROTHINGHAM, Nathaniel Langdon (1793-1870). An American clergyman and writer. He was born in Boston, and graduated at Harvard in 1812, where he subsequently became the first professor of rhetoric and oratory. In 1815 he was ordained pastor of the First Church (Unitarian), in Boston, which position he occupied until 1850, when he left the pulpit, and devoted himself to literature. He published: Sermons in the Order of a Twelvemonth (1852), and Metrical Pieces, Translated and Original (1855). He also contributed largely to periodical literature, and was a thorough student of German, when such scholarship was rare in America. His biography was written by his son, Octavius Brooks Frothingham.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Friesen, Karl Friedrich

Edition of 1906. See also Friedrich Friesen on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FRIESEN, Karl Friedrich (1785-1814). A German patriot, and one of the principal promoters of gymnastics in Germany. He was born at Magdeburg. He studied at the Academy of Architecture, Berlin, collaborated on the great atlas of Mexico edited by Humboldt, and from 1810 was an instructor in the Plamann Institute. In 1810-12 he rendered important services to Jahn in the establishment of German gymnastics. Upon the outbreak of the German War of Liberation, in 1813, he assisted in organizing the famous volunteer corps of Major von Lützow, whose adjutant he became. After the dispersion of the corps by Napoleon at Rheims, he was captured and shot by the French at La Lobbe, Ardennes, March 15, 1814. In 1843 his body was buried with solemnity in the military cemetery at Berlin. He has frequently been celebrated by German writers, in particular by E. M. Arndt in “Es thront am Elbestrande.” Consult Schiele, Friedrich Friesen Eine Lebensbeschreibung (Berlin, 1875).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Frontenac, Louis de Buade

Edition of 1906. See also Louis de Buade de Frontenac on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FRONTENAC, frônt'nȧk', Louis de Buade, Comte de (c. 1621-98). The greatest of the Governors of New France. He was born in France about 1621. At an early age he entered the military service, and rapidly attained promotion. He became colonel at twenty-three and brigadier-general at twenty-six, and saw active service in Italy, Flanders, and Germany. In 1672 he was appointed to succeed De Courcelles as Governor of New France. Frontenae was choleric and arbitrary by nature, but extremely energetic, and sincerely ambitious to inaugurate an era of prosperity for Canada. His first act was to convene the three estates — Clergy, Nobles, and Commons — and to establish municipal government in Quebec. The royal policy, however, was adverse to the granting of extensive political rights to the Canadians, and the Governor's reforms in this direction were disapproved. He next became involved in controversies with the Jesuits, with the Intendant Talon, and with Perrot, the Governor at Montreal. These quarrels divided the colony into factions, and led at length to the recall of Frontenac in 1682. In 1689 he regained the King's favor, and was restored to his former position, which he held until his death, in November, 1698. Frontenac's first administration was especially marked by energy and tact in his dealings with the Indians, and by his encouragement of French explorations in the West. He aided Joliet, Marquette, and La Salle, and established posts at Mackinac, Niagara, and in the Illinois country. After his reappointment he waged a vigorous war against the Iroquois, who had reduced Canada to desolation, and against their allies and instigators, the English. The frontier towns of New England and New York were repeatedly ravaged by his punitive expeditions. His most signal achievement in these campaigns was the show of force by which he foiled Sir William Phips's fleet before Quebec in 1690. At different times he might have made peace with the Iroquois if he had been willing to abandon to their vengeance his Algonquin allies; but this he steadfastly refused to do, and it was not until his last campaign in the Mohawk country in 1696 that the Iroquois were brought to sue for peace. Consult: Winsor, Cartier to Frontenac (Boston, 1894); and Parkman, Frontenac and New France Under Louis XIV. (Boston, 1877).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Frothingham, Arthur Lincoln

Edition of 1906. See also Arthur Frothingham on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FROTHINGHAM, frŏth'ing-am, Arthur Lincoln (1859—). An American archæologist and educator, born in Boston, Mass. He studied at the Catholic Seminary of San Apollinare, Rome, Italy; the Royal University of Rome, and the University of Leipzig (Ph.D., 1883); was fellow in Semitic languages and lecturer in archæology at the Johns Hopkins University in 1882-86; in 1887 was appointed to the Princeton chair of archæology and the history of art, and in 1898 became professor of archæology and ancient history. In 1884 he was secretary of the Archæological Institute of America; in 1885 founded The American Journal of Archæology, of which he was owner and editor until 1896; and in 1895-96 was an associate director of the American School of Classical Studies at Rome. His publications include contributions to periodicals, monographs on sculpture and painting: Stephen Bar Sudaili, the Syrian Mystic and the Book of Hierotheos (1886); and (with A. Marquand) A Text-Book of the History of Sculpture (1896). He prepared articles on architecture for The New International Encyclopædia.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Frothingham, Ellen

Edition of 1906. See also Ellen Frothingham on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FROTHINGHAM, Ellen (1835-1902). An American translator, the daughter of Nathaniel Frothingham. She was born in Boston. She made a special study of German literature, and is well known for her translations into English of Lessing's Nathan der Weise (1868); Goethe's Hermann und Dorothea (1870); Auerbach's Edelweiss (1871); and Lessing's Laokoon (1874).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Commode

Edition of 1905. See also Thomas Corneille on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​COMMODE, kō̇′mō̇d′ (Fr., Commodus). A play by Thomas Corneille, played at the Louvre for Louis XIV. in 1659.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Commodatum

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​COM′MODA′TUM. See Bailment.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Committee, The

Edition of 1905. See also Robert Howard (playwright) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​COMMITTEE, The. A comedy, by Sir Robert Howard, published in 1665, but played for several years previously. In 1797 Knight brought out an adaptation of it under the title of The Honest Thieves.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Commitment

Edition of 1905. See also Involuntary commitment on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​COMMITMENT (from commit, Lat. committere, to commit). A warrant of a justice, magistrate, or other official having police jurisdiction, ordering that a person accused of a crime be held for trial, and either directing that he be sent to prison immediately or admitting him to bail to secure his attendance at that time. The term commitment is also sometimes used of the sending a person to jail to enforce obedience of an order or decree of a court; but the term is most frequently used where the person is to be detained for some temporary purpose, as above indicated. It is seldom employed where the prisoner is finally sentenced to a term in prison as a punishment, after having been found guilty of a crime, in which case the judgment of the court is usually considered a sufficient warrant for the sheriff or proper authorities to carry out the sentence. See Judgment; Sentence; Sheriff; Warrant.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Colville

Edition of 1905. See also Colville tribe on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
COLVILLE, kōl'vĭl (from the town of Colville, Wash.). A former important Salishan people, calling themselves Shwoyelpi, originally occupying the country on Columbia River about Colville and Kettle rivers, northeastern Washington. The great salmon-fishing resort of Kettle Falls was within their territory, and here, in 1846, was established the Jesuit mission of St. Paul, through the influence of which nearly all the upper Columbia tribes are now Christianized. They were put upon a reservation (Colville) in 1872, and have since rapidly decreased, having dwindled from 616, in 1870, to 298, in 1900.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Colvin, Sidney

* related authors: Sidney Colvin.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
COLVIN, kŏl'vĭn, Sidney (1845—). An English author, born at Norwood, Surrey. He graduated in 1867 at Trinity College, Cambridge, was elected a fellow, of the college in 1868, and, having become Slade professor of fine arts at Cambridge, in 1873, held that post by successive reëlections until 1885. In 1876-84 he was also director of the Fitzwilliam Museum of the university. He was appointed keeper of prints and drawings in the British Museum in 1884. His contributions to periodicals on the history and criticism of literature, and more largely of the fine arts, are numerous and valuable. His published works include the volumes on Walter Savage Landor (1881) and John Keats (1887) in the “English Men of Letters” series; A Florentine Picture and Chronicle (1898); The Early History of Engraving in England (1901); and editions of Selections from the Writings of Walter Savage Landor (1882; in the “Golden Treasury” series), of the Letters of Keats (1887), and of the Papers of Fleeming Jenkin (1887; with J. A. Ewing). His labors in connection with the preparation of the standard Edinburgh edition (27 volumes, 1894-98) of the works, and the edition of the collected Letters (2 volumes, London, 1900; preceded in 1895 by Vailima Letters) of his friend, Robert Louis Stevenson, made him an authority on that author. He also wrote the sketch of Stevenson for the Dictionary of National Biography (vol. liv.), and was to have written the authoritative Life, intended for publication simultaneously with the Letters, but was obliged to relinquish the task to Graham Balfour.
# The Mockingbird (Lanier)

* "The Mocking Bird", in The Galaxy, Volume 24, Issue 2 (August 1877)
* "The Mocking Bird", in Poems of Sidney Lanier (1884), edited by Mary D. Lanier
# The Modern Art of Taming Wild Horses

THE
MODERN ART
OF
TAMING WILD HORSES,
By J. S. RAREY,
THE HORSE TAMER.
Reprinted from the American Edition.
LONDON:
G. ROUTLEDGE & CO. FARRINGDON STREET.
1858.
* Introduction
* The Three Fundamental Principles of my Theory, founded on the leading Characteristics of the Horse
* How to succeed in getting the Colt from Pasture
* How to Stable a Colt without Trouble
* Time to Reflect
* The Kind of Halter
* Remarks on the Horse
* Experiment with the Robe
* Suggestions on the Habit of Smelling
* Prevailing Opinion of Horsemen
* Powel's System of Approaching the Colt
* Remarks on Powel's Treatment How to Govern Horses of any Kind
* How to proceed if your Horse is of a stubborn Disposition
* How to Halter and Lead a Colt
* How to Lead a Colt by the Side of a Broken Horse
* How to Lead a Colt into the Stable and Hitch him without having him pull on the Halter
* The Kind of Bit, and how to accustom a Horse to it
* How to Saddle a Colt
* How to Mount the Colt
* How to Ride the Colt
* The proper Way to Bit a Colt
* How to Drive a Horse that is very Wild and has any Vicious Habits
* On Balking
* To Break a Horse to Harness
* How to Hitch a Horse in a Sulky
* How to make a Horse Lie Down
* How to make a Horse Follow you
* How to make a Horse Stand without Holding
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Modern Art of Taming Wild Horses/Chapter 12

HOW TO PROCEED IF YOUR HORSE IS OF A STUBBORN DISPOSITION.
If your horse, instead of being wild, seems to be of a stubborn or mulish disposition; if he lays back his ears as you approach him, or turns his heels to kick you, he has not that regard or fear of man that he should have, to enable you to handle him quickly and, easily; and it might be well to give him a few sharp cuts with the whip, about the legs, pretty close to the body. It will crack keenly as it plies around his legs, and the crack of the whip will affect him as much as the stroke; besides, one sharp cut about his legs will affect him more than two or three over his back, the skin on the inner part of his legs or about his flank being thinner, more tender, than on his back. But do not whip him much — just enough to ​scare him; it is not because we want to hurt the horse that we whip him — we only do it to scare that bad disposition out of him. But whatever you do, do quickly, sharply and with a good deal of fire, but always without anger. If you are going to scare him at all you must do it at once. Never go into a pitched battle with your horse, and whip him until he is mad and will fight you; you had better not touch him at all, for you will establish, instead of fear and regard, feelings of resentment, hatred, and ill-will. It will do him no good, but an injury, to strike a blow, unless you can scare him; but if you succeed in scaring him, you can whip him without making him mad; for fear and anger never exist together in the horse, and as soon as one is visible, you will find that the other has disappeared. As soon as you have frightened him so that he will stand up straight and pay some attention to you, approach him again, and caress him a good deal more than you whipped him, then you will excite the two controlling passions of his nature, love and fear, and then he will love and fear you too, and, as soon as he learns what to do, will obey quickly.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sievers, Wilhelm

Edition of 1905. See also Wilhelm Sievers on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SIEVERS, Wilhelm (1860—). A German geographer, born at Hamburg. He was educated at Jena, Göttingen, and Leipzig, and was made privat-docent at Würzburg in 1887 after extensive travels in Venezuela and Colombia. In 1892 he undertook for the Geographical Society of Hamburg further explorations in South America. The following publications bear his name: Reise in der Sierra Nevada de Santa
Marta (1888); Die Kordillere von Merida (1888) and Venezuela (1888); Allgemeine Länderkunde (5 vols., 1891-95); and Zweite Reise in Venezuela (1896).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sigismund

Edition of 1905. See also Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SIGISMUND, sĭj′ĭs-mŭnd, Ger. pron. zē̇′gē̇s-mụnt (c.1368-1437). Holy Roman Emperor from 1411 to 1437. He was the second son of the Emperor Charles IV., whom he succeeded in 1378 in the Margraviate of Brandenburg. In 1379 he
became affianced to Mary, heiress of Louis the Great, King of Hungary and Poland, and in 1387 succeeded to the Hungarian crown. In 1396 he undertook a crusade against the Turks supported by a large force of French and German knights, but at Nicopolis, September 28th, he suffered an overwhelming defeat at the hands of Bajazet I. In 1401 a formidable uprising drove him from the throne, but he was restored with the aid of hired troops and seems henceforth to have ruled with wisdom and moderation in internal affairs. He waged a long succession of wars in order to extend the power of Hungary over Bosnia, Dalmatia, and Servia, but, although success at first attended his efforts, the Hungarian arms were kept in check by the Venetians and Turks. He was elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1411 and was crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle in 1414. He now appears in his most celebrated rôle as the author and protector of the Council of Constance and the guiding spirit in its deliberations. He brought about the deposition of Pope John XXIII., and showed himself zealous in the course of thorough ecclesiastical reform. Much obloquy, however, has attached to him for his desertion of John Huss (q.v.), whom he granted a safe conduct for the purpose of attending the council and then allowed to be burnt at the stake. In 1419, on the death of his brother Wenceslas, the succession to the crown of Bohemia, fell to Sigismund. But the Hussites (q.v.) were already in arms, and the country became the theatre of a long and bloody conflict, in which the forces of Sigismund and the crusading armies of Germany met with terrible defeats. It was not until 1436 that Sigismund was recognized as King of Bohemia. He visited Italy in 1431 and 1433, receiving the Lombard crown at Milan and the Imperial crown at Rome. He died at Znaim, December 9, 1437, the last of the House of Luxemburg. Gifted in mind and body, kindly in action, and sincerely concerned for the welfare of the Empire, Sigismund encountered repeated failure on account of the very defects of an amiable and pleasure-loving disposition. Consult: Aschbach, Geschichte Kaiser Siegmunds (Hamburg, 1838-45); Creighton, History of the Papacy (London, 1894).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sincere Brethren

Edition of 1905. See also Brethren of Purity on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SINCERE BRETHREN (Ar. Ikhwān al-Safā wa-Khullān al-Wafā, the Sincere Brethren and True Friends). A transcendental and scientific order of esoteric nature in Islam, existing at Basra, on the Lower Euphrates, about 1000. (See Shiites.) Little is known of the personality of the members, the leader of whom may have been one Zayd ibn Rifaa. It was a constituent part of their philosophy that perfection could only be reached through the coöperation of souls, each contributing its share to the common treasury of goodness and knowledge; hence logically their association took the form of an esoteric society with a simple organization into which any sincere and helpful-spirited man could enter. The order was divided into four ideal grades: the first for the younger members, and for those of practical ability; the second for those over thirty years, who could fulfill the office of teachers; the third for those over forty, who could rule in the society, their authority being one of mildness and admonition; the fourth for those who were fit to attain the vision of God. The Epistles of the Sincere Brethren (Rasāil Ikhwān al-Ṣafā) consists of fifty-one treatises and is an encyclopædia of the Arabic philosophy of the age, methodically arranged, and bound together by the philosophy of the order. This is based upon Neo-Platonic and other late Greek philosophies, with evident contributions from Oriental mysticism, the authors being Shiite. The doctrine is that of an All-Soul, which first projects matter from itself, and continuously spiritualizes it by emanations; on the other hand, these soul-parts naturally yearn for return to their origin. But this redemption is hampered by the opposition of spirit and matter. The ethics of the encyclopædia, therefore, inculcates the gradual self-purification of those who recognize their spiritual birthright away from sense to God. But while ethically dualistic, the encyclopædia has a pantheistic metaphysics, and is interested in all created things as being immediately derived from God. Hence the work becomes an encyclopædia of all knowledge. The work has been made known to modern Europe through the labors of Dieterici in a series of translations of
almost all but the last quarter of the book, published between 1861 and 1872 (Berlin and Leipzig), concluding with a general survey in Die Philosophie der Araber (Leipzig, 1876-79). He has also published as a translation one of the episodes, Der Streit zwischen Mensch und Thier (Berlin, 1858), and its original (ib., 1879); also a selection of the original texts in Abhandlungen der Ichwān es-Safā (ib., 1883-86). Consult also: Flügel, in Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft, vol. xiii.; and Lane-Poole, Studies in a Mosque (London, 1883).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sinking Fund

Edition of 1905. See also Sinking fund on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​SINKING FUND. See under Finance, section on Sinking Fund.