# Latin for beginners (1911)/Special vocabularies

SPECIAL VOCABULARIES
The words in heavy type are used in Cæsar's "Gallic War."

## LESSON IV, §39LESSON IV, §39

Nouns
    dea, goddess (deity)
    Diā´na, Diana
    fera, a wild beast (fierce)
    Lātō´na, Latona
    sagit´ta, arrow
Verbs
    est, he (she, it) is;
    sunt, they are
    necat, he (she, it) kills, is killing, does kill
Conjunction
    et, and
Pronouns
    quis, interrog. pronoun, nom. sing., who?
    cuius (pronounced co͝oi´yo͝os, two syllables), interrog. pronoun, gen. sing., whose?

## LESSON V, §47LESSON V, §47

Nouns
    corō´na, wreath, garland, crown
    fā´bula, story (fable)
    pecū´nia, money (pecuniary)
    pugna, battle (pugnacious)
    victō´ria, victory
Verbs
    dat, he (she, it) gives
    nārrat, he (she, it) tells (narrate)
Conjunction
    quia or quod, because
    cui (pronounced co͝oi, one syllable), interrog. pronoun, dat. sing., to whom? for whom?

## LESSON VI, §56LESSON VI, §56

Adjectives
    bona, good
    grāta, pleasing
    magna, large, great
    mala, bad, wicked
    parva, small, little
    pulchra, beautiful, pretty
    sōla, alone
​Nouns
    ancil'la, maidservant
    Iūlia, Julia
Adverbs
    cūr, why
    nōn, not
Pronouns
    mea, my
    tua, thy, your (possessives)
    quid, interrog. pronoun, nom. and acc. sing., what?
-ne, the question sign, an enclitic (§ 16) added to the first word, which, in a question, is usually the verb, as amat, he loves, but amat'ne? does he love? est, he is; estne? is he? Of course -ne is not used when the sentence contains quis, cūr, or some other interrogative word.

## LESSON VII, §62LESSON VII, §62

Nouns
    casa, -ae, f., cottage
    cēna, -ae, f., dinner
    gallī'na, -ae, f., hen, chicken
    īn'sula, -ae, f., island (pen-insula)
Adverbs
    dein'de, then, in the next place
    ubi, where
Preposition
    ad, to, with acc. to express motion toward
Verbs
    ha'bitat, he (she, it) lives, is living, does live (inhabit)
    laudat, he (she, it) praises, is praising, does praise (laud)
    parat, he (she, it) prepares, is preparing, does prepare
    vocat, he (she, it) calls, is calling, does call; invites, is inviting, does invite (vocation)
Pronoun
    quem, interrog. pronoun, acc. sing., whom?

## LESSON VIII, §69LESSON VIII, §69

Nouns
    Italia, -ae, f., Italy
    Sicilia, -ae, f., Sicily
    tuba, -ae, f., trumpet (tube)
    via, -ae, f., way, road, street (viaduct)
Adjectives
    alta, high, deep (altitude)
    clāra, clear, bright; famous
    lāta, wide (latitude)
    longa, long (longitude)
    nova, new (novelty)

## LESSON IX, §77LESSON IX, §77

Nouns
    bellum, -ī, n., war (re-bel)
    cōnstantia, -ae, f., firmness, constancy, steadiness
    dominus, -ī, m., master, lord (dominate)
    equus, -ī, m., horse (equine)
    frūmentum, -ī, n., grain
    lēgātus, -ī, m., lieutenant, ambassador (legate)
    Mārcus, -ī, m., Marcus, Mark
    mūrus, -ī, m., wall (mural)
    oppidānus, -ī, m., townsman
    oppidum, -ī, n., town
    pīlum, -ī, n., spear (pile driver)
    servus, -ī, m., slave, servant
    Sextus, -ī, m., Sextus
Verbs
    cūrat, he (she, it) cares for, with acc.
    properat, he (she, it) hastens

## LESSON X, §82LESSON X, §82

Nouns
    amīcus, -ī, m., friend (amicable)
    Germānia, -ae, f., Germany
    patria, -ae, f., fatherland
    populus, -ī, m., people
    Rhēnus, -ī, m., the Rhine
    vīcus, -ī, m., village

## LESSON XI, §86LESSON XI, §86

Nouns
    arma, armōrum, n., plur., arms, especially defensive weapons
    fāma, -ae, f., rumor; reputation, fame
    galea, -ae, f., helmet
    praeda, -ae, f., booty, spoils (predatory)
    tēlum, -ī, n., weapon of offense, spear
Adjectives
    dūrus, -a, -um, hard, rough; unfeeling, cruel; severe, toilsome (durable)
    Rōmānus, -a, -um, Roman. As a noun, Rōmānus, -ī, m., a Roman

## LESSON XII, §90LESSON XII, §90

Nouns
    fīlius, fīlī, m., son (filial)
    fluvius, fluvī, m., river (fluent)
    gladius, gladī, m., sword (gladiator)
    praesidium, praesi'dī, n., garrison, guard, protection
    proelium, proelī, n., battle
Adjectives
    fīnitimus, -a, -um, bordering upon, neighboring, near to. As a noun, fīnitimī, -ōrum, m., plur., neighbors
    Germānus, -a, -um, German. As a noun, Germānus, -ī, m., a German
    multus, -a, -um, much; plur., many
Adverb
    saepe, often

## LESSON XIII, §95LESSON XIII, §95

Nouns
    ager, agrī, m., field (acre)
    cōpia, -ae, f., plenty, abundance (copious); plur., troops, forces
    Cornēlius, Cornē'lī, m., Cornelius
    lōrī'ca, -ae, f., coat of mail, corselet
    praemium, praemī, n., reward, prize (premium)
    puer, puerī, m., boy (puerile)
    Rōma, -ae, f., Rome
    scūtum, -ī, n., shield (escutcheon)
    vir, virī, m., man, hero (virile)
Adjectives
    legiōnārius, -a, -um, legionary, belonging to the legion. As a noun, legiōnāriī, -ōrum, m., plur., legionary soldiers
    līber, lībera, līberum, free (liberty). As a noun, līberī, -ōrum, m., plur., children (lit. the freeborn)
    pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, pretty, beautiful
Preposition
    apud, among, with acc.
Conjunction
    sed, but

## LESSON XIV, §99LESSON XIV, §99

Nouns
    auxilium, auxi'lī, n., help, aid (auxiliary)
    castrum, -ī, n., fort (castle); plur., camp (lit. forts)
    cibus, -ī, m., food
    cōnsilium, cōnsi'lī, n., plan (counsel)
    dīligentia, -ae, f., diligence, industry
    magister, magistrī, m., master, teacher
Adjectives
    aeger, aegra, aegrum, sick
    crēber, crēbra, crēbrum, frequent
    miser, misera, miserum, wretched, unfortunate (miser)

## LESSON XV, §107LESSON XV, §107

Nouns
    carrus, -ī, m., cart, wagon
    inopia, -ae, f., want, lack; the opposite of cōpia
    studium, studī, n., zeal, eagerness (study)
Adjectives
    armātus, -a, -um, armed
    īnfīrmus, -a, -um, weak, feeble (infirm)
    validus, -a, -um, strong, sturdy
​Verb
    mātūrat, he (she, it) hastens. Cf. properat
Adverb
    iam, already, now
    -que, conjunction, and; an enclitic (cf. §16) and always added to the second of two words to be connected, as arma tēla'que, arms and weapons.

## LESSON XVII, §117LESSON XVII, §117

Nouns
    agrī cultūra, -ae, f., agriculture
    domicilium, domici'lī, n., abode, dwelling place (domicile)
    fēmina, -ae, f., woman (female)
    Gallia, -ae, f., Gaul
    Gallus, -ī, m., a Gaul
    lacrima, -ae, f., tear
    numerus, -ī, m., number (numeral)
Adjective
    mātūrus, -a, -um, ripe, mature
Verbs
    arat, he (she, it) plows (arable)
    dēsīderat, he (she, it) misses, longs for (desire), with acc.
Adverb
    quō, whither
Conjunction
    an, or, introducing the second half of a double question, as Is he a Roman or a Gaul, Estne Rōmānus an Gallus?

## LESSON XVIII, §124LESSON XVIII, §124

Nouns
    lūdus, -ī, m., school
    socius, socī, m., companion, ally (social)
Adjectives
    īrātus, -a, -um, angry, furious (irate)
    laetus, -a, -um, happy, glad
Adverbs
    hodiē, to-day
    ibi, there, in that place
    mox, presently, soon, of the immediate future
    nunc, now, the present moment
    nūper, lately, recently, of the immediate past

## LESSON XX, §136LESSON XX, §136

Nouns
    fōrma, -ae, f., form, beauty
    poena, -ae, f., punishment, penalty
    potentia, -ae, f., power (potent)
    rēgīna, -ae, f., queen (regal)
    superbia, -ae, f., pride, haughtiness
    trīstitia, -ae, f., sadness, sorrow
Adjectives
    septem, indeclinable, seven
    superbus, -a, -um, proud, haughty (superb)
Conjunctions
    nōn sōlum . . . sed etiam, not only . . . but also

## LESSON XXI, §140LESSON XXI, §140

Nouns
    sacrum, -ī, n., sacrifice, offering, rite
    verbum, -ī, n., word (verb)
Verbs
    sedeō, -ēre, sit (sediment)
    volō, -āre, fly (volatile)
Adjectives
    interfectus, -a, -um, slain
    molestus, -a, -um, troublesome, annoying (molest)
    perpetuus, -a, -um, perpetual, continuous
    ego, personal pronoun, I (egotism). Always emphatic in the nominative.

## LESSON XXII, §146LESSON XXII, §146

Nouns
    disciplīna, -ae, f., training, culture, discipline
    ōrnāmentum, -ī, n., ornament, jewel
    Gāius, Gāī, m., Caius, a Roman first name
    Tiberius, Tibe'rī, m., Tiberius, a Roman first name
Verb
    doceō, -ēre, teach (doctrine)
Adverb
    maximē, most of all, especially
Adjective
    antīquus, -qua, -quum, old, ancient (antique)

## LESSON XXVII, §168LESSON XXVII, §168

Nouns
    āla, -ae, f., wing
    deus, -ī, m., god (deity)
    mōnstrum, -ī, n., omen, prodigy; monster
    ōrāculum, -ī, n., oracle
Verb
    vāstō, -āre, lay waste, devastate
Adjectives
    commōtus, -a, -um, moved, excited
    maximus, -a, -um, greatest (maximum)
    saevus, -a, -um, fierce, savage
Adverbs
    ita, thus, in this way, as follows
    tum, then, at that time

## LESSON XXVIII, §171LESSON XXVIII, §171

Verbs
    respondeō, -ēre, respond, reply
    servō, -āre, save, preserve
Adjective
    cārus, -a, -um, dear (cherish)
Conjunction
    autem, but, moreover, now. Usually stands second, never first
Noun
    vīta, -ae, f., life (vital)

## LESSON XXIX, §176LESSON XXIX, §176

Verb
    superō, -āre, conquer, overcome (insuperable)
Nouns
    cūra, -ae, f., care, trouble
    locus, -ī, m., place, spot (location). Locus is neuter in the plural and is declined loca, -ōrum, etc.
    perīculum, -ī, n., danger, peril
Adverbs
    semper, always
    tamen, yet, nevertheless
Prepositions
    dē, with abl., down from; concerning
    per, with acc., through
Conjunction
    sī, if

## LESSON XXX, §182LESSON XXX, §182

Verbs
    absum, abesse, irreg., be away, be absent, be distant, with separative abl.
    adpropinquō, -āre, draw near, approach (propinquity), with dative
    contineō, -ēre, hold together, hem in, keep (contain)
    discēdō, -ere, depart, go away, leave, with separative abl.
    egeō, -ēre, lack, need, be without, with separative abl.
    interficiō, -ere, kill
    prohibeō, -ēre, restrain, keep from (prohibit)
    vulnerō, -āre, wound (vulnerable)
Nouns
    prōvincia, -ae, f., province
    vīnum, -ī, n., wine
Adjective
    dēfessus, -a, -um, weary, worn out
Adverb
    longē, far, by far, far away

## LESSON XXXI, §188LESSON XXXI, §188

Nouns
    aurum, -ī, n., gold (oriole)
    mora, -ae, f., delay
    nāvigium, nāvi'gī, n., boat, ship
    ventus, -ī, m., wind (ventilate)
Verb
    nāvigō, -āre, sail (navigate)
Adjectives
    attentus, -a, -um, attentive, careful
    dubius, -a, -um, doubtful (dubious)
    perfidus, -a, -um, faithless, treacherous (perfidy)
Adverb
    anteā, before, previously
Preposition
    sine, with abl., without

## LESSON XXXII, §193LESSON XXXII, §193

Nouns
    animus, -ī, m., mind, heart; spirit, feeling (animate)
    bracchium, bracchī, n., forearm, arm
    porta, -ae, f., gate (portal)
Preposition
    prō, with abl., before; in behalf of; instead of
Adjectives
    adversus, -a, -um, opposite; adverse, contrary
    plēnus, -a, -um, full (plenty)
Adverb
    diū, for a long time, long

## LESSON XXXIV, §200LESSON XXXIV, §200

Adverbs
    celeriter, quickly (celerity)
    dēnique, finally
    graviter, heavily, severely (gravity)
    subitō, suddenly
Verb
    reportō, -āre, -āvī, bring back, restore; win, gain (report)

## LESSON XXXVI, §211LESSON XXXVI, §211

    dexter, dextra, dextrum, right (dextrous)
    sinister, sinistra, sinistrum, left
    frūstrā, adv., in vain (frustrate)
    gerō, gerere, gessī, gestus, bear, carry on; wear; bellum gerere, to wage war
    occupō, occupāre, occupāvī, occupātus, seize, take possession of (occupy)
    postulō, postulāre, postulāvī, postulātus, demand (ex-postulate)
    recūsō, recūsāre, recūsāvī, recūsātus, refuse
    stō, stāre, stetī, status, stand
    temptō, temptāre, temptāvī, temptātus, try, tempt, test; attempt
    teneō, tenēre, tenuī, ———, keep, hold (tenacious)
The word ubi, which we have used so much in the sense of where in asking a question, has two other uses equally important:
1. ubi = when, as a relative conjunction denoting time; as, Ubi mōnstrum audīvērunt, fūgērunt, when they heard the monster, they fled
2. ubi = where, as a relative conjunction denoting place; as, Videō oppidum ubi Galba habitat, I see the town where Galba lives
Ubi is called a relative conjunction because it is equivalent to a relative pronoun. When in the first sentence is equivalent to at the time at which; and in the second, where is equivalent to the place in which.

## LESSON XXXVII, §217LESSON XXXVII, §217

    neque or nec, conj., neither, nor, and … not; neque … neque, neither … nor
    castellum, -ī, n., redoubt, fort (castle)
    cotīdiē, adv., daily
    cessō, cessāre, cessāvī, cessātus, cease, with the infin.
    incipiō, incipere, incēpī, inceptus, begin (incipient), with the infin.
    oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus, storm, assail
    petō, petere, petīvī or petiī, petītus, aim at, assail, storm, attack; seek, ask (petition)
    pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positus, place, put (position); castra pōnere, to pitch camp
    possum, posse, potuī, ———, be able, can (potent), with the infin.
    vetō, vetāre, vetuī, vetitus, forbid (veto), with the infin.; opposite of iubeō, command
    vincō, vincere, vīcī, victus, conquer (in-vincible)
    vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, ———, live, be alive (re-vive)

## LESSON XXXIX, §234LESSON XXXIX, §234

    barbarus, -a, -um, strange, foreign, barbarous. As a noun, barbarī, -ōrum, m., plur., savages, barbarians
    dux, ducis, m., leader (duke). Cf. the verb dūcō
    eques, equitis, m., horseman, cavalryman (equestrian)
    iūdex, iūdicis, m., judge
    lapis, lapidis, m., stone (lapidary)
    mīles, mīlitis, m., soldier (militia)
    pedes, peditis, m., foot soldier (pedestrian)
    pēs, pedis, m., foot (pedal)
    prīnceps, prīncipis, m., chief (principal)
    rēx, rēgis, m., king (regal)
    summus, -a, -um, highest, greatest (summit)
    virtūs, virtūtis, f., manliness, courage (virtue)

## LESSON XL, §237LESSON XL, §237

    Caesar, -aris, m., Cæsar
    captīvus, -ī, m., captive, prisoner
    cōnsul, -is, m., consul
    frāter, frātris, m., brother (fraternity)
    homō, hominis, m., man, human being
    impedīmentum, -ī, n., hindrance (impediment); plur. impedīmenta, -ōrum, baggage
    imperātor, imperātōris, m., commander in chief, general (emperor) ​
    legiō, legiōnis, f., legion
    māter, mātris, f., mother (maternal)
    ōrdō, ōrdinis, m., row, rank (order)
    pater, patris, m., father (paternal)
    salūs, salūtis, f., safety (salutary)
    soror, sorōris, f., sister (sorority)

## LESSON XLI, §239LESSON XLI, §239

    calamitās, calamitātis, f., loss, disaster, defeat (calamity)
    caput, capitis, n., head (capital)
    flūmen, flūminis, n., river (flume)
    labor, labōris, m., labor, toil
    opus, operis, n., work, task
    ōrātor, ōrātōris, m., orator
    rīpa, -ae, f., bank (of a stream)
    tempus, temporis, n., time (temporal)
    terror, terrōris, m., terror, fear
    victor, victōris, m., victor
    accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptus, receive, accept
    cōnfīrmō, cōnfīrmāre, cōnfīrmāvī, cōnfīrmātus, strengthen, establish, encourage (confirm)

## LESSON XLIII, §245LESSON XLIII, §245

    animal, animālis (-ium), n., animal
    avis, avis (-ium), f., bird (aviation)
    caedēs, caedis (-ium), f., slaughter
    calcar, calcāris (-ium), n., spur
    cīvis, cīvis (-ium), m. and f., citizen (civic)
    cliēns, clientis (-ium), m., retainer, dependent (client)
    fīnis, fīnis (-ium), m., end, limit (final); plur., country, territory
    hostis, hostis (-ium), m. and f., enemy in war (hostile). Distinguish from inimīcus, which means a personal enemy
    ignis, ignis (-ium), m., fire (ignite)
    īnsigne, īnsignis (-ium), n., decoration, badge (ensign)
    mare, maris (-ium), n., sea (marine)
    nāvis, nāvis (-ium), f., ship (naval); nāvis longa, man-of-war
    turris, turris (-ium), f., tower (turret)
    urbs, urbis (-ium), f., city (suburb). An urbs is larger than an oppidum

## LESSON XLIV, §249LESSON XLIV, §249

    arbor, arboris, f., tree (arbor)
    collis, collis (-ium), m., hill
    dēns, dentis (-ium), m., tooth (dentist)
    fōns, fontis (-ium), m., fountain, spring; source
    iter, itineris, n., march, journey, route (itinerary)
    mēnsis, mēnsis (-ium), m., month
    moenia, -ium, n., plur., walls, fortifications. Cf. mūrus
    mōns, montis (-ium), m., mountain; summus mōns, top of the mountain
    numquam, adv., never
    pōns, pontis, m., bridge (pontoon) ​
    sanguis, sanguinis, m., blood (sanguinary)
    summus, -a, -um, highest, greatest (summit)
    trāns, prep. with acc., across (transatlantic)
    vīs (vīs), gen. plur. vīrium, f., strength, force, violence (vim)

## LESSON XLV, §258LESSON XLV, §258

    ācer, ācris, ācre, sharp, keen, eager (acrid)
    brevis, breve, short, brief
    difficilis, difficile, difficult
    facilis, facile, facile, easy
    fortis, forte, brave (fortitude)
    gravis, grave, heavy, severe, serious (grave)
    omnis, omne, every, all (omnibus)
    pār, gen. paris, equal (par)
    paucī, -ae, -a, few, only a few (paucity)
    secundus, -a, -um, second; favorable, opposite of adversus
    signum, -ī, n., signal, sign, standard
    vēlōx, gen. vēlōcis, swift (velocity)
    conlocō, conlocāre, conlocāvī, conlocātus, arrange, station, place (collocation)
    dēmōnstrō, dēmōnstrāre, dēmōnstrāvī, dēmōnstrātus, point out, explain (demonstrate)
    mandō, mandāre, mandāvī, mandātus, commit, intrust (mandate)

## LESSON XLVI, §261LESSON XLVI, §261

    adventus, -ūs, m., approach, arrival (advent)
    ante, prep. with acc., before (antedate)
    cornū, -ūs, n., horn, wing of an army (cornucopia); ā dextrō cornū, on the right wing; ā sinistrō cornū, on the left wing
    equitātus, -ūs, m., cavalry
    exercitus, -ūs, m., army
    impetus, -ūs, m., attack (impetus); impetum facere in, with acc., to make an attack on
    lacus, -ūs, dat. and abl. plur. lacubus, m., lake
    manus, -ūs, f., hand; band, force (manual)
    portus, -ūs, m., harbor (port)
    post, prep. with acc., behind, after (post-mortem)
    cremō, cremāre, cremāvī, cremātus, burn (cremate)
    exerceō, exercēre, exercuī, exercitus, practice, drill, train (exercise)

## LESSON XLVII, §270LESSON XLVII, §270

    Athēnae, -ārum, f., plur., Athens
    Corinthus, -ī, f., Corinth
    domus, -ūs, locative domī, f., house, home (dome). Cf. domicilium
    Genāva, -ae, f., Geneva
    Pompēiī, -ōrum, m., plur., Pompeii, a city in Campania. See map ​
    propter, prep. with acc., on account of, because of
    rūs, rūris, in the plur. only nom. and acc. rūra, n., country (rustic)
    tergum, tergī, n., back; ā tergō, behind, in the rear
    vulnus, vulneris, n., wound (vulnerable)
    committō, committere, commīsī, commissus, intrust, commit; proelium committere, join battle
    convocō, convocāre, convocāvī, convocātus, call together, summon (convoke)
    timeō, timēre, timuī, ——, fear; be afraid (timid)
    vertō, vertere, vertī, versus, turn, change (convert); terga vertere, to turn the backs, hence to retreat

## LESSON XLVIII, §276LESSON XLVIII, §276

    aciēs, -ēī, f., line of battle
    aestās, aestātis, f., summer
    annus, -ī, m., year (annual)
    diēs, diēī, m., day (diary)
    fidēs, fideī, no plur., f., faith, trust; promise, word; protection; in fidem venīre, to come under the protection
    fluctus, -ūs, m., wave, billow (fluctuate)
    hiems, hiemis, f., winter
    hōra, -ae, f., hour
    lūx, lūcis, f., light (lucid); prīma lūx, daybreak
    merīdiēs, acc. -em, abl. -ē, no plur., m., midday (meridian)
    nox, noctis (-ium), f., night (nocturnal)
    prīmus, -a, -um, first (prime)
    rēs, reī, f., thing, matter (real); rēs gestae, deeds, exploits (lit. things performed); rēs adversae, adversity; rēs secundae, prosperity
    spēs, speī, f., hope

## LESSON XLIX, §283LESSON XLIX, §283

    amīcitia, -ae, f., friendship (amicable)
    itaque, conj., and so, therefore, accordingly
    littera, -ae,f., a letter of the alphabet; plur., a letter, an epistle
    metus, metūs, m.,fear
    nihil, indeclinable, n., nothing (nihilist)
    nūntius, nūntī, m., messenger. Cf. nūntiō
    pāx, pācis, f., peace (pacify)
    rēgnum, -ī, n., reign, sovereignty, kingdom
    supplicium, suppli´cī, n., punishment; supplicium sūmere dē, with abl., inflict punishment on; supplicium dare, suffer punishment. Cf. poena
    placeō, placēre, placuī, placitus, be pleasing to, please, with dative. Cf. §154
    sūmō, sūmere, sūmpsī, sūmptus, take up, assume
    sustineō, sustinēre, sustinuī, sustentus, sustain

## LESSON L, §288LESSON L, §288

    corpus, corporis, n., body (corporal)
    dēnsus, -a, -um, dense
    īdem, e'adem, idem, demonstrative pronoun, the same (identity)
    ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pronoun, self; even, very
    mīrus, -a, -um, wonderful, marvelous (miracle)
    ōlim, adv., formerly, once upon a time
    pars, partis (-ium), f., part, region, direction
    quoque, adv., also. Stands after the word which it emphasizes
    sōl, sōlis, m., sun (solar)
    vērus, -a, -um, true, real (verity)
    dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitus, owe, ought (debt)
    ēripiō, ēripere, ēripuī, ēreptus, snatch from

## LESSON LI, §294LESSON LI, §294

    hic, haec, hoc, demonstrative pronoun, this (of mine); he, she, it
    ille, illa, illud, demonstrative pronoun, that (yonder); he, she, it
    invīsus, -a, -um, hateful, detested, with dative Cf. §143
    iste, ista, istud, demonstrative pronoun, that (of yours); he, she, it
    lībertās, -ātis, f., liberty
    modus, -ī, m., measure; manner, way, mode
    nōmen, nōminis, n., name (nominate)
    oculus, -ī, m., eye (oculist)
    prīstinus, -a, -um, former, old-time (pristine)
    pūblicus, -a, -um, public, belonging to the state; rēs pūblica, reī pūblicae, f., the commonwealth, the state, the republic
    vestīgium, vestī'gī, n., footprint, track; trace, vestige
    vōx, vōcis, f., voice

## LESSON LII, §298LESSON LII, §298

    incolumis, -e, unharmed
    nē … quidem, adv., not even. The emphatic word stands between nē and quidem
    nisi, conj., unless, if … not
    paene, adv., almost (pen-insula)
    satis, adv., enough, sufficiently (satisfaction)
    tantus, -a, -um, so great
    vērō, adv., truly, indeed, in fact. As a conj. but, however, usually stands second, never first.
    dēcidō, dēcidere, dēcidī, ——, fall down (deciduous)
    dēsiliō, dēsilīre, dēsiluī, dēsultus, leap down, dismount
    maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsūrus, remain
    trādūcō, trādūcere, trādūxī, trāductus, lead across

## LESSON LIII, §306LESSON LIII, §306

    aquila, -ae, f., eagle (aquiline)
    audāx, gen. audācis, adj., bold, audacious
    celer, celeris, celere, swift, quick (celerity). Cf. vēlōx
    explōrātor, -ōris, m., scout, spy (explorer)
    ingēns, gen. ingentis, adj., huge, vast
    medius, -a, -um, middle, middle part of (medium)
    mēns, mentis (-ium), f., mind (mental). Cf. animus
    opportūnus, -a, -um, opportune
    quam, adv., than. With the superlative quam gives the force of as possible, as quam audācissimī virī, men as bold as possible
    recēns, gen. recentis, adj., recent
    tam, adv., so. Always with an adjective or adverb, while ita is generally used with a verb
    quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītus, ask, inquire, seek (question). Cf. petō

## LESSON LIV, §310LESSON LIV, §310

    alacer, alacris, alacre, eager, spirited, excited (alacrity)
    celeritās, -ātis, f., speed (celerity)
    clāmor, clāmōris, m., shout, clamor
    lēnis, lēne, mild, gentle (lenient)
    mulier, muli'eris, f., woman
    multitūdō, multitūdinis, f., multitude
    nēmō, dat. nēminī, acc. nēminem (gen. nūllīus, abl. nūllō, from nūllus), no plur., m. and f., no one
    nōbilis, nōbile, well known, noble
    noctū, adv. (an old abl.), by night (nocturnal)
    statim, adv., immediately, at once
    subitō, adv., suddenly
    tardus, -a, -um, slow (tardy)
    cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītus, desire, wish (cupidity)

## LESSON LV, §314LESSON LV, §314

    aedificium, aedifi'cī, n., building, dwelling (edifice)
    imperium, impe'rī, n., command, chief power; empire
    mors, mortis (-ium), f., death (mortal)
    reliquus, -a, -um, remaining, rest of. As a noun, m. and n. plur., the rest (relic)
    scelus, sceleris, n., crime
    servitūs, -ūtis, f., slavery (servitude)
    vallēs, vallis (-ium), f., valley
    abdō, abdere, abdidī, abditus, hide
    contendō, contendere, contendī, contentus, strain, struggle; hasten (contend)
    occīdō, occīdere, occīdī, occīsus, cut down, kill. Cf. necō, interficiō
    perterreō, perterrēre, perterruī, perterritus, terrify, frighten
    recipiō, recipere, recēpī, receptus, receive, recover; sē recipere, betake one's self, withdraw, retreat
    trādō, trādere, trādidī, trāditus, give over, surrender, deliver (traitor)

## LESSON LVI, §318LESSON LVI, §318

    aditus, -ūs, m., approach, access; entrance
    cīvitās, cīvitātis, f., citizenship; body of citizens, state (city)
    inter, prep. with acc., between; among (interstate commerce)
    nam, conj., for
    obses, obsidis, m. and f., hostage
    paulō, adv. (abl. n. of paulus), by a little, somewhat
    incolō, incolere, incoluī, ——, transitive, inhabit; intransitive, dwell. Cf. habitō, vīvō
    relinquō, relinquere, relīquī, relictus, leave, abandon (relinquish)
    statuō, statuere, statuī, statūtus, fix, decide (statute), usually with infin.

## LESSON LVII, §326LESSON LVII, §326

    aequus, -a, -um, even, level; equal
    cohors, cohortis (-ium), f., cohort, a tenth part of a legion, about 360 men
    currō, currere, cucurrī, cursus, run (course)
    difficultās, -ātis, f., difficulty
    fossa, -ae, f., ditch (fosse)
    gēns, gentis (-ium), f., race, tribe, nation (Gentile)
    negōtium, negōtī, n., business, affair, matter (negotiate)
    regiō, -ōnis, f., region, district
    rūmor, rūmōris, m., rumor, report. Cf. fāma
    simul atque, conj., as soon as
    suscipiō, suscipere, suscēpī, susceptus, undertake
    trahō, trahere, trāxī, trāctus, drag, draw (ex-tract)
    valeō, valēre, valuī, valitūrus, be strong; plūrimum valēre, to be most powerful, have great influence (value). Cf. validus

## LESSON LVIII, §332LESSON LVIII, §332

    commeātus, -ūs, m., provisions
    lātitūdō, -inis, f., width (latitude)
    longitūdō, -inis, f., length (longitude)
    magnitūdō, -inis, f., size, magnitude
    mercātor, mercātōris, m., trader, merchant
    mūnītiō, -ōnis, f., fortification (munition)
    spatium, spatī, n., room, space, distance; time
    cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī, cognitus, learn; in the perfect tenses, know (re-cognize)
    cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctus, collect; compel (cogent)
    dēfendō, dēfendere, dēfendī, dēfēnsus, defend ​
    incendō, incendere, incendī, incēnsus, set fire to, burn (incendiary). Cf. cremō
    obtineō, obtinēre, obtinuī, obtentus, possess, occupy, hold (obtain)
    perveniō, pervenīre, pervēnī, perventus, come through, arrive

## LESSON LIX, §337LESSON LIX, §337

    agmen, agminis, n., line of march, column; prīmum agmen, the van; novissimum agmen, the rear
    atque, ac, conj., and; atque is used before vowels and consonants, ac before consonants only. Cf. et and -que
    concilium, conci'lī, n., council, assembly
    Helvētiī, -ōrum, m., the Helvetii, a Gallic tribe
    passus, passūs, m., a pace, five Roman feet; mīlle passuum, a thousand (of) paces, a Roman mile
    quā dē causā, for this reason, for what reason
    vāllum, -ī, n., earthworks, rampart
    cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsūrus, fall (decadence)
    dēdō, dēdere, dēdidī, dēditus, surrender, give up; with a reflexive pronoun, surrender one's self, submit, with the dative of the indirect object
    premō, premere, pressī, pressus, press hard, harass
    vexō, vexāre, vexāvī, vexātus, annoy, ravage (vex)

## LESSON LX, §341LESSON LX, §341

    aut, conj., or; aut … aut, either … or
    causā, abl. of causa, for the sake of, because of. Always stands after the gen. which modifies it
    ferē, adv., nearly, almost
    opīniō, -ōnis, f., opinion, supposition, expectation
    rēs frūmentāria, reī frūmentāriae, f. (lit. the grain affair), grain supply
    timor, -ōris, m., fear. Cf. timeō
    undique, adv., from all sides
    cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum, attempt, try
    ēgredior, ēgredī, ēgressus sum, move out, disembark; prōgredior, move forward, advance (egress, progress)
    moror, morārī, morātus sum, delay
    orior, orīrī, ortus sum, arise, spring; begin; be born (from) (origin)
    proficīscor, proficīscī, profectus sum, set out
    revertor, revertī, reversus sum, return (revert). The forms of this verb are usually active, and not deponent, in the perfect system. Perf. act., revertī
    sequor, sequī, secūtus sum, follow (sequence). Note the following compounds of sequor and the force of the different prefixes: cōnsequor (follow with), overtake; īnsequor (follow against), pursue; subsequor (follow under), follow close after
* ↑ A conjunction is a word which connects words, parts of sentences, or sentences.
* ↑ An adverb is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb; as, She sings sweetly; she is very talented; she began to sing very early.
* ↑ The genitive singular masculine of adjectives in -ius ends in -iī and the vocative in -ie; not in -ī, as in nouns.
* ↑ Observe that dominus, as distinguished from magister, means master in the sense of owner.
* ↑ For the declension of deus, see §468
* ↑ This verb governs the dative because the idea of nearness to is stronger than that of motion to. If the latter idea were the stronger, the word would be used with ad and the accusative.
* ↑ Observe that e is long in the nom. sing. and short in the other cases.
* ↑ The genitive plural ending -ium is written to mark the i-stems.
* ↑ The genitive plural of mare is not in use.