OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wilberforce, Robert Isaac

See also Robert Isaac Wilberforce on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WILBERFORCE. ROBERT ISAAC (1802-1857), English clergyman and writer, second son of William Wilberforce, was born on the 19th of December 1802. He was educated at Oriel College, Oxford, taking a double first in 1823. In 1826 he was chosen fellow of Oriel and was ordained, among his friends and colleagues being Newman, Pusey and Keble. For a few years he was one of the tutors at Oriel, but the provost, Edward Hawkins, disliked his religious views, and in 1831 he resigned and left Oxford. In 1832 he obtained the living of East Farleigh, Kent, which in 1840 he exchanged for that of Burton Agnes, near Hull. In 1841 he was appointed archdeacon of the East Riding. About this time Wilberforce became very intimate with Manning, and many letters on theological and ecclesiastical questions passed between them. In 1851 Manning joined the Church of Rome, and three years later Wilberforce took the same step. He was preparing for his ordination when he died at Albano on the 3rd of February 1857. He left two sons, the younger of whom, Edward Wilberforce (b. 1834), became one of the masters of the Supreme Court of Judicature. Edward's son, Lionel Robert Wilberforce (b. 1861), was in 1900 appointed professor of physics in the university of Liverpool.
R. I. Wilberforce assisted his brother Samuel to write the Life and to edit the Correspondence of his father. His other writings include: Church Courts and Church Discipline (1843); Doctrine of the Holy Eucharist (1853); Doctrine of the Incarnation in Relation to Mankind and the Church (1848 and later editions); The Five Empires, a Sketch of Ancient History (1840); A Sketch of the History of Erastianism (1851); An Enquiry into the Principles of Church Authority (1854); and a romance, Rutilius and Lucius (1842).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wigwam

See also Wigwam on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WIGWAM, a term loosely adopted as a general name for the houses of North American Indians. It is, however, strictly applied to a particular dome-shaped or conical hut made of poles lashed together at the tops and covered with bark. The skin tents of many of the Plains Indians are called tipis. The word “wigwam” represents the Europeanized or Anglicized form of the Algonkian wēkou-om-ut, i.e. “in his (their) house.”
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ware (England)

See also Ware, Hertfordshire on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WARE, a market town in the Hertford parliamentary division of Hertfordshire, England, on the river Lea, 22 m. N. of London by a branch of the Great Eastern railway. Pop. of urban district (1901) 5573. The church of St Mary is a cruciform Decorated and Perpendicular building of flint and stone, consisting of chancel (built, it is supposed, by Lady Margaret Beaufort, countess of Richmond, and mother of Henry VII.), lady chapel to the south (c. 1380), nave of five bays of the time of Richard II., transepts, aisles, south porch and embattled tower of the time of Edward III. There is an elaborate Perpendicular font. The modern mansion of The Priory, to the west of the town, occupies the site of a priory of the order of St Francis, founded, according to Dugdale, by Hugh de Grantmaisrul, lord of Ware. A portion of the original building is incorporated in the modern one. Among public buildings are the corn exchange and the town-hall, which includes a literary institute and library. The famous "Great Bed of Ware," referred to in Shakespeare's Twelfth Night, which formerly was at the Saracen's Head in Ware, has been removed to Rye House, 2 m. distant, the scene of the Rye House plot of 1683 against Charles II. The town possesses breweries and brick-fields, and there is a large trade in malt, assisted by the navigation of the Lea to London. Near the village of Great Amwell (1 m. S.E.) are the sources of the New River, formed in 1606–1612 to supply London with water; and on a small island in the stream stands a monument to Sir Hugh Myddleton, through whose exertions this work was carried cut.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ward, Seth

See also Seth Ward (bishop) on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WARD, SETH (1617–1689), English bishop, was born in Hertfordshire, and educated at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, where he became fellow in 1640. In 1643 he was chosen university mathematical lecturer, but he was deprived of his fellowship next year for opposing the Solemn League and Covenant. In 1649 he became Savilian professor of astronomy at Oxford, and gained a high reputation by his theory of planetary motion, propounded in the works entitled In Ismaelis Bullialdi astronomiae philolaicae fundamenta inquisitio brevis (Oxford, 1653), and Astronomia geometrica (London, 1656). About this time he was engaged in a philosophical controversy with Thomas Hobbes. He was one of the original members of the Royal Society. In 1659 he was appointed master of Trinity College, Oxford, but not having the statutory qualifications he resigned in 1660. Charles II. appointed him to the livings of St Lawrence Jewry in London, and Uplowman, Devonshire, in 1661. He also became dean of Exeter (1661) and rector of Breock, Cornwall (1662). In the latter year he was consecrated bishop of Exeter, and in 1667 he was translated to the see of Salisbury. The office of chancellor of the Order of the Garter was conferred on him in 1671. In his diocese he showed great severity to nonconformists, and rigidly enforced the act prohibiting conventicles. He spent a great deal of money on the restoration of the cathedrals of Worcester and Salisbury. He died at Knightsbridge on the 6th of January 1688/1689.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ward, William

See also William Ward (engraver) on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WARD, WILLIAM (1766–1826), English mezzotint-engraver, an elder brother of James Ward (q.v.), was born in London in 1766. He was the most distinguished pupil of J. Raphael Smith, and executed a great part of many of the plates which bear the name of that excellent engraver. In 1795 he began to exhibit in the Royal Academy, of which in 1814 he was elected an associate engraver. He also held the appointment of mezzotint-engraver to the prince regent and the duke of York. He executed six plates after Reynolds, engraved many of the works of his brother-in-law, George Morland, and his mezzotints after Andrew Geddes, which include the full-lengths of Sir David Wilkie and of Patrick Brydone, are of great merit. His engravings are full of artistic spirit, and show fine feeling for colour; and they are excellently tender and expressive in their rendering of flesh. He died in London on the 1st of December 1826.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wardha

See also Wardha and Wardha district on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WARDHA, a town and district of British India, in the Nagpur division of the Central Provinces, which take their name from the Wardha river. The town is situated 49 m. S.W. of Nagpur by rail. Pop. (1901) 9872. It was laid out in 1866, shortly after the district was first constituted. It is an important centre of the cotton trade.
The District of Wardha has an area of 2428 sq. m. It is hilly in the north, and intersected by spurs from the Satpura range. The central portion includes the three peaks of Malegaon (1726 ft.), Nandgaon (1874 ft.), and Jaitgarh (2086 ft.). From this cluster of hills numerous small streams lead to the Wardha river on the one side, while on the other the Dham, Bor, and Asoda flow down the length of the district in a south-easterly direction. The Wardha, and its affluent the Wanna, are the only rivers of any importance. To the south the country spreads out in an undulating plain, intersected by watercourses, and broken here and there by isolated hills rising abruptly from the surface. In general the lowlands are well wooded. Leopards, hyenas, wolves, jackals and wild hog abound in the district; other animals found are the spotted deer, nilgai and antelope. The district is subject to great variations of climate, and the rainfall at Wardha town averages 41 in. In 1901 the population was 385,103, showing a decrease of 4% in the decade. The principal crops are cotton, millet, wheat and oil-seeds. This region supplies the cotton known in the market as Hinganghat. There are cotton-mills at Hinganghat and Palgaon, and many factories for ginning and pressing cotton. The district is traversed by the Nagpur line of the Great Indian Peninsula railway. A branch runs from Wardha town past Hinganghat to the Warora coal-field in the district of Chanda. The history of Wardha forms part of that of Nagpur district, from which it was separated in 1862 for administrative purposes.
See Wardha District Gazetteer (Allahabad, 1906).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wardrobe

See also Wardrobe on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WARDROBE, a portable upright cupboard for storing clothes. The earliest wardrobe was a chest, and it was not until some degree of luxury was attained in regal palaces and the castles of powerful nobles that separate accommodation was provided for the sumptuous apparel of the great. The name of wardrobe was then given to a room in which the wall-space was filled with cupboards and lockers—the drawer is a comparatively modern invention. From these cupboards and lockers the modern wardrobe, with its hanging spaces, sliding shelves and drawers, was slowly evolved. In its movable form as an oak "hanging cupboard" it dates back to the early 17th century. For probably a hundred years such pieces, massive and cumbrous in form, but often with well-carved fronts, were made in fair numbers; then the gradual diminution in the use of oak for cabinet-making produced a change of fashion. Walnut succeeded oak as the favourite material for furniture, but hanging wardrobes in walnut appear to have bepn made very rarely, although clothes presses, with drawers and sliding trays, were frequent. During a large portion of the 18th century the tallboy (q.v.) was much used for storing clothes. Towards its end, however, the wardrobe began to develop into its modern form, with a hanging cupboard at each side, a press in the upper part of the central portion and drawers below. As a rule it was of mahogany, but so soon as satinwood and other hitherto scarce finely grained foreign woods began to be obtainable in considerable quantities, many elaborately and even magnificently inlaid wardrobes were made. Where Chippendale and his school had carved, Sheraton and Hepplewhite and their contemporaries obtained their effects by the artistic employment of deftly contrasted and highly polished woods. The first step in the evolution of the wardrobe was taken when the central doors, which had hitherto enclosed merely the upper part, were carried to the floor, covering the drawers as well as the sliding shelves, and were fitted with mirrors.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ward-room

See also Wardroom on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WARD-ROOM (i.e. the room of the guard), the cabin occupied by the commissioned officers, except the captain, in a man-of-war. In the wooden line-of-battle ships it was above the gunroom.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Warden

See also Warden on Wikipedia; warden on Wiktionary; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WARDEN, a custodian, defender, guardian (see Guardian, a word with which it is etymologically identical). The word is frequently employed in the ordinary sense of a watchman or guardian, but more usually in England in the sense of a chief or head official. The lords wardens of the marches, for example, were powerful nobles appointed to guard the borders of Scotland and of Wales; they held their lands per baroniam, the king's writ not running against them, and they had extensive rights of administrating justice. The chief officer of the ancient stannaries of Cornwall has the title of lord warden (see Stannaries), as has also the governor of Dover Castle (see Cinque Ports). Warden was until 1870 the alternative title of the master of the mint, and "warden of the standards" the title of the head of the Standards office (see Standards). The principal or head of several of the colleges of Oxford University is also termed warden.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wardlaw, Henry

See also Henry Wardlaw on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WARDLAW, HENRY (d. 1440), Scottish prelate, was a son of Sir Andrew Wardlaw and a nephew of Walter Wardlaw (d. 1390), bishop of Glasgow, who is said to have been made a cardinal by the anti-pope Clement VII. in 1381. Educated at the universities of Oxford and of Paris, Henry Wardlaw returned to Scotland about 1385, and owing to his influential connexions received many benefices in the Church. He passed some time at Avignon, and it was whilst he was residing at the papal court that he was chosen bishop of St Andrews, being consecrated in 1403. Returning to Scotland he acted as tutor to the future king, James I., and finished the work of restoring his cathedral. Then having helped to bring about the release of James from his captivity in England, he crowned this king in May 1424, and afterwards acted as one of his principal advisers. He appears to have been an excellent bishop, although he tried to suppress the teaching of John Wycliffe by burning its advocates. He died on the 6th of April 1440. Wardlaw's chief title to fame is the fact that he was the founder of the university of St Andrews, the first Scottish university. He issued the charter of foundation in February 1411, and the privileges of the new seat of learning were confirmed by a bull of Pope Benedict XIII., dated the 28th of August 1413. The university was to be "an impregnable rampart of doctors and masters to resist heresy."
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wardlaw, Elizabeth, Lady

See also Elizabeth, Lady Wardlaw on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WARDLAW, ELIZABETH, Lady (1677—1727), reputed author of Hardyknute, second daughter of Sir Charles Halket, was born in April 1677. She married in 1696 Sir Henry Wardlaw, Bart., of Pitreavie. The ballad of Hardyknute, published in 1719 as an old poem, was supposed to have been discovered by her in a vault at Dunfermline, but no MS. was ever produced; and in the 1767 edition of Percy's Reliques the poem was ascribed to her. The beautiful ballad of Sir Patrick Spens (F. J. Child, English and Scottish Popular Ballads, ii. 17) has been also asserted to be her work, one of the supporters of the theory being Robert Chambers (Remarks on Scottish Ballads, 1859). The level of accomplishment in Hardyknute, however, gives no reason for supposing that Lady Wardlaw was capable of producing Sir Patrick Spens.
See Norval Clyne, The Romantic Scottish Ballads and the Lady Wardlaw Heresy (1859), and J.H. Watkins, Early Scottish Ballads (Glasgow, 1867).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Oceania

See also Oceania on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​OCEANIA, or Oceanica, a name used to cover all the islands of the Pacific Ocean (q.v.) which are included in the divisions of Polynesia, Micronesia, Melanesia, Australasia, &c.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ocean Grove

* related portals: New Jersey.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, travel guide, Wikidata item.
See also Ocean Grove, New Jersey on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​OCEAN GROVE, a summer resort of Monmouth county, New Jersey, U.S.A., in the eastern part of the state, on the Atlantic coast, and 55 m. by rail S. of New York City. Pop. (1909), about 2500. It is served by the Pennsylvania and the Central of New Jersey railways. It is noted as a religious and musical seaside resort, and in July and August, and especially in the last ten days of August, during its annual camp-meeting, is visited by thousands of people. Ocean Grove was founded in 1869 by the Ocean Grove Camp-Meeting Association of the Methodist Episcopal Church, as a place for religious worship, rest and recreation, free from all forms of questionable amusement, and is governed under a corporation charter, the corporation having power to place restrictions in all leases.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ocelot

See also Ocelot on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​OCELOT (Mexican Flalocelotl, literally field-jaguar, from Flalli, field, and ocelotl, tiger, jaguar), an American member (Felis pardalis) of the family Felidae, ranging from Arkansas in the north to Paraguay. The species is subject to great racial variation. The fur has, however, a tawny yellow or reddish-grey ground colour, marked with black spots, aggregated in streaks and blotches, or in elongated rings enclosing areas rather darker than the general ground-colour. In the typical form the total length may reach 4 ft.; the average measurement of the head and body lies between 26 in. and 33 in., and of the tail between 11 in. and 15 in. The ocelot is essentially a forest cat, and a ready climber; its disposition is said to be fierce and bloodthirsty but in confinement it becomes tame and playful. In Asia the group is represented by the Tibetan Felis tristis.
Ocelot (Felis pardalis).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ocean City

* related portals: New Jersey.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, travel guide, Wikidata item.
See also Ocean City, New Jersey on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​OCEAN CITY, a city and seaside resort of Cape May county, New Jersey, U.S.A., in the S.E. part of the state, about 10 m. S.W. of Atlantic City. Pop. (1890), 452; (1900), 1307; (1905), 1835; (1910), 1950. It is served by the Atlantic City and the West Jersey & Seashore railways. The city is laid out to face both the ocean and Great Egg Harbor Bay, and is a popular resort during the summer months. Ocean City was incorporated as a borough in 1884, and was chartered as a city in 1897.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Oceanus

See also Oceanus on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​OCEANUS (Gr. Ὠκεανός), in Greek mythology, the greatest of rivers and at the same time a divine personification. Never mingling with the sea which it encloses, according to Homer it has neither source nor mouth. On its southern banks, from east to west, dwell the “blameless Aethiopians” in perfect happiness, and beyond it on the west, in the realms of eternal night, “Cimmerians,” wrapped in fogs and darkness. Here are the grove of Persephone and the entrance of the underworld. Personified, Oceanus is in Hesiod (Theog. 133, 337-370) the son of Uranus and Gaea, the husband of Tethys, father of 3000 streams and 4000 ocean nymphs. In Homer he is the origin of all things, even the father of the gods, and the equal in rank of all of them save Zeus. This conception recurs in the theory of Thales, who made water the first principle of all things. The idea of Oceanus as a river flowing unceasingly round the earth, which was regarded as a flat circle, was of long continuance. Euripides was the first among the tragic poets to speak of it as a sea, but Herodotus before him ridiculed the notion of Oceanus as a river as an invention of the poets and described it as the great world sea. As the geographical knowledge of the Greeks extended, the name was applied to the outer sea (especially the Atlantic).
In art, Oceanus was represented as an old man of noble presence and benevolent expression, with the horns of an ox and sometimes crab’s claws on his head. His attributes are a pitcher, cornucopiae (“horn of plenty”), rushes, marine animals and a sceptre. On the altar of Pergamum he is depicted taking part in the battle of the giants.
Homer, Iliad, i. 423, xiv. 201, 245, xxi. 196: Odyssey, x. 508, xi. 14; Herodotus ii. 23, iv. 8; Euripides, Orestes, 1376; Caesar, Bell. Gall. iii. 7, iv. 10.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ocellus Lucanus

See also Ocellus Lucanus on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​OCELLUS LUCANUS, a Pythagorean philosopher, born in Lucania in the 5th century B.C., perhaps a pupil of Pythagoras himself. Stobaeus (Ecl. Phys. i. 13) has preserved a fragment of his Περὶ νόμου (if he was really the author) in the Doric dialect, but the only one of his alleged works which is extant is a short treatise in four chapters in the Ionic dialect generally known as On the Nature of the Universe. Excerpts from this are given in Stobaeus (i. 20), but in Doric. It is certainly not authentic, and cannot be dated earlier than the 1st century B.C. It maintains the doctrine that the universe is uncreated and eternal; that to its three great divisions correspond the three kinds of beings—gods, men and daemons; and, finally, that the human race with all its institutions (the family, marriage and the like) must be eternal. It advocates an ascetic mode of life, with a view to the perfect reproduction of the race and its training in all that is noble and beautiful.
Editions of the Περὶ τῆς τοῦ παντὸς φύσεως, by A. F. Rudolph (1801, with commentary), and by F. W. Mullach in Fragmenta philosophorum graecorum, i. (1860); see also E. Zeller, History of Greek Philosophy, i. (Eng. trans.), and J. de Heyden-Zielewicz in Breslauer philologische Abhandlungen, viii. 3 (1901). There is an English translation (1831) by Thomas Taylor, the Platonist.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Occasionalism

See also Occasionalism on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​OCCASIONALISM (Lat. occasio, an event), in philosophy, a term applied to that theory of the relation between matter and mind which postulates the intervention of God to bring about in the one a change which corresponds to a similar change in the other. The theory thus denies any direct interaction between matter and mind. It was expounded by Geulincx and Malebranche to avoid the difficulty of Descartes’s dualism of thought and extension, and to explain causation. Thus mind and matter are to Geulincx only the “occasional” causes of each other’s changes, while Malebranche, facing further the epistemological problem, maintains that mind cannot even know matter, which is merely the “occasion” of knowledge.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Occultation

See also Occultation on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​OCCULTATION (from Lat. occultare, the frequentative of occulere, to hide), in astronomy, the hiding of one celestial body by another passing in front of it; commonly the passage of the moon or of a planet between the observer and a star or another planet.