OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Lawton, Henry W.

See also Henry Ware Lawton on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Law'ton, Henry W., an American soldier, was born in Ohio in 1843, resided in Indiana, and in the beginning of the Civil War enlisted as a private. When honorably discharged upon expiration of enlistment he joined the 30th Indiana volunteer infantry as first lieutenant. He was repeatedly promoted for gallantry, and at the end of the war, when mustered out, was a brevet-colonel of volunteers. In July, 1866, he entered the regulars as a second lieutenant, and thence, by regular promotion, had attained the rank of lieutenant-colonel by February, 1889, and was assigned to the inspector-general's department. When the Spanish-American War came, he was made a major-general of volunteers and commanded the second division at Santiago de Cuba, distinguishing himself in the battle of El Caney on July 1-2, 1898. He was ordered to the Philippines in January, 1899. Here he rendered conspicuous service, pushing his campaigns in northern Luzon with energy and effectiveness, fighting more than 20 battles and displaying the qualities of an able strategist and brave leader. He was killed on Dec. 19, 1899.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Lee, Richard Henry

See also Richard Henry Lee on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Lee, Richard Henry, a Revolutionary statesman and orator, was born in Virginia, Jan. 20, 1732. Soon after he was of age he was elected a delegate to the house of burgesses, where his first speech was in opposition to slavery, which he proposed to abolish by placing a heavy tax on all future importation of slaves. In 1767 he spoke against the acts which levied duties upon tea and other articles, and in the following year he suggested private correspondence between the friends of liberty in the different colonies. He is also said to have originated the idea of a congress of the colonies, which was carried into effect in 1774, when the first Continental Congress assembled in Philadelphia. Lee was one of the delegates from Virginia, and took active part in its deliberations, the delegates from other colonies being not only impressed with his great ability and knowledge, but with the “fire and splendor” of his eloquence. He also wrote the address to the people of Great Britain, directed by Congress in 1775, which was one of the strongest state papers of the time. On June 7, 1776, by the instruction of the Virginia house of burgesses, he introduced the famous resolutions declaring “that these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown.” During his long service Lee became a warm supporter of Washington, sustaining him in all the more important acts of his administration. He was popular on account of his liberality and amiable disposition as well as his ardent patriotism. He retired from public life in 1792, and died on June 19, 1794. See Life by R. H. Lee.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Lawrence (Massachusetts)

See also Lawrence, Massachusetts on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Lawrence, an important manufacturing city in Massachusetts, one of the county-seats of Essex Co., is built on both sides of Merrimac River, 26 miles north of Boston, with which it is connected by two railroads. The river, which here falls 28 feet in half a mile, is crossed by two railroad and two other bridges and by a dam of granite, 900 feet long and forty feet high; canals on either bank conduct the water to the mills. The mills, some of which are among the largest in the world, manufacture cotton and woolen goods, cloth and paper; and engines, boilers, machinery, ​ clothing, hats etc. are also produced here. The woolen goods industry is of first importance, employing more than 11,000 people in two mills, while a third mill, making both cotton and woolen goods, employs over 5,000. Like her sister city Boston, Lawrence has a common of 17 acres in the center of the city, around which are many noteworthy public buildings and churches. The public school system is admirable, and includes evening schools for the employed. Other institutions of which the city is justly proud are the high school, the free public library, the Orphan Asylum and a Home for Aged People. Population 85,892.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Lee, Henry

See also Henry Lee III on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Lee, Henry, a Revolutionary soldier, was born in Virginia, Jan, 29, 1756. He graduuated at Princeton College, and in 1776 was appointed a captain of cavalry, and in the following year joined the main army. His vigor and ability attracted the attention of Washington, and his command was soon distinguished for the rapidity of movement and soldierly daring which afterward made Lee's legion so famous and gave him the name of Light-Horse Harry. In 1786 Lee was sent to Congress by the Virginia assembly, and in 1792 he was elected governor of Virginia. As a member of Congress, at the death of Washington in 1799, he was appointed to prepare the eulogy upon the life and character of his dead chieftain. His resolutions contained the often quoted words: “first in war, first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen.” Lee was in Baltimore in 1814, when the office of The Federal Republican was sacked by a mob. He took an active part against them, and with his friends was placed in jail for safe-keeping, but the mob broke into the building and killed or seriously injured all its inmates. Lee never recovered from his injuries, and soon made a voyage to the West Indies in a vain search of health. He died on March 25, 1818.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Leisler, Jacob

See also Jacob Leisler on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Leis'ler, Jacob, a revolutionist, born at Frankfort-On-Main, Germany, emigrated to America in 1660, and took up his residence in Albany. He became prominent about 1675. He was appointed one of the commissioners of the court of admiralty in 1683. He was a man of benevolent spirit and firm principles, although these principles were not always in accordance with the public mind, and he was sometimes forced into jail rather than abandon them. In June of 1689 the people of New York, roused and excited by the rumors of the political revolution in England, assembled in arms to overthrow the existing government. Leisler then was at the head of the commercial world in New York, and was looked upon as a man of force and ability. Having declared himself for the Prince of Orange, he was chosen as leader of the revolt. He was at the head of the mob which held the fort “for the present Protestant power that reigns in England.” In 1689, Sloughter, an English stranger, had been commissioned in London as governor of the province of New York. He was detained for some reason in England, and did not arrive until 1691. Then, being a man of no morals and needy and avaricious, he fell into the hands of Leisler's enemies, with the result that the latter's property was confiscated by the new governor. Leisler himself was thrown into prison and shortly afterwards executed.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Lawrence, Sir Thomas

See also Thomas Lawrence on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Lawrence, Sir Thomas, portrait-painter and president of the Royal Academy, was born at Bristol, England, May 4, 1769. At ten he began sketching in crayons, and at eighteen entered the Royal Academy as a student in oils. In 1791 he was elected an associate, in 1798 a full member. He was appointed limner to the king in 1792, and was knighted in 1815. In 1820 he succeeded Benjamin West as president of the Royal Academy. Although his work hardly rose above the conventional level, he was the most popular portrait-painter of his time. He died at London, Jan. 7, 1830. See Gower's Romney and Lawrence in the Great Artists Series.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Laöcoön

See also Laocoön on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Laöcoön (lắ-ŏk′ṓ-ŏn), according to classic story a priest of Apollo, afterward of Poseidon, in Troy, married against the will of Apollo and warned the Trojans against the admission of the wooden horse. For these reasons he and his two sons were killed by two serpents that rose from the sea. The subject was made the theme of many Greek poems, and was treated by Vergil in his Æneid. One of the most famous ancient sculptures in existence represents the group. It was discovered at Rome in 1506, and was purchased by Pope Julius II. Afterward it was carried off by Napoleon in 1796, but was recovered in 1814. See Lessing's Laöcoön.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Lecky, William Edward Hartpole

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Lecky, William Edward Hartpole, historian and philosopher, was born near Dublin, March 26, 1838, and graduated from Trinity in 1850. He anonymously published Leaders of Public Opinion in Ire-land, brilliant essays on Flood, Swift, Grattan, and O'Connell. His later works are History of Rationalism in Europe, History of European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne and his philosophical study and historical portraiture of England in the Eighteenth Century. He sat in the House of Commons for Dublin University, but declared strongly against Irish Home rule. His later works include Democracy and Liberty and reflective philosophy entitled The Map of Life. He died on Oct. 22, 1903. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
# The New Student's Reference Work/Lee, Fitzhugh

See also Fitzhugh Lee on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Lee, Fitzhugh, an American soldier, was born in Fairfax County, Va., Nov. 19, 1835. FITZHUGH LEE He graduated at West Point in 1856. At the Civil War he entered the Confederate service, advancing to the rank of major-general. In 1885 he was elected governor of Virginia, serving until 1890. He was appointed consul-general to Havana by President Cleveland, and was retained at that post by President McKinley. He cared for the interests of the United States with signal ability during the investigation of the destruction of the Maine and throughout the trying times preceding the Spanish-American War. In that war he served as major-general of volunteers, and after peace was declared he was made governor of the province of Havana. He was later appointed brigadier-general in the regular army, retiring in 1901. He died in 1905.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Civil Procedure

Edition of 1905. See also Civil procedure on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
CIVIL PROCEDURE. Legal procedure — the process whereby legal rights are protected and enforced, and violations of private or public rights punished. As commonly employed in English and American law, however, the term ‘civil’ refers to private as distinguished from public rights, and civil procedure would not include the processes of the tribunals in protecting the peace and vindicating the dignity of the State, i.e. criminal procedure. Neither does it cover any administrative process of the State, nor diplomatic or other action for the purpose of protecting the interests of citizens or subjects in foreign lands. See Procedure; International Law.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Civilian

Edition of 1905. See also Civilian (disambiguation) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
CIVILIAN. This term has three meanings, which are distinct, though intimately related. (1) In a popular sense, it signifies a person whose pursuits are civil, i.e. neither military nor clerical. As a law term, it means, either (2) a person who is versed in the principles and rules in accordance with which civil rights may be vindicated in society generally, or in the particular State in which he belongs; or (3) one who has made a special study of these rules and principles as exhibited in the laws and government of Rome (the Roman civil law). The civil law of Rome exercised such an influence upon the formation of the municipal systems of almost all the States of modern Europe, that those who devoted themselves to its study were regarded as ‘civil’ or municipal lawyers par excellence. From the more learned training which this study demanded, civilian came often to be used as synonymous with professor or doctor, as opposed to practitioner of law, the former being generally more deeply versed in the Roman law than the latter; and this in its turn led to its being loosely applied to the international lawyers of the seventeenth century (Grotius, Pufendorf, etc.), who generally belonged to the class of civilians in the sense of Romanists, and who, though their subject was altogether different, quoted largely and derived many analogies from the Roman jurisprudence. At present, in the United States, from having no class of persons who prosecute law as a science as opposed to an art, the term ‘civilian’ has reverted to its narrower mediæval sense of student or teacher of the Roman civil law; and thus we speak of Savigny as a civilian, but not of Story.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Civil Death

Edition of 1905. See also Civil death on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
CIVIL DEATH (Lat. mors civilis). The status of a living person who is deprived by law of his legal and civil rights.
The term is of feudal origin, and was introduced into the English law after the Norman Conquest. At that time civil death was one of the consequences of treason, banishment from the realm, abjuration of the realm (by which a criminal escaped other punishment by leaving the country forever), felony, and the act of entering upon a monastic life as a monk or nun; and in all of these cases, except felony, there was a total extinction of all civil rights, including loss of real and personal property, as if the person were physically dead. To avoid the effect of this, conveyances frequently made grants of estates for the ‘natural life’ of a person; and this phrase is used to-day in creating life estates, although the original reason for inserting the word ‘natural’ has ceased. Treason and abjuration of the realm involved forfeiture of property to the Crown as a penalty; but one taking monastic vows could make a will and appoint an executor to administer his estate.
In the United States, generally, civil death can occur only as the result of a sentence of imprisonment for life; but the doctrine is modified, so that there is only a partial extinction of the convict's rights, as in the New York statute providing that a sentence of life imprisonment shall operate as an absolute divorce of the felon from wife or husband; and in no case does his property descend to his heirs, as under the early law of England. The English law has also been greatly modified by statutes and decisions. For an annotation on civil death in the United
States, consult Davis vs. Laning, 18 Law Rep. Annot., 1882.
In some of the countries of Europe, the ancient doctrine is still applied in cases of persons entering a monastic life. See Attainder; Forfeiture; Outlawry.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Civil Engineer

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
CIVIL ENGINEER. See Engineer; Engineering.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Civil List

Edition of 1905. See also Civil list on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
CIVIL LIST. An annual allowance granted to the sovereign and the members of the royal family in constitutional monarchies, where the Parliament has obtained control of the purse. In England down to 1660, the entire expenses of government, civil and military, were defrayed out of what was called the ‘Royal Revenue.’ This revenue, which arose partly from Crown lands and partly from other sources, remained for a long period after the Conquest at the disposal of the Crown; and even after supplies were voted by Parliament, the specific mode of their expenditure continued to be free from Parliamentary control. After the accession of William III.,
a distinction was drawn between the military and naval expenditure, which was henceforth voted by Parliament annually, and the civil list proper, which included the maintenance of the royal household, the salaries of the judges, ambassadors, and such great officers of State, and such miscellaneous disbursements as the secret-service money and pensions. The Civil List was fixed at £600,000. Under William IV., all salaries were transferred from the Civil List to the National Budget, and the royal grant placed at £510,000. Upon the accession of Victoria, the hereditary revenues of the Crown were consolidated with the national domains, in lieu of which the sovereign was allowed an annual stipend of £385,000, to be devoted solely to the support of the royal household and the honor and dignity of the Crown. The British monarch also enjoys the income from the Duchy of Lancaster, varying from £50,000 to £60,000 annually. The charges on the Civil List for the benefit of the royal family amount to £168,000. In all the countries of Continental Europe, with the exception of Russia and Turkey, the sovereign and the members of the royal family are provided for by a civil list, generally in proportion to the value of the royal possessions which they may have ceded to the nation. The income of European monarchs ranges from $300,000 in the case of the King of Denmark to $4,000,000, which represents the allowance made the King of Prussia.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Civil Rights

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
CIVIL RIGHTS. See Rights, Civil.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Civil Rights Bill

Edition of 1905. See also Civil Rights Act of 1866 on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
CIVIL RIGHTS BILL. In American history, a bill passed by Congress in 1866, as one of the Reconstruction measures of that body, for the purpose of securing an equality of civil rights to all citizens of the United States, and particularly for the purpose of placing the freedmen in the South on an equal political footing with the whites. Its main provision was as follows: “All persons born in the United States and not subject to any foreign power, excluding Indians not taxed, are hereby declared to be citizens of the United States; and such citizens of every race and color, without regard to any previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall have the same right, in every State and Territory of the United States, to make and enforce contracts, to sue, be parties, and give evidence, to inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey real and personal property, and to the full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of person and property, as is enjoyed by white citizens, and shall be subject to like punishment, pains, and penalties, and to none other,
any law, statute, ordinance, regulation, or custom to the contrary notwithstanding.” The other sections of the bill merely provided for the carrying out of this provision and fixed penalties for its infraction. The bill passed the Senate on February 2 by a vote of 33 to 12, and the House on March 13 by a vote of 111 to 38; was vetoed by President Johnson on March 27, and was passed over the veto by the Senate on April 6, and by the House on April 9. It was the subject of an animated debate both in and out of Congress, and the challenging of its constitutionality led to the passage and adoption of the fourteenth Amendment. Another bill, of March 1, 1875, provided further for the rights of the blacks, prescribing that blacks should not be distinguished from whites by inn-keepers, teachers or officers of schools, theatre-managers, and common carriers; that Federal courts should have exclusive jurisdiction over infractions of the bill; and that negroes should not be excluded from juries. See Reconstruction.
# The New York Times/1906/07/20

See the scan index for this issue.
Articles
# The New York Times/1906/6/6/French Auto Race Today

An article first published in the New York Times on June 26, 1906 looking ahead to the inaugural French Grand Prix.
​FRENCH AUTO RACE TO-DAY.
Thirty-four Fast Cars Ready for Europe's Big Speed Contest.
PARIS. June 25.—-Crowds of people are leaving Paris for the Sarthe circuit, where the Grand Prix automobile race will be started at 6 o'clock to-morrow morning. The contest is the chief international motor speed test of Europe, succeeding the international cup event from which France withdrew owing to the entries from each country being restricted to three. The regulations governing the Grand Prize do not limit the number of entries from any country. France has twenty-five entries, Germany three. and Italy six, a total of thirty-four. The cars will be started at intervals of a minute and a half. The Sarthe circuit is about 62 miles long and the racers will go around it twelve times, making a trifle less than 750 miles. Halt of the distance will be completed to-morrow and the race will end on Wednesday. Many Americans will witness the race, including Cortlandt Field Bishop, Frank Munsey, Foxhall Keene, Jefferson De Mont Thompson, Chairman of the A. A. A. Racing Board; A., G, Batchelder. and Henry A. Lozier.
The French cars and drivers are: De Dietrich, Gabriel, Rougier, Duray; Renault, Sisz, Edmond, Richez, Darracq, Hemery, Wagner, Hanriot; Brasier. Baras. Barillier, Pierry; Gobron, Rigoly; Gregoire, Taveneux, de Bosch; Panhard, Heath, Tarte, Teste; Vulpes, Barriaux; Hotchkiss, Le Blon, Solleron, Shepard; Bayard Clement, Albert Clement, Villemain, de la Toulonbre. The three German Mercedes cars will be driven by Jenatzy, Mariaux and Florio. The six Italian cars consist of three Fiats, to be driven by Lancia, Nazzaro, and Dr. Weillschott and three Itala cars, to be driven by Cagno, Baron de Caters, and Fabry.
The first to start will be Gabriel, followed by Lancia, Sisz and Hemery, the latter the victor of the Vanderbilt Cup in America last Year.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New York Times/1906

Content exists for this periodical, though at this stage it is not specifically organised beyond a basic hierarchy.
The pages listed below are an automatically generated listing.
Special:PrefixIndex/The New York Times/1906/
# The New York Times/1906/07/20/Dr. Brooks Sees Comet

DR. BROOKS SEES COMET.
Detected in Heidelberg, it is Now identified at Smith Observatory.
GENEVA, N. Y., July 19.—Finley's periodic comet, which was recently seen at Heidelberg, was observed by Dr. William R. Brooks, at Smith Observatory last night. Its position was 23 hours, 53 minutes, 30 seconds right ascension; 13 degrees, 3 seconds declination south. It is on the tail of the constellation Cetus, and moving slowly northeast. The light of the comet is rather faint, but will increase in brightness until September, when the comet is nearest the sun.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Antherozoid

See also Antheridium on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Antherozoid (ăn' ther-ō-zō' ĭd). A name often applied to the swimming or motile sperm of plants. See Sperm.