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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope St. Anicetus

From volume 1 of the work.
The Roman Pontiff who succeeded Pius towards the year 157, and reigned till about 168. According to Duchesne (Origins) the confusion of dates about this period is such that more exact verification is impossible. While Anicetus was Pope, St. Polycarp, then in extreme old age, came to confer with him (160-162) about the Paschal controversy; Polycarp and others in the East celebrating the feast on the fourteenth of the month of Nisan, no matter on what day of the week it fell; whereas in Rome it was always observed on Sunday, and the day of the Lord's death on Friday. The matter was discussed but nothing was decided. According to Eusebius: "Polycarp could not persuade the Pope, nor the Pope, Polycarp. The controversy was not ended but the bonds of charity were not broken"; the Pope permitting the aged saint to celebrate on the day he had been accustomed to in the Church of Smyrna.
Hegesippus, the first Christian historian whose writings are of great value, because he lived so near the time of the Apostles, also came to Rome at this time. His visit is recorded by most ecclesiastical authors as noteworthy, inasmuch as it calls attention to the fact that many illustrious men repaired to Rome at that period, thus emphasizing very early the supreme dignity and authority of the Roman Pontiffs. Marcion, Marcellinus, Valentine, and Cordo were also at Rome, disturbing the Church by their Manichæism. Anicetus suffered martyrdom in 161, but the dates vary between 16, 17, and 20 April.
Acta SS., 11 April; BUTLER, Lives of the Saints, 17 April; MICHAUD, Biog. Univ.; JUNGMANN, Dissert. Hist. Eccl.; MOBERLY in Dict. Christ. Biogr.
T.J. CAMPBELL
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope St. Benedict II

Date of birth unknown; died 8 May, 685; was a Roman, and the son of John. Sent when young to the schola cantorum, he distinguished himself by his knowledge of the Scriptures and by his singing, and as a priest was remarkable for his humility, love of the poor, and generosity. He became pope 26 June, 684, after an interval of over eleven months. To abridge the vacancies of the Holy See which followed the deaths of the popes, he obtained from the Emperor Constantine Pogonatus a decree which either abolished imperial confirmations altogether or made them obtainable from the exarch in Italy [cf. "Liber Diurnus RR. PP., ed. Sickel (Vienna, 1889), and Duchesne's criticism, "Le Liber Diurnus" (Paris, 1891)]. He adopted Constantine's two sons by receiving locks of their hair sent him by the emperor. To help to suppress Monothelism, he endeavoured to secure the subscriptions of the Spanish bishops to the decrees of the Sixth General Council (see ep. in P.L., XCVI, 423), and to bring about the submission to them of Macarius, ex-Bishop of Antioch. He was one of the popes who favoured the cause of St. Wilfred of York (Eddius, "Vita Wilfridi", ed. Raine in "Historians of York", I, 62 sqq. Cf. Raine, "Lives of the Archbishops of York", I, 55 sqq.). Many of the churches of Rome were restored by him; and its clergy, its deaconries for the care of the poor, and its lay sacristans all benefited by his liberality. He was buried in St. Peter's.
The most important source for the history of the first nine popes who bore the name of Benedict is the biographies in the Liber Pontificalis, of which the most useful edition is that of Duchesne, Le Liber Pontificalis (Paris, 1886-92), and the latest that of Mommsen, Gesta Pontif. Roman. (to the end of the reign of Constantine only, Berlin, 1898). Jaffé, Regesta Pont. Rom. (2d ed., Leipzig, 1885), gives a summary of the letters of each pope and tells where they may be read at length. Modern accounts of these popes will be found in any large Church history, or history of the City of Rome. The fullest account in English of most of them is to be read in Mann, Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages (London, 1902, passim).
Horace K. Mann.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope St. Anacletus

From volume 1 of the work.
The second successor of St. Peter. Whether he was the same as Cletus, who is also called Anencletus as well as Anacletus, has been the subject of endless discussion. Irenaeus, Eusebius, Augustine, Optatus, use both names indifferently as of one person. Tertullian omits him altogether. To add to the confusion, the order is different. Thus Irenaeus has Linus, Anacletus, Clement; whereas Augustine and Optatus put Clement before Anacletus. On the other hand, the "Catalogus Liberianus", the "Carmen contra Marcionem" and the "Liber Pontificalis", all most respectable for their antiquity, make Cletus and Anacletus distinct from each other; while the "Catalogus Felicianus" even sets the latter down as a Greek, the former as a Roman. Among the moderns, Hergenroether (Hist. de l'église, I 542, note) pronounces for their identity. So also the Bollandist De Smedt (Dissert. vii, 1). Dëllinger (Christenth. u K., 315) declares that "they are, without doubt, the same person"and that "the 'Catalogue of Liberius' merits little confidence before 230." Duchesne, " Origines chretiennes ", ranges himself on that side also but Jungmann (Dissert. Hist. Eccl., I, 123) leaves the question in doubt. The chronology is, of course, in consequence of all this, very undetermined, but Duchesne, in his "Origines", says "we are far from the day when the years, months, and days of the Pontifical Catalogue can be given with any guarantee of exactness. But is it necessary to be exact about popes of whom we know so little? We can accept the list of Irenaeus — Linus, Anacletus, Clement, Evaristus, Alexander, Xystus, Telesphorus, Hyginus, Pius, and Anicetus. Anicetus reigned certainly in 154. That is all we can say with assurance about primitive pontifical chronology." That he ordained a certain number of priests is nearly all we have of positive record about him, but we know he died a martyr, perhaps about 91.
T.J. CAMPBELL
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope St. Anterus

From volume 1 of the work.
(ANTEROS.)
(Reigned 21 November, 235-3 January, 236). We know for certain only that he reigned some forty days, and that he was buried in the famous "papal crypt" of the cemetery of St. Calixtus at Rome [Northcote and Brownlow, Roma Sotterranea, (London, 1879) I, 296-300]. The "Liber Pontificalis" (ed. Duchesne I, 147; cf. xcv-vi) says that he was martyred for having caused the Acts of the martyrs to be collected by notaries and deposited in the archives of the Roman Church. This tradition seems old and respectable; nevertheless the best scholars maintain that it is not sufficiently guaranteed by its sole voucher, the "Liber Pontificalis", on account, among other things, of the late date of that work's compilation. (See PAPACY, NOTARIES.) The site of his sepulchre was discovered by De Rossi in 1854, with some broken remnants of the Greek epitaph engraved on the narrow oblong slab that closed his tomb, an index at once of his origin and of the prevalence of Greek in the Roman Church up to that date. For the "Epistola Anteri" attributed to him by Pseudo-Isidore see Hinschius, "Decret. Pseudo-Isidorianae" (Leipzig, 1863), 156-160 and P.G., X, 165-168. Cf. "Liber Pont". (ed. Duchesne), I. 147.
Tillemont, Mémoires (III), 278, 694; De Rossi, Roma Sotterr., II, pl. III, 55-58; Allard, Hist. des Persecutions (Paris, 1886), II, 198-200; Acta SS. (1643), Jan. 1, 127.
THOMAS J. SHAHAN
# Conspectus of the History of Political Parties and the Federal Government/1812 Clintonian Platform

Clintonian Platform, New York, August 17.
1. Opposition to nominations of chief magistrates by congressional caucuses, as well because such practices are the exercise of undelegated authority, as of their repugnance to the freedom of elections.
2. Opposition to all customs and usages in both the executive and legislative departments which have for their object the maintenance of an official regency to prescribe tenets of political faith, the line of conduct to be deemed fidelity or recreancy to republican principles, and to perpetuate in themselves or families the offices of the Federal government.
3. Opposition to all efforts on the part of particular states to monopolize the principal offices of the government, as well because of their certainty to destroy the harmony which ought to prevail amongst all the constituent parts of the Union, as of their leanings toward a form of oligarchy entirely at variance with the theory of republican government; and, consequently, particular opposition to continuing a citizen of Virginia in the executive office another term, unless she can show that she enjoys a corresponding monopoly of talents and patriotism, after she has been honored with the presidency for twenty out of twenty-four years of our constitutional existence, and when it is obvious that the practice has arrayed the agricultural against the commercial interests of the country.
4. Opposition to continuing public men for long periods in offices of delicate trust and weighty responsibility as the reward of public services, to the detriment of all or any particular interest in, or section of, the country; and, consequently, to the continuance of Mr. Madison in an office which, in view of our pending difficulties with Great Britain, requires an incumbent of greater decision, energy and efficiency.
5. Opposition to the lingering inadequacy of preparation for the war with Great Britain, now about to ensue, and to the measure which allows uninterrupted trade with Spain and Portugal, which, as it can not be carried on under our flag, gives to Great Britain the means of supplying her armies with provisions, of which they would otherwise be destitute, and thus affording aid and comfort to our enemy.
6. Averment of the existing necessity for placing the country in a condition for aggressive action for the conquest of the British American Provinces, and for the defense of our coasts and exposed frontiers; and of the propriety of such a levy of taxes as will raise the necessary funds for the emergency.
7. Advocacy of the election of DeWitt Clinton as the surest method of relieving the country from all the evils existing and prospective, for the reason that his great talents and inflexible patriotism guaranty a firm and unyielding maintenance of our national sovereignty, and the protection of those commercial interests which were flagging under the weakness and imbecility of the administration.
# Consolo v. Federal Maritime Commission

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
383 U.S. 607
Philip R. CONSOLO, Petitioner, v. FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION et al.
Argued: Dec. 6 and 7, 1965. --- Decided: March 22, 1966
[Syllabus from pages 607-608 intentionally omitted]
Robert N. Kharasch, Washington, D.C., for petitioner.
Richard A. Posner, Washington, D.C., for United States and Federal Maritime Commission, pro hac vice, by special leave of Court.
J. Alton Boyer, Washington, D.C., for respondent, Flota Mercante Grancolombiana, S.A.
Mr. Justice WHITE delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Conspectus of the History of Political Parties and the Federal Government

Conspectus
of
the History of
Political Parties
and the
Federal Government.
By Walter R. Houghton, A. M.,
Indiana University.
Indianapolis, Ind.: Granger, Davis & Co., Owners and Publishers.
1880.
Entered according to Act of Congress, 1880, by Granger, Davis & Co., in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D.C.
Engraved and Printed by Rand, McNally & Co., Chicago.
General Index.
Analytical Index to Conspectus of Political History and Party Platforms.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1929, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 94 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union/Title XXII: Tourism

Source: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2008:115:0001:01:EN:HTML

### Article 195

1. The Union shall complement the action of the Member States in the tourism sector, in particular by promoting the competitiveness of Union undertakings in that sector.
To that end, Union action shall be aimed at:
(a) encouraging the creation of a favourable environment for the development of undertakings in this sector;
(b) promoting cooperation between the Member States, particularly by the exchange of good practice.
2. The European Parliament and the Council, acting in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure, shall establish specific measures to complement actions within the Member States to achieve the objectives referred to in this Article, excluding any harmonisation of the laws and regulations of the Member States.
# Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union/Title XXIV: Administrative Cooperation

Source: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2008:115:0001:01:EN:HTML

### Article 197

1. Effective implementation of Union law by the Member States, which is essential for the proper functioning of the Union, shall be regarded as a matter of common interest.
2. The Union may support the efforts of Member States to improve their administrative capacity to implement Union law. Such action may include facilitating the exchange of information and of civil servants as well as supporting training schemes. No Member State shall be obliged to avail itself of such support. The European Parliament and the Council, acting by means of regulations in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure, shall establish the necessary measures to this end, excluding any harmonisation of the laws and regulations of the Member States.
3. This Article shall be without prejudice to the obligations of the Member States to implement Union law or to the prerogatives and duties of the Commission. It shall also be without prejudice to other provisions of the Treaties providing for administrative cooperation among the Member States and between them and the Union.
# Conspectus of the History of Political Parties and the Federal Government/1800 Republican Party Platform

Republican Platform, Philadelphia.
1. An inviolable preservation of the Federal constitution, according to the true sense in which it was adopted by the states, that in which it was advocated by its friends, and not that which its enemies apprehended, who, therefore, became its enemies.
2. Opposition to monarchizing its features by the forms of its administration, with a view to conciliate a transition, first, to a president and senate for life; and, secondly, to an hereditary tenure of those offices, and thus to worm out the elective principle.
3. Preservation to the states of the powers not yielded by them to the Union, and to the legislature of the Union its constitutional share in division of powers; and resistance, therefore, to existing movements for transferring all the powers of the states to the general government, and all of those of that government to the executive branch.
4. A rigorously frugal administration of the government, and the application of all the possible savings of the public revenue to the liquidation of the public debt; and resistance, therefore, to all measures looking to a multiplication of officers and salaries, merely to create partisans and to augment the public debt, on the principle of its being a public blessing.
5. Reliance for internal defense solely upon the militia, till actual invasion, and for such a naval force only as maybe sufficient to protect our coasts and harbors from depredations; and opposition, therefore, to the policy of a standing army in time of peace which may overawe the public sentiment, and to a navy, which, by its own expenses, and the wars in which it will implicate us, will grind us with public burdens and sink us under them.
6. Free commerce with all nations, political connection with none, and little or no diplomatic establishment.
7. Opposition to linking ourselves, by new treaties, with the quarrels of Europe, entering their fields of slaughter to preserve their balance, or joining in the confederacy of kings to war against the principles of liberty.
8. Freedom of religion, and opposition to all maneuvers to bring about a legal ascendency of one sect over another.
9. Freedom of speech and of the press; and opposition, therefore, to all violations of the constitution, to silence, by force, and not by reason, the complaints or criticisms, just or unjust, of our citizens against the conduct of their public agents.
10. Liberal naturalization laws, under which the well disposed of all nations who may desire to embark their fortunes with us and share with us the public burdens, may have that opportunity, under moderate restrictions, for the development of honest intention, and severe ones to guard against the usurpation of our flag.
11. Encouragement of science and the arts in all their branches, to the end that the American people may perfect their independence of all foreign monopolies, institutions and influences.
# Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union/Title XXIII: Civil Protection

Source: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2008:115:0001:01:EN:HTML

### Article 196

1. The Union shall encourage cooperation between Member States in order to improve the effectiveness of systems for preventing and protecting against natural or man-made disasters.
Union action shall aim to:
(a) support and complement Member States' action at national, regional and local level in risk prevention, in preparing their civil-protection personnel and in responding to natural or man-made disasters within the Union;
(b) promote swift, effective operational cooperation within the Union between national civil-protection services;
(c) promote consistency in international civil-protection work.
2. The European Parliament and the Council, acting in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure shall establish the measures necessary to help achieve the objectives referred to in paragraph 1, excluding any harmonisation of the laws and regulations of the Member States.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Huso

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
HUSO, Acipenser huso, the Beluga or isinglass sturgeon. It is sometimes 12 or 15 feet long, and weighs 1,200 pounds. One mentioned by Cuvier reached 3,000 pounds. It inhabits the great rivers falling into the Black and Caspian seas. The best isinglass is made from its air-bladder.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Hurt

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
HURT, or HEURT, in heraldry, an azure or blue rondle; supposed by some to represent a hurt or wound, by others the hurtle-berry, whence the name is derived.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Hyde, Douglas

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
HYDE, DOUGLAS, an Irish author. He was born in Roscommon and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. Has been leading promoter of the revival of the Irish language and Irish customs and was president of the Gaelic League from its foundation till 1915. Has written many books both in Irish and English. President of the Irish Texts Society, Examiner in Irish to the Royal University. Received honorary freedom of Dublin, Cork, and Kilkenny in 1906 on returning from America with $55,000 for Gaelic League. His works include: “Love Songs of Connacht” (in Irish with English translation); “Literary History of Ireland”; “Mediaeval Tales from the Irish.”
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Hutten, Ulrich von

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
HUTTEN, ULRICH VON, a German controversial satirist; born in Steckelburg, near Fulda, Prussia, April 21, 1488. Of a noble family and destined for the Church, he preferred a life of roving adventure. He rose to fame by brilliant contributions to the current religious and political controversies. His works include: “The Art of Prosody”; “Nemo”; and “Dialogues.” His most noteworthy production, however, is the “Letters of Obscure Men,” mercilessly ridiculing the ignorance of the lower clergy. He died in the island of Ufnau, Lake Zurich, 1523.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Husbandry, Patrons of

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
HUSBANDRY, PATRONS OF, a combination, society, or association of farmers for the promotion of the interests of agriculture, by abolishing the restraints and burdens imposed on it by railway and other companies, and by getting rid of the systems of middlemen or agents between the producer and consumer. It was founded just after the Civil War, reputedly by O. H. Kelley, of Boston, Mass., and was especially designed to redress the grievances of the farmers in the West. The popular name of its members is Grangers.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Huss, John

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
HUSS, JOHN (hös), a famous Bohemian protestant in religion; born of humble parents in Husinetz, near
Prachatitz, Bohemia, July 6, 1369. He became a priest in 1400. Huss was a realist in philosophy, and adopted the views of Wycliffe (q. v.), whose works he translated and whose doctrines he preached, giving great offense to the Archbishop of Prague. Huss appeared by citation before the Council of Constance, and, though provided with a safe-conduct from the Emperor Siegmund, or Sigismund, he was adjudged a heretic, and burned alive July 6, 1415, as was his disciple Jerome of Prague, on May 30, 1416. By the decision of the Council of Constance, in 1414, the request of the Bohemian laity to communicate under two kinds was refused. The treatment of Huss exasperated his followers, and led to a religious war in which great ferocity and cruelty were manifested on both sides. The Hussite leaders were John Ziska, and after his death Procopius. Sigismund commanded the imperial forces. The Hussites fortified a mountain near Prague, which they called Mount Tabor. Before Ziska's death, Oct. 12, 1424, after obtaining religious liberty for Bohemia, the Hussites had begun to split into minor sects, as the Orebites, or Horebits, the Orphanites, and the Calixtines. In 1433, the Calixtines were conciliated by the concession of the cup of the laity. By the treaty of 1435, Siegmund was acknowledged King of Bohemia, which, however, remained in an uneasy state. The Hussite troubles prepared the way for the Lutheran Reformation.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Hutten, Bettina von

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
HUTTEN, BETTINA VON, an American novelist. She was born at Erie, Pa., in 1874, daughter of John Riddle, and in 1897 married Freiherr von Hutten in Florence, becoming divorced by mutual consent in 1909. She traveled a great deal and lived much at Steinbach. Her works included: “Marr'd in Making”; “Pam”; “What Became of Pam”; “Kingsmead”; “The Lordship of Love”; “Sharrow”; “Maria”; “Birds' Fountain”; “Magpie.”
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ibsen, Henrik

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
IBSEN, HENRIK (ib'sen), a Norwegian novelist and dramatist; born in Skien, Norway, in 1828. His youth was passed in extreme poverty. At 16 he left school and became an apprentice in a drug store at Grimstad. He made several unsuccessful literary attempts, abandoned medicine, and finally, in 1851. was appointed by Ole Bull director of the National Theater at Bergen. In 1858 he became artistic director of the Norwegian Theater at Christiania. His best known dramas are: “The Doll's House,” “Brand,” “Hedda Gabler,” “Ghosts,” and “Pillars of Society.” His plays are noted for discussions of social matters. He died May 22, 1906.
HENRIK IBSEN