OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 84

VOLUTA cymbium. Marbled Melon.
VOLUTA cymbium.
Clouded Melon Volute.
Sub-family Volutinæ Nob. (Gen. Melo. Cymba. Voluta. Brod.)
Generic Character.
Shell enveloped by the mantle of the animal: oval, ventricose; spire very obtuse, papillary, remarkably short, the whorls (when defined) abruptly lessening. Pillar with from 3 to 4 carinated plaits.
Types of Form.—1. V. fulgetrum. 2. V. cymbium. olla. Neptuni, porcina, proboscidalis, rubiginosa. 3. melo, tessellata, Ethiopica, diadema, armata, nautica. 4. Imperialis, Scapha (?) 5. angulata. Auct.
Specific Character.
Type 2. Shell ovate, marbled with rufous and white, suture channelled, the margin carinated: spire rude, irregular, plaits on the pillar variable.
Voluta cymbium. Auct. Lam. Sys. 7. 9. 332, Ency. Meth. pl. 386, f. 3.—L'Yet, Adans. Seneg. pl. 3. f. 1. p. 44.
Cymba cymbium. Brod. in Sow. Genera.
That the system of nature is essentially a system of types and symbols, is a truth which has not only been perceived by philosophers, but is apparent to every attentive observer of nature. It has been our endeavour, in the second volume of Northern Zoology, to investigate this system, and to ascertain those laws by which it is regulated. One of the results of this enquiry has been, that every genus, pre-eminently typical, contains a greater number of forms than any other; the necessary consequence of comprising within itself, representations of every division in the whole family. By this test must our present definition of the typical genus Voluta be tried. We consider this particular species as the type of the whole group: according to Adanson, it is abundant on the western coast of Africa, where it is stated to vary considerably, both in its colour and in its plaits. To the same traveller we are indebted for the best account of the animal, which he describes under the name of L'Yet. It has been thought, indeed, that this is the Voluta neptuni, but as the interior of Adanson's L'Yet is "blanche" and that of Neptuni is yellowish orange, we rather think that the French writer intended to designate the Voluta cymbium of systematic authors.
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 85

ENDYMION regalis. Maroon banded Hair streak.
ENDYMION regalis.
Maroon-banded Hair-streak.
Tribe Papiliones. Family, Polyommatidæ. Sub-family, Theclanæ. Nob.
Sub-Generic Character.
Palpi in one sex (male) scarcely projecting beyond the head, the last joint very minute; in the other (female) lengthened, porrect, curved downwards, the last joint as long as that which precedes it; in both obtuse and covered with close-set scales; posterior wings four tailed.
Specific Character.
Wings above shining blue: beneath golden emerald green, with a common black stripe, and a broad red band on the posterior wings; ocelli none.
Papilio regalis. Cramer. Ins. Pl. 72. f. E. F.
Hesperia Endymion. Fab. Ent. Sys. 3. 1. 268.
This superb butterfly, both in size and brilliancy of colour, may vie with the Emerald Hair-streak, and both are among the most beautiful of their family yet discovered. The general colour of the under surface is of the richest golden green; the under wings being crossed by a broad bar of deep maroon, softened into pearly white. The female is known by being the largest, and by having the black margin of the upper wings much broader. Our specimens were captured in Brazil. Lat 8. 12. S.
The palpi, which in the sub-genus Arcas are equally long and perfect in both sexes, are very different in the male and female of the present sub-genus. In other respects there seems to be a close affinity between them. We have not had time, however, to enter upon their minute dissection.
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 79

PIERIS LIMNOBIA. S. G. Melete.
PIERIS (Melete) Limnobia.
Yellow-underwing White.
Genus Pieris, Lat.
Characters.
Antennæ as in Euterpe. Palpi lengthened, the terminal joint linear, pointed, nearly naked, and longer than either of the two next. Anterior wings trigonal, the exterior and the posterior margins of equal length: posterior wings dilated. Male with the terminal abdominal valves large, abruptly attenuated, and hooked.
Type. Pieris Limnobia. Lat. & Godart.
Specific Character.
Anterior wings above yellowish white, with a black triangular exterior border, and a costal band in the female. Posterior above yellow, with an orange border, divided in the female, into round spots upon a black ground: under surface with a deep brown border, unspotted.
Pieris Limnobia. Ency. Meth. 1 p. 144. No. 93.
—— Lycimnia? Cramer pl. 105. f. E. F. Ency. Meth. No. 92?
We found this pretty Butterfly in profusion near the woods of Mandioca, at the foot of the Organ Mountains of Rio de Janeiro; when in company with our learned friend Professor Raddi, now prosecuting his researches in Egypt: it appears late in the season, and frequents the flowery openings of thick woods. The female is without the black costal band, and the margins of the lower wings are simply orange. The accurate description of Limnoria in the Ency. Meth. perfectly accords with our specimens; but we suspect the Lycimnia of Cramer is also the same species.
In illustrating the Lepidopterous insects, we shall first define all those variations in form, which appear to us sufficiently important; directing our chief attention to the external anatomy of the perfect insect. These groups or forms, we shall provisionally name: we shall next endeavour to detect their true affinities, and their relative value; abolishing such as may be found unnecessary, and confirming others which assume a higher station. We intend, in short, to proceed only by analysis, and we therefore wish that any incidental remarks, made by us in the interim, may be looked on with suspicion: or at least, with that doubt which must attend all opinions resulting only from synthesis.
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 78

OLIVÆ PL. 3. Hiatula Lamarci 2. pallida. 3. maculata.
OLIVÆ. Pl. 3.
The Wide-mouthed Olives.
Family Volutidæ. Genus Oliva. Nob.
Sub-Genus Hiatula. Nob.
Suture channelled. Pillar above smooth, not thickened, beneath tumid, and marked with a few oblique plaits: base of the aperture very wide.
Specific Characters.
Hiatula Lamarci. Fulvous brown: pillar white, with about four lengthened plaits, and intermediate shortened ones between them, inner margin of the lip brown. Fig. 1.
H. pallida. Aperture and base of the pillar livid brown: plaits 4-5, simple, equal; inner margin of the lip pale. Fig. 2.
H. maculosa. Aperture orange, marked above with a black spot: base of the pillar white, the plaits small, crowded, and of unequal length. Fig. 3.
Mus. Nost.
As the connection of the Olives with the Mitres has been illustrated in a former number, we now characterize the sub-genus by which the former are united to the Ancillariæ. The thickened and oblique plaits on the pillar, its smoothness on the upper part, and the great width of the aperture, are all characters which render this affinity unquestionable, and detach the group from the more common and typical Olives before alluded to.
Since we published the figure of Oliva striata, (Oliva, Pl. 1. f. 2.) we have procured the true Ancillaria canalifera of Lamark, and find it as we suspected, a very different shell. As Hiatula leads to the Ancillariæ, so does the sub-genus Olivella, (comprising the small operculated Olives) conduct us to the Mitres, by means of Olivella volutella, already figured in this work. We believe the third aberrant form is represented by our Oliva striata, but we shall not proceed to characterize it as a sub-genus, until a better acquaintance with the group is obtained; its analogy to Conohelix, by its external sculpture, seems to us a strong ground of distinction.
We procured all these wide-mouthed Olives from the Messrs. Stuchbury, to whom we are often indebted for the loan of interesting specimens.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Acis

See also Acis and Galatea (mythology) on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ACIS, in Greek mythology, the son of Pan (Faunus) and the nymph Symaethis, a beautiful shepherd of Sicily, was the lover of the Nereïd Galatea. His rival the Cyclops Polyphemus surprised them together, and crushed him to pieces with a rock. His blood, gushing forth from beneath, was metamorphosed by Galatea into the river bearing his name (now Fiume di Jaci), which was celebrated for the coldness of its waters (Ovid, Met. xiii. 750; Silius Italicus, Punica, xiv. 221).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Achromatism

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​ACHROMATISM (Gr. α-, privative, χρῶμα, colour), in optics, the property of transmitting white light, without decomposing it into the colours of the spectrum; “achromatic lenses” are lenses which possess this property. (See Lens, Aberration and Photography.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Acineta

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​ACINETA (so named by C. G. Ehrenberg), a genus of suctorial Infusoria characterized by the possession of a stalk and cup-shaped sheath or theca for the body, and endogenous budding. O. Bütschli has separated off the genus Metacineta (for A. mystacina), which reproduces by direct bud-fission.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Acholi

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​ACHOLI, a negro people of the upper Nile valley, dwelling on the east bank of the Bahr-el-Jebel, about a hundred miles north of Albert Nyanza. They are akin to the Shilluks of the White Nile. They frequently decorate the temples or cheeks with wavy or zigzag scars, and also the thighs with scrolls; some pierce the ears. Their dwelling-places are circular huts with a high peak, furnished with a mud sleeping-platform, jars of grain and a sunk fireplace. The interior walls are daubed with mud and decorated with geometrical or conventional designs in red, white or grey. The Acholi are good hunters, using nets and spears, and keep goats, sheep and cattle. In war they use spears and long, narrow shields of giraffe or ox hide. Their dialect is closely allied to those of the Alur, Lango and Ja-Luo tribes, all four being practically pure Nilotic. Their religion is a vague fetishism. By early explorers the Acholi were called Shuli, a name now obsolete.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Acinaces

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​ACINACES (from the Greek), an ancient Persian sword, short ​and straight, and worn, contrary to the Roman fashion, on the right side, or sometimes in front of the body, as shown in the bas-reliefs found at Persepolis. Among the Persian nobility it was frequently made of gold, being worn as a badge of distinction. The acinaces was an object of religious worship with the Scythians and others (Herod. iv. 62).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Acinus

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​ACINUS (Lat. for a berry), a term in botany applied to such fruits as the blackberry or raspberry, composed of small seedlike berries, and also to those berries themselves, or to grapestones. By analogy, acinus is applied in anatomy to similar granules or glands, or lobules of a gland.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Acireale

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​ACIREALE, a town and episcopal see of the province of Catania, Sicily; from the town of the same name it is distant 9 m. N. by E. Pop. (1901) 35,418. It has some importance as a thermal station, and the springs were used by the Romans. It takes its name from the river Acis, into which, according to the legend, Acis, the lover of Galatea, was changed after he had been slain by Polyphemus. The rocks which Polyphemus hurled at Ulysses are identified with the seven Scogli de’ Ciclopi, or Faraglioni, a little to the south of Acireale.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Acidalius, Valens

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​ACIDALIUS, VALENS (1567–1595), German scholar and critic, was born at Wittstock in Brandenburg. After studying at Rostock, Greifswald and Helmstedt, and residing about three years in Italy, he settled at Breslau, where he is said to have embraced the Roman Catholic religion. Early in 1595 he accepted an invitation to Neisse, about fifty miles from Breslau, where he died of brain fever on the 25th of May, at the age of twenty-eight. His excessive application to study, and the attacks made upon him in connexion with a pamphlet of which he was reputed the author, doubtless hastened his premature end. Acidalius wrote notes on Velleius Paterculus (1590), Curtius (1594), the panegyrists, Tacitus and Plautus, published after his death.
See Leuschner, Commentatio de A. V. Vita, Moribus, et Scriptis (1757); F. Adam, “Der Neisser Rektor,” in Bericht der Philomathie in Neisse (1872).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Aonia

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​AONIA, a district of ancient Boeotia, containing the mountains Helicon and Cithaeron, and thus sacred to the Muses, who are called by Pope the “Aonian maids.”
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Apache

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​APACHE (apparently from the Zuni name, = “enemy,” given to the Navaho Indians), a tribe of North American Indians of Athapascan stock. The Apaches formerly ranged over south-eastern Arizona and south-western Mexico. The chief divisions of the Apaches were the Arivaipa, Chiricahua, Coyotero, Faraone Gileno, Llanero, Mescalero, Mimbreno, Mogollon, Naisha, Tchikun and Tchishi. They were a powerful and warlike tribe, constantly at enmity with the whites. The final surrender of the tribe took place in 1886, when the Chiricahuas, the division involved, were deported to Florida and Alabama, where they underwent military imprisonment. The Apaches are now in reservations in Arizona, New Mexico and Oklahoma, and number between 5000 and 6000.
For details see Handbook of American Indians, ed. F. W. Hodge, (Washington, 1907); also Indians, North American.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Aparri

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​APARRI, a town of the province of Cagayán, Luzon, Philippine Islands, on the Grande de Cagayán river near, its mouth, about 55 m. N. of Tuguegarao, the capital. Pop. (1903) 18,252. The valley is one of the largest tobacco-producing sections in the Philippines; and the town has a considerable coastwise trade. Here, too, is a meteorological station.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Apaturia

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​APATURIA (Ἀπατούρια), an ancient Greek festival held annually by all the Ionian towns except Ephesus and Colophon (Herodotus i. 147). At Athens it took place in the month of Pyanepsion (October to November), and lasted three days, on which occasion the various phratries (i.e. clans) of Attica met to discuss their affairs. The name is a slightly modified form of ἀπατόρια = ἁμαπατόρια, ὁμοπατόρια, the festival of “common relationship.” The ancient etymology associated it with ἀπάτη (deceit), a legend existing that the festival originated in 1100 B.C. in commemoration of a single combat between a certain Melanthus, representing King Thymoetes of Attica, and King Xanthus of Boeotia, in which Melanthus successfully threw his adversary off his guard by crying that a man in a black goat’s skin (identified with Dionysus) was helping him (Schol. Aristophanes, Acharnians, 146). On the first day of the festival, called Dorpia or Dorpeia, banquets were held towards evening at the meeting-place of the phratries or in the private houses of members. On the second, Anarrhysis (from ἀναρρύειν, to draw back the victim’s head), a sacrifice of oxen was offered at the public cost to Zeus Phratrius and Athena. On the third day, Cureotis (κουρεῶτις), children born since the last festival were presented by their fathers or guardians to the assembled phratores, and, after an oath had been taken as to their legitimacy and the sacrifice of a goat or a sheep, their names were inscribed in the register. The name κουρεῶτις is derived either from κοῦρος, that is, the day of the young, or less probably from κείρω, because on this occasion young people cut their hair and offered it to the gods. The victim was called μεῖον. On this day also it was the custom for boys still at school to declaim pieces of poetry, and to receive prizes (Plato, Timaeus, 21 b). According to Hesychius these three days of the festival were followed by a fourth, called ἐπίβδα, but this is merely a general term for the day after any festival.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Aosta

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​AOSTA (anc. Augusta Praetoria Salassorum), a town and episcopal see of Piedmont, Italy, in the province of Turin, 80 m. N.N.W. by rail of the town of Turin, and 48 m. direct, situated 1910 ft. above sea-level, at the confluence of the Buthier and the Dora Baltea, and at the junction of the Great and Little St Bernard routes. Pop. (1901) 7875. The cathedral, reconstructed in the 11th century (to which one of its campanili and some architectural details belong), was much altered in the 14th and 17th; it has a rich treasury including an ivory diptych of 406 with a representation of Honorius. The church of St Ours, founded in 425, and rebuilt in the 12th century, has good cloisters (1133); the 15th-century priory is picturesque. The castle of Bramafam (11th century) is interesting. Cretinism is common in the district.
After the fall of the Roman empire the valley of Aosta fell into the hands of the Burgundian kings; and after many changes of masters, it came under the rule of Count Humbert I. of Savoy (Biancamano) in 1032. The privilege of holding the assembly of the states-general was granted to the inhabitants in 1189. An executive council was nominated from this body in 1536, and continued to exist until 1802. After the restoration of the rule of Savoy it was reconstituted and formally recognized by Charles Albert, king of Sardinia, at the birth of his grandson Prince Amedeo, who was created duke of Aosta. Aosta was the birthplace of Anselm. For ancient remains see Augusta Praetoria Salassorum.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Apalachee

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​APALACHEE (apparently a Choctaw name, = “people on the other side”), a tribe of North American Indians of Muskhogean stock. They have been known since the 16th century, and formerly ranged the country around Apalachee Bay, Florida. About 1600 the Spanish Franciscans founded a successful mission among them, but early in the 18th century the tribe suffered defeat at the hands of the British, the mission churches were burnt, the priests killed, and the tribe practically annihilated, more than one thousand of them being sold as slaves.
See Handbook of American Indians, ed. F. W. Hodge (Washington, 1907).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Apalachicola

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​APALACHICOLA, a city, port of entry, and the county-seat of Franklin county, Florida, U.S.A., in the N.W. part of the ​state, on Apalachicola Bay and at the mouth of the Apalachicola river. Pop. (1890) 2727; (1900) 3077, of whom 1589 were of negro descent; (1905, state census) 3244. It is served by the Apalachicola Northern railway (to Chattahoochee, Florida), and by river steamers which afford connexion with railways at Carrabelle about 25 m. distant, at Chatahoochee (or River Junction), and at Columbus and Bainbridge, Georgia, and by ocean-going vessels with American and foreign ports. The city has a monument (1900) to John Gorrie (1803–1855), a physician who discovered the cold-air process of refrigeration in 1849 (and patented an ice-machine in 1850), as the result of experiments to lower the temperatures of fever patients. The bay is well protected by St Vincent, Flag, Sand, and St George’s islands; and the shipping of lumber, naval stores and cotton, which reach the city by way of the river, forms the principal industry. Before the development of railways in the Gulf states, Apalachicola was one of the principal centres of trade in the southern states, ranking third among the Gulf ports in 1835. In 1907 the Federal government projected a channel across the harbour bar 100 ft. wide and 10 ft. deep and a channel 150 ft. wide and 18 ft. deep for Link Channel and the West Pass. In 1907 the exports were valued at $317,838; the imports were insignificant. The value of the total domestic and foreign commerce of the port for the year ending on the 30th of June 1907 was estimated at $1,240,000 (76,000 tons). The fishery products, including oysters, tarpon, sturgeon, caviare and sponges, are also important.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Aorist

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​AORIST (from Gr. ἀόριστος, indefinite), the name given in Greek grammar to certain past tenses of verbs (first aorist, second aorist).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Allocution

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​ALLOCUTION (Lat. allocutio, an address), a name given to the formal addresses made by the pope to the College of Cardinals and through them to the church generally. They are usually called forth by ecclesiastical or political circumstances, and aim at safeguarding papal principles and claims. They are published by being affixed to the door of St Peter’s Church.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Allodium

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​ALLODIUM, or Alodium, a legal term for lands which are the absolute property of their owner, and not subject to any service or acknowledgment to a superior. It is thus the opposite of fe-odum or fief. The proper derivation of the word has been much discussed and is still doubtful, though it is probably compounded of all, whole or entire, and odh, property. Allodial tenure seems to have been common throughout northern Europe. It exists in Orkney and Shetland, but is unknown in England, the feudal system having been made universal by William the Conqueror.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Allomerous

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​ALLOMEROUS (Gr. ἄλλος, other μέρος, part), the quality of bodies (e.g. mineral) by virtue of which they can change their elements and proportions while preserving their form.