OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VI/Julius Africanus/Elucidations

Elucidations.
I.
(Joseph the son of both, p. 127.)
The opinion that Luke’s genealogy is that of Mary was unknown to Christian antiquity. In the fifteenth century it was first propounded by Latin divines to do honour (as they supposed) to the Blessed Virgin. It was first broached by Annius of Viterbo, a.d. 1502. Christian antiquity is agreed that:—
1. Both genealogies are those of Joseph.
2. That Joseph was the son of Jacob or of Heli, either by adoption, or because Jacob and Heli were either own brothers or half-brothers; so that,—
3. On the death of one of the brothers, without issue, the surviving brother married his widow, who became the mother of Joseph by this marriage; so that Joseph was reckoned the son of Jacob and the son of Heli.
4. Joseph and Mary were of the same lineage, but the Hebrews did not reckon descent from the side of the woman. For them St. Luke’s genealogy is the sufficient register of Christ’s royal descent and official claim. St. Luke gives his personal pedigree, ascending to Adam, and identifying Him with the whole human race.
II.
(Conclusion, cap. xix. p. 138.)
On Jewish genealogies, note Dean Prideaux, vol. i. p. 296, and compare Lardner, vol. ii. 129, et alibi. Stillingfleet should not be overlooked in what he says of the uncertainties of heathen chronology.
Lardner repeatedly calls our author a “great man;” and his most valuable account, digested from divers ancient and modern writers, must be consulted by the student. Let us observe the books of Scripture which his citations attest, and the great value of his attestation of the two genealogies of our Lord. Lardner dates the Letter to Origen a.d. 228 or 240, according to divers conjectures of the learned. He concludes with this beautiful tribute: “We may glory in Africanus as a Christian” among those “whose shining abilities rendered them the ornament of the age in which they lived,—men of unspotted characters, giving evident proofs of honesty and integrity.”
Note.
The valuable works of Africanus are found in vol. ix. of the Edinburgh edition, mixed up with the spurious Decretals and remnants of preceding volumes. I am unable to make out very clearly who is the translator, but infer that Drs. Roberts and Donaldson should be credited with this work.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Routh, Reliqu. Sacræ, vol. ii. pp. 233, 339, 341, 355. Compare also vol. ii. 334 and 346, this series.
* ↑ Also on the Seventy Weeks (p. 134, supra), vol. i. pp. 227–240 and 322.
* ↑ Origines Sacræ, vol. i. pp. 64–120.
* ↑ Works, vol. ii. pp. 457–468.
* ↑ See Introductory Notice, p. 123, note 4, supra.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VI/Gregory Thaumaturgus/Title Page

Gregory Thaumaturgus.
[Translated by the Rev. S. D. F. Salmond, M.A.]
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VI/Julius Africanus/Extant Fragments of the Chronography/Part 10

X.
Of the Patriarch Jacob.
1. The shepherd’s tent belonging to Jacob, which was preserved at Edessa to the time of Antonine Emperor of the Romans, was destroyed by a thunderbolt.
2. Jacob, being displeased at what had been done by Symeon and Levi at Shecem against the people of the country, on account of the violation of their sister, buried at Shecem the gods which he had with him near a rock under the wonderful terebinth, which up to this day is reverenced by the neighbouring people in honour of the patriarchs, and removed thence to Bethel. By the trunk of this terebinth there was an altar on which the inhabitants of the country offered ectenæ in their general assemblies; and though it seemed to be burned, it was not consumed. Near it is the tomb of Abraham and Isaac. And some say that the staff of one of the angels who were entertained by Abraham was planted there.

## Footnotes

* ↑ In Georgius Syncellus, Chron., p. 107, al. 86.
* ↑ Heliogabalus is probably intended, in whose time Africanus flourished. At least so thinks Syncellus.
* ↑ On this terebinth, see Scaliger (ad Græca Euseb., p. 414); Franciscus Quaresimus, in Elucid. terræ sanctæ; Eugenius Rogerius, etc.; and also Valesius, ad Euseb. De Vit. Constant., iii. 53, notes 3 and 5.
* ↑ Scaliger acknowledges himself ignorant of this word ἐκτενας. In the Eastern Church it is used to denote protracted prayers (preces protensiores) offered by the deacon on behalf of all classes of men, and the various necessities of human life. See Suicer, sub voce. Allatius thinks the text corrupt, and would read, ἐφ᾽ ὃν τά ὁλοκαυτώματα καὶ τὰς ἑκατόμβας ἀνεφερον = on which they offered both holocausts and hecatombs. [Littledale, Eastern Offices, p. 253.]
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VI/Julius Africanus/Extant Fragments of the Chronography/Part 11

XI.
From Adam, therefore, to the death of Joseph, according to this book, are 23 generations, and 3563 years.

## Footnotes

* ↑ In Georgius Syncellus, Chron., p. 106, al 85.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VI/Julius Africanus/Extant Fragments of the Chronography

III.—The Extant Fragments of the Five Books of the Chronography of Julius Africanus.
I.

## Contents

* Part 1
* Part 2
* Part 3
* Part 4
* Part 5
* Part 6
* Part 7
* Part 8
* Part 9
* Part 10
* Part 11
* Part 12
* Part 13
* Part 14
* Part 15
* Part 16
* Part 17
* Part 18
* Part 19

## Footnotes

* ↑ In Georgius Syncellus, Chron., p. 17, ed. Paris, 14 Venet.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VI/Julius Africanus/Extant Fragments of the Chronography/Part 1

On the Mythical Chronology of the Egyptians and Chaldeans.
The Egyptians, indeed, with their boastful notions of their own antiquity, have put forth a sort of account of it by the hand of their astrologers in cycles and myriads of years; which some of those who have had the repute of studying such subjects profoundly have in a summary way called lunar years; and inclining no less than others to the mythical, they think they fall in with the eight or nine thousands of years which the Egyptian priests in Plato falsely reckon up to Solon.
(And after some other matter:)
For why should I speak of the three myriad years of the Phœnicians, or of the follies of the Chaldeans, their forty-eight myriads? For the Jews, deriving their origin from them as descendants of Abraham, having been taught a modest mind, and one such as becomes men, together with the truth by the spirit of Moses, have handed down to us, by their extant Hebrew histories, the number of 5500 years as the period up to the advent of the Word of salvation, that was announced to the world in the time of the sway of the Cæsars.

## Footnotes

* ↑ The text is:…συμπίπτουσι ταῖς ὀκτὼ καὶ ἐννέα χιλιάσιν ἑτῶν, ἃς Αιγυπτιων οι παρὰ Πλατωνι ἱερεῖς εις Σόλωνα καταριθμοῦτες οὐκ ἀληθεύουσι.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VIII/The Decretals/The Epistles of Pope Fabian/To All the Bishops of the East/Preface

The Second Epistle.
To All the Bishops of the East.
That the chrism should be renewed with consecration every year, and that the old supply should be set aside to be burnt in the churches; also concerning the accusing of priests, and on the duty of the sheep not to dare to blame their shepherd unless he errs in the faith.
Fabian, bishop of the city of Rome, to all the bishops of the East, and to the whole body of the faithful, greeting in the Lord.
Your love for the seat of the apostles requires counsels which we neither can nor ought to deny you. It is clear, moreover, that our predecessors did this for the bishops of many districts; and brotherly charity and the debt of obedience impose the duty of so doing also upon us who, by the bountiful goodness of God, are placed in the same seat. Care, therefore, is to be had by your solicitude, that neither remissness may avail to neglect, nor presumption be able to disturb, those things which have been ordained by the apostles and their successors, and established under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. But as it was proper that that should be defined which the use of right order required, so what has been so defined ought not to be violated.

## Footnotes

* ↑ The unguent of oil and balsam used in the so-called sacrament of confirmation. [See p. 604, supra.]
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VIII/The Decretals/The Epistles of Pope Fabian/To Bishop Hilary/Preface

The Third Epistle.
To Bishop Hilary.
That extraneous judgments should be rejected, and that the accused person should carry out his cause in his own locality; and that every one who brings forward a charge should intimate in writing his ability to prove it, and that if he fails to prove what he alleges, he should bear the penalty which he advanced.
Fabian, to my dearly beloved brother Bishop Hilary.
We ought to be mindful of the grace of God to us, who, in the compassion of His own regard, hath raised us for this reason to the summit of sacerdotal dignity, that by cleaving to His commandments, and by being set in a certain eminence as overseers of His priests, we may restrain things unlawful, and inculcate things that are to be followed. For we have heard that in those western parts in which you dwell, the craft of the devil rageth so violently against the people of Christ, and breaketh forth in delusions so manifold, that it oppresseth and troubleth not only the secular laity, but the priests of the Lord themselves also. Wherefore, involved as we are in deep grief, we cannot conceal what we ought severely to correct.  Accordingly a sufficient remedy must be employed for such wounds, lest a hasty facility in the cure may prove of no service for the deadly disease of the head; and lest the trouble, by being too easily dealt with, may involve, through the defect of an illegitimate mode of cure, the hurt and the healers together in its evil.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VIII/The Decretals/The Epistles of Pope Fabian/To Bishop Hilary
## Contents

* Preface
* Chapter 1
* Chapter 2
* Chapter 3
* Chapter 4
* Chapter 5
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VIII/The Decretals/The Epistles of Pope Fabian/To Bishop Hilary/Chapter 2

II.
Of extraneous judgments.
Moreover, by a general ordinance, and without prejudice to the authority of the apostles in all things, we prohibit extraneous judgments, because it is not fit that he should be judged by strangers, who ought to have those of his own province and those elected by himself as his judges, unless an appeal has been made. Wherefore, if any one of the bishops is accused on precise charges, he ought to be heard by all the bishops who are in the province; for it is not right that an accused person should be heard elsewhere than in his own circuit. Again, if any one is of opinion that he has a judge adverse to him, he should claim the right of appeal; and an appellant ought to be injured by no kind of oppression or detention; but an appellant ought to have the liberty of righting his case, when wronged, by the remedy of appeal. There ought also to be liberty of appeal in criminal cases. And the right of appealing ought to be denied to no one whom judgment has destined for punishment.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VIII/The Decretals/The Epistles of Pope Fabian/To Bishop Hilary/Chapter 3

III.
Of the arraigned.
A person arraigned ought to plead his cause before his judge; and an arraigned person may refuse to speak, if he choose so, before one who is not his own proper judge; and indulgence (induciæ) should be granted to the arraigned as often as they appeal.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VIII/The Decretals/The Epistles of Pope Fabian/To Bishop Hilary/Chapter 4

IV.
Of the case of any one bringing forward a charge in passion, or failing to prove his allegations.
If, then, any one in passion brings a charge rashly against any one, mere abuse is not to be taken for an accusation.  But a certain time being allowed for dealing with the matter, the person should profess his ability in writing to prove what he has alleged in passion; so that, if he should happen to think better of the things he uttered in passion, and decline to repeat or write them, the person may not be held as charged with the crime. Every one, therefore, who adduces a charge, ought to state in writing his ability to prove it. And, indeed, a cause should always be dealt with in the place where the charge is admitted; and the man who fails to substantiate his allegation, should himself bear the penalty which he advanced.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VIII/The Decretals/The Epistles of Pope Pontianus
## Contents

* To Felix Subscribonius
* To All Bishops
* Note by the American Editor
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VIII/The Decretals/The Epistles of Pope Fabian/To Bishop Hilary/Chapter 1

I.
Of those who ought not to be admitted to the right of accusation.
On this account, therefore, we decree and resolve, that those who are not of good conversation, or whose life is impeachable, or whose faith and life and liberty are unknown, should not have the power of accusing the priests of the Lord, lest vile persons should thus be admitted to the liberty of accusing them. In like manner, those who are involved in any matters of accusation, or who are under suspicion, should not have a voice in laying charges against their seniors; for the voice of the suspected and the inimical is wont to oppress the truth.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Roe, Henry

Edition of 1900.
​ROE, Henry, Canadian educator, b. in Henryville, Missisquoi co., Quebec, 23 Feb., 1829. He was educated at McGill college and Bishop's college, and was graduated at the latter in 1854. He was ordained a priest in the Anglican church in 1852, became rector of St. Matthew's church, Quebec, in 1850, and of St. Ann's, Richmond, in 1868, and was appointed examining chaplain to the bishop of Quebec in 1864. He became professor of divinity in the University of Bishop's college in 1873, and is now vice-principal and dean of the faculty of divinity in that institution. In 1879 he received the degree of D. D. from Bishop's college. Dr. Roe has been for twenty-five years the Canadian correspondent of the London “Guardian.” Besides sundry sermons, he has published “Pamphlet on Episcopal Veto” (1859); “Treatise on Purgatory, Transubstantiation, and the Mass” (1862); “Pamphlet on Clerical Studies” (1864); “Tract on the Place of Religious Giving in the Christian Economy” (1880); and “Pamphlet on the Place of Laymen in the Spiritual Work of the Church” (1887).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Roebuck, John Arthur

Edition of 1900.
​ROEBUCK, John Arthur, English politician, b. in Madras, India, 29 Dec., 1802; d. in England, 30 Nov., 1879. His grandfather, Dr. John Roebuck, wrote “An Inquiry on the War in America” (London, 1776). From 1815 till 1824 the son resided in Canada; then going to London, England, he studied law, and in 1831 he was admitted as a barrister. In 1832 he was elected to parliament, and became prominent as a radical reformer. In 1835 he was appointed agent for the Lower Canada assembly during the contest between that house and the executive. His advocacy of the Confederate states and his opposition to trades-unions led to his defeat in 1868. In 1877-'8 he vigorously supported the policy of Earl Beaconsfield, and was sworn a privy councillor in 1878. He was one of the stanchest supporters of the rights of Canada against what he regarded as the aggressions of the crown. Besides numerous articles in the “Westminster Review” and the “Edinburgh Review,” he wrote “Existing Difficulties in the Government of the Canadas” (London, 1836); “Plan for the Government of the English Colonies” (1849); and “History of the Whig Ministry of 1830” (1852).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Ristori, Adelaide

Edition of 1900.
​RISTORI, Adelaide, Italian actress, b. in Cividale, Friuli, 29 Jan., 1822. Her parents, who were comedians, placed her upon the stage at a very early age, and she soon gained reputation in comedy, Soldoni's plays being her favorite pieces. She subsequently turned to tragedy, and attained eminence in that line. After her marriage with the Marquis Giuliano Capranica del Grillo she withdrew from the stage for several years. In 1855 she made her début in Paris, where she met with great success. During the succeeding ten years Ristori made various tours in Europe, visiting all of the principal cities. In September, 1866, she began her first American tour, which lasted until May of the following year, and during 1869 she travelled through South America. In May, 1874, she began a journey around the world, in the course of which she appeared again in South America and in Mexico, going thence to the United States. Her last visit to this country was during the season of 1884-'5, and lasted seven months. During this time, besides appearing in her principal roles, she played in “Macbeth” with Edwin Booth, and gave also one performance of “Mary Stuart” at the Thalia theatre, speaking English, while the other actors spoke German. The tragedies in which she especially excels are “Queen Elizabeth,” “Marie Antoinette,” “Maria Stuart,” “Myrrha,” “Francesca de Rimini,” “Macbeth,” “Pià dei Tolomei,” and “Medea.” Her autobiography, which is largely made up of analyses of her acting in some of her best roles, has been translated and published under the title “Studies and Memoirs” (London, England, 1888) and in the “Famous Women” series (Boston, Mass., 1888).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Robinson, William Stevens

Edition of 1900.
​ROBINSON, William Stevens, journalist, b. in Concord, Mass., 7 Dec., 1818; d. in Malden, Mass., 11 March, 1876. He was educated in the public schools of Concord, learned the printer's trade, at the age of twenty became the editor and publisher of the “Yeoman's Gazette” in Concord, and was afterward assistant editor of the Lowell “Courier.” He was an opponent of slavery while he adhered to the Whig party, and when the Free-soil party was organized he left the “Courier,” and in July, 1848, took charge of the Boston “Daily Whig.” His vigorous and sarcastic editorials increased the circulation of the paper, the name of which was changed to the “Republican”; yet, after the presidential canvass was ended, Henry Wilson, the proprietor, decided to assume the editorial management and moderate the tone of his journal. Robinson next edited the Lowell “American,” a Free-soil Democratic paper, till it died for lack of support in 1853. He was a member of the legislature in 1852 and 1853. In 1856 he began to write letters for the Springfield “Republican” over the signature “Warrington,” in which questions of the day and public men were discussed with such boldness and wit that the correspondence attracted wide popular attention. This connection was continued until his death. From 1862 till 1873 he was clerk of the Massachusetts house of representatives. “Warrington,” by his articles in the newspapers and magazines, was instrumental in defeating Benjamin F. Butler's effort to obtain the Republican nomination for governor in 1871, and in 1873 he was Butler's strongest opponent. Besides pamphlets and addresses, he published a “Manual of Parliamentary Law” (Boston, 1875). His widow published personal reminiscences from his writings entitled “Warrington Pen-Portraits,” with a memoir (Boston, 1877).—His wife, Harriet Hanson, ​b. in Boston, Mass., 8 Feb., 1825, was one of the intellectual circle of factory-girls that composed the staff of the “Lowell Offering.” She is a sister of John W. Hanson. She contributed poems to the Lowell “Courier” while Mr. Robinson was its editor, and from this introduction sprang a friendship that resulted in their marriage on 30 Nov., 1848. She was his assistant in his editorial work, and was as devoted as himself to the anti-slavery cause. She has also taken an active part in the woman's-rights movement, and in 1888 was a member of the International council of women at Washington, D. C. Her works include “Massachusetts in the Woman Suffrage Movement” (Boston, 1881); “Early Factory Labor in New England” (1883); and “Captain Mary Miller,” a drama (1887).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Roemer, Jean

Edition of 1900.
​ROEMER, Jean, author, b. in England about 1815; d. in Lenox, Mass., 31 Aug., 1892. He was taken in infancy to Hanover, and afterward to Holland. His early education was conducted under the guardianship of William I., king of the Netherlands, and Frederica Louisa, Princess of Orange, and wife of Charles George Augustus, heir-apparent of the crown of Brunswick. He was destined for the army, and served on the Dutch side throughout the war of secession between Holland and Belgium, at the close of which he visited the great military establishments of France, Prussia, and Austria, and completed his studies in Lombardy under the guidance and auspices of Field-Marshal Count Radetzky. Subsequently he resided in Naples, where a close intimacy with the Prince of Syracuse, ex-viceroy of Sicily, and some articles that were attributed to him, caused much comment. They gave umbrage to King Ferdinand II., whose distrust of the liberal tendencies of his brother lent to this friendship a political significance. It became the subject of diplomatic correspondence, and led to the visitor's recall from Italy early in 1845. Some time after the death of William I., whose successor on the throne appears to have been influenced by a different spirit from that of his father concerning Mr. Roemer, the pretensions of the latter began to take a definite form, setting forth claims to titles and estates, the right to which was denied him on special grounds, which ever since have been maintained against him. Strong efforts made in his behalf did not avail, and even at the congress of German sovereigns, held in Frankfort in 1863, a well-supported attempt at compromise and conciliation remained without result. From 1846 he resided in the United States. In 1848 he accepted the post of professor of the French language and literature in the New York free academy, and in 1869 he was appointed vice-president of the College of the city of New York, which place he occupied while he lived. In addition to articles and pamphlets on agriculture, education, and linguistics, he published a “Dictionary of English-French Idioms” (New York, 1853); “Polyglot Readers” (5 vols., 1858); “Cavalry: its History, Management, and Uses in War” (1863); “Cours de lecture et de traduction” (3 vols., 1884); “Principles of General Grammar” (1884); and “Origins of the English People and of the English Language” (1888).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Roelker, Bernard

Edition of 1900.
​ROELKER, Bernard, lawyer, b. in Osnabruck, Hanover, Germany, 24 April. 1816; d. in New York city, 5 March, 1888. He was graduated in 1835 at the University of Bonn, where he had devoted himself to the study of law and philology. Later he came to this country, and after teaching German and music in Bridgeport, Conn., was appointed to a tutorship at Harvard in 1837, was admitted to the bar, and practised for several years in Boston. In 1856 he removed to the city of New York, and entered the firm of Laur and Roelker. He soon established a large practice among the Germans, and when his partner died he had gained a reputation as an authority on wills and contracts. In 1863 he won the suit of Meyer vs. Roosevelt, the first of the legal-tender cases before the U. S. supreme court, which attracted general attention. He continued to practise until advancing age compelled him to relinquish a large part of his business. His last important argument was made before the New York court of appeals in October, 1887. Mr. Roelker was a personal friend of Samuel J. Tilden, and was associated with him in the organization of the Prairie du Chien railroad. He published “Constitutions of France” (Boston, 1848); “Argument in Favor of the Constitutionality of the Legal-Tender Clause in the Act of Congress, Feb. 25, 1862” (New York, 1863); and “Manual for the Use of Notaries Public and Bankers” (3d ed., 1853; edited by J. Smith Homans, New York, 1865). He also translated from the Swedish “The Magic Goblet,” a novel, and made a German adaptation of Cushing's “Manual of Parliamentary Practice.”