OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Labouchere, Henry DuPré

Edition of 1905. See also Henry Labouchère on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ LABOUCHERE, Henry DuPré (1831—). An English journalist and politician, the eldest son of John Labouchere of Broome Park, Dorking, Surrey. He was educated at Eton and entered the diplomatic service under the auspices of his uncle, Lord Taunton. He was in the diplomatic service from 1854 to 1864, part of the time as a member of the British Legation at Washington. From July, 1865, to April, 1866, he was in Parliament for Windsor, till he was ousted on petition. In 1867 and 1868 he sat for Middlesex. He represented Northampton from 1880 to 1902. Under the signature "The Besieged Resident," his letters from Paris during the siege (1870-71) to the London Daily News attracted considerable attention. They were published in book form (3d ed. London, 1872). In 1876 he established Truth, a society and political journal, and afterwards became, also, one of the proprietors of the Daily News. Truth, celebrated for its acute censorship of public matters, involved him in numerous libel suits and in penalties, which did not, however, imply dishonesty of motives. He was an earnest advocate of the Irish Home Rule cause, but in 1890 refused to follow Parnell in his attacks upon the English wing of the party. As a member of the Royal Commission to inquire into the Jameson Raid of 1896, his pertinent queries and incisive criticism were particularly disconcerting to the party of Cecil Rhodes, and his attitude as a pro-Boer sympathizer was marked during the period of the war in the Transvaal.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Labouchère, Pierre Antoine

Edition of 1905. See also Pierre-Antoine Labouchère on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ LABOUCHÈRE, Pierre Antoine (1807-73). A French historical painter, born in Nantes. He was intended for a commercial career, and began business in Antwerp. Afterwards he traveled in America, China, and Italy, and finally became a pupil of Delaroche, the French painter, in Paris. The subjects of his works are largely drawn from the actors and incidents of the Reformation. They include: "Charles Quint à Londres" ("Charles the Fifth in London") (1844), "Melanchthon, Pomeranus et Cruciger traduisant la Bible" ("Melanchthon, Pomeranus, and Cruciger Translating the Bible") (1846). He also did some drawings for Merle d'Aubigné's Vie de Luther. Among his portraits is one of Guizot (1863).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ladoga

Edition of 1905. See also Lake Ladoga on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​LADOGA, lä′dō̇-gȧ. The largest lake of Europe, situated in the northwestern part of Russia, its southwestern corner being 40 miles east of Saint Petersburg (Map: Russia, D 2). It is bounded by Finland and the governments of Saint Petersburg and Olonetz. It is 129 miles from north to south, 81 miles from east to west, 585 miles in circumference, and covers an area of somewhat over 7000 square miles. The shores are mostly low and sandy, rocks appearing only in the northwestern part. The depth in the southern and central parts is less than 300 feet, while in the north it is mostly over 400 feet, and occasionally reaches about 800 feet. Its water is cold, but abounds in fish. It is fed by a number of streams, the chief of which are the Svir, the outlet of Lake Onega, and the Volkhov from Lake Ilmen, and has for its outlet the Neva. Navigation on the lake is attended with considerable danger, owing to the numerous shallows, sand-banks, and hidden rocks. Its position at the northern terminal of the great water system which connects the Caspian Sea with the Gulf of Finland through the Volga, and the three feeders of the Ladoga, the Volkhov, the Sias, and the Svir, gives the lake great commercial importance, and, in order to make it available for navigation, a number of canals have been constructed along its southern and southeastern shores. The chief of these are the Ladoga Canal, about 70 miles long (1718-31), connecting the Neva with the Volkhov; the new Ladoga Canal, running parallel to the former; and the Sias and the Svir canals, connecting the mouths of these two rivers with the Ladoga Canal. These canals are navigated annually by thousands of vessels and rafts. The lake is also connected by water with the White Sea, and is ice-free on the average for 191 days in the year, from May to October, The most interesting of its numerous islets are Valaam and Konevetz, both occupied by monasteries, the former being among the most popular places of pilgrimage in Russia. The chief towns on the lake are the famous fortress of Schlüsselburg, at the entrance to the Neva and Novaya Ladoga, at the mouth of the Volkhov.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ladlewood

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​LADLEWOOD. A South African tree. See Hartogia.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ladmirault, Louis René Paul de

Edition of 1905. See also Paul de Ladmirault on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​LADMIRAULT, lȧd′mē̇′rō̇′, Louis René Paul de (1808-98). A French general. He was born at Montmorillon, in the Department of Rhône, entered the army in 1831, served in Africa, distinguished himself in the Italian war at Melegnano and Solferino (1859), and as commander of the Fourth Army Corps, was ordered to defend the lines between Metz and Thionville, upon the outbreak of war with Prussia. He was with Bazaine in Metz, and went a prisoner to Germany. On the outbreak of the War of the Commune (see Commune), Ladmirault was made commander of the troops ordered to take Paris. On May 22 he forced an entrance into the city by the Porte Saint Ouen, the following day gained possession of the heights of Montmartre, and thence, with obstinate fighting on both sides, took possession of the city part by part. On July 1, 1871, he was made military governor of Paris. From 1876-91 Ladmirault was a member of the Senate.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Labouchere, Henry, Baron Taunton

Edition of 1905. See also Henry Labouchere, 1st Baron Taunton on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ LABOUCHERE, lȧ′bo͞o′shâr′, Henry, Baron Taunton (1798-1869). An English statesman of Huguenot descent. The eldest son of Peter Cæsar Labouchere of Hylands, Essex, he was born on August 15, 1798. His father, a partner in the banking house of Hope & Co., of Amsterdam, settled in England, and married the daughter of Sir Francis Baring. Henry was educated at Winchester and at Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1821 and M.A. in 1828. He also studied law at Lincoln's Inn, but did not enter the profession. In 1824 he made a visit to Canada and the United States, to study the working of their institutions. In 1826 he was elected M.P. for Saint Michael. He became a strong Liberal in English politics, and for many years was identified with the support of the measures and the initiation of the policy of the party of progress. He retained his seat in Parliament by successive reëlections until 1859, when he was created Baron Taunton. From 1832 to 1858 he occupied successively the offices of Lord of the Admiralty, Master of the Mint, vice-president of the Board of Trade, and Privy Councilor, Colonial Under-Secretary, Under-Secretary for War, president of the Board of Trade, chief Irish secretary, and Secretary of State for the Colonies. He had no direct heir, and his title became extinct at his death, on July 13, 1869.
# The North Star (Rochester)/1848/01/07/Torrey's Monument

TORREY'S MONUMENT.
A monument has just been erected, by means of voluntary contributions, over the grave of Torrey, in Mount Auburn. It occupies a conspicuous position, and is thus described by the Emancipator:
The form is three-sided, with such finishings as give it great beauty of appearance, as it stands, surrounded by three avenues. It is of fine Italian marble, handsomely clouded, resting on a granite base, which is itself elevated on a green mound, making the entire height upwards of ten feet, of which the marble makes eight feet and upwards.
The front or principal side has a beautiful medallion head of Torrey, cast in bronze, inserted in the marble with pleasing effect.
Reverend Charles T. Torrey, born at Scituate, Nov. 21. 1813: graduated at Yale College, Aug., 1833: ordained at Providence, March, 1837: arrested at Baltimore, June 24, 1844: died in the Penitentiary of that city, May 9, 1846.
The friends of the American slave erect this stone to his memory, as a martyr for liberty.
Over the head is the following sublime sentiment written by Torrey, in prison, but three months before his death, when he was already sinking under disease, and when he was apprehensive that his friends might urge him to purchase his release, by some acknowledgements or pledges unworthy of his principles and character:
"It is better to die in prison with the peace of God in our breasts, than to live in freedom, with a polluted conscience."—Torrey's letter, Feb. 7, 1846.
On the second side is a well conceived statue of a kneeling slave, cast in bronze, with these glorious lines of Whittier, Freedom's Poet.
"Where NOW beneath his burthen, The toiling slave is driven, Where now a tyrant's mockery In offered unto Heaven; THERE shall his praise be spoken, Redeem'd from Falsehood's ban, When the fetters shall be broken, And the slave shall be a MAN."
On the third side is a brief and simple statement of the circumstances of his death, the facts alone, without comment or enhancement:
Charles Turner Torrey was arrested for aiding slaves to regain their liberty. For this act he was indicted as a criminal, and convicted by the Baltimore city court, and sentenced to the penitentiary for six years. While on his death-bed he was refused a pardon by the Governor of Maryland, and died of consumption, after two years confinement, a victim of his sufferings.
# The North Star (Rochester)/1848/01/14/A Pretty Thought

From "The Dream of Summer" in Poems of Nature.
A PRETTY THOUGHT.
# The North Star (Rochester)/1848/01/07/The Mechanic

THE MECHANIC.
I am Nature's own nobleman, happy and free, A peer of the realm might well envy me; For the land of the eagle has given me birth, And my sons are all freemen that meet round my hearth.
Your cities now rising with beauty and might, Whose palace-like towers are fair to the sight, My hands helped to build them, my strength lent its aid, And by the sweat of my brow your proud cities are made.
The ship that sweeps proudly o'er the far-spreading sea, Has been timbered and fashioned by the labor of me, And the pure massive marble that strikes on the view, Is chiselled and formed by the artisan too.
The smith, as he hums o'er his anvil a glee, He toils not for happiness or power—not he; He dreads not lost office, he seeks none to gain— And the smith is a king in his own proud domain.
The bravest of men from mechanics have sprung, And the sweetest of lays mechanics have sung, And the proudest of hearts mechanics should wear, When conscious of right in their bosoms they bear.
# The North Star (Rochester)/1848/01/07/To Correspondents

TO CORRESPONDENTS.
J. H. C., of Brooklyn, N. Y. We whall be glad to receive his communication.
M. R. D. His letters and list from Buffalo have been received and credited. May his sanguine hopes be more than realised!
J. L., of Lawrence, Massachusetts. His flattering notice has been received. We trust the future course will give no less cause for satisfaction.
J. W. and J. S. J. The letter of these devoted friends was received, and the North Star forwarded to Albany, as requested. Their absence from the Rochester Bazaar and annual meeting was much regretted. They will act as Agents.
B. W. R., N. Newbury, Ohio. His list of cash subscribers are gratefully acknowledged.
E. L. P., of Bath, New York. Copies forwarded as requested.
S. B., of Salem, Ohio. Favor of December 29th received. Shall be unable to furnish the list therein called for.
M. A. T., of Fallstown, Pa. Happy to acknowledge his communication. The Star has been mailed to order.
J. M. McK., Philadelphia. His good word has been received, and subscribers supplied.
J. W. W., Utica, Ohio. His request has been complied with. May a good list of subscribers be the result.
D. R., Le Roy, New York. The matter shall be adjusted.
D. J., Columbus, Ohio. We hope to find room for his communication.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Donaldson, Edward

Edition of 1905. See also Edward Donaldson on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DON'ALDSON, Edward (1816-89). An American naval officer. He was born in Baltimore, entered the navy as midshipman in 1835, and became lieutenant in 1847. In 1862, as commander of the Scioto, he took part in the bombardment of Fort Jackson and Saint Philip, in Farragut's capture of New Orleans, and was raised to the rank of oommander. He also participated in the battle of Mobile Bay. He became a captain in 1866, a commodore in 1871, and a rear-admiral in 1876, when he was retired from the service.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Donaldson, James

Edition of 1905. See also James Donaldson on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DONALDSON, James (1831—) A Scottish educator and author. He was born at Aberdeen, was educated at Aberdeen University, New College, London, and Berlin University, and was appointed tutor of Greek at Edinburgh University in 1852. He afterwards became rector of the high schools of Stirling (1854-56) and Edinburgh (1866-81) after having previously been connected with the latter institution as classical master for ten years, and five years later became vice-chancellor and principal of the University of Saint Andrews and principal of the United College of Saint Salvator and Saint Leonard. His publications include the following: A Modern Greek Grammar for the Use of Classical Students (1853); Lyra Græca (1884); Critical History of Christian Literature and Doctrine from the Death of the Apostles to the Nicene Council (1864-66); The Ante-Nicene Christian Library, in collaboration with Professor Roberts (24 vols., 1867-72); Expiatory and Substitutory Sacrifices of the Greeks (1875).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dixwell, John

Edition of 1905. See also John Dixwell on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DIX'WELL, John (1608-89). One of the three judges of Charles I. who took refuge in America. He took an active part in the English Revolution as a colonel in the Parliamentary Army, was a member of Parliament for several years, and was one of the court which condemned Charles I. to death. After the accession of Charles II. he fled from England to save his life, and, under the name of John Davids, lived for many years undiscovered in America, for the most part at New Haven, Conn. Consult Stiles. History of Three of the Judges of Charles I. — Whalley, Goffe, and Dixwell (Hartford, 1794).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dodd, Moses Woodruff

Edition of 1905. See also Moses Woodruff Dodd and Dodd, Mead and Company on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DODD, Moses Woodruff (1813-99). An American publisher, born at Bloomfield, N. J. After graduation at Princeton in 1837, he entered the Princeton Theological Seminary, but was soon obliged by ill health to relinquish his studies for the ministry, and in 1839 formed a partnership with John S. Taylor, then a leading publisher of New York. Mr. Taylor having withdrawn in 1840, he continued the business under the style of M. W. Dodd until his retirement in 1870. The publications of the house during this period were chiefly theological or religious. Frank Howard (1844—), son of the preceding, was born at Bloomfield, N. J. In 1870. with Edward S. Mead, he succeeded to the business of his father, under the firm name of Dodd & Mead, the establishment becoming, with the admission of Bleecker Van Wagenen in 1876, Dodd, Mead & Company. Afterwards he became the active head of the firm and was instrumental in establishing the Bookman, The New International Encyclopædia, and other important enterprises. As booksellers, the firm has become one of the leading authorities upon and dealers in rare books. It has published the works of
many of the best-known modern writers in fiction and general literature and art.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dod, Daniel

Edition of 1905. See also Daniel Dod on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DOD, Daniel (1788-1823). An American mechanician, born in Virginia. He was educated at Rutgers College, and became one of the most successful engine-builders in the United States. He constructed the engine for the Savannnah, the first steamer that ever crossed the Atlantic. He was killed by a boiler explosion at New York City.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dogbane

Edition of 1905. See also Apocynum on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DOG'BANE (Apocynum). A genus of plants of the order Apocynaceæ. Some of the species are shrubby, some herbaceous; some extend into colder climates than is usual for plants of this order. The dogbane of North America (Apocynum androsæmifolium) is a perennial herbaceous plant, about four feet high, with smooth stem, much milky juice, smooth ovate leaves, and whitish rose-colored flowers. It grows in open barren places from Georgia to Canada. It is valued for the emetic, diaphoretic, and tonic properties of the bark of its root. The root of Canadian or Indian hemp (Apocynum cannabinum) possesses similar properties. This species abounds throughout the western portion of the United States. It furnishes a fine, long, strong, white, easily separable fibre, employed to a considerable extent by the Indians, who manufacture it into numerous articles. (See Apocynum.) For illustration, see Plate Dahlia.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Division

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​DIVISION (OF. devision, division, Fr. division, from Lat. divisio, from dividere, to divide). In logic, the process of distributing all the objects included in the deuotation (q.v.) of a concept (q.v.) into mutually exclusive classes, each of which is marked off from the others by the possession of some distinctive attribute. Logical division must not be confounded with physical division. In the former the whole (called genus) can be predicated of the resultant parts (called species, see Predicables); in the latter such predication is not possible. Thus, when Cuvier divided his order of primates (q.v.) into homo, simia, lemur, and vespertilio, he performed a logical division because the whole thus divided, primate, is predicable of every one of the parts obtained; in other words, it can be said that man is a primate. But when a man is dissected into head, trunk, feet, etc., the division is not logical, but physical, because the whole cannot be predicated of the parts; we cannot say that the head is a man. Traditional logic generally gives the following rules for correct division: First, the division must be exhaustive; i.e. the sum of the denotations of the species must be exactly equal to the denotation of the genus. Second, the division must be exclusive: i.e. no object found in the denotation of any species must be found in the denotation of any other species. Third, in order to secure conformity to the above rules the division should be based on some one characteristic in regard to which the various objects in the denotation of the concept to be divided differ from each other. This characteristic used as the basis of division is called the fundamentum divisionis. Thus when plane triangles are divided into scalene, isosceles, and equilateral triangles, the fundamentum divisionis is the relative length of the sides of triangles.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Division in Mathematics

Edition of 1905. See also Division (mathematics) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​DIVISION. In mathematics, one of the four fundamental processes of arithmetic, the one by which we find one of two factors when the product and the other factors are given. The given factor is called the divisor, the given product is called the dividend, and the result (i.e. the required factor) is called the quotient. The definition of division leads to the following identity: dividend = divisor × quotient + remainder. If the remainder is zero, the division is said to be exact. The common symbols for division are: a/b, a ÷ b; a : b; a/b, ab$^{-1}$, in which a is the dividend and b the divisor. Two forms of division are recognized in elementary arithmetic, the one based on the idea of measurement and the other on the idea of partition. The fonner is the case of dividing one number by another of the same kind, and the latter that of dividing a concrete by an abstract number.
The usual tests of the correctness of division are: (a) multiply the quotient by the divisor and add the remainder, the result equaling the dividend; (b) compare the excesses of nines in the identity of division. See Checking.
Simple tests of the divisibility of numbers by 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11 are: (a) a number is divisible by 2, 4, or 8 if the number represented ​by the last digit, the last two digits, or the last three digits is divisible liy 2, 4, or 8 respectively; (b) a number is divisible by 5 if it ends in 0 or 5, by 10 if it ends in 0; (c) a number is divisible by 9, or by 3, if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9, or by 3, respectively, and by 6 if it is even, and the sum of its digits is divisible by 3; (d) a number is divisible by 11 if the difference between the sum of the digits in the odd and in the even places is divisible 11. The simplest test of the divisibility by algebraic binomials is that of the remainder theorem (q.v.). The division of large numbers is generally facilitated by the use of logarithms (q.v.). For the origin of the present method of division and for improved forms, see Arithmetic.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Donaldson, James Lowry

Edition of 1905. See also James Lowry Donaldson on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DONALDSON, James Lowry (1814-85). An American soldier. He was born in Baltimore, Md.; graduated at West Point in 1830, and served with distinction in the Florida and Mexican wars. He was chief quartermaster successively of the Department of the Cumberland and of the Military Division of Tennessee during the Civil War, and at its close was brevetted major-general in the regular army. He retired from active service in 1869 and resigned from the armv in 1879. He wrote Sergeant Atkins (1871), a tale of the Florida War.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Müller, Ivan von

Edition of 1905. See also Ivan von Müller on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MÜLLER, mụ'lẽr, Ivan von (1830—). A German classical philologist. He was born at Wunsiedel, in Bavaria; was professor in the University of Erlangen (1864-93), and from 1893 professor in the University of Munich. His published works are numerous; he is best known as general editor of the comprehensive Handbuch der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft (Munich, 1885), and also as the editor of many of the works of Galen, and as reviser of Nägelsbach's Lateinische Stilistik (Nuremberg, 1888).