OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Schaffner, Jakob

Edition of 1920. See also Jakob Schaffner on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SCHAFFNER, Jakob, German novelist: b. Basle, Switzerland, 15 Nov. 1875. He carried on his university studies in his native city, and there he wrote most of his works until he changed the scene of his studies to Charlottenburg, near Berlin, in 1912. His best novels are ‘Irrfahrten’ (Berlin 1905; title later changed to ‘Irrfahrten des Jonathan Bregger’ 1912), and ‘Die Erlhöferin’ (Berlin 1908, 15,000 sold in two years). His early poverty is reflected in most of his works, ‘Irrfahrten’ (“Wanderings”), for instance, has convincing pictures from the life of working people in their daily toil, while ‘Konrad Pilater’ is a story of a rather whimsical journeyman shoemaker (embodying scenes of Schaffner's boyhood as a shoemaker). Later novels are ‘Konrad Pilater’ (Berlin 1910); ‘Der Bote Gottes’ (1911). and ‘Die goldene Fratze’ (Berlin 1912). A translation of ‘The Iron Idol’ appears in ‘German Classics’ (Vol. XIX, New York 1914).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Schalcken, Godfried

Edition of 1920. See also Godfried Schalcken on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SCHALCKEN, shäl'kĕn, Godfried, Dutch artist: b. Dordrecht, 1643; d. The Hague, 16 Nov. 1706. He was the pupil of Samuel van Hoogstraten and Gerard Douw. He visited England where he painted portraits, especially one of William III. His best work is in genre, and here he approached though still remaining inferior to his master Douw. He was fond of representing scenes by candle light, though he was scarcely ever quite true in the color representation of such light. When he attempted portraits in full length, as the fashion of the time of Sir Godfrey Kneller demanded, his efforts were not successful, with the possible exception of the portrait of William III, now in the Amsterdam Museum, but he soon became sensible of his error, and again painted on a small scale. Some of his best works are at the museums of Vienna, Dresden, Munich, Berlin, Amsterdam, The Hague, and at the Louvre.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Schamyl

Edition of 1920. See also Imam Shamil on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SCHAMYL, shä'mĭl (Samuel), Tartar imam and warrior, leader among the tribes of the Caucasus: b. Aul Himri, northern Daghestan, 1797; d. Medina, March 1871. From 1824 to 1831 he took energetic part in Kasi Mollah's “holy war” against the infidel Russians, being severely wounded at the storming of Himri. A Sufi, he labored for the recrudescence of his faith in Daghestan, and was markedly successful. From 1837 he was temporal and spiritual head of the mountain tribes. His guerrilla method of warfare long enabled the Circassians to continue the struggle against Russia. During the Crimean War he was supplied by the allies with arms and money. After incredible escapes he was at last taken (6 Sept. 1859), and kept under surveillance, though treated with consideration.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Schadow-Godenhaus, Friedrich Wilhelm

Edition of 1920. See also Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SCHADOW-GODENHAUS, gō'dĕn-hows, Friedrich Wilhelm, younger brother of the preceding, German painter: b. Berlin, 6 Sept. 1789; d. Düsseldorf, 19 March 1862. He received his first lessons in drawing from his father, then turned to painting and became the pupil of Weitsch. He served in the war between 1806 and 1807 and three years later resumed his artistic studies in Rome, where Cornelius, Overbeck, Veit and others had founded the new school of the Nazarenes (q.v.). He joined their company and from that time made the Italian masters his models, while the favorite subjects of his pencil were biblical, or selected from the mystical and allegorical wonders of mediæval tradition. As in the case of Overbeck, his devotion to this latter field of human imagination led him to become a member of the Roman Catholic Church. He painted ‘Heaven's Queen’ for Madame von Humboldt and a ‘Holy Family’ for the Crown Prince Ludwig of Bavaria. The best work he did at Rome is seen in the frescoes for the Casa Bartholdy; ‘Jacob with Joseph's Bloody Coat’; ‘Joseph in Prison’ (both in the Berlin National Gallery). In 1819 he was called to Berlin as professor of the Art Academy there. During his incumbency he painted the ‘Bacchanalian Procession’ on the proscenium of New Theatre; many portraits; the ‘Visit of the Wise Men’ in the Garrison Church at Potsdam and another altar-piece for the church at Schulpforta. One of his finest pictures is 'Freeborn Poetry,' a lovely winged maiden rising from earth to heaven. In 1826 he was made director of the Academy in Düsseldorf and with a circle of enthusiastic pupils became the founder of the Düsseldorf school. He retained this connection until 1859, when age and failing sight led him to retire. Among his religious paintings are ‘Christ on the Mount of Olives’; ‘Christ at Emmaus’; ‘The Dead Body of Christ watched over by his Mother surrounded by Angels’ (1836). His health drove him to seek a change in the warmer climate of Italy (1840), and at Rome he painted ‘Earthly and Heavenly Love’; ‘Piety and Vanity in their Relationship with Religion,’ the last appearing under the form of the Saviour, and ‘Heaven, Purgatory, Hell’ after Dante. As an author he wrote ‘The Influence of Christianity on the Painter's Art’ (1843). His paintings are mostly found in Düsseldorf and Berlin, but one of his best works, the ‘Wise and Foolish Virgins,’ is in the Museum at Frankfort-on-the-Main. He was perhaps more successful as a teacher and demonstrator than as a creative artist, but he had a very distinct, even though one-sided influence, upon the religious art of Germany. He gave a new and vigorous impulse to the oil painting of his day without resorting to that pre-Raphaelite realism which sometimes lent to the canvases of Cornelius a certain crudeness bordering on the grotesque. Consult Hübner, ‘Schadow-Godenhaus und seine Schule’ (1869).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Schaeberle, John Martin

Edition of 1920. See also John Martin Schaeberle on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SCHAEBERLE, shā'bėrlé, John Martin, American astronomer: b. Würtemherg, Germany, 10 Jan. 1853. He was brought to Ann Arbor, Mich., in his infancy, and was graduated from the University of Michigan in 1876 as a
civil engineer. He has, however, devoted himself to the study of astronomy, to which department of knowledge he has made valuable contributions. From 1876 to 1888 he taught astronomy in the University of Michigan, and was then called to the Lick Observatory at Mount Hamilton, Cal., where he made several important astronomical investigations. He had charge of the expedition to witness the eclipse at Cayenne in 1889, and of those for the same purpose to Chile in 1893, and to Japan in 1896. He is now, and has been for some years past, engaged in theoretical and experimental investigations on gravitation, light, heat and electricity. He is a frequent contributor to astronomical journals.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Schelling, Felix Emanuel

Edition of 1920. See also Felix Emanuel Schelling on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SCHELLING, shĕl'lĭng, Felix Emanuel, American educator: b. New Albany, Ind., 3 Sept. 1858. In 1881 he was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania, where he received the degree of LL.B. in 1883 and that of A.M. in 1884, and of Litt.D. in 1903 and LL.D. in 1909. Since 1893 he has been John Welsh Centennial professor of English literature at the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Schelling is a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters, of the American Philosophical Society and of the Modern Language Association of America. He has published ‘Literary and Verse Criticism of the Reign of Elizabeth’ (1891); ‘Life and Works of George Gascoigne’ (1893); ‘A Book of Elizabethan Lyrics’ (1896); ‘A Book of 17th Century Lyrics’ (1899); ‘The English Chronicle Play’ (1902); ‘The Queen's Progress and Other Elizabethan Sketches’ (1904); ‘History of Elizabethan Drama’ (1908); ‘English Literature during the Lifetime of Shakespeare’ (1910); ‘The Restoration Drama’ (Cambridge History of Literature, 1912); ‘The English Lyric’ (1913); ‘A History of English Drama’ (1914). He has edited ‘Ben Jonson's Discoveries’ (1892); ‘Eastward Ho and the Alchemist’ (1903); ‘The Merchant of Venice’ (1903); ‘Macbeth’ (1910); ‘Beaumont and Fletcher’ (1912).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Schaeffer, Nathan C.

Edition of 1920. See also Nathan C. Schaeffer on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SCHAEFFER, Nathan C., American clergyman and educator: b. Maxatawny, Berks County, Pa., 3 Feb. 1849; d. Lancaster, Pa., 14 March 1919. In 1867 he was graduated at Franklin and Marshall College after which he studied divinity at the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Church and finished his education at the universities of Berlin, Tübingen and Leipzig. From 1875 to 1877 Dr. Schaeffer was professor at Franklin and Marshall College and from 1877 to 1893 was principal of the Keystone State Normal School. In the year last named he became State superintendent of public instruction, a post he held until his death. He also served as president of the State board of education and was president of a commission that prepared a new school code for the State, and was a member of the simplified spelling board. In 1879 he received the degree of doctor of philosophy and in 1904 received the degrees of doctor of divinity and doctor of laws from Dickinson College. He was a prolific writer on educational and religious subjects. His works include ‘Thinking and Learning to Think’ (1900); ‘History of Education in Pennsylvania’; (editor) ‘Bible Readings for Schools’ (1897); introduction to Hinsdale's ‘Civil Government’; Riddle's ‘Nicholas Comenius’; ‘Life of Henry Harbaugh,’ and editor of the Pennsylvania School Journal after 1893.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Schaff, Philip

Edition of 1920. See also Philip Schaff on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SCHAFF, Philip, American clergyman and scholar: b. Coire, Switzerland, 1 Jan. 1819; d. New York, 20 Oct. 1893. He studied at Tübingen, Halle and Berlin, and was a lecturer in the latter university in 1842-44. He then came to this country where he was professor in the theological seminary of the German Reformed Church at Mercersburg (Pa.) 1844-63.
In 1864-69 he was lecturer in several theological institutions, and in 1870 became professor of sacred literature in Union Theological Seminary, New York. This post he held until his transference in 1887 to the chair of church history in the same institution. He was one of the founders of the Evangelical Alliance and went as delegate to its general conferences at Basel in 1879, and at Copenhagen in 1884. He was president of the American Bible-revision committee, organized by him in 1871 at the request of the British committee. He was a prolific writer and editor, his works including ‘History of the Apostolic Church’ (1853); ‘History of the Christian Church’ (1867; new and enlarged edition, 7 vols., 1889-92); ‘Creeds of Christendom’ (1877); ‘Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge’ (as editor); ‘Dictionary of the Bible’ (1880); ‘Church and State in the United States’ (1888); ‘Literature and Poetry’ (1890).
# The Forest Sanctuary, and Other Poems

THE
FOREST SANCTUARY,
&c.
LONDON: PRINTED BY THOMAS DAVISON, WHITEFRIARS.
THE
FOREST SANCTUARY;
AND
OTHER POEMS.
BY MRS. HEMANS.
LONDON: JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE-STREET. MDCCCXXV.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Kit-Cat Club

Edition of 1920. See also Kit-Cat Club on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KIT-CAT CLUB, a club formed in London about 1688, originally for convivial purposes, but which soon assumed a political character, having in the reign of Queen Anne become the resort of Marlborough, Walpole, Addison, Steele and other leading Whigs. Its founder was Jacob Touson, the eminent publisher, and its name was derived from that of Christopher Cat, who supplied the club with mutton-pies. It was originally composed of 39 members, later enlarged to 48. The portraits (about three-quarters length) of the members were painted by Sir Godfrey Kneller, and hence a portrait of this length is called a “kit-cat.” The club was dissolved about 1720.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert

Edition of 1920. See also Gustav Kirchhoff on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KIRCHHOFF, Gustav Robert, German physicist: b. Königsberg, 1824; d. 1887. Graduated from the university of his native city, he was elected professor of physics at Breslau (1850), and four years later he went in the same capacity to Heidelberg, and from there to Berlin (1875-87). He made many original investigations in the realm of physics and was joint discoverer with Bunsen of the spectroscope. His collected works, consisting principally of essays on his special subject of teaching, physics, were published in 1882, and a second edition was issued four years after his death.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Kirchmann, Julius von

Edition of 1920. See also Julius von Kirchmann on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KIRCHMANN, kĕrk'mạn, Julius von, German writer and philosopher: b. near Meresburg, 1802; d. 1884. Educated in law at Leipzig and Halle, he became, some time afterward, state attorney in the Berlin Criminal Court (1846). He was successively a member of the National Assembly of Prussia (1848) and of the German Reichstag (1871-76). He studied and wrote much upon philosophy of
which he was recognized as one of the leading writers of his day. Among his published works are ‘Die Wertlosigkeit der Jurisprudenz als Wissenschaft’ (1848); ‘Ueber Unsterblichkeit’ (1865); ‘Aesthetik auf realistischer Grundlage’ (1868), and many translations from the great philosophers, including Aristotle, Grotius, Hume, Bacon, Spinoza and Leibnitz. Consult Lasson and Meineke, ‘Julius von Kirchmann als Philosoph’ (Halle 1885).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Kitchen Cabinet

Edition of 1920. See also Kitchen Cabinet on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KITCHEN CABINET, a popular name applied to certain intimate political friends of President Andrew Jackson, who were supposed to have more influence over his actions than his official advisers. They were Gen. Duff Green, editor of the United States Telegraph at Washington, the confidential organ of the administration; Maj. William B. Lewis, of Nashville, Tenn., second auditor of the Treasury; Isaac Hill, editor of the New Hampshire Patriot, and Amos Kendall (q.v) of Kentucky. He was leader of the kitchen cabinet; worked for the Jackson “second choice” movement in Kentucky; and received the office of fourth auditor of the Treasury. He was a man of exceeding ability, but of low moral perceptions, and, as a politician, was the incarnation of the worst evils of the American system. Harriet Martineau wrote of him, “I was fortunate enough once to catch a glimpse of the invisible Amos Kendall, one of the most remarkable men in America. He is supposed to be the moving spring of the whole administration.” Consult Parton, James, ‘The Life of Andrew Jackson’ (Vol. III, New York 1860).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb

Edition of 1920. See also Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KLOPSTOCK, klŏp'stŏck, Friedrich Gottlieb, German poet: b. Quedlinburg, Prussia, 2 July 1724; d. Hamburg, 14 March 1803. He studied at the school in his native town and at Schulpforta, and later pursued the course in theology at Jena and Leipzig. He is widely famous as the author of the sacred epic, ‘Der Messias,’ the first three cantos of which were published in 1748. They are in the Miltonic style, and excited general attention. In consequence, Klopstock was invited to Copenhagen
by the minister Bernstoff, and offered a small pension. In 1764 he wrote his drama ‘Hermanns Schlacht’ (Battle of Arminius), and in 1771 left Copenhagen for Hamburg, under the character of Danish secretary of legation and counsellor of the margiaviate of Baden. In Hamburg he finished his ‘Messias’ (1773). He also wrote ‘Die Gelehrtenrepublik’ (The Scholar's Republic) (1744), his chief work in prose; ‘Geistliche Lieder’ (1758); ‘Oden’ (1771); and several dramas, in addition to the one already named. His reputation did not survive, but he is still known for his great service to German literature in assisting to free it from foreign, especially French, influence. His collected works were published in 12 volumes at Leipzig 1798-1817. A fine edition by Muncker appeared in 4 volumes, 1887. (See Messiah, The). Consult Lyon, ‘Ueber Klopstocks Verhältniss zu Goethe’ (1879); Lappenberg, ‘Briefe von und an Klopstock’ (1867); Habler, ‘Milton und Klopstock’ (1893).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Kirchhoff, Johann Wilhelm Adolf

Edition of 1920. See also Adolf Kirchhoff on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KIRCHHOFF, kērk'hŏf, Johann Wilhelm Adolf, German writer and classical scholar: b. Berlin, 1826; d. 1908. Educated in his native city he was a teacher in various colleges, finally becoming professor in Berlin University (1865-1908). He was an indefatigable worker in the field of classical philology, linguistics, mythology and antiquities. A great deal of his investigations saw the light in print, hence his publications are many, and all of them are distinguished by depth of thought, excellent judgment and careful and minute investigation. Among the most noteworthy of his published works are ‘Umbrische Sprachdenkmäler’ (1849-51); ‘Die Stadtrecht von Bantia’ (1853); ‘Euripides’ (1855); ‘Die homerische Odyssee und ihre Entstehung’ (1859); ‘Ueber die Entstehungszeit des herodotischen Geschichtswerkes’ (1870); ‘Studien zur Geschichte des griesischen Alphabets’ (1874); ‘Thucydides und sein Uhrkundenmaterial’ (1895), and edited editions of ‘Plotinus’ (1856); ‘Æschylus’ (1880); ‘Respublica Atheniensium’ (1881); ‘Christian Inscriptions.’
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Kirchwey, George Washington

Edition of 1920. See also George W. Kirchwey on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KIRCHWEY, George Washington, American writer on legal subjects: b. Detroit, Mich., 3 July 1855. Graduated in law from Yale University, he practised his profession in Albany, N. Y., for 10 years (1882-91), where he was dean of the Albany Law School and professor of law in Union University (1889-91). On leaving Albany he became professor of law in Columbia University (1891-1901), dean of the law school there (1901-10), and Kent professor of law Columbia University (1902-16), warden of Sing Sing Prison (1916). Professor Kirchwey has been president of numerous societies of note, legal and otherwise, among them the American Peace Society, American Society of International Law and the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology, and he has contributed extensively to legal, technical and other magazines. At the close of 1918 he was appointed director of the United States Employment Service for New York State. Among his published works are ‘Historical Manuscripts of the State of New York’ (which he edited, 1887-89); ‘Readings in the Law of Real Property’ (1900); ‘Select Cases and other Authorities on the Law of Mortgage’ (1901).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Klonowicz, Sebastian-Fabian

Edition of 1920. See also Sebastian Klonowic on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KLONOWICZ, klō'no'vĭch, Sebastian-Fabian, Polish satirical poet: b. Sulmierzyce 1551; d. Lublin, 1608. Studied at Cracow University, acquired the Latin name Acernus and established himself at Lublin, where he became burgomaster and president of the civil tribunal of the Jewish community. Of modest and virtuous character, his wife was a dissipated, vicious woman who brought him to poverty, obliging him in age to take refuge in the city retreat as an object of Catholic charity. He wrote ‘Victoria deorum,’ a poem concerning the ills of the poor at the hands of the rich; ‘Roxolania’ (1584) poem descriptive of Red Russia (Galicia); ‘Flis, or the boatman navigating on the Vistula from Cracow to Danzig’ (1600); ‘Worek Judaszow,’ or Judas purse, decrying the wicked acquisitions of the rich (1600); ‘Memorial of the Dukes and Kings of Poland’ (1600, 1620 and 1639). The Jesuits, against whom Klonowicz leveled so many of his satires and who helped him when in misfortune, burned all his works they could acquire, and some have become very rare.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Kit-fox

Edition of 1920. See also Kit fox and Swift fox on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KIT-FOX, or SWIFT-FOX, a small fox (Vulpes velox) found in the central and northwestern parts of the United States, and
especially common in the upper Columbia River region. It is about 20 inches long, with a broad, short face, and has the soles of the feet densely hairy. In summer its fur is of a brownish gray color, tinged with orange on the flanks and white below; in winter it becomes much paler. It is especially noted for its activity, and for the deep burrows which it digs, and in which its young are born and nurtured. It feeds mainly on ground squirrels and small birds.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Klopp, Onno

Edition of 1920. See also Onno Klopp on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
KLOPP, klŏp, Onno, German historian: b. Leer, East Friesland, 9 Oct. 1822; d. 1903. He studied at Bonn, Berlin and Göttingen (1841-45), and taught at Osnabruck Gymnasium (1845-58). He shared as intimate friend the exile of King George V of Hanover (1866). Becoming Roman Catholic (1873) his aversion to the Prussians increased and is distinctly marked in his writings. Later he went to Austria. He wrote ‘Die Geschichte Ostfrieslands’ (1854-81). ‘König Friedrich II von Preussen und die deutsche Nation’ (1860; 2d ed., 1867); ‘Der König Friedrich II von Preussen und seine Politik’ (1861); ‘Tilly im Dreissigjährigen Kriege’ (1861); ‘Der Fall des Hauses Stuart’ (14 vols., 1875-83); ‘Das Jahr 1683’ (1882); ‘König Georg V’ (1878); ‘Der Dreissigjährige Krieg bis zum Tode Gustav Adolfs, 1632’ (1891-96). He also edited the correspondence of Leopold I with Father Marco d'Aviano (1888).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Mikado, The

Edition of 1920. See also The Mikado on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MIKADO, The, or THE TOWN OF TITIPU, a comic opera in two acts, libretto by W. S. Gilbert, music by Sir Arthur Sullivan; first production, Savoy Theatre, London, 14 March 1885; first appeared in America at the Museum, Chicago, 6 July 1885. The plot is simple burlesque without the infusion of any Eastern imagery. The Mikado, a highly moral ruler, has issued an edict condemning to death every man found guilty of flirtation “unless connubially linked.” To evade this stern sentence the citizens of Titipu hit upon the idea of appointing one thus condemned (Ko-Ko, the tailor) to the office of executioner, with the result that he could not behead the next man until he had first executed himself. It being necessary eventually to execute some one, Ko-Ko, who is engaged to Yum-Yum and is also first on the list of the condemned, finds a substitute in Nanki-Poo (the Mikado's son in disguise), who had gone into temporary obscurity to avoid marrying the elderly Katisha. Nanki-Poo agrees to suffer execution a month hence provided he can be married to Yum-Yum for that period. Legal complications follow, and in the end Nanki-Poo is forgiven and weds Yum-Yum, and Ko-Ko saves himself by marrying Katisha. An amusing character is Pooh-Bah, “Lord High Everything Else.”
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Mikhailov, Mikhail Larionovitch

Edition of 1920. See also Mikhail Larionovitch Mikhailov on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MIKHAILOV, Mikhail Larionovitch, Russian author: b. Ural Mountains, 1826; d. Siberia, 1865. He was educated at Petrograd and engaged in literary pursuits as a translator, journalist and writer of fiction. His political sympathies caused his exile to Siberia. He was a contributor to Sovremennik (The Contemporary) and an able advocate of the reforms of the self-emancipation era. His collected translations and writings were published (3 vols., 1858-59).