OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fries, John

Edition of 1920. See also John Fries on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FRIES, John, American insurgent: b. 1764; d. 1825. He had a varied career, becoming in succession a cooper, soldier and auctioneer. His career of soldier was undertaken in the so-called Whisky Insurrection. When in July 1798, Congress voted a direct tax of $2,000,000 the Federal officers who were sent to Pennsylvania to collect the State quota of $237,000, were resisted by a party of opposition which Fries had rallied from among the Germans of Montgomery, Lehigh, Bucks and Berks counties. At Bethlehem, 7 March 1799, the United States marshal was compelled by this party to release 30 prisoners who had been arrested for refusing to obey the law. The “rebellion” was at length put down by the militia which President Adams ordered out, and among those captured was Fries, who was subsequently twice tried and on each occasion sentenced to death. In April 1800 he was pardoned by President Adams, who at the same time proclaimed an amnesty to all concerned in the “rebellion.” Removing to Philadelphia he engaged in the tinware business in which he became comparatively wealthy. Consult Davis, ‘The Fries Rebellion’ (Doylestown, Pa., 1899); McMaster, ‘History of the People of the United States’ (Vol. II, New York 1907); and, for an account of the trials, ‘Das erste und zweite Verhör von John Fries’ (Allentown 1839).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Frieseke, Frederick Carl

Edition of 1920. See also Frederick Carl Frieseke on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FRIESEKE, Frederick Carl, American artist: b. Owosso, Mich., 7 April 1874. He received his art education at the Chicago Art Institute, the Art Students' League, New York, the Julien Academy and the Whistler School, Paris. After 1900 he lived mostly in France; he is of the Impressionist school, and his work shows the influence of Renoir. He has painted many beautiful female figures and has done considerable work in the nude. ‘Before the Mirror’ hangs in the Luxembourg Gallery; his ‘The Toilet’ in the Metropolitan Museum, New York; ‘The Open Windows’ in the Art Institute, Chicago. Mural decorations by him may be seen in the Hotel Shelbourne, Atlantic City, and in the Wanamaker Auditorium, New York. There are also pictures by him in the Gallerie-Modern, Venice; the Modern Gallery, Odessa, Russia; the Telfair Gallery, Savannah, Ga.; the Minneapolis Art Institute; and the Syracuse Museum of Art. He has received several awards, including gold medal, Munich in 1904, silver medal at Saint Louis 1904, prize at the Corcoran Exhibition, Washington 1908, and grand prize for painting at the Panama-Pacific Exposition 1915. He was elected to the National Academy in 1914, and is a member of the National Portrait Society, London; of the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts, the International Society of Painters and Sculptors and the Society of American Painters, Paris.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Friese, Richard

Edition of 1920. See also Richard Friese on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FRIESE, frē'zė, Richard, German painter: b. Gumbinnen, East Prussia, 15 Dec. 1854. He studied at Berlin, and traveled in the East, as well as northward within the Arctic Circle. He is now considered one of the best of German animal painters, and is equally successful in depicting the lion in the desert and the deer in a German forest. In 1886 he was awarded a gold medal by the Berlin Academy, of which body he was elected a member in 1892. His most famous works are ‘Lions Surprising a Sleeping Caravan’ (1884), in the Dresden Gallery; ‘On the Bredszell Moor’ (1895), in the
Königsberg Museum; ‘Elks on Field of Battle’ (1890), in the National Gallery, Berlin; ‘A Twenty-pronged Stag under Way,’ owned by Emperor William II.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Frill-Lizard

Edition of 1920. See also Frill-necked lizard on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FRILL-LIZARD, a large Australian lizard (q.v.) (Chlamydosaurus kingi) of the family Agamidæ, so called in allusion to the erectile collar or ruff about its neck. This broad membrane is supported on each side of the neck by slender rods from the hyoid bone which extend to its margin like the sticks of a fan; and like a fan it may be folded close against the shoulders or spread until it stands up all around the back part of the head; but this erection can be accomplished only by opening the mouth widely, and always accompanies a stretching apart of the jaws. The exterior of the frill is of the general grayish-brown of the animal's body, but its interior or front is scarlet; and when it is suddenly spread in the face of an enemy behind the open hissing mouth, it is calculated to astonish and frighten the attacker in no small degree, as seems to be the purpose of the structure. These lizards are six to eight inches long plus a long, lashlike tail. They spend their time on trees and logs, searching for the beetles which constitute their principal food; and have an extraordinary manner, when in haste, of rising and running upon their hind legs alone. Consult Kent, W. Saville, ‘The Naturalist in Australia’ (London 1897).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Frobisher Bay

Edition of 1920. See also Frobisher Bay on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FROBISHER BAY, an Arctic inlet, located approximately between 62° and 64° N. and between 65° and 69° W., and opening westward near the mouth of Davis Strait, between Cumberland Sound and Hudson Strait, at the southern end of Baffin Land in the Northwest Territory of Canada. It is about 240 miles long by above 20 wide, with rugged mountainous shores. It was discovered by Sir Martin Frobisher (q.v.), the English navigator, in 1576 and named after him. It was till Hall's voyage called Frobisher Strait, being erroneously regarded as a passage into Hudson Bay. Consult Collinson, R., ed., ‘The Three Voyages of Frobisher’ (in Hakluyt Society Publications, Vol. XXXV, London 1867); Hall, C. F, ‘Arctic Researches, etc., 1860-62’ (New York 1865); Porter, R. W., ‘Frobisher Bay Revisited’ (in American Geographical Society of New York, Journal, Vol. XXX, p. 97, New York 1898).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Froben, Joannes

Edition of 1920. See also Johann Froben on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FROBEN, or FROBENIUS, Joannes, German scholar and printer: b. Hammelburg about 1460; d. 1527. He received his education at the University of Basel. In 1491 he set up a printing press at Basel, which became noted for its excellence. He published editions of Saint Jerome, Saint Cyprian, Tertullian, Hilary of Poitiers and Saint Ambrose. He also published the works of Erasmus, of whom he was an intimate friend. His Greek Testament, edited by Erasmus, was used by Luther for his translation. Froben projected an edition of the Greek Fathers, which was issued after his death by his son Jerome and his son-in-law, Nikolaus Episcopius. Many texts of Froben's were illuminated by Holbein.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fröbel, Julius

Edition of 1920. See also Julius Fröbel on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FRÖBEL, Julius, German editor and politician, nephew of Friedrich Froebel (q.v.): b. 1805; d. 1893. He pursued his studies at Munich, Weimar and Berlin, and in 1833 was appointed professor of mineralogy in the industrial schools of Zürich, Switzerland, and was also editor of Der schweizerische Republikaner. He gave up his professorship after 11 years and engaged in publishing scientific works and political tracts at Zürich. He removed to Dresden in 1846, and in 1848 was one of the Democratic leaders and a member of the Frankfort Main National Assembly. During this troubled year he visited Vienna in the company of Robert Blum. He was arrested and condemned to death, but because of his great talents he received a pardon from Windischgrätz. He came to the United States in 1849 and edited a German journal in New York until 1850, when he went to Nicaragua, and was later engaged in commercial expeditions in Mexico. In 1855 he was editor of a San Francisco paper and returned to Germany in 1857. In 1862-73 he was editor of newspapers in Munich and Vienna. In the latter year he was appointed German Consul at Smyrna, was transferred to Algiers in 1876 and retired in 1890. He published ‘Aus Amerika’ (1857), translated (1859) by himself and issued under the title ‘Seven Years' Travel in Central America, Northern Mexico and the Far West’; ‘Die Wirtschaft des Menschengeaschlects’ (1870-76); ‘Ein Lebenslauf’ (1890-91) an autobiography.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Frobisher, Martin

Edition of 1920. See also Martin Frobisher on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FROBISHER, Sir Martin, English navigator: b. Altofts, Yorkshire, about 1530 or 1540; d. Plymouth, 22 Nov. 1594. He was sent to school in London and in 1544 was placed on board a ship sailing to Guinea. He was later in the public service at sea off the coast of Ireland. About 1560 he formed a resolution to undertake a voyage in search of a northwest passage to India, and by his efforts he gave the enterprise a national character. Finally he was put in charge of an expedition, consisting of two barks of 20 and 25 tons, and a pinnace of 10 tons, and an aggregate crew of 35. He set sail on 7 June 1576 by way of the Shetland Islands. Stormy weather resulted in the loss of the pinnace, and soon after one of the vessels, the Michael, deserted. Frobisher continued the voyage alone in the Gabriel and on 28 July sighted the coast of Labrador in latitude 62° 2' N. Some days afterward he reached the mouth of Frobisher Bay, which he deemed to be a strait. He explored the coast and Butcher's Island until 18 August, and then he returned homewards, reaching London by 9 October. He brought back with him some “black earth” and a rumor soon got abroad that this was really a lump of gold ore. The story aroused great enthusiasm and in the following year a
much more important expedition was fitted out, with Frobisher in command. He sailed in May 1577, with three ships and 120 men and reached Hall's Island at the mouth of Frobisher Bay on 17 July. Several weeks were spent in prospecting for gold, but little was done in the way of discovery beyond going over the ground visited on the occasion of the first voyage. A third expedition of 15 vessels was sent out in 1578 and this time Frobisher sailed up a new strait, afterward explored by Henry Hudson (Hudson Strait). In 1580 he became a captain of one of the queen's ships and in 1585 was vice-admiral under Drake in his expedition to the West Indies. He was knighted for his distinguished services in the dispersal of the Spanish Armada in 1588. He continued to cruise in the Channel until 1590, when he was sent in command of a small fleet to Spain. In 1592 Sir Walter Raleigh sent him with a squadron against the Spanish coast, from which he returned with a rich prize. In 1594 he was engaged in the siege and relief of Brest, when he received the wound from which he died later at Plymouth. He was one of the ablest seamen of his time and ranks among the greatest of England's naval heroes. Consult Corbett, Julian, ‘Drake and the Tudor Navy’ (London 1898); Jones, F., ‘Life of Frobisher’ (ib. 1878); Hakluyt's ‘Voyages,’ and the Hakluyt Societies ‘Three Voyages of Frobisher’ (1867).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Gasparin, Valérie Boissier, Comtesse de

Edition of 1920. See also Valérie de Gasparin on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
GASPARIN, Valérie Boissier, Comtesse de, French author: wife of A. E. de Gasparin (q.v.): b. Geneva, Switzerland, 13 Sept. 1813; d. near Geneva, 1894. Two of her works obtained the Montyon prize at the Academie Française: ‘Marriage from the Christian Point of View,’ and ‘There are Poor in Paris and Elsewhere.’ Among her other publications are ‘Journey in the South by an Ignoramus’; ‘Let's Go Make a Fortune in Paris’; ‘A Book for Wives’; ‘Read and Judge’ (strictures on the Salvation Army), and ‘The Near and the Heavenly Horizons.’ Several of her books were translated into English, the last named being read very widely in America in its English form.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Genth, Lillian Mathilde

Edition of 1920. See also Lillian Genth on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
GENTH, Lillian Mathilde, American artist: b. Philadelphia, 1876. She studied art at the Pennsylvania School of Design for Women, and under Whistler at Paris. She returned to her native land in 1903. She painted many female nudes with landscape backgrounds and also several portraits in which she became very popular. She was awarded the Mary Smith prize in 1904, the Shaw memorial prize in 1907 and the Hallgarten prize of the National Academy in 1911. She is represented in the National Gallery, Washington, the Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh, the Brooklyn Institute Museum, and the Metropolitan Museum, New York.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Gaspé, Philip Aubert de

Edition of 1920. See also Philippe-Joseph Aubert de Gaspé on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
GASPÉ, gäs'pā', Philip Aubert de, Canadian author: b. Quebec, 30 Oct. 1786; d. there, 29 Jan. 1871. A lawyer, afterward sheriff, he became involved in debt for which he was imprisoned four years; and when released, secluded himself on his estate of Saint Jean Port-Joli. His ‘Old-Time Canadians’ (1863), and his ‘Memoirs’ (1866), treat of Canadian traditions and folklore, and were written in French. The former was perhaps the most popular book ever published in the province of Quebec. English translations have been made by Mrs. Pennie and G. C. D. Roberts.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Geddes, Patrick

Edition of 1920. See also Patrick Geddes on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
GEDDES, Patrick, Scottish biologist: b. Perth 1854. He was educated at Perth Academy, the Royal School of Mines, University College, London, the Sorbonne, the universities of Edinburgh, Montpellier, etc. He was successively demonstrator of physiology at University College, London; of zoology at the University of Aberdeen; of botany at Edinburgh; lecturer on natural history in the School of Medicine, Edinburgh, with intervals of travel, explorations in Mexico, visits to Continental universities, zoological stations and botanic gardens, as also to Cyprus and the East, the United States, etc. His educational work dealt mainly with the organization of University Halls, Edinburgh and Chelsea, each as a beginning of collegiate life. He also became interested in a printing establishment dealing with Celtic and general literature and art. He also has been actively employed in city improvement, town-planning and educational initiatives at home, on the Continent and in India. He is professor of botany at University College, Dundee (Saint Andrew's University). His publications comprise numerous articles in the ‘Encyclopaedia Britannica,’ ‘Chamber's Encyclopaedia,’ etc.; ‘The Evolution of Sex’ (1889); ‘Chapters in Modern Botany’ (1892); ‘City Development’ (1904); ‘Cities in Evolution’ (1908).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/General Grant National Park

Edition of 1920. See also General Grant Grove on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer. There is no article on Sequoia National Park, but for the “big trees” see the article on Sequoia Gigantea.
GENERAL GRANT NATIONAL PARK, California, located in Tulare and Fresno counties; usually mentioned in connection with Sequoia National Park (q.v.) because, though separated by six miles of mountain and forest, the two are practically the same governmental reservation. The area of the former, the subject of this paragraph, is 2,536 acres and its altitude ranges from 5,250 feet to 7,631 feet. Created primarily (by act of 1 Oct. 1890) for the protection of the General Grant tree, a very beautiful Sequoia Washingtoniana, 264 feet high and 35 feet in diameter at the base, the park has made such substantial progress that its superintendent in 1915 mentioned in his report the hotels, stores, feedyards, post offices, telephone stations and photograph galleries within his jurisdiction. It is situated on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada 46 miles from Sanger. Between that station (on the Southern Pacific Railroad) and the park regular transportation service has been established. The number of visitors was 7,022 in 1915 (1 April to 10 August), of whom 5,019 arrived in automobiles. Mammals native to the parks are the elk, deer, mountain sheep, squirrels, flying squirrels, porcupine, hares, rabbits, bear, wolves, foxes, mountain lion, lynx, ring-tailed cat, raccoon, wolverine, etc. The Sequoia and General Grant parks are homes of both migratory and breeding birds. Owing to the topography of the parks and their varied climatic conditions, birds of both the torrid and frigid zones come to them. There is a constant movement of the birds north and south and from the high mountains to the lower and from the lowlands to the higher elevations; in all, 194 species have been observed, including plover, grouse, partridges, pheasants, wild turkey, hawks and eagles. The best season for tourists is between the middle of June and October, when the atmosphere is usually cool and clear. The main tourist camp ground in General Grant National Park consists of 35 acres fenced with steel woven wire attached to cedar posts. A description of the forests with their “big trees” is given in the article Sequoia National Park. See also National Parks And Monuments.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Genth, Frederick Augustus

Edition of 1920. See also Frederick Augustus Genth on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
GENTH, Frederick Augustus, American chemist: b. Wächtersbach, Hesse, 1820; d. 1893. He received his education at the University of Heidelberg, and also at other German seats of learning. In 1845-48 he was assistant to the celebrated Bunsen. In 1848 he came to Philadelphia and organized an analytical laboratory. He became professor of chemistry at the University of Pennsylvania in 1872, resigned in 1888, and re-established his laboratory. He wrote much on chemistry and mineralogy and isolated about 23 new minerals. His published works include ‘Researches on the Ammonia-Cobalt Bases’ (1856); ‘Corundum’ (in ‘American Philosophical Society Proceedings’ 1873), and reports while employed as mineralogist of the Geological Survey of Pennsylvania.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Gasparin, Agénor Etienne, Comte de

Edition of 1920. See also Agénor de Gasparin on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
GASPARIN, găs'pă'răṅ, Agénor Etienne, Comte de, French author: b. Orange, France, 12 July 1810; d. near Geneva, Switzerland, 4 May 1871. Elected to the Chamber in 1846, he attracted attention by his advocacy of religious liberty, prison reform, abolition of slavery and social purity. At the outbreak of the American Civil War he published two books maintaining the justice of the Federal cause entitled, ‘The Uprising of a Great People’ (1861), and ‘America Before Europe’ (1862). Other important works were ‘Slavery’ (1838); ‘Christianity and Paganism’ (1850); ‘Liberal Christianity’ (1869); ‘Innocent III,’ published posthumously.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Gaspé

Edition of 1920. See also Gaspé Peninsula on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
GASPÉ, Canada, a district in the province of Quebec, consisting of the counties of Gaspé and Bonaventure, and forming the northern part of the peninsula that lies between the Bay of Chaleur and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Area, 8,015 square miles. Pop. (1911) 63,111. The name is sometimes extended to the whole peninsula. Cape Gaspé is a bold headland of the Schikshock or Notre Dame Mountains, terminating the peninsula and forming the north shore of Gaspé Bay. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in important fisheries, which, with the export of lumber, form the staple industries. Gaspé, a village and port of entry in Gaspé Bay where Cartier landed in 1534, set up a cross and assumed formal possession in the name of the king of France, is the capital and commercial centre of the district. Pop. 606.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Gaspee, The

Edition of 1920. See also Gaspée Affair on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
GASPEE, The, British revenue vessel, burned 1772. She was an armed schooner of eight guns, stationed at the entrance of Narragansett Bay to prevent that evasion of the British navigation laws which had largely built up the prosperity of the Atlantic Coast and was almost the entire subsistence of Rhode Island. Its authorities connived at the traffic, and at a regular price furnished false flags, which for years passed muster, but Lieutenant Dudingston of the Gaspee adopted the method of searching thoroughly every trading vessel which entered or left the bay, without regard to her flag or papers, and sending the contraband goods to Boston for adjudication. This meant ruin to Rhode Island; the executive wrote demanding Dudingston's authority, and the chief justice sent a sheriff on board; both held that his proceedings were illegal, as he should have a commission from the governor and be sworn in. They were referred to the admiral, and then to the British Secretary of State. On 9 June 1772, the regular packet left Newport for Providence without notifying Dudingston, who gave chase but ran the Gaspee aground at Namquit Point, seven miles below Providence, at low tide. That night the leading men of that city, with a company of assistants, set out in eight large boats, boarded and captured the vessel, badly wounding the commander, set the crew on shore and burnt the schooner. The Rhode Island authorities opened an investigation with great zeal, and offered rewards for the apprehension of the guilty persons, but could discover none. The home government was greatly incensed, and appointed colonial commissioners, who sat at Newport 4-22 Jan. 1773, to make inquiry, and ordered Governor Wanton to arrest the offenders and send them to England for trial. The governor and the chief justice applied to the assembly for instructions, which body referred it to the discretion of the chief justice, who refused to allow any arrests for transportation to be made.
# The Great God Pan

* information about this edition.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article.
A novella, first published in the magazine Whirlwind in 1890; in (revised and extended) book form in 1894. On publication it was widely denounced by the press as degenerate and horrific because of its decadent style and sexual content, but it has since garnered a reputation as a classic of horror. Machen’s story was only one of many at the time to focus on Pan as a useful symbol for the power of nature and paganism. Warning: template has been deprecated.
The Great God Pan
by Arthur Machen

### CONTENTS

* THE EXPERIMENT
* MR. CLARKE'S MEMOIRS
* THE CITY OF RESURRECTIONS
* THE DISCOVERY IN PAUL STREET
* THE LETTER OF ADVICE
* THE SUICIDES
* THE ENCOUNTER IN SOHO
* THE FRAGMENTS
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1947, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 76 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Great Good Place

* "The Great Good Place" in Scribner's Magazine 27 (1) (January 1900): 99–112.
    — First publication in any form
* "The Great Good Place" in The Soft Side (London: Methuen & Co., 1900): 1–35.
    — First English book edition
* "The Great Good Place" in The Soft Side (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1900): 1–29.
    — First American book edition
* "The Great Good Place" in The Novels and Tales of Henry James 16 (New York: Scribner; London: Macmillan, 1907–1909): 225–263.
    — The "New York Edition", substantially edited by James and now generally regarded as the authoritative text.
* "The Great Good Place" in The Author of Beltraffio, The Middle Years, Greville Fane, and Other Tales (London: Macmillan, 1922): 197–231.
    — Volume 21 of The Novels and Stories of Henry James, the first posthumous collection of James' works; uses the "New York Edition" text.