# Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia/Series 1/Volume 2

THE
JOURNAL
OF THE
THE INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO
AND
EASTERN ASIA
EDITED BY
J. R. LOGAN, F. G. S.
Member of the Asiatic Society, Corresponding Member of the Ethnological Society of London, and of the Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences.
VOL. II.
SINGAPORE:
1848

## CONTENTS.

I.
On the habitual use of Opium in Singapore, by R. Little, Esq. Surgeon, Late Demonstrator of Anatomy at the Argyle Square School of Medicine Edinburgh, &c. ... 1
Chap. I. Introduction:— History, Varieties and Preparation of Opium 1-6.— Chap. II. The first use of Opium in the Indian Archipelago and China 6-8.— Chap. III. Provisions of the Opium Regulations for Singapore and Hongkong:— Preparation of Chandu in Singapore, 8-14.— Chap. IV. Modes of using Opium, and its immediate effect, 14-21.— Chap. V. The physical and mental effects resulting from the habitual use of Opium, 22-31— Chap. VI. The power of the Opium Smoker to moderate the quantity of Opium used, 138— Chap. VII The moral effects of Opium smoking,39-52.— Chap. VIII. The habitual use of Opium as affecting Insurances, 52-59.— Chap. IX. The extent of the evil of Opium smoking in Singapore, 60-67— Chap. X. On the best modes of remedying the private and social evils of Opium smoking, 68-79.
II.
Sketch of the Physical Geography and Geology of the Malay Peninsula, by J. R. Logan, Esq. ... 83
General description, 83-89.— Geology, 89 106.— Sedimentary rocks. 94-95.— Plutonic rocks, 96-102.— Metal (iron, tin, gold), 102-106.— Climate,—Currents of the Straits of Malacca, 111-115.— Rivers and Alluvial Formations, 116-138.
III.
View of the State of Agriculture in the British Possessions, in the Straits of Malacca, by J. Balestier, Esq., Cor. Mem. Am. Institute, Mem. Ac. of Rhiems &c. ... 139
Position, government, climate, and (illegible text) of the Straits Settlements, 139-40.— Agriculture of Pinang and Province Wellesley, 141.— Sugar plantations, culture, produce, contrasted with Louisiana, 141.— Agriculture of Malacca, 144,— Singapore, 145.— Chinese Gambier and Pepper planting, id.— Nutmegs, Cloves, Cinnamon, 146.— Cocoanuts, Sugar, 147.— Indigo, Pineapples, Gutta Peicha, 148.— Coffee, 149.— Cotton, 150.— Great agricultural advantages of the Straits, 150.
IV.
Recent scientific researches in the islands of Bali and Lombok ... 151
Address of the President of the Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences to the Governor General of Netherlands India on the importance of re ​searches in Bali, 151-56.— Decree of the Council of India permitting Mr Freiderich to proceed to Bali on behalf of the Society &c., 156— Researches of Mr Freiderich, 157.
V.
Notices of Lombok, by J. R. Logan, Esq. ... 160
VI.
Of the Religion of Sassak, by M. Zollinger. ... 165
Castes, Burning of the dead, Stabbing and burning of widows, Great feast of Kalia Dewa Yagua, 165-170.
VII.
Notes on Malacca, by J. B. Westerhout, Esq, Assistant Resident at Malacca. ... 171
Gold mines of Ophir &c., history, produce, mode of working, 171.— Tin, id., id., 172.— Population of Malacca in 1846-47, 173,
VIII.
Offerings on the island Seman. ... 174
IX.
Cannibals on the island Floris ... id.
X.
A white Deer, ... 175
XI.
Area of the Indian Archipelago, and of the islands claimed by the Netherlands. ... 176-181
XII.
On the Malayan and Polynesian Languages and Races, by J. Crawfurd, Esq, F. R. S. ... 183
The theory of the original community of race and language of the inhabitants of the Archipelago unfounded 183.— Three groups of races physically distinct, 184— 1st. Five races of the Malay or men of brown-complexion with lank hair, 184.— 2d. Eight negro races, 185.— 3rd. Men of brown-complexion with frizzled hair, 181.— Phonetical, grammatical and verbal examination of the languages shewing thet many are essentially distinct. Malay and Javanese, 191.— Malagasi, 193.— Bugis, 195.— Philippine languages, 197.— Polynesian language, 201.— Languages of the Negro Races, 205.— The quantity of Malay and Javanese words in the other languages in proportion to the facility or difficulty of communication with Sumatra and Java, 200.— Rejection of Malay and Javanese by the Hindus, Arabians. Persians, Hindu Chinese, Chinese and Australians, 210.— Proportion of Malay words in the different languages which have received them, 211.— Observations on the supposed evidence of one original language furnished by the diffusion of its numerals and other words representing simple and primitive ideas, 212.— Only two widely disseminated languages, the Malay in the Archipelago and the Polynesian in Polynesia, 216.— The Malay disseminated in the Archipelego by conquest, settlement, and commerce, and in the Malagasi and Poly​nesian languages by the accidents of tempest driven praus, 210-227.— Recapitulation, 227.
XIII.
Customs common to the hill tribes bordering on Assam and those of the Indian Archipelago, by J. R. Logan, Esq. ... 229
Three hypotheses of the origin of the people of the Archipelago, 229.— Strong probability of Eastern Asiatic origin, 230.— Deficiency of evidence, and direction in which it is to be sought ib.— Importance of every contribution to the ethnography of the rude tribes of the Archipelago and the region between it and Thibet, 231.— Customs common to the bill tribes around Assam and those of some of the Archipelagic tribes. Preservation of the heads of enemies, 232—Tatooing. ib.— Village communities residing under one roof, and separate bachelors house, 214—Sacrifices and omens, ib.— Funeral ceremonies of the Nagas, ib.—Food, crimes, 236.—Minor habits, ib.
XIV.
An account of the wild Tribes inhabiting the Malayan Peninsula, Sumatra and a few neighbouring Islands, by the Revd. P. Favre, Apostolic Missionary, Malacca ... 238
Origin of the ⟨Binuas⟩, 238— The aborigines of the Malay Peninsula, 242.— Their Tartar extraction, ib., 241.— different tribes, ib.— supposed Portuguese descent of the Malacca Jakuns, 213.— Physical appearance and constitution, 245—Intellectual faculties, knowledge, 248.— Religion, physic, 219.— Music, knowledge of other nations, 250.— Astronomy, Sumpitun language, 251.— Population and places of habitation, 253.— Habitations, 255.— Dress, 257.— Occupation, 258.— Rice culture, durian groves, collection of forest produce &c., 259— Food, 260.— Elephant feasts, durian. ib, 261— mode of eating honeycombs, betel leaf, tobacco, ib. Weapons, 262.— Marriages, 263.— Birth, 264.— Sickness, 265.— Funerals, ib. Nature, 269.— Laws, 267, form of Government, ib.— Elevation of persons to the Government, 268.— personal wrongs, ib.— Stealing. 269.— Marriages, children, inheritance, ib.— Traditions, 270.— Reciprocal feeling of Jakuns and Malays, 272.— Comparison between Jakuns and Malays, 273.— Sympathy and confidence towards Europeans, 277.— A royal Malay marriage in Sungi Ujong, 278.
XV.
The Chinese in Singapore No. II. General Sketch of the numbers, tribes, and avocations of the Chinese in Singapore, by Siah U'Chin. ... 283
XVI.
Visit to the Tankuban Prabu in Java after the eruption of 27th of May, 1846, by Dr. Bleeker. ... 291
XVII
Report on the Island of Banka, by Dr. Horsfield. 302, 398, 705, 779.
Introduction.— Earliest notices of Banka, 302.— Anciently under Java, 303.— History of Plembang, 304.— Susunan Ratu, Mangour, Sultan Agong, Saltan Anom, Raden Lambu, or Sultan Badar Uddin, 305-6.—Expedition ​from Batavia, 307.— Discovery of Tin in 1711, 308.— Establishment of Minto, ib. Gradual extension of the Mines. 310-13.— Reign of Sultan Ratu Achmat Nadjamudin, 313.— Of Sultan Mahomed Baha Udin, 314-23.— Banka ravaged by Lanun pirates and the Ryat Laut of the Johore Archipelago, 314-23.— Dread of small pox, 323— The Orang Laut, 328-32.— The Orang Gunang, 332-(illegible text)— Section I. Geographical description of the island, 373 397.— Section II. Mineralogical description of the island, 393-427.— Layong, &c. 705— Mines of Sungi (illegible text), 708— Bekang, 716.— Gunong Mengkut, Tirak, 717.— Kranggak. 718.— (illegible text), 718.— Gunong Marass. 721. Darahok, (illegible text) 723.— Mt Manumbing, 779. Belo, 781.— Rangam, 783.— Peculiar breccias, 785.— Extensive deposit of iron ore, 787.— Section III. View of the Tin Mines of Banka. Mines of the Western Div. 797— of the Northern Div. 798.— Of the S. E. Div. 802.— Amount of produce, 805.— Sketches of the produce of mining and the economy of the mines, 810.
XVII.
Recent History of Banka, and mode of life of Dutch officials there, by Dr. Epp. ... 337
XIX.
A general view of what are regarded by the Chinese as objects of worship by the Revd Alex. Stronach ... 349
XX.
Memoirs of Malays, by J. R. Logan, Esq. I. Che Soliman's Narration. ... 353
XXI.
The geographical group of Borneo. (From Temminck's Coup D'Oeil) Chap. I. General consideration on the island ... 362
Notices of the Statistics of Borneo, 429-432.— Limits of the countries subject to the Netherlands, 431-439.— History of Dutch connection with the West Coast, and present footing there, 439-441. The Chinese population, their numbers, turbulent character, independence, kongsis, Dutch policy towards them, necessity of restraining their immigration, 441-447.
XXII.
An Essay on Coral Reefs as the cause of Blakan Mati Fever, and of the Fevers in various parts of the east, by R. Little, Esq., Surgeon, Late Demonstrator of Anatomy at the Argyle Square School of Medicine, Edinburgh &c. ... 449, 579
Part I.
On the Medical Topography of Singapore particularly in its marshes and malaria.
Climate of Singapore, Winds, 450.— Rain, 455.— Temperature, 459.— Influence of the climate upon health, 463.— Surface of the island, 466.— Population, habits of different races, 472.— Hospital returns and comments thereon, 477.— Fever, fresh water swamps malarious, tidal marshes not, ​478-482.— Gaseous Products of decomposing vegetable matter, 482— Sulphuretted hydrogen does not create fever, 490.— The active principle of malaria is a gaseous vital verm, 490.— The malarious germs produced in tidal marshes, but destroyed by sulphuretted hydrogen, 492.
Part II.
On Coral reefs as a cause of the Fever of the islands near Singapore.
Fever of Blakang Mati 572.— Description of Blakang Mati and its inhabitants, 576.– Its exposed coral reefs, 581,— Decomposition of the coral the cause of fever, (illegible text)— Further examination of the island and adjacent ones, 589.— Telloh Blangah, (illegible text), Pulo Sakajang, 591.— Bukom,592.— Sikang, 593.— (illegible text), 593.— Examination of the villages on the coast of Singapore, Kampong Malacca, K. Bugis, Siglap, 595.— Tana Mera Kuchi and Besar, (illegible text), 596.— Passir Panjang, 597.— Deductions from this examination, 599.
XXIII.
Borneo ... 495-497
Recent works on; Sir James Brooke's policy and proceedings.
XXIV.
Notices of European intercourse with Borneo Proper prior to the establishment of Singapore in 1819, by J. R. Logan, Esq. ... 493
Discovery of Borneo by Magellan's Flest during the first circumnavigation of the globe; and subsequent Spanish intercourse with Borneo Proper, 493.— -Early Portuguese intecourse with Borneo, 500.— Early Dutch intercourse with Borneo Proper, 501— Early English intercourse with Borneo, 508.
XXV
Traces of the origin of the Malay kingdom of Borneo Proper, with notices of its condition when first discovered by Europeans, and at later periods, by J. R. Logan, Esq. ... 513
Origin of the Malay kingdom of Brune, 513. Its antiquity, occupied by Malays from Johore, 514. Singapore not peopled from Menangkabau, 515. Primitive Malay stock of Samstra, 517. Earlier history of Brune, 519. Character of the inhabitants, 521. Population, 523. The town of Brune, 524. Productions and trade of Borneo Proper in former times, 525.
XXVI.
Preparation of Pineapple fibres in Singapore for the manufacture of Pina cloth, by J. R. Logan, Esq. ... 528
Process described, abundandance of pineapple leaves, the manufacture recommended.
XXVII.
Range of the Gŭtta Taban Collectors, and present amount of Imports into Singapore, by J. R. Logan, Esq. ... 529
XXVIII.
The probable effects on the Climate of Pinang of the Continued Destruction of its hill jungles, by J. R. Logan, Esq. ... 534
XXIX
Notice of the labours of M. Zollinger.
XXX.
A trip to Probolingo, by Jonathan Rigg, Esq. M. B. S. ... 537, 661
Harbour of Sourabaya, 537.— Coast of Madurs. 540.— Pulo Katapang. 541.— The Ginding wind, ib.— Pahiton Sugar work, 541— Population of Probolingo, 557.— Hindu antiquities at Johor, 558— Bezuki, 667.— Probolingo, 663.— The range and uses of the palmyra or Lontar tree, 665.— Mount Bromo, its mode of origin connection with mount Lamongan, eruptions, 667.— Lake of Kalindungan, 659.
XXXI.
A scheme for representing Malay sounds by Roman Letters, by John Crawfurd, Esq. F.R.S. ... 564
XXXII.
Antiquity of the Chinese trade with India and the Indian Archipelago, by J. R. Logan, Esq. ... 603
Examination of Marco Polo's voyage, and identification of the places mentioned by him. Chinese and Arabic writings.— Course of the Chinese junks from China to Singapore at present.
XXXIII.
Notices of the Chinese intercourse with Borneo Proper prior to the establishment of Singapore in 1819, by J. R. Logan, Esq. ... 611
XXXIV.
Journal of a voyage to the Eastern Coast and Islands of Johore, by J. R. Logan Esq. ... 616
Scenery of Singapore Straits, 616.— Form, and character of its coasts, 609.— Peninsula of the S. E. extremity of the continent, its physical character, rivers, inhabitants, 620.— Pulo Pinyuso, Tanjong Pinyuso or Point Romania, 621.— T. Sippong, Teloh Ayer Rambut, T. Pungai ib.— T. Kinawar, 622.— T. Lompatan, T. Mantigi ib. fragments of pumice, Bay of the Sidili.
XXXV.
Notices of the Geology of the East Coast of Johore by J. R. Logan, Esq. ... 625
The rocks of Tanjong Pungai, talcose sandstons, ironmasked, iron and quartz veins, modern conglomerite on beach, 265.— Tanjong Kinawar, talcose shale, curious ligneous aspect of the rack, conversion into quartz, 628.— Tanjong ​Page:Journal Of The Indian Archipelago And Eastern Asia Series.i, Vol.2 (IA in.ernet.dli.2015.107695).pdf/12 ​Page:Journal Of The Indian Archipelago And Eastern Asia Series.i, Vol.2 (IA in.ernet.dli.2015.107695).pdf/13 ​Page:Journal Of The Indian Archipelago And Eastern Asia Series.i, Vol.2 (IA in.ernet.dli.2015.107695).pdf/14