OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Gābit

​Gābit.— A Bombay fishing caste returned at the census, 1901. To Malpe in the South Canara district, during the fishing season, come fishermen with a flotilla of keeled and outrigged sailing boats from Ratnagiri in the Bombay Presidency. Hither also come fishermen from Goa. The reasons given by the Ratnagiri fishermen for coming southward are that fish are not so abundant off their own coast, competition is keener, and salt more expensive. Moreover, the crystals of Bombay salt are too large for successful curing, and "do not agree with the fish, of which the flesh is turned black." If, they said contemptuously, they were to sun-dry fish by the local method, their people would laugh at them for bringing back, not fish, but dried cow-dung for fuel. The Ratnagiri boats go well out of sight of land to the fishing ground, where they catch seir, pomfret, cat-fish (Arius), and other big fish near the surface, and sharks in deeper water. If the fishing is not good near Malpe, they may go south as far as Mangalore. To the Ratnagiri fishermen the seir (Cybium) is the most valuable and lucrative fish. Under existing arrangements, by which clashing of interests is avoided, the fishery at Malpe is divided into two zones, viz., the deep sea fished by the large Ratnagiri boats, and the shallow littoral water by the smaller local and Goa boats.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Panjai

​Panjai.__Recorded, in the Madras Census Report, 1901, as a sub-division of Pāndya Vellāla. The name Panjai, indicating a poverty-stricken individual, is usually applied to mendicant Pandārams.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Panjāram

​Panjāram.— Panjāram or Panchāramkatti is the name of a sub-division of the Idaiyans, derived from the peculiar gold ornament, which the women wear. It is said that, in this division, widow marriage is commonly practiced, because Krishna used to place a similar ornament round the necks of Idaiyan widows of whom he became enamoured, and that this sub-division was the result of his amours with them.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Pannādai

​Pannādai (sheath of the cocoanut leaf). — A sub-division of Vēttuvan.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Panisavan

​Panisavan.— Panisavan is defined in the Salem Manual as "a corruption of paniseygiravan (panisaivon), literally meaning one who works (or does service), and is the caste name of the class, whose business it is to carry news of death to the relations of the deceased, and to blow the thārai or long trumpet." According to Mr. H. A. Stuart,* Panisavan appears to answer among the Tamilians to the Dāsaris or Tādas of the Telugus. It is a mendicant caste, worshipping Siva. Unlike the Tādas, however, they often employ themselves in cultivation, and are, on the whole, a more temperate and ​respectable class. Their priests are Brāhmans, and they eat flesh, and drink alcoholic liquor very freely. The dead are generally burned.
PANIYAN.
synonym. The Panisavans of the Tinnevelly district have nothing in common with those of the northern districts, e.g., Chingleput and North Arcot, whose duty it is to attend to the funeral ceremonies of the non- Brāhman castes. The main occupations of the Tinnevelly Panisavans are playing in temples on the nāgasaram (reed instrument), and teaching Dēva-dāsis dancing. Another occupation, which is peculiar to the Tinnevelly Panisavans, is achu vēlai, i.e., the preparation of the comb to which the warp threads of a weaving loom are tied. Socially the Panisavans occupy a lowly position, but they use the title Pulavar. Their other titles are Pandāram, Pillai, and Mudali.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Pannaiyān

​Pannaiyān. — A title of Alavan.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Pannara

​Pannara. — A sub-division of Māli.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Pannendu Nāl

​Pannendu Nāl (twelve days). — A name for those Pallis who, like Brāhmans, perform the final death ceremonies on the twelfth day.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Panjukkāra

​Panjukkāra (cotton-man). — An occupational name of a sub-division of Vellālas, who are not at the present day connected with the cotton trade. They call themselves Panjukkāra Chettis. The equivalent panjāri (pinjāri) or Panjukotti occurs as a Tamil synonym for Dūdēkula (Muhammadan cotton-cleaners).
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Pannirendām

​Pannirendām (twelfth) Chetti. — A section of the Chettis.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Sem Puli

​Sem Puli (red tiger). — A section of Kallan.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Semmān

​Semmān.— The Semmāns are described, in the Madras Census Report, 1891, as "an insignificant caste of Tamil leather-workers, found only in the districts of Madura and Tinnevelly (and in the Pudukōttaī State). Though they have returned tailor and lime-burner as their occupations, the original occupation was undoubtedly leather-work. In the Tamil dictionaries Semmān is explained as a leather-worker, and a few of them, living in out-of-the way villages, have returned shoe-making as their occupation. The Semmāns are, in fact, a sub-division of the Paraiyans, and they must have been the original leather-workers of the Tamil tribes. The immigrant Chakkiliyans have, however, now taken their place." The Semmāns are described, in the Madura Manual, as burning and selling lime for building ​purposes. In the Census Report, 1901, the caste is said to have "two hypergamous sub-divisions, Tondamān and Tōlmēstri, and men of the former take wives from the latter, but men of the latter may not marry girls of the former."
Girls are married after puberty, and divorce and remarriage are freely allowed. As the caste is a polluting one, the members thereof are not allowed to use village wells, or enter caste Hindu temples. The caste title is Mēstri.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Sendalai

​Sendalai (red-headed man). — Returned as a sub-division of Konga Vellālas at times of census.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Semmadi

​Semmadi.— A Telugu form of Sembadavan.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Sengundam

​Sengundam (red dagger). — A synonym, connected with a caste legend, of Kaikōlan.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Sembunādu

​Sembunādu.— The name, meaning the Pāndya country, of a sub-division of Maravan.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Sekkān

​Sekkān (oil-man). — A synonym of Vāniyan.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Council of Elvira

From volume 5 of the work.
Elvira, Council of, held early in the fourth century at Elliberis, or Illiberis, in Spain, a city now in ruins not far from Granada. It was, so far as we know, the first council held in Spain, and was attended by nineteen bishops from all parts of the Peninsula. The exact year in which it was held is a matter of controversy upon which much has been written. Some copies of its Acts contain a date which corresponds with the year 324 of our reckoning; by some writers the council has accordingly been assigned to that year. Hardouin suggests 313, Mansi 309, and Hefele 305 or 306. Recent opinion (Duchesne, see below) would put the date considerably earlier, from 300 to 303, consequently previous to the persecution of Diocletian. The principal bishop attending the council was the famous Hosius of Cordova. Twenty-six priests are also recorded as sitting with the bishops. Its eighty-one canons were, however, subscribed only by the bishops. These canons, all disciplinary, throw much light on the religious and ecclesiastical life of Spanish Christians on the eve of the triumph of Christianity. They deal with marriage, baptism, idolatry, fasting, excommunication, the cemeteries, usury, vigils, frequentation of Mass, the relations of Christians with pagans, Jews, heretics, etc. In canon xxxiii we have, says Hefele (op. cit. below), the oldest positive ecclesiastical ordinance concerning the celibacy of the clergy. Canon xiii exhibits the institution of nuns (virgines Deo sacratae) as long familiar to Spain. Canon xxxvi (placuit picturas in ecclesiae esse non debere ne quod colitur et adoratur in parietibus depingatur) has often been urged against the veneration of images as practiced in the Catholic Church. Binterim, De Rossi, and Hefele interpret this prohibition as directed against the use of images in over-ground churches only, lest the pagans should caricature sacred scenes and ideas; Von Funk, Turmel, and Dom Leclercq opine that the council did not pronounce as to the liceity or non-liceity of the use of images, but as an administrative measure simply forbade them, lest new and weak converts from paganism should incur thereby any danger of relapse into idolatry, or be scandalized by certain superstitious excesses in no way approved by the ecclesiastical authority. (See Von Funk in "Tübingen Quartalschrift", 1883, 270-78; Nolte in "Rev. des Sciences ecclesiastiques", 1877, 482-84; Turmel in "Rev. du clergy frangais", 1906, XLV, 508.) Several other canons of this council offer much interest to students of Christian archaeology. (See text and commentary in Hefele-Leclercq, "Hist. des Conciles," I, 212 sqq.)
ARTHUR S. BARNES
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Council of Aranda

From volume 1 of the work.
Held at Aranda in the province of Burgos in Spain, in 1473, by Alfonso Carillo, Archbishop of Toledo, to overcome the ignorance and evil lives of ecclesiastics. Among the twenty-nine canons of the council is one which says that orders shall not be conferred on those who are ignorant of Latin. Several canons deal with clerical concubinage, simony, clandestine marriages, etc.
HARDUIN, Coll. Conc. (Paris, 1700-16), IX, 1501.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Council of Avranches

From volume 2 of the work.
In 1172 (September 27-28) a Council was held at Avranches in France, apropos of the troubles caused in the English Church by the murder of St. Thomas Becket. Henry II, King of England after due penance, was absolved from the censures incurred by the assassination of the holy prelate and swore fidelity to Alexander III in the person of his legate. It was forbidden to confer on children benefice that carry with him the cure of souls, or the children of priests the churches of their fathers. Each parish was required to have an assistant (vicarius) and the Advent fast was commended to all who could observe it, especially to ecclesiastics.
THOMAS J. SHAHAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Council of Albi

From volume 1 of the work.
​Albi, Council of.—It was held in 1254 by St. Louis on his return from his unlucky Crusade, under the presidency of Zoen, Bishop of Avignon and Papal Legate, for the final repression of the Albigensian heresy and the reformation of clergy and people. It also legislated concerning the Jews.
Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, 2d ed. (Freiburg, 1890), VI, 49–54; Mansi, XXIII, 829–852.
Thomas J. Shahan.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Council of Apt

From volume 1 of the work.
Held 14 May, 1365, in the cathedral of that city by the archbishops and bishops of the provinces of Arles, Embrun, and Aix, in the south of France. Twenty-eight decrees were published and eleven days of indulgence were granted to those who would visit with pious sentiments the church of the Blessed Virgin in the Diocese of Apt, on the feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross, and venerate there certain relics of the same.
MANSI, Coll. Conc., XXVI, 445; MARTÈNE, Thes. nov. anecd. (1717), IV, 331-342; BOZE, Hist. de l'église d'Apt (Apt. 1820)
THOMAS J. SHAHAN
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Unnekankana

​Unnekankana.— A sub-division of Kurubas, who tie a woollen thread (unne kankana) round the wrist at times of marriage.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Ur-Udaiyān

​Ur-Udaiyān (lord of a village). — A synonym of Nattamān,
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Unittiri

​Unittiri.— Unittiri, or Unyātiri, meaning, it is said, venerable boy, has been recorded as a sub-division of Sāmantam. Unnittān appears, in the Travancore Census Report, 1901, as a title of Nāyars, and is said to be derived from unni, small, tān, a title of dignity.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Uril Parisha

​Uril Parisha. — A class of Mūssad.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Uppalavar

​Uppalavar (salt workers). — A synonym of Alavan.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Uppu

​Uppu (salt). — A sub-division of Balijas and Koravas, who trade in salt, which they carry about the country in panniers on donkeys or bullocks. It is also an occupational sub-division of Kōmati. The equivalent Uppa is an exogamous sept of Kēlasi. Uppukōttei occurs as a division of Maravan, Upputholuvāru (salt-carriers) as an exogamous sept of Oddē, and Uppiri (salt-earth) as a sept of Kuruba.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Urukathi

​Urukathi (a kind of knife). — An exogamous sept of Toreva.
# Bulkley v. United States

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
86 U.S. 37
Bulkley v. United States
APPEAL from the Court of Claims, in which court H. S. Bulkley filed a petition against the United States to recover damages on a contract for the transportation of army supplies in the West, by which, as he alleged, the government, after having given him notice that it would furnish to him certain supplies for transportation, and not having furnished them (he having made his preparations to transport them), became bound to pay to him the profits which he would have made had the supplies been so furnished and transported.
The Court of Claims decreed against the claim, and he took this appeal.
Messrs. Durant and Horner, for the appellant; Mr. C. H. Hill, Assistant Attorney-General, contra.
Mr. Justice SWAYNE stated the case and delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Bulkley v. Honold

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
60 U.S. 390
Bulkley v. Honold
THIS case was brought up, by writ of error, from the Circuit Court of the United States for the eastern district of Louisiana.
The case is stated in the opinion of the court.
It was argued by Mr. Taylor for the plaintiff in error, and by Mr. Benjamin for the defendant.
Mr. Taylor contended that, if the law of Louisiana governed, there was error, because—
1. The defect in the ship was an apparent defect, in the legal sense of the term, the existence of which imposed no responsibility on the vendor.
2. Because the obligation of warranty, implied in sales of ships, does not extend to cases of decay, to which they are, from their nature, liable.
3. The defendant in error, by failing to offer to place the defendant in the court below in the position he was in before the sale, by tendering back the ship, &c., lost all right to maintain his action in redhibition or in diminution of the price.
He contended, also, that the case was not governed by the law of Louisiana, but by the law of New York, where the vendor had his domicil, or by the commercial law of the United States.
Mr. Justice CURTIS delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Bulgarian romanization table

Bulgarian
| Vernacular | Romanization | Vernacular | Romanization |
| Upper case letters | Upper case letters | Lower case letters | Lower case letters |
| А | A | а | a |
| Б | B | б | b |
| В | V | в | v |
| Г | G | г | g |
| Д | D | д | d |
| Е | E | е | e |
| Ж | Zh | ж | zh |
| З | Z | з | z |
| И | I | и | i |
| Й | Ĭ | й | ĭ |
| К | K | к | k |
| Л | L | л | l |
| М | M | м | m |
| Н | N | н | n |
| О | O | о | o |
| П | P | п | p |
| Р | R | р | r |
| С | S | с | s |
| Т | T | т | t |
| У | U | у | u |
| Ф | F | ф | f |
| Х | Kh | х | kh |
| Ц | T͡S | ц | t͡s |
| Ч | Ch | ч | ch |
| Ш | Sh | ш | sh |
| Щ | Sht | щ | sht |
| Ъ | Ŭ (see note 1) | ъ | ŭ (see note 1) |
| | ʺ (hard sign) | | ʺ (hard sign) |
| Ь | ʹ (soft sign) | ь | ʹ (soft sign) |
| Ѣ | I͡E (see note 2) | ѣ | i͡e (see note 2) |
| Ю | I͡U | ю | i͡u |
| Я | I͡A | я | i͡a |
| Ѫ | U̐ (see note 2) | ѫ | u̐ (see note 2) |
* The letter Ъ in the initial and medial position is a vowel in Bulgarian and is romanized as ŭ. It appears in the final position chiefly in texts published before 1945, in which it serves as a hard sign and is romanized as ʺ.
* The letters Ѣ and Ѫ are found chiefly in texts published before the orthographic reform of 1945.
# Bull-dog Drummond

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* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Commons category, Wikidata item.
BULL-DOG DRUMMOND
THE ADVENTURES OF A DEMOBILISED OFFICER WHO FOUND PEACE DULL
BY "SAPPER" (Cyril McNeile)
HODDER AND STOUGHTON LIMITED LONDON
Printed in Great Britain by Hasell, Watson & Viney, Ld., London and Aylesbury.
CONTENTS
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1937, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 86 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Camodeo v. United States/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Per Curiam Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
387 U.S. 575
Camodeo v. United States
The motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis and the petition for a writ of certiorari are granted. The judgment is vacated and the case is remanded to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit for further consideration in light of Anders v. State of California, 386 U.S. 738, 87 S.Ct. 1396, 18 L.Ed.2d 493.
Mr. Justice HARLAN, Mr. Justice STEWART, and Mr. Justice WHITE are of the opinion that certiorari should be denied.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Camodeo v. United States

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
387 U.S. 575
Camodeo v. United States
Nicholas Camodeo,pro se.
Solicitor General Marshall, Assistant Attorney General Vinson, Beatrice Rosenberg and Sidney M. Glazer, for the United States.
On Petition for Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.
PER CURIAM.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Camp Song of the Maryland Line

CAMP SONG
OF THE
MARYLAND LINE.
As Sung by the Baltimore Boys in Richmond.
Tune—“Gay and Happy.”
We’re the boys, so gay and happy, Wheresoe’er we chance to be— If at home or on camp duty, ’Tis the same—we’re always free. So let the war guns roar as they will, We’ll be gay and happy still; Gay and happy—gay and happy, We’ll be gay and happy still.
We’ve left our homes and those we cherish, In our good old Maryland; Rather than wear chains we’ll perish, Side by side and hand in hand. So let the war guns, &c.
Old Virginia needs assistance, Northern hosts invade her soil; We’ll present a firm resistance, Courting danger, fire and toil. So let the war guns, &c.
Then let drums and muskets rattle, Fearless as our sires of yore, We’ll not leave the field of battle Till we’ve ransomed Baltimore. So let the war guns, &c.
This work was published before January 1, 1929 and is anonymous or pseudonymous due to unknown authorship. It is in the public domain in the United States as well as countries and areas where the copyright terms of anonymous or pseudonymous works are 95 years or less since publication.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Frédéric-Louis Colin

From volume 4 of the work.
Superior of the Sulpicians in Canada, b. at Bourges, France, in 1835; d. at Montreal, 27 November, 1902. After pursuing a course of scientific studies he entered the Seminary of Saint-Sulpice at Paris where he was ordained priest in 1859. Transferred to Canada in 1862 he at first took up parochial work; later he became successively professor of theology and director of the higher seminary at Montreal. From 1881 until his death he was superior of the priests of Saint-Sulpice in Canada. Colin distinguished himself both as an orator and as a man of action. Many of his sermons have been printed; among them are one to the papal zouaves returning from Rome (1871), and a funeral oration on Mgr. Bourget (1885). For twenty years Father Colin was the promoter in Montreal of higher education for the clergy and laity. For the clergy he founded the Canadian College at Rome (1885), intended to enable young Canadian priests to pursue a higher course of ecclesiastical studies by attending the Roman universities; besides this he established the seminary of philosophy at Montreal (1892).
For the benefit of laymen Colin established, despite many obstacles, the Laval University. Aided by Ferdinand Brunetière, on whom he exercised a salutary influence, he advocated the erection of a chair of French literature to be occupied by a lecturer from France, and he himself defrayed the costs. In this way he quickened interest in the French language and literature among the intelligent classes of Canada and introduced the custom of calling on French and Belgian specialists for the higher scientific and commercial instruction of young French-Canadians. To Father Colin is also due the practice of inviting a preacher from abroad to deliver the Lenten sermons at Notre-Dame of Montreal. His wise advice was also much sought for by the ecclesiastical and civil authorities.
L'Univers (Paris, 15 Jan., 1903); BRUNETIÈRE in Le Gaulois (30 Dec., 1902); Bulletin trimestriel des anciens élèves de Saint-Sulpice (February, 1903); Semaine religieuse de Montréal (6 and 13 Dec., 1902).
A. FOURNET