OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Barlow, Right Rev. Christopher George

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​Barlow, Right Rev. Christopher George, Bishop of North Queensland, was ordained deacon by the ex-Bishop of North Queensland in 1881 and priest in 1882. He was curate of Mackay, Queensland, from 1881 to 1882, of St. Paul's, Charters Towers, from 1882 to 1884, and incumbent of the latter from 1884 to 1885, when he undertook duty as missionary chaplain until 1886, when he was appointed vicar of St. James's, Townsville. In 1891 he was appointed Bishop of North Queensland in succession to Bishop Stanton, who had accepted the bishopric of Newcastle, N.S.W., in the previous year.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Barton, Hon. Edmund

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​Barton, Hon. Edmund, M.L.A., Q.C., M.A., Attorney-General New South Wales, is a native of New South Wales, and was born at the Glebe, Sydney, on Jan. 18th, 1849. He was educated at the Sydney Grammar School, and matriculated at the university at the age of sixteen, receiving a special prize from the Senate for proficiency in classics. During the second and third years of his university course he held successively the Lithgow and Cooper scholarships, and graduated in 1868 with first class classical honours, and the university prize of £25. In 1870 he took his M.A. degree at Sydney University, and is a member of the Senate of that body. He was called to the colonial bar in 1871. He contested the seat in the Assembly given to the university in 1877 against Mr. (now Sir William) Windeyer, but was defeated by six votes. Practising his profession, he was a Crown Prosecutor till 1879, when Mr. Windeyer retired, and he again contested the seat for the university, beating Dr. Renwick by a large majority. Subsequently Mr. Barton represented Wellington in the Legislative Assembly, and was Speaker of the Lower House from Jan. 1883 to Jan. 1887. In the following February he was nominated to the Legislative Council, and from Jan. to March 1889 held a seat in the Dibbs Ministry as Attorney-General and representative of the Government in the Upper House. Mr. Barton, who is a Q.C., announced his adhesion to protectionist views in 1889. He was one of the representatives of New South Wales at the Federation Convention held in Sydney in March 1891. Mr. Barton is a strong supporter of the Commonwealth Bill, which he assisted Sir Samuel Griffith in drafting, and regards Protection in New South Wales as occupying a secondary place to intercolonial federation. In 1891 Mr. Barton resigned his seat in the Legislative Council, and was returned to the Assembly for East Sydney. On the formation of the Dibbs Ministry in Oct. 1801, Mr. Barton accepted the office of Attorney-General, and was acting Premier during the absence of Mr. Dibbs in England from May to Sept. 1892.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Prendergast, Hon. Sir James

The Dictionary of N.Z. Biography has his birthdate as "probably on 10 December 1826"
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​Prendergast, Hon. Sir James, B.A., Chief Justice of New Zealand, second son of the late Michael Prendergast, Q.C., by his marriage with Caroline, sister of the late George Dance, R.A., was born in 1828, and educated at St. Paul's School and at Queen's College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1849. He entered as a student of the Middle Temple in May 1849, and was called to the bar in April 1856. Having practised in England for a time as a special pleader, he emigrated to Otago, N.Z., and was admitted to the New Zealand bar in 1862. In 1865 he was appointed to the office of non-political Attorney-General, which he held till 1875. In that year he became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New Zealand. Sir James, during the absence of the Governor, has several times administered the government of the colony. He was created Knight Bachelor in Nov. 1881.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Price, Rev. Charles

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​Price, Rev. Charles, was born in London on Nov. 21st, 1807. In 1829 he entered Highbury College to study for the ministry of the Congregational Church. He was ordained in 1832, and sailed with his wife for Hobart. He preached in Launceston from August 1832 to Jan. 1833, when he was invited to the charge of Pitt Street Chapel, Sydney. Mr. Price opened this chapel on Feb. 13th, 1833, and became the first minister of this the first church of the Congregational denomination in Australia. After acting for some time as resident minister at Port Stephens, N.S.W., he returned in 1836 to Launceston. Here he accepted the charge of Tamar Street Congregational Chapel, the pulpit of which he occupied till his death in 1891.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Potatau

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​Potatau (Te Whero Whero), the first so-called "Maori king," was a high-born chief of the Waikato, North Island of New ​Zealand. He narrowly escaped slaughter at the hands of Hongi at Matakitaki in 1822. In 1831 Te Whero Whero, as he was then called, led an immense war party against the Taranaki Maoris and killed many hundreds of the Ngatiawa tribe, whose lands more than ten years later he claimed by right of conquest. In 1844 Te Whero Whero was the prominent figure at a great feast of the Waikato tribe given at Remuera, near Auckland, with the view mainly of impressing Governor Fitzroy with the power of the Northern Maoris. He was subsequently received at Government House, Auckland, and treated with great distinction by Fitzroy. In 1847 he wrote with other chiefs to the Queen to insist upon the observance of the stipulations of the treaty of Waitangi in regard to the inviolability of native lands, which had been ignored in a despatch of Earl Grey, the Colonial Secretary, to Sir George Grey, the then Governor of the colony. In reply Earl Grey completely changed his tone and assured the chiefs that her Majesty had directed that the treaty should be religiously and scrupulously observed. In 1857 Wiremu Tamihana, known as the kingmaker, issued a circular "to all Waikato" proposing the appointment of Potatau, as he was now called, to the kingship of New Zealand, this move being taken as a counterblast to the growing authority of the Queen of England, which it was hoped it would neutralise. Potatau unwillingly accepted the nomination, and claimed only the title of "Matua, father." Ultimately, however, he took up a more aggressive, though always calm and dignified, attitude. He died on June 25th, 1860, and was succeeded by his son Tawhiao (q.v.).
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Praed, Mrs. Campbell

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​Praed, Mrs. Campbell (Rosa Caroline Murray-Prior), was born at Bromelton, on the Logan river, Queensland, on March 27th, 1851, and is the daughter of Hon. T. L. Murray-Prior, M.L.C., and Matilda his first wife, daughter of Thomas Harpur, of Cecil Hills, N.S.W. Miss Murray-Prior was educated mainly at Brisbane, and previous to her marriage saw a great deal of the social and political life of Queensland, which she has utilised so effectively in her various novels. On August 29th, 1872, she married Arthur Campbell Bulkley Mackworth Praed, son of a banker in Fleet Street, London, and nephew of the poet Winthrop Mackworth Praed. Mr. and Mrs. Campbell Praed lived at their station on Curtis Island, Qd., until 1876, when they came to London. In 1880 she published her first novel, "An Australian Heroine," which has been followed in rapid succession by a number of works of fiction, many of which are thoroughly Australian in character; such as "Policy and Passion," (or "Longleat of Kooralbyn"); "Moloch"; "The Head Station"; "Affinities"; "Australian Life"; "Black and White"; "Miss Jacobsen's Chance"; "The Bond of Wedlock" (subsequently dramatised by the author, and produced by Mrs. Bernard Beere, under the name of the heroine, Ariane); "The Brother of the Shadow," "The Soul of Countess Adrian." In addition Mrs. Campbell Praed has collaborated with Mr. Justin McCarthy, M.P., and produced a series of novels dealing mainly with English political and social life, but some parts of which are distinctly Australian, and evidently from her pen. These are "The Right Honourable"; "The Ladies' Gallery"; and the "Rival Princess." Mrs. Campbell Praed is generally recognised as the most brilliant and successful of Australian novelists. Her descriptions of the scenery of her native land are unsurpassed; and Australians cannot be blamed for thinking her work, which ​deals with the life, character and scenes of Queensland, to be of a higher and more enduring kind than the descriptions of London ephemeral fashions, social, political or religions, which she occasionally essays. Some few years ago Mrs. Campbell Praed paid a visit to the United States, and subsequently wrote a series of articles on her transatlantic experiences in Temple Bar. She has frequently written for the magazines, English and American, and has been a contributor to the series of short stories written by "Australians in London," from "Oak-Bough and Wattle-Blossom" (1888) to Cooëe" (1891).
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Pratt, Lieut.-General Sir Thomas Simson

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​Pratt, Lieut.-General Sir Thomas Simson, K.C.B., son of Captain James Pratt, by Anne, daughter of William Simson, was born in 1797, and educated at St. Andrew's University, entering the army as an ensign in Feb. 1814, in which year he performed distinguished service in Holland, and in China in 1841. In Jan. 1860 he succeeded Sir E. Macarthur in the command of the forces in Australia, with the rank of major-general, and in the summer of that year proceeded to New Zealand to conduct the operations against the Maories. After a fairly successful campaign he gave up the local command to General Cameron, and left New Zealand in April 1861 to reassume his Australian command. In 1862 Sir Thomas, who was sometime adjutant-general at Madras, was appointed to the colonelcy of the 37th Regiment, and retired from the active list in 1878 with the rank of lieut.-general. He married, in 1827, Frances Agnes, daughter of John S. Cooper. Sir Thomas was made K.C.B. in 1861, and was publicly invested with the ribbon and badge of the Order of the Bath by Sir Henry Barkly, Governor of Victoria, at Melbourne, on April 15th, 1862, this being the first ceremony of the kind performed in Australia. He died in England in Feb. 1879.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Price, John

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​Price, John, was the fourth son of Sir Rose Price, first baronet, by Elizabeth his wife, daughter of Charles Lambart and sister of Frances, wife of the second Earl Talbot. He was born on Oct. 20th, 1808, and married on June 12th, 1838, Mary, eldest daughter of Major Franklin, of 1st Royal Cavalry. He went to Van Diemen's Land in 1835, and employed himself in agricultural pursuits. Subsequently he joined the Government service, and showed great daring in the detection and capture of bushrangers. In 1838 he was appointed police magistrate at Hobart Town, and ten years later succeeded Captain Maconochie as ​Chief Superintendent of the convict settlement at Norfolk Island. Captain Maconochie had relaxed discipline and preached the gospel of kindness. This was totally foreign to Mr. Price's idea of convict management, and he gained a reputation for severity which always followed him. The chaplains who denounced him as cruel he dismissed, and gave the same short shrift to the officials who would have preferred milder measures. In 1853 he was appointed Chief Inspector of Convict Establishments in Victoria, and continued to show himself an inflexible disciplinarian. On March 26th, 1857, he was pelted with stones and masses of rock by eighty-two of the convicts employed on the jetty at Williamstown, near Melbourne, and died the next day from the injuries he received. Several of the ringleaders in the attack were executed.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Pring, His Honour the Hon. Ratcliffe

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​Pring, His Honour the Hon. Ratcliffe, second son of Thomas E. Pring, solicitor, of Crediton, Devon, was born there on Oct. 17th, 1825, educated at Shrewsbury School, and entered at the Inner Temple in Nov. 1845, being called to the Bar in June 1849. He emigrated to Sydney in 1853, and practised with much success until 1857, when he was appointed Crown Prosecutor at Brisbane, in Queensland, where he was made Q.C. In 1860 he was elected to the first Legislative Assembly of Queensland for the district of East Downs, and served under Mr. (now Sir) R. G. W. Herbert as Attorney-General in the first Ministry formed under responsible government from Dec. 1859 to August 1865. In the second Herbert Ministry he filled the same office from July to August 1866. He was also Attorney-General in the Mackenzie Ministry from August 1867 to Nov. 1868; in the Lilley Government from Nov. 1869 to May 1870; and in the first McIlwraith Administration from May 1879 to June 1880, when he accepted a puisne judgeship of the Supreme Court of Queensland. Mr. Justice Pring died on March 22nd, 1885. In 1863 he was offered the position of first Chief Justice of Queensland, over the head of the late Judge Lutwyche, but declined the post, and Sir James Cockle was appointed.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Powers, Hon. Charles

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​Powers, Hon. Charles, M.L.A., was born in North Brisbane in 1853, and educated at the Ipswich and Brisbane Grammar Schools. He was admitted a solicitor in 1876, and in 1881 was elected alderman of Maryborough and mayor in 1883. In 1886 Mr. Powers became a member of the Burrum Divisional Board, and assisted largely in developing the Burrum coalfields and the northern coal trade. In 1887 he went to London and formed the Isis Investment Company. He was elected member of the Legislative Assembly for the Burrum District at the general election in 1888, and was appointed a member of the Morehead Ministry, without portfolio, on Sept. 20th, 1889. On Nov. 19th in the same year he succeeded Mr. Donaldson as Postmaster-General and Secretary for Public Instruction, resigning with his colleagues in August 1890, previous to which he represented Queensland at the Intercolonial Postal Conference held at Adelaide.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Price, Edward William

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​Price, Edward William, S.M., entered the Royal Navy as a cadet in 1856, and served in the Black Sea fleet till the close of the Russian war, for which he received English and Turkish medals. Mr. Price entered the Civil Service of South Australia in 1860, was appointed a stipendiary magistrate in 1873, and was Government Resident of the Northern Territory, as well as stipendiary magistrate and Commissioner for the Circuit Court, from 1876 to 1884.
# The Condor/Volume 2/Number 1

THE CONDOR.
Bulletin of the Cooper Ornithological Club.
A Bi-monthly Exponent of Californian Ornithology.
Contents
* A Part of My Experience in Collecting
* The Varied Thrush in Summer
* Officers Northern Division
* Officers Southern Division
* Casual Observations on a Colony of Black-crowned Night Herons
* Capture of a Condor in El Dorado Co. Cal. in 1854
* A Neglected Point Concerning the Picidae
* Avifauna of a 100-Acre Ranch
* Echoes from the Field
** Notes from Alameda, Cal.
** Odd Nesting Sites of Samuel's Song Sparrow
** Queer Antics of a Western Redtail
** Discoloration of Plumage in Certain Birds
** Brewer's Blackbird Nesting in Cavities
** Sierran Crossbill in El Dorado Co., Cal.
** Occurrence of the American Scaup Duck in Los Angeles Co., Cal.
** Early Nesting of the Pasadena Thrasher
** An Unusually High Nest of Audubon's Hermit Thrush
** Notes from Haywards, Cal.
* Communications
** Against the General Use of Scientific Names
* Book Reviews
* The A. O. U. Meeting
* Editorial Notes
* Dr. Elliott Coues
* Official Minutes of Northern Division
* Official Minutes of Southern Division
* Publications Received
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Condor/Volume 24/Number 6

THE CONDOR
A Magazine of Western Ornithology
Published Bi-Monthly by the Cooper Ornithological Club
Entered as second-class matter January 25, 1922. at the post-office at Pasadena, California, under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Section 1105, Act of October 3, 1917. Authorized January 5, 1921.
Issued from the Office of The Condor, 770 South Pasadena Avenue, Pasadena, California
SUBSCRIPTION RATES
Two Dollars per Year in the United States, payable in advance.
Forty Cents the single copy.
Two Dollars and Twenty-five Cents per Year in all other countries in the International Postal Union.
COOPER CLUB DUES
Two Dollars per year for members residing in the United States.
Two Dollars and Twenty-five Cents in all other countries.
Manuscripts for publication should be sent to the Editor, J. Grinnell, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California.
Claims for missing or imperfect numbers should be made of the Business Manager, as addressed below, within thirty days of date of issue.
Cooper Club Dues, Subscriptions to The Condor, and Exchanges, should sent to the Business Manager.
For the Purchase of Back Volumes of The Condor or of the Pacific Coast Avifauna series, apply to the Business Manager.
W. Lee Chambers, Business Manager, Altadena, Los Angeles County, California.
Issued December 19, 1922
| CONTENTS | |
| The Development of Young Costa Hummingbirds (with four photos) | Robert S. Woods 189 |
| Evidence of Musical "Taste" in the Brown Towhee | Richard Hunt 193 |
| Notes on the Yellow-billed Loon | Alfred M. Bailey 204 |
| Distribution of Molothrus ater in California, with the Description of a New Race | Donald R. Dickey and A. J. van Rossem 206 |
| FROM FIELD AND STUDY The Capture of Water-fowl in Fish Nets | Frederick C. Lincoln 211 |
| Northward Range of the Gray Vireo in California | J. Grinnell 211 |
| Two Birds from the Bitterroot Valley, Montana | Bernard Bailey 212 |
| Blackbirds Flocking | L. B. Potter 212 |
| Notes from Southwestern New Mexico | R. T. Kellogg 212 |
| Birds Eating Snails | R. R. McLean 213 |
| The Snowy Egret in Los Angeles County, California | Mrs. F. T. Bicknell 213 |
| Perching Pelicans | W. E. Allen 213 |
| EDITORIAL NOTES AND NEWS | 14 |
| COMMUNICATIONS The Present Status of the Subspecies | A. J. van Rossem 215 |
| Life Histories of North American Birds | A. C. Bent 216 |
| MINUTES OF COOPER CLUB MEETINGS | 217 |
| INDEX TO VOLUME XXIV | 219 |
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Condor/Volume 2/Number 2

The Condor.
Bulletin of the Cooper Ornithological Club.
A Bi-Monthly Expoent of Californian Ornithology.
Contents
* Prominent Californian Ornithologists. III. A. M. Shields
* A Night on Land
* Nesting of the Streaked Horned Lark
* Notes on the California Clapper Rail
* Echoes from the Field
** Nesting of the Pileolated Warbler in Los Angeles Co.
** Woodpeckers as Flycatchers
** Junco hyemalis at Haywards, Cal.
** Occurrence of American White Pelican and the American Avocet at Haywards, Cal.
** Nesting of the California Cuckoo in Los Angeles Co., Cal.
* On the Range of Some California Birds
* Consolation for Bird Protectionists!
* Avifauna of a 100-Acre Ranch
* Communications
** Concerning the Use of Scientific Names
** Early Collecting Experiences in California
* Measurements of the Santa Cruz Jay
* Description of a New Pipilo
* Eggs of the Black Oystercatcher
* Nest and Eggs of the Hermit Warbler
* A Provident Bluejay
* Editorial Notes
* Book Reviews
* Official Minutes of Southern Division
* Official Minutes of Northern Division
* Publications Received
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Condor/Volume 1/Number 6/Importance of Accuracy in Lists

Importance of Accuracy in Lists.
Every bird student and collector will read with pleasure such lists as that of Mr. Price on the Birds of the Lower Colorado Valley, and that other lists are to be published from time to time. At the start, however, I wish to give a word of caution against placing in such lists any bird that has not, without a shadow of doubt, been identified either by actual specimens secured or by familiarity with the species. While I do not wish to detract from Mr. Price's observations, a careful perusal of his list shows that nineteen out of ninety-one birds mentioned are either doubtful or simply a guess as to their identity.
In this age of careful and systematic research our lists, which are to be the basis of all future work in that line, should contain only actually identified species. In connection with such a list, a sort of supplementary one should follow, giving all information possible as to birds that were observed but of whose identity there was a doubt. In other words, leaving for the future observer a chance to follow up such observations and earn for the bird a place in the list proper.
Every observer has to fight constantly against the inclination to identify a bird when he feels in the bottom of his heart that he is not quite sure of it. So he may put it down with more or less elaborate notes which may be confirmed afterward by some observer with more time or better facilities, or it may not. In the one case by a lucky guess he places on the list a name which rightfully belongs there only after identity by another. In case of an unlucky guess he has placed oil record something that causes more or less confusion to others for years to come.
So I say put in the lists only such birds as are without question and absolutely identified. The principal value of these lists will be to define the geographical range of species and subspecies and in some cases the lines are so finely drawn that identity in the field, excepting under the most favorable conditions, is almost impossible. In such cases enough specimens should be secured to settle the matter. If this cannot be done then the fact that cormorants, or whatever the bird may happen to be, has been seen should be mentioned in the supplementary list, leaving the identity of the species to whoever may follow, after which it may rightfully belong in the list proper.
Frank S. Daggett.
    Pasadena, Cal.
# The Condor/Volume 24/Number 6/Birds Eating Snails

​Birds Eating Snails.—In connection with the survey of infested areas and subsequent clean-up of the European snail, Helix pisana, at La Jolla, it is interesting to note that two birds have been observed by the writer as feeding on this mollusk.
The infested territory was burned over about three years ago and at that time enormous numbers of snails were killed, a very strong odor of burning flesh being apparent. Immediately thereafter flocks of sea gulls came in and feasted on the roasted snails; but, although outside of the burned area many live snails were in evidence on low bushes and shrubs, no gulls were observed to feed on them.
Another infestation of this snail at La Jolla has now occurred, and while making a survey of the district last week with Mr. A. J. Basinger of the Pest Control Division of the State Department of Agriculture, I noted a male English Sparrow busily engaged in feeding on young live snails clustered on a small dead Monterey cypress tree. At this stage the shells are, of course, soft and easily broken. The English Sparrow has long been regarded as an undesirable immigrant, but it would seem that it has scored a point in its own favor if it is to be regarded as an enemy of this destructive snail.—R. R. McLean, County Horticultural Commissioner, San Diego, July 26, 1922.