OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Blum, Hans

Edition of 1905. See also Hans Blum on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BLUM, blōōm, Hans (1841—). A German publicist and author, son of Robert Blum, born in Leipzig, and educated at the universities of Leipzig and Bern. He was a member of the North German Reichstag from 1867 to 1870 and from 1869 to 1897 a barrister in Leipzig. During the Franco-Prussian War he was in the field as correspondent for Daheim, and in 1871-79 edited the Grenzboten. His extensive and varied publications include works on contemporary politics, such as Die Lügen unserer Socialdemokratie (1891), contributions to history in Fürst Bismarck und seine Zeit (1894-95); Das erste Vierteljahrhundert des deutschen Reichs (1896), and other volumes, some fiction, two dramas, and Persönliche Erinnerungen an den Fürsten Bismarck (1900).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Blum, Ernest

Edition of 1905. See also Ernest Blum on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BLUM, Fr. pron. blẽN, Ernest (1836—). A French dramatist, born in Paris. He made his debut as a writer at the age of sixteen with Une femme qui mord. As a journalist he has been associated with Charivari, Rappel, Gaulois, and other publications. Many
of his dramatic works were written in collaboration with Clairville, Flan, Monnier, Brisharre, Labiche, and others. Among the vaudevilles, librettos, and dramas of this versatile writer, the following are especially noteworthy: Les noces de diable (1862); Rocambole (1864); La jolie parfumeuse (1874); Rose Michel (1875); Espion du roi (1876); Le petit chaperon rouge (1885); Les femmes nerveuses (1888); La rieuse (1894); Le carillon (1897).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Blaydon

Edition of 1905. See also Blaydon-on-Tyne on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BLAY′DON. A coal-mining town in Durham, England, on the right bank of the Tyne, 4½ miles west of Newcastle (Map: England, E 2). Its municipal life is active; it owns its water-supply, maintains a technical school, and has fine modern public buildings. Population, in 1891, 13,200; in 1901, 19,600.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Blaurer, or Blarer, Ambrosius

Edition of 1905. See also Ambrosius Blarer on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BLAURER, blou′rēr, or BLARER, Ambrosius (1492-1564). A German religious reformer. He was born at Constance, and studied at the University of Tübingen. In 1515 he entered the Benedictine monastery at Alpirsbach, where he afterwards became prior. In consequence of his advocacy of the doctrines of Luther, however, he was deposed in 1521. He then became a Protestant preacher at Constance, and was sent to regulate the ecclesiastical affairs at Memmingen (1528) and Ulm (1531). In 1534 Duke Ulrich summoned him to Württemberg, where, during a period of four years, he introduced the principles of the Reformation into the Church, his sphere of activity embracing 62 towns and 450 villages. In consequence of his leaning toward Zwingli, however, he was, at the instigation of the extreme Lutherans, dismissed from his office. Afterwards he expounded the new doctrine in Isny, Lindau, and Augsburg. In addition to numerous letters, which are valuable as historical documents, he left a number of writings bearing upon the Reformation. For his biography, consult: Keim (Stuttgart, 1860); Pressel (Elberfeld, 1861).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Blauvelt, Lillian

Edition of 1905. See also Lillian Blauvelt on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BLAUVELT, blou′vĕlt, Lillian (c.1870—). An American singer, born in Brooklyn, N. Y. She early appeared as a violinist, subsequently studied vocal music with Bouhy in Paris, and appeared at the Théâtre de la Monnaie, Brussels, in Faust and other operas. Afterwards she sang in concert and oratorio, and has continued solely in those fields. Her début in England was made in 1898 at the Queen's Hall symphony concerts. She has sung throughout Europe, in the United States, and in Canada.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna Hahn-Hahn

Edition of 1905. See also Helena Blavatsky on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BLAVATSKY, blȧ-väts′kê, Helena Petrovna Hahn-Hahn (1831-91). A Russian traveler and theosophist, born in Ekaterinoslav, Southern Russia. She traveled widely, penetrated to Tibet, and originally dealt much in spiritism and the occult. In 1873 she came to the United States, where, with H. S. Olcott, she in 1875 founded the Theosophical Society. In 1879, under her direction, a branch of the society was organized at Bombay, India, and the official journal, The Theosophist, was established. She met numerous 'adepts' in India and elsewhere, and did somewhat to popularize the content of Buddhist philosophy alike among foreigners and native Indians; but the imposture of her miraculous pretensions has been adequately demonstrated by V. S. Solovyoff in his work, A Modern Priestess of Isis (trans. by W. Leaf, London, 1895), and by the investigations of the Society for Psychical Research in 1884. Although but slightly acquainted with Sanskrit, she wrote voluminously on the ancient esoteric doctrines of India. The accredited text-book of her disciples as her Isis Unveiled (1876), which displays the subtitle, "A Master Key to the Mysteries of Ancient and Modern Science and Theology." Consult Olcott, Old Diary Leaves (New York, 1895). See Theosophy.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Idaho, University of

Edition of 1905. See also University of Idaho on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ IDAHO, University of. A State educational institution situated at Moscow, Idaho. It was founded in 1889, but was not opened for the reception of students until 1892. It is under the control of five regents, and offers free instruction to students of both sexes. It comprises a course of letters and science, schools of agriculture and applied science, and a preparatory school. It maintains an agricultural experiment station, and has organized farmers' institutes throughout the State. Military drill is required of preparatory students, and of freshmen and sophomores in the university. The degrees of B.A., B.S., B.M., B.E.M., B.E.E., and B.C.E. are conferred. The total attendance averages 350, of whom about 150 are collegiate students. The library contains about 8000 volumes and 10,000 pamphlets. The endowment consists of 286,000 acres of land. The grounds and buildings are valued at $275,000, and the income is approximately $65,000.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Idalium

Edition of 1905. See also Idalium on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ IDA′LIUM (Lat., from Gk. Ἰδάλιον, Idalion). A town in Cyprus, adjoining which was a forest sacred to Aphrodite, who was hence sometimes called Idalia. The site is the modern Dalin.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Icarians

Edition of 1905. See also Icarians on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ICARIANS. Members of a communistic society, founded by Cabet (q.v.) to realize the ideals set forth in his romance Voyage en Icarie. During the years preceding the Revolution of 1848 communistic dortrines had a wide following in France; and when, in 1847, Cabet announced the acquisition of land in Texas, a large number of persons agreed to emigrate with him to found a settlement there. In 1848 sixty-nine persons set out for the colony, but were unable to endure the climate, and returned after a few months to New Orleans, where they were joined by Cabet with 400 more. Early the following
year Cabet, with about 300 followers, emigrated to Nauvoo, Ill., then recently deserted by the Mormons, where the colony was moderately prosperous for a few years, undertaking agriculture as well as trades and manufactures. Dissensions arose, and in 1856 Cabet was expelled together with those members of the community who supported him. In 1860 financial difficulties rendered it necessary for the remaining Icarians to abandon Nauvoo, and thirty-five of them founded a new settlement in western Iowa. For twenty years they grew in wealth and numbers; but in 1880 the community split into two factions, the Young and the Old Party. The former soon broke up; the latter existed until 1895, when it, too, was dissolved. In 1881 a few members of the Iowa community went to California, where they established Icaria Speranza, a society, however, more like a business corporation than a communistic settlement.
The organization of the Icarian communities was democratic. Directors were elected, but they could only execute the orders of the whole body. The members lived in little houses around a central hall where they took their meals in common. They were sociable in their habits, took great pains to educate their children, and were remarkable for their thrift, industry, and the good order they maintained. Excluding the purely religious communists, the Icarian settlements were by far the most successful of the communistic experiments of which the early nineteenth century was so prolific. Consult: Lux, Etienne Cabet und der Ikarische Kommunismus (Stuttgart, 1894); Shaw, Icaria (New York, 1884).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Icarius

Edition of 1905. See also Icarius on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ICA'RIUS (Lat., from Gk. Ἰκάριος, Ikarios) . (1) In Greek mythology, an Athenian to whom Dionysus taught the cultivation of the vine. (2) A Lacedæmonian, the father of Penelope, wife of Odysseus. When Odysseus declined to settle at Lacedæmon as desired by Icarius, and gave Penelope her choice of following him to Ithaca or of remaining with her father, the bride covered her face with her veil and chose her husband. Icarius then ceased his solicitations and raised a temple to Modesty on the spot.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Idaho Springs

Edition of 1905. See also Idaho Springs, Colorado on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ IDAHO SPRINGS. A town in Clear Creek County, Colo., 37 miles west of Denver; on the Colorado and Southern Railroad (Map: Colorado, E 2). Picturesquely situated in the famous Clear Creek Cañon, at an elevation of 7543 feet, and having cold and hot soda springs, it is one of the noted summer resorts of the State. In 1859 gold was first discovered in Colorado, at Jackson's Bar, within the present city limits. Up to 1902 the mineral production of the district was over $200,000,000. The town has a number of concentrating mills, machine-shops, lumber-yards, etc., and is famed for its mining tunnels. There is a public library. Population, in 1890, 1338; in 1900, 2502.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Iblis

Edition of 1905. See also Devil (Islam) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
IB'LIS. One of the names of the Devil, in the Koran, who, however, is more often called Shaitān (Satan). Iblis is the chief of the fallen angels, who was once a good angel named Azazil, but having refused at God's command to render homage to Adam, was first condemned to death, but subsequently respited till the judgment day (Koran, vii. 13). The legend is borrowed from Jewish sources, and is embodied in the Midrashic exposition of Genesis, chapter iii. (consult Wünsche, Midrash Bereshit Rabba, p. 32 sqq., Leipzig, 1881). Both words for devil used by Mohammed appear to be of foreign origin, the form Shaitān coming close to the designation of Satan in Ethiopic—while Iblis may be a distortion of diabolus, modified in order to adapt it to a derivation from an Arabic stem balasa ‘to confuse,’ with which, however, it has really nothing to do. Of the two terms, the former is found in the Koran 87 times, the latter only 11 times. Moreover, the plural of
the former is used, whereas the latter occurs only in the singular, and was regarded by Mohammed as a name for a specific devil, the arch devil spirit; Shaitān, both in the Koran and the later literature, is used as a general designation for devils or evilly disposed demons. On the basis of the utterances in the Koran, the doctrine of the Devil is further developed in Mohammedan theology, influenced by the specifically Christian and Jewish conceptions current in the Orient whereby the Devil, as a single personage, usurps the powers and attributes of the numerous body of jinns (q.v.) of popular belief. The latter, however, as a survival of primitive religion, continue to hold sway among the people in general, so that in the folklore of the Arabs it is the jinns who are constantly introduced, both for good and evil purposes, whereas the mention of Iblis and of the Satans is largely confined to the body of theological writings. In the latter the contrast between the Devil and the angels is prominently put forward, and the view is expressed that each individual has a devil and an angel appointed as his companions, the former tempting him to evil deeds, the latter prompting him to good. The life of man passes in a constant struggle to be rid of the former and to keep close to the latter. Consult Weil, Biblische Legenden der Muselmänner (Frankfort, 1845).
# The New International Encyclopædia/American Institute

Edition of 1905. See also American Institute on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AMERICAN IN'STITUTE of the City of New York. An organization to promote, by means of exhibitions and fairs, the interests of agriculture, commerce, manufactures, and arts in the State and country. The institute was founded in 1828, and its fairs attracted wide attention from investors and capitalists. Among the inventions which received early recognition from the institute were the McCormick reaper, the sewing machine, Colt's fire-arms, the type revolving and double power printing press machines, the first anthracite coal burning stove, the Morse telegraph, the stocking loom, the telephone, and the Francis metallic lifeboat and lifesaving appliances. The American Institute now embraces in its organization five sections: The Farmers' Club, the Henry Electrical Society, the Horticultural Section, the Photographic Section, and the Polytechnic Section. It has a valuable scientific library of over 15,000 volumes.
# The New International Encyclopædia/American Knights, Order of

Edition of 1905. See also Order of American Knights on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AMER'ICAN KNIGHTS, Order of. See Knights of the Golden Circle.
# The New International Encyclopædia/America (yacht)

Edition of 1905. See also America (yacht) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ AMERICA. The name of the schooner-yacht which in the international yacht race of 1851 won the cup since known as the “America's Cup.” See Yacht.
# The New International Encyclopædia/American Aloe

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ AMERICAN AL′OE. See Agave.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ameria

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ AME′RIA. The ancient name of Amelia (q.v.), a city in Italy.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ambrosian Library

Edition of 1905. See also Biblioteca Ambrosiana on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AMBRO'SIAN LI'BRARY. A famous library in Milan, so named in honor of St. Ambrose, the patron saint of the city. It was founded in 1602 by Cardinal Federigo Borromeo, who, in 1609, formally opened it to the public. The library contains upward of 175,000 printed volumes and 8400 manuscripts, some of them of great value. Among the latter the chief treasures are a Greek Pentateuch of the fifth century; several palimpsest texts, including an early Plautus; fragments of Ulfilas's Gothic translation of the Bible; the celebrated Codex Atlanticus, containing original drawings and MSS. by Leonardo da Vinci, and a copy of Vergil, with marginal notes by Petrarch.
# The New International Encyclopædia/American Allspice

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ AMER′ICAN ALL′SPICE. See Calycanthus.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Amercement

Edition of 1905. See also Amercement on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AMERCE′MENT (Angl. Fr. amerciment, from amercier, to be at the mercy of). In old English law, a pecuniary penalty imposed for crime or for the violation of the fealty which the freeholder owed his lord. It was imposed as the result of a judicial conviction of the offense charged, but differed from a fine in that it was a commutation of a sentence of forfeiture of goods, while the fine was a commutation of a sentence of imprisonment of the person. The decree of the court was that the offender was at the mercy (in misericordia, à merci) of the king, the sheriff, or the lord in whose court the judgment as rendered. The amount of the amercement, originally unlimited, as the term implies, was regulated by a provision of Magna Charta (1215), which decreed that all amercements should be set, or fixed, by good men of the neighborhood, the peers of the offender, and that the amount should vary with the gravity of the offense. Consult Pollock and Maitland, History of English Law, second edition (London and Boston, 1899). See Criminal Law; Fine; Punishment.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Madison, James (bishop)

Edition of 1905. See also James Madison (bishop) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MADISON, James (1749-1812). First Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Virginia. He was born near Port Republic, Va., and graduated at William and Mary College in 1772. He was admitted to the bar, but gave up the profession of the law for the ministry. In 1773 he became professor of natural philosophy in William and Mary. In 1775 he visited England and was made a priest in that country. Two years later he was chosen president of William and Mary. He was consecrated Bishop of Virginia in 1790 by the Archbishop of Canterbury in the chapel of Lambeth Palace, and thereafter performed the duties of his episcopal office in addition to those of college president and professor. He published sermons and occasional papers and a Eulogy on Washington (1800), and prepared a map of Virginia.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Madison (Indiana)

Edition of 1905. See also Madison, Indiana on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MADISON. A city and the county-seat of Jefferson County, Ind., 50 miles north by east of Louisville, Ky.; on the Ohio River and on the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago and Saint Louis Railroad (Map: Indiana, D 4). The city has steamboat connection with important places on the river, and a large shipping trade. There are a marine railway and shipyards, ship lumber yards, foundries and machine shops, tanneries, saw and flour mills, and cotton and woolen mills—the various industries, according to the census of 1900, representing a capital of $1,553,000 and having a production valued at $2,146,000. Madison, first incorporated in 1824, is governed under a charter of 1836 which provides for a mayor, elected every two years, and a unicameral council that elects all administrative officials except the clerk, treasurer, and marshal. The city owns and operates the water-works. Population, in 1890, 8936; in 1900, 7835.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Madison (New Jersey)

Edition of 1905. See also Madison, New Jersey on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MADISON. A borough in Morris County, N. J., 26 miles by rail west of New York City, and 4½ miles southeast of Morristown; on the Lackawanna Railroad (Map: New Jersey, D 2). It is the seat of Drew Theological Seminary (q.v.); is popular as a suburb for Newark and New York business men; and has a public library and a fine public park, the latter having been improved at an expense of $200,000. The only important industry is that of flower culture, rose-growing being the most important specialty. Madison was settled before the Revolution, and was incorporated as a borough in 1889. The government is vested in a mayor, chosen biennially, and a council, elected on a general ticket. The borough owns and operates the water-works and electric light plant. Population, in 1890, 2469; in 1900, 3754.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Madison (South Dakota)

Edition of 1905. See also Madison, South Dakota on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MADISON. A city and the county-seat of Lake County, S. D., 60 miles south of Watertown; on the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul Railroad (Map: South Dakota, H 5). It is the seat of a State Normal School. Madison is in a farming and stock-raising region from which it derives considerable trade, and there are several grain elevators. The water-works and electric light plant are owned by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 1736; in 1900, 2550.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Madison Barracks

Edition of 1905. See also Madison Barracks on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MADISON BARRACKS. A United States military post in New York, established in 1813 and occupying a reservation of 90 acres, on Black River Bay, 10 miles from Lake Ontario, adjoining Sackett's Harbor, which is the post-office and telegraph station. A rifle range of 806 acres has been established at Stony Point, 18 miles from the post. There are quarters for 30 officers and 600 infantry.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Madhuca

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​MADHUCA, mä′dụ-kȧ. A tropical tree. See Butter-Tree.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Madia

Edition of 1905. See also Madia on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MA′DIA (Neo-Lat., from madi, the Chilean name), Madia. A genus of annual upright plants of the natural order Compositæ. The yellow ray flowers are shortly ligulate, those of the disk tubular; the seeds without pappus but very viscid, rich in oil which is expressed. Madia sativa, which attains a height of three to five feet, is cultivated under the names madi or melosa in Chile, where it is native and from whence, early in the nineteenth century, it was taken to Europe, where it has been cultivated to some extent since 1839 as an oil plant, Madia oil is richer than poppy oil, almost entirely inodorous, of a bland, agreeable taste, and very suitable for oiling machines, as it does not solidify even at 10° F. The oil-cake is a good food for cattle. The flowers ripen gradually in succession, so that they first ripen their seeds which fall off before the last flowers open, a great disadvantage in a crop. Another species, Madia elegans, is cultivated in flower-gardens.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Madison (Georgia)

Edition of 1905. See also Madison, Georgia on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MAD′ISON. A city and the county-seat of Morgan County, Ga., 68 miles east by south of Atlanta; on the Georgia and the Central of Georgia railroads (Map: Georgia, C 2). It is in the cotton belt of the State, and has a large trade in this commodity; and its industries are represented by cotton compresses, cottonseed oil and fertilizer works, a chair and furniture factory, etc. There is a public library. Population, in 1890, 2131; in 1900, 1992.