OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Müller, Johann Friedrich Theodor

Edition of 1905. See also Fritz Müller on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MÜLLER, Johann Friedrich Theodor (known as Fritz Müller, or Müller-Desterro) (1821-97). A German naturalist, known for his contributions to bionomics and to the evolution theory. He was born at Windischholzhausen, near Erfurt. He studied at Greifswald and Berlin. The troubles of 1848 finally drove him from home and Berlin, and he emigrated to Southern Brazil, settling at Blumenau, on the island of Santa Catharina. Here he lived the life of a colonist and pioneer until 1856, when he became a teacher of mathematics and natural history in the gymnasium at Desterro. After various changes he was in 1874 appointed naturalista viajante of the museum at Rio Janeiro, and lived at Itajahy. Afterwards he was suddenly dismissed from his position, without any explanation from the authorities, and returned to Blumenau.
Müller published numerous papers on jellyfishes and worms, but more particularly on crustaceans and insects, his articles appearing mostly in Wiegmann's Archiv für Naturgeschichte, Kosmos, Natur, and the Annals of the Rio Janeiro Museum. His single book, Facts for Darwin, vas called out by Darwin's Origin of Species, and it gave him wide fame. It was written at Desterro in 1863, was published at Leipzig in 1864, and was translated, with some additions, into English in London in 1869. It was the application of Darwinian principles to certain forms of a single class, the Crustacea. In this book we have, in the chapter on the “Progress of Evolution,” the first clear statement of the biogenetic law or recapitulation theory afterwards restated by Haeckel. Müller also proposed the theory of mimicry which bears his name. See Mimicry.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Müller, Johannes (Regiomontanus)

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
MÜLLER, Johannes (1430-70). The real name of the German scientist Regiomontanus (q.v.).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Müller, Julius

Edition of 1905. See also Julius Müller on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MÜLLER, Julius (1801-78). A German theologian. He was born at Brieg, Silesia, and was a brother of Karl Otfried Müller (q.v.). He studied at Breslau and Göttingen, at first devoting himself to law, but afterwards to theology. In 1825 he was appointed pastor at Schönbrunn and Rosen, near Strehlen, where he remained seven years. He was appointed in 1831 second university preacher in Göttingen, and there lectured on practical theology and pedagogics. In 1834 he became extraordinary professor of theology in Göttingen, and soon after full professor in Marburg, whence he went in 1839 to occupy a similar chair in Halle. The work on which his reputation as a theologian chiefly rests is Die christliche Lehre
von der Sünde (1839; 6th ed. 1889; Eng. trans., from the 5th ed., Edinburgh, 1868); also Dogmatische Abhandlungen (1870). He afterwards published pamphlets on subjects of temporary interest, particularly in vindication of the cause of evangelical union against the attacks of the rigid Lutherans. In conjunction with Neander and Nitzsch, he edited a periodical entitled Deutsche Zeitschrift für christliche Wissenschaft und christliches Leben. Consult his biography, by L. Schultze (Bremen, 1879).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Müller, Georg Elias

Edition of 1905. See also Georg Elias Müller on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MÜLLER, Georg Elias (1850—), A German professor of philosophy, born at Grimma, in
Saxony. He was educated at the universities of Leipzig, Berlin, and Göttingen. In 1870 he entered the German army as a volunteer, and took part in the campaign against France. On returning to academic life he became privat-doecnt at Göttingen (1876), and professor of philosophy at Czernowitz (1880). In April, 1881, he was appointed full professor at Göttingen. He published: Zur Theorie der sinnlichen Aufmerksamkeit (1873); Zur Grundlegung der Psychophysik (1878); Zur Theorie der Muskelcontraction (1891); Zur Analyse der Unterschiedsempfindlichkeit, with L. G. Martin (1899); and Experimentelle Beiträge zur Lehre vom Gedächtnis, with Pilzeeker (1900).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Müller, Gerhard Friedrich

Edition of 1905. See also Gerhard Friedrich Müller on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MÜLLER, Gerhard Friedrich (1705-83). A German historian, born at Herford, in Westphalia, and educated at Leipzig. Entering the newly established Saint Petersburg Academy, he gave instructions in history, geography, and Latin, and was soon appointed professor of history. In 1740 he went to Siberia and traveled for ten years, engaged in the study of its antiquities and geography. Of his great work on Siberia only one volume was published (1750). On his return he became historiographer to the Empire, and in 1766, after many attacks by his colleagues, was appointed keeper of the national archives. He drew up for the Government a collection of its treatises, and wrote a number of works on Russian history, in which subject he was a high authority. His most important
book, a Collection for the History of Russia, appeared at Saint Petersburg, in nine volumes (1732-65). His work in geography and cartography was also important.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Müller, Johannes von

Edition of 1905. See also Johannes von Müller on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MÜLLER, Johannes von (1752-1809). A German historian. He was born January 3, 1752, at Schaffhausen, where his father was a clergyman and rector of the gymnasium. He studied at Göttingen under Heyne, Schlözer, Walch, and others. In 1772 he was appointed professor of Greek at Schaffhausen, and in the same year published his first work, Bellum Cimbricum. He now began to devote his leisure hours to the investigation of Swiss chronicles and documents. In 1780 he published the first volume of his great work, Geschichte der Schweizer, and in 1781 was called to the Collegium Carolinum at Cassel, as professor of statistics. In 1786 he was appointed librarian and Councilor of State to the Elector of Mainz; here he finished the second volume of his Swiss history; his Darstellung des Fürstenbundes (1787); and Briefe zweier Domherren (1787). In 1792 he went to Vienna, where the Emperor made him a member of the Aulic Council, and where he in 1800 became first Imperial librarian. In 1804 he left Vienna for Berlin, where he wrote, among other things, an additional volume of his Swiss history. Introduced to Napoleon after the battle of Jena, he was appointed by him (1807) Secretary of State in the new Kingdom of Westphalia. He died at Cassel, May 29, 1809. His works have all been replaced by more modern researches, but in their own day they were of great value. Besides those mentioned, the Vierundzwanzig Bücher allgemeiner Geschichte, based on lectures delivered in Geneva (1811 and often republished), are important. Müller's Sämmtliche Werke were published (27 vols., Stuttgart, 1810-19; new ed., 40 Vols., 1831-35).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Müller, Georg Friedrich

Edition of 1905. See also George Müller on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MÜLLER, Georg Friedrich (1805-98). A German evangelist and philanthropist. He was born at Kroppenstädt, Prussia, near Magdeburg, September 27, 1805. He entered the University of Halle (1825) as a divinity student, although his life was anything but exemplary. Late in that year he was converted, and in 1826 began preaching. In June, 1828, he was invited to London by the Society for Promoting Christianity among the Jews, to engage in its service for six months, and in March, 1829, reached London. He settled as pastor of Ebenezer Chapel, Teignmouth, in connection with the Plymouth Brethren; in 1832 he removed to Bristol, and was co-worker with Henry Craik. While at Teignmouth he gave up pew-rents and depended on voluntary gifts, for which a box was placed in the chapel. The result was a largely increased income, and from that time on he would take no salary, depending wholly upon voluntary gifts. In December, 1835, after a visit to the Continent, he published a proposal for the establishment of an orphan-house for destitute children bereft of both parents. Spontaneous offers of money and service were received, and the opening of the home was announced May 18, 1836. At the end of 1856 there were 297 orphans under his care. The number of orphans increased and the buildings were mulitiplied, until in 1875 “2000 children were lodged, fed, and educated, without a shilling of endowment, without a committee, without organization, by funds drawn from all parts of the world.” In 1849 he moved the orphanage to Ashley Down, a suburb of Bristol, to specially constructed buildings. Attended by his wife, he made evangelistic tours all over the world. His Narrative and other books and pamphlets had a large sale, and gave information of his work. He died at Ashley Down, March 10, 1898. Consult his biography, by A. T. Pierson (New York, 1899).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Müller, Johann Gotthard von

Edition of 1905. See also Johann Gotthard von Müller on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MÜLLER, Johann Gotthard von (1747-1830). A German line engraver, born at Bernhausen, near Stuttgart. He at first studied under the Court painter Guibal, but, developing a talent for engraving, went to Paris in 1770, where for six years he studied under Wille. He won a number of prizes there, and was elected a member of the French Academy. In 1776 Duke Charles recalled him to Stuttgart, where he taught for nine years, and whence he was summoned to Paris to engrave a portrait of Louis XVI., after Duplessis. Next in importance to this is his engraving of Trumbull's “Battle of Bunker Hill.” On his return to Stuttgart he became professor of engraving. He was elected a member of the principal European academies, and was knighted in 1818. He engraved thirty-three plates in all, of which, besides those mentioned, the best are: “Madonna della Seggiola,” after Raphael; “Saint Catharine with Two
Angels,” after Leonardo da Vinci; “Schiller,” after the portrait by Graf; and “Saint Cecilia,” after Domenichino.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Haverhill, Mass.

See also Haverhill, Massachusetts on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Haverhill (hā′ver-ĭl), Mass., is situated at the head of navigation on the Merrimac, 33 miles north of Boston. The chief industry is the manufacture of boots and shoes, in which it is second only to Lynn and gives employment to about 6,000 men in 200 factories; there also are factories for glass, hats, iron, boot and shoe findings and factories for the cut stock. The public schools rank high, and, besides, there are parochial schools, a Brothers' school (R. C.) and Bradford Academy for young ladies, established in 1804. Noteworthy public buildings include the public library, founded in 1875. It contains 100,000 volumes, and has been generously supported by E. J. M. Hale. Hale Hospital and the Y. M. C. A. building should also be mentioned. The Whittier homestead, birthplace of the poet and scene of Snowbound, is but three miles from the heart of the city. The house and its surroundings are owned by the Whittier association, and are of great interest to all tourists. Haverhill was settled in June, 1640, under the name of Pentucket. Population 44,115.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Hawk

See also Hawk on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* SPARROW-HAWK.
Hawk, a common name for birds of prey related to the falcons. These two kinds of birds are often confused. The falcons have a tooth on the upper bill, while the hawks have not. They are found all over the world and about 70 species are recognized. Their wings are shorter than those of the best falcons. Hawks nest alone, not in colonies. They are abundant in the United States; in North America above Mexico there are about 34 species. The sparrow-hawk, pigeon-hawk and duck-hawk stand in a distinct group, belonging to the falcons. The first-mentioned, the smallest American hawk, is an attractive bird and of much usefulness, destroying innumerable grasshoppers and a great many mice. It is a little longer than the robin, its back reddish brown and black, its breast spotted with black. It is found in almost all portions of country. The pigeon-hawk, only a trifle larger than the preceding, dull blue or brown above and lighter below, is very destructive to song-birds and of little use to man. The duck-hawk, above a dingy black and light below, also is a bird that deserves no protection, feeding largely on poultry and game-birds. Other common culprits among hawks are the sharp-shinned and Cooper's, both found throughout the United States. The sharp-shinned hawk is small in size, blue-gray above and white below; has a slender body, long legs and tail; and flies very swiftly. It feeds almost exclusively on song-birds. Cooper's hawk closely resembles the preceding one in form and color, but is considerably larger. It is of great strength and boldness; its flight is strong and rapid; its prey poultry and game-birds, as grouse, quails, pigeons. In Canada the American goshawk is a dreaded enemy of game-bird and poultry, and deserves no mercy. This bird has a black head, is blue-gray above and white below.
To turn now to the hawks that merit protection, mention should first be made of the two that have undeservedly been given a bad name, the red-shouldered and the red-tailed hawk — both mistakenly called hen-hawk and chicken-hawk. The former, one of our commonest hawks, is about 18 inches long, is rusty brown in color, and has a black tail marked by bands of white. Mice are its chief food, but it feeds also upon grasshoppers and other insects, and eats frogs, toads, reptiles etc. It does not kill many birds. The red-tailed hawk is larger than the preceding one. This bird Hornaday classes as “the greatest of all destroyers of noxious four-footed animals.” Although it sometimes preys upon poultry, less than ten per cent, of its food consists of game-birds and poultry. Far the greater part consists of destructive rodents. The marsh-hawk, familiar on the prairies, has long been appreciated for his service in ridding the land of pests. It may easily be recognized by the large patch of white, low on its back. To avoid making way with a bird of much benefit, it is recommended that the indiscriminate shooting of hawks be discouraged. See Fish-Hawk.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Havre

See also Le Havre on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Havre (hä′ver), a seaport on the northern shore of France, situated north of the mouth of the Seine and, next to Marseilles, the largest shipping center in France. It also is the port from which the larger part of French emigrants set sail. Down to 1516 Havre was but a fishing village, Francis I having built its harbors and fortified it. Population 136,159.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Haydn, Joseph

See also Joseph Haydn on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Haydn (hā′d’n), Joseph, a German composer, was born in the village of Rohrau, on the borders of Hungary and Austria, March 31, 1732. He was the son of a poor wheelwright, but early developed decided musical genius. At the age of eight he was received into the choir of the cathedral of St. Stephen in Vienna, but ten years afterward his voice broke and he lost his position. Thereafter, for some time, he lived in great poverty, earning a small sum by street-playing and serenading, until he hoarded enough to hire an attic and a piano, when his most strenuous studies began. The first recognition he received was from Herr Kurz, a theatrical manager, who heard him playing one of his own compositions under his window and commissioned him to write an opera. His musical theory was directly opposed to that of J. S. Bach and Handel. His first quartet for stringed instruments was written in 1750 and his Creation and The Seasons in 1795-96. He died on May 31, 1809. His compositions are exceedingly numerous, comprising over 600 in number. See Miss Townsend's Life of Haydn.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Hawthorne, Nathaniel

See also Nathaniel Hawthorne on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE Hawthorne, Nathaniel, a distinguished American novelist, was born at Salem, Mass., July 4, 1804. He was the grandson of Daniel Hawthorne, who was commander of a privateer in the Revolutionary War. His father, like many of the other male members of the family, was a follower of the sea, and died when the son was but four years old. He graduated from Bowdoin College in 1825 with Longfellow. His first novel, Fanshawe, was published anonymously (1828), but proved a failure. The first book to bring fame was a collection of short stories, called Twice-told Tales (1837). In 1850 The Scarlet Letter, the book which made his name most widely known, was given to the public. Quickly upon this followed The House of Seven Gables, The Wonder-Book, The Snow-Image, The Blithedale Romance, Tanglewood Tales and a continuation of The Wonder-Book (1853). He was known as one of the most brilliant contributors to the magazines of his day. In March, 1853, he was appointed consul to Liverpool by President Pierce, and remained until the close of 1857. He then spent a year in Italy, which inspired The Marble Faun (1858), returned to America, and published Our Old Home (1860), sketches of England. He died at Plymouth, N. H., May 19, 1864. Hawthorne is undoubtedly the greatest of American novelists. See Hawthorne by Prof. Geo. E. Woodberry, in the series of American Men of Letters, and Nathaniel Hawthorne by Julian Hawthorne.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Hay, John

See also John Hay on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Hay, John, an American writer and diplomat, was born at Salem, Ind., Oct. 8, 1838, and was educated at Brown University. He was admitted to the bar in Illinois in 1861, and became secretary to President Lincoln. He also held the military rank of major and was brevetted ​lieutenant-colonel. After the war he was successively secretary of legation at Paris, chargé JOHN HAY d'affaires at Vienna and secretary of legation at Madrid. From 1870 to 1875 he was on the staff of the New York Tribune. He published Pike County Ballads and Castilian Days. With John G. Nicolay he wrote The Life of Abraham Lincoln. He became ambassador to Great Britain in 1897, and in 1898 was made secretary of state by McKinley. He helped negotiate the Hay-Pauncefote (see Clayton-Bulwer) treaty giving the United States sole authority to build the Panama Canal. He won for American diplomacy a commanding position, and for himself a high place as an advocate for peace based upon international candor and fair dealing. He died July 1, 1905.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Hayes, Isaac Israel

See also Isaac Israel Hayes on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Hayes (hāz), Isaac Israel, arctic explorer, was born in Chester County, Pa., March 5, 1832, and graduated in medicine from the University of Pennsylvania in 1853. He conducted three expeditions into the arctic regions, the last in 1869. He was surgeon of volunteers from 1862 to 1865, retiring with the rank of brevet lieutenant-colonel. He died at New York, Dec. 17, 1881. His Arctic Boat-Journey, The Open Polar Sea and The Land of Desolation rank among the best accounts of arctic travel.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Hayes, Rutherford Birchard

See also Rutherford B. Hayes on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Hayes, Rutherford Birchard, nineteenth president of the United States, RUTHERFORD B. HAYES was born at Delaware, O., Oct. 4, 1822. He graduated at Kenyon College, Ohio, in 1842, and, after studying law at Harvard, practiced at Cincinnati from 1849 to 1861. During the Civil War he served with distinction and attained the rank of brevet major-general. He was sent to Congress in 1865, and was three times governor of Ohio. In 1876 he was the Republican candidate for president, Samuel J. Tilden being the Democratic candidate. The election developed many exciting complications and engendered great suspicions of unfairness. Congress appointed an electoral commission, which gave the office to Hayes by a vote of eight to seven. Under Hayes' administration the country recovered to a large extent from the financial panic of 1873. The two main features of his policy were civil-service reform and the withdrawal of United States troops from the south. See his Life by W. O. Stoddard. He died at Fremont, O., Jan. 17, 1893.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Hayne, Robert Young

See also Robert Y. Hayne on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Hayne, Robert Young, an American statesman, was born in South Carolina in 1791, admitted to the bar in 1812, served in the war with Great Britain, and at its close resumed his law-practice in Charleston. He was a member of the state legislature, afterward its speaker, and from 1818 to 1822 attorney-general of the state. During 1823-32 he was United States senator, and proved a great enemy of protection and a bold supporter of the doctrine of nullification or the alleged right of a state to prevent the carrying out of a law that it considered not according to the constitution. One of Webster's ablest speeches was made in reply to Hayne, when he advocated this doctrine. In 1832 he was elected governor of South Carolina. He died at Asheville, N. C., Sept. 24, 1830.
# The New Monthly Magazine and Universal Register/Volume 11

* Preface
* Number 61 (1 February 1819)
* Number 62 (1 March 1819)
* Number 63 (1 April 1819)
* Number 64 (1 May 1819)
* Number 65 (1 June 1819)
* Number 66 (1 July 1819)
* Errata
* General Index
# The New Monthly Magazine and Universal Register/Volume 11/Number 63

(Upload an image to replace this placeholder.)
THE
NEW MONTHLY MAGAZINE.
| No. 63.] | APRIL 1, 1819. | [Vol. XI. |
* Original Communications
** Extract of a Letter from Geneva
** The Vampyre
** A Pedestrian Tour round Florence
** Some Account of Martin Luther’s Goblet
** Supply of the Metropolis with Provision by Water-carriage
** Madame de Stael on the Life and Writings of Camoens
** Memoirs of the late Peter Gale Faux
** Fluctuations of Fashionable Phraseology
** On the Currents and Whirlpools in the Straits of Messina
** On the Establishment of a Public Market for Literature
** Inconsistency of the Edinburgh Reviewers
** Planetary Motion
* The Cabinet
** An Unpublished Poetical Epistle of Robert Burns
** Origin of the Terms Whig and Tory
** A Culloden Anecdote
** Account of the Author of No. 595 of the Spectator
** Curious Origin of No. 71 of the Spectator
* Original Poetry
** Extracts from Some Unpublished Scenes of “Manuel”
** Lines Written on a Blank Leaf of the “Pleasures of Hope”
** To Arthur Brooke, Esq.
** At Parting
** To an Infant Child
** The Silken Lock
** On Hearing the Irish Melody “Domnhall”
** On the Birth of a Child
* Memoir of S. T. Coleridge, Esq.
* Critical Remarks on New Publications
** Recollections of Japan
** Ximenes, the Wreath, and Other Poems
** Memoirs of Emmanuel Augustus Diudonne
** The Delphin Classics
* Monthly Register
* Varieties—Literary, Scientific, &c.
* Fine Arts
* Inventions and Patents
* The Drama
* Literary Report
* Meteorological Table
* Commercial Report
* Bankrupts
* Dividends
* Digest of Political Events
* Memoir of Dr. John Wolcot, M. D.
* Incidents, Promotions, Births, Marriages, Deaths, &c. in London and Middlesex
* Provincial Occurrences
* To Readers and Correspondents
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse