# A History of Mediaeval Jewish Philosophy/Index

INDEX
Aaron ben Elijah, xli, 362-387; relation to Maimonides, 363 f.; to the Mu'tazila, 364; reason and faith, 364 f.; physics, 366 ff.; defends atomic theory, 367 f.; creation, ibid.; existence of God, 368 f.; unity, ibid.; incorporeality, ibid.; attributes, 369 f.; will of God, 372; problem of evil, 373 f., 376 f.; Providence, 375 f.; reward and punishment, 379, 383; purpose of the world and of man, 379 f.; prophecy, 380 f.; immutability of the Law, 382; reason of the commandments, ibid.; immortality, 384; resurrection, 385 f.
Aaron ben Joseph, 363
Abarbanel, Don Isaac, 304, 312, 328, 430
Abarbanel, Judah Leo, 431
Abd Al Rahman III, 59
Abélard, 305
Abraham bar Hiyya, xlvi, 114-124; standpoint, 115; physics, 116 f.; matter, ibid.; form, 117 ff.; intellect, soul and nature, 119; ethics, 119, 122 f.; reward and punishment, 119, 122 ff.; immortality, 120 f.; problem of evil, 123 f.; 128, 139, 175, 309, 435
Æsculapius, 155
Afer, Constantinus, 1
Aher, 197
Akiba, Rabbi, xxvi
Al-Ashari, xxiii
Albalag, Isaac, 328, 429, 430, 447, note 403a
Albalia, Barun, 151
Al Basir, Joseph, xxv, xlvii, 48-55; priority of reason, 48; atomic theory, 49; existence of God, 49 f.; creation, ibid.; attributes, 50; divine will, ibid.; eternity, 51; incorporeality, unity, simplicity, ibid, f.; God's word, 52; ethics, ibid, f.; problem of evil, 54; freedom, 54 f.; and foreknowledge, ibid.; reward and punishment, 55; 56, 57, 81, 126, 127, 128, 141, 146, 200, 246, 363, 434
Albertus Magnus, 1, 200, 306, 312, 313, 323
Albo, Joseph, l, 406-427; standpoint, 406 ff.; purpose of his work, 408; principles of religion, ibid.; criticism of Maimonides's 13 articles, 409 ff.; Albo's own view, 410 f.; divine law distinguished from natural and conventional, 408 ff.; freedom, a principle, 412 ; creation, 413, 415; existence of God, 419 f.; attributes, 420; angels, ibid.; revelation, 420 f.; prophecy, 421; immutability of the Law, 423; God's knowledge, 424; and human freedom, ibid.; Providence, 425; reward and punishment, 425 f.; 428, 430, 436, 447, note 403a
Alexander of Aphrodisias, xviii, 7, 60, 290, 313, 321, 332, 334, 335, 336
Alexander the Great, xvii
Alexander of Hales, 306
​Alfadhil, 239
Alfarabi, xx, xxi, xxxix, xlvi, 2, 26, 60, 177, 178, 198, 199, 218, 223, 252, 253, 276, 281, 302, 312, 313, 362, 391, 392
Alfasi, 151
Algazali, xxxix, 80, 152, 153, 389, 392, 420, 443, note 230
Ali, 86
Al-Kirkisani, Joseph Ha-Maor, 363
Almohades, 238
Alphonso VI, 151
Al-Mansur, 1
Almoravid, 151
Anatoli, Jacob, 302, 309
Angels, xlvi; in Abraham ibn Ezra, 190 f.; in Ibn Daud, 221 f.; in Maimonides, 266 f.; in Albo, 420
Anthropomorphism, xxii, xxvi, xlv, 35, 95, 186, 260 f.
Appel, 448, note 442
Aquinas, Thomas, 1, 61,63, 200, 207, 306, 307, 312, 313, 323, 331, 332, 406
Arama, Isaac, 430
Archimedes, xviii
Aristotelians, xl, 150, 165, 246, 364, 365, 366, 368, 428
Aristotle, xvi, xviii, xix, xx, xxi, xxix ff., xxxvii, xxxix, xl, xli, xlii, xlv, xlvi, 7, 8, 9, 13, 20, 26, 60, 62, 64, 72, 89, 92, 107, 111, 126, 132, 138, 139, 155, 157, 173, 175, 177, 178, 179, 181, 182, 184, 185, 199, 200, 206, 207, 210, 213, 216, 217, 218, 236, 240, 247, 252, 253, 254, 256, 258, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 273, 274, 275, 276, 290, 291, 299, 300, 303, 305, 306, 307, 309, 312, 313, 315, 316, 321, 329, 331, 332, 333, 334, 338, 346, 347, 350, 352, 353, 354, 366, 367, 375, 378, 388, 389, 390, 395, 402, 408, 412, 425, 429, 430, 431
"Arugat Habosem," 184
Ashariya, xxiii, xxvii, xlvii, 23, 246, 251, 291, 362, 365, 372, 378, 379
Atomic theory, in the Kalam, xxii, 249 f.; in Saadia, 25; in Al Basir, 49; in Jeshua ben Judah, 56; in Aaron ben Elijah, 367 f.
Attributes, doctrine of, in the Kalam, xxiii, xxvii, xl, xliv; in Saadia, xliv, 33 f.; in Mukammas, 18 ff.; in Al Basir, 50; in Bahya, 93 f.; in Ibn Zaddik, 145 f.; in Judah Halevi, 161 ff.; in Ibn Daud, 220 f.; in Maimonides, xlv, 262 ff.; in Levi ben Gerson, xlv, 344 f., 351 f.; in Aaron ben Elijah, 369 f.; in Crescas, 391 f.; in Albo, 420
Auerbach, Heimann, 445, note 331a
Augustine, xli, 51, 305, 445, note 307
Averroes (Ibn Roshd), xx, xxi, xxxix, xli, xlvi, xlvii, 7, 60, 62, 125, 177, 199, 306, 309, 310, 312, 313, 318, 321, 322, 323, 329, 332, 334, 335, 336, 362, 392, 431
Avicebron, see Gabirol, Solomon Ibn
Avicenna (Ibn Sina), xx, xxi, xxxix, xlvi, 2, 26, 60, 62, 107, 108, 175, 177, 178, 179, 198, 199, 207, 210, 211, 213, 218, 223, 224, 253, 276, 281, 302, 312, 313, 362, 391, 392, 420
Bacher, W., 437, 443, notes 212 and 214; 445, note 312a
Back, Samuel, 436
Baeumker, Clemens, 440, note 84; 441, notes 86 and 89
Bahya, Ibn Pakuda, xix, xxviii, xxxix, xlii, l, 80-105; duties of the limbs and duties of the heart, 82 f.; sources of knowledge, 83; creation, 86 ff.; unity, 89 f.; attributes, 93 f.; study of nature, 96 f.; ​gratitude to God, 97 f.; submission to God, 98; freedom, ibid.; the laws, 98 f.; trust in God, 99 f.; "unity of conduct," 101 f.; humility, ibid.; repentance, 102; self-examination, 103; temperance, 104; asceticism, ibid.; love of God, 105; 106, 126, 128, 146, 147, 162, 167, 168, 195, 200, 201, 217, 241, 246, 252, 309, 362, 428, 434
Baradæus, Jacob, 34
Bardenhewer, 439, note 7
Bardesanes, 375
Becker, C. H., xxvi, xxvii
Beer, 433
Bernfeld, Simon, viii, 433
Bisliches, M. L., 445, notes 312 and 315
Bloch, Philipp, 436
Brahmins, 380
Brethren of Purity, xxxix, 60, 107, 125, 126, 128, 139, 187, 199
Broydé, Isaac, 106, 441, note 131
Cicero, 431
Clement VI, Pope, 329
Clement of Alexandria, 302
Chazars, 153
Crawford, J. P. W., 436
Creation, in Kalam, xxii, xlii, 24, 247, 252; in Saadia, xlii, 24; in Israeli, 5 ff.; in Al Basir, 49 f.; in Jeshua ben Judah, 56; in Gabirol, 68; in Bahya, xlii, 86 ff.; in Pseudo Bahya, 110; in Abraham bar Hiyya, 116 ff.; in Ibn Zaddik, xlii, 143; in Judah Halevi, 157; in Abraham ibn Ezra, 190; in Maimonides, 269 ff.; in Levi ben Gerson, 352 f.; in Aaron ben Elijah, 367 f.; in Albo, 413, 415
Creed, articles of, l; in Maimonides, 409 f.; in Crescas, 392 ff.; in Albo, 410 f.
Creizenach, M., 443, note 214
Crescas, Hasdai, xv, xix, xxvii, xxxix, xl, xlii, xlix, l, 173, 200, 312, 388-405; standpoint, 389; existence of God, 389 f.; unity, 391 f.; attributes, ibid.; fundamental dogmas of Judaism, 392 ff.; God's knowledge, 392 f.; Providence, 393 f.; problem of evil, 394; prophecy, 395; freedom, 396 f.; influence on Spinoza, 398 f.; purpose of the Law, 399 f . ; immortality, 400; creation, 402; criticism of Maimonides's 13 articles of the creed, 402, 404; reward and punishment, 403 f.; resurrection, 404 f.; 406, 407, 408, 409, 414, 416, 419, 420, 421, 424, 426, 428, 430, 436, 447, notes 403a and 409
'Cusari," see "Kusari"
Daud, Abraham Ibn, xix, xx, xxvii, xxxix, xlii, xliii, xlv, xlvi, xlvii, xlviii, xlix, 61, 62, 63, 71, 79, 125, 166, 197-235; standpoint, 197 f.; Ibn Daud neglected, 201 ; purpose of his book, 201 f.; duty to study philosophy, 202; relative value of the sciences, 203 f.; categories, 205; physics, 205 ff.; matter and form, ibid.; motion, 207; infinity, 208; psychology, 209 ff.; rational soul, 212 ff.; the three kinds of intellect, 214; immortality, 215; metempsychosis, 215 f.; the heavenly spheres, 216; existence of God, 217 ff.; incorporeality, 217; unity, 219 f.; attributes, 220 f.; angels, 221 f.; active intellect, 222; emanation of Intelligences, 223; tradition, 223 f.; prophecy, 224 f.; abrogation of the Law, 226 f.; freedom, 201 f., 229 ff.; problem of evil, 228 f.; and foreknowledge, ​229 f.; ethics, 231 ff.; virtues, 232; reason of commandments, 233 f.; 237, 240, 241, 246, 248, 253, 254, 257, 266, 267, 276, 281, 302, 307, 309, 317, 332, 350, 362, 366, 388, 428, 435
De Boer, 439, note 5
"Definitions, Book of," 2, 4, 60
Deinard, E., 447, note 404
Delitzsch, 446, note 360
Delmedigo, Elijah, 431
Delmedigo, Joseph Solomon, 431
Democritus, xxii, 3
Dieterici, 439, note 6
Doctor, Max, 435, 442, note 162
Dominicus Gundissalinus, 61, 63
Dukes, 443, note 213
Dunash ben Labrat, 59
Duns Scotus, 61, 63, 200, 307
Duran, Simon, 406, 447, note 403a
"Duties of the Hearts," 80, 81
Duval, 439, note 5
"Eight Chapters," 239
Eisler, Moritz, 433
"Elements, Book of," 2, 3, 4, 10, 60
Elias of Nisibis, 34
Elisha ben Abuya, 197
Empedocles, 60, 61, 64, 126, 127, 145, 179, 184
"Emunah Ramah," 198
"Emunot ve-Deot," 24
Engelkemper, D. J., 434
Entelechy, xxxv, 209
Ephodi, 328
Epicurus, 290, 367
Eriugena, 200
Ethics, in Jewish Philosophy, xlvii, f.; in Saadia, 46 f.; in Al Basir, 52 f.; in Jeshua ben Judah, 57; in Gabirol, 71 ff.; in Abraham bar Hiyya, 119 ff.; in Ibn Zaddik, 148; in Judah Halevi, 168; in Abraham ibn Ezra, 195; in Ibn Daud, 228 ff., 231 ff.; in Maimonides, 281 ff.; in Hillel ben Samuel, 325. See also "Virtue."
Euclid, xviii, 90
Evil, Problem of, in Al Basir, 54; in Abraham bar Hiyya, 123 f.; in Ibn Zaddik, 148; in Abraham ibn Ezra, 195; in Ibn Daud, 228 f.; in Maimonides, 288 f.; in Aaron ben Elijah, 373 f.; in Crescas, 394
Exegesis, Biblical, xvi, xxxvii; in Saadia, 35; in Gabirol, 78 f.; in Abraham ibn Ezra, 187 f.; in Maimonides, 302 ff.; in Levi ben Gerson, 357f.; 437
"Ez Hayim," 363
Ezekiel, Vision of divine chariot, xvii, 303
Falaquera, Shem Tob, 61, 63, 64, 309, 328, 441, note 86
"Fons Vitæ," 60, 61, 72, 80, etc.
"Fountain of Life," see "Fons Vitæ"
Frankl, P. F., 434, 440, note 80 Frankl-Grün, Ad., 435
Freedom of the Will, xiv, xlvii; in Saadia, 41 f.; in Al Basir, 54 f.; in Bahya, 98; in Judah Halevi, xlviii, 171 ff.; in Abraham ibn Ezra, 193; in Ibn Daud, xlviii, 229 f.; in Maimonides, xlviii, 285 ff.; in Crescas, xlviii, 396 ff.; in Albo, 412, 424
Freimann, 442, note 148
Fried, S., 439, note 30; 440, note 34
Friedländer, M., 444, note 250
Gabirol, Solomon Ibn, xix, xxxix, xlvi, 59-79; fate of G. in Jewish Literature, 60 f.; tendency of his work, 63 f.; G. a Neo-Platonist, 64; his doctrine, 64 ff.; emanation, 65; matter in spiritual substances, ​65, 67; man typical of the universe, 65; Intelligence, Soul, Nature, 66; matter, 66 f.; creation, 68; will, 68 f., 70; mystic knowledge, 69 f.; ethics, 71 ff.; the virtues, 72 f.; the "Royal Crown" (Keter Malkut), 75 f.; Bibhcal exegesis, 78 f.; influence on Jewish Philosophy, 79; on Kabbala, ibid.; 80, 81, 89, 91, 107, 126, 127, 131, 151, 184, 185, 187, 188, 198, 200, 206, 237, 246, 307, 309, 328, 428, 434
Galen, xviii, 2, 3, 72, 209, 252
Genesis, creation story, xvii, xxix, 303
Gersonides, see Levi ben Gerson
Ginzberg, L., 439, note 13
God, in Aristotle, xxxiii; existence of G. in Kalam, xlii, 24, 247; in Saadia, xlii, 28 ff.; in Al Basir, 49 f.; in Jeshua ben Judah, 57; in Bahya, xlii, 86 ff.; in Ibn Zaddik, xlii, 143; in Ibn Daud, xlii f., 217 ff.; in Maimonides, xliii, 248, 257 ff.; in Levi ben Gerson, 350 f.; in Aaron ben Elijah, 368 f.; in Crescas, 389 ff.; in Albo, 419 f.
Goldenthal, 445, note 318
Goldziher, Ignaz, 106, 433, 439, notes 10 and 23; 442, note 132
Gorfinkle, Joseph I., 444, note 251
Graetz, H., 445, note 311
Graf, 440, note 64
Gugenheimer, 435
"Guide of the Perplexed," 239
Guttmann, Jacob, 434, 435, 436, 439, note 27; 440, notes 33, 41 and 83; 442, note 133; 443, notes 230 and 245; 445, notes 310 and 331a; 447, notes 403a, 436 and 437
Guttmann, Julius, 435
Halevi, Judah, xix, xxxix, xl, xlv, xlvi, xlviii, xlix, 125, 150-183; his standpoint, 150, 152, 157 f.; his life, 151 f.; philosophy and religion, 152; influence of Algazali, 152 f.; the "Kusari," 153 ff.; the "philosopher's" creed, 154 f.; the Christian's, 155 f.; the Mohammedan's, 156; the Jew's, 156 ff.; creation, 157; existence of God, 158; will, 159; motives of philosopher and believer, 159 f.; meaning of the name of "Jhvh," 159 f., 165; of "Elohim," 160, 165; mysticism in H., 160; attributes, 161 ff.; incorporeality, 162; superiority of Israel, 162 f.; need of revelation, 163; superiority of Palestine, 164; Israel the heart among the nations, 164; superiority of the Hebrew language, 164 f.; prophecy, 165 f.; the active Intellect, 165 f.; the ceremonial law, 167 f.; ethics, 168 f.; immortality, 169 f., 181 f.; future world and reward and punishment, 170; freedom, 171 ff.; and foreknowledge, 172 f.; interpretation of "Sefer Yezirah," 173 f.; the Rabbis knew the sciences, 174; exposition of the current philosophy, 174 ff.; H. understands Aristotle's definition of the soul, 175; physics, 175 ff.; matter, 175; criticism, 176 f.; emanation of Intelligences, 178; criticism, 178 f.; psychology, 179 f.; criticism, 181 f.; 197, 198, 200, 201, 210, 211, 216, 223, 224, 226, 230, 231, 246, 248, 281, 309, 332, 362, 389, 392, 396, 414, 420, 421, 426, 429, 435
Harizi, Judah, 125, 184
Harkavy, Abraham, 17, 433
Hasdai Ibn Shaprut, 59, 153, 308
Hayyuj, 187, 309
Hefez ben Yazliah, 84
​"Hegyon ha-Nefesh," 114
Hermes, 60, 155, 184
Hertz, J. H., 434
Hillel ben Samuel, xlvi, 312-327; standpoint, 314; the soul, 314 ff.; definition of soul, 317; active intellect, 317 ff.; reward and punishment, 323 ff.; prophecy, 325; ethics, ibid.; resurrection, 326; interpretation of Rabbinic writings, 326 f., 332
Hippocrates, xviii, 2, 3, 72, 209
Hirschfeld, 440, note 31; 442, note 178
"Hobot ha-Lebabot," see "Duties of the Hearts"
Homonym, 240, 351, 371
Horovitz, S., 433, 442, notes 162, 163 and 165; 443, note 226
Husik, Isaac, 436, 439, note 9; 445, note 308; 446, note 334; 448, note 443
Hypostasis, xxxviii, 6, 91, 115
Ibn Aknin, Joseph, 302
Ibn Badja, 60
Ibn Caspi, Joseph, 302, 310, 329
Ibn Daud (Aven Death), 61
Idn Daud, Abraham, see Daud, Abraham Ibn
Ibn Ezra, Abraham, xxxix, 79, 80, 81, 114, 184, 187-196; Biblical exegesis, 187 f.; unity of God, 189; incorporeality, ibid.; creation, 190; matter, ibid.; the universe, 190 f.; Intelligences, ibid.; angels, ibid.; soul, 191 f.; reward and punishment, 192; transmigration, 192; freedom, 193; and foreknowledge, ibid.; knowledge of God, 193 f.; prophecy, 194; classification of the laws, 194; problem of evil, 195; ethics, ibid.; 200, 246, 309, 310, 429, 435
Ibn Ezra, Moses, xxxix, xlvi, 79, 125, 184-187; man a microcosm, 185; definition of philosophy, 185; unity of God, ibid.; active intellect, 186; 200, 246
Ibn Migash, Joseph, 151
Ibn Janah, 84, 309
Ibn Roshd, see Averroes
Ibn Sina, see Avicenna
Ibn Zaddik, Joseph, xix, xxxix, xlii, xlv, xlvi, xlix, 60, 79, 125-149; standpoint, 125 f.; division of his book, 128; purpose, 129; definition of philosophy, 129; process and sources of knowledge, 129 f.; physics, 130 ff.; matter and form, ibid. ; substance, 131; the sphere, 131 f.; the four elements, 132 f.; the human body, 133 f.; the soul, 134 f.; the three souls, ibid.; the emotions, ibid.; life, 136; death, ibid.; sleep and waking, ibid.; the rational soul, 137; definition of soul, 138; intellect, 139; world soul, 140; duty to use the reason, ibid.; criticism of the Kalam, 141 f.; creation, 143; existence of God, ibid.; unity, ibid.; self-sufficiency, 144; will of God, ibid.; attributes, 145 f.; commandments, 147; rational and traditional, ibid. ; the virtues, 148; reward and punishment, 148; evil, 148 f.; Messiah, 149; 162, 175, 184, 200, 206, 209; 211, 237, 246, 309, 317, 362, 435
'Ikkarim," 406
Immortality, in Pseudo-Bahya, 112 f.; in Abraham bar Hiyya, 120 f.; in Judah Halevi, 169 f., 181 f.; in Ibn Daud, 215; in Levi ben Gerson, 339 ff.; in Aaron ben Elijah, 384; in Crescas, 400
Incorporeality, in Kalam, xliv, 253; ​in Saadia, 32; in Al Basir, 51; in Jeshua ben Judah, 57; in Judah Halevi, 162; in Abraham ibn Ezra, 189 f.; in Ibn Daud, 217; in Maimonides, xliv, 257 ff., 260 ff.; in Aaron ben Elijah, 368 f.
Infinity, in Kalam, 251 f.; in Saadia, 25, 30; in Bahya, 86, 87; in Ibn Daud, 208; in Maimonides, 251 f., 254, 256 f.; in Crescas, 390
Intellect, active, xli; in Jewish Philosophy, xlvi f.; acquired i., xlvii; active i. in prophecy, xlix, 109; in Ibn Zaddik, 139; in Judah Halevi, 155, 162, 165, 181; in Moses ibn Ezra, 186; in Ibn Daud, 222; in Maimonides, 268, 277; in Hillel ben Samuel, 317 ff.; in Levi ben Gerson, 337 ff. See also "Intelligence," "Soul"
Intelligence, xlvi; in Israeli, 6 f.; in Gabirol, 65, 66; in Pseudo-Bahya, 109; in Abraham bar Hiyya, 119; in Abraham ibn Ezra, 190 f.; in Maimonides, 266 f.
Israeli, Isaac, xix, xlvi, xlix, 1-16; Maimonides on I., 1 f.; his works, 2; his sources, ibid.; theory of the elements, 3, 12; definition of philosophy, 4; creation, 5 ff.; Intelligence, 6 f.; Soul, 8 ff.; three kinds of soul, 10 ff.; element and principle, 12 f.; prophecy, 15; 17, 24, 31, 60, 72, 91, 127, 175, 224, 434
Jabariya, xxi, xlvii
Jacob ben Machir, 309, 310
Jacobites, xviii, 34
Jaulus, 437
Jeshua ben Judah, xxv, xlvii, 55-58; priority of reason, 56; atomic theory, ibid.; creation, ibid.; existence of God, 57; incorporeality, ibid.; good and evil, ibid.; 200, 246, 363, 434
Jesus, xxvii, 86, 91
Job, xv, xxvi, 304, 346, 377 f.
Joel, M., 398, 435, 436, 445, note 310; 446, notes 335 and 398; 447, note 398 end
Johannes Hispanus, 61
Joseph ben Shemtob, 429, 430, 447, note 404
Joseph ibn Zaddik, see Ibn Zaddik, Joseph
Jourdain, A., 63, 441, note 85; 445, note 306
Judah ben Barzilai, 17
Judah Hadassi, 363
Judah Halevi, see Halevi, Judah
Judah Messer Leon, 431
Justinian, xvii
Kabbala, 79, 429, 430
Kadariya, xxi, xxii, xxiii, 23
Kalam, xxiv, xxvii, 16, 17, 48, 50, 52, 55, 86, 106, 125, 128, 141 f., 146, 154, 171, 183, 200, 245, 246 ff., 362, 366, 428, 433, 439, note 10
Kalisch, Isidor, 433
Karaites, xiii, xxiv, xxv, xli, xlvii, 23, 24, 48, 55, 59, 108, 125, 126, 146, 154, 174, 183, 200, 245, 246, 362, 363, 364, 365, 370, 373, 377, 378, 428
Kaufmann, David, 152, 153, 433, 434, 435, 436, 441, note 88; 442, note 181; 444, notes 250 and 305
Kellermann, Benzion, 436
"Keter Malkut," see "Royal Crown"
Kindi, Al, xxxix
Klein, Miksa, 434
Knowledge, sources of, xl; in Saadia, 27 f.; in Bahya, 83; in Ibn Zaddik, 129 f. ​Koran, xxi, xxii, xxiii, xxvi, xxvii, xxix, xliv, 34, 156
Krochmal, Nahman, 189, 435
"Kusari," 153
Lactantius, 431
Landauer, S., 175, 440, note 37
Lebid ibn Al-A'sam, xxvi
Leibnitz, 307
Leverrier, 275
Levy, Louis-Germain, 436
"Liber de Causis," xx, 2, 64, 317
Lippmann, 443, note 214
Logos, xxvii, xli, 52, 71, 91
"Ma'amar Yikkawu ha-Mayim," 309
"Maase Bereshit," xvi, 242, 303, 430
"Maase Merkaba," xvi, 242, 303, 430
"Malmad Hatalmidim," 309 ​Malter, H., vii, 445, note 316
Mandonnet, P., 445, note 308; 446, note 332
Manicheans, 375
Matter, rejected by Mutakallimun, xxii; doctrine of, in Aristotle, xxix ff.; in Plotinus, xxxviii; as source of evil, 38; in Gabirol, 66 f.; in Pseudo-Bahya, 109; in Abraham bar Hiyya, 117; in Ibn Zaddik, 130 ff.; in Judah Halevi, 175; in Abraham ibn Ezra, 190; in Ibn Daud, 205 f.; in Maimonides, 256, 270; in Levi ben Gerson, 355 f.
Maywald, 446, note 332
"Mekize Nirdamim," 445, notes 313 and 321
"Mekor Hayyim," see "Fons Vitae"
Menahem ben Saruk, 59
Messiah, in Saadia, 45; in Ibn Zaddik, 149; in Crescas, 402, 404; in Albo, 408
Metempsychosis, see Transmigration
"Microcosmus," 60, 125
"Milhamot Adonai," 329
Miracles, in Levi ben Gerson, 358 f.
Mohammed, xxv, 86
Monophysites, xviii, 34
"More Ha-moreh," 310
"More Nebiikim," 238
Morgenstern, Ernö, 434
Moses ben Enoch, 59
Moses ben Maimon, see Maimonides
Moses of Narbonne, 309, 310, 328, 430, 447, note 403a
Motion, in Aristotle, xxvi; in Ibn Daud, 207; in Maimonides, 254, 269
Mukammas, David Al, 2, 17-22; definition of science and philosophy, 17 f.; attributes, 18 ff.; unity, 18; reward and punishment, 21 f.; 34, 52, 81, 84, 95, 200, 246, 434
Munk, Solomon, 63, 304, 328, 433, 434, 440, note 83; 441, notes 86, 87 and 105; 444, notes 250, 280 and 302; 445, notes 314 and 316; 448, note 442
Münz, J., 436
Mutakallimun, xxi f., xl, xli, xlvii, 9, 11, 24, 25, 26, 48, 81, 88, 96, 106, 125, 126, 127, 128, 139, 142, 145, 149, 158, 182, 183, 199, 240, 246-253; 256, 275, 352, 353, 362, 366 f., 369, 372, 382, 406, 428
Mu'tazila, xxii ff., xxvii, xlvii, 3, 17, 21, 23, 24, 26, 48, 108, 171, 246, 251, 291, 292, 362, 365, 366, 375, 377
Nachmanides, 426, 429
Nature, in Plotinus, xxxviii; in Gabirol, 65, 66; in Pseudo-Bahya, 109; in Abraham bar Hiyya, 119
Neo-Platonic, xx, xxviii, xxxix, xlvi, 2, 6, 13, 24, 38, 64, 79, 81, 86, 89, 90, 92, 106, 107, 114, 115, 125, 126, 127, 129, 138, 139, 177, 178, 199, 200, 266, 305, 317, 319
Neo-Platonism, xxix, 17, 64, 70, 79, 91, 114, 150, 187, 200, 266, 288, 317, 428
Neo-Platonists, xl, 31, 64, 91, 106, 184, 199
Neo-Pythagoreans, 188
Nestorians, xvui, 34
Neumark, David, viii, 433, 435, 436, 441, note 107
"Nous," xxxviii, 7, 91
"Olam Katon," see "Microcosmus"
"Or Adonai," 389
Origen, 288, 302
Orschansky, G., 435
​Perles, J., 445, note 309
Philo, xvi, xxvii, xxxviii, xli, 23, 91, 95, 188, 240, 266, 268, 288, 302
Philoponus, 247, 353
Philosophy, and religion, xiii; content of Jewish P., xl-l; defined by Israel, 4; by Ibn Zaddik, 129; by Moses Ibn Ezra, 185
Physics, in Kalam, xxii, xli; in Aristotle, xxx; in Israeli, 3, 5, 12; in Saadia, xli; in Ibn Zaddik, xlii, 130 ff.; in Judah Halevi, 175 ff.; in Ibn Daud, xlii, 205 ff.; in Maimonides, xlii, 254 ff., 269 ff.; in Levi ben Gerson, 352 f., 355 f.; in Aaron ben Elijah, xli, 366 ff.; in Crescas, xlii, 389
Plato, xxix, xli, xlv, 5, 7, 8, 37, 47, 90, 91, 122, 138, 155, 179, 181, 182, 184, 195, 231, 268, 269, 288, 304, 305, 353, 413, 431
Plato of Tivoli, 114
Plotinus, xx, xxxvii f., xxxix, 6, 64, 65, 91, 107, 115, 126, 139, 178, 431
Pollak, J., 433
Porphyry, 60
Proclus, xx, 3
Prophecy, xlvi, xlix f.; in Israeli, xlix, 15; in Saadia, 40; in Judah Halevi, xlix, 165; in Abraham ibn Ezra, 194; in Ibn Daud, xlix, 224 ff.; in Maimonides, xlix, 276 ff.; in Hillel ben Samuel, 325; in Levi ben Gerson, xlix, 340 ff.; in Aaron ben Elijah, 380 f.; in Crescas, 395; in Albo, 421
Providence, xl; in Maimonides, 290 ff.; in Levi ben Gerson, 346 ff.; in Aaron ben EUjah, 375 f.; in Crescas, 393 f.; in Albo, 425
Pseudo-Bahya, xlvi, xlix, 106-113; standpoint, 106 f.; the soul, 108 ff., 111 ff.; Intelligence, Soul, Nature, 108 f., 110; matter, 109; creation, 110; virtue, 112; immortality, 112 f.; reward and punishment, 113; 122, 126, 139, 148, 317, 434
Ptolemy, xviii, 273, 309
Pythagoras, 60, 179, 184, 185
Pythagoreans, 9
Rashi, 187
Raymond, Bishop of Toledo, 61
Reason, and authority, xiii; r. in Aristotle, xxxvi; active and passive, xxxvi f.; in Plotinus, xxxviii; r. as a source of knowledge, xl; r. and authority in Levi ben Gerson, 330 f. See also "Intellect," "Soul"
Resurrection, l; in Saadia, 44 f.; in Hillel ben Samuel, 326; in Aaron ben Elijah, 385 f.; in Crescas, 404
Reward and Punishment, xlvii, xlviii, l; in Mukammas, 21 f.; in Saadia, 42 f.; in Al Basir, 55; in Pseudo-Bahya, 113; in Abraham bar Hiyya, 119 ff.; in Ibn Zaddik, 148; in Judah Halevi, 170; in Abraham Ibn Ezra, 192; in Hillel ben Samuel, 323 ff.; in Aaron ben Elijah, 379, 383; in Crescas, 403 f.; in Albo, 425 f.
Roscellinus of Compiègne, 305
Rose, Valentinus, 439, note 8
Rosin, David, 189, 192, 435
"Royal Crown," the, 75 f.
Saadia, xix, xxv, xli, xlii, xlv, xlvi, xlix, 1, 17, 23-47; his "Emunot ve-Deot," 24 f.; modelled on the Kalam, ibid.; atomic theory, 25; reason for writing, 26 f.; sources of truth, 27 f.; speculation not forbidden, 28; necessity of revelation, ibid.; existence of God, 28 ff.; incorporeality, 32; unity, ​32 f.; attributes, 33 f.; categories inapplicable to God, 35 f.; theophanies, 36; soul, 37 f.; laws and commandments, 38 f.; rational and traditional, ibid.; prophecy, 40; written and oral law, 40; abrogation of Law, 40 f.; freedom, 41 f.; and foreknowledge, ibid.; reward and punishment, 42 f., 46; future world, 43 f.; resurrection, 44 f.; ethics, 46 f.; 48, 50, 52, 59, 81, 82, 83, 84, 87, 88, 89, 92, 94, 95, 96, 126, 127, 128, 146, 147, 167, 175, 186, 195, 200, 237, 241, 246, 252, 253, 302, 309, 362, 363, 388, 428, 434
Sabeans, 296
Saladin, 239
Samuel, 197
Scaliger, 307
Scheyer, Simon B., 435
Schmiedl, A., 433
Schreiner, M., xxv, xxvii, 433, 434, 439, notes 12, 16, 18 and 20; 440, note 81
"Sefer Ha-Kabbala," 198
Seyerlen, 63, 434, 441, note 86
Shemtob ben Joseph, 430
Shemtob ben Joseph ibn Shemtob, 429
Socrates, xxix, 155, 184, 185
Solomon ben Adret, 430
Solomon ben Yeroham, 363
Sophists, xxix
Soul, in Aristotle, xxxv; world soul in Plotinus, xxxviii; s. in Jewish philosophy, xlv f.; world-soul in Jewish Neo-Platonists, xlvi; s. in Israeli, 5, 8 ff.; in Saadia, 37 f.; in Gabirol, 65, 66; in Pseudo-Bahya, 108 ff.; in Abraham bar Hiyya, 119; in Ibn Zaddik, 134 f., 137 f.; world-soul in Ibn Zaddik, 140; s. in Judah Halevi, 179 ff.; in Abraham Ibn Ezra, 191 f.; in Ibn Daud, 209 ff.; in Maimonides, 281 ff.; in Hillel ben Samuel, 314 ff.; in Crescas, 400. See also "Intellect," "Reason"
Spinoza, 398 f.
"Spirit and Soul, Book of," 5
Steinschneider, Moritz, 311, 439, note 26; 440, notes 31 and 33; 443, note 247; 446, note 360
St. Ephrem of Nisibis, xviii
Sufis, xxvii f.; 86, 153
Syrians, xvii ff., 199, 246
"Tagmule ha-Nefesh," 314
Tänzer, A., 437
Themistius, 7, 60, 313, 321, 332, 333, 334, 335
"Theology of Aristotle," xx, xxxix, 64, 266
Theophrastus, xviii
Tibbon, Judah Ibn, 71, 309, 310
Tibbon, Moses Ibn, 309, 440, note 37
Tibbon, Samuel Ibn, 2, 60, 125, 239, 302, 309
"Tikkun Midot ha-Nefesh," 71
"Torot ha-Nefesh," 106
Tradition, xiii, xli, 28, 223 f.
Transmigration, in Saadia, 44; in Abraham ibn Ezra, 192; in Ibn Daud, 215 f.
Trinity, xliv, 33, 34, 71, 91
Truth, twofold, 328
"Twenty Chapters," 17
Ueberweg-Baumgartner, 433
Unity of God, in Kalam, xxii, xliii f., 252; in Mukammas, 18; in Saadia, 32 f.; in Al Basir, 51; in Bahya, 89 f.; in Ibn Zaddik, 143; in Moses ibn Ezra, 185; in Abraham ibn Ezra, 189; in Ibn Daud, 219 f.; in Maimonides, xliv, 257 ff.; in Aaron ben Elijah, 368 f.; in Crescas, 391 f. ​Vincent of Beauvais, 1
Virtue, xlix; in Gabirol, 72 f.; in Pseudo-Bahya, 112; in Ibn Zaddik, 148; in Ibn Daud, 232; in Maimonides, 282 ff.
Weil, Isidore, 436
Weil, Simson, 198, 443, note 221
Weinsberg, Leopold, 435
Wenrich, 439, note 5
Werbluner, 445, note 317
Will of God, in Al Basir, 50; in Gabirol, 68 f.; in Bahya, 90; in Ibn Zaddik, 144; in Aaron ben Elijah, 372
William of Auvergne, 71, 306
William of Occam, 200
Wise, Stephen S., 71, 441, note 103
Wolff, M., 444, note 251
Wolfsohn, Julius, 436
Yahuda, 80, 86, 439, note 24; 441, notes 106, 108, 109 and 112
Yahya ben Adi, 247
Yefet Ha-Levi, 363
"Yezirah, Sefer" 17, 94, 173, 179
Yohanan ben Zakkai, 197
Zeller, 439, note 4; 441, note 86
Zeno, 25
Zimmels, 448, note 442
Zunz, Leopold, 184