OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Emery

See also Emery (rock) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Em′ery, a mineral belonging to the same class as ruby, sapphire and other precious stones. In outward appearance emery has nothing in common with the precious stones to which it is related. It is a dense, opaque, dull, bluish-black substance, like a fine-grained iron-ore. It is found in large, bowlder-like masses on Naxos and some of the other islands of the Grecian archipelago. It is made ready for use by first breaking it into lumps about the size of a hen's egg, then crushing these to powder by stampers. It is then sifted to various degrees of fineness. Emery-powder, as it is next in hardness to diamond-dust and crystalline corundum, is used for cutting and polishing many kinds of stone. Glass stoppers of all kinds are ground into their fittings with it. Plate-glass is ground flat by its means. When used for polishing metals, it has to be spread on some kind of surface to form a fine file. Emery-paper, emery-cloth, emery-sticks, emery-cake and emery-stone are used for this purpose. Emery-wheels are largely used for polishing iron-castings. They are a mixture of emery-powder and hard, vulcanized india-rubber.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Emin Pasha

See also Emin Pasha on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Emin Pasha or Bey, proper name Eduard Schnitzer, was born at Oppeln, Silesia, in 1840. He studied medicine, and in 1864 went to Turkey, where he became a well-known physician. He learned to speak Turkish and Arabic easily, and adopted Turkish habits and customs. He also adopted the name Emin, which means the faithful one. In 1876 he joined the Egyptian service, and proceeded as chief physician to the equatorial province, of which he was made governor in 1878 by “Chinese” Gordon. Here the sudden rising of the Mahdi shut him up and out of the world. The expedition sent under Stanley for his rescue reached him in May, 1888. In 1890 he entered the German service and at once made his way again to Central Africa. He was, however, killed in 1892 by Arabs near Nyangwe. See Stanley's In Darkest Africa.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Minnesinger

See also Minnesang on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Minnesinger (min′nē-sĭng-ẽr), German lyric poets who flourished from the middle of the 11th to the close of the 13th century. They, however, not only wrote the poetry but composed the music for their love songs. They sang mostly of love, as the German word minne indicates, and often roamed from castle to castle and from court to court like the troubadours, reciting or singing their songs. The chief exponents of this feudal verse are Walther von der Vogelweide and Wolfram von Eschenbach. The songs of 160 of these singers are preserved. After the decline of their art the meistersinger (master-singers) took their place. Unlike the minnesinger, who were of the knightly or courtier class, the meistersinger were men of the artisan class, and formed themselves into guilds and wrote poems as they plied their tasks. Though there is little real poetry in the songs of the meistersinger, they were popular for three centuries, the last guild being dissolved in 1830.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Minorca

See also Minorca on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Minor′ca, one of the largest of the Balearic Islands (q. v.), in the Mediterranean, belonging to Spain. It lies north of Majorca (q. v.), is 28 miles long and about 10 wide, and covers 290 square miles. It has a rocky coast, with many inlets, and a fertile soil. It also has a great number of ancient remains and stalactite caves. The principal cities are Port Mahon and Ciudadela. It was ceded to Spain by England in 1802. Population about 38,000. See Balearic Islands by Bidwell.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Minié, Claude Étienne

See also Claude-Étienne Minié on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Minié (mē̇′nyā̇′), Claude Étienne, a French inventor, born at Paris, in 1804. He served in the army, rising from private soldier to major. His experiments in the improvements of firearms resulted in the invention of the Minié rifle in 1849. He made improvements also in rifle balls, cartridges and gun-barrels. In 1858 he was appointed director of a military school at Cairo, Egypt, by the khedive. He died in 1879.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Minnehaha, Falls of

See also Minnehaha Park (Minneapolis) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Min′neha″ha, Falls of, are near Fort Snelling, about five miles from Minneapolis on a little stream flowing from Lake Harriet and Lake Calhoun. They are 59 feet high, and, though not a large body of water, the spray and sparkle of the waters together make it deserve the name of Laughing Water, which is the meaning of the word. Longfellow made it famous in his Hiawatha.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Minnow

See also Minnow on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Min′now, the name commonly applied to small slender fishes. The true minnows belong to the family Cyprinidæ. They are abundant in the Old World and in North America. Although numerous in species, they are difficult to distinguish on account of great similarity. Like birds, the male minnows often put on bright colors during the breeding season, and some kinds have the head ornamented with tubercles. The so-called American minnows (Notropis), with upward of 100 species, are confined to the waters east of the Rocky Mountains. Minnows are of importance as food for larger fishes, and they are extensively used as bait by fishermen.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mink

See also Mink on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Mink, a carnivorous animal valued for its fur. It is related to the weasel, but is stouter in the body and has a bushier tail. The European mink is a little smaller than the American mink, and is more northern in its range. The Siberian mink has fur of a clear, tawny-brown color. The American mink is 15 or 20 inches long, with a tail of eight or nine inches, is yellowish-brown or dark-brown in color with a white spot on the chin and sometimes on the chest. The darker the color, the more highly prized the fur. This little animal is still found in wooded lands in widely-scattered portions of North America. It lives along the banks of streams and hunts both in water and on land, either by night or day. It is a great nest-robber, being fond of birds; a famous mouser; eats frogs, fish, lizards, grubs etc.; in winter it chases rabbits over the snowy ground. It can almost equal a fish in swimming, and on land is wonderfully agile, well-able to take care of itself. Its body is long and supple, and, notwithstanding its short legs, it can elude almost any pursuer; taking advantage of every hiding place, disappearing as by magic; it can climb like a squirrel. The young begin life in a cozy home prepared in hollow log or stump, hidden in tall growth near a stream. Or the nest may be in a hole among rocks. Among its enemies the owl may be mentioned with the fox, wild-cat, dog and otter. When cornered, the mink is a foe to be reckoned with.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Minneapolis

See also Minneapolis on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Min′neap′olis, the largest city of Minnesota, is situated on both sides of the Mississippi, about seven miles from St. Paul, though the interval between is so built up as to make them really one city. The name is from the Sioux word minne, meaning water, and the Greek word polis for city. The Falls of St. Anthony, with a descent of 50 feet, furnish the water-power which has built up the city. The Mississippi is crossed by 12 bridges. Minneapolis is one of the most enterprising and important of the younger cities of the United States. The population advanced from 46,887 in 1880 to 261,974 in 1905 and to 335,396 in 1914.
The basis of growth is found in the city's location with reference to the great wheat and lumber interests of the northwest. It is the greatest primary wheat-market of the world. The annual wheat product of Minnesota is more than 70,000,000 bushels. More than half of this is here manufactured into flour, while not only the product of Minnesota, but a large part of the yield of the great fields of the Dakotas finds a market here. A single one of the city's great flouring-mills has a capacity of 15,000 barrels per day, and the aggregate capacity of its 22 flouring mills is 84,000 barrels daily. The elevators have a storage capacity of about 40,000,000 bushels. The great timber industry of the upper Mississippi valley finds its chief market and manufacturing center in Minneapolis. All the great trunk-lines of railroads in the northwest run to or through Minneapolis and three ​electric systems carry both passengers and freight. Among the notable buildings are the court house and city hall, the chamber of commerce, the Guaranty and Andrus buildings, the lumber exchange, the corn and flour exchanges, the library and the art museum. Here are located the University of Minnesota, Augsburg Theological Seminary and several other seminaries and professional schools.
The public schools are of high grade, efficiently organized and well-equipped. It is notable that a larger proportion of the pupils attend high school than in any other city. Population 301,408.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Minnesota (river)

See also Minnesota River on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Minnesota, a river which crosses the state of Minnesota. It rises near Lake Traverse, on the Dakota border, and widens into Big Stone Lake, which stretches 30 miles along the same border, flows southeast until nearly across the state, then with a sharp turn flows northeast into the Mississippi at Fort Snelling, five miles above St. Paul. It is 450 miles long, 300 navigable.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Minotaur

​ Minotaur (mĭn′ṓ-ta̤r), in Grecian myth was a man with the head of a bull. He was fed with seven youths and seven maidens, sent from Athens at certain periods, until slain by Theseus with the help of Ariadne.
# The Odyssey of Homer, with the Hymns, Epigrams, and Battle of the Frogs and Mice/Hymns/Hymn 15

XV. TO CASTOR AND POLLUX.
Sing, O sweet Muse, Castor and Pollux, the sons of Tyndarus, who were sprung from Olympian Jove, whom hallowed Leda brought forth beneath the height of Taygetus, being stealthily overcome by the dark-clouded son of Saturn. Hail! ye sons of Tyndarus, mounters of fleet steeds.
# The Odyssey of Homer, with the Hymns, Epigrams, and Battle of the Frogs and Mice/Hymns/Hymn 16

XVI. TO MERCURY.
I sing Cyllenian Mercury, the slayer of Argus, who rules over Cyllene and Arcadia rich in flocks, the beneficial messenger of the immortals, whom hallowed Maia, the daughter of Atlas, brought forth, mingling in the embrace of Jove. But she shunned the company of the blessed gods, dwelling in a shady cave, where the son of Saturn mingled with the fair-haired nymph in the depth of night, when sweet sleep possessed white-armed Juno. And she escaped the notice both of the immortal gods and mortal men. And do thou thus hail, son of Jove and Maia. But commencing from thee, I will pass on to another hymn. Hail! Mercury, thou giver of joys, messenger, giver of good things.
# The Odyssey of Homer, with the Hymns, Epigrams, and Battle of the Frogs and Mice/Hymns/Hymn 18

XVIII. TO VULCAN.
Sing, sweet Muse, Mercury the renowned artificer, who with dark-eyed Minerva taught glorious works to men upon the earth, who before dwelt in caves in the mountains, like wild beasts, but now being instructed in works by Vulcan the renowned artificer, they easily in security pass through life, the ​whole year through, in their own dwellings. But be propitious, O Vulcan, and grant excellence and prosperity.
# The Odyssey of Homer, with the Hymns, Epigrams, and Battle of the Frogs and Mice/Hymns/Hymn 19

XIX. TO APOLLO.
O Phœbus, thee indeed the swan also sings sweetly, flapping its wings, leaping upon the bank by the eddying river Peneus, but thee the sweet-voiced bard, having his clear-toned lyre, ever sings both first and last. And do thou thus hail, but I appease thee by song.
# The Odyssey of Homer, with the Hymns, Epigrams, and Battle of the Frogs and Mice/Hymns/Hymn 20

XX. TO NEPTUNE.
Concerning Neptune, a mighty god, I begin to sing, the stirrer of the earth and unfruitful sea, marine, who possesses both Helicon and wide Ægæ. A twofold honour have the gods granted thee, O earth-shaker, to be both a tamer of steeds, and a preserver of ships. Hail! earth-encircling Neptune, with dark locks, and do thou, blessed one, having a kindly disposition, give aid to voyagers.
# The Odyssey of Homer, with the Hymns, Epigrams, and Battle of the Frogs and Mice/Hymns/Hymn 21

XXI. TO JOVE.
I will sing Jove, the best and mightiest of gods, far-sounding, ruling, bringing things to pass, who also holds prudent converse with Themis as she sits reclining. Be propitious, O far-sounding son of Saturn, most glorious, most great.
# The Odyssey of Homer, with the Hymns, Epigrams, and Battle of the Frogs and Mice/Hymns/Hymn 23

XXIII. TO THE MUSES AND APOLLO.
From the Muses I commence, and from Apollo and Jove, for from the Muse and far-darting Apollo are bards and minstrels upon the earth, and from Jove are kings. But blessed is he whom the Muses love! sweet flows the voice from his mouth. Hail! children of Jove, and honour my song; but I will be mindful of you and of another song.
# The Odyssey of Homer, with the Hymns, Epigrams, and Battle of the Frogs and Mice/Hymns/Hymn 22

XXII. TO VESTA.
O Vesta, who tendest the sacred dwelling of the far-darting king, Apollo, at divine Delphi, ever does the fluid oil stream ​down from thy locks. †Come to this dwelling, come, having thy mind,† with counselling Jove, and also grant grace to my song.
# The Outline of Science
## Contents

* Part I
* Part II
* Part III
* Part IV
* Part V
* Part VI
* Part VII
* Part VIII
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1933, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 90 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Patapsco (80 U.S. 329)

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
80 U.S. 329
The Patapsco

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Patapsco/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
79 U.S. 451
The Patapsco
BOYCE filed a libel in the District Court for the Southern District of New York, against the steamer Patapsco, claiming $1724. That court dismissed the libel; but, on appeal, the Circuit Court reversed the decree and sent the case to a master, to report the amount due. The master, on the 15th July, 1868, reported $1982. The Circuit Court confirmed the report, and on the 11th February, 1870, decreed in favor of the libellant for the amount reported, with interest from the date of the report. Adding the one year, six months, and twenty-six days' interest to the amount given by the report the sum was $2200 and upwards.
On this state of facts, Mr. Orville Horwitz, for the appellee, moved to dismiss, on the ground that the $2000 necessary to give this court jurisdiction did not exist, unless by adding interest to the amount claimed, or to that reported due.
The statute, it will be remembered, gives an appeal 'where the sum in dispute, exclusive of costs, exceeds $2000.'
Mr. Donohue, contra.
The decree of the Circuit Court was for the amount reported due the libellant on the 15th July, 1868, $1982, and interest from the date of the report. We think that interest to the date of the decree must be computed as a part of the sum for which the decree was rendered. The sum thus computed exceeds $2000, and the motion must, therefore, be
DENIED.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Patagonia

* "The Patagonia" in The English Illustrated Magazine 5:
** "The Patagonia" in The English Illustrated Magazine 5 (59) (August 1888): 707–718.
** "The Patagonia" in The English Illustrated Magazine 5 (60) (September 1888): 769–783.
    — First publication in any form.
* "The Patagonia" in A London Life, The Patagonia, The Liar, Mrs. Temperly (2 volumes, London & New York: Macmillan & Co., 1889) 2: 3–144.
    — First book edition, published in two volumes. This is nominally both the first English edition and the first American edition, but it was never issued in America.
* "The Patagonia" in A London Life, The Patagonia, The Liar, Mrs. Temperly (1 volume, American issue, London & New York: Macmillan & Co., 1889): 160–240.
    — A second edition, published in a single volume. This American issue was effectively the first American book edition, and was presented as such.
* "The Patagonia" in A London Life, The Patagonia, The Liar, Mrs. Temperly (1 volume, English issue, London & New York: Macmillan & Co., 1889): 160–240.
    — The second English edition, published in a single volume. This English issue is identical to the American issue except for an imprint on the verso of the title-leaf, identifying it as a "New Edition".
* "The Patagonia" in The Novels and Tales of Henry James 18: 313–388.
    — The "New York Edition"; revised for publication by James; this is the last revised version published in James' lifetime.
* "The Patagonia" in Daisy Miller, Pandora, The Patagonia, and Other Tales (London: Macmillan & Co., 192?): 151–224.
    — Volume 23 of The Novels and Stories of Henry James, the first posthumous collection of James' works; uses the "New York Edition" text.
# The Patapsco

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
79 U.S. 451
The Patapsco

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New Student's Reference Work/Seaweeds

See also Seaweed on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Sea′weeds. See Algæ.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sebastopol

See also Sevastopol on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Sebastopol (sḗ-bȧs′tṓ-pṓl′), a Russian seaport and fortress, is near the southwestern end of the Crimea, on the southern side of one of the finest harbors in the world. The place is celebrated for its long siege by the French, Turks and English in the Crimean War of 1854-5. The town and harbor were defended by forts of immense strength, built of limestone faced with granite, on which artillery made little impression. On the land-side the earthworks and fortifications raised by General Todleben kept the armies of France and England at bay for 11 months. But the capture of the Malakoff and Redan works at length forced the Russians to evacuate the lines. The town was mined and the docks and forts blown up by the allies. The fortifications and docks have since been rebuilt. The imports are mainly cotton and coal; the exports, grain. The town was founded in 1783 under orders of Empress Catharine II. Population 53,595, including a garrison of 12,000. See Leo Tolstoi's Sebastopol.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Secord, Laura

See also Laura Secord on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Secord, Laura, a heroine of the war of 1812. On June 23, 1813, Col. Boerstler, U. S. A., with 550 men and two cannon, advanced upon the little outpost at Beaver Dam near old Fort George. News was borne to the garrison under Lieut. Fitz-gibbons by Laura Secord, whose husband lay wounded in Queenston. She set out at dawn, driving a cow by way of pretext to pass the American sentry, ran and walked through the wildest of woods for 20 miles, and late in the day arrived with her intelligence. As a result 200 Indians succeeded in ambushing Boerstler's command, which surrendered, laying down their arms to a British lieutenant with 260 Indians, militiamen and regulars.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Secretary-Bird

See also Secretarybird on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Sec′retary-Bird, a large bird of South Africa, receiving its name from the arrangement of a number of black and gray quills over the ear, in the position of a clerk's pen. It belongs with the birds of prey, but on account of its long legs, has been classed with the wading birds. From its eating snakes it has also received the name of the serpent-eater.
SECRETARY-BIRD
The bird is about four feet long from bill to tip of tail, which is about two feet long. The legs and neck are both long, and the body makes up only a small part of the bird. The general color of the plumage is clear gray. They are shy in their native haunts, but have been domesticated by Cape Colony farmers. Their ​favorite food seems to be frogs and toads, but lizards and many snakes are devoured. The nest is built high up in a tree, and two or three, large, white eggs are deposited. On the ground the bird walks with a stiff military gait, but can run with great swiftness.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sealing-Wax

See also Sealing wax on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Seal′ing-Wax. Before ordinary sealing-wax was known in Europe, colored beeswax was used for sealing letters and ​documents. Sealing-wax was probably first made in India or China. The best red sealing-wax is made of shellac, Venetian turpentine and vermilion to which is often added magnesia, chalk or gypsum. In parcel-wax the main ingredient is common resin.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Seasons

See also Season on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Seasons(sē′z’nz). The motions of the earth on which the seasons depend are explained in Earth. The chief cause of the greater heat of summer and the greater cold of winter is that the sun's rays fall more obliquely on the earth's surface in the latter season than in the former. Another cause is the greater length of the day in summer and of the night in winter. In the tropics the sun's rays always are so nearly direct that no one part of the year is sensibly colder than another. But the zone of calms, in which the rainfall is almost continuous, moves northward with the sun in the northern summer and southward in the southern summer. As the wet zone follows the sun, the regions it crosses have wet and dry seasons. In the arctic and antarctic regions spring and autumn are very short, the year dividing itself simply into a long winter and a short summer. In temperate regions the year is naturally divided into spring, summer, autumn and winter. The almanacs assume that spring begins at the vernal equinox, March 20; summer at the summer solstice, June 21; autumn at the autumnal equinox, Sept. 21; and winter at the winter solstice, Dec. 21. However, the greatest heat is reached sometime after the summer solstice, the time when the sun's rays are most nearly vertical and the day is longest. In like manner the greatest cold of winter comes after the winter solstice the time when the day is shortest and the sun's rays most oblique. The reason in the former case is that, as summer comes on, the earth itself becomes more heated; in the latter, that it keeps a part of the heat which it had got in summer, just as the warmest part of the day is a little after midday and the coldest part of the night is toward morning.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sealed Orders

See also Sealed orders on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Seal′ed Orders are orders which are delivered to the commanding officer of a ship or squadron, sealed and only to be opened when at sea. The commanding officer of a ship or squadron is sent to sea under sealed orders when sailing on any secret service, to prevent the destination and object of the expedition from becoming known. The commander, equally with all under him, is ignorant of where he is to sail or what he is to do until the seal is broken.