OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burnes, James

​BURNES, JAMES (1801–1862), physician-general of Bombay, a kinsman of the poet Burns, was born at Montrose, where his father, James Burnes, was provost, on 12 Feb. 1801, and after being trained for the medical profession at Edinburgh University and Guy's and St. Thomas's hospitals, London, arrived at Bombay, in company with his brother Alexander [see Burnes, Sir Alexander], in 1821. He filled various minor posts in the Indian medical service, and was successful in the open competition for the office of surgeon to the residency of Cutch. He accompanied, as a volunteer, the field force which, in 1825, expelled the Sindians who had devastated Cutch, and had forced the British brigade to retire upon Bhúj. The amírs of Sind then invited him to visit them as ‘the most skilful of physicians and their best friend, and the cementer of the bonds of amity between the two governments,’ and on his return he was complimented by the government on the zeal and ability he had displayed at Cutch and Hyderabad. His narrative of his visit to Sind, sent in as an official report to the resident at Cutch, is still the best account we possess of the country, and was a valuable contribution to the geography of India. It was republished in book form, with the title ‘Narrative of a Visit to Scinde,’ in 1830. During a visit to England on sick leave in 1834 Burnes was made an LL.D. of Glasgow University and a fellow of the Royal Society, and received the knighthood of the Guelphic order from William IV. On his return to India in 1837 he was at once appointed garrison surgeon of Bombay, afterwards secretary of the medical board, superintending surgeon, and finally physician-general. He was also a member of the board of education, and took an active interest in the diffusion of medical training among the natives. Impaired health compelled him to resign in 1849, after twenty-eight years' service; and his departure was commemorated at Bombay by the foundation of four medals to be competed for at the Grant Medical School, Bombay, the Montrose Academy, and the boys' and girls' schools at Byculla. Burnes was a zealous freemason, and held the office of grand master for Western India, in which capacity he opened a lodge for natives at Bombay in 1844. Besides his ‘Narrative’ he wrote a ‘Sketch of the History of Cutch’ (lithographed for private circulation, 1829), and a short history of the Knights Templars. On his return home he occupied himself with the affairs of his county, where he was a justice of the peace; removed to London, and died on 19 Sept. 1862. He married Esther Pryce in June 1862.
[Laurie's Memoir in Burnes's Notes on his Name and Family, Edinburgh, printed for private circulation, 1851.]
S. L-P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cheesman, Thomas

​CHEESMAN, THOMAS (1760–1835?), engraver and draughtsman, was born in 1760, and is recognised as one of the best pupils of Francesco Bartolozzi [q. v.], in whose manner (dotted) he engraved. In 1798 he resided at No. 40 Oxford Street, and afterwards changed his address to No. 71 Newman Street. His name occurs for the last time, as an exhibitor to the Society of British Artists, in 1834, when he lived at No. 28 Francis Street. He engraved the following plates: ‘The Lady’s last Stake, or Picquet, or Virtue in Danger,’ after Hogarth (a proof before letter is in the British Museum); ‘The Plague stayed on the Repentance of David,’ after West; ‘Heads of Apostles,’ after Giotto; ‘Christ in the Sepulchre,’ after Guercino (engraved in conjunction with P. W. Tomkins); ‘Venus,’ after Titian; portraits of G. Colman, sen., after P. de Loutherbourg; G. Colman, jun., after De Wilde; Lady Hamilton, after G. Romney; a son of the late Lord Hugh Seymour, after R. Cosway; Mrs. Powell, Mrs. Sharpe, Mrs. Gilles, Mr. Fawcett, Madame Catalani, &c. To these may be added ‘Spring and Summer,’ ‘Plenty,' ‘Erminia,’ ‘Nymphs Bathing,' &c.
[Redgrave;s Dict. of Artists, 1878; manuscript notes in the British Museum.]
L. F.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Chefer, Richard

​CHEFER or CHEFFER, RICHARD (fl. 1400?), theologian, was an Augustinian friar, and the author of the following works: ‘Sermones elegantes,’ ‘De nativitate Christi liber i.,’ ‘De quatuor novissimis liber i.,’ and ‘Collationes lures.’ These particulars were taken by Bishop Bale, ‘ ex reliquiis Thomæ Godsalve’ (see his manuscript note-book in the Bodleian Library, cod. Seld., supra, 64, f. 150 b), a Norwich gentleman, into the possession of whose family the Augustinian priory in that city had passed shortly after its dissolution (see Blomefield, History of Norfolk, ii. 549, 1745). Hence, apparently, it was a natural inference that Chefer was a member of that house (Bale, Script. Brit. Cat. vii. 33, p. 532). He is further said to ave been a Norfolk man, and it is presumed that he studied for some years at Cambridge; but both these statements seem to be conjectural, and it is probably only the titles of his works that have led his biographers to describe him as an industrious student and a powerful preacher. How little is really known of him appears from the fact that Bale placed him in the reign of Henry IV, while Pits (De Angliæ Scriptoribus, pp. 479, 480) states that he flourished in 1354, and Pamphilus (Chron. Ord. Fratr. Eremit. S. August., f. 70 b, Rome, 1581), who (like Pits) in other respects depends wholly on Bale, gives the date as 1408. The former year (1354) has been given as the date of Chefer's death in Blomefield's ‘History of Norfolk,' ii. 552, and in the 1830 edition of Dugdale's ‘Monasticon,’ vi. 1595, where he is also said to have been prior of his house. The true date remains unknown.
[Authorities cited above.]
R. L. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Chelle, William

​CHELLE or CHELL, WILLIAM (fl. 1550), precentor of Hereford, took the degree of Mus. Bac. at Oxford on 3 April 1524. In 1532 he held the prebend of Yne or Eigne on the establishment of Hereford Cathedral. In 1535 he was sub-chanter, and in 1545 he exchanged his prebend of Eigne for that of East Withington. In 1554 he was precentor, but after the accession of Elizabeth, five years later, was deprived of all his cathedral appointments, doubtless on doctrinal grounds, and nothing further is known of his history. Chelle has been described by Bishop Tanner (Bibliotheca, ed. 1748, p. 174) and other writers as the author of two treatises on music. The authority for this statement is a manuscript volume in the Archiepiscopal Library at Lambeth (No. 466), which is described as‘Guillielmi Chelle (Musicæ B.) Musicæ Compendiii; script. A. 1526. Ejusdem Tractatus de Proportionibus.’ But the greater part of this volume consists of treatises by John Dunstable and John Otteby, and it seems most probable that the volume was only transcribed by Chelle, especially as a similar collection exists in the British Museum (Add. MS. 10336), transcribed by John Tucke of New College, Oxford, in 1500. Chelle’s copy was written by him in 1526, and, according to an inscri tion in the manuscript, was given by him to his pupil, John Parker, who was probably the son (born in 1548) of the archbishop. Matthew Parker was elected archbishop of Canterbury in 1559—the year of Chelle’s deprivation; so it would seem that after this date the ex-precentor occupied himself in teaching music. The date and place of his death have not been discovered.
[Wood's Fasti, ed. Bliss, i. 65; Havergal’s Fasti Herefordenses, 50, &c.; Hook’s Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury; Athenæ Cantab.; Calendar of Hatfield MSS. i. 307.]
W. B. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cheeke, William

​CHEEKE, WILLIAM (fl. 1613), scholar, entered Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1592, and proceeded B.A. in Lent term 1595. He ‘afterwards,' says Wood, ‘wrote and published certain matters.’ The only book of his extant is a very singular series of Latin and Greek anagrams and chronograms, addressed to James I and his sons, and son-in-law, the Elector Frederick. Its title runs: ‘Anagranimata et Chron-Anagrammata regia, nunc primum in bac forma in lucem emissa,’ London (by William Stansby), 1613. The dedication is signed ‘Gulielmo Checo Durobrigef Wood states that Cheeke called himself ‘Austro-Britannus.’
[Woods Athenæ: Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 143; Brit. Mus. Cat.]
S. L. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Chelmeston, John

​CHELMESTON or CHELVESTON, JOHN (fl. 1297), Carmelite, was a native of Yorkshire, and is said to have been professor of theology at Oxford. By command of the prior-general of his order, Gerard of Bologna (who filled that office from 1297 to 1317), he went to teach in the Low Countries, principally at Bruges and Brussels. He is said to have obtained great celebrity as a scholastic theologian, and Pits states that manuscripts of many of his works formerly existed in the Carmelite Library at Norwich. The writings attributed to him are ‘Determinationes Theologicæ’ ‘Lecturæ Scholasticæ,’ ‘Quaestiones Ordinariæ,’ ‘Quodlibeta,’ and ‘Sermones et Collationes.’ Leland writes his name Schelmesdun, and Tanner quotes the form Clemeston.
[Bale’s Script. Brit. Cat.; Pits, De Angl. Script.; Tanner’s Bibl. Brit.; Bibliotheca Carmelitana, i. 809.]
H. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burton, Cassibelan

​BURTON, CASSIBELAN (1609–1682), translator, was the only son of William Burton, the historian of Leicestershire [q. v.], by his wife Jane, daughter of Humfrey Adderley of Weddington, Warwickshire (Nichols, Hist. of Leicestershire). He was born on 19 Nov. 1609, but nothing is known of his education. He translated Martial into English verse, but the translation remained in manuscript. His friend Sir Aston Cokaine thought highly of it. He inherited his father's collections in 1645, and handed them over to Walter Chetwynd [q. v.], 'to be used by him in writing "The Antiquities of Staffordshire."' Wood states that he was 'extravagant, and consumed the most or better part of the estate which his father had left him.' He died on 28 Feb. 1681-2.
[Wood's Athenæ, ed. Bliss, iii. 134; Nichols's History of Leicestershire; Cokaine's Choice Poems, 1658.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burton, Hezekiah

1904 Errata appended.
​BURTON, HEZEKIAH (d. 1681), divine, was a fellow of Magdalen College, Cambridge, and eminent as a tutor. He was entered as a pensioner in 1647, was elected Wray fellow 1651, graduated as M.A. 1654, was incorporated at Oxford the same year, was B.D. 1661, and D.D. by royal mandate 1669. He was known to Samuel Pepys, Richard Cumberland, and Orlando Bridgeman, all of his college, and to Henry More, the Platonist. More sent him a queer story of a ghost, as circumstantial as Mrs. Veal's, which appeared in Yorkshire about 1661 (Lightfoot, Remains, li; Kennet, Register, 763). Bridgeman, on becoming chancellor in 1667, gave a chaplaincy to his college friend, and appointed him to a prebendal stall at Norwich. He was intimate with Tillotson and Stillingfleet, and had been associated with them and Bishop Wilkins in an abortive proposal for a ​comprehension communicated by Bridgeman to Baxter and others in the beginning of 1668. Wood says that a club formed by Wilkins to promote comprehension used to meet at the 'chambers of that great trimmer and latitudinarian, Dr. Hezekiah Burton.' He afterwards became minister of St. George's, Southwark, where he was especially charitable to imprisoned debtors, and in 1680 was appointed, through Tillotson's influence, vicar of Barnes in Surrey, by the dean and chapter of St. Paul's. He died there of a fever, which carried off several of his family, in August or September 1681. His only writings were an 'Alloquium ad lectorem' prefixed to his friend Bishop Cumberland's book, 'De Legibus Naturae;' and two posthumous volumes of 'Discourses' (1684 and 1685), to the first of which is prefixed a notice by Tillotson, speaking warmly of his friendliness and sweetness of temper. A portrait is engraved in the same volume.
L. S.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.45 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
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# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burton, George

1904 Errata appended.
​BURTON, GEORGE (1717–1791), chronologer, was the second son of George Burton of Burton Lazars, Leicestershire, and the younger brother of Philip Burton, the father of Mrs. Horne, wife of George Horne, bishop of Norwich. He was born in 1717, and received his education at Catharine Hall, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1736 and M.A. in 1740, being at the latter date a member of King's College. In 1740 he was presented to the rectory of Eldon, or Elveden, and in 1751 to that of Heringswell, both in Suffolk. Burton received pupils, and generally had three or four boarding in his house for instruction. He died at Bath on 3 Nov. 1791, and was interred in the church of Walcot.
He published: 1. 'An Essay towards reconciling the Numbers of Daniel and St. John, determining the Birth of our Saviour, and fixing a precise time for the continuance of the present Desolation of the Jews; with some conjectures and calculations pointing out the year 1764 to have been one of the most remarkable epochas in history,' Norwich, 1766, 8vo. 2. 'A Supplement to the Essay upon the Numbers of Daniel and St. John, confirming those of 2436 and 3430, mentioned in the Essay; from two numerical prophecies of Moses and our Saviour,' London, 1769, 8vo. 3. 'The Analysis of Two Chronological Tables, submitted to the candour of the public: The one being a Table to associate Scripturally the different Chronologies of all Ages and Nations; the other to settle the Paschal Feast from the beginning to the end of time,' London, 1787, 4to. 4. 'History of the Hundred of Elvedon, Suffolk,' MS. in the library of Sir Thomas Phillipps.
[Nichols's Leicestershire, ii. 228, 268, Append. 325; Nichols's Illustrations of Literature, vi. 880-7; Addit. MS. 5864 f. 36, 19166 f. 216; Stukeley's Carausius, 116; Cantabrigienses Graduati (1787), 66.]
T. C.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.45 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
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| | ii | 16 | Burton, George: after Walcot insert He married, 9 July 1743, Anne Reeve of Melton Mowbray |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burton, Catharine

​BURTON, CATHARINE (1668–1714), Carmelite nun, was born at Bayton, near Bury St. Edmunds in Suffolk, on 4 Nov. 1668. She made her religious profession in the convent of the English Teresian nuns at Antwerp in 1694, being known in that community as Mother Mary Xaveria of the Angels. She acquired a high reputation for sanctity, was several times elected superior of her convent, and died on 9 Feb. 1713-14. A 'Life' of her, collected from her own writings and other sources by Father Thomas Hunter, a Jesuit, remained in manuscript till 1876, when it was printed, with the title of 'An English Carmelite' (London, 8vo), under the editorial supervision of the Rev. Henry James Coleridge, S. J.
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burton, Edward

​BURTON, EDWARD. [See Catcher, Edward.]
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.45 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
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| 4 | i | 24 | Burton, Edward: after professorship insert in 1829 |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burton, Edward (1794-1836)

​BURTON, EDWARD (1794–1836), regius professor of divinity at Oxford, the son of Major Edward Burton, was born at Shrewsbury on 13 Feb. 1794. He was educated at Westminster, matriculated as a commoner of Christ Church, Oxford, on 15 May 1812, gaining a studentship the next year, and in 1815 obtained a first class both in classics and mathematics. Having taken his B.A. degree on 29 Oct. 1815, he was ordained to the curacy of Pettenhall, Staffordshire. On 28 May 1818 he proceeded M.A., and paid a long visit to the continent, chiefly occupying himself in work at the public libraries of France and Italy. In 1824 he was select preacher. On 12 May 1825 he married Helen, daughter of Archdeacon Corbett, of Longnor Hall, Shropshire. After his marriage he resided at Oxford. In 1827 he was made examining chaplain to the bishop, and in 1828 preached the Bampton lectures. On the death of Dr. Lloyd, bishop of Oxford and regius professor of divinity, Burton was appointed to succeed him in the professorship, and took the degree of D.D. the same year. As professor he was also canon of Christ Church and rector of Ewelme, where, at a time when such arrangement was somewhat rare, he introduced open seats into the church in the place of pews. He died at Ewelme on 19 Jan. 1836, in his forty-second year. Among his works are: 1. 'An Introduction to the Metre of the Greek Tragedians,' 1814. 2. 'A Description of the Antiquities ... of Rome,' 1821, 1828. 3. 'The Power of the Keys,' 1823. 4. 'Testimonies of the Ante-Nicene Fathers to the Divinity of Christ,' 1826, 1829. 5. 'An edition of the Works of Bishop Bull,' 1827. 6. 'The Greek Testament, with English notes,' 1830, 1835. 7. 'Testimonies of the Ante-Nicene Fathers to the Doctrine of Trinity,' 1831. 8. 'Advice for the Proper Observance of the Sunday,' 1831, 1852. 9. 'The Three Primers ... of Henry VIII,' 1834. 10. 'Lectures on Ecclesiastical History,' 1831, 1833. 11. 'An edition of Pearson on the Creed,' 1833. 12. 'Thoughts on the Separation of Church and State,' 1834, 1868. He also superintended the publication of Dr. Elmsley's edition of the ' Medea' and 'Heraclidæ,' 1828, and of some posthumous works of Bishop Lloyd. Among the works on which he was engaged at the time of his death was an edition of Eusebius, published 1838, 1856; the notes of this volume were separately edited by Heinichen, 1840; the text was used in the edition of Eusebius of 1872. Burton was also the author of other smaller works.
[Gent. Mag. 1836, pt. i. 310; Catalogue of the British Museum Library.]
W. H.
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Juvencus, C. Vettius Aquilinus

Juvencus, C. Vettius Aquilinus, a Christian poet, by birth a Spaniard, descended from a noble family. He was a presbyter, and composed his poem on the gospels during the reign of peace established by Constantine (Hist. Ev. iv. 808 sqq.; Hieron. de Vir. Ill. c. 84; Ep. lxx. Chronica ad 332 A.D.). His works shew an acquaintance with the chief Latin poets.
(i) Historia Evangelica. This is the only extant work attributed to him on the authority of St. Jerome. It is an hexameter poem on our Lord's life, based upon the gospels. It is of interest as the first Christian epic, the first effort to tell the gospel story in a metrical form. Its chief merit lies in its literal adherence to the text. Commencing with the events of Luke i. ii. (i. 1–258), it passes to the account of St. Matthew (i. 18), and follows that to the end, omitting only a few short passages (xiii. 44–53, xx. 29–34, xxi. 10–13, xxiii. 15–26, 29–36, xxiv. 28), rarely supplemented from the other Synoptists (v. i. 355, ii. 43), but having large extracts from St. John, viz. i. 43–iv. (lib. ii. 99–348), v. 19–47 (ii. 639 sqq.), xi. (iv. 306–404). It is saved from baldness by a clear fluent style, which shews a knowledge of Vergil, Ovid, and Lucan. It seems to have been widely known from the first and quoted with approval by St. Jerome (ad Matt. ii. 11), pope Gelasius, Venantius Fortunatus (de Vita S. Martini, 1), Isidore, Jonas Scotus, Bede, and Alcuin (Migne, Prolegg. col. 42 sqq.) It has been edited no less than 30 times. The best separate edd. are by Reusch (Frankfort, 1710); Arevalo (Rome, 1792) (reprinted in Migne); and esp. Huemer (Vienna, 1891) in Corpus Script. Eccl. Lat. xxiv. Cf. Gebser, de G. Vett. Aq. Vita et Scriptis (lib. i. with intro. and notes), Jena, 1827; C. Marold, Ueber d. Evang.-buch des Juvencus in seinen Verhältniss z. Bibeltext in Zeitschr. für wissenschaft. Theol. xxxiii. p 329 (1890); Kritische Beiträge zur Hist. Evang. des Juvencus von Dr. J. Huemer in Wiener Studien (Vienna, 1880), pp. 81–112.
(ii) St. Jerome (u.s) attributes to him "nonnulla eodem metro ad sacramentorum ordinem pertinentia," but these are not extant.
(iii) Historia Vet. Testamenti. Only extant in parts, and its authorship doubtful.
(iv) Some later writers attribute hymns to him, but there is no trace of any except the canticles in Hist. Ev. and Hist. Vet. Test.
[W.L.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Laurentius, an antipope

Laurentius (10), antipope, elected on the same day as Symmachus, four days after the decease of Anastasius II., which, according to Pagi (Critic. in. Baron.), occurred on Nov. 22, 498, Laurentius being brought forward in the interests of concession, Symmachus in the interests of unbending orthodoxy. Fierce conflicts ensued. The members of the senate as well as the clergy were arrayed in two parties. At length it was agreed to refer the settlement to Theodoric the Ostrogoth, now reigning at Ravenna as king of Italy, and he pronounced Symmachus the lawful pope (Anastas.). Laurentius at first acquiesced, and accepted the see of Nucerina, but his partisans at Rome recalled him, and for three years after his election Rome was divided into two parties, headed by Festus and Probinus on the side of Laurentius, and by Faustus on the side of Symmachus. Anastasius states that "those who communicated with Symmachus were slain with the sword; holy women and virgins were dragged from their houses or convents, denuded and scourged; there were daily fights against the church in the midst of the city; many priests were killed; there was no security for walking in the city by day or night. The ex-consul Faustus alone fought for the church." His account implies that more influential laymen were on the side of Laurentius, but that the
clergy generally adhered to Symmachus. The matter was finally settled in the "synodus palmaris," the proceedings of which are supposed to be given under Synod. Romana III. sub Symmacho, the date of which is x. Kal. Novembris. Laurentius is said, in a fragment of a catalogue of the popes printed from a remarkably ancient MS. by Joseph Blanchinus in his ed. of Anastasius, to have retired to a farm of the patrician Festus, and to have died there, "sub ingenti abstinentia." This account evidently emanated from the party of Laurentius, if not from Festus himself (cf. Pagi's note on Baronius, ann. 502 i.).
Authorities.—Anastasius (in Vat. Symmachi); Frag. Cat. Pontif. in Anastas. Bibl. ed. 1718–1835, Rome, t. iv. Prolegom. p. lxix.; Theodorus Lector (lib. ii.), Theophanes (Chron. p. 123, ed. Paris), and Nicephorus (lib. 16, c. 35); Acts of Councils under Symmachus; Libellus Apologeticus of Ennodius written in justification of Symmachus after his final triumph.
[J.B—Y.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/L

* Lactantius
* Laeghaire
* Lampetius
* Laurentius, an antipope
* Laurentius (15)
* Laurentius (36)
* Leander (2)
* Leo I., emperor
* Leo I., the Great
* Leontius, bp. of Antioch
* Leontius, a scholasticus of Byzantium
* Leontius, priest and martyr of Armenia
* Leovigild, Arian king of the Visigoths
* Leucius, author of N.T. apocryphal additions
* Liberatus Diaconus
* Liberius, bp. of Rome
* Licentius (1)
* Linus (1)
* Lucanus (1)
* Lucianus, a famous satirist
* Lucianus, priest of Antioch, martyr
* Luciferus I., bishhop of Calaris
* Lucius (1) I
* Lucius (11)
* Lucius (16)
* Lupus