OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Butler, Richard (1578-1651)

​BUTLER, RICHARD, third Viscount Mountgarret (1578–1651), was the son of Edmund, second viscount Mountgarret, and Grany or Grizzel, daughter of Barnaby, first lord of Upper Ossory, and was born in 1578. His first wife was Margaret, eldest daughter of Hugh O'Neill, earl of Tyrone, and having joined in his father-in-law's rebellion, he specially distinguished himself by his defence of the castles of Ballyragget and Cullihill. His estates were nevertheless confirmed to him on the death of his father in 1605, and he sat in the parliaments of 1613, 1615, and 1634. At the rebellion of 1641 he was appointed joint governor of Kilkenny with the Earl of Ormonde, but being alarmed by designs said to have been formed against the lords of the Pale, he, after writing an explanatory letter to the Earl of Ormonde, ​took possession of Kilkenny in the name of the confederates. He then detached parties to secure other adjacent towns, which was done with such success that in the space of a week all the fortresses in the counties of Kilkenny, Waterford, and Tipperary were in their power. After this he was chosen general of the confederates; but the county of Cork having insisted on choosing a general of its own, his forces were thereby considerably weakened, and he was defeated by the Earl of Ormonde at Kilrush, near Athy, on 10 April 1642; but, returning to Kilkenny, he was chosen president of the supreme council formed there in the following summer. In 1643 he was at the battle of Ross, fought by General Preston against the Marquis of Ormonde, and he took part in the capture of various fortresses. He died in 1651, but was excepted, though dead, from pardon for life or estate by the crown in the act of parliament for the settlement of Ireland passed on 12 Aug. 1652. He was buried in the chancel of St. Canice's cathedral, Kilkenny, under a monument with a eulogistic Latin inscription. By his first wife, Margaret, eldest daughter of Hugh O'Neill, earl of Tyrone, he had three sons and six daughters, of whom Edmund became fourth viscount. He was again twice married: to Thomasine (afterwards named Elizabeth), daughter of Sir William Andrews of Newport, and to Margaret, daughter of Richard Branthwaite, serjeant-at-law, and widow of Sir Thomas Spencer of Yarnton, Oxfordshire, but by neither of these marriages had he any issue.
[Lodge's Peerage of Ireland, iv. 49–66; State Papers, Irish Series; Carew State Papers; Cox's History of Ireland; Carte's Life of the Duke of Ormonde.]
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Butler, Richard (d.1791)

​BUTLER, RICHARD (d. 1791), major-general in the United States army, was a native of Ireland, and went to America some time before 1760. At the outbreak of the war of independence he became a lieutenant-colonel of the Pennsylvania troops, and in 1777 held that rank in Morgan's rifle corps, with which he distinguished himself on various occasions. In 1781 he was with Lafayette in Virginia, and at the close of the war was lieutenant-colonel of the 9th Pennsylvania regiment. About 1787 he was agent for Indian affairs in Oregon; and in St. Clair's expedition against the Indian tribes in 1791 commanded the right wing of the force, with the rank of major-general. The troops, composed of United States regulars and militia, were attacked in their camp, about twenty miles from Miami Towns, by the Indians, on the morning of 4 Nov. 1791, and defeated with heavy loss. Butler, after fighting bravely on foot in the front line, was shot down just as he mounted his horse, and was tomahawked and scalped.
[Drake's American Biography (1852); Diary of Colonel Winthrop Sargent, adjutant-general, U.S. army, in the campaign of 1791, edited by his grandson (Wormsloe, 1851, 4to).]
H. M. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Butler, Pierce (1652-1740)

1904 Errata appended.
​BUTLER, PIERCE, third Viscount Galmoy (1652–1740), was descended from Thomas Butler, tenth earl of Ormonde [q. v.], and was the son of Edward, second viscount Galmoy, and Eleanor, daughter of Charles White of Leixlip, and widow of Sir Arthur Aston. He was born on 21 March 1652. On 6 Aug. 1677 he was created D.C.L. of Oxford. By James II he was appointed a privy councillor of Ireland, and lieutenant of the county of Kilkenny. As colonel of a regiment of Irish horse he was at the siege of Londonderry, where the protestants accused him of barbarity and treachery (Macaulay, c. xii.). He fought at the Boyne and Aughrim, and was afterwards outlawed. He was Irish commissioner at the capitulation of Limerick, and included in the amnesty (3 Oct. 1691). He retired to France, and was created Earl of Newcastle by James II. His English estates were forfeited and he was attainted in 1697. In France he was named colonel of the second queen's regiment of Irish horse in the service of that country, and served with distinction in various continental wars. He died at Paris on 18 June 1740. His only son, James, by Elizabeth, daughter of Theobald Matthew, was killed at Malplaquet. A nephew, James, assumed the title of third viscount Galmoy.
T. F. H.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.46 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 73 | ii | 23-24 | Butler, Pierce, 3rd Viscount Galmoy: for Aughrim and the Boyne read the Boyne and Aughrim |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Coles, Gilbert

Gilbert Coles book is correctly titled "Theophilus And Philodoxus, or several Conferences Between Two Friends; the one a true Son of the Church of England, the other Faln [sic.] off to the Church of Rome." Oxford, 1674.
​COLES, GILBERT (1617–1676), divine, son of Edmund Coles, priest, was born in 1617 at Burfield in Berkshire, and educated at Winchester College and at New College, Oxford, where he obtained a fellowship in 1637. He ​ graduated B.A. in 1639 and M.A. in 1043, was admitted fellow of Winchester College in 1648, but was soon ejected by the visitors appointed by parliament. He held at this time the rectory of East Meon in Hampshire; subsequently those of Easton, near Winchester, and Ash in Surrey. He died in 1676, and was buried in the church at Easton. He wrote 'Theophilus and Orthodoxus; or several Conferences between two Friends, the one a true son of the Church of England, the other fallen off to the Church of Rome,' Oxford, 1674, 4to.
[Wood's Athenæ Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 1067; Fasti (Bliss), i. 507, ii. 57, 299.]
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Coley, Henry

​COLEY, HENRY (1633–1695?), mathematician and astrologer, was born, as we are told by an inscription round a portrait of him by White, found in some of his works, on 18 Oct. 1633, at Oxford. His horoscope is given, with careful readings, in Selby's 'Occult Sciences' (London, 1790, 2 vols. 4to), and in a work by J. Kendal entitled 'Χρονομετρία, or the measure of time by directions, practically illustrated in the geniture of Mr. Henry Coley' (London, 1684, 8vo). In 1644 he narrowly escaped death by the plague. In 1655 he married his first wife, by whom he had one child, and in 1660 he married again, and became the father ​of a second child. He lived in Baldwin's Gardens, Gray's Inn Lane, whence most of his works were published. He was the adopted son of the astrologer, William Lilly, who constantly makes reference in his works to Coley's merit as a man and as a professor of mathematics and occult science. He is best known by his celebrated work, 'Clavis Astrologiæ Elimata; or a Key to the whole Art of Astrology, new filed and polished,' which was first published in 1669 (not in 1663, as stated by Selby), and of which a second and enlarged edition was published in 1676. The first number of his celebrated almanack or Ephemeris was published in 1672, and Lilly on his death in 1681 bequeathed to him his still more celebrated almanack, which had then reached its thirty-sixth year of publication, entitled ' Merlini Anglici Ephemeris, or Astrological Judgment for the Year,' which from this date (1681) was issued by Coley 'according to the method of Mr. Lilly.' Coley had acted as Lilly's amanuensis since 1677, when the latter was stricken with the illness of which he afterwards died. The editor of Lilly's 'Autobiography' tells us: 'His judgments and observations for the succeeding years till his death were all composed by his directions, Mr. Coley coming to Hersham the beginning of every summer, and stayed there till by conference with him he had despatched them for the press; to whom at these opportunities he communicated his way of judgment and other "Arcana."' Even after the death of Lilly, Coley continued to publish his predictions, as for instance, 'The great and wonderful Predictions of that late famous Astrologer, William Lilly, Mr. Partridge, and Mr. Coley concerning this present year 1683.' Coley attained considerable distinction as a mathematician. We are told by his almanack that he taught 'arithmetic, vulgar, decimal, and logarithmical, geometry, trigonometry, astronomy, navigation, the use of the celestial and terrestrial globes, dialling, surveying, gaging, measuring, and the art of astrology in all its branches,' at Baldwin's Gardens. He corrected and enlarged Joseph Moxon's 'Mathematics made easy' (London, 1692), and also Forster's 'Arithmetic, or that useful art made easie' (London, 1686). He was alive in 1694, and after 1695 we cannot trace any issue of his almanack. He therefore probably died in this year.
[Selby's Occult Sciences; Kendal's Χρονομετρία; Coley's Works; W. Lilly's Autobiography.]
E. H.-A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Coles, John

​COLES or COLE, JOHN (fl. 1650), translator, son of John Coles, a clergyman, was born at Adderbury, Oxfordshire, and having been educated at Winchester became a probationer of New College, Oxford, in 1643, being then about nineteen or more, and taught the grammar school held there in the cloister, but was ejected by the visitors before he took a degree. After this he lived at Wolverhampton, Staffordshire, where he married, ' but not to his content,' and took pupils. He translated the seventh part of that endless romance ' Cleopatre,' by Gauthier de Costes, seigneur de la Calprenède, which he dedicated to Alicia, 'wife of his honoured friend William Lea of Hadlow,' and his translation, published, along with other parts, in folio, in 1663, contains four sets of verses in praise of his work. The whole book is generally known as Robert Loveday's 'Hymen's Præludia, or Love's Masterpiece, being . . . that so much admired romance Cleopatra,' for Loveday translated some of the earlier parts.
[Wood's Athenæ Oxon. (Bliss), iv. 540; Hymen's Præludia, preface to parts vii. and viii.]
W. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Coles, Elisha (1608?-1688)

​COLES, ELISHA (1608?–1688), Calvinist, the uncle of Elisha Coles, stenographer [q. v.], was, according to Wood, a native of Northamptonshire. Originally a ' trader ' in London, he had in 1651 taken up his abode at Oxford, for on 23 May of that year we find him acting as deputy-registrar to the parliamentary visitors there, in the absence of Ralph Austen, the registrar. In 1657 Coles became steward of Magdalen College, through the favour of Dr. Thomas Goodwin, the Commonwealth president, and was also manciple of Magdalen Hall (Register of the Visitors of the University of Oxford, Camd. Soc., pp. viii, 337, 516, where, however, Coles is confounded with his nephew). He was obliged to quit his situations at the Restoration, on which he obtained the place of clerk to the East India Company. According to Wood, Coles 'died in his house in Scalding Alley, near the Stocks Market in London, about 28 Oct. 1688, aged eighty years or more.' He wrote: ' A Practical Discourse of God's Sovereignty: with other Material Points deriving thence,' 4to, London, printed by Ben Griffin for E. C., 1673, a work which attained great popularity among the dissenters, and went through numerous editions. The third impression (signed E. C.), 8vo, London, 1678, is preceded by recommendatory epistles 'to the Christian reader' from the author's old friend, Thomas Goodwin, and other well-known puritan divines. Dr. Kippis relates (Biog. Brit. ed. Kippis, iv. 3) that the perusal of this book at the age of fourteen convinced him, contrary to its intention, of the illogical character of Calvinism. By his wife, Elizabeth, Coles had a son, Elisha, whom he apprenticed to some trade (Will reg. in P. C. C. 147, Exton).
Elisha Coles the son has sometimes been confused with Elisha Coles the lexicographer [q. v.] Some execrable rhymes, entitled ‘Χριστολογία, or a Metrical Paraphrase on the History of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ,’ are signed ‘Elisha Coles, junior.’ It is most probable that they were written by the latter. The former was presumably dead in 1715, as he is not mentioned in his mother's will signed on 27 Aug. in that year, and proved on 21 March 1719-20 (Reg. in P. C. C. 57, Shaller).
[Wood's Athenæ Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 1276; Lowndes's Bibl. Manual (Bohn).]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clifton, Richard

​CLIFTON, RICHARD (d. 1616), puritan divine, became pastor of a Brownist congregation at Scrooby, Nottinghamshire. Probably he was the Richard Clifton who, on 12 Feb. 1585, was instituted to the vicarage of Marnham, near Newark, and on 11 July 1586 to the rectory of Babworth, near Retford, and not very far from Scrooby. The separatist church in Nottinghamshire, which was probably Clifton's church, ordinarily met in Mr. Brewster's house at Scrooby. The ​celebrated John Robinson attached himself to Clifton's church, and was shortly afterwards chosen his assistant in the ministry; and on Clifton's removal to Holland became sole pastor of the church (Browne, Hist. of Congregationalism, p. 64).
To avoid persecution Clifton emigrated to Amsterdam in August 1608 (Dexter, Congregationalism of the last Three Hundred Years, pp. 317, 318, 380). He joined the other exiles there, and attached himself to the church of which Francis Johnson was pastor. He was, perhaps, on Ainsworth's secession (16 Dec. 1610) invested with the office of teacher among them (Hanbury, Historical Memorials relating to the Independents, i. 272). He is denominated the 'principal scribe' among the separatists, and is said to have written most to the purpose in defence of separation (Brook, Puritans, ii. 199). William Bradford describes him as a 'grave and fatherly old man when he left England, having a great white beard; ' and elsewhere as a 'grave and reverend preacher, who, by his pains and diligence, did much good.'
At Amsterdam he was engaged in several bitter controversies. Having renounced the principles of rigid separation he became one of the most violent adversaries of John Smyth, and published, 'A Plea for Infants and elder People concerning their Baptisme. Or a Processe of the Passages between M. Iohn Smyth and Richard Clifton,' Amsterdam, 1610, 4to. He also wrote 'An Advertisement concerning a book lately published by Christopher Lawne and others, against the Exiled English Church at Amsterdam,' 1612, 4to (Dexter, Bibliography of Congregationalism, No. 403). The book attacked is 'The prophane Schism of the Brownists or Separatists, with the impiety, dissensions, lewd and abominable vices of that impure Sect, discovered,' 1612. Henry Ainsworth published ' An Animadversion to Mr. Richard Clyftons Advertisement,' Amsterdam, 1613, 4to. Clifton died at Amsterdam on 20 May 1616.
[Hunter's Collections concerning the Founders of New Plymouth, pp. 17, 18, 40; Wilson's Dissenting Churches, i. 28, 29; Cotton's Congregational Churches, p. 7; Paget's Arrow against Separation, p. 8; Dexter' s Bibliography of Congregationalism, No. 367; Notes and Queries, April 1853, p. 354; Morse and Parish's Hist. of New England (1804), p. 22.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clifton, Robert Cox

1904 Errata appended.
​CLIFTON, ROBERT COX (1810–1861), canon of Manchester, the son of a clergyman who was many years British chaplain at Bruges, was born at Gloucester on 4 Jan. 1810. The earlier part of his education was received under his father's care at Worcester, and in 1830 he went to Oxford, where he matriculated at Worcester College. He proceeded B.A. in 1831 and M.A. in 1834, and took holy orders in 1833, at the hands of the bishop of Oxford. In 1833 he was elected fellow of his college. Before taking his first curacy, which was in Berkshire, he spent some time in Oxford as a tutor. In 1837 he was appointed to the office of clerk in orders at the Manchester Collegiate Church, and on 6 Dec. 1843 was elected to a fellowship by the collegiate chapter. When the church was elevated to cathedral dignity he became a canon. In 1843 he was instituted to the rectory of Somerton in Oxfordshire, which benefice he held, concurrently with his Manchester preferment, till his death. He took a very active part in the administration of public charities and religious societies in Manchester, and was a trustee of Owens College, in which college his son, Robert Bellamy Clifton, was for some time professor of experimental philosophy. Clifton was an admirable man of business and an influential and useful member of the cathedral chapter. He published several occasional sermons and pamphlets, among which are: 'A Letter to the Rev. Dr. Hook on the subject of National Education' (1846, 8vo); 'The Collegiate Church of Manchester from its foundation in 1422 to the present time, with Observations on the proposed Bill for the Subdivision of the Parish of Manchester, and for the Appropriation of the Revenues of the Chapter' (1850, 8vo). He died at his rectory at Somerton on 30 July 1861, aged 51.
[Raines's MSS. in the Chetham Library, xiii. 187; Manch. Guardian, 3 Aug. 1861; Manch. Courier, same date; Manch. Free Library Catalogue.]
C. W. S.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.70 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 88 | ii | 22-25 | Clifton, Robert C.: omit in which college . . . . experimental philosophy, |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clint, Alfred

​CLINT, ALFRED (1807–1883), marine painter, was the fifth and youngest son by his first marriage of George Clint, A.R.A. [q. v.] He was born in Alfred Place, Bedford Square, London, on 22 March 1807, and acquired the technical knowledge of painting from his father, while he studied from the life at a students' society, which met first in Drury Lane and afterwards in the Savoy. In early life he painted portraits and landscapes, and he exhibited for the first time in 1828 at the British Institution, sending in the folio wins year a 'Study from Nature' to the Royal Academy. In 1831 he began to exhibit at the Society of British Artists, of which he became a member in 1843, and secretary from 1853 to 1859. He succeeded Frederick Yeates Hurlstone as president in 1869 and continued to fill that office until 1881. He is best known as a marine painter, the subjects of his picture being taken chiefly from the English Channel, and especially from Jersey, Guernsey, and the coast of Sussex. They were very popular, and some of them have been engraved. Between 1828 and 1879 he contributed no less than 402 works to the exhibitions of the Royal Academy, British ​Institution, and the Society of British Artists. He both drew and etched the illustrations to Bennett's ′Pedestrian's Guide through North Wales,′ 1838, and in 1856 wrote ′Landscape from Nature,′ which forms the second part of Templeton's ′Guide to Oil Painting.′
Clint died in Lancaster Road, Notting Hill, London, on his birthday, 22 March 1883, at the age of seventy-six, after having for about five years relinquished the pursuit of art owing to the failure of his eyesight. He was buried in the same grave as his father, in Kensal Green cemetery. His remaining works were sold by Messrs. Christie, Manson, & Woods in February 1884.
R. E. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clifton, John C.

​CLIFTON, JOHN C. (1781–1841), musical composer, born in London in 1781, was intended by his father to become a merchant, but his early talent for music was so pronounced that he was placed under the care of a relation, Richard Bellamy [q. v.], with whom he studied music for five years. He next became the pupil of Charles Wesley, and eventually determined to follow music as a profession, throwing up an appointment in the Stationery Office, which he held for about two years. His first professional engagement was at Bath, where he conducted the Harmonic Society. In 1802 he went to Dublin, and in 1815 he produced there a musical piece called 'Edwin,' which is said to have been successful. He also gained some credit by organising (together with Sir John Stevenson) a concert on a very large scale in aid of the sufferers from the Irish famine. About 1816 he invented an instrument for facilitating singing by sight. This he called the 'Eidomusicon,' but it does not appear to have been patented. About the same time he finished a work on the theory of harmony, and came to London in 1818 in order to obtain the publication of his invention, in which he was unsuccessful. Clifton next adopted the Logierian system of musical instruction, and for some years was a teacher of repute in London. He married the proprietress of a ladies' school at Hammersmith, where the last years of his life were spent. About 1838 he became possessed with the idea that he was enormously wealthy, and the mania grew to such an extent that it was found necessary to place him under restraint. He died at Teresa House, Hammersmith, 18 Nov. 1841. His compositions were unimportant, chiefly consisting of songs and glees.
[Dict. of Musicians, 1827; The Georgian Era, iv. 529; Musical World, 26 Nov. 1841 ; Gent. Mag. 1542, i. 112.]
W. B. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clint, Scipio

​CLINT, SCIPIO (1805–1839), medallist and seal-engraver, born in 1805, was the son of George Clint, A.R.A. [[q. v.], the portrait-painter and engraver. He gained a medal at the Society of Arts in 1824. He exhibited at the Academy for the first time in 1825, and in 1830 exhibited there his dies for a medal of Sir Thomas Lawrence. He was appointed medallist to William IV and seal-engraver to Queen Victoria, and was beginning to attain some distinction in his profession when he died on 6 Aug. 1839, at the early age of thirty-four. Among his medals (which are not numerous) are two of Sir T. ​Lawrence, with heads after the models of E. H. Baily and S. Joseph, the sculptors; a medal of Cardinal Wiseman, dated 1836, with reverse, sacred emblems (a specimen, presented by Clint, is in the British Museum); and one of the prize medals for Winchester College, obverse, head of William IV; reverse, tomb of William of Wykeham. His medals are signed Clint or S. Clint.
W. W.
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Ballonymus

​Ballo'nymus. [Abdolonimus.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Barbata

​BARBA'TA, the bearded, a surname of Venus (Aphrodite) among the Romans. (Serv. ad Aen, ​ii. 632.) Macrobius (Sat. iii. 8) also mentions a statue of Venus in Cyprus, representing the goddess with a beard, in female attire, but resembling in her whole figure that of a man. (Comp. Suidas, s. v. Ἀφροδίτη; Hesych. s. v. Ἀφρόδιτος.) The idea of Venus thus being a mixture of the male and female nature, seems to belong to a very late period of antiquity. (Voss, Mythol. Briefe, ii. p. 282, &c.) [L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Balearicus

​Balea'ricus, an agnomen of Q. Caecilius Metellus, consul b. c. 123. [Metellus.]