OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/halb

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/halb | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ halb, adj., ‘half,’ from MidHG. halp, OHG. halb (gen. halbes). adj.; comp. OSax. and LG. half, Du. half, AS. healf, E. half, OIc. hálfr, Goth. halbs, adj.; the common Teut. adj. for HG. halb; there are no undoubted cognates in the non-Teut. languages (Teut. halba-, from pre-Teut. kalbho-). The fem. of the adj. is used in OTeut. as a subst. in the sense of ‘side, direction’; Goth. halba, OIc. halfa, OHG. halba, MidHG. halbe, OSax. halƀa; hence it might seem as if the adj. had orig. some such meaning as ‘lateral, that which lies on one side.’ But in any case the adj. in the sense of ‘half’ was purely a numeral in primit. Teut.; the ModHG. method of reckoning anderthalb (11/2), drittehalb (21/2), viertehalb (31/2), is common to Teut.; comp. OIc. halfr annarr (11/2), halfr þriþe (21/2), halfr fjorþe (31/2); AS. ôþer healf, þridde healf, feorþe healf; even in MidE. this enumeration exists (it is wanting in E.); in HG. it has been retained from the earliest period.
halb, halben, prep., ‘on account of,’ from MidHG. halp, halbe, halben, ‘on account of, by reason of, from, concerning’; prop. a case of the MidHG. subst. halbe, f., ‘side,’ mentioned under halb (adj.), hence construed with the gen.; MidHG. mîn-halp, dîn-halp, der herren halbe, sëhens halben, ‘on my, thy account, on the gentlemen's account, for the sake of seeing.’ Similarly the ModHG. halber, ‘on account of,’ recorded in the 15th cent., is a petrified form of the inflected adj.; so too halben, dat. plur., halbe, halp, from OHG. halb, probably an instr. sing. (since Notker halb has been used as a prep.). This usage is also found in the other Teut. languages; comp. OIc. af-halfu, MidE. on-, bi-halfe; Goth. in þizai halbai, ‘in this respect.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/halsen

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/halsen | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ halsen, vb., from the equiv. MidHG. halsen, OHG. halsôn, ‘to embrace, fall on one's neck’; comp. Du. omhelzen, ÁAS. healsian, ‘to implore,’ MidE. halsien, Scand. hálsa, ‘to embrace.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/halt

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/halt | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ halt, adv., ‘moreover, forsooth, methinks,’ prop. a compar. meaning ‘rather,’ MidHG. and OHG. halt, adv., OSax. hald, ‘rather’; orig. a compar. adv. of the posit. adv. halto, ‘very.’ The compar. ending, according to the law of apocope, has ​disappeared, as in baß for the earlier batiz; orig. haldiz formed, like Goth. haldis, OIc. heldr, ‘rather.’ In no case is it related to the OHG. adj. hald, ‘inclined,’ mentioned under Halde; with the exception of the OHG. halto, adv., no other word in the posit. can be found.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/hallen

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/hallen | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ hallen, vb., ‘to sound, resound’; comp. hell.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/hantieren

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/hantieren | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ hantieren, vb., from the equiv. late MidHG. hantieren, ‘to trade, sell’; not a derivative of Hand, meaning ‘to handle,’ because in that case we should expect nd for nt in MidHG. and ModHG., but from Fr. hanter, ‘to haunt, frequent,’ which found its way from MidDu. into the ModTeut. dialects. It is curious to observe in how many ways obscure words have been corrupted in G. Comp. the earlier spelling handthieren.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/halten

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/halten | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ halten, vb., ‘to hold, support, detain, observe, perform, consider,’ from the equiv. MidHG. halten, OHG. haltan; comp. OSax. haldan, ‘to preserve, receive, detain as a prisoner, tend (cattle), adhere to, maintain,’ Du. houden (see haudern), AS. healdan, str. vb., ‘to watch over, lead, possess, rule,’ E. to hold; Goth. haldan, redupl. vb., ‘to graze cattle’; a redupl. vb. common to Teut. According to the OHG. variant halthan, haltan points to the normal Goth. form *halþan, which is also supported by OSwed. halla. The orig. sense of OTeut. haldan is perhaps ‘to keep together by careful watching,’ hence ‘to tend a herd, govern a tribe, rule.’ In the non-Teut. languages an Aryan root kalt of cognate meaning is not found. If the dental belonged orig. to the pres. stem merely, the word might also be derived from the root kol, and hence connected with Gr. βου-κόλος. No relation between haldan and Herde is possible. — ModHG. Halt, m., is wanting both in MidHG. and OHG.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/hapern

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/hapern | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ hapern, vb., ‘to stick, hitch,’ formed from Du. (MidDu.) haperen, ‘to miss, stutter’; yet also Suab. hăperen (as well as Swiss hâpen, ‘to crawl’?). The corresponding terms, origin, and history of the diffusion of the cognates are obscure.
# American Railroad Company of Porto Rico v. Castro

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
204 U.S. 453
American Railroad Company of Porto Rico v. Castro
Argued: and submitted January 14, 1907. --- Decided: February 25, 1907
Julio P. Castro, defendant in error, was plaintiff in the court below, and the plaintiff in error, the American Railroad Company, a New York corporation doing business in Porto Rico, was defendant. The action was commenced by the filing of a complaint in the office of the clerk of the court at Mayaguez, Porto Rico. Damages in the sum of $15,000 were prayed, because of the alleged negligent killing of the daughter of the plaintiff by a train of the company, whilst she, with other persons, was attempting to pass, in a vehicle, over the railroad of the defendant, at a point where it intersected a public highway leading from the town of San German to the town of Mayaguez.
A demurrer to the complaint was filed, and also the following plea to the jurisdiction of the court
'Defendant, in the above-entitled action, comes now, by its attorney, F. H. Dexter, and objects to the jurisdiction of this court to try this cause under the terms and provisions of § 670 of the Revised Statutes of the United States (U.S.C.omp. Stat. 1901, p. 545), for the reason that all terms of this court held in the city of Mayaguez, under and by virtue of the terms and provisions of the act of April 12, 1900 [31 Stat. at. L. 77, chap. 191], creating a civil government in Porto Rico, and particularly the present term, at which the above cause is set for trial, is a special term of this court, and, therefore, this court is without jurisdiction to try the issues in this cause by a jury.
'Wherefore, defendant prays for an order either dismissing this cause or transferring the same for trial at a regular term of this court to be held at either San Juan or Ponce.'
After the entry of an order overruling the demurrer and the plea to jurisdiction, an answer was filed and the case was tried by a jury. A verdict was rendered in favor of the plaintiff for the sum of $1,600. The objection to jurisdiction was renewed in a motion to arrest the judgment, and, after the overruling thereof, a bill of exceptions was settled by the trial judge, containing exceptions taken during the trial to the admission and rejection of evidence and to instructions given and refused. The case was then brought to this court.
Messrs. Frederic D. McKenney, Francis H. Dexter, and John Spalding Flannery for plaintiff in error.
Mr. Frederick L. Cornwell for defendant in error.
Statement by Mr. Justice White:
Mr. Justice White, after making the foregoing statement, delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# American Railway Express Company v. Daniel

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
269 U.S. 40
American Railway Express Company v. Daniel
Argued: Oct. 16, 1925. --- Decided: Oct 26, 1925
Messrs. Blair Foster and Robert C. Alston, both of Atlanta, Ga., for petitioner.
Mr. Justice HOLMES delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# American Railway Express Company v. Daniel/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
269 U.S. 40
American Railway Express Company v. Daniel
Argued: Oct. 16, 1925. --- Decided: Oct 26, 1925
This is a suit against the petitioning Express Company for the value of a parcel that was received by the Company for carriage but was not delivered. The Company admitted liability for fifty dollars but alleged that it could not be held for more, because the receipt that it gave fixed that sum as the value of the goods and a higher value would have required the payment of a higher rate. Under the ruling of the Court of verdict was found against the petitioner for a hundred dollars, interest and costs, subject to questions of law reserved, and judgment on the verdict was affirmed by the Supreme Court of the State, without opinion, by an evenly divided Court.
The goods were delivered by an agent and after conversation between him and the agent of the Express Company the latter put fifty dollars into the receipt as the value, neither party having any clear knowledge, and the receipt later was handed to and bound the sender of the goods. Great Northern Ry. Co. v. O'Connor, 232 U.S. 508, 514, 34 S.C.t. 380, 58 L. Ed. 703. The rate for carriage of property valued at more than fifty dollars was higher than that charged. The schedules filed with the Interstate Commerce Commission were offered, to show the rates, but were excluded, and the judgment was affirmed seemingly on the ground that the sending agent was not shown to have known that a lower valuation secured a lower rate, and that the carrier knew that the agent was ignorant of the true value of the goods. No argument is made for the respondent and it is plain that the judgment cannot be sustained. The carrier's knowledge of the agent's ignorance of the value was immaterial. It acted in good faith. The carrier's schedules should have been admitted and bound both parties. Kansas City Southern Ry. Co. v. Carl, 227 U.S. 639, 652, 653, 33 S.C.t. 391, 57 L. Ed. 683; Southern Express Co. v. Byers, 240 U.S. 612, 614, 36 S.C.t. 410, 60 L. Ed. 825; American Railway Express Co. v. Lindenburg, 260 U.S. 584, 43 S.C.t. 206, 67 L. Ed. 414. The sender is bound to know the relation established by them between values and rates. Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio Ry. Co. v. Woodbury, 254 U.S. 357, 360, 41 S.C.t. 114, 65 L. Ed 301; Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Esteve Brothers & Co., 256 U.S. 566, 41 S.C.t. 584, 65 L. Ed. 1094.
Judgment reversed.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# American Railway Express Company v. F. S. Royster Guano Company

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
273 U.S. 274
American Railway Express Company v. F. S. Royster Guano Company
Argued: Nov. 17 and 18, 1925. --- Decided: Feb 21, 1927
Messrs. Branch P. Kerfoot and Charles W. Stockton, both of New York City, for petitioner.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 275-277 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Cadwallader J. Collins, of Norfolk, Va., for respondent.
Mr. Justice McREYNOLDS delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# American Railroad Company of Porto Rico v. Didricksen

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
227 U.S. 145
American Railroad Company of Porto Rico v. Didricksen
Argued: December 2, 1912. --- Decided: January 27, 1913
Messrs. N. B. K. Pettingill and F. L. Cornwell for plaintiff in error.
No brief was filed for defendants in error.
Mr. Justice Lurton delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# American Railroad Journal

Suspended January–June 1838. Restarted as American Railroad Journal and Mechanics’ Magazine July 1838 – December 1844, having absorbed Mechanics' Magazine. Merged with Van Nostrand's Engineering Magazine in 1887 to form The Railroad and Engineering Journal.
* Volume 1 – 1832 IA
* Volume 2 – 1833 (Commons file)
* Volume 3 – 1834 IA
* Volume 4 – 1835 IA
* Volume 5 – 1836 IA
* Volume 6 – 1837 (Commons file)
* Volume 7 – 1838 (Commons file)
* Volume 8 – January–June 1839 (Commons file)
* Volume 9 – July–December 1839 (Commons file)
* Volume 10 – January–June 1840 (Commons file)
* Volume 11 – July–December 1840 (Commons file)
* Volume 12 – January–June 1841 (Commons file)
* Volume 13 – July–December 1841 (Commons file)
* Volume 14 – January–June 1842 (Commons file)
* Volume 15 – July–December 1842 (Commons file)
* Volume 16 – 1843 (Commons file)
* Volume 17 – 1844 (Commons file)
* Volume 18 – 1845 (Commons file)
* Volume 19 – 1846 (Commons file)
* Volume 20 – 1847 IA
* Volume 21 – 1848 IA
* Volume 22 – 1849 (Commons file)
* Volume 23 – 1850 IA
* Volume 24 – 1851 IA
* Volume 25 – 1852 IA
* Volume 26 – 1853 IA
* Volume 27 – 1854 IA
* Volume 28 – 1855 IA
* Volume 29 – 1856 IA
* Volume 30 – 1857 IA
* Volume 31 – 1858 IA
* Volume 32 – 1859 IA
* Volume 33 – 1860 IA
* Volume 34 – 1861 IA
* Volume 35 – 1862 IA
* Volume 36 – 1863 IA
* Volume 37 – 1864 IA
* Volume 38 – 1865 IA
* Volume 39 – 1866 IA
* Volume 40 – 1867 IA
* Volume 41 – 1868 IA
* Volume 42 – 1869 IA
* Volume 43 – 1870 IA
* Volume 44 – 1871 IA
* Volume 45 – 1872 IA
* Volume 46 – 1873 IA
* Volume 47 – 1874 IA
* Volume 48 – 1875 IA
* Volume 49 – 1876 IA
* Volume 50 – 1877 IA
* Volume 51 – 1878 IA
* Volume 52 – 1879 IA
* Volume 53 – 1880 IA
* Volume 54 – 1881 IA
* Volume 55 – 1882 IA
* Volume 56 – January–March 1883 IA
* Volume 57 – April 1883 – March 1884 IA
* Volume 58 – April 1884 – March 1885 IA
* Volume 59 – April 1885 – March 1886 IA
* Volume 60 – April–December 1886 IA
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/gießen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry gießen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ gießen, verb, from the equivalent Middle High German gieȥen, Old High German gioȥan, ‘to pour, cast metal, form, pour out, spill, stream’; corresponding to Gothic giutan, ‘to pour’ (Old Icelandic gjóta, ‘to throw young, blink with the eyes’), Anglo-Saxon geótan, Dutch gieten; a strong verbal root common to Teutonic, from pre-Teutonic ghud, whence also the Latin root fud in fundo, ‘I pour.’ This root is probably connected with the equivalent root ghu (Greek χυ-, in χέω, χῦμα, Sanscrit root hu, ‘to sacrifice’). See also Götze.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/gewärtig

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry gewärtig. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ gewärtig, adjective, ‘expectant, attentive,’ from Middle High German gewęrtec, ‘careful, obliging’; allied to Middle High German gewarten, ‘to hold oneself ready, watch with observant eyes in order to be ready, for a service, or to admit visitors,’ &c. See warten.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/gewogen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry gewogen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ gewogen, adjective, ‘favourably inclined,’ from Middle High German gewëgen, ‘important, inclined’; properly a participle of Middle High German gewëgen, ‘to be weighty, adequate, help.’ See wägen.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/gewöhnen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry gewöhnen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ gewöhnen, verb, ‘to accustom, inure, habituate,’ from the equivalent Middle High German gewęnen, Old High German giwęnnan (preterite giwenita); corresponding to Dutch gewennen, Anglo-Saxon gewęnnan, Old Icelandic venja, Gothic wanjan, ‘to accustom’; derived from an old adjective or rather participle wana-, ‘accustomed’ (Old Icelandic vanr); for this word a parallel form was chiefly used, the ​latest derivative of which is gewohnt, ‘accustomed,’ Old High German giwon, Middle High German gewon, whence, with a dental suffix (see Mond and Habicht), Modern High German gewohnt (yet without t, Gewohnheit and gewöhnlich); allied to Old High German giwona, Middle High German gewone (gewan), ‘custom.’ For details see wohnen.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/gewinnen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry gewinnen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ gewinnen, verb, ‘to win, acquire, prevail on, conquer,’ from Middle High German gewinnen, Old High German giwinnan, ‘to attain by work, effort, victory, earn something, conquer, get,’ besides which are found Middle High German winnen, Old High German winnan, ‘to toil hard, contend’; corresponding to Gothic winnan (gawinnan), ‘to suffer, feel pain, torment oneself’ (allied to wunns and winnô, feminine, ‘suffering,’ Old High German winna, ‘strife, Middle High German winne, ‘pain’), Old Icelandic vinna, ‘to work, perform, win,’ Anglo-Saxon winnan, ‘to contend, exert oneself, English to win, Dutch gewinnen. The primary meaning of the Teutonic root winn is ‘to toil hard’ (especially used of toiling in fight). Whether Old High German wini, Anglo-Saxon wine, ‘friend,’ and Modern High German Wenne also belong to the same root is doubtful; yet the primitively allied Sanscrit root van signifies ‘to procure for oneself, obtain, assist in obtaining, conquer,’ and ‘to be fond of, favourable to.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/gewiß

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry gewiß. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ gewiß, adjective and adverb, ‘sure(ly), certain(ly), confident(ly),’ from the equivalent Middle High German gewis(ss), adjective, gewisse, adverb, Old High German gewis(ss), adjective, gewisso, adverb, ‘certain, sure, reliable’; corresponding to Dutch wis, gewis; Goth only in unwisa- (misspelt for *unwissa), ‘uncertain.’ The Old Teutonic wissa (gawissa-) is an old participle of the Gothic pret.-pres. witan, Old High German wiȥȥan (see wissen), from witta-, widto- (allied to the Aryan root vid). With regard to the pregnant meaning, ‘what is certainly known,’ for ‘what is known,’ compare laut, literally ‘what is heard.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/gewähren

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry gewähren. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ gewähren, verb, ‘to be surety for, guarantee, attest,’ from Middle High German gewërn, Old High German giwërên, ‘to grant, confess, perform, pay, give security,’ also the equivalent Middle High German wern Old High German wërên; corresponding to Old Frisian wera, ‘to give security.’ From the Old High German participle wërênto, ‘guarantor,’ were adopted the Romance cognates, Italian guarento and French garant, ‘bondsman’ (allied to French garantir, Italian guarentire, ‘to give security,’ whence Modern High German Garantie, English warrant). The connecting link between the Old Teutonic weak verbal stem werai-, ‘to confess,’ and non-Teutonic words has not yet been found; perhaps Irish feraim, ‘I give,’ is allied.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/gewiegt

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry gewiegt. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ gewiegt, adjective, Modern High German only, properly a participle of wiegen, ‘to rock,’ hence in etwas gewiegt, ‘rocked into something,’ i.e. ‘trained up, grown proficient in something.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/gicksen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry gicksen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ gicksen, verb, from the equivalent Middle High German giksen (gëksen), ‘to sigh,’ Old High German gicchaȥȥen; from an onomatopoetic root gik, with a frequentative suffix sen (Old High German aȥȥen, azzen, Gothic atjan).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/gewandt

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry gewandt. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ gewandt, ‘skilled, proficient, adroit,’ participle of wenden.
​ gewandt, adjective, ‘skilled, adroit, dexterous,’ from Middle High German gewant, literally ‘directed to the circumstances, appropriate to the circumstances,’ i.e., ‘constituted somehow or other.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/nehmen

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/nehmen | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ nehmen, vb., ‘to take, accept,’ from the equiv. MidHG. nëmen, OHG. nëman; a common Teut. str. vb. with the same signification throughout the group; comp. Goth., OSax., and AS. niman, OIc. nema. The most nearly allied in sense to these are Lat. emere and OIr. em (OSlov. imą?), ‘to take,’ with which nehmen is connected in sound if its initial n is the relic of a particle. OTeut. nëman may, however, be compared more probably with Gr. νέμω, ‘to distribute, pasture’ (trans.) γέμος (νόμος), ‘pasturage,’ equiv. to Lat. nemus, ‘grove,’ Gr. γόμος, ‘law,’ in which case it is especially connected with the mid. vb. νέμεσϑαι, ‘to distribute among themselves, possess, consider as, hold.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/nergeln

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/nergeln | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ nergeln, nörgeln, vb., ‘to grumble, growl,’ ModHG. only, of obscure origin; in Bav. the vb. signifies ‘to speak indistinctly’ (espec. in a guttural fashion or through the nose). Allied perhaps to Du. nurken, ‘to grumble, growl’?.