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# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Abbott, Austin

Edition of 1900.
​ABBOTT, Austin, lawyer, b. in Boston, 18 Dec., 1831; d. in New York city, 19 April, 1896. He was graduated at the University of the City of New York, and was admitted to the New York bar in 1852. He entered into partnership with his elder brother, Benjamin, and cooperated with him in preparing legal compilations of great value to the profession. He received the degree of LL. D. from the University of the City of New York in 1886. As joint author with his brothers Benjamin and Lvman, he wrote two novels, "Cone-Cut Corners" (1855) and "Matthew Caraby" (1858). Individually he had contributed to current publications. The titles of his most important law books are "New Cases, Mainly New York Decisions" (17 vols.. New York, 1877-'86); "Official Report of the Trial of Henry Ward Beecher" (1875, 2 vols, only published, owing to failure of publisher); "Reports and Decisions of the New York Court of Appeals" (4 vols., 1873-78); "Digests of New York Statutes, and Reports of United States Courts, and of the Laws of Corporations; Reports of Practice Cases" (33 vols., 1873), continued in supplementary and annual volumes, and in connection with his brother Benjamin's "Digest"; "Trial Evidence" (1880); "Trial Brief for Civil Jury Cases" (1885).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Acland, Christina Harriet Caroline Fox

* related portals: Christian Henrietta Caroline Acland.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
Edition of 1900.
​ACLAND, Christina Harriet Caroline Fox, daughter of Stephen, first earl of Ilchester, b. 3 Jan., 1750; d. at Tetton, England, 21 July, 1815. She married, in September, 1770, Maj. John Dyke Acland, accompanied him to America, and shared in all the vicissitudes of Burgoyne's campaign, which culminated in the surrender of the British army, 17 Oct., 1777. In the second battle of Saratoga, 7 Oct., Maj. Acland was severely wounded and carried a prisoner within the American lines. On the night of the 9th, accompanied by the chaplain and her maid, she set out from the British camp in a frail boat and in the midst of a driving storm to rejoin her husband. She was received with the utmost cordiality by Gates, shared her husband's captivity, and carefully nursed him until restored to health. The kindness that had been shown to his wife Maj. Acland reciprocated, while on parole in New York, by doing all in his power to mitigate the sufferings of the American prisoners. The oft-repeated story that after her husband's death she became insane for a time, and finally married Chaplain Brudenell, is totally untrue. She died the widow of Maj. Acland, as is attested by the burial register. The story that her husband was killed in a duel is equally unfounded. He received a paralytic stroke on 29 Nov., 1778, while directing some improvements about his place, and died on 2 Dec. In person Lady Harriet was highly graceful and delicate, and her manners were elegantly feminine. Mrs. Perez Norton commemorated her sufferings in a touching poem, and before she left New York a painting representing her standing in a boat, with a white handkerchief in her hand as a flag of truce, was exhibited at the royal academy, London. There is a striking portrait of her by Sir Joshua Reynolds, at Killerton, Exeter, the seat of Sir Thomas Dyke Ackland. She suffered for years from cancer, but bore it with great fortitude. She is still remembered for her numerous charities.
# Art in the Netherlands

ART
IN THE
NETHERLANDS
BY H. TAINE
TRANSLATED BY J. DURAND
NEW YORK HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 1874
TO
Introduction
Part I. Permanent Causes
    Chapter I.
    Chapter II.
    Chapter III.
Part II. Historic Epochs
    Chapter I.
    Chapter II.
    Chapter III.
    Chapter IV.
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# Art in the Netherlands/Introduction

THE PHILOSOPHY OF ART IN THE NETHERLANDS
During the last three years I have explained to you the history of painting in Italy; this year I propose to set before you the history of painting in the Netherlands.
Two groups of mankind have been, and still are, the principal factors of modern civilization; on the one hand, the Latin or Latinized people the Italians, French, Spanish and Portuguese, and on the other, the Germanic people the Belgians, Dutch, Germans, Danes, Swedes, Norwegians, English, Scotch and Americans. In the Latin group the Italians are undeniably the best artists; in the Germanic group they are indisputably the Flemings and the Dutch. In studying, accordingly, the history of art along with these two races, we are studying the history of modern art with its greatest and most opposite representatives.
A product so vast and varied, an art enduring nearly four hundred years, an art enumerating so many masterpieces and imprinting on all its works an original and common character, is a national product; it is consequently intimately associated with the national life, and is rooted in the national character itself. It is a flowering long and deeply matured through a development of vitality conformably to the acquired structure and primitive organization of the plant. According to our method we shall first study the innate and preliminary history which explains the outward and final history. I shall first show you the seed, that is to say the race, with its fundamental and indelible qualities, those that persist through all circumstances and in all climates; and next the plant, that is to say the people itself, with its original qualities expanded or contracted, in any case grafted on and transformed by its surroundings and its history; and finally the flower, that is to say the art, and especially painting, in which this development culminates.
# Art of Poetry

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Art of Poetry."
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* The Art of Poetry, or Ars Poetica, a poem by Horace
* The Art of Poetry, a poem by John Dryden
* Art of Poetry, a poem by Marco Girolamo Vida, translated by Christopher Pitt

## See also

* Ars Poetica
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Bright, Jonathan Broun

Edition of 1900.
​BRIGHT, Jonathan Brown, author, b. in Waltham, Mass., 23 April, 1800; d. there, 17 Dec., 1879. He was educated in the Waltham common schools and in Westford (Mass.) academy, and at sixteen years of age removed to Missouri. Five years later he engaged in business in Alabama, and in 1823 went to New York, where he became a cotton-broker. In 1849 he left business and retired to his native place, where he was known as a public-spirited citizen. Mr. Bright became interested in genealogy, and made many researches into his family history both here and in England, the results of which were published in a volume intended for private distribution, which has been pronounced a model for works of its kind. It is entitled “The Brights of Suffolk, England, represented in America by the Descendants of Henry Bright, Jr., who settled at Watertown, Mass., about 1630” (1858). Mr. Bright left to Harvard college $50,000, the income to be divided between the purchase of books and the support of scholarships, to which Brights lineally descended from Henry Bright, Jr., should have priority of claim.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Brinkerhoff, Jacob

Edition of 1900.
​BRINKERHOFF, Jacob, jurist, b. in New York in 1810; d. in Mansfield, Ohio, 19 July, 1880. He removed early to Plymouth, Ohio, and was elected to congress as a democrat, serving from 4 Dec., 1843 till 3 March, 1847. While in congress he was author of the original draft of the celebrated Wilmot proviso. From 1856 to 1871 he was a judge of the supreme court of Ohio.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Brisbane, Abbott Hall

Edition of 1900.
​BRISBANE, Abbott Hall, military engineer, b. in South Carolina; d. in Summerville, S. C., 28 Sept., 1861. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1825, and appointed second lieutenant of the 3d artillery, serving on topographical duty in the city of Washington, and afterward with the engineer, Bernard, on the South Atlantic coast until the close of the year 1827, when he resigned. He served in the Florida war against the Seminole Indians in 1835-'6 as colonel of South Carolina volunteers, and was engaged in the skirmish of Tomoka, 10 March, 1836. After the war he turned his attention, as engineer, to a projected railroad from Charleston, S. C., to Cincinnati, Ohio, having especially intrusted to him the examination of the mountain-passes through which it was to run. He received the appointment of constructing engineer of the projected road, which place he held from 1836 till 1840. He was also chief engineer of the Ocmulgee and Flint railroad, Ga., in 1840-'4. In 1847-'8 he was superintending engineer of an artesian well for the supply of water to the city of Charleston, and he then accepted the chair of belles-lettres and ethics in the South Carolina military academy, occupying the place from 1848 till 1853, after which he retired to his plantation near Charleston. He was the author of a political romance, "Ralphton, or the Young Carolinian of 1776."
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Brice, Calvin Stewart

Edition of 1900. Supplement
​BRICE, Calvin Stewart, senator, b. in Denmark, Ohio, 17 Sept., 1845; d. in New York city, 15 Dec., 1898. He was graduated at Miami university, serving for a year in Ohio regiments during his college course, and at the close of the war studied law at the University of Michigan. He began his successful financial career in 1870, acquiring large interests in railway and other enterprises. He was in the Tilden electoral ticket in 1876, the Cleveland electoral ticket in 1884, and delegate to the national Democratic convention of 1888. On the death of William H. Barnum he was unanimously elected chairman of the national committee in 1889, and in January, 1890, he was elected U.S. senator, to succeed Henry R. Payne, for the term commencing 4 March, 1891. He served on committees on appropriations, naval affairs, railroads, interstate commerce, pensions, and the Pacific railways, of which he was chairman.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Brindis, Claudio J.

Edition of 1900.
​BRINDIS, Claudio J., Cuban negro violinist, b. in Havana in 1852. His first studies, begun under his father, were completed in the conservatory of Paris, where he won the first prize. He has played with great success in all the principal cities of Europe, and received many decorations from European monarchs.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Brisbane, William H.

Edition of 1900.
​BRISBANE, William H., clergyman, b. about 1803; d. in Arena, Wis., in 1878. He inherited a large number of slaves, but became convinced that slavery was wrong, and in 1835 brought thirty-three of them to the north, manumitting them and aiding them to settle in life. In consequence of this, he was obliged to take rank among the poor men of the country. Making his home in Cincinnati, he became the associate of prominent abolitionists, and a constant worker in their cause. In the early days of the anti-slavery agitation he was among its foremost advocates. In 1855 he removed to Wisconsin, was chief clerk of the state senate in 1857, became pastor of the Baptist church in Madison, and early in the civil war was tax commissioner of South Carolina. In June, 1874, he took an active part in the reunion of the old abolition guards in Chicago.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Brisbin, James Sanks

Edition of 1900.
​BRISBIN, James Sanks, soldier, b. in Boalsburg. Pa.. 23 May, 1837; d. in Philadelphia, 14 Jan., 1892. He became known as an anti-slavery orator, and at the beginning of the civil war enlisted as a private in a Pennsylvania regiment, and in April, 1861, he was appointed second lieutenant of the 1st dragoons. At the battle of Bull Run, 21 July, 1861, he was twice wounded. He was promoted captain in the 6th cavalry, 5 Aug., served with his regiment in the peninsular campaign of the army of the Potomac (1862), and, under Gen. Alfred Pleasanton, accompanied the expedition to the Blue Ridge mountains in 1863. He was appointed colonel of the 5th U. S. colored cavalry, 1 March, 1864, and was engaged in the Red river expedition in the department of the Gulf in April and May, 1864. Later in the same year he was on recruiting service in Kentucky, and chief of staff to Gen. Burbridge. He was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers, 13 March, 1865, for gallant conduct at the battle of Marion, Va., 16-19 Dec, 1864, and was promoted to the full rank of brigadier-general of volunteers, 1 May, 1865. He received the brevet of major-general of volunteers, 15 Dec, 1865. In the mean time he had received brevets of major and lieutenant-colonel in the regular service for gallantry at Beverly Ford, 9 June, 1863, and at Marion, Va. He was brevetted colonel in the regular army, 13 March, 1865, for "meritorious services during the war." He was transferred to the 9th U. S. colored cavalry in July, 1866, and was promoted major. 2d cavalry, 1 Jan., 1868, and lieutenant-colonel, 9th cavalry, 6 June, 1885.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Brissot de Warville, Jean Pierre

Edition of 1900.
​BRISSOT DE WARVILLE, Jean Pierre, French author, b. in Chartres, 14 Jan., 1754; d. 31 Oct., 1793. He was the thirteenth son of an inn-​keeper, and was brought up in the village of Ouarville, or Warville, from which he took his name, studied law in Paris, and after the completion of his studies was employed by a procurator, for whom Robespierre also worked. His first book, "Théorie des lois criminelles," brought him to the notice of Voltaire and D'Alembert, and his "Bibliothèque des lois criminelles" gave him a wide reputation. In 1784 he was imprisoned for four months in the bastile as the supposed author of a pamphlet reflecting on the queen, which was really written by the marquis Pelleport. Going to London upon his release, he there edited a learned periodical called the "Lyceum." On returning to Paris, he founded, in 1788, the society of friends of the blacks, and came to the United States in its commission to inquire into the condition of the negroes. He returned to France at the beginning of the revolution of 1789, and edited "Le Patriote Français," was elected to the legislative assembly, and became the leader of the girondists, and the most influential opponent of the court and the aristocracy. After the king's flight he became leader of the party that demanded his deposition, but in the convention, in which he sat as the representative of the department of Eure-et-Loire, he opposed the execution of the king, and antagonized the men of September. He was instrumental in bringing about the declaration of war against England, Holland, and Austria. Incurring the hostility of Robespierre and the montagnards, he was accused of Royalism and federalism. After the defeat of his party, the girondists, on 31 May. 1793, he fled, but was arrested at Moulins, and, after a long imprisonment, during which he wrote his memoirs, was guillotined. The nickname "Brissotins," originally invented by the royalists to designate the revolutionists, came to be applied to the girondists. While in America, Brissot adopted the habits of the Quakers, and, on his return to France, introduced the fashion of wearing the hair without powder. His eloquence and literary ability contributed materially to the success of the French revolution. He published, among other works, "Examination of the Travels of Chastellux in America"; "The Commerce of America with Europe" (London, 1793); "Letters on the History of England"; and "To his Constituents on the Situation of the National Convention." See his "Memoires pour servir a I'histoire de la revolution," published by his son (Paris, 1830-2); also Lamartine's "History of the Girondists" and "Vie prive et politique de Brissot" (Paris, 1792).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Bricher, Alfred Thompson

Edition of 1900.
​BRICHER, Alfred Thompson, painter, b. in Portsmouth, N. H., 10 April, 1837. He was educated in Newburyport (Mass.) academy, and entered upon a mercantile career in Boston, devoting his leisure to drawing and painting without professional instruction. In a few years he attained noteworthy skill in making landscape studies from nature, and after 1858 devoted himself to the art as a profession. He opened a studio in Boston, and met with some success there, but in 1868 sought a wider field in New York. At the national academy of that year he exhibited “Mill-Stream at Newburyport.” Soon afterward he began to use water-colors in preference to oils, and in 1873 was chosen a member of the American water-color society. Since then he has devoted himself mainly to water-color painting of landscape, marine, and coastwise scenery. His coloring is brilliant, harmonious, and singularly transparent. His attention to detail bars him from the ranks of modern “impressionists,” but he has many admirers among lovers of natural scenery. Among his more notable drawings are “Sunset in October” (1869); “The Maiden's Rock, Lake Pepin” (1870); “Mt. Adams” (1871); “On the Esopus” (1874); “Off Halifax Harbor” (1875); “A Lift in the Fog” (1876); “St. Michael's Mount” (1877); and “What the Tide Left” (1878).
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VIII/Memoirs of Edessa And Other Ancient Syriac Documents/Title Page

Memoirs of Edessa
And Other Ancient Syriac Documents.
[Translated by the Rev. B. P. Pratten, B.A.]
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VIII/Memoirs of Edessa And Other Ancient Syriac Documents/Moses of Chorene/Chapter 7

VII.
Answer to Abgar’s letter, which the apostle Thomas wrote to this prince by command of the Saviour.
“Blessed is he who believes in me without having seen me! For it is written of me: ‘Those who see me will not believe in me, and those who do not see me will believe and live.’ As to what thou hast written asking me to come to thee, I must accomplish here all that for which I have been sent; and, when I shall have accomplished it all, I shall ascend to Him who sent me; and when I shall go away I will send one of my disciples, who will cure thy diseases, and give life to thee and to all those who are with thee.” Anan, Abgar’s courier, brought him this letter, as well as the portrait of the Saviour, a picture which is still to be found at this day in the city of Edessa.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Chapter xxxii.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VIII/Memoirs of Edessa And Other Ancient Syriac Documents/The Teaching of Addaeus the Apostle
## Contents

* The Teaching of Addaeus the Apostle
* Syriac Calendar
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VIII/Memoirs of Edessa And Other Ancient Syriac Documents/The Teaching of Addaeus the Apostle/Syriac Calendar

Syriac Calendar.
A Note by the Translator.—The following list of the Syrian names of months, in use in the empire and during the era of the Seleucidæ, several of which have been mentioned in these Documents, is taken from Caswinii Calendarium Syriacum, edited in Arabic and Latin by Volck, 1859. The later Hebrew names also are here added for comparison. It must, however, be noticed that “the years employed in the Syrian Calendar, were, at least after the incarnation, Julian years, composed of Roman months.”  (SeeL’Art de vérifier les dates: Paris, 1818, tom. i. p. 45.) The correspondence with the Hebrew months, therefore, is not so close as the names would indicate, since these commenced with the new moons, and an intercalary month, Veadar, following their twelfth month Adar, was added.
Month / Syrian / Hebrew
October / Tishri prior / Tishri, or Ethanim
November / Tishri posterior / Bull, or Marcheshvan
December / Canun prior / Chisleu
January / Canun posterior / Tebeth
February / Shubat / Shebat
March / Adar / Adar
April / Nisan / Nisan
May / Ajar / Zif, or Iyar
June / Chaziran / Sivan
July / Tamuz / Tammuz
August / Ab / Ab
September / Elul / Elul
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VIII/Memoirs of Edessa And Other Ancient Syriac Documents/Moses of Chorene/Chapter 9

IX.
Martyrdom of our apostles.
After the death of Abgar, the kingdom of Armenia was divided between two: Ananoun, Abgar’s son, reigned at Edessa, and his sister’s son, Sanadroug, in Armenia. What took place in their time has been previously told by others: the apostle’s arrival in Armenia, the conversion of Sanadroug and his apostasy for fear of the Armenian satraps, and the martyrdom of the apostle and his companions in the canton of Chavarchan, now called Ardaz, and the stone opening to receive the body of the apostle, and the removal of this body by his disciples, his burial in the plain, and the martyrdom of the king’s daughter, Santoukhd, near the road, and the apparition of the remains of the two saints, and their removal to the rocks—all circumstances related by others, as we have said, a long time before us: we have not thought it important to repeat them here. In the same way also what is related of the martyrdom at Edessa of Attæus, a disciple of the apostle, a martyrdom ordered by Abgar’s son, has been told by others before us.
The prince who reigned after the death of his father, did not inherit his father’s virtues: he opened the temples of the idols, and embraced the religion of the heathen. He sent word to Attæus: “Make me a head-dress of cloth interwoven with gold, like those you formerly used to make for my father.” He received this answer from Attæus:  “My hands shall not make a head-dress for an unworthy prince, who does not worship Christ the living God.”
Immediately the king ordered one of his armed men to cut off Attæus’ feet. The soldier went, and, seeing the holy man seated in the chair of the teacher, cut off his legs with his sword, and immediately the saint gave up the ghost. We mention this cursorily, as a fact related by others a long while ago.  There came then into Armenia the Apostle Bartholomew, who suffered martyrdom among us in the town of Arepan. As to Simon, who was sent unto Persia, I cannot relate with certainty what he did, nor where he suffered martyrdom. It is said that one Simon, an apostle, was martyred at Veriospore. Is this true, or why did the saint come to this place? I do not know; I have only mentioned this circumstance that you may know I spare no pains to tell you all that is necessary.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Chapter xxxiv.