OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A History of Evolution/Foreword

FOREWORD
Nothing can be more nearly a truism than the statement that everything in the known universe is the product of some sort of evolution. At the same time, there is hardly a doctrine in the civilized world that has aroused more enthusiasm, interest, and enmity, than the doctrine of organic evolution. And yet I have found, to my great surprise, that few of us are accustomed to thinking of that doctrine itself as a product of a long process of evolution, covering more than twenty-six centuries. We are all too apt to think of the doctrine of organic evolution as beginning with Darwin and ending with Huxley and Haeckel; as a matter of fact, it began (so far as we can tell) with Thales, and shall not end so long as human beings inhabit this planet.
It is with the idea of presenting, in a condensed form, the essentials of this "evolution of evolution: that I have prepared this book. It is neither detailed nor technical; it does not assume to be a complete history of the subject under consideration. But it does give a convenient, readable account of the most important stages in that history, and at the same time a slight glimpse of the major characters who made it possible. This latter, unfortunately, is difficult for two reasons. The space of this booklet is limited, and only brief sketches ​can be given, where they can be given at all. But more important than that is the lack of material. No scientist has been a Shakespeare, to be written about by Goethe and Frank Harris, nor yet a Cromwell, to receive the attention of Carlyle. And yet the personality and fortunes of a scientist are just as important in judging his place in the world as are those of a poet or statesman. Without knowing that Lamarck was poor and blind we cannot properly view his efforts; without realizing that Cuvier was spoiled, wealthy, and of a "ruling class," we cannot understand his bitter contempt for an honest, capable worker who was founding one of the greatest conceptions of all human thought. And so, while we are considering the ideas that go to make up this evolution, let us remember that those ideas were worked out by men, not by erratic, thinking machines which popular magazines proclaim to the world as representations of its scientists.
C. L. F.
# A History of Freedom of Thought/Bibliography

BIBLIOGRAPHY
General
Lecky, W. E. H., History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe, 2 vols. (originally published in 1865). White, A. D., A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom, 2 vols., 1896. Robertson, J. M., A Short History of Free-thought, Ancient and Modern, 2 vols., 1906. [Comprehensive, but the notices of the leading freethinkers are necessarily brief, as the field covered is so large. The judgments are always independent.] Benn, A. W., The History of English Rationalism in the Nineteenth Century, 2 vols., 1906. [Very full and valuable.]
Greek Thought
Gomperz, Th., Greek Thinkers (English translation), 4 vols. (1901–12).
English Deists
Stephen, Leslie, History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century, vol. i, 1881.
French Freethinkers of Eighteenth Century
Morley, J., Voltaire; Diderot and the Encyclopædists; Rousseau (see above, Chapter VI).
Rationalistic Criticism of the Bible (Nineteenth Century)
Articles in Encyclopædia Biblica, 4 vols. Duff, A., History of Old Testament Criticism, 1910. Conybeare, F. C., History of New Testament Criticism, 1910.
Persecution and Inquisition
Lea, H., A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages, 3 vols., 1888; A History of the Inquisition of Spain, 4 vols., 1906. Haynes, E. S. P., Religious Persecution, 1904. For the case of Ferrer see Archer, W., The Life, Trial and Death of Francisco Ferrer, 1911, and McCabe, J., The Martyrdom of Ferrer, 1909.
Toleration
Ruffini, F., Religious Liberty (English translation), 1912. The essays of L. Luzzatti. Liberty of Conscience and Science (Italian), are suggestive.
# A House of Gentlefolk/Chapter XX

The next day Lavretsky got up rather early, had a talk with the village bailiff, visited the threshing-floor, ordered the chain to be taken off the yard dog, who only barked a little but did not even come out of his kennel, and returning home, sank into a kind of peaceful torpor, which he did not shake off the whole day.
"Here I am at the very bottom of the river," he said to himself more than once. He sat at the window without stirring, and, as it were, listened to the current of the quiet life surrounding him, to the few sounds of the country solitude. Something from behind the nettles chirps with a shrill, shrill little note; a gnat seems to answer it. Now it has ceased, but still the gnat keeps up its sharp whirr; across the pleasant, persistent, fretful buzz of the flies sounds the hum of a big bee, constantly knocking its head against the ceiling; a cock crows in the street, hoarsely prolonging the last note; there is the rattle of a cart; in the village a gate is creaking. Then the jarring voice of a peasant woman, "What?" "Hey, you are my little sweetheart," cries Anton to the little two-year-old girl he is dandling in his arms. "Fetch the kvas," repeats the same woman's voice, and all at once there follows a deathly silence; nothing rattles, nothing is moving; the wind is not stirring a leaf; without a sound the swallows fly one after another over the earth, and sadness weights on the heart from their noiseless flight. "Here I am at the very bottom of the river," thought Lavretsky again. "And always, at all times life here is quiet, unhasting," he thought; "whoever comes within its circle must submit; here there is nothing to agitate, nothing to harass; one can only get on here by making one's way slowly, as the ploughman cuts the furrow with his plough. And what vigour, what health abound in this inactive place! Here under the window the sturdy burdock creeps out of the thick grass; above it the lovage trails its juicy stalks and the Virgin's tears fling still higher their pink tendrils; and yonder further in the fields is the silky rye, and the oats are already in ear, and every leaf on every tree, every grass on its stalk is spread to its fullest width. In the love of a woman my best years have gone by," Lavretsky went on thinking, "let me be sobered by the sameness of life here, let me be soothed and made ready, so that I may learn to do my duty without haste." And again he fell to listening to the silence, expecting nothing--and at the same time constantly expecting something; the silence enfolded him on all sides, the sun moved calmly in the peaceful blue sky, and the clouds sailed calmly across it; they seemed to know why and whither they were sailing. At this same time in other places on the earth there is the seething, the bustle, the clash of life; life here slipped by noiseless, as water over marshy grass; and even till evening Lavretsky could not tear himself from the contemplation of this life as it passed and glided by; sorrow for the past was melting in his soul like snow in spring, and strange to say, never had the feeling of home been so deep and strong within him.
# A House of Gentlefolk/Chapter XXIII

The next morning the master of the house and his guest drank tea in the garden under an old time-tree.
"Master!" said Lavretsky among other things, "you will soon have to compose a triumphal cantata."
"On what occasion?"
"For the nuptials of Mr. Panshin and Lisa. Did you notice what attention he paid her yesterday? It seems as though things were in a fair way with them already."
"That will never be!" cried Lemm.
"Why?"
"Because it is impossible. Though, indeed," he added after a short pause, "everything is possible in this world. Especially here among you in Russia."
"We will leave Russia out of the question for a time; but what do you find amiss in this match?"
"Everything is amiss, everything. Lisaveta Mihalovna is a girl of high principles, serious, of lofty feelings, and he . . . he is a dilettante, in a word."
"But suppose she loves him"
Lemm got up from the bench.
"No, she does not love him, that is to say, she is very pure in heart, and does not know herself what it means . . . love. Madame von Kalitin tells her that he is a fine young man, and she obeys Madame von Kalitin because she is still quite a child, though she is nineteen; she says her prayers in the morning and in the evening--and that is very well; but she does not love him. She can only love what is beautiful, and he is not, that is, his soul is not beautiful."
Lemm uttered this whole speech coherently, and with fire, walking with little steps to and fro before the tea-table, and running his eyes over the ground.
"Dearest maestro!" cried Lavretsky suddenly, "it strikes me you are in love with cousin yourself."
Lemm stopped short all at once.
"I beg you," he began in an uncertain voice, "do not make fun of me like that. I am not crazy; I look towards the dark grave, not towards a rosy future."
Lavretsky felt sorry for the old man; he begged his pardon. After morning tea, Lemm played him his cantata, and after dinner, at Lavretsky's initiative, there was again talk of Lisa. Lavretsky listened to him with attention and curiosity.
"What do you say, Christopher Fedoritch," he said at last, "you see everything here seems in good order now, and the garden is in full bloom, couldn't we invite her over here for a day with her mother and my old aunt . . . eh? Would you like it?"
Lemm bent his head over his plate.
"Invite her," he murmured, scarcely audibly.
"But Panshin isn't wanted?"
"No, he isn't wanted," rejoined the old man with an almost child-like smile.
Two days later Fedor Ivanitch set off to the town to see the Kalitins.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Chamberlain, William Charles

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​CHAMBERLAIN. (Commander, 1844.)
William Charles Chamberlain, born 21 April, 1818, is eldest son of the late Sir Henry Chamberlain, Bart., H.M. Chargé d’Affaires and Consul General at Rio de Janeiro, by his second wife, Anne Eugenia, daughter of Wm. Morgan, Esq., of London; half-brother of the present Sir Henry Chamberlain, Bart., an officer in the Royal Artillery; and brother-in-law of Capt. Hon. Chas. Orlando Bridgeman, R.N.
​This officer passed his examination in 1837; and obtained his first commission 4 Nov. 1840, as a reward for his services on the coast of Syria, including the capture of St. Jean d’Acre. His subsequent appointments appear to have been – 15 Dec. 1840, to the Stromboli steam-vessel, Capt. Woodford John Williams, in the Mediterranean – 18 Jan. 1842, to the Impregnable 104, Capt. Thos. Forrest, on the same station – 16 March, 1843, to the Howe 120, also commanded by Capt. Forrest, with whom he returned to England – and, 22 Sept 1843, and 30 Jan. 1844, to the Hyacinth 18, Capt. Fras. Scott, and Albion 90, Capt. Nich. Lockyer, both engaged on particular service. Since his attainment of his present rank, 22 Oct. 1844, Commander Chamberlain has been on half-pay.
He married, 19 June, 1845, Eliza Jane, eldest daughter of the late Capt. Basil Hall, R.N.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Chamberlayne, John

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​CHAMBERLAYNE. (Commander, 1828. f-p., 9; h-p., 31.)
John Chamberlayne is only surviving son of the late Admiral Chas. Chamberlayne, who died in 1810; brother of the late Capt. Edwin Henry Chamberlayne, R.N., C.B. (1807); grand-nephew of James, Duke of Chandos; and first-cousin of Admiral Sir Chas. Hamilton, Bart., K.C.B., Vice-Admiral Sir Edw. Hamilton, Bart., K.C.B., Capt. Chas. Chamberlayne Irvine, R.N. , and Lieut. Chas. Henry Ackerley, R.N.
This officer entered the Navy, 17 July, 1807, as Fst.-cl. Vol., on board the Audacious 74, Capt. Thos. Le Marchant Gosselin, employed on the Home station; removed, in April, 1808, to the Leopard 50, flag-ship of Vice-Admiral Albemarle Bertie, at the Cape of Good Hope; and, in May, 1810, became Midshipman of the Boadicea 38, Capt. Josias Bowley. In the course of the latter year he assisted at the reduction of Isle Bourbon; the re-capture of the Africaine 38; the taking, after a spirited action of 10 minutes, and a loss, to the Boadicea of 2 men wounded, and to the enemy of 9 killed and 15 wounded, of La Vénus, of 44 guns and 380 men, bearing the broad pendant of Commodore Hamelin, and of her prize the Ceylon 32; and the conquest of the Isle of France, where, for the purpose of covering the debarkation of the troops, he commanded the barge of the Africaine, the flag-ship of Vice-Admiral Bertie, to which he had been recently transferred. Mr. Chamberlayne next in succession joined the Eclipse 18, Capt. Henry Lynne (with whom he returned home in Nov. 1812), the Barrosa 36, and Royal George yacht, both lying off Deptford, and the San Josef 110, bearing the flag in the Mediterranean of Sir Rich. King; and, on 19 Aug. 1813, was appointed, immediately after passing his examination, Acting-Lieutenant of the Weasel 18, Capts. Jas. Black and Hon. Fred. Noel. In Nov. and Dec. following he materially contributed, as Commander on shore of half his ship’s company, and latterly as officer in sole charge of the Weasel herself, during the temporary absence of the Captain and First Lieutenant, to the reduction of the fortress of Zara. Having been confirmed in the rank of Lieutenant, 11 Jan. 1814, Mr. Chamberlayne returned to England in the Unite 36, commanded by his brother, Capt. H. E. Chamberlayne, and was paid off, in Oct. of the same year; after which we find him serving, from 26 Aug. 1818, until the autumn of 1819, in the Rochfort, flag-ship in the Mediterranean of Sir Thos. Fras. Fremantle, and, from 26 Oct. 1820, until the spring of 1821, in the Esk 20, Capt. Edw. Lloyd, on the West India station. He attained the rank he now holds 28 Aug. 1828, and has since been unemployed. Agents – Hallett and Robinson.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Chambers, David

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​CHAMBERS. (Retired Commander, 1838. f-p., 14; h-p., 46.)
David Chambers died 24 May, 1845, in the 73rd year of his age.
This officer entered the Navy, 22 May, 1785, as part of an Admiral’s retinue, on board the Europa, in which ship and the Janus he alternately served until 16 Jan. 1786. He re-embarked, 19 May, 1791, as A.B., on board the Alcide 74, Capt. Sir Andrew Snape Douglas, lying off Portsmouth harbour, and attained the rating of Midshipman 24 Sept. 1791. On next removing, in Aug. 1792, to the Lion 64, Capt. Sir Erasmus Gower, he sailed, with Lord Macartney, on an embassy to China, whence he returned in 1794, and joined the Prince George 98, Capts. Jas. Gambler and Sir John Orde, fitting for Channel service. In May, 1795, Mr. Chambers was transferred to the Namur 98, Capts. Jas. Hawkins Whitshed, Thomas Sotheby, and Wm. Luke, under the first of whom he attained the rank of Lieutenant, 11 Oct. 1796, and was present in the battle off Cape St. Vincent 14 Feb. 1797. His subsequent appointments were – 27 March, 1799, to the Gorgon 44, armée en flûte, Capts. Williams and Henry Hill, on the Mediterranean station – 15 Aug. 1800, to the Ambuscade 32, Capt. Hon. John Colville, with whom he proceeded to the West Indies – and, 9 Sept. 1803, to the command of the Conflict brig of 14 guns, in which he captured, 8 Nov. following, off Calais, the French gun-boat No. 86, armed with 2 guns, and carrying 34 men, besides 23 complete stand of arms. He went on half-pay in the spring of 1804; attained the rank of Retired Commander on the Junior List 15 Dec. 1830; and was removed to the Senior 23 Jan. 1838.
Commander Chambers married, 3 May, 1804, Emma Catherine, fourth daughter of John Weyland, Esq., of Grosvenor Street, London, by whom he has left issue.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Chapman, Charles Matthew

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​CHAPMAN. (Lieut., 1814. f-p., 27; h-p., 14.)
Charles Matthew Chapman entered the Navy, 26 June, 1806, as Fst.-cl. Vol., on board the Alcmene 38, Capt. Jas. Brisbane, with whom he continued to serve, in the same ship, the Belle-Poule 38, and Pembroke 74, on the Home and Mediterranean stations, as Midshipman and Master’s Mate, until Aug. 1813. During that period he aided, besides contributing to the capture of many smaller armed vessels, at the taking, by the Belle Poule, of Le Var, of 26 guns, laden with corn for the relief of the French garrison at Corfu, 15 Feb. 1809; was also present, in 1809-10, at the reduction of the islands of Zante, Cephalonia, and Sta. Maura; and witnessed the destruction, 5 May, 1811, in spite of a fierce opposition from the enemy, of a French 18-gun brig, lying moored in the harbour of Parenza. On leaving the Pembroke, Mr. Chapman proceeded to Rio de Janeiro in the Akbar 50, Capt. Sir Archibald Collingwood Dickson. He then joined the Indefatigable 44, Capt. John Fyffe; and, on his return to England as Acting-Lieutenant of the Aquilon 32, Capt. Jas. Boxer, was confirmed, 19 July, 1814, into the Leven 24, Capt. Buckland Stirling Black, engaged, during the war of 100, days, in co-operating with the French Royalists in La Vendée. After nearly ​two years on half-pay he was for a short time appointed, 4 Oct. 1819, to the Redpole 10, Capt. Wm. Devereux Evance, lying at Portsmouth; subsequently to which we find him employed, from 26 April, 1824, until 1826, on the Coast Blockade, as Supernumerary-Lieutenant of the Ramillies 74, Capts. Wm. M‘Culloch and Hugh Pigot, – next, until 29 Dec. 1831, as Agent for Transports Afloat – from 14 Aug. 1832, until 30 Jan. 1837, in command of the Semaphore at Haste Hill – and, from 3 Feb. 1837, until superseded- at his own request, 15 Dec. 1841, again in the Transport Service. He has since been on half-pay.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Chaloner, Thomas

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​CHALONER. (ommander, 1845.)
Thomas Chaloner, born 6 Feb. 1815, is youngest son of the late Robt. Chaloner, Esq., of Gainsborough, co. York (a gentleman of ancient Welsh extraction), by Frances Laura, daughter of Thomas, first Lord Dundas; brother of Wm. Chaloner, Esq., who was lost at sea while proceeding to join his regiment at Halifax; nephew of the late Rear-Admiral Hon. Geo. Heneage Lawrence Dundas, C.B., and, by marriage, of the present Earl Fitzwilliam; grand-nephew of the late Admiral Sir Elias Harvey, G.C.B.; and first-cousin of the present Earl of Zetland.
This officer entered the Navy 5 Aug. 1827; and was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant, in compliment to the memory of his uncle, Rear-Admiral Hon. G. H. L. Dundas, 17 Nov. 1834. He was afterwards appointed – 26 March, 1835, to the Dublin 50, Capts. Chas. Hope and Geo. Wickens Willes, flag-ship of Sir Graham Eden Hamond, in South America – 18 April, 1836, to the Harrier 18, Capt. Wm. Henry Hallowell Carew, on the same station – and, 18 Nov. 1839, and 14 July, 1841, as First Lieutenant to the Wanderer 16, Capt. Hon. Joseph Denman, and Bittern 16, Capts. Hon. B. C. F. P. Cary and Edm. Peel, both actively employed in suppressing the slave-trade on the coast of Africa. He attained his present rank 24 March, 1845, and, since 10 Nov. 1846, has been in command of the Siren 16, on the coast of Africa.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Chambers, William

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​CHAMBERS. (Commander, 1846. f-p., 22; h-p., 11.)
William Chambers entered the Royal Naval College 15 June, 1814; and embarked, 15 June, 1817, as a Volunteer, on board the Tagus 38, of which frigate he became Midshipman 23 Oct. 1818. Between Nov. following and July, 1825, he successively joined the Spey, Wye, Phaeton, Spartiate, Cambridge, and Fly; and he was afterwards appointed, as Admiralty Mate – 26 July, 1825, to the Pyramus – 16 Oct. and 25 Dec. 1827, to the Victory and Challenger – and, 20 Dec. 1828, to the Southampton. On 1 Jan. and 23 April, 1831, we find him nominated Acting-Lieutenant of the Success 28, Capt. Wm. Clarke Jervoise, and Calcutta 84, Capt. Peter Fisher, both stationed in the East Indies – on his return whence he was officially promoted, 27 Dec. following. From 17 Aug. 1836, until 16 July, 1838, Mr. Chambers was next employed on board the Fly 18, Capt. Russell Eliott, and Imogene, Capt. Henry Wm. Bruce, on the South American station; and, on 20 Oct. 1838, he became First of the Racer 16, Capts. Geo. Byng and Thos. Harvey, with whom he appears to have been employed, in North America and the West Indies, until paid off, 28 Oct. 1842. he has not since been afloat. He attained his present rank 9 Nov. 1846. Agents – Hallett and Robinson.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Chambers, William Wylly

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​CHAMBERS. (Captain, 1846.)
William Wylly Chambers is only son of Capt. Sam. Chambers, R.N. (1812), who died 29 Oct. 1843, shortly after paying off the Monarch 84, by Susan Matilda, daughter of Wm. Wylly, Esq., H.M. Attorney-General at the Bahamas. This officer entered the Navy 29 Aug. 1823; passed his examination in 1829; and, on 16 Dec. in the same year, was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant. He subsequently joined – 24 March, 1831, the Prince Regent 120, flag-ship of Rear-Admiral Wm. Parker, employed on a particular service – 27 Jan. 1832, the Ocean 80, Capt. Sam. Chambers, lying at Sheerness – 19 Feb. 1833, as First Lieutenant, the Racer 16, Capt. Jas. Hope, on the North America and West India station – and 19 June, 1837, the Wellesley 74, flag-ship of Sir Fred. Lewis Maitland in the East Indies, where he was appointed, 28 Jan. 1840, Acting-Commander, for some months, of the Pelorus 16, and then rejoined, ​as First Lieutenant, the Wellesley, bearing the broad pendant at the time of Commodore Sir Jas. John Gordon Bremer. For his services, while in the latter ship, on the coast of China and at the capture of Canton, Mr. Chambers was promoted to the rank of Commander, 8 Oct. 1841. At the time of his last promotion, which took place 9 Nov. 1846, he had been officiating as Second-Captain, since 17 Nov. 1843, of the Albion 90, Capt. Nich. Lockyer, flag-ship at first of Sir David Milne at Devonport, and afterwards employed on various Particular Services.
Capt. Chambers married, 13 Oct. 1842, Eliza Ann, only child of J. W. Hodgetts, Esq., of Hagley, co. Worcester, by whom (who died 11 Oct. 1846) he has issue.
# A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Chamberlain, William Browne

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​CHAMBERLAIN. (Lieutenant, 1809. f-p., 25; h-p., 22.)
William Browne Chamberlain entered the Navy, 8 Dec. 1800, as Ordinary, on board the Monmouth 64, Capt. Geo. Hart, flag-ship afterwards, on the Home station, of Rear-Admiral Thos. Macnamara Russell, in which he attained the rating of Midshipman 1 Aug. 1801, and continued to serve until Nov. 1804. During that period he was at first employed in cruizing off the coast of Holland; then sailed with troops for Egypt, where he assisted at the capture of Alexandria in March, 1801; and, on the renewal of hostilities, took part in the blockade of Toulon. We next find him in succession attached, for a short while as Supernumerary -Midshipman, to the Royal William, flag-ship of Admiral Montagu, at Spithead, and, for upwards of two years, as Master’s Mate, to the Aurora 28, Capt. John Wentworth Loring, at Bermuda, and Milan 38, Capt. Sir Robt. Laurie, at Halifax. On 11 June, 1807, within three months of passing, Mr. Chamberlain joined, as Acting-Lieutenant, the Bellona 74, Capt. John Erskine Douglas, stationed in Chesapeake Bay; from which ship he was transferred, in a similar capacity, 1 June, 1808, to the Aeolus 32, Capts. Lord Wm. Fitzroy and Lord Jas. Townshend. He obtained his official promotion 27 Jan. 1809; and, after assisting at the ensuing reduction of Martinique, and serving for four years on the coast of North America, returned to Portsmouth, where he was paid off in Sept. 1813. He was subsequently employed in the Ordinary at the latter place from 18 March, 1830, until the same date in 1833; and, on 25 Sept. 1837, was appointed to the Quarantine Establishment at Standgate Creek. He is now on half-pay.
He is married and has issue. His son William, Midshipman of H.M. steamer Firefly, died of yellow fever at Barbadoes, 17 June, 1835, at the age of 17.