OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Monthly Magazine and Universal Register/Volume 11/Number 64

(Upload an image to replace this placeholder.)
THE
NEW MONTHLY MAGAZINE.
| No. 64.] | MAY 1, 1819. | [Vol. XI. |
* Original Communications
** On the Life and Character of Cleopatra
** Newtonian Theory
** Tour of the Archdukes John and Lewis of Austria
** Notices Illustrative of Cambrian History and Antiquities
** Observations on the Theatrical Representations of the Ancients
** Memoirs of the Late Peter Gale Faux
** Ghent in 1819
** Practicability of Effecting a North North East or North West Passage into the Pacific Ocean
** Observations on a Late Exhibition of Drawings in Chalks
** Nugæ Literariæ
** On the Decay of Timber
** On the Character and Poetry of Lord Byron
** Letter from Dr. Polidori
** National Series of Medals
* Original Poetry
** Stanzas to Emily
** Stanzas
** To Ianthe
** The Death of Leila
** Sonnet to ***** with Manuscript Poems
** Sonnet to an Artist
** To *****
** Sonnet to *****
** Sonnet to the Memory of Walter Kerr, Esq. Late of the Glengarry Pencibles
** Sonnet
* Biographical Sketch of Lady Caroline Lamb
* Critical Remarks on New Publications
** Specimens of the British Poets
** Durovernum, with other Poems
** Travels in Various Countries of Europe, Asia, and Africa
* Monthly Register
* Varieties—Literary, Scientific, &c.
* Fine Arts
* The Drama
* New Acts
* Useful Arts
* Agricultural Report
* Bankrupts
* Dividends
* Digest of Political Events
* Incidents, Promotions, Births, Marriages, Deaths, &c. in London and Middlesex
* Provincial Occurrences
* Prize Essay
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New International Encyclopædia/Loewy, Maurice

Edition of 1905. See also Maurice Loewy on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
LOEWY, lẽ'vḗ', Maurice (1833—). A French astronomer, born in Vienna. He studied astronomy in his native city, but was later called to Paris by Leverrier, who offered him a position in the observatory there. In 1872 he became a member of the Bureau des Longitudes, and the next year succeeded Delaunay in the Academy of Sciences. After Leverricr's death he was associated with Admiral Mouchez in the management of the observatory of Montsouris. He devised the équatoréal condé; and, in addition to editing the Connaissance des temps and the Annuaire du Bureau des longitudes, made frequent contributions to the Memoirs of the academies in Paris and Vienna. In 1878 he was appointed subdirector of the Paris observatory.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lory

Edition of 1905. See also Lories and lorikeets on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
LORY (Malay, Hind. lūrī, nūrī). (1) Any of the small, brush-tongued, honey-eating parrots of the family Loriidæ (or Trichoglossidæ), which vary in size from that of a dove to that of a sparrow; the lesser forms are usually called lorikeets (or loriquets). The group includes about 90 species, and is confined to Polynesia and Australasia excepting New Zealand. These parrots, whose most important anatomical peculiarity is the structure of the tongue, which is tipped with a bundle of bristles, have a dense soft plumage, exhibiting the most rich and mellow colors; the tail is rounded, generally not long; the bill is feebler than in many of the parrots, and the upper mandible much arched. They are very active and lively, even in confinement, and are also of very gentle and affectionate disposition. Red, green, blue, and yellow are the prevailing colors of their plumage, and a remarkable sexual dimorphism exists, at least in the central genus (Eclectus), where the females are prevailingly green, while the males are red. Until recently the sexes were frequently considered different species. One of the most beautiful and interesting of the groups is the genus Domicella. For much curious information, and an extensive bibliography, consult Newton's article “Lory,” in Dictionary of Birds (London and New York, 1893-96). See Colored Plate of Parrots.
(2) A dealer's name for the Australian parrots of the genus Aprosmïetus, more usually called ‘king lory.’
(3) In South Africa, a turaco (q.v.).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lockwood, Henry Hayes

Edition of 1905. See also Henry Hayes Lockwood on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​LOCKWOOD, Henry Hayes (1814-90). An American soldier and authority on military tactics. He was born in Kent Coimty. Del., graduated at West Point in 1830. served in the Seminole War as a lieutenant in the Second Artillery, and resigned his commission in the next year. In 1841 he was made professor of mathematics at the United States Naval Academy, where from 1851 to 1866 he held the professorship oi field artillery and infantry tactics. He entered the Union Army in the Civil War as colonel of the First Delaware infantry, was commissioned a brigadier-general of volunteers on August 8, 1801, and served in the defenses of the lower Potomac. He commanded a brigade at Gettysburg, and in the winter of 1803-64 was commander of the Middle Department with headquarters at Baltimore. Later he took part in the Richmond campaign, lie was the author of Manual of Naval Batteries (1852), and Exercises in Small Arms and Field Artillery (1852).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lofoten

Edition of 1905. See also Lofoten on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
LO'FOTEN, or LOFODEN. A chain of islands extending about 175 miles in a southwest direction from the northwestern coast of Norway (Map: Norway, E 2). It comprises the Lofoten proper and the Vesteraalen Islands, to the north. The archipelago consists of several large islands and innumerable small islets and rocks. The largest islands are Hindö, Langö, Andö, Oest-Vaagö, Vest-Vaagö, and Moske-næsö, of which the first three belong to the Vesteraalen group. Hinnö, which lies nearest to the mainland, has an area of 850 square miles. They are extremely irregular in outline, being indented with numerous narrow and winding fiords, and consist of masses of rocks torn asunder to an extraordinary degree, rising abruptly from the deep water in precipices and needle-shaped crags often over 1000 feet high. The mountains rise in Hindö to a height of 3600 feet. The tidal currents in the narrow channels separating the islands are in some places so swift as to make navigation difficult even for steamers. (See Malström.) The interior of the islands is mostly barren and uninhabited, though the eastern portions of Hindö are covered with forests, and some of the sheltered valleys support a little agriculture and sheep-raising, as the climate is not severe in spite of the high latitude (68°-69°). The inhabitants, who in 1900 numbered 42,817, live along the coasts in isolated farm-houses or in small fishing villages. The cod-fisheries are the main support of the islands, as well as of thousands of fishermen from the mainland who brave these dangerous waters every year from December to March. These fisheries have been famous for centuries; they are an important source of national wealth, and are among the richest in the world.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Lortzing, Gustav Albert

Edition of 1905. See also Albert Lortzing on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
LORTZING, lôrts'ĭng, Gustav Albert (1803-51). A German operatic composer, born in Berlin. His parents were members of a traveling theatrical troupe, and the boy was practically self-taught, save for a few lessons received from a teacher in Berlin (Rungenhagen). He produced his first opera, Ali Pascha von Janina, in 1824, and in 1826 joined the permanent company of the Court Theatre at Detmold. His next two works were vaudevilles, Der Pole und sein Kind and Scene ans Mozarts Leben. His most successful opera is Zar und Zimmermann, which is to this day performed in every German opera house. Der Waffenschmied and Die beiden Schützen were scarcely less popular. His uneven temperament and character greatly interfered with his artistic as well as his material success. Conductor of the Leipzig Opera in 1844, he almost immediately quarreled with the management and had to resign. After a brief period, however, admirers secured his reinstatement; but a second quarrel brought his engagement to an end. In 1850 he was appointed kapellmeister of the new Friedrich Wilhelmstädtisches Theater in Berlin, where he
produced some successful light operas, farces, etc. He was a prolific composer, and his music was melodic. Many of his operas are still popular on the provincial German stage. He died in Berlin.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Los Angeles (Chile)

Edition of 1905. See also Los Ángeles on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
LOS ANGELES, lṓs äng'Hắ-lắs. Capital of the Province of Bío-Bío, Central Chile (Map: Chile, C 11). It is situated between the Laja and Bío-Bío rivers in a fertile district. Settled in 1739, it figured somewhat in the struggles with the Araucanian Indians. Population, in 1895, 7868.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Loebell, Johann Wilhelm

Edition of 1905. See also Johann Wilhelm Löbell on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
LOEBELL, lẽ'bel, Johann Wilhelm (1786-1863). A German historian, born in Berlin, and educated at Heidelberg and at Berlin under Wolf and Böckh. From 1814 to 1829 he taught in the
military academies at Breslau and Berlin, and then became professor of history at Bonn. His best-known work is the revision of Becker's Weltgeschichte (1836-38). He also wrote Gregor von tours und seine Zeit (2d ed. 1869); Weltgeschichte in Umrissen und Ausführungen (Part I., 1846); Die Entwicklung der deutschen Poesie von Klopstocks erstem Auftreten bis zu Goethes Tode (1856-65) and an anonymous attack on Ultramontanism, Historische Briefe (1861). Consult Bernhardt and Noorden, Zur Würdigung Loebells (Brunswick, 1864).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Loewe, Wilhelm

Edition of 1905. See also Wilhelm Loewe on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
LOEWE, lẽ've, Wilhelm (1814-86). A German Liberal politician, also called Loewe-Kalbe. He was born at Olvenstedt, near Magdeburg, was educated at Halle, and became a practicing physician. In 1848 he was elected to the Frankfort Parliament, was a prominent member of the extreme Democratic Party, was soon chosen first vice-president of the Parliament, and, after its removal to Stuttgart, was made president. At first acquitted on the charge of sedition for his part in this revolutionary movement, he was finally sentenced in contumaciam to life imprisonment. He spent several years in Switzerland, Paris, and London, and then practiced medicine for eight years in New York. In 1861 he benefited by the amnesty and returned to Germany. Two years later he was elected to the Prussian House of Deputies, and in 1867 to the North German Reichstag as a member of the Progressist Party. In 1874 he quarreled with his party on the military law of that year, and tried to form with other independents a Liberal Party which would agree in political matters with the Progressist Party, but would be free on economic questions. In carrying out this policy, he eagerly defended the protective tariff of 1879. He was defeated for reëlection in 1881.
# The New Student's Reference Work/South McAlester, Okla.

See also McAlester, Oklahoma on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​South McAl′ester, Okla., a city, capital of the Choctaws, annexed in 1906; it is on the Choctaw, Oklahoma and Gulf and Missouri, Kansas and Texas railways, about 50 miles south-southeast of Okmulgee, Creek Nation, and about 84 miles southeast of Fort Smith, Ark. It lies in a rich coal-mining district, and (besides several foundries, machine-shops and brick-plants) it has cotton-compress establishments, flour-mills, bottling-works, a tannery and macaroni, cigar and mattress factories. Though settled so recently as 1885, the town was incorporated in 1899 and has since grown considerably. It was recently annexed to McAlester. Combined population, 12,954.
# The New Student's Reference Work/South Omaha, Neb.

See also South Omaha, Nebraska on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​South O′maha′, Neb., a flourishing town, adjacent to Omaha City, in Douglas County, the seat of one of the largest meat-packing establishments in the United States. It is on the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha; Burlington; Fremont, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley; and Union Pacific railloads. It has a number of fine public buildings, including schools, churches, banks; its population grew in a decade from 8,062 to 26,001, and at present is 26,259.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Southern Nigeria

See also the disclaimer.
​South′ern Niger′ia. See Lagos and Nigeria.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sparta

See also Sparta on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Spar′ta, the ancient Lacedæmon, the famous Greek city, was in the southern part of Greece on the Eurotas, about 20 miles from the Mediterranean. It was shut in by mountains, one, Mt. Taygetus, rising 8,000 feet; and the valley was so easily defended that it was not regularly fortified until 195 B. C. The city had few fine buildings; the Acropolis was a steep hill with a temple to Athena on its summit, and the white marble theater was one of the largest buildings. The city was formed from several scattered hamlets, and was governed by two kings, whose powers were equal, and who at first were priests, judges and generals as well as rulers. There were three classes of citizens; the Spartiatai or governing class, the Perioikoi, who were free but had no voice in matters of state, and the Helots or slaves, who were bound to the soil, cultivating it for its owners, and were also employed in war. The greatness of Sparta is due to the laws of Lycurgus, which made it a nation of soldiers. There is some doubt resting on the received traditions of Lycurgus, but there certainly was a very ancient legal code, dating back to 825 B. C. The citizens, according to this code, lived only for the state, and children were under the public care. If deformed or weak, they were not allowed to grow up; if healthy, they were taken from the mother when seven years old, and drilled in military exercises, in habits of endurance and skillfulness and in speaking short sentences, to the point, which last gave rise to the expression, “laconic,” from the name of the province, Laconia. Their training is illustrated in the story of the boy with the stolen fox, who was applauded because he bore the torture of the desperate animal tearing his flesh rather than by crying out and confessing that he had stolen him. Between the ages of 20 and 60 all Spartans served in the army, and, though allowed to marry and to engage in business, ate and slept in the public barracks. The early struggles of Sparta with Messenia, Argos and Athens, gave Sparta the victory and made it the chief power in Greece, but its tyranny induced rebellion, and the Thebans under Epaminondas reduced Sparta to its old boundaries. The Macedonians still further cut off its provinces, and finally, with the remainder of Greece, it became a part of the Roman empire. The modern town of Sparta, founded by the Greeks in 1836, the capital of Laconia, occupies a part of the site of ancient Sparta.
# The New Student's Reference Work/South Carolina, University of

See also University of South Carolina on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ South Carolina, University of, was chartered in 1801 and opened in 1805. It closed in 1863 and in 1877. In 1865 departments of medicine and law were added. In 1878 the university divided into South ​Carolina College and Claflin College, the first for white, the second for colored students. In 1882 new departments were added to South Carolina College, it ceasing to be merely a college of agriculture and mechanical arts, and in 1884 a law-school was added. In 1887 a college of pharmacy, a graduate department and a normal school were added. In 1890 the agricultural, mechanical, medical and normal courses were dropped, but in 1894 the last were restored. The university offers courses (1) in classics, Latin and science, Latin and literature or modern literature; (2) in mathematics, chemistry or chemistry and biology; (3) in normal studies; (4) in law; and (5) in graduate studies. The state gives 41 scholarships, one to each county, for normal students, and there are 12 other scholarships. The faculty numbers 25, the students 385 and the library 38,000 volumes. The college has no productive funds. Its income in 1907 was $61,756.
# The New Student's Reference Work/South Dakota, University of

See also University of South Dakota on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​South Dakota, University of, a co-educational institution, organized in 1882 at Vermilion, S. D., and mainly supported by the Legislature for the work it does in the geological survey of the state, though it is otherwise well-endowed by land-grants and other resources. Its courses of study embrace pedagogy, music, commerce and engineering as well as arts and sciences. It has a faculty of 50, a student attendance of 411 and a library of about 16,000 volumes. Its tuition fees are but nominal; while it has a loan-fund for the assistance of needy students. Its income in 1907 was $84,347.
# The New Student's Reference Work/South Mountain, Battle of

See also Battle of South Mountain on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​South Mount′ain, Battle of, an engagement of the Civil War precipitated by Lee's first invasion of Maryland in Sept., 1862. The battle occurred on Sept. 14th on South Mountain, a continuation of the Blue Ridge north of the Potomac, and near Boonsboro, Washington Co., Md., when the Federal army under McClellan fell upon the Confederates under Lee at Turner's and Crampton's Gaps in the mountain-range. There was stubborn fighting all day, as the Union forces pressed the rebels back and finally compelled them to withdraw, leaving their dead upon the field. At Turner's Gap there was a loss of about 1,500 on each side, while 1,500 Confederates were taken prisoners. At Crampton's Gap the losses were close upon 500 on each side, besides 400 Confederates taken prisoners. The engagement is known in the north as the Battle of South Mountain, while in the south it was called the Battle of Boonsboro.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Southern Cross

See also Crux on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​South′ern Cross, a group of stars in the southern hemisphere of the heavens, at a considerable distance from the south pole. The four principal stars form a rough cross. It was added to the list of constellations in 1679.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Emancipation Proclamation

See also Emancipation Proclamation on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Eman′cipa′tion Proclamation. After the Civil War had been in progress for more than a year, the antislavery leaders in the north urged President Lincoln to take action toward the abolition of slavery. While personally opposed to slavery, the president was slow to take so important a step until it should appear to be necessary in order to save the Union. Replying to the suggestions, he said, on Aug. 22, 1862: “My paramount object is to save the Union, and not either to save or destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would do that.” At length it became evident that slavery was a source of military strength to the Confederate cause, since slave-labor provided the means of supporting the Confederate forces in the field, and that it must be destroyed if the Union was to live. Accordingly, on Sept. 22, 1862, the president issued a preliminary proclamation, giving notice that on the 1st of January, 1863, “all persons held as slaves in any state, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward and forever free.” No attention was paid to this notification, and on the first day of January, 1863, President Lincoln issued the final proclamation of emancipation, declaring free all persons held as slaves in the states then in rebellion. This proclamation was given effect as fast as territory came under Federal control.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Emanuel I

See also Manuel I of Portugal on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Eman′uel I, king of Portugal, called the Great or the Fortunate, was born on May 3, 1469, and became king in 1495. His reign is known as the golden age of Portugal. He prepared the code of laws which bears his name, and made his court a center of chivalry, art and science. Vasco da Gama's voyage round the Cape of Good Hope, Cabral's discovery of Brazil and the expeditions of Albuquerque and others, that so widened Portuguese possessions, were all sent out and encouraged by Emanuel. It was he that made Portugal the first naval power of the world as well as its great commercial center. He died at Lisbon on Dec. 13, 1521.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Elwood, Ind.

See also Elwood, Indiana on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Elwood, Ind., a rapidly growing town in Madison County, central Indiana, 40 miles northeast of Indianapolis, is on the Lake Erie and Western and other railroads. It is a shipping point for grain and live-stock, and has a rapidly developing trade. Its manufacturing industries include saw and stave-mills, flax-factories and establishments for the manufacture of window, plate-glass and lamp-chimneys, flour and tin-plate mills, etc. It is surrounded by an agricultural region, and is in a natural-gas belt. The population within the past 20 years has risen from 2,284 to 11,028.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ely

See also Ely, Cambridgeshire on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ely, a town in Cambridgeshire, England. Here, in 673, Saint Etheldreda founded a mixed monastery, which, burned in 870 by the Danes, was refounded in 970 as a Benedictine abbey. In 1083 the first Norman abbot laid the foundation of the present church, which was made a cathedral in 1109, and, as we see it to-day, is one of the finest shrines in Christendom. Built in the form of a cross, it offers examples of all styles of Gothic architecture and is a growth of more than four centuries. Population of Ely, 9,000.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Embalming

See also the disclaimer.
​Embalming. See Mummy.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ely, Richard Theodore

See also Richard T. Ely on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ely, Richard Theodore, an American professor of political economy, was born in April, 1854, and studied at Columbia University and at Heidelberg. He was professor at Johns Hopkins from 1881, and at Wisconsin from 1892. Professor Ely believes in public ownership of such utilities as the telegraph and railway systems. While not a socialist, he is friendly to labor, and was even accused in 1894 of aiding a strike, but was acquitted. He is the author of several books, the latest and largest being his Distribution of Wealth. Others are French and German Socialism in Modern Times, Socialism and Social Reform and Social Aspects of Christianity.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Elyria, Ohio

See also Elyria, Ohio on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Elyria, Ohio, a county-seat of Lorain County, 25 miles from Cleveland. The surrounding country is agricultural, but in the vicinity there are sandstone-quarries, which provide employment for many people. Among the industries are the manufacture of iron and steel-products, automobile-supplies, saddles, bicycles, etc. Population, 14,825.