# My Bondage and My Freedom (1855)

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My Bondage and My Freedom is an autobiographical slave narrative published in 1855. It is the second of three autobiographies written by Douglass, and is mainly an expansion of his first (Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass), discussing in greater detail his transition from bondage to liberty. Following this liberation, Douglass, a former slave, went on to become a prominent abolitionist, speaker, author, and publisher.
MY BONDAGE
AND
MY FREEDOM.
Part I.—Life as a Slave. Part II.—Life as a Freeman.
By FREDERICK DOUGLASS.
WITH
AN INTRODUCTION.
By DR. JAMES M'CUNE SMITH.
By a principle essential to christianity, a person is eternally differenced from a thing; so that the idea of a human being, necessarily excludes the idea of property in that being.
Coleridge.
NEW YORK AND AUBURN:
MILLER, ORTON & MULLIGAN.
New York: 25 Park Row.—Auburn: 107 Genesee-st.
1855.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-five, BY FREDERICK DOUGLASS, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Northern District of New York.
AUBURN: MILLER, ORTON & MULLIGAN, STEREOTYPERS AND PRINTERS.
TO
HONORABLE GERRIT SMITH,
AS A SLIGHT TOKEN OF
ESTEEM FOR HIS CHARACTER,
ADMIRATION FOR HIS GENIUS AND BENEVOLENCE,
AFFECTION FOR HIS PERSON, AND
GRATITUDE FOR HIS FRIENDSHIP,
AND AS
A Small but most Sincere Acknowledgment of
HIS PRE-EMINENT SERVICES IN BEHALF OF THE RIGHTS AND LIBERTIES
OF AN
AFFILICTED, DESPISED AND DEEPLY OUTRAGED PEOPLE,
BY RANKING SLAVERY WITH PIRACY AND MURDER,
AND BY
DENYING IT EITHER A LEGAL OR CONSTITUTIONAL EXISTENCE,
This Volume is Respectfully Dedicated,
BY HIS FAITHFUL AND FIRMLY ATTACHED FRIEND,
FREDERICK DOUGLASS.
ROCHESTER, N. Y.
EDITOR'S PREFACE.
If the volume now presented to the public were a mere work of Art, the history of its misfortune might be written in two very simple words—too late. The nature and character of slavery have been subjects of an almost endless variety of artistic representation; and after the brilliant achievements in that field, and while those achievements are yet fresh in the memory of the million, he who would add another to the legion, must possess the charm of transcendent excellence, or apologize for something worse than rashness. The reader is, therefore, assured, with all due promptitude, that his attention is not invited to a work of Art, but to a work of Facts—Facts, terrible and almost incredible, it may be—yet Facts, nevertheless.
I am authorized to say that there is not a fictitious name nor place in the whole volume; but that names and places are literally given, and that every transaction therein described actually transpired.
Perhaps the best Preface to this volume is furnished ​in the following letter of Mr. Douglass, written in answer to my urgent solicitation for such a work:
Rochester, N. Y. July 2, 1855.
Dear Friend: I have long entertained, as you very well know, a somewhat positive repugnance to writing or speaking anything for the public, which could, with any degree of plausibility, make me liable to the imputation of seeking personal notoriety, for its own sake. Entertaining that feeling very sincerely, and permitting its control, perhaps, quite unreasonably, I have often refused to narrate my personal experience in public anti-slavery meetings, and in sympathizing circles, when urged to do so by friends, with whose views and wishes, ordinarily, it were a pleasure to comply. In my letters and speeches, I have generally aimed to discuss the question of Slavery in the light of fundamental principles, and upon facts, notorious and open to all; making, I trust, no more of the fact of my own former enslavement, than circumstances seemed absolutely to require. I have never placed my opposition to slavery on a basis so narrow as my own enslavement, but rather upon the indestructible and unchangeable laws of human nature, every one of which is perpetually and flagrantly violated by the slave system. I have also felt that it was best for those having histories worth the writing—or supposed to be so—to commit such work to hands other than their own. To write of one's self, in such a manner as not to incur the imputation of weakness, vanity, and egotism, is a work within the ability of but few; and I have little reason to believe that I belong to that fortunate few.
These considerations caused me to hesitate, when first you ​kindly urged me to prepare for publication a full account of my life as a slave, and my life as a freeman.
Nevertheless, I see, with you, many reasons for regarding my autobiography as exceptional in its character, and as being, in some sense, naturally beyond the reach of those reproaches which honorable and sensitive minds dislike to incur. It is not to illustrate any heroic achievements of a man, but to vindicate a just and beneficent principle, in its application to the whole human family, by letting in the light of truth upon a system, esteemed by some as a blessing, and by others as a curse and a crime. I agree with you, that this system is now at the bar of public opinion—not only of this country, but of the whole civilized world—for judgment. Its friends have made for it the usual plea—"not guilty;" the case must, therefore, proceed. Any facts, either from slaves, slaveholders, or by-standers, calculated to enlighten the public mind, by revealing the true nature, character, and tendency of the slave system, are in order, and can scarcely be innocently withheld.
I see, too, that there are special reasons why I should write my own biography, in preference to employing another to do it. Not only is slavery on trial, but unfortunately, the enslaved people are also on trial. It is alleged, that they are, naturally, inferior; that they are so low in the scale of humanity, and so utterly stupid, that they are unconscious of their wrongs, and do not apprehend their rights. Looking, then, at your request, from this stand-point, and wishing everything of which you think me capable to go to the benefit of my afflicted people, I part with my doubts and hesitation, and proceed to furnish you the desired manuscript; hoping that you may be able to make such arrangements for its publication as shall be best adapted ​to accomplish that good which you so enthusiastically anticipate.
Frederick Douglass.
There was little necessity for doubt and hesitation on the part of Mr. Douglass, as to the propriety of his giving to the world a full account of himself. A man who was born and brought up in slavery, a living witness of its horrors; who often himself experienced its cruelties; and who, despite the depressing influences surrounding his birth, youth and manhood, has risen, from a dark and almost absolute obscurity, to the distinguished position which he now occupies, might very well assume the existence of a commendable curiosity, on the part of the public, to know the facts of his remarkable history.
Editor.
CONTENTS.
| | PAGE. |
| Introduction, | 17 |
| Chapter I. ||
| THE AUTHOR'S CHILDHOOD. ||
| Place of Birth, | 33 |
| Character of the District, | 34 |
| Time of Birth—My Grandparents, | 35 |
| Character of my Grandmother, | 36 |
| The Log Cabin—Its Charms, | 37 |
| First Knowledge of being a Slave, | 38 |
| Old Master—Griefs and Joys of Childhood, | 39 |
| Comparative Happiness of the Slave-Boy and his White Brother, | 40 |
| Chapter II. ||
| THE AUTHOR REMOVED FROM HIS FIRST HOME. ||
| The name "Old Master" a Terror, | 43 |
| Home Attractions—Dread of being removed from Tuckahoe, | 44 |
| The Journey to Col. Lloyd's Plantation, | 46 |
| Scene on reaching Old Master's, | 47 |
| First Meeting with my Brothers and Sisters, | 48 |
| Departure of Grandmother—Author's Grief, | 49 |
| Chapter III. ||
| THE AUTHOR'S PARENTAGE. ||
| Author's Father shrouded in Mystery, | 51 |
| My Mother—Her Personal Appearance, | 52 |
| Her Situation—Visits to her Boy, | 53 |
| Cruelty of "Aunt Katy"—Threatened Starvation, | 55 |
| My Mother's Interference, | 56 |
| Her Death, | 57 |
| Her Love of Knowledge, | 58 |
| Penalty for having a White Father, | 59 |
| Chapter IV. ||
| A GENERAL SURVEY OF THE SLAVE PLANTATION. ||
| Slaveholding Cruelty restrained by Public Opinion, | 61 |
| Isolation of Lloyd's Plantation, | 62 |
| Beyond the reach of Public Opinion, | 53 |
| Religion and Politics alike Excluded, | 64 |
| Natural and Artificial Charms of the Place, | 65 |
| The "Great House," | 67 ​ |
| Etiquette among Slaves, | 69 |
| The Comic Slave-Doctor, | 70 |
| Praying and Flogging, | 71 |
| Business of Old Master, | 73 |
| Sufferings from Hunger, | 75 |
| Jargon of the Plantation, | 76 |
| Family of Col. Lloyd—Mas' Daniel, | 77 |
| Family of Old Master—Social Position, | 78 |
| Chapter V. ||
| GRADUAL INITIATION INTO THE MYSTERIES OF SLAVERY. ||
| Growing Acquaintance with Old Master—His Character, | 79 |
| Evils of Unrestrained Passion—A Man of Trouble, | 80 |
| Supposed Obtuseness of Slave-Children, | 81 |
| Brutal Outrage on my Aunt Milly by a drunken Overseer, | 82 |
| Slaveholders' Impatience at Appeals against Cruelty, | 83 |
| Wisdom of appealing to Superiors, | 84 |
| Attempt to break up a Courtship, | 85 |
| Slavery destroys all Incentives to a Virtuous Life, | 86 |
| A Harrowing Scene, | 87 |
| Chapter VI. ||
| TREATMENT OF SLAVES ON LLOYD'S PLANTATION. ||
| The Author's Early Reflections on Slavery, | 89 |
| Conclusions at which he Arrived, | 90 |
| Presentiment of one day being a Freeman, | 91 |
| Combat between an Overseer and & Slave-Woman, | 92 |
| Nelly's noble Resistance, | 94 |
| Advantages of Resistance, | 95 |
| Mr. Sevier, the brutal Overseer, and his Successors, | 96 |
| Allowance-day on the Home Plantation, | 97 |
| The Singing of the Slaves no Proof of Contentment, | 98 |
| Food and Clothing of the Slaves, | 100 |
| Naked Children, | 101 |
| Nursing Children carried to the Field, | 102 |
| Description of the Cowskin, | 103 |
| Manner of making the Ash Cake—The Dinner Hour, | 104 |
| Contrast at the Great House, | 105 |
| Chapter VII. ||
| LIFE IN THE GREAT HOUSE. ||
| Comfort And Luxuries—Elaborate Expenditure, | 107 |
| Men and Maid Servants—Black Aristocracy, | 109 |
| Stable and Carriage House, | 110 |
| Deceptive Character of Slavery, | 111 |
| Slaves and Slaveholders alike Unhappy, | 112 |
| Fretfulness and Capriciousness of Slaveholders, | 113 |
| Whipping of Old Barney by Col. Lloyd, | 114 |
| William Wilks, a supposed son of Col. Lloyd, | 115 |
| Curious Incident—Penalty of telling the Truth, | 116 |
| Preference of Slaves for Rich Masters, | 118 ​ |
| Chapter VIII. ||
| A CHAPTER OF HORRORS. ||
| Austin Gore—Sketch of his Character, | 119 |
| Absolute Power of Overseers, | 121 |
| Murder of Denby—How it Occurred, | 122 |
| How Gore made Peace with Col. Lloyd, | 123 |
| Murder of a Slave-girl by Mrs. Hicks, | 125 |
| No Laws for the Protection of Slaves can be Enforced, | 127 |
| Chapter IX. ||
| PERSONAL TREATMENT OF THE AUTHOR. ||
| Miss Lucretia Auld—Her Kindness, | 129 |
| A Battle with "Ike," and its Consequences, | 130 |
| Beams of Sunlight, | 131 |
| Suffering from Cold—How we took our Meals, | 132 |
| Orders to prepare to go to Baltimore—Extraordinary Cleansing, | 134 |
| Cousin Tom's Description of Baltimore, | 135 |
| The Journey, | 136 |
| Arrival at Baltimore, | 137 |
| Kindness of my new Mistress—Little Tommy, | 138 |
| A Turning Point in my History, | 139 |
| Chapter X. ||
| LIFE IN BALTIMORE. ||
| City Annoyances—Plantation Regrets, | 141 |
| My Improved Condition, | 142 |
| Character of my new Master, Hugh Auld, | 143 |
| My Occupation—Increased Sensitiveness, | 144 |
| Commencement of Learning to Read—Why Discontinued, | 145 |
| Master Hugh's Exposition of the true Philosophy of Slavery, | 146 |
| Increased Determination to Learn, | 147 |
| Contrast between City and Plantation Slaves, | 148 |
| Mrs. Hamilton's Brutal Treatment of her Slaves, | 149 |
| Chapter XI. ||
| "A CHANGE CAME O'ER THE SPIRIT OF MY DREAM." ||
| Knowledge Acquired by Stealth, | 151 |
| My Mistress—Her Slaveholding Duties, | 152 |
| Deplorable Effects on her Character, | 153 |
| How I pursued my Education—My Tutors, | 155 |
| My Deliberations on the Character of Slavery, | 156 |
| The Columbian Orator and its Lessons, | 157 |
| Speeches of Chatham, Sheridan, Pitt, and Fox, | 158 |
| Knowledge ever Increasing—My Eyes Opened, | 159 |
| How I pined for Liberty, | 160 |
| Dissatisfaction of my poor Mistress, | 161 |
| Chapter XII. ||
| RELIGIOUS NATURE AWAKENED. ||
| Abolitionists spoken of, | 163 |
| Eagerness to know what the word meant, | 164 ​ |
| The Enigma solved—Turner's Insurrection, | 165 |
| First Awakened on the subject of Religion, | 166 |
| My Friend Lawson—His Character and Occupation, | 167 |
| Comfort Derived from his Teaching, | 168 |
| New Hopes and Aspirations, | 169 |
| The Irishmen on the Wharf—Their Sympathy, | 170 |
| How I learned to Write, | 171 |
| Chapter XIII. ||
| THE VICISSITUDES OF SLAVE LIFE. ||
| Death of Young Master Richard, | 173 |
| Author's Presence required at the Division of Old Master's Property, | 174 |
| Attachment of Slaves to their Homes, | 176 |
| Sad Prospects and Grief, | 177 |
| General Dread of Master Andrew—His Cruelty, | 178 |
| Return to Baltimore—Death of Mistress Lucretia, | 179 |
| My poor old Grandmother—Her sad Fate, | 180 |
| Second Marriage of Master Thomas, | 181 |
| Again Removed from Master Hugh's, | 182 |
| Regrets at Leaving Baltimore, | 183 |
| A Plan of Escape Entertained, | 184 |
| Chapter XIV. ||
| EXPERIENCE IN ST. MICHAEL'S. ||
| The Village and its Inhabitants, | 185 |
| Meteoric Phenomena—Author's Impressions, | 186 |
| Character of my new Master and Mistress, | 187 |
| Allowance of Food—Sufferings from Hunger, | 188 |
| Stealing and its Vindication, | 189 |
| A new Profession of Faith, | 190 |
| Morality of Free Society has no Application to Slave Society, | 191 |
| Southern Camp-Meeting—Master Thomas professes Conversion, | 193 |
| Hopes and Suspicions, | 194 |
| The Result—Faith and Works entirely at Variance, | 195 |
| No more Meal brought from the Mill—Methodist Preachers, | 197 |
| Their utter Disregard of the Slaves—An Exception, | 198 |
| A Sabbath School Instituted, | 199 |
| How broken up and by whom, | 200 |
| Cruel Treatment of Cousin Henny by Master Thomas, | 201 |
| Differences with Master Thomas, and the Consequences, | 202 |
| Edward Covey—His Character, | 203 |
| Chapter XV. ||
| COVEY, THE NEGRO-BREAKER. ||
| Journey to my new Master's, | 205 |
| Meditations by the way, | 206 |
| View of Covey's Residence—The Family, | 207 |
| Awkwardness as a Field Hand, | 208 |
| First Adventure at Ox Driving, | 209 |
| Unruly Animals—Hair-breadth Escapes, | 211 |
| Oxen and Men—Points of Similarity, | 212 ​ |
| Sent back to the Woods, | 213 |
| Covey's Manner of proceeding to Whip, | 214 |
| His Cunning and Trickery—Severe Labor, | 215 |
| Family Worship, | 217 |
| Shocking Contempt for Chastity—An Illustration, | 218 |
| Author Broken Down—His only Leisure Time, | 219 |
| Freedom of the Ships and his own Slavery Contrasted, | 220 |
| Anguish beyond Description, | 221 |
| Chapter XVI. ||
| ANOTHER PRESSURE OF THE TYRANT'S VICE. ||
| Experience at Covey's summed up, | 222 |
| Scene in the Treading Yard, | 223 |
| Author taken Ill, | 224 |
| Unusual Brutality of Covey, | 225 |
| Escape to St Michael's—Suffering in the Woods, | 227 |
| Circumstances Narrated to Master Thomas—His Bearing, | 229 |
| The Case Prejudged—Driven back to Covey's, | 231 |
| Chapter XVII. ||
| THE LAST FLOGGING. ||
| A Sleepless Night—Return to Covey's, | 233 |
| His Conduct—Again Escape to the Woods, | 234 |
| Deplorable Spectacle—Night in the Woods, | 235 |
| An Alarm—A Friend, not an Enemy, | 236 |
| Sandy's Hospitality—The Ash Cake Supper, | 237 |
| A Conjuror—His Advice—The Magic Root, | 238 |
| Want of Faith—The Talisman Accepted, | 239 |
| Meeting with Covey—His Sunday Face, | 240 |
| His Manner on Monday—A Defensive Resolve, | 241 |
| A Rough and Tumble Fight, | 242 |
| Unexpected Resistance, | 243 |
| Covey's Ineffectual Commands for Assistance, | 244 |
| The Victory and its Results, | 246 |
| Effects upon my own Character, | 247 |
| Chapter XVIII. ||
| NEW RELATIONS AND DUTIES. ||
| Change of Masters—Resolve to Fight my Way, | 250 |
| Ability to Read a cause of Prejudice, | 251 |
| Manner of Spending the Holidays, | 252 |
| The Effects—Sharp hit at Slavery, | 253 |
| A Device of Slavery, | 255 |
| Difference between Master Freeland and Covey, | 257 |
| An Irreligious Master Preferred—The Reasons Why, | 258 |
| The Reverend Rigby Hopkins, | 259 |
| Catalogue of Floggable Offenses, | 260 |
| Rivalry among Slaves Encouraged, | 261 |
| Improved Condition at Freeland's, | 262 |
| Reasons for continued Discontent, | 263 |
| Congenial Society—The Sabbath School, | 264 ​ |
| Its Members—Necessity for Secrecy, | 265 |
| Affectionate Relations of Master and Pupils, | 267 |
| Confidence and Friendship among Slaves, | 268 |
| Slavery the Inviter of Vengeance, | 269 |
| Chapter XIX. ||
| THE RUNAWAY PLOT. ||
| New Year's Thoughts and Reflections, | 271 |
| Again hired by Freeland, | 272 |
| Still Devising Plans for gaining Freedom, | 273 |
| A Solemn Vow—Plan Divulged to the Slaves, | 274 |
| Arguments in its Support—The Scheme gains Favor, | 275 |
| Danger of Discovery—Difficulty of Concealment, | 276 |
| Skill of Slaveholders—Suspicion and Coercion, | 277 |
| Hymns with a Double Meaning, | 278 |
| Author's Confederates—His Influence over them, | 279 |
| Preliminary Consultations—Pass-Words, | 280 |
| Conflict of Hopes and Fears—Ignorance of Geography, | 281 |
| Survey of Imaginary Difficulties, | 282 |
| Effect upon our Minds, | 283 |
| Sandy becomes a Dreamer, | 284 |
| Route to the North laid out—Objections Considered, | 285 |
| Frauds Practiced on Freemen—Passes Written, | 286 |
| Anxieties as the Time drew near, | 287 |
| Appeals to Comrades—A Presentiment, | 289 |
| The Betrayal Discovered, | 290 |
| Manner of Arresting us, | 291 |
| Resistance made by Henry Harris—Its Effects, | 292 |
| Unique Speech of Mrs. Freeland, | 294 |
| Our Sad Procession to Easton, | 295 |
| Passes Eaten—The Examination at St. Michael's, | 296 |
| No Evidence Produced—Who was the Betrayer? | 297 |
| Dragged behind Horses—The Jail a Relief, | 298 |
| A New set of Tormentors, | 299 |
| Release of my Companions, | 300 |
| Author taken out of Prison and sent to Baltimore, | 302 |
| Chapter XX. ||
| APPRENTICESHIP LIFE. ||
| Nothing Lost by the Attempt to Run Away, | 304 |
| Reasons for sending the Author Away, | 305 |
| Unlooked for Clemency in Master Thomas, | 306 |
| Return to Baltimore—Change in Little Tommy, | 307 |
| Trials in Gardiner's Ship Yard, | 308 |
| Desperate Fight with the White Apprentices, | 309 |
| Conflict between White and Black Labor, | 310 |
| Description of the Outrage, | 313 |
| Conduct of Master Hugh, | 315 |
| Testimony of a Colored Man Nothing, | 316 |
| Spirit of Slavery in Baltimore, | 317 |
| Author's Condition Improves, | 318 ​ |
| New Associates—Benefits derived therefrom, | 319 |
| How to make a Contented Slave, | 320 |
| Chapter XXI. ||
| MY ESCAPE FROM SLAVERY. ||
| Manner of Escape not given—Reasons why, | 321 |
| Craftiness and Malice of Slaveholders, | 322 |
| Want of Wisdom in Publishing Details of Escape, | 324 |
| Suspicions Implied by Master Hugh's Manner, | 325 |
| Difficulty of Escape—Discontent, | 326 |
| Author allowed to Hire his Time, | 327 |
| A Gleam of Hope—Hard Terms, | 328 |
| Author attends Camp Meeting without Permission, | 329 |
| Anger of Master Hugh thereat, | 330 |
| Plans of Escape Accelerated thereby, | 332 |
| Painful Thoughts of Separation from Friends, | 333 |
| The Attempt made—Its Success, | 334 |
| Chapter XXII. ||
| LIBERTY ATTAINED. ||
| Author a Wanderer in New York—Feelings on Reaching that City, | 336 |
| An Old Acquaintance met, | 337 |
| Unfavorable Impressions—Loneliness and Insecurity, | 338 |
| Apology for Slaves who Return to their Masters, | 339 |
| Make known my Condition—David Ruggles, | 340 |
| Author's Marriage—Removal to New Bedford, | 341 |
| Kindness of Nathan Johnson—Change of Name, | 342 |
| Dark Notions of Northern Civilization enlightened, | 344 |
| Contrast between the North and the South, | 345 |
| Colored People in New Bedford, | 346 |
| An Incident Illustrating their Spirit, | 347 |
| The Author finds Employment, | 348 |
| Denied Work at his Trade, | 349 |
| The first Winter at the North, | 350 |
| Proscription in the Church, | 351 |
| An Incident at the Communion Table, | 353 |
| First Acquaintance with the Liberator, | 354 |
| Character of its Editor, | 355 |
| Prompt Attendance at Anti-Slavery Meetings, | 356 |
| Chapter XXIII. ||
| INTRODUCED TO THE ABOLITIONISTS. ||
| Anti-Slavery Convention at Nantucket, | 357 |
| Author's First Speech, | 358 |
| Becomes a Public Lecturer, | 359 |
| Youthful Enthusiasm, | 360 |
| Difficulties in his Position, | 361 |
| His Fugitive Slaveship Doubted, | 362 |
| Publishes his Narrative—Danger of Recapture, | 363 |
| Advised not to Publish his Story, | 364 ​ |
| Chapter XXIV. ||
| TWENTY-ONE MONTHS IN GREAT BRITAIN. ||
| Good arising out of Unpropitious Events, | 365 |
| Embarks for England—Denied Cabin Passage, | 366 |
| Mob on board the Cambria—Happy Introduction to the British Public, | 367 |
| Letter to Mr. Garrison, | 368 |
| "We dont allow Niggers in here," | 371 |
| Time and Labors Abroad, | 373 |
| Freedom Purchased—Free Papers, | 374 |
| Abolitionists Displeased with the Ransom, | 375 |
| How the Author's Energies were Directed in Great Britain, | 376 |
| Reception Speech in Finsbury Chapel, London, | 377 |
| Character of the Speech Defended, | 378 |
| Causes Contributing to my Success, | 380 |
| The Free Church of Scotland—Its Position, | 381 |
| Agitation of the Slavery Question, | 382 |
| Debates in the General Assembly—"Send back the Money," | 383 |
| Dr. Cunningham's Speech—A Striking Incident, | 385 |
| The World's Temperance Convention—Collision with Dr. Cox, | 387 |
| Proposed Testimonial to the Author, | 388 |
| Project of Establishing a Newspaper, | 389 |
| Return to America—Again Denied Cabin Passage, | 390 |
| Chapter XXV. ||
| VARIOUS INCIDENTS. ||
| Unexpected Opposition to my Newspaper Enterprise, | 392 |
| The Objections to it—Their Plausibility Admitted, | 393 |
| Motives for going to Rochester, | 395 |
| A Change of Opinions—Causes leading to it, | 396 |
| Prejudice against Color—The "Jim Crow Car," | 399 |
| An Amusing Domestic Scene, | 401 |
| The Author in High Company, | 403 |
| Elevation of the Free People of Color—Pledge for the Future, | 405 |
| Appendix. ||
| EXTRACTS FROM SPEECHES, ETC. ||
| Reception Speech at Finsbury Chapel, Moorfields, England, | 407 |
| Letter to his Old Master, | 421 |
| The Nature of Slavery, | 429 |
| Inhumanity of Slavery, | 435 |
| What to the Slave is the Fourth of July? | 441 |
| The Internal Slave Trade, | 446 |
| The Slavery Party, | 451 |
| The Anti-Slavery Movement, | 457 |
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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