OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Diebitsch-Sabalkanski, Hans Karl Friedrich Anton

Edition of 1920. See also Hans Karl von Diebitsch on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
DIEBITSCH-SABALKANSKI, dyĭ-bēch-zä-bäl-kän-skē, Hans Karl Friedrich Anton, Count, Russian field-marshal: b. Grossleippe, Silesia, 13 May 1785; d. Kleczwo, near Polotsk, Poland, 10 June 1831. In 1797, when 12 years of age, he was sent by his father, who had served under Frederick the Great and Frederick William II of Prussia, to the military school of Berlin, but in 1801 he quitted the Prussian service for that of Russia, entering the ranks of the Imperial guard. He served with distinction in he battles of Austerlitz, in 1805; Eylau and Friedland in 1807, and, having attained the rank of captain, for five years subsequent to the treaty of Tilsit, devoted himself to the study of military science. During the invasion of the French in 1812, he served under Wittgenstein, compelled the capitulation of the Prussian general, Yorck, became chief of staff in 1813, took part in the battle of Lützen, and later joined the corps of Barclay de Tolly in Silesia, as quartermaster-general. In June 1813 he was instrumental in bringing about the secret treaty of Reichenbach, between England, Austria, Russia and Prussia. He fought in the battles of Dresden and Leipzig, and for his services was made lieutenant-general, at the age of 28, by Alexander. He was responsible for the march on Paris, in the
French campaign of 1814, which terminated the war, and for this he was decorated with the order of Alexander Nevskoi. He took command of the first corps upon Napoleon's return from Elba, but was later appointed adjutant to the emperor, and, having been made chief of staff, accompanied him on his journey through southern Russia, till his death at Taganrog, in 1825. Diebitsch thereupon returned to Saint Petersburg, and by his intrepid conduct during the revolution of 25 December, won for himself the title of baron, and later Emperor Nicholas created him count. He had the chief command in the Turkish War of 1828-29; stormed Varna; and made the famous passage of the Balkans, compelling the Porte to conclude the peace of Adrianople, for which the surname of Sabalkanski (Transbalkanian), was conferred upon him, and he was raised to the rank of field-marshal. He was appointed commander-in-chief of the army sent to put down the rebellion which had broken out in Warsaw, 29 Nov. 1830, and was also made governor of the provinces adjoining Poland. In this campaign he did not meet with success, suffering defeats at Wisniew and Stoczek, 11 Feb. 1831; at Dobre, on the 18th; at Grochow and Wawer on the 19th, and in the series of engagements fought near Praga, in March. He was, however, more successful in the bloody battles of Nur, Lornza and Ostrolenka, fought from 15-26 May, but after establishing his camp at Kleczwo, was taken sick with cholera, and died shortly afterward. Consult Belmont, ‘Graf Diebitsch’ (Dresden 1830); Chesney, ‘Russo-Turkish Campaigns of 1828-29’ (New York 1856).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Diefenbach, Lorenz

Edition of 1920. See also Lorenz Diefenbach on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
DIEFENBACH, Lorenz, dēf'ĕn-baH, German philologist: b. Ostheim, Hesse, 29 July 1806; d. Frankfort-on-Main, 28 March 1883. He was 12 years pastor and librarian at Solms-Laubach. In 1848 he settled at Frankfort-on-Main, where in 1865 he was appointed second librarian to the city. His literary industry was enormous, embracing poetry and romances, as well as those more ponderous works by which his name will live. His greatest books are ‘Celtica’ (1839-40); ‘Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Gothischen Sprache’ (1846-51); ‘Glossarium Latino-Germanicum mediæ et infimæ ætatis,’ a supplement to Ducange's well-known ‘Glossary’ (1857); ‘Origines Europææ’; ‘Hoch- und Niederdeutsches Wörterbuch’ (with Wülcker, 2 vols., 1874-75).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Die Elixiere des Teufels

Edition of 1920. See also The Devil's Elixir on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
DIE ELIXIERE DES TEUFELS. The Devil's Elixir (by T. A. Hoffmann, 1816); has held for a century a leading place among the shudder-tales of diabolism. In a cloister is preserved among the relics a bottle once left by the devil in the cell of Saint Anthony. Whoever tastes its contents becomes possessed by Satan. Brother Medardus, to keep his imperiled fame as a preacher, drinks, and gains an intense new life for evil. Haunted by a terrible unknown presence, protected from the consequences of his crimes by his “double,” a crazy Capuchin, who takes the punishments, he runs a wild course of successful criminality as hunter, gambler, and so on, with intervals of self-revealing terrors that border on insanity, and every device of literary fancy to make the naive reader's blood run cold. At last the ex-monk and libertine returns, after long and gruesome penance, to his cloister and, after a weird phantasmagoria of ghost-walking and witches' sabbath, attains an edifying death. The book is remarkable, even in comparison with Hoffmann's other tales of terror, for its exhaustless invention, the realistic illusion of its utter unreality, and its power to grip the imagination, while the author seems to smile with romantic irony at his own power. The fantastic humor of “Devil-Hoffmann” finds more congenial expression in ‘Lebensansichten des Katers Murr.’ An English translation of the ‘Elixir’ appeared in 1824, and has been followed by many others.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Diedenhofen

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
DIEDENHOFEN, dē-dĕn-hōf'ĕn. See Thionville.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Dieffenbach, Georg Christian

Edition of 1920. See also Georg Christian Dieffenbach on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
DIEFFENBACH, Georg Christian, German poet and theologian: b. Schlitz, Hesse, 1822; d. 1901. He was educated at Giessen and was made chief pastor of his native place in 1871. His poems for children are still very popular in Germany. He also wrote many liturgical, devotional, homiletic and poetical works, which attained a great degree of popularity.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Dieffenbachia

Edition of 1920. See also Dieffenbachia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
DIEFFENBACHIA, dēf-fĕn-băk'ĭ-ạ, a genus of Araceæ (arum family), of which there are about 15 species, found in the woods of South America and the West Indies. Their leaves have sheathing petioles, and are often variegated. Their form of inflorescence is the spathe-enclosed spadix characteristic of the order, the spathe in Dieffenbachia being green or yellowish. The best-known species is the poisonous dumb cane of the West Indies (D. seguin).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Deutzia

Edition of 1920. See also Deutzia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
DEUTZIA, doit'sĭ-ạ, or dūt'sĭ-ạ (so named in honor of the Dutch botanist Deutz), a genus of plants of the family Hydrangeaceæ, containing 50 species, all of which are interesting for the beauty of their flowers. Some of the species are cultivated in America as hothouse flowers
or ornamental shrubs. The nearest relatives growing wild in the United States are the syringas (Philadelphus). The deutzias are small shrubs indigenous to Asia, one species occurring in Mexico. They are covered with stiff stellar hairs, on which account one species (D. scabra) is used by joiners in Japan to polish wood. The flowers are arranged in thyrsi like the lilac.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Diefenbach, Johann Friedrich

Edition of 1920. See also Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
DIEFENBACH, dēf'fĕn-bäH, Johann Friedrich, German surgeon: b. Königsberg, 1 Feb. 1794; d. Berlin, 11 Nov. 1847. He was educated in theology, but from 1813-15 served as a volunteer in the war against Napoleon. Upon his return he devoted himself to the study of medicine, taking his degree at Würzburg in 1822. He soon became widely known as an operator; in 1830 became head surgeon in a
Berlin hospital; in 1832 became a professor in the university; and in 1840 director of clinical surgery. He was distinguished as an operator, especially in the art of forming by transplantation new noses and lips. He wrote ‘Die Transfusion des Blutes und die Einspritzung der Arzneien in die Adern’ (1828); ‘Chirurgische Erfahrungen’ (4 vols., 1829-35); ‘Durchschneidung der Sehnen und Muskeln’ (1841); ‘Ueber das Schielen’ (1842); ‘Operative Chirurgie’ (1844-48).
# The First Men in the Moon

The First Men in the Moon is a science fiction novel written by the British author H. G. Wells. It was originally serialised in The Strand Magazine from December 1900 to August 1901, and first published in hardcover in 1901 by George Newnes. The novel tells the story of a journey to the moon undertaken by the two main protagonists: the impecunious businessman Bedford and the brilliant but eccentric scientist Dr Cavor.
* The First Men in the Moon (1901) as first published in a single volume in 1901.
* The First Men in the Moon (Atlantic Edition) as revised by H.G. Wells for the Atlantic Edition of The Works of H. G. Wells.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Dietrich, Auguste Edgard

Edition of 1920. See also Auguste Edgard Dietrich on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
DIETRICH, dẽt'riH, Auguste Edgard, French writer: b. Nancy 1846. Early in life he took great interest in the study of the German language and literature, and was the first to translate two of Max Nordau's works into French. These were ‘Les mensonges conventionnels de notre civilization’ (1886) and ‘Le mal du siècle’ (1890). He also translated Blennerhassett's ‘Madame de Staël et son temps’ (1890), and was a frequent contributor to La Revue du Nord, La Jeune France, and Le Messager de Vienne. He is the author of ‘Les maîtresses de Louis XV’ (1881); ‘Rouget de Lisle et la Marseillaise’ (1882); ‘Jacques Richard et la presse’ (1886); ‘La mort de Danton’
(1888). He edited ‘Les poésies de Jacques Richard’ (1885).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Dieskau, Ludwig August

Edition of 1920. See also Jean Erdman, Baron Dieskau on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
DIESKAU, dēs'kow, Ludwig August, Baron, German general in French service: b. 1701; d. Surenne, near Paris, 8 Sept. 1767. He was adjutant of Marshal Saxe, whom he accompanied in the campaigns against the Netherlands, and became in 1748 brigadier-general of infantry, and commander of Brest. In 1755 he sailed as general to Canada, at the head of French troops, to assist in the campaign against the English. He ascended Lake Champlain with the design of attacking Fort Edward, ambushed a detachment sent for its relief and pursued them to the fort with the hope of entering it with them. He was, however, defeated by Sir William Johnson, was taken prisoner, suffering from four wounds, and remained in captivity until 1763.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Diesterweg, Friedrich Adolf Wilhelm

Edition of 1920. See also Adolph Diesterweg on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
DIESTERWEG, dē'stėr-vāg, Friedrich Adolf Wilhelm, German educator: b. Siegen,
Prussia, 1790; d. 1866. In 1808-11 he studied at Herborn and Tübingen. He taught at Mannheim and at Worms for about two years, when he removed to the model school at Frankfort. Later he became rector of the Latin school of Elberfeld, and in 1820 was appointed director of the new Teachers' Seminary at Mörs. His years in this position enhanced his reputation as a teacher and writer on education and in 1833 be was made director of the Seminary for City School Teachers in Berlin. Because of his disagreement with the authorities regarding important phases of higher education he was in constant friction and resigned in 1847. He received a government pension in 1850 and thereafter spread his educational ideas solely through the medium of periodicals. In 1858 be was elected to the Prussian Diet. He was a follower of Pestalozzi and aimed at making every subject a means of education. His greatest services to education were through his work as a trainer of teachers, but he exerted also a wide and far-reaching influence through his writings. In 1851 he founded in Berlin the Pädagogisches Jahrbuch and published ‘Wegweiser zur Bildung für deutsche Lehrer’ (2 vols., 1834; 6th ed., 1 vol., 1890); ‘Das pädagogische Deutschland’ (1836); ‘Streitfragen auf dem Gebiete der Pädagogik’ (1837); ‘Leitfaden für den Unterricht in der Formlehre’ (1845); ‘Lehrbuch der mathematischen Geographie’ (1840; 18th ed., as ‘Populäre Himmelskunde,’ 1891); ‘Unterricht in der Kleinkinderschule’ (5th ed., 1852). Consult Rebhuhn, Adolf, ‘Briefe Adolf Diesterwegs’ (Leipzig 1907) and Richter, Karl, ‘Adolf Diesterwegs Ansichten über pädagogische Zeit- und Streitfragen’ (Leipzig 1913).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Dixwell, John

Edition of 1920. See also John Dixwell on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
DIXWELL, John, English regicide: b. 1608; d. 18 March 1689, in 1646 he was elected member for Dover in the House of Commons, was one of the judges who condemned Charles I to death and signed the warrant. After the reaction in England which placed Charles II upon the throne, and caused himself and his associates in the trial to be excepted from the general pardon, he escaped to America, changed his name, taking that of John Davids, and lived undiscovered among the inhabitants of New Haven, where he was married and left children. In 1664 he visited two of his fellow regicides, Whalley and Goffe, who had found a refuge amid the solitudes of Hadley, Mass. His favorite study in exile was Raleigh's ‘History of the World,’ and he cherished a constant faith that the spirit of liberty in England would produce a new revolution. Consult Stiles, ‘History of Three of the Judges of Charles I: Whalley, Goffe and Dixwell’ (Hartford 1794).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Dietrich, Christian Wilhelm Ernst

Edition of 1920. See also Christian Wilhelm Ernst Dietrich on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
DIETRICH, Christian Wilhelm Ernst, German painter and etcher: b. Weimar, 30 Oct. 1712; d. Dresden, 24 April 1774. The picture of a peasant drinking, in the Dutch style executed by Dietrich while a boy, is in the Royal Cabinet of Engravings at Dresden. He successfully imitated Raphael and Mieris, Correggio and Ostade, but never produced anything of his own. His best work is his historical etchings. His paintings are scattered through almost all Europe, and especially in Germany. In the Dresden gallery, of which he was inspector, there are 53 of them.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Dietrichson, Lorentz Henrik Segelcke

Edition of 1920. See also Lorentz Dietrichson on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
DIETRICHSON, Lorentz Henrik Segelcke, Norwegian poet and historian of art and literature: b. Bergen, 1 Jan. 1834. While an undergraduate in the University of Christiania, he composed many clever student songs which were collected and published in 1859. For a time he served as instructor at Upsala and subsequently for three years was secretary to the Norwegian minister at Rome. On his return he became connected with the administration of the Stockholm National Museum. He was appointed professor in the Academy of Arts, Stockholm, in 1869 and six years later removed to Christiania as professor of the history of art. He published several volumes mostly dealing with Norwegian art in the Middle Ages. He published the poem, ‘0laf Liljekrans’ in 1857 and ‘Kivleslatten’ in 1859; ‘Didactic Poetry in the North’ (1860); ‘The Art of Wood Sculpture in Norway’ (1879).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Dod, Daniel

Edition of 1920. See also Daniel Dod on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
DOD, Daniel, American mechanic: b. Virginia, 28 Sept. 1788; d. New York, 9 May 1823. He was educated at Rutgers College. He devoted himself to the study of steam machinery and the construction of steam-engines; the Savannah (1819), the first steamship to cross the Atlantic, had an engine of his construction. He was killed by the explosion of a boiler on a steamboat, the machinery of which he had altered.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Dietrich von Bern

Edition of 1920. See also Legends about Theoderic the Great on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
DIETRICH VON BERN, a hero of German legend, celebrated for his amazing adventures, and figuring in the ‘Nibelungenlied.’ He was in actual life Theodoric the Great, founder of the Ostrogoth monarchy; but the two names have resulted in much confusion of legend with fact. He flourished in the 5th and 6th centuries of our era. Bern is German for Verona, the principal residence of Dietrich.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Dietz, Feodor

Edition of 1920. See also Feodor Dietz on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
DIETZ, dēts, Feodor, German painter: b. Neunstetten, Baden, 29 May 1813; d. Gray, France, 18 Nov. 1870. He studied in Karlsruhe under Karl and Rudolf Kuntz, and while there was greatly influenced by Feodor Ivanovitch. He also studied under Philip Foltz at the Munich Academy, and aided the latter in the decoration of the royal palace. In 1835 he executed his ‘Death of Max Piccolomini,’ now in the Karlsruhe Gallery, which brought him considerable fame. He spent three years in Paris, coming under the influence of Horace Vernet, and receiving the gold medal in the Salon of 1839. He was appointed court painter at Karlsruhe, but removed to Munich. He took part in the campaign of 1848 in Schleswig-Holstein, and in 1862 was appointed professor of the newly-founded School of Arts at Karlsruhe. He entered the army in 1870 in the Franco-Prussian War, and died in the service. He is best remembered as a historical and battle painter. His best works are ‘Nocturnal Review’ (1853); ‘Destruction of Heidelberg by General Mela’ (1856), in the Karlsruhe Gallery; ‘Flight of an American Family Across the Susquehanna’; ‘Blücher's March to Paris’ (1868), in the Berlin National Gallery.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Juggler

Edition of 1920. See also Juggling on Wikipedia, juggle on Wiktionary, and the disclaimer.
JUGGLER (Old French, jangleur, Latin, joculator, joker, jester), a skilful and dexterous performer of feats of different lands, including slight of hand (legerdemain). The juggler is or was to be found in all lands. He was a favorite with the Greeks and the Romans, and has been, for centuries, with the
Japanese and Chinese; and he has long been an institution in India, Further India, Persia and Tibet. The Aztecs and many other American native races had very skilful jugglers who seem to have been frequently connected with the religious or mythological beliefs of the peoples. Very skilful jugglers formed one of the most striking features of the elaborate court entertainments of Montezuma II, who was so fond of this sport that he had his own favorite private jugglers, some of whom were dwarfs and people otherwise deformed. See Legerdemain; Fakir; Fire-Eaters; Jongleur.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Juglandacæ

Edition of 1920. See also Juglandaceae on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
JUGLANDACÆ, the walnut family, dicotyledonous plants, native of the north temperate zone. Most of the 40 or more species of this family consist of trees, all nut-hearing and producers of excellent wood for cabinet and other work. The most valuable in this respect is the black walnut The best known and most extensive genera are the Juglans or walnuts, and the Hicoria or hickories. The family is distinguished by alternate compound leaves.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Juengling, Frederick

Edition of 1920. See also Frederick Juengling on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
JUENGLING, yŭng'lĭng, Frederick, American wood engraver: b. 1846; d. 1889. He was one of the founders and the first secretary of the American Society of Wood Engravers (1881). In his art he was one of the most consistent advocates and practicers of the new American system of wood engraving which substituted short broken lines, dots and so forth for the regulation long lines and regular sweep of the graver. He was a bold and clever workman and met with very considerable success. Consult Weitenkampf, Frank, ‘American Graphic Art’ (New York 1912).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Jug

Edition of 1920. See also Jug (container) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
JUG, a vessel of earth, glass or metal, used for holding liquids and characterized by having one handle and a lip for ease in pouring. The origin of the word is uncertain. In slang the term is employed to denote a prison, and there is not wanting evidence that in this latter sense it is as adaptation of the Latin jug-um, a yoke. In the United States the word pitcher has superseded jug to a great extent. The Metropolitan Museum, New York, and the British Museum, London, contain very fine examples of this kind of vessel, in the latter is a remarkable bronze jug found at Kumasi in 1896, It was made in England in the reign of Richard II, whose arms and badge it bears. It is furnished with a lid, handle and spout. The ewer is a jug with a broad lip and was formerly in general use at table for pouring water over the hands after meals, a practice very essential when we remember that table forks were still unknown. Much variety in form and design appears in the early specimens, some are balanced on three feet and some take the form of animals. The 18th and l9th centuries saw the production in England of pottery vessels known as “Toby Jugs,” “Nelson Jugs,” etc., usually in the form of a stout old man with a hat the corners of which form the spouts.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Juggernaut

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
JUGGERNAUT, jŭg'ėr-nât. See Jagannath.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Junipero, Miguel José Serra

Edition of 1920. See also Junípero Serra on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
JUNIPERO, Miguel José Serra, mē-gĕl hō-sā' sĕr'rä hoo-nē'pā-rō, Spanish missionary in America: b. island of Majorca, 24 Nov. 1713; d. Monterey, Cal., 28 Aug. 1784. He became a member of the Franciscan order in 1729, in 1750 arrived In Mexico City as a missionary and in 1750-69 was active among the native tribes. In 1769 he went to the site of San Diego, Cal., where he founded a mission. He gathered about him a band of 16 of his order and these missionaries converted over 3,000 Indians, of whom Junipero himself is said to have baptized more than 1,000. He instructed the natives in the arts of civilization and the colonies which assembled about the mission stations constituted the first settlements in California. His headquarters were at Monterey, but he founded several other missions. Bret Harte incorrectly gives his name as Serro.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Johnson, Virginia Wales

Edition of 1920. See also Virginia Wales Johnson on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
JOHNSON, Virginia Wales, American novelist: b. Brooklyn, N. Y., 28 Dec. 1849. Since 1875 she has lived in Florence, Italy. Her publications, mainly for young folk, include ‘Kettle Club Series’ (1870); ‘Travels of an American Owl’ (1870); ‘Joseph the Jew’ (1873); ‘A Sack of Gold’ (1874); ‘The Catskill Fairies’ (1875); ‘The Calderwood Secret’ (1875); ‘A Foreign Marriage’ (1880); ‘The Neptune Vase,’ her finest work (1881); ‘The Famalls of Tipton’ (1885); ‘Tulip's Place’ (1886); ‘Miss Nancy's Pilgrimage’ (1887); ‘The House of the Musician’ (1887); ‘The World's Shrine’ (1902); ‘A Lift on the Road’ (1913); and other fictions and several descriptive works, such as ‘Genoa, the Superb’; ‘The Lily of the Arno’; ‘Lake Como’; ‘Many Years of a Florence Balcony’ (1911).