# Hydrocarbons, Halogenated (1003)

​HYDROCARBONS, HALOGENATED Table 1
MW: Table 2
METHOD: 1003, Issue 3
CAS: Table 1
RTECS: Table 1
EVALUATION: PARTIAL
OSHA : See TABLE 1 NIOSH: See TABLE 1 ACGIH: See TABLE 1 COMPOUNDS: (synonyms)
1003
PROPERTIES:
Issue 1: 15 February 1984 Issue 3: 15 March 2003 See TABLE 2
See TABLE 1
SAMPLING
MEASUREMENT
SOLID SORBENT TUBE (coconut shell charcoal, 100 mg/50 mg) (Lot # 2000)
TECHNIQUE:
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY, FID
ANALYTE:
compounds listed above
FLOW RATE:
0.01 to 0.2 L/min
DESORPTION:
1 mL CS2 , stand 30 min
VOL-MIN: -MAX:
Table 3 Table 3
INJECTION VOLUME:
1 µL
SHIPMENT:
Routine
TEMPERATURE: Group A:
SAMPLE STABILITY:
30 days for all analytes
BLANKS:
2 to 10 field blanks per set
SAMPLER:
Group B:
CARRIER GAS:
Inj = 200°C, Det = 250°C ; 35°C (3 min) to 150°C (8°C/min). Inj = 225°C, Det = 250°C ; 35°C (3 min) to 190°C (8°C/min).
He, (Group A: 2.6 mL/min) (Group B: 4.7 mL/min)
ACCURACY RANGE STUDIED:
see EVALUATION OF METHOD [1]
BIAS:
see EVALUATION OF METHOD [1]
OVERALL PRECISION ( Ö r T ):
see EVALUATION OF METHOD [1]
ACCURACY:
see EVALUATION OF METHOD [1]
COLUMN: Group A: capillary, fused silica, 30 m x 0.32-mm ID; 1.80-µm film diphenyl/ dimethyl polysiloxane, Rtx® -502.2 or equivalent. Group B: capillary, fused silica, 30 m x 0.53 - mm ID; 3-µm film 35% diphenyl- 65% dimethyl polysiloxane, Rtx® -35 or equivalent. CALIBRATION:
standard solutions of analytes in CS2
RANGE:
see Evaluation of Method
ESTIMATED LOD:
Table 4
PRECISION (þ r ):
Table 4
APPLICABILITY: See Table 3 for working ranges. This method can be used for simultaneous determination of two or more of the analytes of interest either by use of both of the capillary columns listed above or by modifying the analytical parameters (i.e., temperature program) of the method. High humidity during sampling will decrease total breakthrough volume.
INTERFERENCES: None identified but as the number of different analytes sampled increases so does the chance for interferences. The choice of capillary column or analytical parameters may be modified to circumvent such interferences.
OTHER METHODS: This method is an update for NMAM Method 1003 (Issue 1, 2/15/84) [2]. Trichloroethylene, NIOSH Method 1022, was included in this method update [3]. Method improvements include higher recoveries at lower sample recovery levels, lower LOD and LOQ values, incorporation of capillary column chromatography, and acceptable recoveries in a 30 day storage stability study.
NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), Fourth Edition ​HYD RO CAR BO NS, H ALO GE NAT ED: M ETH OD 1003, Issue 3, dated 1 5 Ma rch 2003 Page 2 o f 7 REAGENTS:
EQUIPMENT:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1.
Ca rbon disulfide, chrom atog raph ic qua lity.* An alyte s, reagent grade quality. Nitrogen or helium, purified. Hydrogen, prepurified. Air, filtered.
See SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Sampler: glass tube, 7 cm long, 6-mm OD, 4-mm ID, flame-sealed ends with plastic caps, containing two sections of 20/40 mesh activated (600 °C) coconut shell charcoal (front = 100 mg; back = 50 mg) separated by a 2-mm urethane foam plug. A silylated glass wool plug precedes the front section and a 3-mm urethane foam plug follows the back sec tion. Pre ssu re drop a cross th e tube at 1 L/m in airflow m ust be less than 3.4 k Pa. Tubes are comm ercially available (e.g., SKC
Personal sampling pump, 0.01 to 0.2 L/min, with flexible connecting tubing. Gas chromatograph, FID, integrator and colum ns (see pa ge1003 -1). Via ls, 2-m L, glass, P TFE -line d septum crim p caps. Volumetric flasks, 10-mL. Syringes, 10-µL to 1-mL, readable to 0.1 µL. Pipet, 1-mL, with pipet bulb.
SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS: Carbon disulfide is toxic and a serious fire and explosion hazard (flash point = !30 °C). W ork with it only in a hood. Several of the analytes are suspect carcinogens (Table 1). W ear appropriate protection clothing and work with these compounds in a well ventilated hoo d. SAMPLING: 1. Calibrate each personal sampling pump with a representative sampler in line. 2. Break the ends of the sampler imm ediately before sampling. Attach sampler to personal sampling pump with flexible tubing. 3. Sam ple at an accurately known flow rate between 0.01 and 0.2 L/min for a total sample size between the limits shown in Table 2. 4. Ca p the sam plers. Pac k secu rely for shipm ent.
SAMPLE PREPARATION: 5. Place the front and back sorbent sections of the sampler tube in separate vials. The glass wool plug should be included in the vial containing the front sorbent section. Discard the glass wool and foam plugs. 6. Add 1.0 mL CS 2 to each vial. C ap each vial. 7. Allow to stand 30 min with occasional agitation.
CALIBRATION AND QUALITY CONTRO L: 8. Ca librate daily with at leas t six wo rking standa rds over the appro priate rang e from below the LOD to 10x the LO Q or grea ter if required (see T able 3). a. Add known amounts of neat analyte or calibration stock solution to CS 2 in 10-mL volumetric flasks and dilute to the mark. b. Analyze with samp les and blanks (steps 11 and 12). c. Prepare calibra tion gra ph (p eak area vs. :g analyte).
NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), Fourth Edition ​HYD RO CAR BO NS, H ALO GE NAT ED: M ETH OD 1003, Issue 3, dated 1 5 Ma rch 2003 Page 3 o f 7 9. Determine desorption efficiency (DE) at least once for each lot of charcoal used for sampling in the range of interest. Prepare three tubes at each of five concentrations plus three media blanks. a. Rem ove and disca rd back sorbent sec tion of a blank sam pler. b. Inject a known amount (2 to 20 µL) of pure analyte, or calibration stock solution, directly onto front sorbent section with a microliter syringe. c. Ca p the tube. Allow to stand overnight. d. Deso rb (steps 5 through 7 ) and analyze together with working standards (steps 11 and 12). e. Prepare a graph of DE vs. µg analyte recovered. 10. Analyze three quality control blind spikes and three analyst spikes to insure that the calibration graph and D E graph are in control.
MEASUREMENT: 11.
12.
Set gas chromatograph according to manufacturer's recomm endations and to conditions given on pag e 10 03-1 . Inject s am ple aliqu ot either m anu ally using solve nt flush technique o r with autosam pler. NOTE: If peak area is above the linear range of the working standards, dilute with CS 2, rean alyze and apply the appropriate dilution factor in calculations. Measure peak area.
CALCULATIONS: 13.
14.
Determ ine the ma ss, µg (correc ted for DE), of analyte found in the sam ple front (W f) and back (W b) sorbent sec tions and in the average m edia blank front (B f) and back (B b) sorbent sections. NOTE: If W b > W f/10, report breakthrough and possible sample loss. Calculate conce ntration, C, of analyte in the air volume sam pled, V (L):
EVALUATION OF METHOD: The current laboratory evaluation of the analytes listed in this method included the incorporation of capillary column chrom atography, the improvem ent of LOD/LOQ values, a desorption efficiency study rang ing fro m app roximately 3-5X LOQ to 0.1x the R EL/PEL, and the inclusion of a 30 day sto rage stability study. Most of the analytes evaluated over this range exhibited acceptable recoveries [4]. However four analyte s had unaccepta ble rec overies at th e lowe st level evaluate d [4]. These analyte s included benzyl chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and chlorobenzene. For these compounds the LOQ was adju sted acc ordingly. All of the a nalytes evaluated during the stora ge s tability study were d eterm ined to be s table a fter 7, 1 4, and 30 days stora ge [4]. Brom oform was m arginally stable a t 30 days [4]. The initial laboratory evaluation was conducted using spiked samples and generated atmospheres and using SKC Lot 105 coconut shell charcoal as the collection media [1]. Results were:
NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), Fourth Edition ​HYD RO CAR BO NS, H ALO GE NAT ED: M ETH OD 1003, Issue 3, dated 1 5 Ma rch 2003 Page 4 o f 7
Compound
Range mg/m3
Sample Size
Bias %
Precision Overall Measurement
Benzyl chloride Bromoform Carbon tetrachloride Chlorobenzene Chlorobromomethane Chloroform o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethylene* Ethylene dichloride Hexachloroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Tetrachloroethylene 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 1,2,3-Trichloropropane
2-8 3-10 65-299 183-736 640-2655 100-416 150-629 183-777 212-838 475-1915 195-819 5-25 904-3790 655-2749 26-111 163-629
10 L 10 L 15 L 10 L 5L 15 L 3L 3L 10 L 3L 3L 10 L 3L 3L 10 L 10 L
! 8.4 ! 1.3 ! 1.6
0.096 0.071 0.092 0.056 0.061 0.057 0.068 0.052 0.057 0.052 0.079 0.121 0.054 0.052 0.057 0.068
0.3 3.4 1.3 ! 1.9 ! 4.3 2.6 ! 2.9 ! 2.0 ! 6.6 ! 0.6 ! 7.2 ! 9.0 2.1
Accuracy ±%
Desorption Efficiency
25.6 14.0 18.0 11.0 14.0 11.6 13.7 12.5 12.4 11.3 15.7 25.4 10.6 15.1 17.5 14.2
94% @ 96-303 µg 94% @ 35-111 µg 93% @ 32-4800 µg 92% @ 111-7100µg 98% @39-13,000µg 97% @ 24-7400 µg 94% @ 19-1900 µg 98% @ 25-2700 µg 101% @20-8000 µg 101% @19-9500 µg 94% @ 2.5-2500 µg 98% @ 34-756.8 µg 100%@23-11000µg 95% @ 8-8000 µg 100% @18-1200 µg 99% @ 21-6000 µg
0.031 0.043 0.037 0.025 0.051 0.047 0.013 0.022 0.011 0.017 0.012 0.014 0.018 0.013 0.010 0.027
REFERENCES: [1] NIOSH [1977]. Docum entation of the NIOSH Validation Tests, S101, S110, S113, S114, S115, S122, S123, S126, S133, S134, S135, S281, S314, S328, S335, S351, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and W elfare, Publ. (NIOSH) 77-185, available as Stock No. PB 274-248 from NT IS, Springfield, VA 22161. [2] NIOSH [1994]. Hydrocarbons, Halogenated: Method 1003. In: Eller PM, Cassinelli ME, eds. NIOSH m anu al of analytical m etho ds. 4 th ed. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 94-113. [3] NIOSH [1994]. Trichloroethylene: Method 1022. In: Eller, PM, Cassinelli, ME, eds. NIOSH m anual of ana lytical metho ds. 4 th rev. ed. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 94-113. [4] Pende rgrass S M [1 998 ]. Bac kup Data R epo rt for N MA M 1003 , Issue 3 M etho d Developm ent. Cincinnati, OH: National Institute for Oc cupational Safety and Hea lth, (unpublished, Dec em ber). [5] NIO SH [1977]. Ca rbon tetrac hloride : Me thod S31 4, NIOS H m anu al of analytical m etho ds, 2 nd ed., Vol. 1, Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and W elfare, (NIOSH) Publication 77157-A. [6] Ibid., S133. [7] Ibid., S113. [8] Ibid., Vol 3., S351, (NIOSH) Publication 77-157-C. [9] Ibid., S135. [10] Ibid., S281. [11] Ibid., Vol. 2, S123, (NIOSH) Publication 77-157-A. [12] Ibid., S110. [13] Ibid., S122. [14] Ibid., Vol 3, S328, (NIOSH) Publication 77-157-C. [15] Ibid., S335. [16] Ibid., Vol. 2, S134, (NIOSH) Publication 77-157-A. [17] Ibid., S126.
METHOD REVISED BY: Stephanie M. Pendergrass, NIOSH/ DART.
NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), Fourth Edition
Ref. 4 4 4,5 4,6 4,7 4,8 4,9 4,10 4,11 4,12 4,13 4 4,14 4,15 4,16 4,17 ​HYD RO CAR BO NS, H ALO GE NAT ED: M ETH OD 1003, Issue 3, dated 1 5 Ma rch 2003 Page 5 o f 7 TABLE 1. GENERAL INFORMATION. Compound RTECS
Synonyms
OSHA/NIOSH/ACGIH (ppm)
Group A 0.5 (skin)/0.5 (skin)/0.5 (skin)
Bromoform (CHBr3 ); PB5600000
tribromomethane; CAS #75-25-2
Carbon tetrachlorideab (CCl4 ); FG4900000
tetrachloromethane; CAS #56-23-5
10, C 25/STEL 2 (1 h)/5 (skin)
Chlorobenzene (C6 H5 Cl); CZ0175000
monochlorobenzene; phenyl chloride; CAS #108-90-7
75/--/10
Chloroform ab (CHCl3 ); FS9100000
trichloromethane; CAS #67-66-3
C 50/STEL 2/10
1,1-Dichloroethane (CH3 CHCl2 ); KI0175000
ethylidene chloride; CAS #75-34-3
100/100/100
Ethylene dichlorideab (ClCH2 CH2 Cl); KI0525000
1,2-dichloroethane; CAS #107-06-2
50, C 100/1, STEL 2/10
Tetrachloroethyleneab (Cl2 C=CCl2 ); KX3850000
perchloroethylene; CAS #127-18-4
100, C 200, P 300/0.4 (LOQ)/ 25, STEL 100
Trichloroethylenea (CICH = CCl2 ); KX4550000
ethylene trichloride; trichloroethene; CAS # 79-01-6
100 ppm (Ca 200 ppm)/Ca 50 ppm
1,1,1-trichloroethane (CH3 CCl3 ); KJ297500
methyl chloroform; CAS #71-55-6
350/C 350/350, STEL 450
Group B 1/C 1.0/1 Benzyl chloridea (C6 H5 CH2 Cl); XS8925000
(chloromethyl) benzene; "-chlorotoluene; CAS #100-44-7
Chlorobromomethane (CH2 BrCl); PA5250000
bromochloromethane; Halon 1011; CAS #74-97-5
o-Dichlorobenzenec (1,2-C6 H4 Cl2 ); CZ4500000
1,2-dichlorobenzene; CAS #95-50-1
p-Dichlorobenzeneac (1,4-C6 H4 Cl2 ); CZ45500000
1,4-dichlorobenzene; CAS #106-46-7
1,2-Dichloroethylene (ClCH=CHCl); KV9360000
acetylene dichloride; 1,2-dichloroethene; CAS #540-59-0
Hexachloroethaneac (CCl3 CCl3 ); KI4025000
perchloroethane; CAS #67-72-1
1,1,2-Trichloroethanead (Cl2 CHCH2 Cl); KJ3150000
vinyl trichloride; CAS #79-00-5
1,2,3-Trichloropropanea (CH2 ClCHClCH2 Cl); TZ9275000
allyl trichloride; glycerol trichlorohydrin; CAS #96-18-4
200/200/200
50/C 50/25 (skin); STEL 50
75/1.7 (LOQ)/75, STEL 110
200/200/200
1 (skin)/1/1 (skin)
a
10 (skin)/10 (skin)/10 (skin)
50/10 (skin)/10 (skin)
Suspect carcinogen [20,21,22]; b Group I Pesticide; c Group II Pesticide; d Group III Pesticide
NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), Fourth Edition ​HYD RO CAR BO NS, H ALO GE NAT ED: M ETH OD 1003, Issue 3, dated 1 5 Ma rch 2003 Page 6 o f 7 TABLE 2. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Compound RTECS
M.W.
mg/m3 = 1 ppm @ NTP
Synonyms
Properties
Group A Bromoform (CHBr3 )
252.75
10.33
tribromomethane
liquid, d 2.887; BP 148 °C; nonflammable
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 )
153.84
6.29
tetrachloromethane
liquid; d 1.585; BP 76.7 °C; FP ! 23.0 °C; VP 91.3 mm @ 20 °C; vapor density (air = 1) 5.3
Chlorobenzene (C6 H5 Cl)
112.56
4.60
monochlorobenzene; phenyl chloride
liquid; d 1.105 @ 25 °C; BP 131.6 °C; MP ! 45 °C; flash pt. 29.4 °C (CC)
Chloroform (CHCl3 )
119.39
4.88
trichloromethane
liquid, d 1.485 @ 20 °C; BP 61.2 °C; FP -63.5 °C
1,1-Dichloroethane (CH3 CHCl2 )
98.95
4.05
ethylidene chloride
liquid, d 1.174 @ 20 °C; BP 57 to 59 °C; FP ! 98 °C
Ethylene dichloride (ClCH2 CH2 Cl)
98.96
4.05
1,2-dichloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene (Cl2 C=CCl2 )
165.83
6.78
perchloroethylene
liquid; d 1.2554 @ 20 °C; BP 83.5 °C; FP ! 35.5 °C; flash pt. 13 °C; explosive limits in air 6 to 16% liquid; d 1.625 @ 20 °C; BP 121 °C; FP ! 22.4 °C
1,1,1-trichloroethane (CH3 CCl3 )
133.42
5.45
methyl chloroform
liquid; d 1.325; BP 75 °C; FP ! 30.4 °C; nonflammable
Trichloroethylene (CICH=CCl2 )
131.40
5.37
ethylene trichloride; trichloroethene
liquid; d 1.459 @ 20°C; BP 87.2°C; FP- 72.8°C; VP 58 mm Hg @ 20°C (9.9 kPa); explosive range 11 to 41% v/v in air
Benzyl chloride (C6 H5 CH2 Cl)
126.58
5.17
(chloromethyl) benzene; "-chlorotoluene
liquid; BP 179 °C; MP ! 48 to ! 43 °C; d 1.100 @ 20 °C; flash pt. 67 °C
Chlorobromomethane (CH2 BrCl)
129.39
5.29
bromochloromethane; Halon 1011
liquid; d 1.93 @ 20 °C; BP 68 °C; MP ! 88 °C; nonflammable
o-Dichlorobenzene (1,2-C6 H4 Cl2 )
147.00
6.01
1,2-dichlorobenzene
liquid; d 1.284; BP 172 to 179 °C; FP ! 17 °C; flash pt. 65.5 °C
p-Dichlorobenzene (1,4-C6 H4 Cl2 )
147.00
6.01
1,4-dichlorobenzene
solid crystals; d 1.458; BP 173.7 °C; MP 53 °C; sublimes; flash pt. 65.5 °C
1,2-Dichloroethylene (ClCH=CHCl)
96.94
3.96
acetylene dichloride; 1,2-dichloroethene
liquid; transisomer; d 1.257; BP 47 to 49 °C; MP ! 57°C; cis-isomer; d 1.282; BP 58 to 60 °C; flash pt. 3.9 °C; FP ! 80 °C
Hexachloroethane (CCl3 CCl3 )
236.74
9.66
perchloroethane
solid; d 2.091; MP 185 °C; BP sublimes at 187 °C
1,1,2-Trichloroethane (Cl2 CHCH2 Cl)
133.41
5.45
vinyl trichloride
liquid; d 1.4432 @ 20 °C; BP 113.7 °C; FP ! 36.4 °C; VP 19 mm Hg @ 20 °C
1,2,3-Trichloropropane (CH2 ClCHClCH2 Cl)
147.43
6.03
allyl trichloride; glycerol trichlorohydrin
liquid; d 1.3888 @ 20 °C; BP 156.2 °C; FP ! 15 °C; flash pt. 82.2 °C (OC)
Group B
NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), Fourth Edition ​HYD RO CAR BO NS, H ALO GE NAT ED: M ETH OD 1003, Issue 3, dated 1 5 Ma rch 2003 Page 7 o f 7 TABLE 3. SAMPLING LIMITS.
Compound Min
Air Sample Volume (L) Max
4 @ 0.5 ppm 3 @ 10 ppm 1.5 @ 75 ppm 1 @ 50 ppm 0.5 @ 100 ppm 1 @ 50 ppm 0.1 @ 350 ppm 1.0 @ 100 ppm 0.2 @ 100 ppm 6 @ 1 ppm 0.5 @ 200 ppm 1 @ 50 ppm 1 @ 75 ppm 0.2 @ 200 ppm 3 @ 1 ppm 2 @ 10 ppm 0.6 @ 50 ppm
Bromoform Carbon tetrachloride Chlorobenzene Chloroform 1,1-Dichloroethane Ethylene dichloride 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Tetrachloroethylene Trichloroethylene Benzyl chloride Chlorobromomethane o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1,2-Dichloroethylene Hexachloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 1,2,3-Trichloropropane
70 150 40 50 15 50 8 40 30 50 60 10 8 5 70 60 60
Working Range, ppm, at Max Sample Volume
Target 10 15 10 15 10 3 3 3 10 10 5 3 3 3 10 10 10
0.2 to 4 2 to 105 10 to 430 2 to 190 4 to 250 16 to 1320 18 to 1450 9 to 1900 0.3 to 62.1 0.6 to 5.8 18 to 450 16 to 1100 27 to 330 16 to 560 0.3 to 8.3 1.8 to 64 3 to 310
TABLE 4. MEASUREMENT PARAMETERS.
Compound Bromoform Carbon tetrachloride Chlorobenzene Chloroform 1,1-Dichloroethane Ethylene dichloride Tetrachloroethylene 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Trichlorethylene Benzyl chloride Chlorobromomethane o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1,2-Dichloroethylene Hexachloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 1,2,3-Trichloropropane
Limit of Detection (LOD)
Limit of Quantitation (LOQ)
Precision (S r )
6.0 4.0 0.6 0.8 2.0 0.7 2.0 1.0 0.6 1.0 1.5 0.8 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0
19.3 20.0 110.0 15.0 5.1 2.3 7.1 3.0 1.9 4.5 41.0 2.7 7.5 5.1 6.6 3.0 2.7
0.051 0.046 0.025 0.035 0.030 0.026 0.032 0.009 0.018 0.076 0.053 0.022 0.041 0.041 0.021 0.036 0.020
Units = µg analyte per sample Note: For a few of the compounds in this method the LOQ values, when compared to the preceding method development results, may appear higher. This can be explained by the fact that in the initial method development no recovery study was conducted at a level near or above the instrumentally determined LOQ recoveries for each analyte.
NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), Fourth Edition