OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Little Brown Betty, lived at the Gold Can

​LV.
Little Brown Betty, lived at the Gold Can, Where she brewed good ale for gentlemen; The gentlemen they came every day, Till little Brown Betty she hopped away.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Little Polly Flinders

​LXXIV.
Little Polly Flinders Sat among the cinders Warming her pretty little toes. Her mother came and caught her, And scolded her little daughter For spoiling her nice new clothes.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Little St. William

​LXXVII. LITTLE ST. WILLIAM
Easter day was a holiday Of all the days in the year; And all the little schoolfellows went to play, But St. William was not there.
Mammy she went to the Jew-wife's house, And loud she knocked at the ring. Saying, Little St. William, if you be here, Pray open, and let mother in.
The Jew's wife opened the door and said, He has not been here to-day. He is off with his schoolfellows on the green, A-playing at some pretty play.
Mam my she went to Lyn water The water was wide and deep, Saying, Little St. William, if you be there, O pity! your mammy does weep.
O how can I pity you, mother dear, And I have so long been in pain? For the little penknife sticks close in my heart, For the Jew's wife she has me slain.
Go home, go home, my own mammy dear, And weave me a winding-sheet; ​For to-morrow morning when the church bells ring, You will with my body meet.
And lay my prayer-book all at my head, Lay my grammar at my feet; That all little schoolboys, as they pass by, May read them as is most meet.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Little John Cook

​XLV. LITTLE JOHN COOK
Little John Cook he had a grey mare, He-haw; haw-hum! Her back stood up and her bones were bare, He-haw; haw-hum!
John Cook was riding up Shooters' Bank, He-haw; haw-hum! And there this nag did kick and prank, He-haw! haw-hum!
John Cook was riding up Shooters' Hill, He-haw; haw-hum! The mare fell down, and she made her will, He-haw; haw-hum!
​The bridle and saddle he laid on the shelf, He-haw; haw-hum! If you want any more, you may sing it yourself, He-haw; haw-hum!
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Musical Association, The

From volume 2 of the work.
[ C. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Musical Feasts

From volume 2 of the work.
​MUSICAL FEASTS. The Musical Feasts which preceded the Musical Drama were so called because it was the custom in Italy to celebrate any joyful occasion, such as the marriage of princes, with feasts, and games, and melodramatic poetry, accompanied with theatrical representations. Feats of arms, jousts and tournaments, also made part of the entertainment, which was in Italy of much the same character as the masques and pageants in England in the time, of Elizabeth and James I. So much were these Musical Feasts in request that the most celebrated poets and musicians of the day were employed to arrange the scheme, celebrated architects devised the extraordinary and elaborate machinery brought in to enhance the effect, and great painters—in one instance a pupil of Perugino, Bastiano di san Gallo—condescended to paint the scenery.
[ C. M. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Musica Antiqua

From volume 2 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Musica Mensurata

From volume 2 of the work.
​MUSICA MENSURATA or Cantus Mensurabilis (Measured Music). The notes of Plain Chaunt were originally of equal length; or, at least, were only lengthened or shortened indefinitely, in accordance with the accent of the words to which they were adapted. But, after the invention of Figured Music, it became necessary to design a system of Notation capable of expressing the relative duration, as well as the pitch, of every note intended to be sung; and thus arose a new species of Song, called Cantut mensurabilis, or Measured Music.
One of the earliest known writers on this subject was the celebrated Franco of Cologne, who, upon the strength of his Tract, entitled Ars cantus mensurabilis, written during the later half of the 11th century, has frequently been credited with the invention of the Time-Table. It is but fair however, to say, that, in this very Tract, Magister Franco himself speaks of 'many others, both recent, and antient,' (multos tam novos quarti antiquos), who have written on the same subject; whence, notwithstanding the testimony of Marchetto de Padova, who wrote two centuries later, we must infer that we are indebted to our author rather for a compendium of what was already known at the time when he flourished, than for a new or original discovery. In confirmation of this view, Coussemaker, in his 'Scriptores de musica medii ævi,' cites several MSS. which appear to be of earlier date than the Treatise of Franco; and prints, in extenso, examples which set forth systems far less completely developed than that which Franco describes.
Next, in point of antiquity, to Franco's Treatise, is one written by our own countryman, Walter Odington, of Evesham, in the year 1220. Others follow, by Marchetto de Padova, in 1274; Johannes de Muris, in 1321; Robert de Handlo—another Englishman—in 1326; Prodoscimus de Beldomandis, in 1410; Franchinus Gafurius, in 1480; and numerous other authors, who all concur in representing Franco as an authority entitled to the utmost possible veneration.
[ W. S. R. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Musica Transalpina

From volume 2 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Musical Box

From volume 2 of the work.
​MUSICAL BOX. [See Snuffbox, Musical.]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Musica Figurata

From volume 2 of the work.
[ W. S. R. ]
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Lambrun, (Margaret)

LAMBRUN (MARGARET), a Scotch Woman in the service of Mary, Queen of Scots,
As was also her husband, who dying of grief for the sad catastrophe of that princess, his wife took the resolution of revenging the death, both of one and the other, upon queen Elizabeth. With this view she put on man's apparel, and assuming the name of Anthony Sparks, went to court, carrying always about her a pair of pistols, one to kill the queen, and the other herself, in order to escape justice. One day as she was pushing through the crowd to come up to her majesty, who was walking in her garden, she chanced to drop one of her pistols; which being seen by the guards, she was seized, in order to be sent to prison; but the queen, not suspecting her to be one of her own sex, had a mind to examine her first
Accordingly, demanding her name, country, and quality, Margaret, with an undaunted firmness, replied, "Madam, though I appear in this habit, I am a woman; my name is Margaret Lambrun; I was several years in the service of queen Mary, whom you have so unjustly put to death, and by her death you have also caused that of my husband. Now, as I had the greatest love and affection for both, I resolved, at the peril of my life, to revenge their deaths by killing you, who are the cause of both. I confess that I have suffered many struggles within my breast, and have made all possible efforts to divert my resolution from this design, but all in vain. I found myself necessitated to prove the certain truth of that maxim, that neither reason nor force can hinder a woman from vengeance, when she is impelled thereto by love." The queen heard this discourse, and said, "You are then persuaded that in ​this action you have done your duty, and satisfied the demands which your love for your mistress and your spouse, indispensably required from you, what think you is now my duty towards you?" The woman replied with the same intrepidity, "I will tell your Majesty frankly my opinion, provided you will please to let me know whether you put this question in the quality of a queen or that of a judge?" To which her majesty answering in that of a queen, then said she, "you ought to grant me a pardon."—"But what assurance or security can you give me, that you will not make the like attempt upon some other occasion?" Margaret replied, "Madam, a favour which is given under such restraints is no more a favour, and in so doing your majesty would act against me as a judge." The queen, turning to some of her council then present, said, "I have been thirty years a queen, but do not remember ever to have had such a lecture read to me before;" and immediately granted her a full pardon, against the opinion of the president of her council, and at her request, a safe conduct out of the kingdom.
Female Worthies.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Lavaggi, (Anne)

LAVAGGI (ANNE), a Nun of Palermo; died 1704, aged 73.
She had printed, during her life, many beautiful pieces of poetry; more were collected after her death; and a manuscript is still in being of hers, a Prose Explication of the Apocalypse.
F.C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Leila

LEILA, of Granada,
Of an ancient and noble family, illustrious for her learning and knowledge, during the time the Moors had possession of Spain.
Bibliothecæ Arabico-Hispanæ Escurialiensis.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Landi, (Leonora)

She was married to Horace Landi, a noble Florentine; but being exceedingly devout, obtained his permission to retire from the world, which she did after some time, founding the orders of the Incarnation and the Trinity. She had weak health, and spent her time mostly in prayer and penitence, dying 1639.
Though she only knew how to read and write, she had a talent for poetry, and composed in stanzas of eight lines many Lives of saints, in three-lined verse; a large volume of Spiritual songs, &c. After her death, they were collected and transcribed. Crescimbeni, in his Histoire de Poësie Vulgaire, says, that they abound in theological and moral thoughts, and charitable sentiments.
F. C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Leæna

LEÆNA, Courtesan of Athens,
Took an active part in the conspiracy of Harmodius and Aristogiton against Hipparchus, son of Pisistratus. ​She was, on suspicion, arrested and put to the torture by Hippias, brother to the tyrant, but refused to betray her accomplices. Yet, alive to the severity of the torments she endured, she was fearful that her resolution would not hold out long, and in the despair of a generous mind, fearing to commit a base action, she bit through her tongue, and spat it in the face of her tormentor.
As soon as the Athenians recovered their liberty, they erected to her honour the statue of a lion without a tongue.
F. C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Lamia

LAMIA, an Athenian Courtezan, flourished about 300 B. C.
She was a celebrated player on the flute, in which character she first appeared in the world. She was the mistress of Ptolemy, king of Egypt; and, being taken from him in a naval engagement by Demetrius Poliorcetes, became his, though she was much older than this prince, whose affections she secured by her luxury even more than by her wit. He furnished her with immoderate wealth, and then loved her for the enjoyments she knew how to procure with it.
F. C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Leapor, (Mary)

She exhibited an early taste for poetry, which was at first checked by her parents, till they perceived the strong bent of her inclination; and the praise and encouragement of friends, inclined them to let her proceed. She appears to have been of a melancholy turn of mind probably from ill health, for she died young in 1746. Two volumes of poems, in which is an unfinished play, were published after her decease; in them she generally calls herself Myra.
See her Works.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Lebrixa, (Frances de)

LEBRIXA (FRANCES DE), Daughter of the celebrated Antony Lebrixa,
Was a learned rhetorician; and when her father was ill, or otherwise engaged, used to give public lectures in his stead, in the university of Alcala.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Legge, (Elizabeth)

She was well versed in Latin, English, French, Spanish, and Irish. Whether she published or translated any thing is not known; but she was blind many years before her death, which it was thought was occasioned by her reading and writing too much by candle-light. She was esteemed a good poet. She spent the greatest part of her life in Ireland, and died unmarried at the age of 105, her family being remarkable for longevity.
Female Worthies.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Leontium

LEONTIUM, an Athenian Courtesan, a Disciple of the Epicurean Philosophy,
Which she defended against Theophrastus, chief of the sect of the Peripatetics, and the most eloquent philosopher of his time. Her writings had success, and were particularly admired for the correctness and elegance of the stile.
She was celebrated by the poet Harmesianax, of Colophon, in his Elegies, and was a very learned and accomplished woman. She had a son by Metrodorus, one of her own sect, and a daughter Danaë, who was likewise a courtesan.
F.C.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ypsilanti (Michigan)

* related portals: Michigan.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, travel guide, Wikidata item.
See also Ypsilanti, Michigan on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​YPSILANTI, a city of Washtenaw county, Michigan, U.S.A., on the Huron river, 30 m. W. by S. of Detroit. Pop. (1900) 7378; (1904) 7587; (1910) 6230. It is served by the Michigan Central and the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern railways, and is the seat of the Michigan State Normal College (1849). There are various manufactures. Ypsilanti was laid out and named in honour of Demetrius Ypsilanti, the Greek patriot, in 1825; it was incorporated as a village in 1832, and chartered as a city in 1858.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ysaÿe, Eugène

See also Eugène Ysaÿe on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​YSAŸE, EUGÈNE (1858–), Belgian violinist, was born at Liége, where he studied with his father and under R. Massart, at the Conservatoire, until he was fifteen; he had some lessons from Wieniawski, and later from Vieuxtemps. In 1879 Ysaÿe played in Germany, and next year acted as leader of Bilse's orchestra in Berlin; he appeared in Paris in 1883, and for the first time in London at a Philharmonic concert in 1889. He was violin professor at the Brussels Conservatoire from 1886 to 1898, and instituted the celebrated orchestral concerts of which he was manager and conductor. Ysaÿe first appeared as conductor before a London audience in 1900, and in 1907 conducted Fidelio at Covent Garden. The sonata concerts in which he played with Raoul Pugno (b. 1S52), the French pianist, became very popular in Paris and Brussels, and were notable features of several London concert seasons. As a violinist he ranks with the finest masters of the instrument, with extraordinary temperamental power as an interpreter. His compositions include a Programme Symphony (played in London, 1905), a Piano Concerto, and a “Suite Wallonne.”
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ystad

See also Ystad on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​YSTAD, a seaport of Sweden on the S. Baltic coast, in the district (län) of Malmöhus, 39 m. E.S.E. of Malmö by rail. Pop. (1900) 9862. Two of its churches date from the 13th century. Its artificial harbour, which admits vessels drawing 19 ft., is freer from ice in winter than any other Swedish Baltic port. Apart from a growing import trade in coal and machinery, its commerce has declined; but it is among the first twelve manufacturing places in Sweden, having large mechanical workshops.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ypres

See also Ypres on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​YPRES (Flemish Yperen), a town of Belgium, in the province of West Flanders, of which it was formerly considered the capital. Pop. (1904) 17,073. It is situated 35 m. S. of Ostend and 12 m. W. of Courtrai, on the Yperlee, a small river flowing into the Yser, both of which have been canalized. In the 14th century it ranked with Bruges and Ghent, and its population in its prime reached 200,000. It is remarkable chiefly for its fine Halles or cloth market, with a façade of over 150 yds. in length. The main building was begun in 1201 and completed in 1304. The cathedral of St Martin dates from the 13th century, with a tower of the 15th century. Jansen, bishop of Ypres and the founder of the Jansenist school, is buried in the cathedral. The Butchers' Hall is also of interest and dates from the 15th century. Although Ypres is unlikely to regain the importance it possessed when its "red-coated" contingent turned the day in the great battle of Courtrai (1302), it has an important linen and lace trade and a great butter market. The Belgian cavalry training-school is established at Ypres.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ytterbium

See also Ytterbium on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​YTTERBIUM (Neo-Ytterbium) [symbol, Yb; atomic weight, 172.0 (O = 16)], a metallic chemical element belonging to the rare earth group. Mixed with scandium it was discovered by Marignac in gadolinite in 1878 (see Rare Earths). The oxide, Yb$_2$O$_3$, is white and forms colourless salts; the crystallized chloride, YbCl$_3$·6H$_2$O, forms colourless, deliquescent crystals; the anhydrous chloride sublimes on heating (C. Matignon, Ann. chim. phys., 1906 (8), 8, p. 440). In 1907 G. Urbain separated ytterbium into two new elements, neo-ytterbium and lutecium (atomic weight, 174.0); and in 1908 C. A. von Welsbach published the same result, naming his elements aldebaranium and cassiopeium (on the question of priority see F. Wenzel, Zeit. anorg. Chem., 1909, 64, p. 119).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Young, James

See also James Young (chemist) on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​YOUNG, JAMES (1811–1883), Scottish industrial chemist, was born in Glasgow on the 13th of July 1811. During his apprenticeship to his father, a carpenter, he attended evening classes at Anderson's College, where he had Lyon Playfair and David Livingstone for fellow-pupils; and the ability he showed was such that Thomas Graham, the professor of chemistry, chose him as lecture assistant in 1832. About 1839, on the recommendation of Graham, whom in 1837 he had accompanied to University College, London, he was appointed chemist at James Muspratt's alkali works in Lancashire; in connexion with alkali he showed that cast-iron vessels could be satisfactorily substituted for silver in the manufacture of caustic soda, and worked out improvements in the production of chlorate of potash. But his name is best known in connexion with the establishment of the Scottish mineral-oil industry. In 1847 Lyon Playfair informed him of a spring of petroleum which had made its appearance at Ridding's Colliery at Alfreton in Derbyshire, and in the following year he began to utilize it for making both burning and lubricating oils. This spring was practically exhausted by 1851. It had served to draw Young's attention to the question of oil-production, and in 1850 he took out his fundamental patent for the distillation of bituminous substances. This was soon put into operation in Scotland, first with the Boghead coal or Torbanehill mineral, and later with bituminous shales, and though he had to face much litigation Young successfully employed it in the manufacture of naphtha and lubricating oils, and subsequently of illuminating oils and paraffin wax, until in 1866, after the patent had expired, he transferred his works to a limited company. In 1872 he suggested the use of caustic lime to prevent the corrosion of iron ships by the bilge water, which he noticed was acid, and in 1878 he began a determination of the velocity of white and coloured light by a modification of H. L. Fizeau's method, in collaboration with Professor George Forbes (b. 1849), at Pitlochry. The final results were obtained in 1880–81 across the Firth of Clyde from Kelly, his house at Wemyss Bay, and a hill above Inellan, and gave values rather higher than those obtained by M. A. Cornu and A. A. Michelson. Young was a liberal supporter of David Livingstone, and also gave £10,500 to endow a chair of technical chemistry at Anderson's College. He died at Wemyss Bay on the 14th of May 1883.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Youngstown

See also Youngstown, Ohio on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​YOUNGSTOWN, a city and the county-seat of Mahoning county, Ohio, U.S.A., on the Mahoning river, about 60 m. S.E. of Cleveland. Pop. (1900) 44,885 (12,207 being foreign-born especially English, Irish and German); (1910 census) 79,066. It is served by the Baltimore & Ohio, the Erie, the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern, the Pennsylvania, and the Pittsburg & Lake Erie railways, and by interurban electric lines. The Rayen High School (incorporated 1856) was endowed under the will of Judge William Rayen (1776–1854). The Reuben McMillan Public Library (about 25,000 volumes in 1910) is housed in a building finished in 1910 and is named in honour of Reuben McMillan (1820–1898), formerly superintendent of schools. Among other public buildings are the post office and Federal court house, the county court house, the city and the Mahoning Valley hospitals, and the Y.M.C.A. building. The business district lies in the valley on the N. of the river; the residential districts are chiefly on the neighbouring hills. Youngstown has four parks, including Mill Creek (483 acres), East End (60 acres) and Wick (48 acres), presented to the city by the Wick family, descendants of the merchant Henry Wick (1771–1845). The value of its factory products increased from $33,908,459 in 1900 to $48,126,885 in 1905. The most important establishments are blast-furnaces, iron and steel works (of the U.S. Steel Corporation) and rolling mills.
Youngstown was named in honour of John Young (1763–1825), a native of Petersborough, New Hampshire, who in 1796 bought from the Connecticut Land Company a tract of land upon which the city now stands, and lived there from 1799 until 1803. The first permanent settlement was made probably in 1796 by William Hillman. The tract was set off as a township in 1800, and the first township government was organized in 1802; the town was incorporated in 1848, and was chartered as a city of the second class in 1867. The county-seat of Mahoning county was removed from Canfield to Youngstown in 1876, and after much litigation the legality of this removal was confirmed by the United States Supreme Court in 1879. The first iron-mining in the region was done in 1803 by Daniel Eaton, who in 1804 built the first blast-furnace W. of Pennsylvania and N. of the Ohio river. Eaton also built in 1826 the first blast-furnace within the present limits of Youngstown.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Lin
### Lin.
#### 隣$^{-1}$

    A neighborhood; near neighbors.

#### 麟$^{-1}$

    A fabled animal said to appear when sages are born.

#### 輦$^2$

    The emperor's carriage; any carriage; to roll.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Lok
### Lok.
#### 翏$^{-4}$

    To fly high.

#### 勠$^{-4}$

    United strength and effort.

#### 戮$^{-4}$

    To kill; slay; to cut in pieces; mangle; disgrace.

#### 蓼$^{-4}$

    Long; large; mutually drawing each other.

#### 洛$^{-4}$

    Dazzling glare of water.

#### 烙$^{-4}$

    To burn; a red hot iron point.

#### 絡$^{-4}$

    Thread of hemp or silk; the blood vessels; a net.

#### 酪$^{-4}$

    Cream; the fat of milk. ​

#### 雒$^{-4}$

    Name of a bird; a horse with a white mane.

#### 碌$^{-4}$

    Stony; rocky and uneven; small.

#### 祿$^{-4}$

    Official emoluments; salary; happiness.

#### 錄$^{-4}$

    To transcribe; record; a record; a list.

#### 稑$^{-4}$

    Grain, the latest planted and first ripe.

#### 麓$^{-4}$

    The foot of a hill; a wood or forest at the foot of a hill.