OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# White Paper on Indian States (1950)/Part 3/Cripps Plan

Cripps Plan
55. With the abandonment of the federal scheme, which was announced by Lord Linlithgow on 11th September, 1939, the policy underlying the scheme, that the transfer of responsibility at the Centre should be conditional on the participation of the Rulers of Indian States, underwent a ​change. This was evident from the position assigned to the States in the next important announcement on the constitutional set-up of India, viz., the draft declaration known as the Cripps Plan.
56. The immediate purpose of the Cripps Mission was to induce the British Indian Party leaders to agree to share the responsibilities of the Central Government in which the States were not required to participate. The main reason for proposing the scheme for constitution-making was to promote such an agreement. The draft Declaration therefore primarily concerned itself with British India. It promised the non-acceding Provinces, if they so desired, "the same full status as the Indian Union", but as regards the States it only stated that, whether or not a State adhered to the new Constitution it would be "necessary to negotiate a revision of its treaty arrangements so far as they may be required in the new situation".
57. The Cripps Plan, as it stood, seemed to differentiate between the Provinces and the States in applying the principle of non-adherence. Attention to this apparent discrepancy was drawn in a memorandum submitted to Sir Stafford Cripps by the Delegation of Indian States in which it was urged that non-adhering States or a group of States should have the right to form a Union of their own with full sovereign status in accordance with a suitable and agreed procedure for the purpose. It was emphasised on behalf of the States Delegation that the existence of such a provision which would place the States on a par with the Provinces for constitutional negotiations, need not necessarily lead to the setting up of a separate Union or Unions of the Indian States. In fact, it was stated that the Indian States would make their fullest contribution towards evolving an Indian Union acceptable to them and to other units in India. Sir Stafford Cripps told the States Delegation that the contingency of a separate Union or Unions of States had not been considered in connection with the draft Declaration, but he personally did not see any fundamental impossibility in the suggestion.
58. The Cripps Plan accepted the principle of self-determination but it contained numerous pitfalls which imperilled the future of India. Even more unsatisfactory than the picture of the future that the Plan contained was its niggardly and halting approach to the present. The failure of the Cripps Mission gave a new turn to India's political struggle.
# Who's Who in China (3rd edition)/Chu K'e-chen

Mr. Co Ching Chu
竺可楨
(Chu K'e-Chen
Dr. Co Ching Chu, was born in Shao-hsin Chekiang, in 1890. He attended Ching Chong School, Shanghai, in 1906-1907, Middle School of Futan College in 1907-1908, and Tangshan Engineering College in 1909-1910. After finishing the freshman year in Tangshan Engineering College, he went to America on a Boxer Indemnity Scholarship during the summer of 1910 and entered the University of Illinois in the autumn of 1910, taking the degree of B. S. from the latter University in 1913. He was awarded the Emerson Scohlarship at Harvard University in 1917. He received the degree of Ph.D. from the Department of Geology and Geography of Harvard University in 1918, his graduate thesis being on "The Typhoons of the Pacific Ocean." Upon returning to China he was appointed lecturer on Meteorology and Physical Geography in the Government Teachers' College of Wuchang during the academic years 1918-1919 and 1919-1920 and the next year lecturer on Climatology and Meteorology in the Natonal Southeastern University (formerly Government Teachers' College of Nanking) and head of the Department of Geology and Geography since 1921. He is a member of the Board of Directors of the Science Society of China, Fellow of the American Geographical Society (elected 1917), member of the Geological Society of China, co-translator of Prof. A. J. Thomson's ​"Outline of Science" (Commercial Press, Shanghai 1923), author of Rainfall Distribution in China Monthly Weather Review, Washington D. C., 1916), “Chinese Contribution to Meteorology" (Geographical Review, New York City, 1917), “Meteorology" (popular series, Commercial Press 1923), and several other articles on meteorology, geography and allied subjects.
# Who's Who in China (3rd edition)/Chu Pin-k'uei

Dr. Jennings P. Chu
朱鎮魁字君毅
(Chu Pin-k'uei)
Mr. Jennings Pinkwei Chu was born in 1895, at Chia-shan, Chekiang, China. In 1911, he entered Tsing Hua College, Peking, where he graduated in 1916. He was then sent to the United States, entering John Hopkins University from which he received his A. B. degree in 1918. He took one year of graduate work in education there in 1918-19. From 1919-22, he was transferred to Teachers College, Columbia University, specializing in educational statistics and educational administration. From Columbia he received his A. M. degree in 1920 and his Ph. D. degree in 1922. He was appointed Research Scholar of Teachers College 1921-22, appointed lecturer ​in Chinese in New York University for two years, 1920-22; became a member of the Kappa Delta Pi National Educational Fraternity in America in 1922; was elected President of the Tsing Hua Alumni Association in America 1920-21. In the summer of 1922, he took an extensive trip to Europe where he conducted an investigation of the new educational conditions in the continental countries. Upon his return to China, he was appointed Professor of Education at the National Southeastern University, Nanking, and Dean of the Kiangsu First Girls Normal School. He was immediately promoted to the Assistant and Acting Dean of the College of Education of the same University. He is now Director of the Instruction Department, Director of the Summer School and Professor of Education of the National Southeastern University and also Dean of the Kiangsu First Girls Normal School. He has written the following two books: Chinese Students in America; Qualities Associated With Their Success, published by Columbia University, No. 127 of the Columbia University Contributions to Education and Some Statistical and Measurement Terms Standarized in Chinese, published by the Commercial Press, Shanghai.
# Who's Who in China (3rd edition)/Chou Tso-ming

Mr. Chow Tso-ming
周作民学作民
Mr. Chow Tso-ming, was born at Huaian Hsien Kiangsu, in 1882. He studied at the Nanyang College of Shanghai, and then went to Japan to pursue higher studies. After his graduation in Japan, he returned to China and joined the Ministry of Finance, where his promotion was steady. At last, he became Chief of the Treasury Department in the Ministry. In 1916 he joined the Bank of Communications and served that bank in various capacities. In 1913, the Kincheng Banking Corporation with a total capitalization of $5,000,000 was organized, and he was elected managing director of the institution. He is still holding the position. In November 1919, Mr. Chow was decorated with the 2nd Order of Chiaho; in January 1920, the 2nd Order of Paokuang Chiaho; and in August 1921, the 2nd Order of Tashou Paokuang Chiaho. In July 1922, Mr. Chow was appointed a ​member of the All China Finance Discussion Conference. In 1923, the Kincheng Banking Corporation, the Salt Industry Bank the Bank of Chinese and Oveerseas, and the Continental Bank formed a Four Bank Savings Syndicate with headquarters in Peking and branch offices in all important cities. For this new enterprise, Mr. Chow was responsible.
# Who's Who in China (3rd edition)/Chu Ch'i

Mr. Chu Chi
朱祺字季嚴
Mr. Chu Ch'i was born at Nan haihsien, Kwangtung in 1858. He studied under Chen Lan-pu, a famous scholar at that time. At the age of 21, Mr. Chu became a Licentiate by competitive examinations. Nine years later, he became a Provincial Graduate. In 1899, Mr. Chu gave up teaching and established the Ling Hsueh Monthly. In 1900 he started the Ling Hai Daily News. In 1901 he organized the Tung Hu Daily News, In 1903 he went to Tsingtao and started the Kiaochow Daily News. In 1904 he went to Peking and organized the Peking Jih Pao, the oldest ​Chinese newspaper in Peking. The Shun Tien Saih Pao, a Japanese Jaily in the Capitol, was established about the sime time. In 1907, Mr. Chu founded the English Peking Daily News. In the last days of the Ching Dynasty a press association was founded and Mr. Chu was elected chairman of the association which position he held until the first year of the Republic when he was relieved by Mr. Wang Chien-chai. In May 1921, the National Press Association met at Peking and Mr. Chu was elected chief secretary of the association. Besides being a prominent journalist, Mr. Chu is a scholar of no mean attainment. At the time when Yuan Shih-kai was Viceroy of Pei Yang, an offer of a political position was made to Mr. Chu, but was declined. Late Mr. Chao Ping-chun, former Prime Minister and one of Yuan's trusted lieutenants, was a pupil of Mr. Chu. Mr. Chu is still the editor of the Peking Jih Pao.
# Who's Who in China (3rd edition)/Chu Ch'i-ch'ien

Mr. Chu Chi-chien,
朱啟鈴
Chu Chi-chien is a native of Kweichow. In the Tsing dynasty he received the degree of M. A. through competitive Chinese examinations. After having held various government offices, Mr. Chu was appointed to assist in the management of educational affairs for the Capital. In 1904 he was appointed Superintendent of Peking Inner Police. In 1907 the present President, Hsu Shih-chang, was appointed Viceroy of Manchuria, and soon after the appointment, he recommended to the Throne that Chu Chi-chien be given the office of Director-General of Mongolian Affairs. The Throne approved of the recommendation and gave him a handsome monthly salary. Later, Hsu Shih-chang sent Mr. Chu abroad to study the problems of colonization in order that he might be of assistance in colonizing Man​churia. Upon his return, Mr. Chu was engaged by a Viceroy of Manchuria as his adviser. On account of his disagreement with General Tien Liang, a member of the Government Council, he returned to Peking and was subsequently appointed director of one section of the Tientsin-Pukow Railway in 1909. Chu Chi-chien was taken into the confidence of the late President Yuan Shih-kai uponn the recommendation of Hsu Shih-chang. In July of 1912, he was therefore, appointed Minister of Communications when Lu Cheng-hsiang was Prime Minister. He retained this office after Chao Ping-chun had succeeded Premier Lu. In July of 1913, when the second revolution was at its height, Mr. Chu was appointed Acting Prime Minister, but he did not accept the post on account of political inexpediency. On September 11 of the same year, when the revolution was suppressed. he became Minister of the Interior, which position he held for almost two years. In the winter of 1915, Yuan Shih-kai started the movement to make himself Emperor, and Chu Chi-chien played an important part in the movement. Upon the death of Yuan Shih-kai after the failure of his movement, Mr. Chu resigned the office of Minister of Interior, and was ordered to be arrested on account of his connection with the imperialistic President. He retired to Tientsin. In the summer of 1918, the new parliament was convoked, and Chu Chi-chien was elected Vice-Speaker of the Senate. A few days before this event, the government issued a mandate pardoning those who were associated with the Yuan Shih-kai monarchical movement. However, Mr. Chu declined the honor, and a few months later new Vice-Speaker of the Senate was elected. Chu Chi-chien has was appointed Chief of the Northern peace delegation to the Chinese peace conference. He has the confidence of the people generally and is considered a powerful leader of the Chaotung clique or Communications Party.
# Who's Who in China (3rd edition)/Chou P'ei-te

Mr. Peter S. Jowe
周德培
(Chou Pei-te)
Mr. Peter S. Jowe was born in Hankow in 1898 and received his primary education in St. John's Primary School of the American Church Mission, in which institution he continued his higher education until the higher school period, attending St. Paul's School, Cathedral Choir School and the Middle School of Boone University. He left Boone University to join Nanyang College in Shanghai, where he completed the academical ​course of arts. Later he took the civil engineering course, which he gave up on account of his inclination toward literature and journalism. While in college, he devoted much time to the study of English literature. In 1918 he began his career by contributing articles to reading magazines and newspapers in Shanghai and editing the college paper at the same time. In the early spring of 1919 he returned to Hankow, where he was appointed contributing editor for Central China for the China Weekly Review then known as Millard's Review. A few months later, he received the appointment as special correspondent of The China Press, Shanghai. During the 1920 Anfu-Chihli war, Mr. Jowe was responsible for all the reports of the war in his territory, being also the first to wire the opening of the war to Shanghai. In the same year, Mr. Jowe assisted the local Y. M. C. A. in organizing their educational work, and became headmaster of their School of Commerce and Finance. The next year, 1921, he was appointed Hankow correspondent of the North China Star, The Peking Leader and for a time, The Shanghai Times. Later, he was appointed by the Chung Mei News Agency as their staff correspondent in the interior. Later he organized the Independent News Service, which has become today a very influential and important organization supplying news from Hankow and the interior to the outside world through a chain important newspapers, including The China Press, The Peking Leader, the Peking Daily News. The Far Eastern Times, the North China Standard, The Independent News and the North China Star. In the spring of 1923, he started the Independent News, a daily and Sunday newspaper in Hankow. The paper was started practically as a personal enterprise by Mr. Jowe, who at the beginning could interest only a very limited number of persons with his newspaper scheme. In spite of many difficulties the paper has proved to be a successful venture. It is his hope now to still further improve and enlarge the paper. Mr. Jowe is also proprietor of the Chung Mei Advertising Agency, the pioneer organization of its kind in Hankow. This he started in 1919 and is now handling the advertising account of many important advertisers in China. He is now a member of the Crystal Club, a union of twelve formed along the line of a Rotary Club. He has been adviser to Tuchun Hsiao Yao-nan of Hupeh, who is concurrently High Inspecting Commissioner of Hupeh and Hunan.
# Who's Who in China (3rd edition)/Chou Shu-mu

Mr. Chou Shu-mu
周樹模 字少钱
Mr. Chou Shu-mu, was born at Tienmen Hsien, Hupeh in 1868. In 1889 Mr. Chou successfully passed the Metropolitan Examinations and obtained the title of Metropolitan Graduate and shortly afterwards was made a Hanlin. At the beginning of 1900, Mr. Chou was appointed literary examiner to Shansi. Later he was sent to Kwangtung in the same capacity. Appreciative of the service which Mr. Chow had rendered, Chang Chih-tung, Viceroy of Hupeh, extended to him an invitation to be a professor of the Lianghu College. Later Mr. Chou was appointed a censor under the Ching government. In 1907, following Mr. Chou's trip abroad studying constitutional governments, he was appointed Commissioner of Public Instruction for Kiangsu. Toward the end of the year Mr. Chou was transferred to Mukden at the request of Hsu Shih-chang, who was then Viceroy of the ​Three Eastern Provinces. Mr. Chou then became the senior assistant of President Hsu whereas former Prime Minister Chien Nun-hsiung was the junior assistant. The first thing which Mr. Chou did was to alleviate the suffering of the people in Fengtien caused by the Russo-Japanese War which was just over. One year after his arrival the administration of Fengtien was re-established and the suffering of the people greatly reduced. Then he was appointed Governor of Heilungkiang. After the establishment of the Republic in 1912, Mr. Chou retired into private life. Upon the request of Yuan Shih-kai he accepted the position of President of the Administrative Court which he held twice, first from May 1914 to October 1915 and then President of the Commission for the Punishment of High Civil Officials. He retired to private life in 1921. In November 1922 he was conferred by President Li Yuan-hung the First Order of Tashou Paokuang Chiaho. Mr. Chou is the author of "Memorials of Heilung-kiang,” “Poems of Siu Kon Tsai," and several other literary works.
# Who's Who in China (3rd edition)/Chu Bin-yuan

Mr. Bin Yuan Chu, B. S., M. A.
朱彬元
Mr. Bin Yuan Chu was born in 1894, in Changsha, the capital of Hunan Province. He received his elementary education from the Minteh Primary and Middle schools promoted by the General Woong Hsin, a noted leader of the first revolution. In 1910, he was sent by the provincial government, after a competitive examination, to study in the then newly founded Tsing Hua College. When the Revolution broke out, Chu returned to Changsha, and for some time was student at the Yale College. Later, he rejoined Tsing Hua, and was sent by that institution in 1916 to study finance and banking in America. He first attended Wesleyan University, Middleton, Conn., from which he received the degree of Bachelor of Science in 1918. After his graduation, he joined the banking firm, of Brown Bros, & Co., New York, as a member of the foreign department. During the same time, he took many business courses in the evening school of New York University ​at Wall Street. He helped to organize the Chinese Students' Banking Club of which he was one time secretary, and later president. He was also made circulation manager of the Chinese Students' Quarterly, published in America. In the fall of 1919, Mr. Chu joined Columbia University, taking post-graduate work in the School of Business and in the Department of Social Sciences, from which he obtained the degree of Master of Arts in 1920. The subject of his thesis was, “Investment Banking in the United States.” During that year, he was successful competitor in the essay contests held by the American Asiatic Association and the Chinese Educational Mission. On both occasions, he secured the first prize. The subjects of his essays were “Plans and Possibilities for Currency Reforms in China," and “Advantages for the Investment of American Capital in China.” Mr. Chu joined the Wah Chang Trading Corporation in New York, shortly after his post-graduate work in Columbia. In 1921, he was sent to the Shanghai office of the same company as assistant secretary. Later in the year, he joined the Shanghai branch of the Industrial and Commercial Bank, Ltd., as assistant manager. In 1923, he was transferred to the head office of the bank as secretary. In 1924, he resigned from the bank to become Professor of Economics and Commercial Sciences in Tsing Hua College. Mr. Chu has contributed to the China Weekly Review having written an article based on his experience in banking entitled "Some Aspects of Foreign Exchange and Silver" as appeared in issues of the Review, Volume XXIX, No. 3 to 13.
# Who's Who in China (3rd edition)/Chu Hsing-yuan

Mr. Chu Hsing-yuan
視煌元字視溪,
Mr. Chu Hsing-yuan was born at Tahsin Hsien, Metropolitan District, in 1880. He received thorough education in Chinese and was a graduate of the Peking Imperial University with the degree of Chu-jen, equivalent to M. A. After his graduation, Mr. Chu went to Japan where he studied for two years in the Chung Yin Academy. Upon his return to China, he was appointed Councillor of the Board of Foreign Affairs. At the same time he taught in the Academy of High Learning for Metropolitan Graduates (Chin-shih or Ph. D.); the Academy for Civil Officials; the Peking Imperial University; and the School for Translation. In August 1912 Mr. Chu was appointed junior secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In September 1913 he was promoted to be senior secretary of the same Ministry. In October the late President Yuan awarded him the Third Order of Chiaho. In December 1913 he was appointed First Secretary to the Chinese Legation at Washington D. C. Before proceeding to Washington to assume office, Mr. Chu travelled extensively in Europe. In July ​1918 Mr. Chu was again appointed secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and to act concurrently as Councillor of the Ministry. In August 1919 he was appointed a member of the Commission to supervise the Examination for Diplomatic and Consular Officials. In the same month he was appointed Secretary to the Ministry of Communications. In January 1920, Mr. Chu was awarded the Second Order of Wenfu. In October 1920 he was appointed Commissioner of Foreign Affairs for Chihli with headquarters at Tientsin to succeed Huang Yung-liang who was then appointed to be Chinese Minister to Vienna. This position Mr. Chu is still holding. In February 1921 Mr. Chu was conferred the Second Order of Chiaho and in October 1922, the Second Order of Tashou Chiaho.
# Who's Who in China (3rd edition)/Chu P'ei-chen

Mr. Chu Pao-San
朱佩珍字葆三
Mr. Chu Pao-san, is rightly called the veteran merchant of Shanghai, having been in business in Shanghai for more than 60 years. Was born in 1847 in the city of Tinghai, Chekiang, Mr. Chu indeed has had a most varied and interesting commercial life, serving as the head even today of many industrial enterprises. As chairman of the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce, Shanghai he enjoyed the confidence of all Chinese and foreigners in the community on account of his spirit of public service and keen sense for justice. He alsс served for sometime as the Vice-Chairman of the National Association of Chambers of Commerce. ​In banking, he promoted the Commercial Bank of China, the Ningpo Commercial Bank, Ltd., the Chekiang Industrial Bank, Ltd., and the Chung Hwa Commercial and Savings Bank. In insurance, he was organizer of the Wah An Fire and Marine Insurance Co., Ltd., the Wah Sing Insurance Co., Ltd., and the China United Assurance Society, Ltd. In mining, Mr. Chu is directing the Liu Kiang and Chang Hsin Mining companies. In electric works, he has considerable interests in the Shanghai Nantao Tramway Co., Ltd., the Ting Hai Electric Construction Company and the Chousan Electric Company. In navigation, Mr. Chu is director of the Chousan Steam Navigation Co., the Yung An Steamship Company, the Yung Lee Shipping Company and the Chang Ho Navigation Company. Besides these Mr. Chu organized the Lung Chang Paper Mill, the Ta Yu Factory, the Ta Tah Steamship Company, the Nantao Water Works, the Shanghai Cement Company, the Li Dah and Chung Hsin Flour Mills, the Shanghai Silk Manufacturing Co., the Sin Wan Pao, Ltd., the First Woolen Goods Factory, the Ho Hsin Iron Foundry, the Ho Fung Cotton Mill, Ningpo, and others. Educationally, he is trustee for the Shanghai Commercial School, the Tung Chi Medical and Engineering College, the Ting Hai School, the Sheng Yi School in Tinghai and the Yi Chi School of Ningpo. In philanthropic and public enterprises, he is director of the Union Club, the Chinese Red Cross Society, the Ningpo Guild, the Ting Hai Guild, the Door of Hope, the Kwang Yi, Jen Chi and Wei Chung Benevolent Institutes, the Ningpo Hospital, the Kwang Chi Hospital, the Tung Chi Hospital, the Shanghai Summer Disease Hospital, the Woosung Quarantine Hospital, the Shanghai Kung Li Hospital, the Shanghai Orphanage, the Hsin Pu Yi Tang, the Pu Yi Industrial Home, the Anti-Kidnapping Society, the Tung Yi and Liengyi Philanthropic Institutes, the Bureau for the Cheap Sale of Rice and the International Famine Relief Committee.
# Who's Who in China (3rd edition)/Ch'en Huan-chang

Dr. Ch'en Huan-chang
陳換草字重强
# Who's Who in China (3rd edition)/Ch'en Kuang-yuan

General Ch'en Kuang-yuan
陳光遠字秀峯