OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Keokuk (chief)

Edition of 1905. See also Keokuk (Sauk leader) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​KEOKUK (c.1780-1848). An Indian chief of the Sac-Fox Confederation, from whom the city of Keokuk, Iowa, was named. He was born near Rock River, Illinois, in a tribe of Sacs whose spokesman he was during the War of 1812. He exerted his great influence to preserve peace between his tribe and the whites. He was one of the party who visited the Eastern States (1837), and he removed (1845) from Iowa to Kansas, where he died from poisoning.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fisher, George Park

Edition of 1905. See also George Park Fisher on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​FISHER, George Park (1827—) . An American Congregational clergyman, distinguished as a scholar and historian, he was born at Wrentham, Mass., graduated from Brown University in 1847, and Andover Theological Seminary in 1851. In 1854 he was appointed professor of divinity and college pastor of Yale College, and held the position till 1861, when he was transferred to the professorship of ecclesiastical history in the Yale Divinity School; in 1901 he became professor emeritus. Dr. Fisher is one of the leading Church historians of the United States. He has published: Essays on the Supernatural Origin of Christianity (1865); Life of Benjamin Silliman (1866); History of the Reformation (1873); The Beginnings of Christianity (1877); Faith and Rationalism (1879); Discussions in History and Theology (1880); The Christian Religion (1882); The Grounds of Theistic and Christian Belief (1883); Outlines of Universal History (1885); History of the Christian Church (1888); Manual of Christian Evidences (1890); Mature and Method of Revelation (1890); The Colonial Era (1892); Manual of Natural Theology (1893); History of Christian Doctrine, in the “International Theological Library” (1896); Brief History of the Nations (1890).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fisher, John (theologian)

Edition of 1905. See also John Percy on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​FISHER, John (1569-1641). An English Jesuit and theologian. He was born in Durham, was educated at the English colleges in Rheims and Rome, and entered the priesthood when but twenty-three years old. By 1594 he was a member of the Society of Jesus, and suffered religious persecution in Holland and England. Escaping from prison in his native land, he traveled to its northern parts as a missionary, and enlisted some distinguished proselytes. Again arrested, he was condemned to death, but was banished to Brussels instead, and returned to England to be kept for three years in prison, where he made many converts. He was an able debater with prominent Protestants, and was favored for a time by the Stuarts; but the Jesuits were subject to severe penal laws, and he suffered further banishment, followed by imprisonment on his return. His published writings consist of theological disputations. Consult Conference Between William Laud, Late Archbishop of Canterbury, and Mr. [John] Fisher, the Jesuit, edited by Simpkinson (London, 1901).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fisher, John (Churchman)

Edition of 1905. See also John Fisher on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​FISHER, John (c. 1459-1535). An English Churchman. He was born about 1459 at Beverley, Yorkshire, was educated at Michaelhouse, now incorporated with Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took his master's degree in 1491, and became master of the college in 1497. The same year Margaret, Countess of Richmond, mother of Henry VII., made him her chaplain and confessor. In 1501 he was elected vice-chancellor of the university, and in 1503 became the first Lady Margaret professor of divinity. In 1504 he was chosen chancellor of the university, and the same year he was appointed Bishop of Rochester. He labored diligently for the welfare of both the Church and the universities. The Reformation of Luther found in him a strenuous opponent. He refused to declare the marriage between Henry VIII. and Catharine of Aragon—whose confessor he was—illegal, and thereby won the King's hostility. He opposed the suppression of the lesser monasteries in 1529, and the acknowledgment of the King as head of the Church in 1531. He was imprisoned, and refusing to take the oath affirming the legality of Henry's marriage with Anne Boleyn, he was committed to the Tower, February 16, 1534. He was treated with great rigor, and his bishopric was taken from him. While thus situated the Pope, Paul III., as a recognition of faithful services and just merit, sent Fisher a cardinal's hat, in entire ignorance of his rupture with the King. The result was Fisher's complete ruin. He was accused of high treason, and, after a brief trial, was condemned and executed June 27, 1535. Fisher's Latin works were published at Würzburg in 1597; an edition of his English works by J. E. B. Mayor has been begun (vol. i., 1876). Consult his Life, by Lewis, edited by Turner (London, 1855), and by Bridgett (London, 1890); also Mason, Lectures on Colet, Fisher, and More (London, 1895).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fishing Birds

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ FISHING BIRDS. Birds subsisting by catching fish, and adapted in structure to their capture and digestion. They do not constitute a scientific group, many widely dissimilar forms having taken up and become adapted to this mode of life, not to include such out-of-the-way species as the kingfishers, and certain fish-eating birds of prey. The fishing birds proper include the larger sea-birds, such as the loons, penguins, auks, puffins, tropic-birds, frigate-birds, cormorants, and gannets; and certain fresh-water families of higher organization, such as the pelicans, darters, most herons, and some ducks. All are either powerful swimmers and divers, or else are skillful in lying in wait and snatching or piercing any fish that comes sufficiently close to their motionless forms. The instrument (except in the Raptores, which use their talons) is the beak, which is long, straight, sharply pointed, and sharp-edged, so that a firm grip may be had of the slippery bodies of their prey. A large part of the prehistoric birds were fish-catchers. Many of these birds have a special provision for bringing home a part of their catch to their young, either by swallowing it as far as the crop, whence it may be disgorged, or by storing it in a bag formed by the distensible membrane between the lower mandibles (e.g. pelicans). Certain more powerful birds (as the jäger gulls) profit by the labors of the fishing birds, compelling them to give up their prey; and men have trained the cormorant to exercise its skill for their benefit. See Cormorant; Gannet; and other birds of this group; and Plate of Fishing Birds.
FISHING BIRDS
| 1. YELLOW-BEAKED TROPIC BIRD (Phaethon flavirostris). | 4. FRIGATE-BIRD (Fregatus aquila). |
| 2. CORMORANT OR SHAG (Phalacrocorax carbo). | 5. OLD-WORLD PELICAN (Pelicanus onocrotalus). |
| 3. ARCTIC FULMAR (Fulmarus glacialis). | 6. AFRICAN DARTER (Plotus Levaillanti). |
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fisher, Payne

Edition of 1905. See also Payne Fisher on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​FISHER, Payne (1616-93). An English poet and political satirist. He was born at Warnford, Dorsetshire, and was educated at Oxford and Cambridge, but went soldiering to Holland in 1638. The following year found him in the English Royalist army, where he afterwards fought under Prince Rupert; but at the defeat of Marston Moor he retired, to join the ranks of needy literary men in London. Turncoat through ​necessity, he grew in favor with the Parliamentarians, and was Cromwell's poet laureate, writing Latin verse to order, in a highly panegyric style. At the Restoration he merely changed his dedications; but despite the satirical pamphlets he directed against his late patrons, he fell out of favor at Court and died poor. Two prose works which he wrote while in Fleet Prison are of some importance because they describe Tombs, Monuments, and Sepulchral Inscriptions which were destroyed in the great fire.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fisher, William Arms

Edition of 1905. See also William Arms Fisher on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​FISHER, William Arms (1861—). An American song-composer, born in San Francisco, Cal. He received his first lesson in music from John P. Morgan, a leading Western musician. Intended for a business career, he was led to devote himself entirely to music, and with that end in view he left California (1890) and went to New York. There he studied counterpoint, canon, and fugue with Horatio Parker, and later, winning a scholarship in the National Conservatory of Music, he was enabled to study composition and orchestration under Anton Dvořák. He was instructor in harmony at the Conservatory of Music for several years, resigning in 1895 to take up teaching in Boston. He is essentially and preëminently a song-composer, and has met with unqualified success in his chosen field.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fisher, Joshua Francis

Edition of 1905. See also Joshua Francis Fisher on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​FISHER, Joshua Francis (1807-73). An American author, born in Philadelphia, Pa. He graduated in 1825 at Harvard, and was admitted to the bar in Philadelphia in 1829, but did not practice. He became an incorporator of the Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruction of the Blind and a student of questions of United States, in particular of Pennsylvania, history. His chief publication was The Private Life and Domestic Habits of William Penn (1836). He wrote also an interesting study on The Degradation of Our Representative System and Its Reform (1863), and other works.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fisher, Sydney George

Edition of 1905. See also Sydney George Fisher on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​FISHER, Sydney George (1856—). An American lawyer and writer, born in Philadelphia, he graduated at Trinity College in 1879, studied law at the Harvard Law School for two years, and in 1883 was admitted to the bar at Philadelphia. His publications, which are mostly on subjects connected with American history, have attained considerable popularity. They include, in addition to numerous magazine articles: The Making of Pennsylvania (1896); Pennsylvania, Colony and Commonwealth (1897); The Evolution of the Constitution of the United States (1897); Men, Women, and Manners in Colonial Times (2 vols., 1898); The True Benjamin Franklin (1899); The True William Penn (1900); and The True Story of the Revolutionary War (1902).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Eastlake, Sir Charles Lock

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East′lake, Sir Charles Lock, a celebrated English artist, president of the Royal Academy, was born at Plymouth in 1793, and studied in London and Paris. lie lived for some time at Rome, where he painted several pictures which attracted attention in England. In 1841 his great work, Christ Weeping over Jerusalem, was painted. He was elected president of the Royal Academy, and was knighted in 1850. During a journey in search of pictures for the National Gallery, of which he was a director, he died at Pisa, Italy, in 1865. Eastlake gained a high reputation as a writer on art. Besides other works he published Materials for the History of Oil-Painting and a number of papers now published in Contributions to the Literature of the Fine Arts. See Memoir by Lady Eastlake, prefixed to the second series of his Contributions.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ebullition

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Ebullition. See Evaporation.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Eastern Empire

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Eastern Empire. See Rome and Byzantine Empire.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Easton

See also Easton, Pennsylvania on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
East′on, a city of Pennsylvania, county-seat of Northampton County, situated at the meeting of the Lehigh and Delaware Rivers, is a wealthy manufacturing city, 67 miles from Philadelphia. The Delaware, Lehigh and Morris Canal terminates here, and with the rivers and railroads gives Easton a large trade. It also has foundries, rolling-mills, lock-factories, wire and rope-factories. It perhaps is best known as the seat of Lafayette College, whose Anglo-Saxon and Early-English department is one of the best in the country. It received its charter in 1826; and has six courses of study, 45 teachers and 519 students. Population, 28,523.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Eaton, Timothy

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Eaton, Timothy, an eminent merchant of Toronto, Canada. Receiving his education and business training in the north of Ireland, he came to Canada in 1857, and after a brief experience in a country village established himself in Toronto. He was a man of integrity and great energy and personal force were potent factors in his success. He conducted his business on lines of absolute honesty and fairness to his customers, giving value in price and quality of goods, dealt on a cash basis, cut out middle-men and in all respects adopted modern methods. He thus not only built up for himself a business reaching from the Atlantic to the Pacific, but also wrought a revolution in the entire retail business of the country. Few men have accomplished as much for the commercial life of Canada as this young immigrant of 1857. The immense business he founded is now successfully continued at Toronto, Winnipeg and other places by his son, John C. Eaton.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ebers, Georg Moritz

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Ebers (ā́′ bẽrs), Georg Moritz, a distinguished novelist and student of ancient Egyptian life, was born at Berlin, March 1, 1837, and devoted himself to the study of Egyptology. He made a long journey to the east, and in 1870 was made professor of Egyptology at Leipsic. His most important and learned works are Egypt and the Books of Moses and Through Goshen to Sinai. He also wrote a number of historical novels, which have much value in regard to the life of early Egypt. The most famous of these is Uarda. Others are An Egyptian Princess, Homo Sum, The Burgomaster’s Wife and The Emperor. He died on Aug. 7, 1898.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ebony

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Eb′ony, a species of Diospyros, plants of the ebony family. The American representative is the common persimmon (D. virginiana). There are 180 species in the tropics and a very few in the temperate regions. Most of the species have valuable hardwood, but it is from certain of the tropical ones that the commercial ebony is obtained. D. ebenum, a tree becoming about 50 feet high and growing in the East Indies, is said to yield the best ebony.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Eastern Townships

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Eastern Townships. This name is applied to a large portion of southern and eastern Quebec, lying between the American frontier and the older French settlements on the St. Lawrence River. It was populated by United Empire Loyalists after their expulsion and voluntary exile from the United States upon the conclusion of peace with the mother-country in 1783, and forms a distinctively English element in the French province.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Eau Claire, Wis.

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Eau Claire, Wis., a city in western central Wisconsin, the capital of Eau Claire County, situated on the Chippewa River at the mouth of the Eau Claire. The two rivers divide the city into three sections. Three lines of railway give facilities to its trade, which is largely of lumber. Its industries embrace, besides iron and linen goods, furniture, shoes, paper-mills, machine-shops, foundries, flour-mills; but lumber is its chief export. It has a number of grain-elevators and saw-mills, sash, door and blind-factories, etc. The city is prominent as a summer resort, and has a public library, a high-school, a hospital, banks, newspapers and all the adjuncts of a modern city. Population, 18,310.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ecbatana

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Ecbatana (ek-bat′ a-nä), the capital and chief fortress of Media, situated one and a half miles from Mount Orontes and at the foot of a hill crowned with the royal citadel and a magnificent temple of the sun. According to Herodotus, Ecbatana was founded about 700 B. C. and surrounded with seven walls, each higher than the one next outside it. The inmost wall inclosed the citadel with the treasury. The city was taken by Cyrus in 550 B. C., and became the chief seat of his government. It was a favorite summer-residence of the Persian kings, and Alexander the Great stayed there for some months in 324 B. C. After his death it became a mere provincial town, but under the Parthians it again became a summer-home of kings. It again sank into insignificance till the Mohammedan period, when the modern city of Hamadan was built on the site of the ancient city. There were six other Asiatic cities to which the name Ecbatana was given by Greek writers.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mackenzie River

Edition of 1905. See also Mackenzie River on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ MACKENZIE RIVER. A river of the Dominion of Canada, one of the longest streams of North America, first explored in 1789 by Alexander Mackenzie, from whom it derives its name (Map: Canada, E 3). It has its origin under the name of Athabasca River near Mount Brown, in the Rocky Mountains, on the eastern borders of British Columbia, and after a north-northeast course of 687 miles falls into Lake Athabasca. Emerging from this lake as the Slave River, it receives the Peace River, and after another course of 210 miles empties into Great Slave Lake (q.v.). It thence assumes the name of Mackenzie River, and conveys the waters of Great Slave Lake to the Arctic Ocean at Mackenzie Bay. Estimated total length, 2500 miles; area of basin, 590,000 square miles. After leaving Great Slave Lake it receives the waters of Great Bear Lake. Its upper course lies through a fertile and well-timbered district, and there is an extensive deposit of lignite along its lower course and estuary. On its banks are Forts Simpson, Norman, and Good Hope. In many places it is more than a mile in width, and during the summer months is navigated by the steamboats of the Hudson's Bay Company throughout the greater part of its course from Great Slave Lake to the Arctic Ocean. There is only one obstruction and that not a serious one, occurring near Fort Good Hope, about latitude 66° N.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mackerel Midge

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ MACKEREL MIDGE. A British name for any local species of codling.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Maccabees

Edition of 1905. See also Maccabees on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MAC'CABEES. The name given to a Jewish family of great prominence B.C. 167-37. The surname Maccabæus properly belongs only to the most prominent representative of the family, Judas, and in the Books of the Maccabees is given to him alone. From him the designation was applied to other members of the family. The common interpretation of Maccabæus as ‘the hammerer’ is open to objection, and there is no proof that it was given to Judas because of valor. The family are also called Asmoneans or Hasmoneans, from the name of an ancestor. The Maccabees first come into prominence in connection with the attempt of Antiochus IV., Epiphanes (B.C. 175-164), to crush out by force the rites of the Jewish religion and substitute the Greek cult therefor. (See Jews.) Every village in Palestine was required to set up an altar to the Greek gods and sacrifices were offered daily. At this juncture the aged priest Mattathias, with his five sons, Jochanan, Simon, Judah (Judas), Eleazar, and Jonathan, placed themselves in opposition to the King's policy. At the beginning of the trouble Mattathias was residing at Modin, a town about eighteen miles northwest of Jerusalem. When ordered to offer the first heathen sacrifice he resolutely refused. Apelles, a Syrian captain, endeavored to induce him by tempting promises to relinquish his faith and embrace the Greek religion. He answered by slaying with his own hand the first renegade Jew who approached the altar of idolatry and by pulling down the altar. The sons of Mattathias, with a handful of faithful men, rose against the national foe and fled to the mountains, where they raised the standard of rebellion. Mattathias died B.C. 166, and Judas became the leader of the patriots. For subsequent events, see the articles on the different members of the family, Judas Maccabæus; Jonathan; Simon Maccabæus; Hyrcanus; Aristobulus I.;
Alexander Jannæus; Aristobulus II.; Antigonus.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mackerel

Edition of 1905. See also Mackerel on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ MACKEREL (OF. makerel, maquerel, maquereau, Fr. maquereau, from ML. macarellus, mackerel, probably from Lat. macula, spot). A fish of the spiny-rayed family Scombridæ, and especially of the typical genus Scomber. The body is spindle-shaped and compressed, with a slender caudal peduncle, keeled on each side, and a crescent-shaped tail. There are two dorsal fins, the posterior one succeeded by from five to nine finlets. The common mackerel (Scomber scombrus) is abundant on both sides of the North Atlantic, south to Spain, in Europe, and Cape Hatteras in America. It is a very beautiful fish, brilliant green and blue above with about thirty-five wavy black transverse streaks, and silvery below. The average length is about 12 inches, such a fish weighing about a pound. Occasionally one finds a specimen 20 inches in length with a weight of 3 to 4 pounds. Maturity is reached about the fourth year. Young mackerel are variously called ‘spikes,’ ‘blinkers,’ and ‘tinkers,’ according to their size. The mackerel appear along the coast in spring in immense schools, often estimated to contain hundreds of thousands of barrels, wandering widely and voraciously feeding upon anything smaller than themselves, mainly young fishes; and withdraw again in the fall to deeper, warmer waters. They spawn in May, June, and July on the American coast. The eggs are very minute and at first float at the surface, but subsequently gradually sink to the bottom. A single female may contain as many as 200,000 eggs; and during the summer of 1896 24,000,000 mackerel eggs were artificially hatched by the United States Fish Commission.
There are only a few species of mackerel, but these are widely distributed and everywhere highly valued as food. The flesh, especially of the common species, is excellent when eaten fresh, and is salted in very great quantities. The mackerel fisheries (see Fisheries) are among the most important in both Europe and America. The principal fishing station in the United States is Gloucester, Mass. About 1000 vessels were employed in former years, but now the number has been reduced to less than 500. The chub mackerel (Scomber colias) is found in both the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. The immense horse mackerel (Thunnus thynnus), pelagic and found in both oceans, reaches a length of 10 feet and a weight of 1500 pounds. The flesh is excellent and large numbers of the fish are caught by Europeans. (See Tunny.) The Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus maculatus) occurs on both coasts of the United States, attaining a weight of 8 or 9 pounds, and is a most excellent food fish. Consult: Goode, Fishery Industries, sec. i. (Washington, 1884), and other works cited under Fish and under Fisheries. See Plate of Mackerels.
MACKERELS
| 1. TUNNY (Thunnus thynnus). | 3. COMMON MACKEREL (Scomber scombrus). |
| 2. CHUB MACKEREL (Scomber colias). | 4. SPANISH MACKEREL (Scomberomorus maculatus). |
| 5. ALBACORE (Germo alalonga). |||