OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Backe

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Backe | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Backe (1.), Backen, m., especially used in the compounds with Asch-, Hinter-, hence the lit. meaning, ‘buttock.’ The correct HG. form, which has the regular permutation of k to ch, is seen in MidHG. bache, OHG. bahho, ‘ham, flitch of bacon’ (yet MidHG. also ars-backe, m.), which as ‘bacon’ made its way into OFr., and thence into Eng. also. Although it has been connected by the linguistic instinct of ModHG. with the following word, they are not allied; it is more probable that Backe and the stem bak, discussed under Backbord, is most closely connected with it.
Backe (2.), m., f., also Backen, m. (the latter espec. in the compounds Backenzahn, -streich), ‘cheek’; from MidHG. backe, m., ‘jaw, jawbone, cheek.’ OHG. has the doublets baccho (whence the MidHG. and ModHG. ck) and bahho, which produce MidHG. bache. Comp. MidHG. kinnebache beside kinnebacke, which compound too, even in OHG. (as chinni-bahho), is more frequent than the simple word; comp. OSax. kinni-bako, Du. kinnebakken. It is still uncertain whether Lat. bucca, ‘cheek,’ is allied to it; its initial b might have arisen from bh, as in barba (see Bart); but the two differ in meaning; while the Lat. signifies ‘the inflated cheek,’ the G. word orig. denoted ‘jaw.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Gefängnis

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Gefängnis | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Gefängnis, n., ‘prison,’ from MidHG. gevencnisse, f., n., ‘imprisonment’; allied to fangen.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Geier

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Geier | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Geier, m., ‘vulture, carrion kite,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. gîr, m., akin to LG. gier. On account of the early appearance of the G. word we cannot assume that it was borrowed from the Rom. cognates, Ital. girfalco, Fr. gerfaut (whence MidHG. gir-valke is derived), or from Lat. Gr. gyrare, ‘to wheel round.’ The connection between OHG. gîr with OHG. gī̆ri, MidHG. gîre (geier still occurs in ModHG. dials.), ‘greedy, covetous,’ and the Teut. root gī̆r, ‘to covet,’ presents no difficulty. Geier is lit. ‘the greedy bird.’ See gern, Gier.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Geige

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Geige | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Geige, f., ‘fiddle, violin,’ from the equiv. early MidHG. gîge, f.; corresponding to MidDu. ghighe, OIc. gígja; in OHG. fidula, E. fiddle; see Fiedel. The Teut. word, like Harfe, found its way into Rom.; comp. Ital. giga, Fr. gigue (whence further E. jig). There is no suspicion that MidHG. gîge was borrowed; it is, however, scarcely allied primit. (pre-Teut. ghîkă) to OSlov. žica, ‘thread’ (akin to Lith. gijá, ‘thread’?).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Gegend

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Gegend | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Gegend, ‘region, neighbourhood,’ from the equiv. MidHG. (post-classical) gęgenôte, gęgende, f., which, with the variant gęgene, f., are imitations of Fr. contrée (Ital. contrada), ‘country,’ allied to Lat. contra. —
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Gefäß

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Gefäß | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Gefäß, n., ‘vessel, receptacle,’ from the equiv. MidHG. gevœȥe, n. (OHG. givâȥȥi, m., ‘transport’). Goth. *gafêti, n., is wanting; it would probably be connected with Goth. fêtjan, ‘to adorn’ (AS. fœted, partic., ‘adorned’), and also more remotely with Faß.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Gegenwart

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Gegenwart | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Gegenwart, ‘presence, present time,’ from MidHG. gęgenwart, OHG. gęginmwarti, f., abstract of OHG. gaganwart, ‘present,’ whence MidHG. gęgenwertec, MulHG. gegenwärtig, ‘present.’ See the adj. suffix -wärts.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Gehege

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Gehege | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Gehege, n., ‘hedge, enclosure, precinct,’ from MidHG. gehege, n., ‘enclosure’; allied to Hag, hegen.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Gehren

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Gehren | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Gehren, m. (dial.), ‘lap,’ from MidHG. gêre, yêro, m., ‘wedge-shaped piece of stuff or land, lap’; corresponding to AS. gâra, ‘piece of stuff,’ E. gore, OIc. geire, in the same sense; a deriv. of Ger. For the evolution of meaning comp. Franse, Schoß. — From the OG. word the Rom. cognates, Fr. giron and Ital. gherone, ‘lap, train (of a dress),’ are derived.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Geifer

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Geifer | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Geifer, m., ‘slaver, drivel, wrath,’ from the equiv. late MidHG. geifer, m. (15th cent.), whence also geifern, ModHG. geifern. Origin obscure.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Gefährte

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Gefährte | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Gefährte, m, ‘companion, partner, mate,’ from MidHG. gevęrte, OHG. gifęrto (*gafartjo), ‘escort,’ lit. ‘fellow-traveller'; allied to Fahrt.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VII/Lactantius/A Treatise on the Anger of God Addressed to Donatus/Chap. XIV

Chap. XIV.—Why God Made Man.
It follows that I show for what purpose God made man himself. As He contrived the world for the sake of man, so He formed man himself on His own account, as it were a priest of a divine temple, a spectator of His works and of heavenly objects. For he is the only being who, since he is intelligent and capable of reason, is able to understand God, to admire His works, and perceive His energy and power; for on this account he is furnished with judgment, intelligence, and prudence. On this account he alone, beyond the other living creatures, has been made with an upright body and attitude, so that he seems to have been raised up for the contemplation of his Parent. On this account he alone has received language, and a tongue the interpreter of his thought, that he may be able to declare the majesty of his Lord. Lastly, for this cause all things were placed under his control, that he himself might be under the control of God, their Maker and Creator. If God, therefore, designed man to be a worshipper of Himself, and on this account gave him so much honour, that he might rule over all things; it is plainly most just that he should worship Him who bestowed upon him such great gifts, and love man, who is united with us in the participation of the divine justice. For it is not right that a worshipper of God should he injured by a worshipper of God. From which it is understood that man was made for the sake of religion and justice. And of this matter Marcus Tullius is a witness in his books respecting the Laws, since he thus speaks: “But of all things concerning which learned men dispute, nothing is of greater consequence than that it should be altogether understood that we are born to justice.” And if this is most true, it follows that God will have all men to be just, that is, to have God and man as objects of their affection; to honour God in truth as a Father, and to love man as a brother: for in these two things the whole of justice is comprised. But he who either fails to acknowledge God or acts injuriously to man, lives unjustly and contrary to his nature, and in this manner disturbs the divine institution and law.

## Footnotes

* ↑ [I cease to note this perpetually recurrent thought. It had profoundly impressed our author as an element of natural religion.]
* ↑ Et Deum colere, etc. Some editions read, “et eum, qui tanta præstiterit,” omitting the word “colere.”
* ↑ i. 10.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VII/Lactantius/A Treatise on the Anger of God Addressed to Donatus/Chap. XII

Chap. XII.—Of Religion and the Fear of God.
Now, since we have replied to the impious and detestable wisdom, or rather senselessness of some, let us return to our proposed subject. We have said that, if religion is taken away, neither wisdom nor justice can be retained: wisdom, because the understanding of the divine nature, in which we differ from the brutes, is found in man alone; justice, because unless God, who cannot be deceived, shall restrain our desires, we shall live wickedly and impiously. Therefore, that our actions should be viewed by God, pertains not only to the usefulness of common life, but even to the truth; because, if religion and justice are taken away, having lost our reason, we either descend to the senselessness of the herds; or to the savageness of the beasts, yea, even more so, since the beasts spare animals of their own kind. What will be more savage, what more unmerciful, than man, if, the fear of a superior being taken away, he shall be able either to escape the notice of or to despise the might of the laws? It is therefore the fear of God alone which guards the mutual society of men, by which life itself is sustained, protected, and governed. But that fear is taken away if man is persuaded that God is without anger; for that He is moved and indignant when unjust actions are done, not only the common advantage, but even reason itself, and truth, persuade us. We must again return to the former subjects, that, as we have taught that the world was made by God, we may teach why it was made.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Prudentiæ; reading to “imprudentiæ.”
* ↑ Stultitiam.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume III/Anti-Marcion/On the Resurrection of the Flesh
## Contents

* I
* II
* III
* IV
* V
* VI
* VII
* VIII
* IX
* X
* XI
* XII
* XIII
* XIV
* XV
* XVI
* XVII
* XVIII
* XIX
* XX
* XXI
* XXII
* XXIII
* XXIV
* XXV
* XXVI
* XXVII
* XXVIII
* XXIX
* XXX
* XXXI
* XXXII
* XXXIII
* XXXIV
* XXXV
* XXXVI
* XXXVII
* XXXVIII
* XXXIX
* XL
* XLI
* XLII
* XLIII
* XLIV
* XLV
* XLVI
* XLVII
* XLVIII
* XLIX
* L
* LI
* LII
* LIII
* LIV
* LV
* LVI
* LVII
* LVIII
* LIX
* LX
* LXI
* LXII
* LXIII
* Elucidations
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume III/Anti-Marcion/On the Flesh of Christ/XXII

Chapter XXII.—Holy Scripture in the New Testament, Even in Its Very First Verse, Testifies to Christ’s True Flesh. In Virtue of Which He is Incorporated in the Human Stock of David, and Abraham, and Adam.
They may, then, obliterate the testimony of the devils which proclaimed Jesus the son of David; but whatever unworthiness there be in this testimony, that of the apostles they will never be able to efface. There is, first of all, Matthew, that most faithful chronicler of the Gospel, because the companion of the Lord; for no other reason in the world than to show us clearly the fleshly original of Christ, he thus begins his Gospel: “The book of the generation of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham.” With a nature issuing from such fountal sources, and an order gradually descending to the birth of Christ, what else have we here described than the very flesh of Abraham and of David conveying itself down, step after step, to the very virgin, and at last introducing Christ,—nay, producing Christ Himself of the virgin? Then, again, there is Paul, who was at once both a disciple, and a master, and a witness of the selfsame Gospel; as an apostle of the same Christ, also, he affirms that Christ “was made of the seed of David, according to the flesh,”—which, therefore, was His own likewise. Christ’s flesh, then, is of David’s seed. Since He is of the seed of David in consequence of Mary’s flesh, He is therefore of Mary’s flesh because of the seed of David. In what way so ever you torture the statement, He is either of the flesh of Mary because of the seed of David, or He is of the seed of David because of the flesh of Mary. The whole discussion is terminated by the same apostle, when he declares Christ to be “the seed of Abraham.” And if of Abraham, how much more, to be sure, of David, as a more recent progenitor! For, unfolding the promised blessing upon all nations in the person of Abraham, “And in thy seed shall all nations of the earth be blessed,” he adds, “He saith not, And to seeds, as of many; but as of one, And to thy seed, which is Christ.” When we read and believe these things, what sort of flesh ought we, and can we, acknowledge in Christ? Surely none other than Abraham’s, since Christ is “the seed of Abraham;” none other than Jesse’s, since Christ is the blossom of “the stem of Jesse;” none other than David’s, since Christ is “the fruit of David’s loins;” none other than Mary’s, since Christ came from Mary’s womb; and, higher still, none other than Adam’s, since Christ is “the second Adam.” The consequence, therefore, is that they must either maintain, that those (ancestors) had a spiritual flesh, that so there might be derived to Christ the same condition of substance, or else allow that the flesh of Christ was not a spiritual one, since it is not traced from the origin of a spiritual stock.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Commentator.
* ↑ Originis carnalis: i.e. “origin of the flesh of.”
* ↑ Matt. i. 1.
* ↑ Rom. i. 3; 2 Tim. ii. 8.
* ↑ In nomine: or, “for the sake of.”
* ↑ Gal. iii. 8, 16.
* ↑ Censetur.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume III/Anti-Marcion/On the Flesh of Christ/XXV

Chapter XXV.—Conclusion. This Treatise Forms a Preface to the Other Work, “On the Resurrection of the Flesh,” Proving the Reality of the Flesh Which Was Truly Born, and Died, and Rose Again.
But let this suffice on our present subject; for I think that by this time proof enough has been adduced of the flesh in Christ having both been born of the virgin, and being human in its nature. And this discussion alone might have been sufficient, without encountering the isolated opinions which have been raised from different quarters. We have, however, challenged these opinions to the test, both of the arguments which sustain them, and of the Scriptures which are appealed to, and this we have done ex abundanti; so that we have, by showing what the flesh of Christ was, and whence it was derived, also predetermined the question, against all objectors, of what that flesh was not. The resurrection, however, of our own flesh will have to be maintained in another little treatise, and so bring to a close this present one, which serves as a general preface, and which will pave the way for the approaching subject now that it is plain what kind of body that was which rose again in Christ.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Fuhre

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Fuhre | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Fuhre, f., ‘journey, conveyance, waggon, cart-load,’ from MidHG. vuore, f., journey, way, street, escort, food for a ‘journey, fodder,’ OHG. fuora; comp. AS. fôr, f., ‘journey,’ also ‘vehicle’; akin to fahren. See also führen.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Funke

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Funke | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Funke, m., from the equiv. MidHG. (not a classical form) vunke, m., OHG. funcho, m., ‘spark’; comp. Du. vonk, ‘spark,’ MidLG. and MidE. funke, ‘small fire, spark,’ E. funk, ‘round wood, steam, stink.’ Classical MidHG. has vanke, m. It is uncertain whether Goth. fôn (gen. fŭnins), ‘fire,’ is allied; it is more probable that Sans. pâjas, ‘splendour, gleam of light,’ is primit. cognate.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Fusel

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Fusel | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Fusel, m. ‘bad brandy,’ probably from chemical technology (Lat. fusilis, ‘liquid’?).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Fund

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Fund | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Fund, m., from the equiv. MidHG. vunt, m., ‘finding, discovery, find’; allied to finden; comp. Du. vond, ‘discovery, invention,’ OIc. fundr, fyndr.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Furche

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Furche | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Furche, f., from the equiv. MidHG. vurch (plur. vürhe), OHG. furuh, f., ‘furrow’; comp. Du. voor, AS. furk, f., E. furrow (akin to AS. and E. furlong, ‘the length of a furrow’); OIc. for, f., ‘drain, watercourse.’ Goth. *faúrhus, f., is wanting. It is based upon pre-Teut. pṛk-; comp. Lat. porca, ‘ridge between two furrows,’ and porculetum, ‘field divided into beds’; akin also to Armen. herk, ‘freshly fallow land,’ W. rhych (OGall. *ricâ, OIr. rech), m., f., ‘furrow,’ from the base pṛkâ.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Futter

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Futter | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Futter, n., from the equiv. MidHG. vuoter, OHG. fuotar, n., ‘nourishment, food, fodder, lining, case’; comp. Du. voeder, n. ‘fodder, lining’; AS. fôdor, n. E. fodder; OIc. fóðr, n., ‘fodder’; Goth. fôdr, n., ‘scabbard.’ Two really different words seem to have converged phonetically in this term. Goth. *fôdr, ‘nourishment,’ seems to be connected with AS. fôda, ‘nourishment,’ E. food, Goth. fôdjan, AS. fêdan, E. to feed, and consequently with a Teut. root fôd, fad (comp. OHG. fatunga, ‘nourishment, food’), from Aryan pā̆t, which also appears in Gr. πατέομαι, ‘to eat’; likewise akin to AS. fôstor, ‘maintenance,’ E. to foster, foster-brother, &c. The second, Futter, ‘case,’ Goth. fôdr, ‘sheath,’ has been thought to be allied to Sans. pãtra-m, n., ‘vessel, receptacle.’ The Teut. cognates in both senses found their way into Rom.; comp. Prov. and OFr. fuerre (ModFr. feurre), ‘sheath,’ formed from Goth. fôdr, OHG. fuotar, ‘sheath,’ ModFr. feurre, ‘straw for feeding cattle,’ ModFr. fourreau, ‘case, sheath,’ &c.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Fuge

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Fuge | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Fuge, f., ‘fugue,’ first occurs in early ModHG., from Ital. fuga.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Furcht

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Furcht | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Furcht, f., ‘fear, terror, fright,’ from MidHG. vorhte, vorht, f., ‘fear, anxiety, apprehension,’ OHG. and OSax. forhta, forahta; abstr. of fürchten. In AS. a modified abstr. is found; comp. AS. fyrhto (Goth. faurhtei), hence E. fright, whence to frighten, to fright; E. fear (see Gefahr), is not a cognate.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Furke

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Furke | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Furke, f., ‘pitchfork,’ from MidHG. furke, OHG. furcha, f., ‘fork’; comp. Du. vork, AS. and E. fork; from Lat. furca, introduced early in the OHG. period along with Southern horticulture.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Furt

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Furt | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Furt, f. (UpG. masc. also), ‘ford,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. vurt, m.; comp. OSax. *ford in Heriford (lit. ‘lord's ford’), Hereford; MidDu. vord, AS. ford, m., E. ford; comp. AS. Oxenaford (lit. ‘oxen's ford’), ‘Oxford’ (also Schweinfurt, Erfurt). Goth. *faúrdus, ‘ford,’ is wanting. It belongs to the Teut. root far, ‘to go, march,’ and hence signifies lit. ‘a frequented, passable spot’; comp. Gr. πόρος, ‘ford,’ which has a cognate root, and βόσπορος with Oxford; also Zend peretu, ‘bridge’ (Euphrates, lit. ‘having many bridges’?); so too Lat. portus, ‘port’; OIc. fjǫrðr, m, ‘bay.’ Lat. -ritum (for *pritum) in Augustoritum, from Kelt., is also allied to this word.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/geben

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/geben | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ geben, vb., ‘to give, present, render, yield,’ from the equiv. MidHG. gëben, OHG. gëban; common to Teut. in the same sense; comp. Goth. giban, AS. gifan, E. to give, Du. geren, OIc. gefa. Comp. Gabe, Gift. Akin to OIr. gabim, ‘I take,’ Lith. gabénti, ‘to bring, convey to,’ gobinti, ‘to cause to bring’?.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/gedeihen

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/gedeihen | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ gedeihen, vb., ‘to thrive, prosper,’ from the equiv. MidHG. gedîhen, OHG. gidîhan, str. vb.; Goth. gaþeilan, AS. geþeón (contracted from geþîhan), ‘to thrive’; the old AS. form points to the fact that the verbal stem was orig. nasalised; ñ before h is everywhere suppressed in Teut., thus þîhan for þiñhan. The corresponding factitive *þhangjan remained in OSax., where thengian means ‘to complete’; on the suppression of the nasal the e gradation passed into the î gradation in Goth. an HG. The simple form þeihan, ‘to thrive,’ is still known in Goth. On account of its meaning, gedeihen (root þenh, pre-Teut. tenk, tek, in Lith. tenkù, -tèkti, ‘I have enough,’ as well as in Ir. tocad, W. tynged, ‘fortune,’ from the prim. form tongeto-) cannot be be connected with the root τεκ in τέκνον (see Degen).—
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/gefallen

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/gefallen | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ gefallen, vb., ‘to suit, please,’ from MidHG. gevallen, OHG. gifallan, str. vb. ‘to happen, fall to one's lot, please,’ in MidHG. always with the complement ‘wohl’ (well) or ‘übel’ (ill); probably an expression derived from the OTeut. warlike custom of dividing booty (comp. Hund) by means of dice; es gefällt mir wohl, ‘I am well pleased with it,’ lit. das Los fällt gut für mich, ‘that was a lucky throw for me’ (a similar history is also connected with ModHG. schenken, which furnishes evidence respecting the Teut. drinking customs). Note too that in ModHG. terms relating to card-playing have been similarly used, ​Comp. Sau (lit. ‘ace (of cards)’ then generally ‘good fortune’) and Hund.