OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Laocoön

Edition of 1920. See also Laocoön and Laocoön and His Sons on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
LAOCOÖN. lä-ŏk′ō-ŏn, a priest of Apollo at Troy. As he was sacrificing a bull to Poseidon on the shore, two serpents swimming from the island of Tenedos advanced to the altar. The people fled, but Laocoon and his sons fell victims to the monsters. The sons were first attacked, and then the father. Winding themselves round him, the serpents raised their heads high above him, while in his agony he vainly endeavored to extricate himself from their folds. They then retired to the temple of Pallas Athene, where they took shelter under her shield. The people saw in this omen Laocoon's punishment for his impiety in piercing with his spear the wooden horse consecrated to Athene. The story has frequently furnished a subject to the poets, but it is chiefly interesting to us as having given occasion to a fine work of sculpture — the Laocoon group, now in the Vatican. It was discovered in 1506 on the site of the baths of Titus. Pope Julius II bought it and placed it in the Vatican. Its preservation was perfect, except that the right arm of Laocoon was wanting: this was restored by a pupil of Michelangelo. This group is of the dramatic Rhodian school, and by no means belongs to the best style of Greek sculpture. Yet it has been much treated of in literature, especially by Goethe, Heine, Lessing, Winckelmann and Herder. It represents three persons in agony, but in different attitudes of struggle
or fear, according to their ages. Pliny declares it was made of one stone by the sculptors Agesander, Polydorus and Athenodorus, all natives of Rhodes, and the two latter probably sons of the former.
Lessing makes it probable that those three artists lived under the first emperors. It may be fairly doubted whether the statue mentioned by Pliny is the same as that we now have; acute observers have found that the group does not consist of one block, though the junctions are carefully concealed. To this it may be answered that they were not perhaps perceptible in the time of Pliny. Several copies have been made; one in bronze, from a model by Giacopo Tati or Sansovino, which was carried to France. Bacio Bandinelli made a copy which is in the Medici Gallery at Florence.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Lauban

Edition of 1920. See also Lubań on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer. Now part of Poland.
LAUBAN, lou'bạn, Germany, city in the Prussian province of Silesia, on the river Queis, 38 miles southwest of Liegnitz and 16 miles east of Gorlitz, at a junction of three railway lines. It was founded in the 10th century, was the headquarters of Frederick the Great in 1761 and in 1815 was the last Saxon town to surrender itself to Prussia. It has a town-hall dating from 1541 and a 14th century convent of Saint Magdalene. It was an important town in the league of the six towns of Lusatia. It has oil and flour mills, tobacco and textile manufactories and breweries. Pop., commune, 15,467.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Latticeleaf

Edition of 1920. See also Aponogeton madagascariensis on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
LATTICELEAF, lătĭs-lēf, or LATTICEPLANT (also called laceleaf and water-yam), a remarkable aquatic plant (Aponogeton fenestralis) of Madagascar, noteworthy for the structure of its leaves. The blade resembles latticework or open needlework, the longitudinal ribs being crossed by tendrils, and the interstices between them being open. The root, which is fleshy, and resembles that of the yam, is farinaceous and edible.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Lattmann, Julius

Edition of 1920. See also ADB:Lattmann, Julius on German Wikisource, and the disclaimer.
LATTMANN, lăt'mân, Julius, German educator: b. Goslar, 4 March 1818; d. Göttingen, 20 Aug. 1898. He was educated at the University of Göttingen, taught in the gymnasium at Göttingen in 1847-60, and in 1870-90 he was director of the gymnasium at Clausthal. He was deeply interested in theories of linguistic teaching and reforms therein, and wrote a large number of textbooks. Author of ‘Kombination der methodischen Principien im lateinischen Unterricht’ (1882; 2d ed., 1888); ‘Cornelii Nepotis Liber Emendatus et Suppletus’ (1880; 8th ed., 1889); ‘Ausgleichende Lösung der Reformbewegungen des höheren Schulwesens’ (1889), etc.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Balucki, Michael

Edition of 1920. See also Michał Bałucki on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BALUCKI, bạ-loots'kẹ, Michael. Polish author, known under the pseudonym Elipidon: b. Cracow, 29 Sept. 1837; d. 1901. As a storyteller he had shining gifts — a brilliant style, free and spontaneous humor — and in both novel and comedies held up to a genial ridicule the shortcomings and prejudices of Polish society. Among his principle works of interest may be mentioned ‘The Awakening’ (1863); ‘The Young and the Old’ (1866); ‘Life Among Ruins’ (1870); ‘The Jewess’ (1871); ‘For Sins Not Committed’ (1879); ‘250,000’ (1883). The best among his comedies are ‘The Chase After a Man’ (1869); ‘The Emancipated’ (1873); ‘Amateur Theatre’ (1879); ‘The Town Council’ (1880); ‘The Open House’ (1883); ‘Miss Valerie’ (1891); ‘The Burgomaster of Pipidowka’ (1894).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Bamberger, Ludwig

Edition of 1920. See also Ludwig Bamberger on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BAMBERGER, Ludwig, German statesman: b. Mainz 1823; d. 1899. Born of Jewish parents, he was educated at Giessen, Heidelberg and Göttingen; took part in the revolution of 1849, condemned to death, went into exile and returned on the amnesty of 1866, and was a member of the German Reichstag 1873-80. He was an advocate of free trade, and on account of his opposition to Bismarck's economic policy, he left the National Liberal party and joined the “Secessionists,” a group which later became a part of the German Liberal Party. His publications include ‘Monsieur de Bismarck’ (of which there is an English translation); ‘The Five Milliards’; ‘Germany and Socialism’, and a volume of reminiscences.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Baptism for the Dead

Edition of 1920. See also Baptism for the dead on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BAPTISM FOR THE DEAD, a custom mentioned by Saint Paul in 1 Cor. xv, 29. It probably consisted in the vicarious baptism of a living Christian for a catechumen who had died unbaptized, the latter being thereby accounted as baptized. It is doubtful if the custom was ever widely prevalent, and it seems to have soon died out in the Church, although kept alive by Marcionites and other heretics. It was forbidden by the Synod of Hippo (393). It is observed by the Mormons at the present day.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Bamberger, Heinrich von

Edition of 1920. See also Heinrich von Bamberger on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BAMBERGER, bäm'bĕrg-ėr, Heinrich von, Austrian pathologist: b. Prague, 1822; d. 1888. He was graduated in medicine in 1847, and became professor of special pathology and therapeutics, first in the University of Würzburg, and in 1872 in the University of Vienna. Of his numerous publications, two have been held in particularly high esteem, ‘On the Diseases of the Chylopoietic System’ (1855), and ‘Treatise on Diseases of the Heart’ (1857).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Baptism of the Dead

Edition of 1920. See also Baptism for the dead on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BAPTISM OF THE DEAD, a superstitious custom which anciently prevailed among the people of Africa of baptizing the dead. The third council of Carthage (Can. vi) speaks of it as a matter of which ignorant Christians were fond, and forbids “to believe that the dead can be baptized.” Gregory Hacianzenus observes that the same superstitious opinion prevailed among some who delayed to be baptized. It is also mentioned by Philastrius as the general error of the Montanists, or Cataphrygians, that they baptized men after death.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Baltzer, Wilhelm Eduard

Edition of 1920. See also Eduard Baltzer on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BALTZER, Wilhelm Eduard, German theologian: b. Hohenleine 1814; d. Grotzingen 1887. He was educated at Leipzig and Halle, and was ordained to the Lutheran ministry. His liberal views led to his being looked on with disfavor, and in 1847 he founded a free church of his own and soon became the leader of the movement known as the “Freie Gemeinden,” or free religious communities which arose in opposition to dogmatic and traditional theology. Baltzer was the leader of the movement until 1881, when he retired to Grotzingen, and spent his remaining years in the promotion of vegetarianism. He wrote ‘Alte und neue Weltanschauung’ (4 vols., 1850-59); ‘Gott, Welt, und Mensch’ (1869); ‘Vegetarisches Kochbuch’ (14th ed., 1900).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Baluchi

Edition of 1920. See also Balochi language on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BALUCHI, bạ-loo'chē, the language of Baluchistan, one of the Iranian group of languages. There are two dialects, the north Baluchi and the south Baluchi, or Maprani; the latter shows more ancient features.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Bandelier, Adolph Francis Alphonse

Edition of 1920. See also Adolph Francis Alphonse Bandelier on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BANDELIER, băn-dĕ-lēr, Adolph Francis Alphonse, American archæologist: b. Berne, 6 Aug. 1840; d. Madrid, 19 March 1914. Settled early in the United States, where he did important work under the direction of the Archæological Institute of America. His studies were chiefly among the Indians of New Mexico and Arizona, Central America, South America and Mexico. Returning to New York in 1903 he was engaged for the remainder of his life in preparation of works on the history and archæology of Spanish America. He is also the author of ‘Art of War and Mode of Warfare’ (1877); ‘Social Organization and Government of Ancient Mexicans’ (1878); ‘Tenure of Lands and Inheritances of Ancient Mexicans’ (1878); ‘An Archaeological Tour into Mexico’ (1885); a novel of Pueblo Indian life ‘The Delight Makers’; ‘The Gilded Man and Other Pictures of the Spanish Occupancy of America’ (1893). He contributed over 60 articles to the ‘Catholic Encyclopedia,’ etc.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Bromby, Charles Hamilton

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​Bromby, Charles Hamilton, B.A., L.C.L., formerly Attorney-General Tasmania, is the second son of Right Rev. Charles Henry Bromby, sometime Bishop of Tasmania, by Mary Anne, eldest daughter of the late William Hulme Bodley, of Brighton, Sussex. He was born at Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, on July 17th, 1843, and educated at Cheltenham College and St. Edmund's Hall, Oxford, where he graduated. He entered as a student of the Inner Temple on June 7th, 1864, and was called to the bar on Nov. 18th, 1867. He emigrated to Tasmania, where he arrived in Dec. 1874, and was M.H.A. for Launceston from 1876 to 1877, for Longford from 1877 to 1878, and subsequently for Richmond. Mr. Bromby was Attorney-General in Mr. Reibey's Ministry, and a member of the Executive Council from July 20th, 1876, to August 9th, 1877. He was admitted a member of the bar of New South Wales in 1881; but now resides in England, and practises as a barrister in London and on the North-Eastern Circuit. He edited "Spike's Law of Master and Servant," 3rd edition.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Bromby, Rev. Henry Bodley

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​Bromby, Rev. Henry Bodley, B.A., formerly Dean of Hobart, Tasmania, is the son of the Right Rev. Charles Henry Bromby, D.D., formerly Bishop of Tasmania, and was educated at Jesus College, Cambridge, of which he was Rustat Scholar. He graduated B.A. in 1864, and in the same year he was ordained deacon, and priest in 1865. He was canon of St. David's Cathedral, Hobart, from 1865 to 1868, and 1870 to 1877; incumbent of St. Johns, Hobart, from 1868 to 1873; incumbent of the cathedral parish of Hobart from 1873 to 1884; and Dean of Hobart from 1877 to 1884, when he left the colony for England, and in the next year was appointed vicar of St. John the Evangelist, Bethnal Green.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Bromby, Rev. John Edward

He died on 4th March, not 9th; married Miss Lilly, not Lilley. See Discussion.
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​ Bromby, Rev. John Edward, M.A., D.D., son of Rev. J. H. Bromby, Vicar of Holy Trinity Church, Hull, and elder brother of the Right Rev. Charles Henry Bromby, sometime Bishop of Tasmania, was born in 1809, and educated at Uppingham and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was for some time scholar; Bell's University Scholar in 1829; B.A. (9th ​Wrangler and second-class in the Classical Tripos) in 1832; Fellow of St. John's College from 1834 to 1836; M.A. in 1835; B.D. in 1845; D.D. in 1850. Dr. Bromby was ordained deacon in 1834, priest in 1835, and was Vice-principal of Bristol College and Principal of Elizabeth College, Guernsey, from 1847 to 1855, and senior Curate of Holy Trinity, Hall, from 1855 to 1857. He was subsequently appointed headmaster of the Melbourne Church of England Grammar School, and arrived in Melbourne in Feb. 1858. This post Dr. Bromby held until 1875, when he retired amidst universal regret and respect on the part of his old pupils and the public generally. In 1877 he was appointed incumbent of St. Paul's, Melbourne. He married in 1836 a daughter of Alderman Lilley of Bristol, and died on March 9th, 1889.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Bromby, Right Rev. Charles Henry

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​Bromby, Right Rev. Charles Henry, D.D., formerly Bishop of Tasmania, son of the Rev. John Healey Bromby, vicar of Holy Trinity, Hull, was born at Hull in 1814, and educated at Uppingham School and at St. John's College, Cambridge, of which he was scholar and exhibitioner. He graduated B.A. (Junior Optime and third class in classics) in 1837, and M.A. in 1840, being admitted to the honorary degree of D.D. in 1864. He was ordained deacon in 1838, and priest in 1839, and was curate of Chesterfield from 1838 to 1839; vicar of St. Paul's, Cheltenham, and Principal of the Normal College there from 1843 to 1864, when he was appointed Bishop of Tasmania by the Queen's letters patent, being consecrated in Canterbury Cathedral by Archbishop Longley on June 29th, 1864, and enthroned in St. David's Cathedral, Hobart, on Jan. 7th, 1865. Having resigned his see in 1882, Bishop Bromby was appointed in that year rector of Shrawardine-with-Montford, and Assistant Bishop to the Bishop of Lichfield. In 1887 he resigned his rectory, and became Warden of St. John's Hospital, Lichfield. He married in 1839 Mary Anne, daughter of Dr. Bodley, of Brighton, who died in 1885. He is the author of the "Church Student's Manual," "History and Grammar of the English Language," and editor of "Wordsworth's Excursion, Book I."
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Broome, Mary Anne, Lady

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​Broome, Mary Anne, Lady, the wife of Sir Frederick Napier Broome, K.C.M.G., the late Governor of Western Australia, was the eldest daughter of Hon. Walter G. Stewart, Island Secretary of Jamaica. She was sent to England to be educated when two years old, and returned to Jamaica in 1850. She married first, in 1852, Colonel Sir George Barker, B.A., K.C.B., an officer distinguished for his Crimean and Indian services, who died at Simla in 1861. She married secondly, June 21st, 1865, Sir (then Mr.) Frederick Napier Broome, whom she accompanied to New Zealand the same year. Returning with her husband to England in 1869, Lady Barker, as she was then styled, became well known as a successful authoress. She has published "Station Life in New Zealand" (1870), followed by "Stories About," "Ribbon Stories," "A Christmas Cake," "A Year's Housekeeping in Natal," "Letters to Guy," descriptive of life in Western Australia, and other works. She published a useful manual in 1874, entitled "First Principles of Cookery," and was appointed Lady Superintendent of the National School of Cookery at South Kensington, a post she relinquished on accompanying her husband to Natal in 1875. Her next home was in Mauritius, 1878-83, when she organised a fund for the relief of the sick and wounded in the Zulu war. For this service she received a special official acknowledgment in a despatch from the Secretary of State for the Colonies. A movement in favour of the higher education of women was also initiated by her in Mauritius.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Britton, Alexander

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​Britton, Alexander, son of the late Alexander Britton, and brother of Henry Britton (q.v.), embraced journalism, and was sub-editor of the Melbourne Argus, and subsequently of the Sydney Morning Herald. In 1890 he was engaged by the Government of New South Wales to complete the official "History of New South Wales," the first volume of which had been edited by Mr. G. B. Barton (q.v.).
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Brooke, Gustavus Vaughan

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​Brooke, Gustavus Vaughan, the well-known actor, was the son of Gustavus Vaughan Brooke of Dublin, was born on April 25th, 1818, at Hardwick Place, Dublin, and was educated at a school conducted by the brother of Maria Edgeworth. When about fifteen he applied to Calcraft of the Theatre Royal, Dublin, for an engagement; and owing to the sudden indisposition of Edmund Kean he was allowed to appear as William Tell on Easter Monday (April 9th) 1833. Permanent employment followed. He subsequently made his first appearance in London as Virginius at the Victoria Theatre, and in 1840 he entered into an engagement with Macready to appear at Drury Lane, but threw it up through dissatisfaction with his part. His real début in London took place on Jan. 3rd, 1848, when he appeared as Othello at the Olympic, and scored a great success with the public as well as with critics of judgment. Later on he went to America, and played Othello at the Broadway Theatre, New York, on Dec. 15th, 1851. His success in the States led him to take the Astor Place Opera House in New York, which he opened in May 1852. The venture was a disastrous failure, and after a fresh tour in the States he reappeared at Drury Lane, then under the management of E. T. Smith, the father of the Hon. L. L. Smith of Victoria (q.v.). Mr. George Coppin visited England in 1854 with the view of engaging "stars" for Australia, and amongst others secured G. V. Brooke who from 1855 to 1857 received as much as £100 a night for playing in Australia and New Zealand. He went into partnership with Coppin in the Theatre Royal, Melbourne, and the Melbourne Cremorne, with results so disastrous that both were beggared, and dissolved partnership in Feb. 1859, when Brooke returned to England to find his prospects far from bright. His reappearance at Drury Lane as Othello was a failure, habits of dissipation having left their deteriorating traces on his once fine presence and splendid voice. Brooke married Miss Avonia Jones, an actress of no great merit. Disgusted by his ill success in London, Brooke decided to return to Australia, and took his passage in the ill-fated ship London, which foundered in the Bay of Biscay on Jan. 11th, 1866. Brooke was amongst those who perished, his manly and even heroic conduct during the long agony which preceded the final sinking of the vessel being such as to shed lustre over a career which, in its later phases, had been clouded by a deplorable absence of self-control.
# The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Brooke, Hon. John Henry

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​Brooke, Hon. John Henry, who was Commissioner of Crown Lands in Victoria under the Heales administration from Nov. 1860 to Nov. 1861, will long be remembered in connection with the land system of that colony. In 1857, as a member of the Assembly, he was prominent in opposition to the Haines Land Bill, which proposed giving annual licences to the squatters. On his own accession to office he, in conjunction with his colleagues Mr. J. M. Grant and Mr. Ireland, the Attorney-General, brought into operation the famous licences to occupy the waste lands of the Crown, which formed the basis of popular settlement for cultivation purposes on the public lands of Victoria. The scheme was formulated by a mere Gazette notice, the issue of which was formally censured by the Legislative Council. As the result of a dissolution of the Assembly Mr. Brooke's policy was approved by the country, and formed the subject of express eulogy in the Governor's opening speech to the new Parliament in August 1861. The occupation licences were approved by the new Assembly and again condemned by the Council, who denounced the introduction of the new departure by ​a mere departmental regulation as a breach of the principles of responsible government. The Governor regretted the disapprobation of the Council, but when they entreated that the legality of the licences might be tested in the Supreme Court, replied that his advisers were "satisfied of their legality." Mr. Brooke subsequently left Victoria, and is now a resident in Japan.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Schaff, David Schley

Edition of 1920. See also David Schley Schaff on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SCHAFF, shäf, David Schley, American Presbyterian clergyman and educator, son of Philip Schaff (q.v.): b. Mercersburg, Pa., 17 Oct. 1852. He was graduated at Yale in 1873 and in 1877 was ordained in the Presbyterian ministry. He served as pastor in 1877-1907; was professor of church history at Lane Theological Seminary in 1897-1903; and since 1903 has been professor of ecclesiastical and doctrinal history there. He was a delegate to the Pan-Presbyterian Council at Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1913. He was one of the editors of the ‘Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia’ (4 vols., 1883); and of ‘History of the Christian Church’ (Vols. I-II, 1907-10); and author of ‘Commentary on Acts’ (1882); ‘Life of Philip Schaff’ (1897); ‘John Huss’ (1915), etc. He translated ‘The Church’ by Huss (1915).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Schaffhausen

Edition of 1920. See also Schaffhausen and Canton of Schaffhausen on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SCHAFFHAUSEN, shäf'how-zĕn, Switzerland: (1) Capital of the canton of its own name, situated on an eminence overlooking the Rhine, 24 miles north of Zürich. It is quaintly and irregularly built. The buildings most worthy of notice are the feudal castle of Munot, of Roman construction, standing on a commanding height; the parish or Saint John's Church; and the cathedral (1052), a massive basilica containing a bell whose inscription suggested Schiller's ‘Song of the Bell,’ and Longfellow's ‘Golden Legend’; the town-house (1412); the Imthurneum, containing theatre, concert rooms, etc., the museum containing manuscript collections of Johann von Müller, who was born here, the town library, etc. There are primary and high schools. The environs are beautiful; three miles distant are the celebrated falls of the Rhine, almost 300 feet broad, falling more than 70 feet in three cascades formed by two pillars of rock. The Fäsenstaub is a fashionable promenade. The principal industrial works are the wagon and carriage factories, cotton and woolen manufactories, iron works, distilleries and breweries. Pop. about 15,957. (2) The canton of Schaffhausen covers an area of 114 square miles, and occupies the most northern angle of the Swiss territory. It belongs to the Swabian Jura, and the population uses almost exclusively the German tongue. The canton entered the Swiss Confederation in 1501, and by the constitution of 1876 became exceedingly democratic. Education is compulsory. The taxes are very low. Financially it is the most favored among the Swiss cantons. All the cereals are raised, besides hemp and flax. There is abundance of fruit, especially grapes. The principal manufactures are aluminum, wagons, wool, ropes and watches. Pop. about 47,270.