OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tourcoing

See also Tourcoing on Wikipedia; Tourcoing in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
TOURCOING, a manufacturing town of France in the department of Nord, 7 miles north-east of Lille on the railway to Ghent, is rapidly becoming one with the neighbouring town of Roubaix (q.v.). Wool, cotton, linen, and silk are spun in more than 65 mills (40,000 spindles); there are upwards of 25 combing establishments (by machine and hand), 50 to 55 manufactories of velvet-pile carpets, furniture stuffs, and all kinds of woven goods, be sides dye-works, soap-works, a sugar refinery, and machine workshops. The total industrial production of Tourcoing may be set down at about 6,800,000 per annum. Tourcoing possesses a chamber of commerce, a conseil de prudhommes, a consultative chamber of arts and manufactures, a wool "conditioning" bureau, schools of drawing, painting, music, and architecture, and a horticultural society. In 1866 a pyramid was erected to commemorate a battle gained by Jourdan and Moreau in the neighbourhood in 1794. The population, 34,415 in 1881, was 41,570 in 1886 (commune 58,008).
Famed since the 14th century for its woollen manufactures, Tourcoing was fortified by the Flemings when Louis XI. of France disputed the inheritance of Charles the Bold with Mary of Burgundy. The town suffered much from the French in 1477, from the Huguenots in 1556, and by fire in 1607 and 1711. The inhabitants, 18,000 in 1789, were reduced by the French Revolution to 10,000, but a new era of prosperity began in 1832. In 1801 the population of the commune was 23,493, and in 1871 it was 43,322.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tournebout

See also Crumhorn on Wikipedia; Cromorne in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
Notwithstanding the successive improvements that were introduced in the manufacture of wind instruments, the tournebout scarcely ever varied in the details of its construction. Such as we see it represented in the treatise by Virdung we find it again about the epoch of its disappearance, in L'Art du Faiseur d'Instruments de l'Encyclopédie de Diderot et d'Alembert (Paris, 1751-80).
Bass Tournebout.
The tournebouts existed as a complete family from the 15th century. According to Virdung, it was formed of four individual instruments; Prætorius cites five,—the deep bass, the bass, the tenor or alto, the cantus or soprano, and the high soprano, with com pass respectively of
A band, or, to use the expression of Prætorius, an "accort," of tournebouts comprehended—1 deep bass, 2 bass, 3 alto-tenor, 2 cantus (soprano), 1 high soprano = 9.
The tournebouts were not always an orchestra by themselves; they allied themselves also to other instruments, and notably to flutes and oboes. It was thus that the little groups of musicians in the service of princes, or those engaged by some large town on the occasion of a festival or public ceremony, were composed of several tournebout players combined with some flautists and oboe players. In 1685 the orchestra of the Neue Kirche at Strasburg comprised two tournebouts, and until the middle of the last century these instruments formed part of the music called "la grande ecurie " in the service of the French kings. Tournebouts have in our days become of extreme rarity, and scarcely exist in collections. The museum of the Conservatoire Royal de Musique at Brussels has the good fortune to possess a complete family, which is regarded as having belonged to the duke of Ferrara, Alphonso II. d Este, a prince who reigned from 1559 to 1597. The soprano (cantus or discant) has the same compass as above, while the alto, the tenor (furnished with a key), and bass have an extent respectively of
The bass (see accompanying figure), besides having two keys, is distinguished from the others by a kind of small bolt, two of which slide in grooves and close the two holes that form the lowest notes of the instrument. It is very curious to observe that the employment of these bolts, placed at the extremity of the tournebout and out of reach of the fingers of the instrumentalist, forces him to require the assistance of a person whose sole mission is to attend to these bolts during the performance.
The "Platerspil" of which Virdung gives a drawing is only a kind of tournebout. It presents especially the peculiarity that, instead of having a cap to cover over the reed, there is a spherical receiver surrounding the reed, to which the tube for insufflation is adapted. This receiver was of wood worked round, or perhaps consisted of a simple gourd. (v. m.)
* ↑ Musica getutscht itnd auszgezogen, Basel, 1511.
* ↑ Organographia, Wolfenbüttel, 1618.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tourmaline

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TOURMALINE.Electricity, vol. xiii. p. 99; Geology, vol. x. p. 228; and Minerology, vol. xvi. p. 409.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tournai

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Tournay, supposed to be the Civitas Nerviorum of Cæsar, and afterwards known as Tournacus, was one of the first places conquered by the Franks, and Clovis made it for a time his capital. In modern times, standing as it does on the frontier between Belgium and France, it has been frequently besieged and taken. History records specially the siege by Alexander of Parma in 1581, when it was bravely but unsuccessfully defended by the princess D Épinoy, whose statue now stands in the Grande Place. Perkin Warbeck was a native of Tournai.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tudela

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TUDELA, a city of Spain, in the province of Navarre, is situated on the right bank of the Ebro where it is joined by the Queyles, and on the railway from Zaragoza to Pamplona, about 50 miles to the north-west of the former city. The Ebro is here crossed by a fine old bridge, 400 yards in length, consisting of seventeen arches. The only building within the town of any interest is the fine church of Santa Maria, founded in 1135 and consecrated in 1188, the doorways and cloisters being specially rich in sculptural ornamentation. The manufactures of the place (cloth, silk, pottery) are unimportant. There is some trade in wine and oil. The population within the municipal boundaries in 1877 was 10,086.
Tudela, anciently Tutela, was the birthplace of the celebrated mediæval traveller Benjamin (q.v.) of Tudela. It was made an episcopal see in 1783, which was suppressed in 1851.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tuam

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The see of Tuam was raised to an archbishopric about 1152. Under the Church Temporalities Act of 1839 it was reduced to a bishopric, but is still the seat of a Roman Catholic archbishop. It received its first charter in the llth year of James I. It formerly returned two members to parliament, but was disfranchised at the Union.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tubercle

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TUBERCLE. Pathology vol. xviii. p. 405 and Phthisis.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tucker, Josiah

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TUCKER, Josiah (1711–1799), dean of Gloucester from 1758, a sagacious and candid writer on politics and political economy. See Political Economy (vol. xix. p. 365).
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tucson

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TUCSON, a city in Pima county, Arizona Territory, United States, is situated in 32° 13′ N. lat. and 110° 53′ W. long. at an elevation of 2403 feet above the sea, upon the Santa Cruz river and on the Southern Pacific Railroad, about 70 miles from the Mexican frontier. The surrounding country is arid and barren, except where it has been fertilized by irrigation. The climate is exceedingly hot and dry. The principal industries of Tucson, besides stock-rearing, are connected with mining, as it is a supply point for mining districts in the neighbouring mountains and has several smelting works. The population, which in 1860 was 915, in 1870 3224, had grown by 1880 to 7007, and in 1887 was estimated to number nearly 10,000. About one-half are of foreign birth, a large proportion being Mexicans. Tucson is one of the oldest settlements in the United States, having been founded as a Jesuit mission by the Spaniards in the 17th century.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tuberose

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TUBEROSE. The cultivated tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa) is allied to the Mexican agaves and is a native of the same country. The tuberous root-stock sends up a stem 3 feet in height, with numerous lanceolate leaves and terminal racemes of white funnel-shaped, very fragrant flowers. Each flower is about 11/2 inches long, with a long tube and a six-parted limb. The stamens are six in number, emerging from the upper part of the tube, and bear linear anthers. The ovary is three-celled; but the mature fruit and seed are not botanically known. The plant is largely grown in the United States and at the Cape of Good Hope for export to England, as it is found that imported bulbs succeed better than those grown in the United Kingdom. The cultivated plants have double flowers and require a rich soil, considerable heat, and, at first, abundance of water.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tucuman

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TUCUMAN, or, more fully, San Miguel de Tucuman, capital of the province of Tucuman, in the Argentine Republic, is a straggling town, on the right bank of the Tala (a subtributary of the Rio Salado), at the eastern base of the Sierra de Aconquija, in 26° 50′ S. lat. and 64° 35′ W. long. It is connected by rail with Cordova and Rosario. The surrounding district is fertile, and also produces excel lent timber. Leather and sugar are the principal objects of industry. The population was recently estimated at 17,000.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Graphite

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GRAPHITE. See Carbon, vol. v. p. 86, and Furnace, vol. ix. p. 843.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Grasse

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​GRASSE, a town of France, capital of an arrondissement in the department of Alpes-Maritimes, 20 miles W. of Nice. It occupies a picturesque situation on the southern declivity of a hill facing the Mediterranean, from which it is about 7 miles distant; and it possesses a climate remark ably mild and salubrious. It is well supplied with water from a rivulet which rises above it. The streets are narrow, steep, and winding, but the houses are generally well built. The town was formerly the seat of a bishop, and possesses a Gothic cathedral with a beautiful tower, an old chapel dating from the 11th century, now used as a powder magazine, a hospital, a town-hall, an exchange, a theatre, a communal college, and a public library. The chapel of the hospital contains three pictures by Rubens. Next to Paris, Grasse carries on the largest manufacture of perfumery in France. Citrons, oranges, lemons, figs, pomegranates, and the flowers used by the perfumers, are grown in the gardens of the town and neighbourhood, and fine marble, alabaster, and jasper are found in the vicinity. Grasse was founded in the 6th century by Jews from Sardinia. The population in 1876 was 9673.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Granson

See also Grandson, Switzerland on Wikipedia; Granson on Wikipedia, Granson in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​GRANSON, Grandson, or Grandsee, a small town in Switzerland, canton of Vaud, is situated near the south-western extremity of the Lake of Neufchâtel. It possesses the ruins of an old castle, containing a collection of antiquities, and has a very ancient church, once connected with a Benedictine abbey, with a number of pre-Christian images. The town is of Roman origin. It was captured in 1475 by the Eidgenossen, and retaken in the following year by Charles the Bold; but in March of that year the Eidgenossen again defeated him near Granson with great slaughter. From that time till 1803 it was one of their lordships. The site of the battle is marked by three great blocks of marble. The population of the town in 1870 was 1587.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Grantham

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​GRANTHAM, a municipal and parliamentary borough and market-town of England, county of Lincoln, is situ ated on both sides of the Witham, at the junction of several railways with the Great Northern line, 105 miles N.N.E. of London and 22 miles S.S.W. of Lincoln. The parish church, a spacious Gothic edifice of the 13th century, has been restored by Sir G. G. Scott. It is sur mounted by an elegant spire 274 feet high, and has an elaborately carved front, and some splendid monuments. At the free grammar school, founded by Bishop Fox in 1528, Sir Isaac Newton received part of his education. Among the other public buildings are the guild-hall, with a spacious assembly-room, the two exchanges, the town-hall, the literary institution, the gaol, the dispensary, and the workhouse. A bronze statue of Sir Isaac Newton was erected in 1858. The principal trade is that of malting, which is carried on to a considerable extent. There are also tanneries and coach factories, and a large agricultural implement factory and iron foundry. Grantham returns two members to parliament. The population of the municipal borough (area, 406 acres) in 1871 was 5028, and of the parliamentary borough (area, 5811 acres) 13,250.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Granville

See also Granville, Manche on Wikipedia; Granville on Wikipedia, Granville in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
GRANVILLE, a fortified seaport town of France, department of Manche, is situated at the mouth of the Bosq and at the foot of a steep rocky promontory projecting into the English Channel, 30 miles S.W. of St Lô. It is surrounded by strong walls, and is built principally of granite, and its streets are mostly steep and narrow. The parish church dates from the 15th century. Among the other public buildings are the tribunal of commerce, the hospital, the public baths, and the naval school. Granville occupies the seventh place in point of importance among the seaports of France, and the harbour is accessible to vessels of the largest tonnage. There is regular steam communication with Jersey and Guernsey. The principal exports are fruits, vegetables, oysters, fish, corn, wood, and cattle. A large number of the inhabitants are engaged in the cod and oyster fisheries, and among the other industries are the manufacture of brandy, chemicals, cod-liver oil, and leather. Shipbuilding is also carried on. Granville was founded by the English in the beginning of the 15th century, taken by the French in 1450, bombarded and burned by the English in 1695, and partly destroyed by the Vendean troops in 1793. The population in 1876 was 12,372.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Granmichele

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​GRANMICHELE, or Grammichele, a market-town of Sicily, in the province of Catania, about 8 miles from Caltagirone on the road to Catania. It lies on the side of a hill, the summit of which is crowned by a castle which, along with the town itself, was formerly a fief of the Brancatelli Butera family. Beautiful marble is found in the vicinity, and the inhabitants, who in 1871 numbered 10,058, trade in oil.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Grape

See also Grape on Wikipedia; Grape on Wikipedia, Grape in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
GRAPE. See Vine.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Graphotype

See also Graphotype on Wikipedia; Graphotype on Wikipedia, Graphotype in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​GRAPHOTYPE is a name which has been given to an ingenious process of autographic engraving, by which typographic printing blocks are produced. The general principles of the process are as follows. A block of chalk or some similar material is reduced to a level surface, and on this surface a design is drawn with a glutinous ink, this ink being sufficiently fluid to penetrate some little distance into the porous chalk. The ink having become dry, gentle friction is applied to the surface of the block, so as gradually to rub away those parts of the chalk which are not indurated by the glutinous ink. The lines of the drawing being thus left in relief, a perfect model of the required printing block is obtained, and this model is next hardened by immersion in a bath containing a solution of an alkaline silicate, after which it is dried and reproduced by the stereotype or the electrotype process. This method of typographic engraving was brought to a practical form, and patented in 1860 (No. 2309) by an American wood engraver, Mr de Witt Clinton Hitchcock. The first step in his process is to reduce French chalk or talc to an extremely fine state of division by repeated grindings, elutriations, and siftings, after which a layer of the material, rather over an eighth of an inch in thickness, is forced down upon, and made to adhere to, a thick zinc plate, the necessary pressure being obtained by means of an hydraulic press, the platen of which is faced with a polished steel plate, so as to communicate a good surface to the layer of compressed French chalk. The device is now drawn (of course, reversed) on the prepared block with an ink consisting of a weak solution of glue coloured by lamp black or some other pigment. In drawing on the prepared block care must be taken not to damage the somewhat tender surface of the compressed chalk, and the safest instrument with which to apply the glutinous ink is a fine sable brush, but an ordinary pen may be employed if the operation of drawing is performed with caution. A pad of silk velvet or a fitch brush may be used for rubbing the block so as to leave the lines in relief, and it is quite sufficient to continue the friction until a depth equal to the thickness of an ordinary playing card is produced, the spaces corresponding to any extended whites of the engraving being then cut out by means of a tool. A 10 per cent, solution of silicate of sodium may be used for hardening the block, and when dry nothing remains but to take a mould from it and to reproduce it in metal.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Graslitz

See also Kraslice on Wikipedia; Kraslice on Wikipedia, Graslitz in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​GRASLITZ, or Grasslitz (Bohemian Kraslice), a town in the north-west of Bohemia, near the Saxon frontier, in the circle of Elbogen, 88 miles N.W. of Prague, 50 21 N. lat,, 12 27 E. long., is advantageously situated in a valley between high hills, at the confluence of the Silberbach and Zwoda. It is the headquarters of a military district, the seat of a court of justice, and has a custom-house, a handsome church built in 1618 and dedicated to Corpus Christi, and several manufactories of cotton and woollen stuffs, and of musical and mathematical instruments, look ing-glasses, brass, copper, and wire goods, and paper. Graslitz is one of the most important industrial towns in Bohemia, and the centre of the lace-weaving districts of the Erzgebirge, In 1869 the population, inclusive of the small suburb of Glasberg, amounted to 6549.
# Executive Order 1224

more info.
Signed by President William H. Taft Thursday, July 7, 1910
It is hereby ordered that Executive order dated August 25, 1877, setting aside certain described land in the State of California for Indian purposes, be, and the same hereby is, revoked in so far as it relates to the south half of section 20, township 3 south of range 1 east of the San Barnardino meridian.
The White House,
    July 7, 1910.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 12219

more info.
See the Notes section for a listing of Executive Orders affected by or related to the issuance of this Executive Order.
Signed by President Jimmy Carter Thursday, June 19, 1980
Federal Register page & date: 45 FR 41897, Monday, June 23, 1980
Executive Order 12219 of June 19, 1980
Presidential Commission on World Hunger
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution of the United States of America, and in order to extend the life of the Presidential Commission on World Hunger for two months, Section 1-402 of Executive Order No. 12078 of September 5, 1978, is hereby amended to read:
    "The Commission shall terminate on August 31, 1980.".

## Notes
### Amends

* Executive Order 12078, September 5, 1978

### Revoked by

* Executive Order 12258, December 31, 1980
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 1223

more info.
Signed by President William H. Taft Saturday, July 2, 1910
1910 CSR 113
Capt. J. W. Powell may be reinstated to a clerical position in the Government Printing Office, without regard to the length or cause of his separation therefrom.
The White House,
    July 2, 1910.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 12223

more info.
See the Notes section for a listing of Executive Orders affected by or related to the issuance of this Executive Order.
Signed by President Jimmy Carter Monday, June 30, 1980
Federal Register page & date: 45 FR 45235, Wednesday, July 2, 1980
Executive Order 12223 of June 30, 1980
Occupational Safety and Health Programs for Federal Employees
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and statutes of the United States of America, including Section 7902{c} of Title 5 of the United States Code, and in accord with Section 19 of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, as amended {29 U.S.C. 668}, and in order to provide sufficient time for the development of adequate implementing instructions which will govern the new occupational safety and health programs for Federal employees, Section 1–704 of Executive Order No. 12196 of February 26, 1980, is hereby amended to read, “This Order is effective October 1, 1980.”.

## Notes

Shortcut: WS:USEO

### Amends

* Executive Order 12196, February 26, 1980
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 12241

more info.
Amended by: Executive Order 12657, November 18, 1988
Signed by President Jimmy Carter Monday, September 29, 1980
Federal Register page & date: 45 FR 64879, Wednesday, October 1, 1980
Executive Order 12241 of September 29, 1980
National Contingency Plan
By the authority vested in me as President of the United States of America under Section 304 of Public Law 96-295 (94 Stat. 790) and section 301 of title 3, United States Code, and in order to provide for the publication of a plan to protect the public health and safety in case of accidents at nuclear power facilities, it is hereby ordered as follows:

#### 1-101.

    The functions vested in the President by Section 304 of Public Law 96-295 (94 Stat. 790) are delegated to the Director, Federal Emergency Management Agency.

#### 1-102.

    A copy of the National Contingency Plan shall, from time to time, be published in the Federal Register.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse