OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Public Law 108-237

Note: This is the original legislation as it was initially enacted. Any subsequent amendments hosted on Wikisource may be listed using What Links Here.
An Act To encourage the development and promulgation of voluntary consensus standards by providing relief under the antitrust laws to standards development organizations with respect to conduct engaged in for the purpose of developing voluntary consensus standards, and for other purposes.
    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
       TITLE I—STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION ADVANCEMENT ACT OF 2004
          Sec. 101. Short Title.
          Sec. 102. Findings.
          Sec. 103. Definitions.
          Sec. 104. Rule of Reason Standard.
          Sec. 105. Limitation on Recovery.
          Sec. 106. Attorney Fees.
          Sec. 107. Disclosure of Standards Development Activity.
          Sec. 108. Rule of Construction.
       TITLE II—ANTITRUST CRIMINAL PENALTY ENHANCEMENT AND REFORM ACT OF 2004
          Sec. 201. Short Title.
          Subtitle A—Antitrust Enforcement Enhancements and Cooperation Incentives
             Sec. 211. Sunset.
             Sec. 212. Definitions.
             Sec. 213. Limitation on Recovery.
             Sec. 214. Rights, Authorities, and Liabilities Not Affected.
             Sec. 215. Increased Penalties for Antitrust Violations.
          Subtitle B—Tunney Act Reform
             Sec. 221. Public Interest Determination.
Approved June 22, 2004.

## Legislative History

* H.R. 1086, (S. 1799)
   * HOUSE REPORTS:
   ** No. 108-125, Pts. 1 & 2 (Comm. on the Judiciary)
   * CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, Vol. 149 (2003):
   ** June 10, considered and passed House.
   * CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, Vol. 150 (2004):
   ** Apr. 2, considered and passed Senate, amended.
   ** June 2, House concurred in Senate amendment.
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# Public Law 108-237/Title II
## TITLE II—ANTITRUST CRIMINAL PENALTY ENHANCEMENT AND REFORM ACT OF 2004
### SEC. 201. SHORT TITLE.

    This title may be cited as the ``Antitrust Criminal Penalty Enhancement and Reform Act of 2004´´.
SUBTITLE A—ANTITRUST ENFORCEMENT ENHANCEMENTS AND COOPERATION INCENTIVES
    Sec. 211. Sunset.
    Sec. 212. Definitions.
    Sec. 213. Limitation on Recovery.
    Sec. 214. Rights, Authorities, and Liabilities Not Affected.
    Sec. 215. Increased Penalties for Antitrust Violations.
SUBTITLE B—TUNNEY ACT REFORM
    Sec. 221. Public Interest Determination.
# Public Law 108-237/Title II/Subtitle B
## SUBTITLE B—TUNNEY ACT REFORM
### SEC. 221. SUNSET.

    (a) CONGRESSIONAL FINDINGS AND DECLARATION OF PURPOSES—
          (1) FINDINGS—
             Congress finds that—
                (A) the purpose of the Tunney Act was to ensure that the entry of antitrust consent judgments is in the public interest; and
                (B) it would misconstrue the meaning and Congressional intent in enacting the Tunney Act to limit the discretion of district courts to review antitrust consent judgments solely to determining whether entry of those consent judgments would make a ``mockery of the judicial function´´.
          (2) PURPOSES—
             The purpose of this section is to effectuate the original Congressional intent in enacting the Tunney Act and to ensure that United States settlements of civil antitrust suits are in the public interest.
    (b) PUBLIC INTEREST DETERMINATION—
       Section 5 of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 16) is amended—
          (1) in subsection (d), by inserting at the end the following: ``Upon application by the United States, the district court may, for good cause (based on a finding that the expense of publication in the Federal Register exceeds the public interest benefits to be gained from such publication), authorize an alternative method of public dissemination of the public comments received and the response to those comments.´´;
          (2) in subsection (e)—
                (A) in the matter before paragraph (1), by—
                      (i) striking ``court may´´ and inserting ``court shall´´; and
                      (ii) inserting ``(1)´´ before ``Before´´; and
                (B) striking paragraphs (1) and (2) and inserting the following:
                   ``(A) the competitive impact of such judgment, including termination of alleged violations, provisions for enforcement and modification, duration of relief sought, anticipated effects of alternative remedies actually considered, whether its terms are ambiguous, and any other competitive considerations bearing upon the adequacy of such judgment that the court deems necessary to a determination of whether the consent judgment is in the public interest; and
                   ``(B) the impact of entry of such judgment upon competition in the relevant market or markets, upon the public generally and individuals alleging specific injury from the violations set forth in the complaint including consideration of the public benefit, if any, to be derived from a determination of the issues at trial.
                ``(2) Nothing in this section shall be construed to require the court to conduct an evidentiary hearing or to require the court to permit anyone to intervene.´´; and
          (3) in subsection (g), by inserting ``by any officer, director, employee, or agent of such defendant´´ before ``, or other person´´.
# Royal Naval Biography/Crozier, Richard

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RICHARD CROZIER, Esq. Knight of the Royal Portuguese Military Order of the Tower and Sword. [Commander.]
Son of R. B. Crozier, Esq., a retired military officer, of Western Cottage, Freshwater, Isle of Wight, was made a lieutenant, while serving as midshipman of the Royal Sovereign yacht, Sept. 6th, 1823; and promoted to his present rank on the 30th April, 1827.
# Royal Naval Biography/Cumberland, William

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WILLIAM CUMBERLAND, Esq [Post-Captain of 1798.]
This officer is a son of Mr. Cumberland the celebrated dramatist, a memoir of whom will be found in the first volume of a work entitled “Public Characters.” He was made a Lieutenant in 1790; commanded the Fly sloop of war in 1797; and obtained the rank of Post-Captain Nov. 8, 1798. During the late war he commanded la Pique frigate, the Leyden and Stately 64’s, and Saturn, a third rate. La Pique, in company with the Pelican sloop of war, took possession of le Goelan, a French brig of 18 guns, and an armed ​cutter, at, the evacuation of Aux Cayes, St. Domingo, in Oct. 1803; the Leyden formed part of Admiral Gambier’s fleet at the capture of the Danish navy in 1807Towards the latter end of the war, we find him regulating the impress service at Cowes, in the Isle of Wight.
Captain Cumberland married, in 1800, a daughter of the late Charles Pym Hurt, Esq., of Albemarle Street, London.
Agent.– ___
# Royal Naval Biography/Cuming, William

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WILLIAM CUMING, Esq Rear-Admiral of the Blue; and a Companion of the most honorable Military Order of the Bath.
This officer, a native of Totness in Devonshire, went to sea at an early age; served twenty-three years as a Midshipman and Lieutenant; was made a Commander in 1795; commanded the Alliance store-ship, attached to the Mediterranean fleet, in 1796; and as a reward for his services on that station, was posted by Earl St. Vincent into his own flag-ship, the Victory, of 100 guns. His post-commission bears date Oct. 13, 1797.
In Jan. 1801, he obtained the command of the Russell, 74, and soon after accompanied the expedition sent against Copenhagen, where he assisted at the capture and destruction of the Danish line of defence, on the glorious 2d April. Subsequent to his return from the Baltic, he was employed off Cadiz, under the orders of Sir James Saumarez.
On the renewal of hostilities in 1803, Captain Cuming was appointed to the Prince of Wales, a second rate, bearing the flag of Sir Robert Calder, with whom he continued to serve till that officer struck his flag in the autumn of 1805. During the remainder of the war he commanded in succession the Isis, of 50 guns, Sampson 64, and Bombay 74; the latter employed in the blockade of Toulon. He was nominated a C.B. in 1815, and advanced to the rank of Rear-Admiral July 19, 1821.
Residence. – Southbrent, Ashburton, Devon.
# Royal Naval Biography/Cunningham, Thomas

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THOMAS CUNNINGHAM, Esq. [Commander.]
Was made a lieutenant in 1765; and commander Oct. 25th, 1809, on which day His Majesty King George III. entered into the fiftieth year of his reign. This officer died in 1823.
# Royal Naval Biography/Cumby, Charles

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CHARLES CUMBY, Esq. Knight (2d class) of the Imperial Ottoman Order of the Crescent. [Commander.]
Son of the late Captain David Pryce Cumby, R.N. by his second wife, Susanna, eldest daughter of Robert Mash, of Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, Esq., and half-brother to Captain William Pryce Cumby, R.N., C.B., who succeeded to the command of the Bellerophon 74, on the death of Captain John Cooke, during the memorable battle of Trafalgar.
This officer was born at Great Yarmouth, Nov. 28th, 1779; and appears to have entered the royal navy, as midshipman on board the Sheerness 44, armed en flûte, May 22d, 1790. He was appointed an acting lieutenant on the 28th Nov. 1797; confirmed by the Admiralty in Jan. 1799; and presented with the Order of the Crescent, and a gold medal, for his services under Sir W. Sidney Smith, on the coast of Syria, and during the subsequent campaign in Egypt. We next find him third lieutenant of the Caesar 80, Captain Sir Richard J. Strachan, at the capture of four French line-of-battle ships, under Rear-Admiral Dumanoir le Pelley, Nov. 4th, 1805; and afterwards commanding the Adrian cutter, employed in the Bay of Biscay, where he captured fourteen sail of merchantmen, and otherwise greatly annoyed the enemy’s coasting trade. His last appointments were, in 1813, to the Bellerophon, Captain Edward Hawker, and Medway 74, Captain Augustus Brine; from which latter ship he was promoted to his present rank, Dec. 4th, 1813.
Commander Cumby married Sarah, youngest daughter of William Gillard, of Black House, Brixham, co. Devon, Esq.
* ↑ See Vol. II. Part II. pp. 966–972.
* ↑ See Vol. I. Part I. p. 289.
# Royal Naval Biography/Cunliffe Owen, Charles

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CHARLES CUNLIFFE OWEN, Esq. [Commander.]
Is the son of an attorney-at-law. He passed his examination in Nov. 1807; was made lieutenant into the Dreadnought 98, Captain William Lechmere, Feb. 13th, 1808; appointed to the Lake service in Canada, under Sir James Lucas Yeo, in 1813; and promoted to the rank of commander on the 28th Feb. 1815.
​Thls officer married, Jan. 9th, 1821, Mary Peckwell, daughter of Mr. Serjeant Blossett.
# Reichart v. Felps/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
73 U.S. 160
Reichart v. Felps
The patents under which the plaintiff claimed in the State court were declared by that court to be void. The case, therefore, is properly cognizable in this court under the twenty-fifth section of the Judiciary Act of 1789.
He claimed under two patents of the dates of 1838 and 1853, which exhibit conclusive evidence of title if the land claimed had 'not been previously granted, reserved from sale, or appropriated.' The only question to be decided in this case is, whether the land had been so granted, reserved, or appropriated.
The patent of Governor St. Clair, February 12th, 1799, duly registered in 1804, with the survey of McCann, April 10th, 1798, are conclusive evidence that the land in question was reserved from sale. The case of Moore v. Hill, decided nearly forty years ago in the Supreme Court of Illinois, on the same survey and grant which is now before us, should have been conclusive against the objections which have been revived on the present writ of error. 'This very able and elaborate opinion received the concurrence of the bar and the country at the time it was delivered, and has never been called in question since. There is no fact in the present case calculated to produce a result different from the one there announced.'
The objection that the patent from the governor was without a seal ought not to have been made. The act of Congress giving power to the governor did not require him to issue a patent nor to execute an instrument under seal. Any written evidence of his confirmation would have been a sufficient execution of the power. All that was necessary was an authentic declaration by the United States, through their authorized agent, that they had no claim to the land. It was not a grant by the United States, because the title was not in them.
Congress is bound to regard the public treaties, and it had no power to organize a board of revision to nullify titles confirmed many years before by the authorized agents of the government. And Congress became afterwards so well satisfied itself of this that it passed an act restoring to the purchasers the money which they had paid for titles obtained on the assumption of such a right.

## Notes

* ↑ Breese, 236.
* ↑ Reichart v. Felps, 33 Illinois, 439, A. D. 1864, per Breese, J., who reported the case A. D. 1829.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Reichelderfer v. Quinn

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
287 U.S. 315
Reichelderfer v. Quinn
Argued: Oct. 17, 1932. --- Decided: Dec 5, 1932
Messrs. Robert E. Lynch and William W. Bride, both of Washington, D.C., for petitioners.
Messrs. George E. Sullivan, Joseph A. Burkart, and Henry I. Quinn, all of Washington, D.C., for respondents.
Mr. Justice STONE delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Reid v. Colorado

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
187 U.S. 137
Reid v. Colorado
Messrs. John H. Denison, William M. Springer, Assistant Attorney General Beck, and Messrs. Talbot, Denison, & Wadley for plaintiff in error.
Messrs. Frederic D. McKenney and Charles C. Post for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice Harlan delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Reid v. Covert (351 U.S. 487)

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United States Supreme Court
351 U.S. 487
Reid v. Covert (351 U.S. 487)
Argued: May 3, 1956. --- Decided: June 11, 1956
Mr.
Marvin E. Frankel, Washington, D.C., for appellant.
Mr. Frederick Bernays Wiener, Washington, D.C., for appellee.
Mr. Justice CLARK delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Reid

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Reid."
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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* Reid, Alexander (1586?-1641)
* Reid, Alexander (1747-1823)
* Reid, Alexander (1802-1860)
* Reid, Andrew
* Reid, David Boswell
    & Reid, Peter
* Reid, George William
* Reid, Hugo
* Reid, James Seaton
* Reid, John (1721-1807)
* Reid, John (1776-1822)
* Reid, John (1808-1841?)
* Reid, John (1809-1849)
* Reid, Mayne
* Reid, Richard Tuohill
* Reid, Robert (d.1558)
* Reid, Robert (1776-1856)
* Reid, Robert (1773-1865)
* Reid, Thomas (d.1624)
* Reid, Thomas (1710-1796)
* Reid, Thomas (1791-1825)
* Reid, William (1764-1831)
* Reid, William (1791-1858)
# Reid v. Covert

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Reid v. Covert."
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* Reid v. Covert (351 U.S. 487)
* Reid v. Covert (354 U.S. 1)
# Royal Naval Biography/Lewin, Richard John

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RICHARD JOHN LEWIN, Esq. [Commander.]
Was made a lieutenant on the 27th Dec. 1808; appointed to the Minerva frigate, Captain Richard Hawkins, Oct. 30th, ​1812; and promoted to the command of the Electra sloop, while serving as first of the North Star 20, Captain Thomas Coe, Nov. 4th, 1814.
He married, in Sept. 1825, Jane, relict of the late W. Plumer, Esq. M.P.; and died, at Plymouth, May 22d, 1827.
# Royal Naval Biography/Lewis, Francis James

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FRANCIS JAMES LEWIS, Esq. [Captain of 1830.]
We first find this officer acting as second lieutenant of the Wasp sloop. Captain John Simpson; the remarkable escape of which vessel, from the celebrated Rochefort squadron, in Aug. 1805, has been recorded in p. 55 of Suppl. Part II. His appointment appears to have been confirmed by the Admiralty ​on the 11th of the ensuing month. During the last year of the war between Great Britain and America, he served as senior lieutenant of the Saturn 56, Captain James Nash; and subsequently, in the same capacity on board the Northumberland and Vigo, 74’s, bearing the flags of Sir George Cockburn and Rear-Admiral Lambert, at St. Helena, where he received his commission as commander, dated Jan. 29th, 1821, the first anniversary of the accession of King George IV. From this period he remained on half-pay until May 12th, 1827, when he was appointed to the Ocean 80, Captain Patrick Campbell, C.B., then stationed as a guard-ship at Plymouth, afterwards employed in withdrawing the British troops from Portugal, and subsequently forming part of the Mediterranean squadron. He continued in the Ocean until &he was paid off. May 15th, 1830. His promotion to the rank of captain took place on the 22d July following.
Agents.– Sir F. M. Ommanney & Son.
# Royal Naval Biography/Lewis, John Mason

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JOHN MASON LEWIS, Esq Resident Commissioner of the Navy at Malta. [Post-Captain of 1801.]
This officer was educated at the maritime school, Chelsea; received his first commission in 1790; served as a Lieutenant on board the Queen of 98 guns, in Earl Howe’s action, June 1, 1794; commanded the Snake sloop of war, and assisted at the capture of l’Hirondelle, a French privateer of 14 guns and 50 men, Nov. 10, 1799; and obtained post rank, Jan. 1, 1801. During the last thirteen or fourteen years he has resided as Commissioner, successively at Antigua, Bermuda, and Malta.
Agent.– Thomas Stilwell, Esq.
# Royal Naval Biography/Lipson, Thomas

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THOMAS LIPSON, Esq. [Commander.]
Was made a lieutenant in June 1809; and commander on the 4th March 1819. In Jan. 1817, the Lapwing revenue cutter, then under his command, was driven from her anchorage in Mill Bay, Plymouth, and went ashore high and dry ​over a ridge of rocks, with comparatively but little damage. He married, July 30th, 1812, Elizabeth, daughter of Mr. William Took, of Weymouth.
# Royal Naval Biography/Liddon, Matthew

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MATTHEW LIDDON, Esq. [Commander.]
Served as midshipman on board the Thames frigate, commanded by the present Lord Radstock, on the Mediterranean station, and was employed in her boats at the capture and destruction of seven heavy gun-vessels, five armed scampavias, &c., and thirty-one sail of transports, laden with stores and provisions for Murat’s army at Scylla, July 25th, 1810. He was made a lieutenant on the 3d May 1811; and appointed to the Maidstone frigate, Captain George Burdett, Nov. 6th following. During the war between Great Britain and the United States, he appears to have assisted in capturing several of the enemy’s armed vessels, in the Bay of Fundy and at the mouth of the Rappahannock river. Towards the close of that contest, he exchanged from the Maidstone, then commanded by Captain William Skipsey, into la Hogue 74, Captain the Hon. Thomas Bladen Capel, on the Halifax station; and in Jan. 1819, he was appointed to the command of the Griper brig, selected by his friend Lieutenant (now Sir William Edward) Parry, to accompany him in an ​expedition to the Arctic Seas, the proceedings and result of which have been fully detailed in Suppl. Part IV. pp. 318–353. He paid off the Griper, at Deptford, Dec. 2l8t, 1820; obtained the rank of commander on the 8th Nov. 1821; and married, in 1827, Ann, only daughter of the late Samuel Bilke, Esq. of Stamford Street, Blackfriars.
* ↑ See Suppl. Part I. pp. 190–192.
* ↑ See Vol. II. Part II. p. 576; and Suppl. Part I. p. 365, et seq.
# Royal Naval Biography/Leslie-Melville, David

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RIGHT HON. EARL of LEVEN and MELVILLE, Viscount Balgonie, &c. &c. &c. [Post-Captain of 1812.]
Eldest son of the late Earl, by Jane, daughter of John Thornton, of London, Esq.
This officer was born Dec. 8, 1786, and made a Lieutenant Aug. 8, 1806. The following mention is made of him by Lord Collingwood, in a letter to the Admiralty, reporting the capture and destruction of a French convoy in the bay of Rosas, Nov. 1, 1809:–
“Many officers in the fleet were desirous of being volunteers in this service. I could not resist the earnest request of Lieutenants Lord Viscount Balgonie, &c. &c. to have the command of boats, in which they displayed that spirit which is inherent in them.”
We next find Viscount Balgonie commanding the Delight brig, on the Mediterranean station. He obtained post rank, Feb. 28, 1812; and succeeded to the Scotch earldom, on the demise of his father, Feb. 22, 1820.
# Robertson v. Chapman

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
152 U.S. 673
Robertson v. Chapman
Wm. A. Fisher and Alex. H. Robertson, for appellant.
George E. Hamilton, for appellees.
Mr. Justice HARLAN, after stating the facts in the foregoing language, delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Robertson v. Downing

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
127 U.S. 607
Robertson v. Downing
Sol. Gen. Jenks, for plaintiff in error.
FIELD, J.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Robertson v. Edelhoff

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
132 U.S. 614
Robertson v. Edelhoff
The Attorney General, for plaintiff in error.
Jos. H. Choate, Henry E. Tremain, and M. W. Tyler, for defendants in error.
BLATCHFORD, J.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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