OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Entwisle, Joseph

​ENTWISLE, JOSEPH, (1767–1841), methodist minister, second son of William Entwisle and his wife, Ellen Makin, who were members of a presbyterian church in Manchester, was born there on 15 April 1767, being one of five sons who grew up to manhood. He was taught at the free school connected with the old presbyterian chapel, Manchester. At the age of fourteen Entwisle joined the methodists, and made diligent use of a good library at the preacher's house in Oldham Street. When not quite sixteen he began to preach, and was known as ‘the boy preacher.’ Wesley called him out to the itinerant work, and in 1787 sent him to the Oxfordshire circuit. Four years after, at the Manchester conference, he was received into the full ministry while stationed in Halifax. In May 1792 he married Mary Pawson, second daughter of Marmaduke Pawson, farmer, Thorner, near Leeds, by whom he had six children. Two of his sons, Joseph and William, became ministers in the methodist connexion. During the next few years Entwisle laboured in Leeds, Wakefield, Hull, Macclesfield, Manchester, Liverpool, and London, winning a well-deserved popularity by his preaching power, personal excellence, and judicious management. While in Macclesfield his wife died. When stationed in Lon​don he married his second wife, Lucy Hine of Kingsland Crescent, in October 1805. He was at this time appointed the first missionary secretary. The conference of 1812 was held in Leeds, and Entwisle was elected president. Henceforward he filled a foremost place in the councils of the connexion, and did much to mould its policy and guide its affairs. The busy public life he led left him little time for literary work, but in 1820 he published an ‘Essay on Secret Prayer,’ a volume which obtained a large circulation, and was translated into French. He also contributed biographical and practical articles to the ‘Methodist Magazine.’ The later years of Entwisle's ministry were spent in Bristol, Birmingham, Sheffield, and London, where he was several times reappointed. In 1825 he was elected president of the conference a second time. He ceased to itinerate in 1834, being appointed house governor of the new Theological Institution opened at Hoxton for the education and training of young ministers. Through failure of health he resigned the office four years after, and retired to Tadcaster, where his only daughter lived. He preached occasionally and with much acceptance until within a few days of his death, which occurred on Saturday, 6 Nov. 1841, at the age of seventy-four.
W. B. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ensom, William

​ENSOM, WILLIAM (1796–1832), engraver, in 1815 gained a silver prize medal from the Society of Arts for a pen-and-ink portrait of William Blake [q. v.], poet and painter. He is best known by some small and neatly finished engravings from portraits by Sir Thomas Lawrence, including those of George IV, Master Lambton, Mrs. Arbuthnot, Marchioness of Salisbury, Lady Wallscourt, and others. He engraved ‘Christ blessing the Bread,’ after Carlo Dolce; ‘St. John in the Wilderness,’ after Carlo Cignani, and other subjects after Stothard, Smirke, Stephanoff, Bonington, and others; also plates for Neale's ‘Views of the Seats of Noblemen and Gentlemen,’ and for annuals, such as the ‘Amulet,’ the ‘Literary Souvenir,’ &c. Ensom also painted in water-colours, and was an intimate friend of R. P. Bonington [q. v.] He died at Wandsworth on 13 Sept. 1832, aged 36. His collection of engravings and drawings was sold by auction on 12 Dec. 1832. He occasionally exhibited at the Suffolk Street Gallery.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Graves's Dict. of Artists, 1760–1880; Le Blanc's Manuel de l'Amateur d'Estampes; Gent. Mag. 1832, ii. 284.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ensor, George

​ENSOR, GEORGE (1769–1843), political writer, was born in Dublin, of an English father, in 1769. He was educated at Trinity College, where he proceeded B.A. 1790. He devoted himself to political writing, and produced a large number of works in which very ‘advanced’ views in politics and religion are ​advocated. He was widely read, and wrote in a powerful and sarcastic though sometimes inflated style. His attacks were specially directed against the English government of Ireland. He does not seem to have meddled, save with his pen, in political strife. ‘I never was of any club, fraternity, or association,’ he says (Addresses to the People of Ireland, p. 3). Bentham describes him as clever but impracticable. A large portion of Ensor's life was spent at Ardress, co. Armagh. There he died 3 Dec. 1843.
Ensor wrote: 1. ‘The Independent Man, or an Essay on the Formation and Development of those Principles and Faculties of the Human Mind which constitute Moral and Intellectual Excellence,’ 2 vols. 1806. 2. ‘On National Government,’ first part, 2 vols. 1810. 3. ‘Defects of the English Laws and Tribunals,’ 1812. 4. ‘An Answer to the Speeches of Mr. Abbot, &c., on the Catholic Question, debated in the House of Commons 24 May 1813,’ Dublin, 1813. 5. ‘On the State of Europe in January 1816,’ 1816. 6. ‘An Inquiry concerning the Population of Nations, containing a Refutation of Mr. Malthus's Essay on Population,’ 1818. 7. ‘Radical Reform, Restoration of Usurped Rights,’ 1819. 8. ‘Addresses to the People of Ireland on the Degradation and Misery of their Country,’ &c., Dublin, 1823. 9. ‘The Poor and their Relief,’ 1823. 10. ‘A Defence of the Irish and the Means of their Redemption,’ Dublin, 1825. 11. ‘Irish Affairs at the close of 1825,’ Dublin, 1826. 12. ‘Letters showing the Inutility and exhibiting the Absurdity of what is fantastically called “The New Reformation”’ [viz. the attempt to convert the Irish to the protestant faith], Dublin, 1828. 13. ‘Anti-Union: Ireland as she ought to be,’ Newry, 1831. 14. ‘A Review of the Miracles, Prophecies, and Mysteries of the Old and New Testaments, and of the Morality and Consolation of the Christian Religion,’ 1835. 15. ‘Before and After the Reform Bill,’ 1842. 16. ‘Of Property, and of its Equal Distribution as promoting Virtue, Population, Abundance,’ 1844. Ensor also wrote treatises on the ‘Principles of Morality,’ ‘National Education,’ ‘The Catholic Question,’ ‘No Veto,’ ‘Natural Theology,’ and the ‘Corn Laws.’
F. W-t.
# Constitution of the State of Tennessee

* Constitution of the State of Tennessee (2011)
* Constitution of the State of Tennessee (1870)
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clarke, Hewson

​CLARKE, HEWSON (1787–1832?), miscellaneous writer, born in 1787, was apprenticed at an early age to Mr. Huntley, chemist and druggist, Gateshead. There he contributed to the ‘Tyne Mercury’ a series of papers, afterwards enlarged and published in the ‘Saunterer’ (Newcastle, 1805, 2nd ed. 1806). This brought him local fame and some influential friends, and led to a sizarship in Emmanuel College, Cambridge. His university life was very irregular; he left without a degree, and went to London, where he edited the ‘Scourge,’ a monthly publication, contributed to the ‘Satirist,’ and engaged in miscellaneous literary work. He attacked characters so different as Joanna Southcote and Lord Byron. The first ‘being a prophetess was fair game for any one to shoot at,’ so Joanna’s friends reported him to have said, while she herself stated the libel to have been that ‘I attended Carpenter’s chapel, called the house of God, dressed in diamonds, and fell in love with the candle-snuffer, a comely youth, and went away with him, &c.’ (An Answer to Thomas Paine, &c., 1812, pp. 51 et semp.) Clarke libelled Byron in the ‘Satirist ’ for over a year. ‘For no reason that I can discover,' says Byron, in the postscript to the second edition of ‘English Bards and Scotch Reviewers,’ ‘except a personal quarrel with a bear kept by me at Cambridge, to sit for a fellowship, and whom the jealousy of his Trinity contemporaries prevented from success.’ In that work Clarke is twice mentioned, and once with reference to a poem of his on ‘The Art of pleasing,’ his character is thus described :—
There Clarke, still striving piteously ‘to please,' Forgetting dogg’rel leads not to degrees, A would-be satirist, a hired buffoon, A monthly scribbler of some low lampoon, Coudemn`d to drudge, the meanest of the mean, And furbish falsehoods for a magazine, Dcvotes to scandal his congenial mind; Himself a living libel on mankind.
Despite Byron’s judgement, Clarke’s writing prove him to have been a man of considerable ability. His other works were: ‘An impartial History of the Naval, Military, and Political Events in Europe, from the commencement of the French Revolution to the entrance of the Allies into Paris, and the conclusion of a ​general peace’ (2 vols. Bungay, 1815; new edition, 3 vols. London, 1816); ‘The Cabinet of Arts’ (by Clarke and John Dougall, 1825?); ‘A continuation of Hume’s History of England’ (2 vols. 1832). There is considerable doubt as to the exact time of Clarke's death. Mackenzie in 1827 asserts that he was already dead,‘unnoticed and unlamented,’ but the continuation of Hume (which is brought down to William IV) seems to disprove this.
[Mackenzie’s History of Newcastle-upon-Tyne (Newcastle, 1827), ii. 760; Preface to the Saunterer; English Bards and Scotch Reviewers; Biog. Dict. of Living Authors, 1816; Brit. Mus. Cat]
F. W-t.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clarke, John (1609-1676)

​CLARKE, JOHN (1609–1676), one of the founders of Rhode Island, New England, was, according to family records, the third son of Thomas and Rose Clarke of Bedfordshire, England, and was born on 8 Oct. 1609. He is stated to have received a university education, and also studied medicine. In a paper of attorney signed by him in 1656 to receive a legacy of his wife's father out of the manor of Wreslingworth, he styles himself ‘John Clarke, physician of London.’ He was one of a number of colonists who, driven from Massachusetts Bay, 7 March 1638, purchased Aquidneck from the Indian sachems, which they named the island of Rhodes, or Rhode Island, and settled at Pocasset, or Portsmouth. On 20 April 1639 Clarke, along with a detachment, proceeded to settle Newport. There, besides continuing his medical practice, he was chosen pastor of the baptist church founded in 1644, and he also took a prominent part in the management of its civil affairs. He was both assistant and treasurer of the court of commissioners that met at Warwick in 1649, and also of the same that met at Newport in 1650. In 1651, as he narrates in ‘Ill Newes from New England,’ he, with Obadiah Holmes and John Crandall, for holding a religious meeting at the house of William Wither, in Lynn, Massachusetts, was arrested and imprisoned at Boston. Holmes received thirty lashes with a three-corded whip, Clarke was fined 20l., and Crandall 5l., and friends paid the fines without their knowledge. In October 1651 he accompanied Roger Williams, by vote of the colony, to England, to obtain a new and more explicit charter. On the return of Williams in 1654 he remained the sole agent of the colony in England, and finally succeeded in obtaining from Charles II the charter of 1663, which remained the fundamental law of Rhode Island till 1842. After his return he was three times elected deputy-governor, and also resumed his duties as pastor of the first baptist church. He died on 28 April 1676, and was buried on the west side of Tanner Street, Newport. He left in manuscript a statement of his religious opinions, which showed that he belonged to the sect of particular baptists. A great proportion of his property was bequeathed to charitable purposes. While in England he published ‘Ill Newes from New England, or a Narrative of New England's Persecutions,’ 1652, also published in ‘Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society,’ ii. 1–115; and ‘Four Proposals and Four Conclusions.’
[Callendar's Historical Discourse on the Civil and Religious Affairs of the Colony of Rhode Island published in vol. iv. of Collections of Rhode Island Historical Society; Savage's Winthrop; Savage's Genealogical Dictionary of New England Settlers; Backus's Church History of New England; Biographical Cyclopædia of Representative Men of Rhode Island (1883).]
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clarke, John (1662-1723)

​CLARKE, JOHN (1662–1723), jesuit, called the apostle of Belgium, was born in Kilkenny, Ireland, on 17 March 1661–2, and made his humanity studies at St. Omer's College. He entered the Society of Jesus at Watten in 1681, and became a professed father in 1699. In 1690 he was a tertian at Ghent; in 1693 a missioner and preacher; in 1696 camp missioner at Ghent; and in 1699, and for several subsequent years, missioner at Watten. He was frequently engaged as camp missioner to the English, Scotch, and Irish soldiers in the Low Countries. He died at Ghent on 1 May 1723. The annual letters of the society, between 1690 and 1718, abound in reports of his labours, which are said to have been attended with constant and striking miracles.
[Foley's Records, v. 195–214, vii. 133, 1191 seq., 1202 seq., 1230; Oliver's Jesuit Collections, p. 69.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clarke, Jacob Augustus Lockhart

​CLARKE, JACOB AUGUSTUS LOCKHART (1817–1880), anatomist, was born in 1817. His father dying early, young Clarke was brought up by his mother in France. On returning to England he chose the medical profession, to which his elder brother and grandfather belonged, and studied at Guy’s and St. Thomas’s Hospitals. Having obtained the diploma of the Apothecaries’ Society, he began practice at Pimlico, living with his mother. He became devoted to microscopical research on the brain and nervous system, and applying a new method (‘which has revolutionised histological research,’ Lancet, 1880, i. 189), and proceeding with extreme care and thoroughness, he established many new facts of structure which had important bearings on the physiology and pathology of the nervous system. His first paper, ‘Researches into the Structure of the Spinal Cord,’ was received by the Royal Society on 15 Oct. 1850, and published in their ‘Transactions’ for 1851. It was illustrated, like many of his subsequent papers, by extremely accurate and valuable drawings by himself, and these have been subsequently reproduced in numerous works. Few men have ever done so much original work while occupied with general medical practice, as his successive papers in the Royal Society’s ‘Transactions’ and ‘Proceedings; the ‘Medico-Chirurgical’ transactions,’ the ‘Journal of the Microscopical Society.' Beale’s ‘Archives of Medicine,' &c., testify. He received the royal medal of the Royal Society in 1861, and in 1867 he was elected an honorary follow of the King and Queen’s College of Physicians, Ireland. Late in life he attended St. George’s Hospital and qualified as a surgeon, still later obtained the M.D. St. Andrews (1869), and became a member of the London College of Physicians (1871), and entered upon consulting practice in nervous diseases. He became physician to the Hospital for Epilepsy and Paralysis, but gained no great amount of practice, probably owing to is retired habits, and his having published no book by which the public could judge of his work. He died on 25 Jan. 1880 of pthisis.
The ‘Lancet’ describes him as ‘a man single of purpose, of noble independence and honesty, wholly free from ambition, and wanting in that knowledge of the world necessary for making way in it.’ Besides the memoirs above referred to, for lists of which see ‘Royal Society’s Catalogue of Scientific Papers; vols. i. and ii.; Catalogue of the Library of the Medico-Chirurgical Society,’ 1879, Clarke wrote the articles on affections out the muscular system on diseases of nerves, and on locomotor ataxy: in Holmes’s 'System of Surgery,' 1870.
[Lancet, Median Times, and British Medical Journal, 31 Jan. 1880.]
G. T. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clarke, James (1798-1861)

​CLARKE, JAMES (1798–1861), antiquary, of Easton in Suffolk, born in 1798, was a diligent collector of antiquities of various kings, particularly of those found in his own county. He became a member of the British Archæological Association in 1847, and took great interest in its proceedings. He was a frequent exhibitor at its meeting of coins and other antiquities, of which he contributed short notices to the pages of its journal, none, however, of great importance. Among his communications may be mentioned the following: Various pennies of Henry III, mostly of the London mint, found at the base of the barbican of Framlingham Castle (Journ. Brit. Arch. Assoc. vi. 452); various coins found at Brandeston, Letheringham, and Easton (ib. x. 90); coins of Charles II found at Earlsham, and medals of Charles I from Halesworth (ib. x. 190); coins of Edward III, Henry VIII, Elizabeth, and Alexander of Scotland found in Suffolk (ib. xiii. 348); account of a Roman vault at Rosas Pit, containing urns, bones, &c. (ib. viii. 160); three rubbings of brasses and a notice of mural paintings in Easton Church (ib. x. 179, 180). Other communications relate to seals, rings, &c. In 1849 Clarke published an odd little volume in verse, entitled ‘The Suffolk Antiquary; containing a brief sketch of the sites of ancient castles, abbeys, priories … also notices of ancient coins and other antiquities found in the county … concluding with a petition for calling in all defaced coins, and other changes to quiet the public mind,’ by J. Clarke, Woodbridge and Framlingham, 1849, 12mo (pp. 1–48). It contains some scraps of local information, but is justly described by its author as ‘doggerel rhyme.’ Clarke’s last ​exhibition at the association was made in April 1801. For some time previously his health had been failing, and he died on 25 Sept. of that year at the age of sixty-three.
[Journal of Brit. Archæol. Assoc, vol. xviii. (1862), Proceedings, pp. 367-8; Clarke's Suffolk Antiquary.]
W. W.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clarke, James Fernandez

​CLARKE, JAMES FERNANDEZ (1812–1876) medical writer, was born at Olney, Buckinghamshire, in 1812. His father and grandfather were prosperous lace merchants. He was much influenced by the non-conformist associations of Olney, and when a schoolboy in London went regularly to hear Edward Irving preach. After one or two brief apprenticeships, in 1828 he was placed under C. Snitch, a general practitioner, in Brydges Street, Covent Garden. Here he managed to get the run of Cadell's library in the Strand, and picked up a large general acquaintance with literature and literary people. In October 1833 he entered as a student at Dermott's Medical School in Gerrard Street, Soho. For a time he acted as Dermott's amanuensis, and afterwards aided Ryan in the short-lived 'London Medical and Surgical Journal.' In 1834 a report by Clarke of a case of Liston's pleased the latter, and led to his introducing him to Wakley, editor of the 'Lancet,' who was then in want of help and engaged Clarke at once. He became a skilled clinical reporter at hospitals, and also was for many years the reporter of numerous medical societies, encountering in both capacities much opposition, but his good judgment kept him out of most of the broils in which the 'Lancet' was involved. For thirty years he was in the service of the 'Lancet,' but at the same time carried on a laborious practice in Gerrard Street, having become a member of the College of Surgeons in 1837. In 1852, 160 members of the medical profession presented him with an inkstand and a service of plate worth 200l. as a testimonial for his literary services to the profession.
Clarke was a very hard worker, a model of punctuality, rarely left town or took a holiday, and lived in the same house for nearly forty years. He had a great fund of anecdote. On ceasing to write for the 'Lancet,' after more than thirty years' service, he published his reminiscences in the 'Medical Times and Gazette.' These were brought out in 1874 as 'Autobiographical Recollections of the Medical Profession.' They give many valuable records of medical men and the state of society in his time, including also numerous anecdotes of literary men and public characters. He died on 6 July 1875
[Medical Times and Gazette and Lancet, 17 July 1875; Clarke's Autobiographical Recollections, 1874; see also British Medical Journal, 1875, ii. 115, 149, in reference to Clarke's dismissal from the Lancet, 'caused by an act impossible to be passed over.']
G. T. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clarke, John (1582-1653)

​CLARKE, JOHN, M.D. (1582–1653), physician, whose name is spelt Clerk in the first edition of Glisson's ‘De Rachitide,’ 1650, a work which received his official sanction, was born in 1582 at Brooke Hall, near Wethersfield in Essex, where his family had long been seated. He was educated at Christ's College, Cambridge, and took his first degree in 1603, proceeding M.A. 1608, and M.D. 1615. He was elected a fellow of the College of Physicians in 1622, was treasurer 1643–4, and president from 1645 to 1649, both years included, and while in office carried out a revision of the ‘Pharmacopœia.’ He died 30 April 1653, and his body was escorted by the president and fellows from his house to his tomb, in the church of St. Martin-without-Ludgate. He left a son, and a daughter who married Sir John Micklethwaite, the physician, and whose daughter Ann gave to the College of Physicians the portrait of Clarke which hangs in the reading-room.
N. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gall, Richard

​GALL, RICHARD (1776–1801), Scottish poet, the son of a notary, was born at Linkhouse, near Dunbar, in December 1776. Having attended the parish school of Haddington, he was apprenticed at the age of eleven to his maternal uncle, a carpenter and builder. He afterwards became a printer's apprentice in Edinburgh, and there he gave his leisure to study. He then became travelling clerk to a Mr. Ramsay, in whose employment he remained till his death, 10 May 1801. His powers attracted considerable attention during his lifetime, and he enjoyed the friendship of Burns and Thomas Campbell. Several of his songs were set to music, and became popular. Two of these, ‘The Farewell to Ayrshire,’ and ‘Now bank and brae are clad in green,’ were falsely assigned to Burns; the former was sent by Gall to Johnson's ‘Scots Poetical Museum,’ with Burns's name prefixed, and the latter appeared in Cromek's ‘Reliques of Burns.’ An edition of Gall's ‘Poems and Songs’ was published at Edinburgh in 1819.
[Roger's Scottish Minstrel; Allan Cunningham's Songs of Scotland.]
W. B-e.