OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Arnim, Ludwig Joachim von

Edition of 1905. See also Ludwig Achim von Arnim on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ARNIM, Ludwig Joachim (Achim) von (1781-1831). A German novelist and poet, born in Berlin. He is best known for a collection of folk-songs made with Clemens Brentano. and published (1806-08) under the title of the initial song, Des Knaben Wunderhorn. He studied the natural sciences at Göttingen and Halle, and received the degree of M.D., but never practiced medicine. His first work, Theorie der elektrischen Erscheinungen, showed a leaning to the supernatural, common among the German romanticists, still more strongly marked in his Hollins Liebeleben (1802), and Ariels Offenbarungen (1804). Der Wintergarten (1809), a collection of romantic tales, was followed in 1810 by a striking novel, Die Gräfin Dolores. Halle und Jerusalem (1811) is a humorous romance, and Isabelle von Ägypten (1811) a mediocre novel. Two years later he collected his dramas. In 1817 he produced his last and best romance, Die Kronenwächter, a story of the days of Emperor Maximilian. His works are careless in form, incoherent in structure, and romantically whimsical, but they show a remarkable originality of invention. They were collected, with an introduction by Wilhelm Grimm, in twenty volumes (1839-48). There is a brilliant eulogy of Arnim in Heine's Deutschland.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Arthur, William

Edition of 1905. See also William Arthur (minister) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
# The Lives and Characters of the English Dramatick Poets/John Smith

John Smith.
A Gentleman of Snenton, in York-shire, and now (or lately) living; he writ a Play that was never acted, called,
Cytherea; or, The Enamouring Girdle, a Comedy, 4to. 1677. This Play the Author dedicated to the Northern Gentry.
# The Lives and Characters of the English Dramatick Poets/John Weston

John Weston, Esq;
This Author, whose Name is not Watson, as Mr. Langbain mistakes, writ a Play in King Charles the Second's Time, stil'd,
The Amazon Queen; or, The Amours of Thalestris to Alexander the Great; Tragi-Comedy, 4to. 1667. This Play writ in Heroick Verse, appeared not on the Stage. Plot from Strabo, lib. 11. Q. Curt. lib. 6. and Justin. lib. 3.
# The Lives and Characters of the English Dramatick Poets/John Wilson

John Wilson.
An Author of the Place of whose Birth I am ignorant; he was once Recorder of Londonderry, and sometime resided in Dublin, where he writ Belphegor, which was afterwards acted in London. ​He died about three Years since, near Leicester-Fields, but where buried I know not. He is Author of four Plays; viz.
Andronicus Commenius, a Tragedy, 4 to. 1663. Plot from Heylin’s Cosmography in the Description of Greece, Cantacusenus, Leunclavius, &.
Belphegor; or, The Marriage of the Devil; a Comedy, 4 to. 1690. acted at the Queen’s Theatre in Dorset-Garden. Plot taken from a Novel of Machiavel', and Quevedo’s Novels, 8 vo.
The Cheats, a Comedy, 4 to. Printed two Editions, the last 1671. This Play met with Applause when first acted, and is a diverting Comedy.
The Projectors, a Comedy, 4 to. 1665. This Play met with no great Success.
# The Lives and Characters of the English Dramatick Poets/John Milton

John Milton.
An Author of that Excellence of Genius and Learning, that none of any Age or Nation, I think, has excel’d him: during the Civil Wars, and after the Death of King Charles the First, he was advanced to considerable Posts in the Government, as Under Secretary of State, &c. and he was a strenuous Defender of the Power and Liberty of the People, upon which that Government immediately stood. His Controversy with Salmatius was very famous all over Europe, and his Victory cost his Adversary his Life, tho’ he himself lost his Eyes. I have been told, that after the Restauration of King Charles the Second, he taught School at, or near, Greenwich. The Time or Place of his Birth, Education, or Death, I am ignorant of. He writ two Dramatick Pieces, viz.
Samson Agonistes, a Tragedy, 8 vo. 1680. Mr. Dryden Sen. has, in his Aureng-zebe, borrowed some Thoughts from this Poem, which is founded on Scripture. Consult the Thirteenth Chapter of Judges, &c. also Tornier, Salian, and Joseph. Antiq. lib. 5.
A Masque presented at Ludlow-Castle, 1634. Printed 4 to. 1687. It was published by Mr. Laws, who compos’d the Musick, dedicating it to the Right Honourable, John, Lord Viscount Brackley, Son and Heir Apparent to John, Earl of Bridgewater, Viscount Brackley, Lord President of Wales, and one of his Majesty’s most Honourable Privy Council; before whom it was presented. He writ besides, divers Pieces in Poetry and History, as Paradise Lost, 8 vo. and Fol. with Sculptures; Paradise Regain’d, 8 vo. Hist. of Britain, 4 to. Pro populo Anglicano defensio, 12 mo. The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce, 4 to. &c.
# The Lives and Characters of the English Dramatick Poets/John Tutchin

John Tutchin.
A Gentleman of those Times, who has writ one Play, call’d,
The Unfortunate Shepherd, a Pastoral, 8 vo. 1683. This is printed with a Piece call’d, A Discourse of Life, in Prose; and some Poems on several Occasions, 8 vo.
# The Lives and Characters of the English Dramatick Poets/John Palsgrave

P
John Palsgrave.
This Author was a Batchelor of Divinity, and Chaplain to King Henry the Eighth. He published one Play under the Title of
Acolastus, a Comedy, 4 to. 1540. dedicated to King Henry the Eighth; translated from the Latin Play of the same Name, writ by Guil. Fullonius, and printed in Old English Character. ’Tis the Parable of the Prodigal Son.
# The Lives and Characters of the English Dramatick Poets/John Stephens

John Stephens.
THis Author, who liv’d in the Reign of King James the first, writ one very long Play, call’d,
Cynthia’s Revenge, a Tragedy, 4 to. 1613. Plot from Lucan’s Pharsalia, and Ovid’s Metamorphosis, lib. 13.
# The Lives and Characters of the English Dramatick Poets/John Tateham

John Tateham.
CIty Poet in King Charles the First’s Time. Mr. Langbain has found out a pleasant Compensation for his want of Wit, viz. his Loyalty, which might be something to attone for the Defects of a Servants Brains, but I think very little for those of a Poet.
The Distracted State; a Tragedy, 4 to. 1651. This Play was written Ten Years before printed, and is dedicated to Sir John Sidley.
The Rump; or, The Mirrour of the late Times; a Comedy, 4 to. 1661. acted at the private House in Dorset-Court, and dedicated to Walter James, Esq; This Play has been reviv’d under the Title of The Roundheads. For the Plot consult our English Chronicles of the Civil Wars.
Scots Vagaries; or, A Knot of Knaves; a Comedy, 4 to. 1652. and dedicated to Robert Dormer, Esq; This Play is writ in a Scotch Dialect.
Love Crowns the End, a Tragi-Comedy, 8 vo. 1657. acted by the Scholars of Bringham in the County of Nottingham. This Play is very short and not divided into Acts; you may find it printed with his Poems, 1657. 8 vo.
# The Lives and Characters of the English Dramatick Poets/John Webster

John Webster.
This Author was Clerk of St. Andrew's Parish in Holbourn, as he was Contemporary with Decker, Marston, and Rowley; so he join'd with 'em in several Plays, besides several he writ himself; as,
Appius and Virginia, a Tragedy, 4to. 1659. acted at the Duke's Theatre. There are more Editions than one of this Play, and has been reviv'd and alter'd by Mr. Betterton. For the Plot see Livii Hist. Florus, &c.
​The Devil's Law-Case; or, When Women go to Law, the Devil is full of Business, a Tragi-Comedy, 4to. 1623. acted by her Majesty's Servants, and dedicated to Sir Tho. Finch. Plot in part from Skenkii Observat. Medic. p. 27. Goulart's Histoires Admirabiles de nôtre Temps, Tom. I. and V. Maximus, lib. 1. cap. 8.
The Dutchess of Malfey, a Tragedy, 4to. 1623. and 1678. first acted privately at Black-Fryars, then publickly at the Globe, by his Majesty's Servants; and dedicated to the Right Honourable, George, Lord Barkley. Reviv'd and acted at the Duke of York's Theatre. Plot from Bandello's Novels, Nov. 19. Goulart, Hist. Admirab. p. 226. Beard's Theatre of God's Judgments, Book 2. Ch. 24.
The White Devil; or, The Tragedy of P. Giordano Ursini, Duke of Brachiano, with the Life and Death of Vittoria Coromboma, the Famous Venetian Curtezan; 4to. 1612. and 1665. first acted at the Phænix in Drury-Lane, by the Queen's Majesty's Servants, and since reviv'd and acted at the Theatre Royal, by his Majesty's Servants.
In these two following Plays our Author was assisted by Mr. Rowley.
A Cure for a Cuckold, a Comedy, 4to. 1661. This was several Times formerly acted with great Applause.
The Thracian Wonder, 4to. 1661. our Authors call this a Comical History, several times acted with great Applause.
# The Lives and Characters of the English Dramatick Poets/John Oldmixon

J. Oldmixon.
THis Gentleman is of an ancient Family of Oldmixon, near Bridgewater in Somersetshire. As for the particulars of his Life, I can say little of them, only that he has given the World a Pastoral, called,
Amintas, acted at the Theatre Royal. The Title Page lets us know, that it is taken from the Aminta of Tasso, and the Preface informs us of the ill Success it met with on the Stage: which indeed cannot be attributed to the English Author’s Performance, which is as well as the original wou’d allow; but, with Submission to our Author’s better Judgment, I must needs say, that Pastoral it self, tho’ never so well writ, is not a Subject fit for so long an Entertainment as that of the Stage. This the Ancients very well knew, and therefore they wisely confin’d it to a narrower Compass, as is evident from the Idyllia of Theocritus, and the Bucolics of Virgil: For the sedater Passions (which our Author himself attributes to a Shepherd’s Life) of these Innocent People represented in a Pastoral, cannot afford so lively Pleasure to an Audience, as may ballance the Length of their Attention, that must of necessity grow languid, and tyr’d, with so very calm an Emotion, which is still kept active by the more violent Passions, proper for Tragedy. This extending of the ancient Pastoral to so unreasonable a length was, as well as Farce, an Italian Invention, and not one jot the better, because cover’d with so great a Name as Tasso’s. I cou’d never find that Authority would silence the Sentiments of Nature and Reason; and Tasso, that has been guilty of Absurdeties enough in his Epic Poem, must not be suppos’d infallible in his Pastoral. After all, I am of Opinion, that it is but a weak Refuge to fly to the Opinion or Taste of a Foreign Nation, from the Judgment of our own; for I’m satisfy’d that there are not fewer Men of Sence, in England, and a great many more of Learning, than Italy affords us. Aminta might please there, but if we judge by our Taste of Poetry, and with ours by the Ancients, it pleas’d without Reason, and only perhaps for the Novelty, or, which is yet most likely, because it was sung in Italy, that Musical Nation minding more the Performance of the Composer, than Poet. All that can be said for our Author is, that in an ill Choice, he has equal’d his Original, and in some Places improv’d it.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gyllenborg, Karl

Edition of 1905. See also Carl Gyllenborg on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GYLLENBORG, yụl′len-bôr-y’, Karl, Count (1679-1746). A Swedish statesman and author. He was born at Stockholm, and after serving in the Polish War was sent to London as secretary of legation. In 1715 he was made Minister Plenipotentiary, and two years later was imprisoned for five months because of his participation in the plot to reinstate the House of Stuart. In 1723 he was appointed Councilor of State, and in 1738 Prime Minister. While in this office he founded the Hattparti or Hattar (‘Hat’ Party), which instigated the disastrous war with Russia (1741-43), resulting in the loss of the Province of Viborg. He was successively chancellor of the universities of Lund (1728) and Upsala (1739), was a patron of letters and art, and wrote several poems and the first Swedish comedy, Den svenska Sprätthöken (1740). His Letters . . . Relating to a Design to Raise a Rebellion on His Majesty's Dominions, to be Supported by a Force from Sweden, were published in French and English (1717).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gyllembourg-Ehrensvärd, Thomasine Christine

Edition of 1905. See also Thomasine Christine Gyllembourg-Ehrensvärd on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GYLLEMBOURG-EHRENSVÄRD, yụl′lem-bo͞or-y’ā′rĕn-svârd, Thomasine Christine, Baroness (1773-1856). A Danish novelist, born at Copenhagen. Born Buntzen, she married at seventeen Peter Andreas Heiberg, and had one son, Johan Ludvig Heiberg (q.v.). Her husband was banished for political activity (1799), and she obtained a divorce and married a Swedish political refugee, Baron Ehrensvärd, who assumed in Copenhagen his mother's name, Gyllembourg, and who died in 1815. After this she lived with her son, the poet Heiberg, and at fifty-three began a busy literary career with The Polonius Family (1825). Afterwards she wrote steadily though anonymously till her death. Among her better novels are Near and Far (1841) and Two Generations (1845).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gymnema

Edition of 1905. See also Gymnema lactiferum on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GYMNEMA, jǐm-nĕ′mȧ (Neo-Lat., from Gk. γυμνὀς, gymnos, naked + νῆμα, nēma, thread), or Cow-Plant, Gymnema lactiferum. A climbing perennial shrub of the order Asclepiadaceæ, native of the East Indian Archipelago, the milky juice of which has been said to be used by the natives as a substitute for milk and cream, but which is believed to contain enough of the poisonous principle peculiar to the order to cast a doubt upon its reputed use.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gymnasiarch

Edition of 1905. See also Gymnasiarch on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GYMNA′SIARCH (Lat. gymnasiarchus, from Gk. γυμνασίαρχος, gymnasiarchos, from γυμνασίον, gymnasion, gymnasium + ἀρχός, archos, leader, from ἄρχειν, archein, to lead). The name of a Greek official, whose rank and duties varied widely in different places and at different times. In Athens during the fifth and fourth centuries B.C. a gymnasiarch was chosen annually from each tribe to bear the expenses of the torch races. (See Lampadephoria.) The duties included the payment of all expenses connected with the training of the competitors, and the office was one of the most expensive of the public services demanded by Athens of her wealthy citizens. The name seems to imply that the gynmasiarch had also certain rights and duties in the gymnasia
during the training of the youths, but there is no definite information on this subject. After the establishment of the Macedonian power we find a change at Athens. There is now one gynmasiarch chosen annually, and his office is one of great dignity. He has the general oversight of order and discipline in the gymnasium of the ephebi (q.v.), and sometimes undertakes heavy expenses from his own purse. The same name is given to rich ephebi, who undertake for a longer or shorter period, generally one month, to bear certain heavy charges for their comrades, such as the expenses of festivals, or of furnishing the oil needed in the gymnasium. Outside of Athens and the States which copied her gymnastic system, the term denotes either magistrates who have charge of the gymnastic and literary instruction, or those who have to provide for certain expenses connected with the gymnasium or festivals, either from their own property or from the public funds. The wide diversity in details cannot be discussed here. Consult Glatz, “Gymnasiarchia,” in Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquités (Paris, 1896).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gärtner, Friedrich

Edition of 1906. See also Friedrich Gärtner on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GÄRTNER, gĕrt'nẽr, Friedrich (1824—). A German architectural painter, born in Munich, the son of the architect Friedrich von Gärtner, with whom he went to Athens in 1840. After his return he studied at the Academy and under Simonsen, of Copenhagen, then in Paris (1846) under Claude Jacquand; visited Spain and Morocco in 1848, lived again in Paris, in 1851-57, and settled in Munich, where two of his paintings, “Interior of a Moorish House” and “Court of a Monastery by Moonlight” (1846), are in the New Pinakothek.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gutzkow, Karl

Edition of 1905. See also Karl Gutzkow on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GUTZKOW, gōōts'kṓ, Karl (1811-78). A distinguished German novelist and dramatist, born in Berlin. He studied theology and philosophy in Berlin and early contributed to literary journals. He subsequently studied law and political sciences at Heidelberg and Munich, but devoted himself exclusively to literature. His early fiction is
satirically skeptical, as is implied in the title of his first significant novel, Wally, die Zweiflerin (1835), for which he was imprisoned and all his writings forbidden, with the usual result of making them and him widely popular. This work is usually taken as the starting-point of the school known as Young Germany, literary reformers heralding the democratic upheaval of 1848. After his release from prison Gutzkow went to Hamburg, and wrote four powerful dramas: Richard Savage (1839); Zopf und Schwert (1844); Das Urbild des Tartüffe (1847); Uriel Acosta (1848), and others of less merit. In 1847 he went to Dresden as director of the Court Theatre (till 1850), and wrote two remarkable novels, Die Ritter vom Geiste (9 vols., 1850-52), and Der Zauberer von Rom (9 vols.. 1859-61). From 1852 to 1862 he edited the family weekly Unterhaltungen am häuslichen Herd. In 1864 he had an attack of insanity, and though after his recovery he continued to write voluminously, he never regained his power. Gutzkow's strong controversial purpose obscured his artistic genius, but his work has profoundly influenced the popular thought of modern Germany, and gives one of the best pictures we have of the intellectual life and the social struggle of his generation and nation. Consult: Prölss, Das junge Deutschland (Stuttgart, 1892); Frenzel, Erinnerungen und Stromungen (Leipzig, 1890); Houben, Studien über die Dramen Gutzkows (Jena, 1899); Caselmann, Karl Gutzkows Stellung zu den religiös-ethischen Problemen seiner Zeit (Augsburg, 1900).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gymnocladus

Edition of 1905. See also Gymnocladus on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GYMNOCLADUS, jĭm-nŏk′lȧ-dŭs (Neo-Lat., from Gk. γυμνὀς, gymnos, naked + κλάδος, klados, branch). A genus of trees of the natural order Leguminosæ. Gymnocladus Canadensis is a North American tree, found in rich bottom soils from Canada and the Eastern United States as far south as Tennessee and west to Indian Territory and Nebraska. It attains a height of 50 to 60 feet in cultivation, or 75 to 100 feet when growing wild. It is remarkable for its upright branches and its exceedingly rough bark. The leaves of young trees are very large, and bipinnate. The flowers are white in short spikes. The pods are 5 inches long and 2 inches broad. The tree is called chicot in China, and sometimes stump-tree, from its dead appearance in winter, and the absence of conspicuous buds. It is one of the last trees to put out its leaves, which are very ornamental when young. Its common name, Kentucky coffee-tree, was applied because its seeds were formerly washed and ground as coffee in Kentucky. The wood is used both by cabinetmakers and carpenters. It has very little sapwood. The pods, preserved like those of the tamarind, are said to be wholesome and slightly aperient. A second species, Gymnocladus Chinensis, occurring in the east of Asia, is a smaller tree. See Plate of Ginkgo.
# The Mantle and Other Stories

THE MANTLE AND OTHER STORIES
BY NICHOLAS GOGOL AUTHOR OF "DEAD SOULS," "TARAS BULBA," ETC.
TRANSLATED BY CLAUD FIELD AND WITH AN INTRODUCTION ON GOGOL BY PROSPER MERIMÉE
New York: FREDERICK A. STOKES Co. London: T. WERNER LAURIE LIMITED
CONTENTS
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Blaubok, or Bluebuck

Edition of 1905. See also Bluebuck on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BLAUBOK, blou′bōk, or Bluebuck (Dutch blauwbok, blue buck). A large hippotragine antelope (Hippotragus leucophæus) of South Africa, distinguished by its glaucous hue. Its long, stout horns sweep back from its forehead in a sabre-like curve, and are effective weapons. Closely related are the magniticent, jet-black sable antelope (Hippotragus niger), the equine antelope (Hippotragus equinus), and Baker's antelope (q.v.) (Hippotragus Bakeri). All have been growing rare, and it is feared that since 1900 the blaubok has been extinct.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Blind, Karl

Edition of 1905. See also Karl Blind on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BLIND, blint, Karl (1826—). A German agitator and writer. He was born at Mannheim, and while a student at Heidelberg was imprisoned for his revolutionary activity. In 1848 he participated in the uprising in Baden, and had to flee, wounded. The next year he joined the band of liberals headed by Struve which invaded southern Germany. He was taken prisoner and sentenced to eight years' confinement. He was, however, set free by the populace and went to Karlsruhe, whence he was sent by the Provisional Government as an envoy to Paris. Expelled from France, he went to Brussels, and then (1852) to London, where he found rest. There, for many years, he kept up his political agitation through articles in many journals, and in intercourse with Garibaldi, Mazzini, Louis Blanc, and other democratic leaders; but after 1866 his writings became less revolutionary in tone, in consequence, perhaps, of the death of his stepson, who in May of that year attempted to assassinate Bismarck, and committed suicide in prison. Blind published a great number of political essays and brief articles on history, mythology, and German literature. Among his works are: Fire-Burial Among Our German Forefathers: A Record of the Poetry and History of Teutonic Cremations; Ygdrasil: or, The Teutonic Tree of Existence; and biographies of Freiligrath, Ledru-Rollin, and Francis Deák. In 1897 he contributed an autobiographical sketch to the Cornhill Magazine, London.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Blaze de Bury, Ange Henri

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​BLAZE DE BURY, blȧz′ de bụ′rē̇′, Ange Henri (1813-88). A French author. He was born in Avignon, and was a son of the author Castil Blaze. In 1839 he published his first comedy in verse, Le Souper chez le commandeur, the first of a series of contributions to the Revue des Deux Mondes, with which publication he was associated for forty years. Under the influence of the Romanticists he devoted himself to the study of German literature, and in 1840 published his translation of Goethe's Faust (14th ed. 1880), a work which obtained a wide circulation. His other works on the German poets include Ecrivains et poètes de l'Allemagne (1846); Les poésies de Goethe (1862); Les écrivains modernes de l'Allemagne (1868). His wife, Madame Pauline Rose Stewart Blaze de Bury, was well known as a writer under the pseudonyms 'Arthur Dudley' and 'Maurice Flassan.' She also published, under her own name, Voyage en Autriche, en Hongrie et en Allemagne (1851).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Blazonry

Edition of 1905. See also Blazon on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​BLA′ZONRY. See Heraldry.