OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Project Longshot

PROJECT LONGSHOT
AN UNMANNED PROBE TO ALPHA CENTAURI
U.S. NAVAL ACADEMY
NASA/USRA University Advanced Design Program Project Report for 1987-1988
Keith A. Beals
Martin Beaulieu
Frank J. Dembia
Joseph Kerstiens
Daniel L. Kramer
Jeffrey R. West
James A. Zito
(NASA-CR-184718) PROJECT LONGSHOT: ANN89-16904 UNMANNED PROBE TO ALPHA CENTAURI Program Project Report, 1987 - 1988 (Naval Academy) 74 pCSCL 22BUnclas G3/18 0189673
* 1: Mission Model
** 1.1: General Mission
** 1.2: Technology
** 1.3: Infrastructure
* 2: Mission Profile
** 2.1: Objective Star System
** 2.2: Operations
** 2.3: Orbit
* 3: Spacecraft Systems
** 3.1: Power
** 3.2: Propulsion
** 3.3: Instrumentation
** 3.4: Communications System Design
** 3.5: Data Processing
** 3.6: Guidance
** 3.7: Thermal Control
* 4: Spacecraft Design
* Appendix
PROJECT LONGSHOT
This report presents a preliminary design for an unmanned probe to Alpha Centauri with a planned launch early in the 21st century. This mission was based upon a requirement stated in the report by the National Commission on Space, Pioneering the Space Frontier. The probe would be assembled at the space station and take approximately 100 years to reach the nearest star. Several technologies must be developed in order for this mission to be possible. A pulsed fusion microexplosion drive with 1,000,000 seconds of specific impulse is the primary enabling technology. A large, long-life fission reactor with 300 kilowatts power output is also required. Communications lasers would use a 0.532 micron wavelength since there is minimal power output by the stars in that frequency band. A laser with an input power of 250 kilowatts would allow for a data rate of 1000 bits per second at maximum range. There are three types of information to be gathered by the probe: properties of the interstellar medium, characteristics of the three-star Alpha Centauri system, and astrometry (finding distances to stars using parallax measurements).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This project represents the United States Naval Academy participation in the NASA/USRA University Advanced Design Program. Seven first class midshipmen in the Aerospace Engineering Department (Astronautics track) performed this work In EA 439, Special Design (Fall semester 1987) and EA 470, Spacecraft Design (Spring semester 1988). The seven group members were Keith Beals, Martin Beaulieu, Frank Dembia, Joseph Kerstiens, Daniel Kramer, Jeffrey West, and James Zito.
The faculty advisors were Assistant Professor Walter K. Daniel and Professor George F. Pieper. The NASA representative from Goddard Space Flight Center was Dr. Stephen Paddack, who is also a Naval Academy Visiting Professor. Visiting Professor Fred Mobley from the John Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory participated in the design courses.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Project Longshot/Spacecraft Design
## 4.0 SPACECRAFT DESIGN4.0 SPACECRAFT DESIGN

The general structure of the probe consists of five main components. The probe head, fuel tanks, central truss, fission power reactor and fusion drive system.
The actual probe will house all of the necessary instruments and data processing equipment. There will also be a particle shield in front to protect the spacecraft during the interstellar flight phase. The particles may not be all that large, but the spacecraft will be traveling at velocities near 5 percent of the speed of light; therefore, they will have a tremendous amount of energy.
The fuel tanks were designed to be cylinders. This shape was picked for its ease in construction. The calculations on the sizing of the fuel tanks are in the appendix. The tanks are connected to a central framework using explosive bolts which will permit their jettisoning when empty. A detailed structural analysis on the sizing of the tanks may be found in the Appendix. The central truss will be a collapsible space frame and fulfill several functions. Its primary role is to connect the probe head with its power source while providing adequate separation for thermal and radiation protection. Additionally, it will house the attitude determination and control systems and support the fuel tanks during the interstellar transit phase of the mission.
​The fission power reactor will be attached to the aft end of the main truss behind a thermal reflector. This shield will protect the cryogenic fuel from the heat generated by the drive as well as the reactor. The rear end of the reactor will incorporate a flange for mounting fusion drive. This connector will contain pyrotechnic elements to separate the drive system once the spacecraft reaches Alpha Centauri.
The fusion drive system was described in the Propulsion section. It will serve the additional function of providing attach points for the after particle shield and the chemical upper stages. The rear shield is needed during the deceleration phase of the flight when the spacecraft is flying backwards.
A weight table is included in the appendix as well a diagram of the structure.
# Project Mercury - A Chronology/Acknowledgments

​Acknowledgments
Material for this document was accumulated from widespread sources, and for this reason the author is indebted to a number of individuals. In fact, several persons contributed to such a degree that formal recognition is warranted. These were as follows: Mr. Paul E. Purser, Special Assistant to Director, MSC; Mrs. Phoncille De Vore of Mr. Purser's office; Lt. Colonel John A. Powers, Public Affairs Officer, MSC; Mr. William M. Bland, Deputy Manager of Project Mercury, MSC; Mr. Robert W. Fricke, Technical Information Division, MSC; Miss Retha Shirkey, Librarian, MSC; Mr. Ralph Shankle, Public Affairs Office, MSC; Mr. David S. Akens, Marshall Space Flight Center; Mr. Alfred Rosenthal, Goddard Space Flight Center; Dr. Eugene M. Emme, the NASA Historian; and Mrs. Helen Wells of the NASA Headquarters Historical Office. Especial thanks is given to Mrs. Frankie J. Fisher, the branch secretary, for typing, layout, and research.
JMG
# Project Mercury - A Chronology/Foreword

​FOREWORD
Project Mercury is now history. In its short span of four years, eight months, and one week as the Nation’s first manned space flight program, Mercury earned a unique place in the annals of science and technology. The culmination of decades of investigation and application of aerodynamics, rocket propulsion, celestial mechanics, aerospace medicine, and electronics, Project Mercury took man beyond the atmosphere into space orbit. It con- firmed the potential for man’s mobility in his universe. It remains for Projects Gemini and Apollo to demonstrate that potential.
Project Mercury was not only a step in the history of flight technology, it was a major step in national commitment to space research and exploration and to man’s struggle to fly. One has only to contrast it with the Wright Brothers’ achievements of sixty years ago, when two meticulous men, with a bicycle shop, a handmade wind tunnel, determination and industriousness, and little financial means or support, accomplished controlled, powered flight. The austere contrast of the Wrights or of Professor Goddard’s rocket work with today’s Government-sponsored, highly complex space program, involving thousands of persons and hundreds of Federal, industrial, and university activities, is eloquent testimony to the new prominence of science and technology in our daily lives. The evolution and achievements of Project Mercury offer an outstanding example of a truly national effort in the advancement of knowledge and its application.
The Project Mercury story must be examined in the full context of its fundamental features—scientific, engineering, managerial—in the dynamic human environment of national and international life. Indeed, the national commitment to Project Mercury and its successors requires a valid perspective on the potential accomplishments of science and technology as well as on the response of a democratic society to the challenges of its day.
This chronology of Project Mercury represents only a beginning on the full history, just as Mercury was only a first step in the development of American space transportation. No chronology is a history. This volume is but a preface to what is yet to come. Yet it offers us a catalog of processes by which man progresses from ideas originating in the human mind to the physical devices for man’s travel to the moon and beyond.
# Rodgers v. United States (332 U.S. 371)

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
332 U.S. 371
Rodgers v. United States (332 U.S. 371)
Argued: and Submitted Oct. 16, 1947. --- Decided: Nov 10, 1947
Mr. Stanley M. Silverberg, of Washington, D.C., for respondent.
Mr. W. Clay Rodgers, pro se.
Mr. Justice BLACK delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Rodgers v. United States

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Rodgers v. United States."
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* Rodgers v. United States (185 U.S. 83)
* Rodgers v. United States (332 U.S. 371)
See also United States v. Rodgers.
# Sacred Books of the East/Volume 3/The Shih/The Minor Odes of the Kingdom/Decade 4/Ode 10

The exact meaning of Yǔ wú Zhèng (雨無正) is unknown. No similar phrase is found in the poem, and Legge offers no translation in The Chinese Classics, Vol. IV, saying, "There is evidently some mistake in the title[…], of which I have seen no satisfactory explanation."
Ode 10, Stanzas 1 and 3. The Yü wû Kăng.
The writer of this piece mourns over the miserable state of the kingdom, the incorrigible course of the king, and other evils, appealing also to Heaven, and surprised that it allowed such things to be.
Great and wide Heaven, How is it you have contracted your kindness, Sending down death and famine, Destroying all through the kingdom? Compassionate Heaven, arrayed in terrors, How is it you exercise no forethought, no care? Let alone the criminals:— They have suffered for their guilt. But those who have no crime Are indiscriminately involved in ruin.
​How is it, O great Heaven, That the king will not hearken to the justest words? He is like a man going (astray), Who knows not where he will proceed to. All ye officers, Let each of you attend to his duties. How do ye not stand in awe of one another? Ye do not stand in awe of Heaven.
# Sacred Books of the East/Volume 3/The Shih/The Minor Odes of the Kingdom/Decade 4/Ode 5

Sī Gān (斯干) corresponds to "these banks" in the first line (not given here).
The second and third footnotes are misaligned in the source: the second is in reference to the lines with "sceptres" and "tiles to play with", and the third is in reference to the line with "red knee-covers".
The Fourth Decade, or that of Khî fû.
Ode 5, Stanzas 5 to 9. The Sze Kan.
The Sze Kan was probably made for a festival on the completion of a palace; containing a description of it, and proceeding to good wishes for the builder and his posterity. the stanzas here given show how divination was resorted to for the interpretation of dreams.
The piece is referred to the time of king Hsüan (B.C. 827 to 782).
Level and smooth is the courtyard, And lofty are the pillars around it. Pleasant is the exposure of the chamber to the light, And deep and wide are its recesses. Here will our noble lord repose.
On the rush-mat below and that of fine bamboos above it, May he repose in slumber! May he sleep ​and awake, (Saying), 'Divine for me my dreams. What dreams are lucky? They have been of bears and grisly bears; They have been of cobras and (other) snakes.'
The chief diviner will divine them. 'The bears and grisly bears Are the auspicious intimations of sons; The cobras and (other) snakes Are the auspicious intimations of daughters.'
Sons shall be born to him:— They will be put to sleep on couches; They will be clothed in robes; They will have sceptres to play with; Their cry will be loud. They will be (hereafter) resplendent with red knee-covers, The (future) king, the princes of the land.
Daughters shall be born to him:— They will be put to sleep on the ground; They will be clothed with wrappers; They will have tiles to play with. It will be theirs neither to do wrong nor to do good. Only about the spirits and the food will ​they have to think, And to cause no sorrow to their parents.
* ↑ In the Official Book of Kâu, ch. 24, mention is made of the Diviner of Dreams and his duties:—He had to consider the season of the year when a dream occurred, the day of the cycle, and the then predominant influence of the two powers of nature. By the positions of the sun, moon, and planets in the zodiacal spaces he could determine whether any one of the six classes of dreams was lucky or unlucky. Those six classes were ordinary and regular dreams, terrible dreams, dreams of thought, dreams in waking, dreams of joy, and dreams of fear.
* ↑ The boy would have a sceptre, a symbol of dignity, to play with; the girl, a tile, the symbol of woman's work, as, sitting with a tile on her knee, she twists the threads of hemp.
* ↑ That is, the red apron of a king and of the prince of a state.
* ↑ The woman has only to be obedient. That is her whole duty. The line does not mean, as it has been said, that 'she is incapable of good or evil;' but it is not her part to take the initiative even in what is good.
# Sacred Books of the East/Volume 3/The Shih/The Minor Odes of the Kingdom/Decade 5/Ode 1

The Mín in Xiǎo Mín (小旻) is the first character of the poem, corresponding to half of the compound "Compassionate Heaven". Legge accepts the theory supposing Xiǎo distinguishes it from "Zhào Mín" in the Major Odes.
The Fifth Decade, or that of Hsiâo Min.
Ode 1, Stanzas 1, 2, and 3. The Hsiâo Min.
A lamentation over the recklessness and incapacity of the king and his counsellors. Divination has become of no avail, and Heaven is despairingly appealed to.
This is referred, like several of the pieces in the fourth decade, to the time of king Yû.
The angry terrors of compassionate Heaven Extend through this lower world. (The king's) counsels and plans are crooked and bad; When will he stop (in his course)? Counsels that are good he will not follow, And those that are not good he employs. When I look at his counsels and plans, I am greatly pained.
Now they agree, and now they defame one another;— The case is greatly to be deplored. If a counsel be good, They are all found opposing it. If a counsel be bad, They are all found according with it. When I look at such counsels and plans, What will they come to?
Our tortoise-shells are wearied out, And will not tell us anything about the plans. The counsellors are very many, But on that account nothing is accomplished. The speakers fill the court, But ​who dares to take any responsibility on himself? We are as if we consulted (about a journey) without taking a step in advance, And therefore did not get on on the road.
# Sacred Books of the East/Volume 3/The Shih/The Minor Odes of the Kingdom/Decade 4/Ode 8

Zhēngyuè (正月) corresponds to "In the first month" on the first line (not given here).
Ode 8, Stanzas 4, 5, and 7. The Kăng yüeh.
The Kăng yüeh is, like the preceding ode, a lamentation over the miseries of the kingdom, and the ruin coming on it; with a similar, but more hopefully expressed, appeal to Heaven, 'the great God.'
Look into the middle of the forest; There are (only) large faggots and small branches in it. The people now amidst their perils Look to Heaven, all dark; But let its determination be fixed, And there is no one whom it will not overcome. There is the great God,— Does he hate any one?
If one say of a hill that it is low, There are its ridges and its large masses. The false calumnies of the people,— How is it that you do not repress them? You call those experienced ancients, You consult the diviner of dreams. They all say, 'We are very wise, But who can distinguish the male and female crow?'
Look at the rugged and stony field;— Luxuriantly rises in it the springing grain. (But) Heaven moves and shakes me, As if it could not overcome me. ​They sought me (at first) to be a pattern (to them), (Eagerly) as if they could not get me; (Now) they regard me with great animosity, And will not use my strength.
* ↑ By introducing the word 'only,' I have followed the view of the older interpreters, who consider the forest, with merely some faggots and twigs left in it, to be emblematic of the ravages of oppressive government in the court and kingdom. Kû Hsî takes a different view of them:—'In a forest you can easily distinguish the large faggots from the small branches, while Heaven appears unable to distinguish between the good and bad,'
* ↑ The calumnies that were abroad were as absurd as the assertion in line 1, and yet the king could not, or would not, see through them and repress them.
* ↑ This reference to the diviners of dreams is in derision of their pretensions.
* ↑ That is, the productive energy of nature manifests itself in the most unlikely places; how was it that 'the great God, who hates no one,' was contending so with the writer?
# Sacred Books of the East/Volume 3/The Shih/The Minor Odes of the Kingdom/Decade 1/Ode 5

Fā Mù (伐木) corresponds to "On the trees go the blows" on the first line.
The First Decade, or that of Lû-ming.
Ode 5, Stanza 1. The Fâ mû.
The Fâ Mû is a festal ode, which was sung at the entertainment of friends;—intended to celebrate the duty and value of friendship, even to the highest.
On the trees go the blows kăng-kăng; And the birds cry out ying-ying. One issues from the dark valley, And removes to the lofty tree. Ying goes its cry, Seeking with its voice its companion. Look at the bird, Bird as it is, seeking with its voice its companion; And shall a man Not seek to have his friends? Spiritual beings will then hearken to him; He shall have harmony and peace.
# Sacred Books of the East/Volume 3/The Shih/The Minor Odes of the Kingdom/Decade 1/Ode 6

Tiān Bǎo (天保) corresponds to "Heaven protects" on the first line.
Ode 6. The Thien Pâo.
A festal ode, responsive to any of the five that precede it. The king's officers and guests, having been feasted by him, celebrate his praises, and desire for him the blessing of Heaven and his ancestors.
Ascribed, like the former, to the duke of Kâu.
Heaven protects and establishes thee, With the greatest security; Makes thee entirely virtuous. ​That thou mayest enjoy every happiness; Grants thee much increase, So that thou hast all in abundance.
Heaven protects and establishes thee. It grants thee all excellence, So that thine every matter is right, And thou receivest every Heavenly favour. It sends down to thee long-during happiness, Which the days are not sufficient to enjoy.
Heaven protects and establishes thee, So that in everything thou dost prosper. Like the high hills and the mountain masses, Like the topmost ridges and the greatest bulks, Like the stream ever coming on, Such is thine increase.
With happy auspices and purifications thou bringest the offerings, And dost filially present them, In spring, summer, autumn, and winter, To the dukes and former kings; And they say, 'We give to thee myriads of years, duration unlimited.'
The spirits come, And confer on thee many blessings. The people are simple and honest, Daily enjoying their meat and drink. All the black-haired race, in all their surnames, Universally practise thy virtue.
Like the moon advancing to the full, Like the sun ascending the heavens, Like the everlasting southern hills, Never waning, never falling, Like ​the luxuriance of the fir and the cypress;— May such be thy succeeding line!
* ↑ These dukes and former kings are all the ancestors of the royal House of Kâu, sacrificed to at the four seasons of the year.
* ↑ Here we have the response of the dukes and kings communicated to the sacrificing king by the individuals chosen to represent them at the service.
* ↑ The spirits here are, of course, those of the former dukes and kings.
# Sacred Books of the East/Volume 3/The Shih/The Minor Odes of the Kingdom/Decade 1/Ode 9

Dì Dù (杕杜) takes "solitary" and "russet pear tree" from the first line (not given here).
Ode 9, Stanza 4. The Tî tû.
The Tî Tû is an ode of congratulation, intended for the men who have returned from military duty and service on the frontiers.
The congratulation is given in a description of the anxiety and longing of the soldiers' wives for their return. We must suppose one of the wives to be the speaker throughout. The fourth stanza shows how she had resorted to divination to allay her fears about her husband.
They have not packed up, they do not come. My sorrowing heart is greatly distressed. The time is past, and he is not here, To the multiplication of my sorrows. Both by the tortoise-shell and the reeds have I divined, And they unite in saying he is near. My warrior is at hand.
# Sacred Books of the East/Volume 3/The Shih/The Minor Odes of the Kingdom/Decade 4/Ode 6

Wú Yáng (無羊) corresponds to "have no sheep" in the first line (not given here).
Ode 6, Stanza 4. The Wû Yang.
The Wû Yang is supposed to celebrate the largeness and excellent condition of king Hsüan's flocks and herds. The concluding stanza has reference to the divination of the dreams of his herdsmen.
Your herdsmen shall dream, Of multitudes and then of fishes, Of the tortoise-and-serpent, and then of the falcon, banners. The chief diviner will divine the dreams;— How the multitudes, dissolving into fishes, Betoken plentiful years; How the tortoise-and-serpent, dissolving into the falcon, banners, Betoken the increasing population of the kingdom.
# Royal Naval Biography/Montgomerie, Alexander

Layout 2
ALEXANDER MONTGOMERIE, Esq. [Post-Captain of 1820.]
Passed his examination in Sept. 1809; and obtained the rank of lieutenant, May 4, 1810. He was made commander, June 7, 1814; appointed to the Confiance sloop, Mar. 21, 1818; removed to the Sapphire 26, at the Leeward Islands, July 13, 1820; and confirmed to that ship, as post-captain, ​Oct. 3, 1820. He returned home, Sept. 1, 1821, and was shortly afterwards put out of commission.
Agent.– J. P. Muspratt, Esq.
# Royal Naval Biography/Montresor, Henry

Layout 2
HENRY MONTRESOR, Esq. A Companion of the Most Honorable Military Order of the Bath. [Post-Captain of 1815.]
We first find this officer serving as senior lieutenant of the Revenge 74, Captain Alexander Robert Kerr, at the attack of a French squadron in Aix roads, April 11 and 12, 1809. A commander’s commission, bearing the former date, was conferred upon him, as a reward for his gallantry in conducting a fire-vessel on that memorable occasion.
In Aug. 1811, Captain Montresor was appointed to the Helena sloop; and in the following year he accompanied a fleet of merchantmen from Cork to the Leeward Islands, where, in conjunction with Captain Thomas Fellowes, of the Fawn, he received the thanks of their commanders “for his very great attention to them during the voyage.”
Captain Montresor’s next appointments were, in 1814, to the Rover of 16 guns, and Manly 12, from which latter vessel he was removed, by Sir Alexander Cochrane, to the temporary command of a flotilla which he had bravely assisted in capturing, near St. Joseph’s island, Lac Borgne, during the expedition against New Orleans. He was nominated a C.B. June 4, 1815; promoted to post rank on the 13th of the same month; and appointed to the Charwell 20, stationed on Lake Ontario, June 26, 1816. He is now, we believe, an inspector of the naval force in Canada, under Commissioner Barrie, C.B.
Agent.– Sir Francis M. Ommanney.
* ↑ See Suppl. Part I. p. 40, et seq.
* ↑ See pp. 4–7.