OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tannahill, Robert

See also Robert Tannahill on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TANNAHILL, ROBERT (1774-1810), Scottish song-writer, son of a Paisley silk-weaver, was born on the 3rd of June 1774. He was apprenticed to his father's trade at the age of twelve, and, inspired by the poetry of Robert Burns, he wrote verses as he drove the shuttle to and fro, with shelf and ink-bottle rigged up on his loom-post. He was shy and reserved, of small and delicate physique, and took little part in the social life of the town. The steady routine of his trade was broken only by occasional excursions to Glasgow and the land of Burns, and a year's trial of work at Bolton. He began in 1805 to contribute verses to Glasgow and Paisley periodicals, and published an edition of his poems by subscription in 1807. Three years later, on the 17th of May 1810, the life of the quiet, gentle, diffident and despondent poet was brought by his own act to a tragic end. Tannahill's claims to remembrance rest upon half a dozen songs, full of an exquisite feeling for nature, and so happily set to music that they have retained their popularity. "Loudon's Bonnie Woods and Braes," "Jessie, the Flower o'Dunblane," and "Gloomy Winter's Noo Awa" are the best of them. "Jessie, the Flower o'Dunblane" and "The Farewell" tell the story of the poet's own unhappy love for Janet Tennant.
Tannahill's centenary was celebrated at Paisley in 1874. See edition by D. Semple (1876) for details of his life.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Huntingdon, Selina, Countess of

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HUNTINGDON, SELINA, COUNTESS OF,
Was born in 1707. She was one of three daughters and co-heirs of Washington Shirley, Earl Ferrers; the other two being Lady Kilmorey and Lady Elizabeth Nightingale. Selina, the second daughter, married, in 1728, Theophilus Hastings, Earl of Huntingdon, with whom she lived very happily till his sudden death, in October, 1746. She had several children, four of whom died young. Probably these heavy afflictions disposed this lady to take such deep interest in religion. It was at the time when the founders of Methodism, Wesley and Whitfield, were exciting in this country a spirit of more intense devotion than was generally prevalent, and the Countess of Huntingdon embraced their doctrines with her whole heart.
She rather inclined to Whitfield's peculiar doctrines than to Wesley's; but she chose to be herself the founder of a sect, which were called "The Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion." She had the control of a large income during her forty-five years of widowhood, and as her own personal expenses were small, and she was assisted by other opulent persons, she supported a college at Trevecca, in Wales, for the education of ministers, and built sixty-four chapels, the ministers of which she assisted to support. Her largest chapel was at Bath, which she frequently attended. She created a trust for the support of her colleges and chapels after her death. And not only did she thus merit the title of public benefactor, but she also expended, annually, large sums in private charities. She lived for others, and at her death, which took place June 17th., 1791, was deeply mourned by all who knew her; even those who regarded her conduct as the result of mistaken enthusiasm, respected her for the noble virtues of her character and her Christian conduct.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Hutchinson, Anne

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HUTCHINSON, ANNE
A woman who caused much difficulty in New England soon after its settlement, went from Lincolnshire to Boston in 1635, and was the wife of one of the representatives of Boston. The members of Mr. Cotton's church used to meet every week to repeat his sermons and discourse on doctrines. She established similar meetings for women, and soon had a numerous audience. She advocated sentiments of her own, and warped the discourses of the clergymen to coincide with them. She soon threw the whole colony into a flame. The progress of her sentiments occasioned, in 1637, the first synod in America. This convention of ministers condemned eighty-two erroneous opinions then propagated in the country. Mrs. Hutchinson was called before the court in November, 1637; and, being convicted of traducing the ministers and advancing errors, was banished from Massachusetts. She went with her husband to Rhode Island; and in 1642, after her husband's death, removed into the Dutch colony beyond New Haven, where she, with most of her family, consisting of sixteen persons, were captured, and all, except one daughter, killed by the Indians. This occurred in 1643.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Hunila

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HUNILA
Was a noble Gothic woman, taken in battle by the Romans, and given in marriage to Bonosus, an officer of that people, who afterwards, by an act of usurpation, became for a time Emperor of Gaul, Spain, and Britain; being, however, eventually defeated by the forces sent against him, he hanged himself to avoid falling into the bands of the conqueror, Probus, by whom not only was the life of Honila spared, but on account of her virtue and beauty, an annual pendon from the imperial coffers was settled upon her, and the eons she had borne to Bonosus were suffered to enjoy their patrimonial estate.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Hunter, Anne

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HUNTER, ANNE,
Wife of John Hunter, the celebrated surgeon, was a sister of Sir Everard Home. She was born in 1742, and was remarkable for her literary attainments. Intimately connected with Mrs. Elizabeth Caner, Mrs. Delany, etc., Mrs. Hunter was a member of the learned coterie of ladies who composed that celebrated society. She excelled in lyric poetry. Several of her songs were set to music by Haydn, and greatly admired. Her productions were collected and published in one volume, previous to her decease. She died in 1821, much lamented, for her virtues as well as her talents had greatly endeared her to her friends.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Icasia

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ICASIA,
Spouse of Theophilus, Emperor of Constantinople, in 829. He having assembled the most beautiful young women of the empire, for the purpose of choosing a wife, fixed upon Icasia, and gave orders for her coronation; but on her answering some questions he proposed to her, in a manner at once learned and acute, he changed his mind. Icasia, therefore, retired to a monastery, where she composed many works. The emperor had the same taste, probably, for foolish flippant women, as characterized Charles the Second. King of England.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Hyde, Anne, Duchess of York

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HYDE, ANNE, DUCHESS OF YORK,
The eldest daughter of Lord Clarendon, and mother of two of the queens of Great Britain, was born in 1638. During the exile of the royal family she attended her father abroad, and was appointed maid of honour to the Princess of Orange, the eldest sister of Charles the Second. Her intercourse with James, Duke of York, then a young and gallant soldier, commenced when Miss Hyde was in her twenty-first year. She had accompanied the Princess of Orange to Paris, on a visit .to her mother, Queen Henrietta, when James saw, and fell in love with her. They were betrothed at Breda, November 24th., 1659; but there were so many difficulties in obtaining the consent of the royal family to this alliance, that they were not married till September 3rd., 1660. The ceremony was performed at Worcester House, London. The Duchess of York was a handsome and sensible woman, and lived in harmony with her husband, notwithstanding his open infidelities. Before her death she became a Roman Catholic. She died at St. James' Palace, March 31st., 1671, in her thirty-fourth year.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Hughs, Mary

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HUGHS, MARY,
Formerly Robson, was born in Newcastle-upon-Tyne. She married Mr. Thomas Hughs, a native of Dundee, in Scotland. Within the year after their marriage, 1818, they emigrated to America, and almost immediately on their arrival, Mrs. Hughs, with the active and efficient assistance of her husband, and under the patronage of the well-known philanthropist John Vaughan, Esq., commenced a school for young ladies in Philadelphia, and it is believed few undertakings 'ever rose more rapidly into popularity, as many of the mothers of the present generation, in the most distinguished families in the city, can testify. After having continued their establishment in the same house in which it was commenced, for twenty-one years, Mr. and Mrs. Hughs purchased a farm in the neighbourhood of Doylestown, Bucks County, to which they retired. Before leaving England Mrs. Hughs had written a number of juvenile books of much merit—"Aunt Mary's Tales;" "Ornaments Discovered;" "Stories for Children;" "Metamorphosis;" and "The Alchemist." On reaching the United States, Mrs. Hughs was most agreeably surprised and gratified to find that her books had been republished there, and were very popular. These works were her letters of introduction, and thus her success in her school was secured. Mrs. Hughs has contributed to several American periodicals, and written "Emma Mortimer;" "The two Schools;" "Julia Ormond;" "Buds and Blossoms;" and "The Ivy Wreath."
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Fulvia

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FULVIA,
An extraordinary Roman lady, wife of Marc Antony, had, as Paterculus expresses it, nothing of her sex but the body; for her temper and courage breathed only policy and war. She had two husbands before she married Antony—Clodius, the great enemy of Cicero, and Curio, who was killed while fighting in Africa, on Cæsar's side, before the battle of Pharsalia. After the victory, which Octavius and Antony gained at Philippi over Brutus and Cassius, Antony went to Asia to settle the affairs of the East. Octavius returned to Rome, where, falling out with Fulvia, he could not decide the quarrel but with the sword. She retired to Præneste, and withdrew thither the senators and knights of her party; she armed herself in person, gave the word to her soldiers, and harangued them bravely.
Bold and violent as Antony was, he met his match in Fulvia. "She was a woman," says Plutarch, "not born for spinning or housewifery, not one that would be content with ruling a private husband, but capable of advising a magistrate, or ruling the general of an army." Antony had the courage, however, to shew great anger at Fulvia for levying war against Octavius; and when he returned to Rome, he treated her with so much contempt and indignation, that she went to Greece, and died there of a disease occasioned by her grief.
She participated with, and assisted her cruel husband, during the massacres of the triumvirate, and had several persons put to death, on her own authority, either from avarice or a spirit of revenge. After Cicero was beheaded, Fulvia caused his head to be brought to her, spit upon it, drawing out the tongue, which she pierced ​several times with her bodkin, addressing to the lifeless Cicero, all the time, the most opprobrious language. What a contrast is here presented to the character of Octavia, the last wife of Marc Antony;—she was a true woman!
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Gaetans, Aurora

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GAETANS, AURORA,
Of Saponara, in Calabria, born in 1669. From her earliest years she devoted herself to elegant literature. She had the good fortune to be instructed by the most illustrious men of her age, and to enjoy their friendship; such persons as Leonardo da Capua, il Calabrese, il Vico. She was much admired for her poetry, and belonged to the Accademia Arcadica, under the name of Lucinda Coritesea. She died in 1730. Her poems are to be found in the collection of Bergalli; they are written with delicacy and taste.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Gabrielli, Catharine

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GABRIELLI, CATHARINE,
One of the most celebrated singers of the eighteenth century was born at Rome in 1730. As soon as her great talent was discovered, (by accident,) she received instructions from Garcia (la Spagnaletto) and Porpora. In the year 1747, she sang at the theatre of Lucca, where she was generally admired. Francis the First called her subsequently to Vienna. Metastasio gave her the last finish, especially with regard to the recitative. The operas of this poet gained more celebrity by her than by any other musician. An anecdote is told concerning the extreme capriciousness of this lady. The viceroy of Sicily invited her one day to dine with him and the highest nobility of Palermo. When she did not make her appearance at the appointed hour, he sent a messenger to inform her that she was expected by the party. She was found reading on her sofa, and pretended to have entirely forgotten the invitation. The viceroy seemed inclined to forgive this impoliteness; but when, during the' opera, she acted her part with the utmost negligence, and sang all her airs sotto voce, he threatened her with punishment; yet his displeasure seemed to have no other effect but to render her still more stubborn; she declared that she might be forced to scream, but not to sing. She was committed to prison for twelve days; during this time she gave costly entertainments, paid all the debts of the prisoners, and, with great charity, spent large sums of money among them. The viceroy being obliged to yield, she was released amidst the shoutings of the poor. When offered an engagement at the theatre of London, she said, "I should not be mistress of my own will; whenever I should have a fancy not to sing, the ​people would insult, perhaps misuse me; better is it to remain unmolested, were it even in a prison."
Many other eccentric acts of this wilful lady are recorded. She retired from the stage in 1780, and died in 1796.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Galigai, Eleonora

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GALIGAI, ELEONORA.
Galigai was the family name of the Marechal d'Ancre, who married Eleonora, the daughter of a joiner, and a washerwoman in Italy; she enjoyed for some time an irresistible dominion in France; and perished at last by a judicial sentence pronounced upon her for crimes, some of which were not proved, and others impossible to be committed. She was foster-sister to Mary de Medicis, who loved her with the tenderest affection. It was doubtless the favour she enjoyed with this princess that induced Concini to marry her; for she was exceedingly plain. Her talents, however. ​made amends for her personal defects; she governed Mary de Medicis so completely, that she was virtually queen, and afterwards regent of France. Her excessive insolence so disgusted Louis the Thirteenth, the son of her protectress, that he gave her up to the envy and hatred of the court. Her husband was assassinated by the king's order, and she was brought to a trial, in which, for want of other crimes, she was accused of sorcery. Being asked by what magic she had so fascinated the queen, she replied, "By the power which strong minds naturally possess over the weak." She was condemned in May, and executed in July, 1617. She left a son and a daughter. The latter died soon after her mother; the son, though he lost his nobility, retired to Italy, with an ample fortune, which had been accumulated by the avarice of his parents.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Gail, Sophia

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GAIL, SOPHIA,
Wife of John Baptist Gail, a celebrated Hellenist, was born about 1779, and died at Paris in 1819. For the arts, particularly music, she manifested an early taste, and began to compose when she was net more than twelve years of age. Among her principal compositions are the operas of "The Jealous Pair;" "Mademoiselle de Launay in the Bastile;" and "The Serenade."
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Gaillard, Jane

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GAILLARD, JANE,
A poetess of Lyons, living in the sixteenth century. We have found nothing concerning her writings; therefore have only the record of her name, as presented in the collection of Lyonese authors, to give. Will the numerous band of young ladies who now write "charming sonnets" for the public journals, leave each one a name which will be remembered after a lapse of three hundred years?
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Galeria

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GALERIA,
Wife of Vitellius, Emperor of Rome in 69, distinguished herself in a vicious age, by exemplary wisdom and modesty. After the tragical death of her husband, she passed her days in retirement.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Gabrielle de Bourbon

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GABRIELLE DE BOURBON,
Daughter of Count de Montpensier, married, in 1485, Louis de la Tremouille, a man who filled with honour the highest offices of the state, and who was killed at the battle of Pavia in 1525. Her virtues were very great; and some published treatises remain as proofs of her devoted piety. She passed her time chiefly in solitude; for she had formed a resolution to withdraw from the court, whenever her husband's duties, as an officer in the king's army, compelled him to be absent. Charitable, as well as magnificent in her tastes, no person in want ever left her unsatisfied. She employed an hour or two daily with her needle; the rest of her time was spent in reading, writing, in her devotional duties, or in instructing the young girls by whom she liked to surround herself. She also took great care of the education of her son, who amply repaid all her trouble, but who unfortunately was killed at the battle of Marignan in 1515; and she died of grief at his loss in 1516. Her works are a "Contemplation of the Nativity and Passion of Jesus Christ;" "The Instruction of Young Girls;" and two other religious works.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Gacon, Dufour Marie A. Johanne

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GACON, DUFOUR MARIE A. JOHANNE,
A descendant of the Celebrated poet of the same name, devoted all her fine talents and energies to the study of agriculture and economy. Her best works on these subjects are "Bibliotheque Agronomique," "Dictionnaire Rurale et Recueil Pratique d'Economie Rurale et Domestique." She wrote, moreover, "La femme Grenadier," in 1801; "Les Dangers dc la Prevention;" and "Les Prejugé Vaincu;" besides several other works.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Ruzicka, Wenzel

From volume 3 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Saint-Aubin, Jeanne

From volume 3 of the work.
​SAINT-AUBIN, Jeanne Charlotte Schrœder, a very remarkable opera-singer, born in Paris, Dec. 9, 1764. She was daughter of a theatrical manager, began to act as a mere child, and when only 9, charmed Louis XV. by her precocious talent. In 1782 she married Saint-Aubin, an actor in Mdlle. Montansier's company, and in 1786 made her first appearance at the Académie, in 'Colinette à la Cour,' but perceiving that she was not qualified for so large a stage, had the good sense to cancel her engagement with the Opéra, and transfer herself to the Comédie Italienne. There her pleasing and expressive face, refined and graceful acting, and singing, always intelligent and in tune, could be properly appreciated, and she speedily became a favourite both with the public and the dramatists. No actress ever created a greater number of rôles; sentimental, pathetic, ingénues, soubrettes, grandes coquettes, or burlesque characters—all came alike to her. Her singing was not so remarkable as her acting, but she sang romances with great charm of expression, and by taste and skill supplied the lack of power in her voice, became the acknowledged star of the company and its most profitable member. She was, however, badly treated by the management, for though admitted as sociétaire to the fourth of a share in 1788, she was not advanced to a full share till 1798, after her success in 'Le Prisonnier.'
In 1800 she lost all her savings by the bankruptcy of the Théâtre Favart, but on the union of the two comedy-companies she retained her position as sociétaire, and was appointed one of the five members of the management, a post which she resigned on Mme. Dugazon's retirement, not wishing to be the only woman on the board. At her farewell benefit (April 2, 1808) she took the part of Mme. Belmontin in 'Le Prisonnier,' leaving Rosine, her own creation, to her second daughter, Alexandrine. Her elder daughter also appeared in the 'Concert interrompu.' Her modest pension of 1900 francs was increased by Louis XVIII. to 3000. She took her final farewell, assisted by her eldest daughter, Mme. Duret, on Nov. 7, 1818, in 'Une heure de mariage,' and was as much applauded as ever. Mme. Saint-Aubin lived to a great age, and died in Paris, Sept. 11, 1850. Three of her children distinguished themselves; the son, Jean Denis, born at Lyons in 1783, a violinist and composer of great promise, died at Paris in 1810.
[ G. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Röntgen, Engelbert

From volume 3 of the work.
​RÖNTGEN, Engelbert, born Sept. 30, 1829, at Deventer in Holland, entered the Conservatorium at Leipzig in 1848; as a pupil of David's became a first-rate violinist, and in 1869 took David's place as Concertmeister in the Gewandhaus orchestra. He is now a teacher in the Conservatorium. He married a daughter of Moritz Klengel, himself Concertmeister at the Gewandhaus for many years. Their son,
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Saggio di Contrapunto

From volume 3 of the work.
[ W. S. R. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Sackbut

From volume 3 of the work.
​SACKBUT (Fr. Saguebute, Sambuque; Span. Sacabuche; Ital. Trombone; Ger. Posaune). An old name for the Trombone or Bass-trumpet. There is good evidence that, besides the Tuba and Lituus, the Romans had instruments of the trumpet family, provided with a slide for altering their pitch. Indeed a fine specimen, discovered in the ruins of Herculaneum, and presented to George III. is now in possession of Her Majesty the Queen. Some such instrument was known to Shakespeare, who has the passage:
The trumpets, sackbuts, psalteries, and fifes Make the sun dance.—Coriolanus.
It is also named by Burton in his 'Anatomy of Melancholy': 'As he that plaies upon a Sagbut by pulling it up and down alters his tones and tunes.' The word translated Sackbut in the English Bible is sabeca, which was probably a stringed instrument, and which some identify with the σαμβύκη of the Greeks.
It is a singular fact that the sackbut or trombone, though known in Germany, a century ago had in this country fallen into disuse. This is clearly proved by the following extract from Dr. Burney's 'Account of the musical performances in Westminster Abbey and the Pantheon on May 26, 27, 29, and June 3 and 5, 1784':
In order to render the band as powerful and complete as possible it was determined to employ every species of instrument that was capable of producing grand effects in a great orchestra and spacious building. Among these the Sacbut or Double Trumpet was sought: but so many years had elapsed since it had been used in this kingdom, that neither the instrument nor a performer upon it could easily be found. It was however discovered … that in his Majesty's private military band there were six musicians who played the three several species of sacbut, tenor, bass, and double bass.
On referring to the band-list the following entry is found:
Tromboni or Sacbuts. :
| Mr. | Karst. | Mr. | Moeller | Mr. | Pick |
| {{{1}}}„ | Kneller. | {{{1}}}„ | Neibour. | {{{1}}}„ | Zink. |
These performers played on other instruments when the Sacbuts were not wanted.
[ W. H. S. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Ryan, Desmond

From volume 3 of the work.
[ D. L. R. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Rübezahl

From volume 3 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Sacred Harmonic Society Benevolent Fund

From volume 3 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Viola

See also Viola on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​VIOLA [Fr. viole, Ger. Bratsche, Ital. viola, alto], the tenor member of the violin family. The construction of the viola is the same, but on a larger scale, as that of the violin (q.v.) The instrument is pitched a perfect fifth below the violin.