OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Banting, William

​BANTING, WILLIAM (1797–1878), writer on corpulence, was an undertaker and furnisher of funerals in St. James's Street, London. He was somewhat short in stature (5 feet 5 inches), and with advancing years suffered great personal inconvenience from his increasing fatness. Before sixty years of age he found himself unable to stoop to tie his shoe, ‘or attend to the little offices which humanity requires, without considerable pain and difficulty.’ He was compelled to go downstairs slowly backwards, to avoid the jar of increased weight on the ankle-joints, and with every exertion ‘puffed and blowed in a way that was very unseemly and disagreeable.’ He took counsel with the medical faculty, and was advised to engage in active bodily exercise. He walked long distances, rowed in a boat for hours together, and performed other athletic feats. But all this served but to improve his appetite and add to the weight of his body. On 26 Aug. 1862 he, being in the sixty-sixth year of his age, weighed 202 pounds, or fourteen stone six pounds, an amount which he found unbearable. After trying fifty Turkish baths and ‘gallons of physic’ without the slightest benefit, he consulted Mr. William Harvey for deafness. Mr. Harvey, believing that obesity was the source of the mischief, cut off the supply of bread, butter, milk, sugar, beer, soup, potatoes, and beans, and in their place ordered a diet, the details of which, mainly flesh meat, fish, and dry toast, are given in Tanner's ‘Practice of Medicine’ (i. 148). The result of this treatment was a gradual reduction of forty-six pounds in weight, with better health at the end of several weeks than had been enjoyed for the previous twenty years. The delight at being so much relieved by means so simple induced Banting to write and publish a pamphlet entitled ‘A Letter on Corpulence, addressed to the Public,’ 1863. Written in plain, sensible language, the tract on the ‘parasite corpulence’ at once gained the attention of the public. Edition followed edition in quick succession. ‘To bant’ became a household phrase, and thousands of people adopted the course which the word involves. The Germans have recognised the impression made by the pamphlet in the word ‘Bantingeur,’ which appears in the ‘Conversations-Lexikon.’
Banting died at his house on the Terrace, Kensington, 16 March 1878.
[Blackwood's Mag. xcvi. 607; Tanner's Practice of Medicine; Convers.-Lexikon.]
R. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barber, Charles (d.1854)

​BARBER, CHARLES (d. 1854), landscape painter, was a native of Birmingham, and moved to Liverpool in early life on being appointed teacher of drawing in the Royal Institution. He was intimately connected with the various associations established in Liverpool in his lifetime. He was among the earliest members and most frequent contributors of the Literary and Philosophical Society, and assisted to found the Architectural and Archæological Association. Thomas Rickman found much support and encouragement from him in his early studies of Gothic architecture, and for years his house was the centre of the intellectual society of Liverpool. Among his nearest friends he numbered Traill and Roscoe. As a landscape painter he was a close observer of nature, and endeavoured to reproduce effects of mist and sunshine with accuracy. He exhibited three times in the Royal Academy, and was a regular contributor to local exhibitions. In spite of a severe attack of paralysis, he continued to practise his art to the end, and his two best-known pictures, ‘Evening after Rain,’ and ‘The Dawn of Day,’ were exhibited in Trafalgar Square in 1849. He was elected president of the Liverpool Academy some years before his death, which occurred in 1854.
C. E. D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Banyer, Henry

​BANYER, HENRY (fl. 1739), medical writer, studied at St. Thomas's Hospital, and practised as a physician at Wisbeach. He was admitted extraordinary licentiate of the College of Surgeons on 30 July 1736. His works are ‘Methodical Introduction to the ​Art of Surgery,’ 1717, and ‘Pharmacopœia Pauperum, or the Hospital Dispensary, containing the chief Medicines now used in the Hospitals of London,’ 1721, 4th ed. 1739.
[Munk's Coll. of Phys. (1878), ii. 131; Brit. Mus. Cat.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baptist, John Gaspars

Duplicate of Gaspars, Jan Baptist
​BAPTIST, JOHN GASPARS (d. 1691), portrait and tapestry painter, was born at Antwerp, and was a pupil of Bossaert. His right name appears to have been Jean-Baptiste Gaspars. He was known in England as ‘Lely's’ Baptist, and would seem to have also worked for Sir Godfrey Kneller. There is a portrait of Charles II by this artist in the hall of St. Bartholomew's Hospital.
[Biog. Nat. de Belgique; Pilkington's Dict. of Painters; Nagler's Allgemeines Künstler-Lexikon; Redgrave's Dict. of Painters of English School.]
E. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barber, Christopher

​BARBER, CHRISTOPHER (1736–1810), miniature painter, was born in 1736, and exhibited in the Royal Academy in 1770. He worked in crayons as well as oil, and continued to be an occasional exhibitor, chiefly of portraits and half-lengths, in the Royal Academy until 1792. His portraits were celebrated for peculiar brilliancy, in consequence of the especial attention he devoted to the preparation of magilp. An enthusiastic lover of music, he was distinguished for a particular acquaintance with the works of Handel and Purcell, while his social gifts gathered a large and warm circle of acquaintance round him. He was for some time a member of the Incorporated Society of Artists, but his exhibiting with the opposing society, which was incorporated as the Royal Academy in 1768, led to his forced withdrawal in 1765. He was long resident in St. Martin's Lane, but afterwards removed to Great Marylebone Street, where he died, in 1810.
C. E. D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bansley, Charles

​BANSLEY, CHARLES (fl. 1548), poet, clearly wrote in the time of Henry VIII and Edward VI, but the dates of his birth and death are unknown. He is remarkable for a rhyming satire on the love of dress in women, which concludes with a benediction on the latter monarch, and commences with the line
Bo pepe what have I spyed!
There can be no doubt of Bansley's religious opinions. Speaking in his poem of the feminine love for light raiment, he says—
From Rome, from Rome, thys carkered pryde,  From Rome it came doubtles: Away for shame wyth soch filthy baggage,  As smels of papery and develyshnes!
He also complains very seriously that foolish mothers made ‘Roman monsters’ of their children. Perhaps, it has been said, he was an unworthy and therefore justly rejected suitor, and revenged himself by this wholesale attack on the sex. But the attack is not wholesale, as he expressly excepts right worthy, sad, and plain women who walk in godly wise. Indeed the whole satire is mainly directed against extravagant attire. Ritson says it was printed about 1540, but he erred by at least ten years (Collier, Bibliogr. and Crit. Account, i. xxxiv). The title of his work, as it appears in a reprint from a unique copy in the British Museum, edited by J. P. Collier in the year 1841, is as follows: ‘A Treatyse shewing and declaring the pryde and abuse of women now a dayes:’ black letter, London (without date), probably about 1540, 4to.
[Lowndes's Bibliog. Man. i. 110; Brit. Mus. Cat.; Watt's Bibl. Brit.; Tanner's Bibl. Brit.-Hibern. p. 72.]
J. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barber, Edward

​BARBER, EDWARD (d. 1674?), baptist minister, was originally a clergyman of the established church, but long before the beginning of the civil wars he adopted the principles of the baptists. He had numerous followers, who assembled for worship in the Spital in Bishopsgate Street, London, and appear to have been the first congregation among the baptists that practised the laying on of hands on baptised believers at their reception into the church. This custom was introduced among them about 1646 by Mr. Cornwell (D'Anvers, Treatise of Laying on of Hands, 58; T. Edwards, Gan​græna, 2nd edit. 136, 137). Previously to the year 1641 Barber was kept eleven months in Newgate for denying the baptism of infants and that the payment of tithes to the clergy was God's ordinance under the gospel (Preface to his Treatise of Baptism; and his petition to the king and parliament). He preached his doctrines in season and out of season, and he has himself left an account of the disturbance he caused in 1648 in the parish church of St. Benet Fink. The date of his death is unknown, but in 1674 he was succeeded in the care of the baptist church in Bishopsgate by Jonathan Jennings.
He is the author of: 1. ‘To the King's most Excellent Maiesty, and the Honourable Court of Parliament. The humble Petition of many his Maiesties loyall and faithfull subiects, some of which having beene miserably persecuted by the Prelates and their Adherents, by all rigorous courses, for their Consciences, practising nothing but what was instituted by the Lord Jesus Christ,’ &c., London, 1641, s. sh. fol. This petition, which prays for liberty of worship for the baptists, is signed ‘Edward Barber, sometimes Prisoner in Newgate for the Gospel of Christ.’ 2. ‘A small Treatise of Baptisme, or, Dipping, wherein is cleerely shewed that the Lord Christ ordained Dipping for those only that professe repentance and faith. (1) Proved by Scriptures; (2) By Arguments; (3) A paralell betwixt circumcision and dipping; (4) An answer to some objections by P[raisegod] B[arebone],’ London, 1641, 4to. 3. ‘A declaration and vindication of the carriage of Edward Barber, at the parish meeting house of Benetfinck, London, Fryday the 14 of Iuly 1648, after the morning exercise of Mr. Callamy was ended, wherein the pride of the Ministers, and Babylonish or confused carriage of the hearers is laid down,’ London, 1648, 4to. 4. ‘An Answer to the Essex Watchmens Watchword, being 63 of them in number. Or a discovery of their Ignorance, in denying liberty to tender consciences in religious worship, to be granted alike to all,’ London, 1649, 4to.
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mucklow, William

​MUCKLOW, WILLIAM (1631–1713), quaker controversialist, born in 1631, appears to have lived at Mortlake in Surrey, and to have early attached himself to the quakers. Before 1673 he retired from the community along with a small faction who resisted the custom of removing the hat in prayer, which Mucklow considered a 'formal ceremony' [see under Perrot, John], He published his views in 'The Spirit of the Hat, or the Government of the Quakers among themselves, as it hath been exercised of late years by George Fox, and other Leading-Men in their Monday, or Second-dayes Meeting at Devonshire-House brought to Light,' London, 1673 (edited by G. J.) This was twice reprinted, under the title of 'A Bemoaning Letter of an Ingenious Quaker, To a Friend of his,' &c., London, 1700. Mucklow's pamphlet was answered by William Penn [q. v.] in 'The Spirit of Alexander the Copper-Smith (lately revived; now) justly rebuked,' 1673. Mucklow and some others thereupon published ' Tyranny and Hypocrisy detected, or a further Discovery of the Tyrannical Government, Popish-Principles, and vile Practices of the now leading Quakers,' London, 1673. Penn answered this in ' Judas and the Jews, combined against Christ and his Followers,' 1673.
Mucklow next wrote 'Liberty of Conscience asserted against Imposition: Proposed in Several Sober Queries to those of the People called Quakers,' &c., London, 1673-4, to which George Whitehead [q. v.] replied with 'The Apostate Incendiary rebuked, and the People called Quakers vindicated, from Romish Hierarchy and Imposition,' 1673. Mucklow resumed his connection with the quakers some years later, and George Whitehead in a manuscript note, dated 21 July 1704, upon the title-page of a copy of the 'Apostate Incendiary,' desired that it should never be reprinted, since Mucklow had then been 'in charity with Friends for many years past.'
Mucklow died at Mortlake 18 June 1713. His wife, Priscilla, died 6 Oct. 1679. Their daughter married a son of the pamphleteer Thomas Zachary of Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire.
[Smith's Cat. ii. 190-1, 288, 893, and Suppl. 1893, 253-4; registers at Devonshire House; Library of the Meeting for Sufferings.]
C. F. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mudge, Henry

​MUDGE, HENRY (1806–1874), temperance advocate, son of Thomas Mudge, was born at Tower Hill House, Bodmin, 29 July 1806. He was educated at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, became a licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries 1828, and a member of the Royal College of Surgeons in the following year. He commenced practice in his native town, where he remained throughout his life. From the first he advocated strict temperance principles, never prescribing wines or spirits for his patients. In his later years he said that he had always been willing to give sick people alcohol had it been necessary for their cure, but such a 'necessity had not arisen in his experience. He also opposed the use of tobacco. He edited 'The Western Temperance Luminary,' 1838, twelve numbers, 'The Bodmin Temperance Luminary,' 1840–1, twelve numbers, and ' The Cornwall and Devon Temperance Journal,' 1851–8, eight volumes. Although so stern an advocate of temperance he did not approve of the Rechabites or the Oddfellows, and attacked their principles in 'Rechabitism: a Letter showing the Instability of the Independent Order of Rechabites,' 1844; 'An Exposure of Odd Fellowship, shewing that the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Manchester Unity, is Unscriptural, and its Constitution unjust in its Finance … and immoral in its Practice,' 1845; and 'Caution and Testimony against Odd Fellowship,' 1846. He was twice mayor of Bodmin, and for many years a class-leader of the Wesleyan Methodist connexion. He died at Fore Street, Bodmin, 27 June 1874, leaving an only child, wife of J. S. Pethybridge, bankmanager.
Besides the works already mentioned, he wrote:
* 'Rescued Texts or Teetotalism put under the Protection of the Gospel; being a critical Exposition of Texts of Scripture referring to 'lemperance. … With a Key to the Wine Quest ion for the Unlearned,' 1853; 3rd edit. 1856.
* 'Alcoholics: a Letter to Practitioners in Medicine,' 1856.
* 'Physiology, Health and Disease demanding Abstinence from Alcoholic Drinks, and Prohibition of their common Sale. A Course of five Lectures,' 1859.
* 'Dialogues, &c., against the Use of Tobacco,' 1861.
* 'A Guide to the Treatment of Disease without Alcoholic Liquors,' 1863.
[Western Morning News. 29 June 1874, p. 2; Boase and Courtney's Bibl. Cornub. 1874–82, pp. 377–8, 1290.]
G. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mozley, Anne

​MOZLEY, ANNE (1809–1891), author, sister of Thomas and J. B. Mozley, both of whom are separately noticed, was born at Gainsborough on 17 Sept. 1809, and in 1815 removed with the rest of the family to Derby. She took charge of her brother Thomas's house when he became curate of Buckland in 1832, and devoted herself to literary work. In 1837 she published 'Passages from the Poets,' in 1843 a volume of 'Church Poetry,' in 1845 'Days and Seasons,' and in 1849 'Poetry Past and Present.' From 1847 she reviewed books for the 'Christian Remembrancer.' In 1859 she wrote for 'Bentley's Quarterly' a review of 'Adam Bede,' which George Eliot described as 'the best review we have seen.' From 1861 to 1877 Miss Mozley contributed to the 'Saturday Review,' and two volumes of these essays, one of which reached a fourth edition, were reprinted under the title 'Essays on Social Subjects.' In 1865 she began to write for 'Blackwood's Magazine.' After the death of her mother in 1867, Anne resided with her youngest sister at Barrow-on-Trent. She subsequently returned to Derby, where she died on 27 June 1891. Like her brother Thomas, Miss Mozley suffered from partial loss of sight, which became total two years before her death. Besides the works already mentioned Miss Mozley edited 'The Letters of J. B. Mozley,' 1885, 8vo, and 'The Letters and Correspondence of Cardinal Newman,' 2 vols., 1891, 8vo. A volume of 'Essays from Blackwood' was reprinted in 1892, Edinburgh, 8vo, to which was prefixed a memoir by Dr. John Wordsworth, bishop of Salisbury.
[Works in Brit. Mus. Libr.; Monthly Packet, September 1891; Memoir by Bishop Wordsworth; authorities for Thomas Mozley, and information kindly supplied by H. N. Mozley, esq., King's College, Cambridge.]
A. F. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mudd, Thomas

​MUDD, THOMAS (fl. 1577–1590), musical composer, born about 1560, was probably son of a London mercer, and was educated at St. Paul's School. After matriculating as a sizar from Caius College, Cambridge, in June 1577, he held from 1578 to 1584 the Pauline exhibition reserved for mercers' sons, at the suit of Dean Nowell ​[q. v.] (Gardiner, St. Paul's School). He proceeded B.A. from Peterhouse 1580, M.A. 1584, and was elected fellow of Pembroke Hall. He was still living, and a fellow, in 1590. Mudd was the author of a lost comedy in which, it was complained, he 'had censured and too saucily reflected on the Mayor of Cambridge.' The vice-chancellor accordingly, on 23 Feb. 1582, committed Mudd to the Tolbooth for three days; on the 26th he, at the vice-chancellor's command, acknowledged his fault before the mayor, and asked his pardon, which was freely granted (Cooper, Athenæ, ii. 59).
Meres, in his Palladis Tamia' (1598), writes of 'M. Thomas Mudd, some time fellow of Pembroke Hall in Cambridge,' as one of sixteen excellent contemporary musicians. He was probably the composer of:
* A series of pieces written for four viols, Ayres, Almaine, Corrantos, and Sarabands (Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 18940-4).
* An In Nomine in four parts (ib. 31390, fol. 116 b).
* A full anthem in four parts, 'O God which hast prepared' (Tudway's collection, ib. Harl. MS. 7340, p. 79).
* Fragments of a service in D minor or F.
* Anthems, ' Bow down Thine Eare,' 'I will alway,' and 'We beseech Thee' (all at Ely Cathedral).
Other compositions by Mudd are at Lichfield, Hereford, and Peterhouse. There is mention of Mudd's 'I will sing the Mercies' in Clifford's 'Words of Anthems.'
In the catalogue of Ely manuscripts a John or Thomas Mudd is said to have been organist at Peterborough between 1580 and 1620. But the Peterborough organist is doubtless identical, not with the Cambridge composer, but with Mudd, an unruly organist of Lincoln, who held office there in 1662 and 1663.
[Cooper's Athenæ Cantabrigienses, ii. 59; Gardiner's Registers of St. Paul's School, pp. 26, 399; Hawes and Loder's Framlingham, p. 24; Dickson's Catalogue of Ely Manuscripts; Reports of the Lincolnshire, &c., Archæological Society, xx. 42, 43; information kindly supplied by Mr. H. Davey of Brighton.]
L. M. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Scharpe, George

​SCHARPE, GEORGE (d. 1638), professor of medicine, was born in Scotland, and studied medicine at Montpellier. He graduated there in 1607, and in 1619 was the successful candidate out of eleven applicants, one of them Adam Abernethy, a fellow countryman, for the chair vacant by the death of Varandé. He had published his theses as a candidate, entitled ‘Quæstiones Medicæ,’ at Montpellier in 1617. In 1632, in the absence of Ranchin, he was vice-chancellor of the faculty. He was not popular with his colleagues. In 1631, when proctor, he was admonished for fomenting quarrels, for arrogance at public examinations, and for personalities in conversation. He was threatened with a fine and deposition if he again transgressed; yet in 1634, at a meeting of the faculty, he denounced André, who had charge of the botanical garden, as an ignoramus, and, though ordered to remain till ​the end of the deliberations, withdrew in a huff. Duranc, his future successor, left with him, and both were formally censured. He had probably already received an invitation from Bologna, for in the same year he went thither to fill a well-endowed chair at the medical school. He nominated Duranc as his locum tenens at Montpellier, and, though the faculty declared the professorship vacant, the bishop of Montpellier, Fenouillet, maintained that Scharpe, having had leave of absence from the king, intended to return to his post. The dispute was referred to the Toulouse parliament; but before it pronounced judgment against Scharpe, he died at Bologna in 1638. His son Claude, who thereupon went back to Montpellier to complete his studies, became a lecturer on logic and philosophy, and published his father's lectures, under the title of ‘Institutiones Medicæ.’ Gui Patin, though not acquainted with Scharpe, considered him a very learned man and an able logician; but was informed by Gabriel Naudé and other trustworthy authorities that he was addicted to intemperance, and died of its effects.
J. G. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Scheemakers, Peter

1904 Errata appended. Contains subarticle Thomas Scheemakers (1740–1808).
​SCHEEMAKERS, PETER (1691–1770), sculptor, was born at Antwerp in 1691. He went to Denmark, where he worked as a journeyman, and thence walked to Rome. Before he arrived there his means were so exhausted that he was obliged to sell some of his shirts. After a short stay in Italy, he came to London and worked for Pierre Denis Plumier and Francis Bird [q. v.] in company with Laurent Delvaux [q. v.], his friend and fellow-countryman, with whom and Peter Angelis [q. v.] he returned to Rome in 1728. He made numerous small models of celebrated groups and statues, which he brought with him to England in 1735, visiting his birthplace on the way. He first settled in St. Martin's Lane, and afterwards in Old Palace Yard, Westminster, in premises subsequently occupied by his pupil Cheere [see Cheere, Sir Henry]. In 1741 he removed to Vine Street, Piccadilly. He and Delvaux executed, as a trial of mastery, two marble groups of Vertumnus and Pomona and Venus and Adonis for the gardens at Stowe, and co-operated in the monuments to John Sheffield, duke of Buckinghamshire, and Dr. Hugh Chamberlain in Westminster Abbey. For the gardens at Stowe Scheemakers executed life-size statues of Lycurgus, Socrates, Homer, and Epaminondas, a bust of Richard Grenville, Earl Temple, a colossal statue of George II, and probably other works. His monuments in Westminster Abbey, besides the two already mentioned, are to Sir Henry Belasyse, Sir Charles Wager, Admiral Watson, Admiral Sir John Balchen, Lord Aubrey Beauclerk, Percy Kirk, Dr. Mead, Dr. John Woodward, and John Dryden, the last of which was erected by the Duke of Buckinghamshire. The statue of Shakespeare in the abbey was carved by him from the design of Kent. He also executed a monument to Dr. Mead for the Temple Church, statues of Sir John Barnard for the Royal Exchange, of William III at Hull, of Admiral Pocock, Major Lawrence, and Lord Clive for the India House, of Thomas Guy [q. v.] for Guy's Hospital, and of Edward VI for St. Thomas's Hospital. The last two are in bronze. His pictures, models, and marbles were sold by Langford in 1756 and 1757. Several of his works, including two large vases, were in Earl Tilney's collection at Wanstead House (sold in 1822); and at the seat of Lord Ferrers at Staunton Hall are busts by Scheemakers of the Hon. Laurence Shirley, tenth son of the first Earl Ferrers, his wife and four of their children. In 1769 he retired to Antwerp, where he died in the following year.
His son, Thomas Scheemakers (1740–1808), was also a sculptor. He exhibited sixty-two works at the Free Society of Artists and the Royal Academy between 1765 and 1804. He died on 15 July 1808, and was buried in St. Pancras old churchyard.
C. M.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.242 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
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