OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Krishna

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​KRISHNA (the Dark One), an incarnation of Vishnu, or rather the form in which Vishnu himself is the most popular object of worship throughout northern India. In origin, Krishna, like Rama, was undoubtedly a deified hero of the Kshatriya caste. In the older framework of the Mahābhārata he appears as a great chieftain and ally of the Pandava brothers; and it is only in the interpolated episode of the Bhagavad-gita that he is identified with Vishnu and becomes the revealer of the doctrine of bhakti or religious devotion. Of still later date are the popular developments of the modern cult of Krishna associated with Radha, as found in the Vishnu Purana. Here he is represented as the son of a king saved from a slaughter of the innocents, brought up by a cowherd, sporting with the milkmaids, and performing miraculous feats in his childhood. The scene is laid in the neighbourhood of Muttra, on the right bank of the Jumna, where the whole country to the present day is holy ground. Another place associated with incidents of his later life is Dwarka, the westernmost point in the peninsula of Kathiawar. The two most famous preachers of Krishna-worship and founders of sects in his honour were Vallabha and Chaitanya, both born towards the close of the 15th century. The followers of the former are now found chiefly in Rajputana and Gujarat. They are known as Vallabhacharyas, and their gosains or high priests as maharajas, to whom semi-divine honours are paid. The licentious practices of this sect were exposed in a lawsuit before the high court at Bombay in 1862. Chaitanya was the Vaishnav reformer of Bengal, with his home at Nadiya. A third influential Krishna-preacher of the 19th century was Swami Narayan, who was encountered by Bishop Heber in Gujarat, where his followers at this day are numerous and wealthy. Among the names of Krishna are Gopal, the cowherd; Gopinath, the lord of the milkmaids; and Mathuranath, the lord of Muttra. His legitimate consort was Rukmini, daughter of the king of Berar; but Radha is always associated with him in his temples. (See Hinduism.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Kriegspiel

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​KRIEGSPIEL (Kriegsspiel), the original German name, still used to some extent in England, for the War Game (q.v.).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Krishnagar

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​KRISHNAGAR, a town of British India, headquarters of Nadia district in Bengal, situated on the left bank of the river Jalangi and connected with Ranaghat, on the Eastern Bengal railway, by a light railway. Pop. (1901), 24,547. It is the residence of the raja of Nadia and contains a government college. Coloured clay figures are manufactured.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Kristianstad

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​KRISTIANSTAD (Christianstad), a port of Sweden, chief town of the district (län) of Kristianstad, on a peninsula in Lake Sjövik, an expansion of the river Helge, 10 m. from the Baltic. Pop. (1900), 10,318. Its harbour, custom-house, &c., are at Åhus at the mouth of the river. It is among the first twelve manufacturing towns of Sweden as regards value of output, having engineering works, flour-mills, distilleries, weaving mills and sugar factories. Granite and wood-pulp are exported, and coal and grain imported. The town is the seat of the court of appeal for the provinces of Skane and Blekinge. It was founded and fortified in 1614 by Christian IV. of Denmark, who built the fine ornate church. The town was ceded to Sweden in 1658, retaken by Christian V. in 1676, and again acquired by Sweden in 1678.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Krivoy Rog

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​KRIVOY ROG, a town of south Russia, in the government of Kherson, on the Ingulets River, near the station of the same name on the Ekaterinoslav railway, 113 m. S.W. of the city of Ekaterinoslav. Pop. (1900), about 10,000. It is the centre of a district very rich in minerals, obtained from a narrow stretch of crystalline schists underlying the Tertiary deposits. Iron ores (60 to 70% of iron), copper ores, colours, brown coal, graphite, slate, and lithographic stone are obtained—nearly 2,000,000 tons of iron ore annually.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Krochmal, Naḥman

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​KROCHMAL, NAḤMAN (1785–1840), Jewish scholar, was born at Brody in Galicia in 1785. He was one of the pioneers in the revival of Jewish learning which followed on the age of Moses Mendelssohn. His chief work was the Moreh Nebuche hazeman (“Guide for the Perplexed of the Age”), a title imitated from that of the 12th-century “Guide for the Perplexed” of Maimonides (q.v.). This book was not published till after the author’s death, when it was edited by Zunz (1851). The book is a philosophy of Jewish history, and has a double importance. On the one side it was a critical examination of the Rabbinic literature and much influenced subsequent investigators. On the other side, Krochmal, in the words of N. Slouschz, “was the first Jewish scholar who views Judaism, not as a distinct and independent entity, but as a part of the whole of civilization.” Krochmal, under Hegelian influences, regarded the nationality of Israel as consisting in its religious genius, its spiritual gifts. Thus Krochmal may be called the originator of the idea of the mission of the Jewish people, “cultural Zionism” as it has more recently been termed. He died at Tarnopol in 1840.
See S. Schechter, Studies in Judaism (1896), pp. 56 seq.; N. Slouschz, Renascence of Hebrew Literature (1909), pp. 63 seq. (I. A.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Kronenberg

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​KRONENBERG, a town of Germany in the Prussian Rhine Province, 6 m. S.W. from Elberfeld, with which it is connected by railway and by an electric tramway line. Pop. (1905), 11,340. It is a scattered community, consisting of an agglomeration of seventy-three different hamlets. It has a Roman Catholic and two Protestant churches, a handsome modern town-hall and considerable industries, consisting mainly of steel and iron manufactures.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Neusalz

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​NEUSALZ, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Silesia, on the Oder, 20 m. by rail N.W. of Glogau. Pop. (1905) 13,002. It has three Evangelical churches, one of which belongs to the Herrnhut brotherhood, a Roman Catholic church and an orphanage. Its largest industry is, perhaps, the manufacture of thread; there are also in the town ironworks, breweries, shipbuilding yards and electrical works. Neusalz became a town in 1743.
See Bronisch, Geschichte von Neusalz an der Oder (Neusalz, 1893).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Neutitschein

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​NEUTITSCHEIN (Czech Nový Jičín), a town of Austria, in Moravia, 75 m. N.E. of Brünn by rail. Pop. (1900) 11,891, chiefly German. It is situated on a spur of the Carpathians, and on the banks of the Titsch, an affluent of the Oder. It is the chief place in the Kuhländchen, a fertile valley peopled by German settlers, who rear cattle and cultivate flax. At Neutitschein manufactures of woollen cloth, flannel, hats, carriages and tobacco are carried on; and it is also the centre of a brisk trade. The town was founded in 1311. Neutitschein was in 1790 the headquarters of the Austrian field-marshal Loudon, who died here in the same year and is buried in the parish church.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Neuss

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​NEUSS, a town of Germany, in the Prussian Rhine province, lies 4 m. to the W. of Düsseldorf and 11/2 m. from the W. bank of the Rhine, with which it is connected by the Erft canal. It lies at the junction of lines to Cologne, Viersen, Zevenaar (Holland), Düsseldorf, Duren and Rheydt. Pop. (1905) 30,494, of whom 95% were Catholics. The chief building in the town is the church of St Quirinus, a remarkably fine example of the transition from the Round to the Pointed style; and there are six other Roman Catholic churches, two Protestant churches and a gymnasium, which contains a collection of Roman antiquities. The town hall was built in the 17th and altered in the 18th century. The old fortifications are now laid out as a promenade encircling the town. Neuss produces oil and meal, and also manufactures woollen stuffs, chemicals and paper, bricks and iron-ware. Its markets for cereals are among the most important in Prussia, and it is also the centre of a brisk trade in cattle, coals, building materials and the products of its various manufactories.
Neuss, the Novaesium of the Romans, frequently mentioned by Tacitus, formerly lay close to the Rhine, and was the natural centre of the district of which Düsseldorf has become the chief town. Drusus, brother of the emperor Tiberius, threw a bridge across the Rhine here, and his name is preserved in the Drusustor, the lower half of which is of Roman masonry. In 1474–1475 Charles the Bold of Burgundy besieged the town in vain for eleven months, during which he lost 10,000 men; but it was taken and sacked by Alexander Farnese in 1586. Since 1887 extensive excavations have been made of the foundations of a huge Roman camp, and many valuable Roman treasures have been unearthed.
See C. Tücking, Geschichte der Stadt Neuss (Düsseldorf, 1891); F. Schmitz, Der Neusser Krieg, 1474–1475 (Bonn, 1896); W. Effmann, Die St Quirinus Kirche zu Neuss (Düsseldorf, 1890); and Band xx. of the Chroniken der deutschen Städte.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Neustria

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​NEUSTRIA, the old name given to the western kingdom of the Franks, as opposed to the eastern kingdom, Austrasia (q.v.). The most ancient form of the word is Niuster, from niust, which would make the word signify the “most recent” conquests of the Franks. The word Neustria does not appear as early as the Historia Francorum of Gregory of Tours, but is found for the first time in Fredegarius. The kingdom of Chilperic was retrospectively given this name, and in contemporary usage it was given to the kingdom of Clovis II., as opposed to that of Sigebert III., the two sons of Dagobert; and after that, the princes reigning in the West were called kings of Neustria, and those reigning in the East, kings of Austrasia. Under the new Carolingian dynasty, Pippin and Charlemagne restored the unity of the Frankish realm, and then the word Neustria was restricted to the district between the Loire and the Seine, together with part of the diocese of Rouen north of the Seine; while Austrasia comprised only the Frankish dominions beyond the Rhine, perhaps with the addition of the three cities of Mainz, Worms and Spires on the left bank. The districts between Neustria and Austrasia were called Media Francia or simply Francia. In 843 Brittany took from Neustria the countships of Rennes and Nantes; and gradually the term Neustria came to be restricted to the district which was later called Normandy. Dudo of Saint Quentin, who flourished about the year 1000, gives the name Neustria to the lands ceded to Rollo and his followers during the 10th century. In the year 1663, the Père de Moustier gave to his work on the churches and abbeys of Normandy the title of Neustria pia.
At the time of Charlemagne, Lombardy was divided into five provinces: Neustria, Austrasia, Aemilia, Littoraria maris and Tuscia. Austrasia was the name given to eastern Lombardy, and Neustria that given to western Lombardy, the part last occupied by the Lombards.
See F. Bourquelet, “Sens des mots France et Neustrie sous le régime mérovingien,” in the Bibliothèque de l’école des chartes, xxvi. 566-574; Longnon, Atlas historique de la France, both atlas and text. (C. Pf.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Neuri

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​NEURI, an ancient tribe placed by Herodotus (iv. 105) to the north-east of Scythia. He says of it that it is not Scythian, but has Scythian customs. Every member of it, being a wizard, becomes a wolf once a year. The position assigned to their district appears to be about the head waters of the Dniester and Bug (Bugh) and the central course of the Dnieper just the region which, on general grounds, place-names, recorded migra tions and modern distribution, appears to be the original location of the Slavs (q.v.). The wolf story again recalls the tales of werewolves so common among Slavonic peoples, and there is much probability in Schafarik’s conjecture that the Neuri are nothing but the ancestors of the Slavs. (E. H. M.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Neustadt

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​NEUSTADT (Polish, Prudnik), a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Silesia, on the river Prudnik, 60 m. by rail S.E. of Breslau. It has four Roman Catholic churches and one Evangelical. Pop. (1905) 20,187, the greater part of whom are ​Roman Catholics. The chief industries are tanning, dyeing and the manufacture of damask linen woollen stuffs leather and beer.
In 1745, 1760 and 1779 engagements between the Austrians and Prussians took place near Neustadt, which on the last occasion was bombarded and set on fire.
See Weltzel, Geschichte der Stadt Neustadt (Neustadt, 1870).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Neustadt-an-der-Haardt

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​NEUSTADT-AN-DER-HAARDT, a town of Germany, in the Bavarian Palatinate, picturesquely situated under the eastern slope of the Haardt Mountains and at the mouth of the valley of the Speyerbach, 14 m. W. of Spires, and at the junction of railway lines to Worms, Weissenburg and Monsheim. Pop. (1905) 18,576. It has four churches, two Evangelical and two Roman Catholic. The Protestant abbey church, a fine Gothic edifice dating from the 14th century, contains the tombs of several of the counts palatine of the Rhine. The Roman Catholic Ludwigskirche is a modern Gothic structure. The chief industries of the town are cloth, paper, furniture, soap, starch and hats. It has also breweries and distilleries. A brisk trade is carried on in wood, grain, fruit and wine, all of which are extensively produced in the vicinity. Neustadt, which became a town in 1275, is one of the centres of the Rhenish “grape-cure,” and thus attracts numerous visitors.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pizzo

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​PIZZO, a seaport of Calabria, Italy in the proxince of Catanzaro, 72 m. by rail N.E. of Reggio, situated on a steep cliff overlooking the Gulf of Santa Eufemia, 351 ft. above sea-level. Pop. (1901), 9172. It has an old castle, in which Joachim Murat, ex-king of Naples, was shot on the 13th of October 1815. The people engage in tunny- and coral-fishing. In 1783 the town was almost destroyed by an earthquake, and it suffered some damage from the same cause in 1905.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Place

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​PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. plates, street, Gr. πλατύς, wide), a definite position in space, whether of limited or unlimited extent, situation or locality; also position in a series or rank; or an office, or employment, particularly one in the service of a government. Special applications are to an open space in a town, a group of buildings, row of houses, or as the name of a residence or manor-house. In certain cases this latter use accounts for the occurrence of parts of a town being known as Place, e.g. Ely Place in London, formerly the site of the town residence of the bishops of Ely. A " place of arms " (Fr. place d'armes), in fortification, means the wide spaces (suitable for the assembly of troops for a sortie) made by the salients and re-entrants of the covered Way. The phrase is also used in a strategic sense to express an entrenched camp or fortress in which a large army can be collected under cover previous to taking the field.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Piura

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PIURA, the northernmost maritime department of Peru, bounded north by the Gulf of Guayaquil, N.E. by Ecuador, S. by the departments of Cajamarca and Lambayeque, and W. by the Pacific. Area, 14,849 sq. m.; pop. (1906, estimate), 154,080— both totals exclusive of the province of Tumbes, or Tumbez (area, about 1980 sq. m.; pop., in 1906, about 8000), which has been administratively separated from the department for military reasons. The department belongs partly to the arid coastal plain that extends from the Gulf of Guayaquil southward nearly to Valparaiso, and partly to a broken mountainous region belonging to the Western Cordilleras. The coastal zone is traversed by the Tumbes, Chira and Piura rivers, which have their sources in the melting snows of the higher Andes and flow westward across the desert to the coast. The valleys of the Chira and Piura are irrigated and maintain large populations. Rough cotton, called "vegetable wool," and tobacco are the principal products, and are also produced in the valley of the Tumbes and in some of the elevated mountain districts. On the upland pastures cattle have long been raised, and goatbreeding has been added in modern times. Mules also are reared. Petroleum is an important product, and there are wells at a number of places along the coast, from Tumbes to Sechura, the most productive being those of Talara and Zorritos. There are sulphur deposits in the Sechura desert, and salt is manufactured at some places on the southern coast. The making of Panama hats from the fibre of the "toquilla" palm is a household industry. The capital is Piura (est. pop. 9100 in 1906), on the Piura river, about 35 m. (direct) E.S.E. of Paita, and 1*4 ft. above sea-level. It was founded by Pizarro in 1531 under the name of San Miguel, at a place called Tangarara, nearer Paita, but the present site was afterwards adopted. A railway (60 m. long) by way of Sullana connects with the port of Paita, and an extension of 6 m. runs S.S.E. to Catacaos. Other towns of the department, with their estimated populations in 1906, are: Tumbes, or Tumbez (2300), the most northern port cf Peru, on the Gulf of Guayaquil, celebrated as the place where Pizarro landed in 1531; Paita; Sechura (6450), on Sechura Bay in the southern part of the department, with exports of salt and sulphur; SuDaria (5300), an inland town with railway connexions in the fertile Chira valley; Moiropon (3800) on the upper Piura; Huancabamba, the centre of a tobacco district in the mountains; and Tambo Grande (6100) and Chulucanas (4600), both in the fertile Piura valley above the capital.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pivot

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​PIVOT (Fr. pivot; probably connected with Ital. pivolo, peg, pin, diminutive of piva, pipa, pipe), that on which something turns, specifically a metal pointed pin or short shaft in machinery, sucb as the end of an axle or spindle. The term occurs frequently in. combination with other words, chiefly in technical usage, e.g. “pivot-gearing,” for a system of gearing in machinery which admits of the shifting of the axis of a driving wheel, so that the power may be communicated in various directions.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Placard

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​PLACARD (15th cent. Fr. plackart, from plaquier; mod. plaquer, to plaster), a bill or poster pasted or affixed to a wall or in anv prominent position for the purpose of giving notice to the public of a proclamation, police or other regulations, or of forthcoming events or the like.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Piśāca Languages

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​PIŚĀCA LANGUAGES, the name which has been given to a family of languages spoken immediately to the south of the Hindu Kush, and north of the frontier of British India. The family includes the group of Kāfir languages spoken in Kafiristān, Khowar, spoken in the Chitral country, and the group of Shīnā languages, which includes the Shīnā of Gilgit, Kōhistānī, spoken in the Kohistans of the Indus and Swat rivers, and Kashmiri. Of all these Kashmiri is the only one which has received any literary cultivation, and of which the number of speakers is known. The Piśāca languages are Aryan by origin, but are neither Iranian nor Indo-Aryan. (See Indo-Aryan Languages and Kashmiri.)  (G. A. Gr.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pityriasis Versicolor

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​PITYRIASIS VERSICOLOR (Gr. πίτυρίασις, scurf, from πίτυρον, bran), a skin disease, consisting of patches of brownish discolorations of various sizes and shapes, mostly on the front of the body, and often attended with itching, especially after heating exercise. The pigmentation seems to radiate from the orifices of hair-follicles. The epidermis is in a scaly condition over the patch, and among the débris of the epidermic cell there may be seen minute oval spores due to a vegetable parasite the Microsporon furfur. The disease is mostly one of adult age, found all over the world, and not associated in any special way with poor general health. The treatment consists of rubbing in an ointment of potassium sulphide or one of the mercurial ointments, or using sulphur-soap habitually.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pizzicato

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​PIZZICATO (from Ital. pizzicare, to pluck or twitch), a term in music for a direction to the players of stringed instruments, that the passage so marked is to be played by plucking the strings with the fingers instead of using the bow.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Oderberg

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​ODERBERG, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Brandenburg, on the Alte Oder, 2 m. from Bralitz, a station 44 m. N.W. from Frankfort-on-Oder, by the railway to Angermünde. Pop. (1905) 4,015. It has a fine Gothic church, dedicated to St Nicholas, and the ruins of an ancient castle, called Bärenkasten. Oderberg is an important emporium for the Russian timber trade.