OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stirling-Maxwell, Sir William

See also Sir William Stirling-Maxwell, 9th Baronet on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​STIRLING-MAXWELL, SIR WILLIAM, Bart. (1818–1878), Scottish man of letters and virtuoso, the only son of Archibald Stirling of Keir, Perthshire, and of Elizabeth, third daughter of Sir John Maxwell, seventh baronet of Pollok, Renfrewshire, was born at Kenmure, near Glasgow, on the 8th of March, 1818. William Stirling was educated privately and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1839. On leaving Cambridge he spent some years abroad, chiefly in Spain and Syria. Having succeeded his father as proprietor of Keir in 1847, when he was made vice-lieutenant of Perthshire, he in 1852 entered parliament as member for that county; and he was several times re-elected. On the death of his uncle in 1865 he succeeded to the baronetcy and estates of Pollok, assuming the additional name of Maxwell. In the same year he became deputy-lieutenant of Lanarkshire, and a like office was conferred on him in Renfrewshire in 1870. He married in 1865 Anna Maria, daughter of the 10th earl of Leven and Melville. She died in 1874, and in 1876 Sir William married Caroline Norton. In 1862 he was chosen lord rector of St Andrews, in 1872 the same honour was conferred by Edinburgh, and in 1876 he became chancellor of Glasgow. He was a trustee of the British Museum, of the National Gallery, and member of the senate of London University. In 1876 he was created a Knight of the Thistle, being the only commoner of the order. He died at Venice on the 15th of January 1878.
Sir W. Stirling-Maxwell’s works, which are invariably characterized by thorough workmanship and excellent taste, were in some cases issued for private circulation only, and almost all of them are now exceedingly rare. They include an early volume of verse (Songs of the Holy Land, 1848), and several volumes containing costly reproductions of old engravings, along with valuable explanatory matter. His best-known publications are Annals of the Artists of Spain (1848), The Cloister Life of Charles V. (1852). Part of the Annals was revised and published as Velasquez and his Works (1855). The Cloister Life was at once recognized as a valuable contribution to history, but its importance was lessened by the appearance a year or two later of Mignet’s Charles-Quint and L. P. Gachard’s Retraite et mort de Charles-Quint. A life of Don John of Austria, from his posthumous papers, edited by Sir G. W. Cox, appeared in 1883. A collected edition of his works, with a short memoir, appeared in 1891.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stirrup

See also Stirrup on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​STIRRUP (O. Eng. stirap, stigrap, M. Eng. stirop, styrope, &.c., i.e. a mounting or climbing-rope; O. Eng. stigan, to mount, climb, and rap, rope, cf. Du. stijbeugel, literally mounting bow or loop, Ger. Steigbügel) , a loop usually of metal, suspended by an adjustable strap from the saddle and used as a support for the foot of a rider of a horse when seated in the saddle and as an aid in mounting. The earliest use of stirrups seems to have been in the East, for they are mentioned in early Chinese literature and examples which must be earlier than the 7th century A.D. have been found in Japan. The Greeks and Romans did not use them but mounted by vaulting or from a mounting block (see Saddlery and Harness). The earliest evidence of their use in Europe is in the Art of War of the emperor Maurice (A.D. 582–602). They were probably brought into use by the nomad horsemen of Asia. The stirrup of the early middle ages seems to have been light and semicircular or triangular in shape. By the 14th century the footplate became broader and the sides heavier and ornamented. By the 16th century this ornamentation increases ​and open metal-work is used. The Arab stirrup is very large, affording a rest for the entire sole of the foot; sometimes the heel part projects and terminates in a sharp point used as a spur.
See the plates in F. Hotteuroth, Trachten, Haus- Feld- und Kriegsgeräthschaften, &c. (1901); and R. Zschille, Die Steigbügel in ihrer Formen-Entwicklung (1896).
# A Conchological Manual/Plate 21

| Fig. 444 to 462. | Fam. Convolutæ. 444.  Cypræovulum capense. 445. Cypræa arabica, back. 446. The same, front. 447. Cypræa Algoensis. Luponia, Gray, front. 449. —— Pediculus. Trivia, Gray, back. 450. The same, front. 451. Terebellum convolutum. Seraphs, Montf. 452. —— subulatum, front. 454. Erato Mangeriæ. 455. Ancillaria glabrata. Anolax, Brongn. 456. —— cinnamonea. 457. Oliva Maura. 458. —— subulata. Hiatula, Sw. 459. Conus nocturnus. Rhombus, Montf. 460. —— Nussatella. Hermes, Montf. 461. —— Textile. Cylinder, Montf. 462. —— geographus. Rollus, Montf. |
# A Conchological Manual/Plate 22

| Fig. 463 to 479. | Order. Cephalopoda. First Division. Polythalamous Cephalopoda. Fam. Orthocerata. 463.  Amplexus coralloides. (from Sow. Min. Con.) 464. Orthoceratites annulatus. 465. Nodosaria æqualis. 466. Belemnites, with the outer coat broken to shew the alveole. 467. —— portion of the alveole separated. 468. —— hastatus. Hibolithes, Montf. (from Blainville.) 469. Conularia quadrisulcata. 470. Conilites pyramidatus, (from Blainville.) Fam. Lituacea. 471. Spirula Peronii. Fam. Nautilacea. 472. Nummulites buticularis, outside. Helicites, Bl. Camerina, Brookes. 473. The same inside, to shew the chambers. 474. Nautilus pompilius, young. See Frontispiece. 475. Simplegas sulcata. 476. Endosiphonites. (from Camb. Philos. Trans.) Fam. Ammonacea. 477. Ammonoceras. (from Blainville.) 478. Ammonites; a, break in the shell, showing the sinuous septa. 479. Orbulites crassus. Globulites, Nonnul. Angulites, Montf. reduced. |
# A Conchological Manual/Plate 3

| Fig. 60 to 78. | Fam. Solenacea. 60.  Solen ensis. Ensis, Schum. Ensatella, Sw. 61. Solen radiatus. Solenocurtus, Bl. Leguminaria, Schum. Siliqua, Megerle. 62. Lepton squamosum. (from Turton.) 63. Novaculina gangetica. 64. Glanconome Chinensis. 65. Panopæa Australis. $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ (From Sowerby's Genera.) Hinge of Panopæa Faujasii. 66. 67. Glycimeris Siliqua. 68. Solenimya Mediterranea. Fam. Myaria. 69. Anatina rostrata. Auriscalpium, Megerle. 70. Anatinella Sibbaldii. 71. Mya truncata. 72. Periploma inæquivalvis. Osteodesma, Desh. a, bone of the hinge, (from Blainville.) 73. Myochama anomioides; lower valve with clavicle, and hinge of upper valve. 74. External view of the same, attached to a Trigonia. 75. Cleidothærus Chamoides, attached valve. 76. Upper valve of the same, with the clavicle. Fam. Mactracea. 77. Lutraria papyracea. Ligula, Leach. Carinella, Adans. 78. —— Solenoides. Cutellus ——? |
# A Conchological Manual/Plate 23

| Fig. 479* to 488. | Fam. Ammonacea. 479*.  Orbulites discus. Aganides, Montf. 480. Goniatites striatus. 481. Scaphites æqualis. 482. Crioceratites Duvallii. 483. Turrilites tuberculatus. 484. Baculites Faujasii. Portion near the centre. 484*. Hamites cylindricus; a, internal cast of part of the shell; b, hollow external cast of the remainder. Second Division. Monothalamous Cephalopoda. 485. Argonauta Argo. 486. Bellerophon tenuifasciata. (from Sow. Gen.) 487. The same, shewing the dorsal keel. Order. Heteropoda. 488. Carinaria Mediterranea. |
# A Conchological Manual/Plate 24

| Fig. 489 to 513. | Order. Sessile Cirripedes. 489.  Pyrgoma monticularia. Sub-genus, Daracia, Gray, back and front. 490. The same, in situ. Fam. Myaria. 491. Lyonsia Norvegica. Anatina, Nonnul. Inside view of both valves. 492. Outside, with the valves closed. 493. Næra longirostrum. Anatina longirostris, Lam. Inside of both valves. 494. Outside, with both valves closed. 495. A smaller species of Næra, shewing the inequality of the valves. Fam. Mactracea. 496. Amphidesma tennis. Abra, Leach. 497. Ervillia nitens. Fam. Corbulacea. 498. Potamomya, of some authors. A fresh-water shell resembling Corbula. Outside, valves closed. 499. Inside of both valves. Fluviatile Conchacea. 500. Cyclas amnica. Pera, Leach. Fam. Cardiacea. 501. Cardilia semisulcata. Isocardia semisulcata, Lam. Internal view. 502. External view of the same valve. 503. Cardium apertum. Papyridea, Sw. 504. The same, shewing the umbones. 505. Pleurorynchus, fossil, (from Mineral Conchology.) Fam. Phyllidiana. 506. Chiton fascicularis. Phakellopleura, Guild. 507. —— amiculatus. Amicula, Gray. Fam. Calyptracea. 508. Scutella, Brod. Internal view. 509. External view of the same. 510. Ancylus, a reversed species, illustrating the genus Velletia, Gray. Enlarged view. 511. The same, natural size. 512. Pedicularia. Enlarged figure, (copied from Swainson.) 513. The same, natural size, growing on coral. |
# A Conchological Manual/Plate 25

| Fig. 514 to 545. | Fam. Colimacea. 514.  Achatina? octona. Macrospira, Guild. 515. Stenopus cruentatus, Guild. Under side. 516. —— lividus. 517. Helix, the aperture covered by the epiphragm. 518. Pupa secale, Drap. Abida, Leach. 519. —— pagoda. Gonidomus, Sw. 520. Truncatella, enlarged figure. 521. The same, natural size. 522. Auricula caprella. Gen. Caprella, Nonnul. Front view. 523. The same, dorsal view. 524. Pupina vitrea. 526. —— antiquata. 527. —— Namezii. 528. —— lubrica. Callia? Gray. 529. Cyclostoma, a pupiform species. Megalomastoma, Guild. 530. —— Planorbulum. Cyclotus, Guild. 531. —— a similar species, with the complicated notch at the posterior part of the aperture. Pterocyclos, Gray. 532. Helicina acutissima, nobis. View of the under side. Trochatella, Sw. 533. The same in profile. 534. $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ Strophostoma, Desh. three views. 535. 536. Fam. Peristomata. 537. Paludina impura. Bithinia, Gray? 538. Ampullaria avellana. Thallicera, Sw. Ampullarina? 539. A species of Ampullaria having a thickened ledge on which the shelly operculum rests. Pachystoma, Guild. changed to Pachylabra, Sw. Fam. Plicacea. 540. Ringicula, Desh. A fossil species, front view. 541. Back view of the same. Fam. Turbinacea. 542. Turbo nicobaricus. Chrysostoma, Sw. 543. Trochus Iris. Elenchus, Humph. Fam. Purpurifera. 544. Purpura vexilla. Gen. Vexilla, Sw. 545. Priamus. Achatina priamus, Auct. The propriety of placing it in this family will depend upon the correctness of the statement made by Dr. Beck that this shell is marine, and possesses an operculum. |
# A Conchological Manual/Plate 2

| Fig. 34 to 59. | Order, Pedunculated Cirripedes. 34. Pentelasmis lævis. Antifa, Lam. a. anterior. 35. Scalpellum vulgare. 36. Smilium Peronii. 37. Pollicipes polymeus. Ramphidoma, Schum. 37*. Pollicipes mitellus. Capitulum, Klein. 38. Brismæus Rhophodius. 39. Lithotrya dorsalis. Absia, Leach, Litholepas, Bl. 40. Ibla Cuvieriana. 41. Heptalasmis Warwickii. Octolasmis, Gray. 42. Cineras vittatus. 43. Otion Cuvieri. Class, CONCHIFERA. Order, C. Dimyaria. Fam. Tubicolaria. 44. Aspergillum vaginiferum. Penicillus, Brug. 45. Clavagella, a fossil species. 46. Teredina personata. 47. Lignite, pierced by Teredinæ. 48. Teredo navalis; a, tube (from Sowerby's Genera.) 49. Wood bored by Teredo. 50. Xylophaga dorsalis. Xylotrya, Leach. 51. The same, in wood. (This would be more properly placed in Pholadaria.) 52. Gastrochæna Modiolina, in the tube (from Sowerby's Genera.) 53. Fistulana Clava. $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ (From Sowerby's Genera.) Tube of the same. 54. Fam. Pholadaria. 55. Pholas Dactylus; a, plates of the hinge. 56. —— papyracea. Pholadidæa. 57. Pholadomya Candida. 58. Galeomma Turtoni. 59. Front view of the same. (Here Xylophaga should be placed, see Tubicolaria.) |
# A Conchological Manual/Plate 20

| Fig. 426 to 443. | Fam. Purpurifera. 426.  Eburna Zeylanica. 427. Bullia vittata. 428. Terebra maculata. Subula, Bl. 429. Trichotropis bicarinata. Fam. Columellata. 430. Columbella mercatoria. 431. Mitra plicaria; c, termination of the columella. 432. Conohelix marmorata. 433. Voluta Vespertilio. Cymbiola, Sw. 434. Cymba porcina. 435. Melo Æthiopicus. 436. Volutilithes spinosus. 437. Marginella Glabella. Glabella, Sw. Cucumis, Klein. 438. —— persicula. Volutella, Sw. Persicula, Schum. 439. Volvaria concinna. Fam. Convolutæ. 440. Ovulum Ovum. 441. —— verrucosum. Calpurnus, Montf. 442. —— Volva. Radius, Montf. 443. —— gibbosum. Ultimus, Montf. |
# A Conchological Manual/Plate 26

| Fig. 546 to 564. | Fam. Turbinacea. 546.  Purpura crispata. Polytropa, Sw. 547. Pseudoliva plumbea. Gastridium, Sow. Fam. Canalifera. 548. Fusus longevus. Clavalithes, Sw. 549. —— bulbiformis. Leiostoma, Sw. 550. Pyrella, Sw. Turbinella Spirillus, Auct. 551. Pleurotoma lineata. Tomella, Sw. 552. Pyrula melongena. Gen. Myristica, Sw. 553. Murex vitulinus. Gen. Vitulina, Sw. 554. Typhis Sowerbii. 555. A brown variety of the same. 556. Typhis Cumingii. Fam. Columellata. 557. Voluta Vexillum. Harpula, Sw. 558. Mitra monodonta. Mitreola, Sw. 559. —— bicolor. Mitrella, Sw. 560. Columbella nitidella. Gen. Nitidella, Sw. Fam. Convolutæ. 561. Oliva volutella. Gen. Lamprodoma, Sw. 562. —— maura. 563. Cypræa Globulus. Gen. Globularia, Sw. 564. —— pulchella, fossil. Gen. Cyprædia, Sw. |
# A Conchological Manual/Plate 4

| Fig. 79 to 100. | Fam. Mactracea. 79. Mactra Stultorum. 80. —— plicataria. Spisula? Gray. 81. —— Spengleri. Schizodesma, Gray. 82. —— bicolor. Mulinia, Gray. 83. Gnathodon cuneatus. Clathodon, Conrad. 84. Crassatella rostrata. 85. Amphidesma reticulatum. 86. Erycina plebeja. Mesodesma, Desh. 87. Cuming mutica. 88. Ungulina transversa, (from Sowerby's genera.) Fam. Corbulacea. 89. Corbula nucleus. 90. Pandora rostrata. Fam. Lithophagidæ. 91. Petricola Roccellaria. 92. —— Carditoidea. Coralliophaga, Bl. 93. Thracia corbuloides. 94. Saxicava rugosa. 95. Hiatella biaperta. 96. Sphænia Binghamii. 97. Venerirupis vulgaris. Fam. Nymphacea. 98. Sanguinolaria rosea. Lobaria, Schum. 99. —— Diphos. Soletellina, Bl. 100. Psammobia Ferroensis. Gari, Schum. |
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/The Little Fisherman

​LXII. THE LITTLE FISHERMAN
There was a little fellow once, And Harry was his name; And many a naughty trick had he— I tell it to his shame.
He minded not his friends' advice, But followed his own wishes; And one most cruel trick of his Was that of catching fishes.
His father had a little pond, Where often Harry went; And in this most inhuman sport, He many an evening spent.
One day he took his hook and bait, And hurried to the pond, And there began the cruel game, Of which he was so fond.
And many a little fish he caught, And pleased was he to look, To see them writhe in agony, And struggle on the hook.
​At last, when having caught enough, And tirèd too himself, He hastened home, intending there To put them on the shelf.
But as he jumped to reach a dish, To put his fishes in, A large meat-hook, that hung close by, Did catch him by the chin.
Poor Harry kicked and called aloud, And screamed and cried and roared, While from the wound the crimson blood In dreadful torrents poured.
The maids came running, frightened much To see him hanging there; And soon they took him from the hook, And set him in a chair.
The surgeon came and stopped the blood, And up he bound his head; And then they carried him upstairs, And laid him on his bed.
'Oh! oh!' said he, 'poor little fish, What tortures they have borne; While I, well pleased, have stood to see Their tender bodies torn
​'But now I know how great the smart, How terrible the pain! As long as I can feel myself I'll never fish again.'
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/The Old Couple

​XVI. THE OLD COUPLE
There was an old couple, and they were poor, Tweedle, tweedle-dey. They lived in a house that had but one door, O what an old couple were they.
The old man he went one day from home, Tweedle, tweedle-dee. The old woman she couldn't stay moping alone, O meek old woman was she.
The old man he did come home at last, Tweedle, etc. And found the door and the windows fast, 'O! what is the matter?' quoth he.
​'O I have been sick since you've been gone, Tweedle, etc. If you'd been in the garden you'd heard me groan.' 'O! I'm sorry for that,' said he.
'O I've a petition to make of thee, Tweedle, etc. Pick me an apple from yonder tree.' 'O that will I do,' said he.
The old man he got up in the tree, Tweedle, etc. She plucked down the ladder, and down fell he. 'This is cleverly done,' said she.
Come all pretty maidens, wherever you be, Tweedle, etc. And do to your husbands as done by she, That's the true end of matrimonie.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/The Little Man

​XXXVIII. THE LITTLE MAN
There was a little man, And he had a little gun, And his bullets were made of lead, lead, lead; He went to the brook, And he saw a little duck, And he shot it through the head, head, head.
​He carried it home, To his good wife Joan, And bid her make a fire for to bake, bake, bake, To roast the little duck He had shot in the brook, And he'd go fetch her next the drake, drake, drake.
The drake was swimming With his curly tail, The little man made it his mark, mark, mark. But he let off his gun, And he fired too soon, So the drake flew away with a quack, quack, quack.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/The Magpie

​XLVII. THE MAGPIE
A pie sat on a pear tree, A pie sat on a pear tree, A pie sat on a pear tree, Heigh-ho! heigh-ho! heigh-ho!
And once so merrily hopped she, And twice so merrily hopped she, And thrice so merrily hopped she, Heigh-ho! heigh-ho! heigh-ho!
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/The Pigs

​LXI. THE PIGS
'Do look at those pigs as they lie in the straw,' Said Dick to his father one day; 'They keep eating longer than ever I saw, Oh, what greedy gluttons are they!
'I see they are feasting,' his father replied, 'They eat a great deal, I allow; 'But let us remember before we deride, 'Tis the nature, my dear, of a sow.
'But when a great boy, such as you, my dear Dick, Does nothing but eat all the day; And keeps taking nice things till he makes himself sick, What a glutton! indeed, we may say.
​'When plumcake and sugar for ever he picks, And sweetmeats and comfits and figs; Pray let him get rid of his own greedy tricks, And then he may laugh at the pigs.'
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/The Jew's Garden

​LXXVI. THE JEW'S GARDEN
He tossed the ball so high, so high, He tossed the ball so low, He tossed the ball in the Jew's garden, And the Jews were all below. Oh, then out came the Jew's daughter, She was dressed all in green, 'Come hither, come hither, my pretty fellow, And fetch your ball again.'
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/The Little Cock-Sparrow

​LXVII. THE LITTLE COCK-SPARROW
A little cock-sparrow sat on a high tree, And he chirrupped and chirrupped so merrily; He chirrupped, he chirrupped, etc. A little cock-sparrow sat on a high tree, And he chirrupped and chirrupped so merrily.
A little boy came with his bow and arrow, Determined to shoot this little cock-sparrow.
For he's going to make me a nice fat stew, And his giblets will make me a little pie, too.
​'Oh no!' said the sparrow, 'that never will do! He fluttered his wings and away he flew.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/The Nut Tree

​IV. THE NUT TREE
I had a little nut tree, nothing would it bear But a silver nutmeg, and a golden pear. The King of Spain's daughter came to visit me, And all was because of my little nut tree. I skipped over the water, I danced over the sea, And all the birds of the air, they couldn't catch me.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/The Little Dandy

​XXIX. THE LITTLE DANDY
Oh when I was a boy and a pretty little boy, With my little curly head of hair so sandy, O, All the damsels used to cry, What a funny rogue was I, And they christened me the pretty little dandy, O.
​But when I older grew, and something better knew Than sucking lollipops and sugar-candy, O, Why, I was so spruce and gay, That the ladies used to say, Oh! the pretty little fellow is a dandy, O.
Oh and then to end all strife I did get a little wife, With a pretty little waist so handy, O, And a lazy boots am I, That she sings me lullaby, Says I'm a good for nothing dandy, O.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/The Little Old Woman

​LXIII. THE LITTLE OLD WOMAN
There was an old woman as I've heard tell, Fol, lol, did-die, did-die, dol. She went to market, her eggs for to sell, Fol, lol, did-dle, did-dle, dol. She went to market upon a fair day, And she fell asleep on the king's high-way.
There passed a pedlar whose name was Stout, Fol, lol, etc. He cut her petticoats round about, Fol, lol, etc. He cut her petticoats up to her knees, Which made the old woman to shiver and freeze, Fol, lol, etc.
When the little old woman began to wake, Fol, lol, etc. She began to shiver, she began to shake, Fol, lol, etc. She began to shake, she began to cry, O Lawk-a-mercy, this be none of I! Fol, lol, etc.
​If it be I, as I reckon it be, Fol, lol, etc. I've a little dog at home, and he knows me, Fol, lol, etc. If it be I, he will wag his tail, If it be not I, he will bark and rail, Fol, lol, etc.
When the little old woman went home in the dark, Fol, lol, etc. The little dog loudly began to bark, Fol, lol, etc. He began to bark, she began to cry, Lawk-a-mercy! 'Tis none of I! Fol, lol, etc.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tanner, Henry Ossawa

See also Henry Ossawa Tanner on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TANNER, HENRY OSSAWA (1850- ), American artist, of negro descent, was born at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, on the 21st of June 1859. He was the son of Benjamin Tucker Tanner (b. 1835), who became bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal Church in 1888, edited the Christian Recorder, the organ of his church, from 1867 to 1883, founded, and from 1884 to 1888 edited, the African Methodist Episcopal Church Review, and published several pamphlets, poems and hymns, and an Apology for African Methodism (1867). The son was a pupil of Thomas Eakins, in Philadelphia, and of J. P. Laurens and Benjamin Constant in Paris. He first exhibited at the Salon in 1895. His "Daniel in the Lions' Den" received an honourable mention at the Salon of 1896. "The Raising of Lazarus," which received a third-class medal in 1897, was purchased by the French government for the permanent collection of the Luxembourg. Other pictures are, "The Annunciation" (Salon, 1898), "Nicodemus Coming to Christ" (1899), "The Jews' Wailing Place," and "Christ in the Temple."
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tanna

See also Tanna on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TANNA (Aramaic, "teacher"). The root teni or tena corresponds philologically to the Hebrew shana, from which comes the word Mishnah (see Midrash and Talmud), the great Rabbinic code which (with certain parts of the Midrash and other Rabbinic books) was the main literary product of the activity of the tannaim (plural of tanna). The term tanna is used in the Talmud of those teachers who flourished in the first two centuries of the Christian era. The tannaim from the date of the destruction of the Temple may be grouped: (1) 70-100, representative name Johanan ben Zaqqai (q.v.); (2) 100-130, representative name Aqiba {q.v.); (3) 130-160, representative name Judah the Prince, compiler of the Mishnah. The successors of the lannaim were called 'amor aim (see 'Amora).
See W. Bacher, Die Agada der Tannaiten. An alphabetical list of tannaim and 'amoraim is given in the Jewish Encyclopedia, xii. 49-54.
(I. A.)