OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tarquinius Priscus, Lucius

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​TARQUINIUS PRISCUS, LUCIUS, fifth legendary king of Rome (616–578 B.C.). He is represented as the son of a Greek refugee, who removed from Tarquinii in Etruria to Rome, by the advice of his wife, the prophetess Tanaquil. Appointed guardian to the sons of Ancus Marcius, he succeeded in supplanting them on the throne on their father’s death. He laid out the Circus Maximus, instituted the “great” games, built ​the great sewers (cloacae), and began the construction of the temple of Jupiter on the Capitol. He carried on war successfully against the Sabines and subjugated Latium. He is said to have raised the number of the senators to 300, and to have doubled the number of the knights (see Navius, Attus). The introduction of many of the insignia both of war and of civil office is assigned to his reign, and he was the first to celebrate a Roman triumph, after the Etruscan fashion, in a robe of purple and gold, and borne on a chariot drawn by four horses. He was assassinated at the instigation of the sons of Ancus Marcius.
The legend of Tarquinius Priscus is in the main a reproduction of those of Romulus and Tullus Hostilius. His Corinthian descent, invented by the Greeks to establish a close connexion with Rome, is impossible for chronological reasons; further, according to the genuine Roman tradition, the Tarquinii were of Etruscan, not Greek, origin. There seems to have been originally only one Tarquinius; later, when a connected story of the legendary period was constructed, two (distinguished as the “Elder” and the “Proud”) were introduced, separated by the reign of Servius Tullius, and the name of both was connected with the same events. Thus, certain public works were said to have been begun by the earlier and finished by the later king; both instituted games, acquired the Sibylline books, and reorganized the army.
For the constitutional reforms attributed to Tarquinius, see Rome: Ancient History; for a critical examination of the story, Schwegler, Römische Geschichte, bk. xv. ; Sir George Cornewall Lewis, Credibility of early Roman History, ch. 11; W. Ihne, History of Rome, i.; E. Pais, Storia di Roma, i. (1898), who identifies Tarquinius with Tarpeius, the eponymus of the Tarpeian rock, subsequently developed into the wicked king Tarquinius Superbus. Ancient authorities:—Livy i. 34–41; Dion. Hal. iii. 46–73; Cic. de Repub., ii 200.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tarnopol

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​TARNOPOL, a town in Galicia, Austria, 87 m. E.S.E. of Lemberg by rail. Pop. (1900) 30,368, half of which are Jews. Industry consists chiefly in corn-milling and the preparation of wax and honey. The principal trade is in horses, corn and other agricultural produce, and spirits. Tarnopol was formerly a fortress, and rendered valuable services to Polish kings, who in their turn conferred upon it important privileges.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tarnowski, Jan

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​TARNOWSKI, JAN [called Magnus] (1488-1561), Polish general. After a careful education beneath the eye of an excellent mother and subsequently at the palace of Matthew Drzewicki, bishop of Przemysl, he occupied a conspicuous position at court in the reigns of John Albert, Alexander and Sigismund I. As early as 1509 Tarnowski brilliantly distinguished himself in Moldavia, and took a leading part in the great victories of Wisniowiec (1512) and Orsza (1514), where he commanded the flower of the Polish chivalry. To complete his education he then travelled in Palestine, Syria, Arabia, Egypt, and northern and western Europe. While in Portugal he received from King Emanuel the chief command in the war against the Moors, and Charles V. rewarded his services in the Christian cause with the dignity of a count of the Empire. Indeed, the emperor had such a high regard for Tarnowski that he offered him the leadership of all the forces of Europe in a grand expedition against the Turks. On the death of Nicholas Firlej in 1526 Tarnowski became grand hetman of the crown, or Polish commander-in-chief, and in that capacity won his greatest victory at Obertyn (22nd August 1531) over the Moldavians, Turks and Tatars, for which he received a handsome subsidy and an ovation similar to that of an ancient Roman triumphator. Heartily attached to King Sigismund I. and his son Sigismund Augustus, Tarnowski took the royal side during the so-called Kokosza wojna, or Poultry War, of 1537; ​and also in 1548 when the turbulent szlachta tried to annul by force the marriage of Sigismund Augustus with Barbara Radziwill. In 1553, however, we find him in opposition to the court and thwarting as much as possible the designs of the young king. Nevertheless Tarnowski was emphatically an aristocrat and an oligarch, proud of his ancient lineage and intensely opposed to the democratic tendencies of the szlachta. A firm alliance between the king and the magnates was his ideal of government. On the other hand, though a devout Catholic, he was opposed to the exclusive jurisdiction of the bishops and would even have limited the authority of Rome in Poland. As a soldier Tarnowski invented a new system of tactics which greatly increased the mobility and the security of the armed camps within which the Poles had so often to encounter the Tatars. He also improved discipline by adding to the authority of the commanders. His principles are set forth in his Consilium Rationis Bellicae (best edition, Posen, 1879), which was long regarded as authoritative. As an administrator he did much to populate the vast south-eastern steppes of Poland.
See Stanislaw Orzechowski, Life and Death of Jan Tarnowski (Pol.) (Cracow, 1855). (R. N. B.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tarpeia

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​TARPEIA, in Roman legend, daughter of the commander of the Capitol during the war with the Sabines caused by the rape of the Sabine women. According to the common story, she offered to betray the citadel, if the Sabines would give her what they wore on their left arms, meaning their bracelets; instead of this, keeping to the letter of their promise, they threw their shields upon her and crushed her to death. Simylus, a Greek elegiac poet, makes Tarpeia betray the Capitol to a king of the Gauls. The story may be an attempt to account for the Tarpeian rock being chosen as the place of execution of traitors. According to S. Reinach, however, in Revue archéologique, xi. (1908), the story had its origin in a rite—the taboo of military spoils, which led to their being heaped up on consecrated ground that they might not be touched. Tarpeia herself is a local divinity, the manner of whose death was suggested by the tumulus or shields on the spot devoted to her cult, a crime being invented to account for the supposed punishment.
Authorities.—Sir George C. Lewis, Credibility of early Roman History; A. Schwegler, Römische Geschichte, bk. ix. 10; Livy, i. 11; Dion. Halic., ii. 38–40; Plutarch, Romulus, 3; Propertius, iv. 4; Ovid, Fasti, i. 261; C. W. Müller, Frag. Hist. Graec., iv. p. 367.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tarnow

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​TARNOW, a town in Galicia, Austria, 164 m. W.N.W. of Lemberg by rail. Pop. (1900) 31,691, about 40 per cent. Jews. It is situated on the river Biala, not far from its junction with the Dunajec, and is the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop. It possesses a cathedral in Gothic style, built in the 15th century, with monuments of .the Tarnowski and Ostrogski families, to which the town formerly belonged, and another church built in 1454. On the Martinsberg, an eminence near the town, stands the ruins of the old castle of the Tarnowski family, and a small church over 800 years old. Worth mentioning also is the town hall, an old and interesting building. Agricultural implements, glass and chicory are manufactured.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tarok

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​TAROK, a game of cards very popular in Austria and Germany, and played to a limited extent in some parts of France. Special cards are used, and the rules are complicated. The name Tarot was originally given by the Italians to a certain card in the pack as early as the 13th century, but was afterwards applied to the game itself.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tarom

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​TAROM, a district of Persia, situated on the borders of Gilan, north-west of Kazvin. It is divided into upper and lower Tarom; the former, on the right bank of the Kizil Uzain (Sefid Rud) river, is a crown domain; the latter, on the left bank, forms part of the province of Kazvin. It produces much cotton and fruit, and derives a considerable revenue from its alum mines at Zajkanin. Most of the alum is exported to Russia. It also has a few olive groves. The inhabitants are Turks.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tarpaulin

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​TARPAULIN, or Tarpauling (as if tarpalling, from tar, and palling, a covering, Lat. palla, a mantle), a heavy, well-made, double warp plain fabric, of various materials, used chiefly in the manufacture of covers for railway and other waggons and for protecting goods on wharves, quays, &c. To make it proof against rain and other atmospheric influences it is generally treated with tar, though various compositions of different kinds are also employed, especially for the finer fabrics such as are used for covering motor-cars. These covers are generally made of flax, hemp and cotton, and are very similar to canvas—indeed, large quantities of canvas are made waterproof, and then called tarpaulin. A very large quantity of tarpaulin is made entirely of jute. The chief seats of manufacture are Dundee, Arbroath and Kirkcaldy. Formerly the word was used as a sort of nickname for a sailor, the modern “tar” in the same sense being an abbreviation of it.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Maria

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MARIA,
Wife of Zenis, who governed Ætolia, as deputy under Pharnabazus, a satrap of Persia, about B.C. 409. Having lost her husband, she waited on the satrap, and entreated to be entrusted with the power which had been enjoyed by Zenis, which she promised to wield with the same zeal and fidelity. Her desire being granted, she effectually fulfilled her engagements, and acted on all occasions with consummate courage and prudence. She not only defended the places committed to her charge, but conquered others; and, besides paying punctually the customary tribute to Pharnabazus, sent him magnificent presents. She commanded her troops in person, and preserved the strictest discipline in her army. Pharnabazus held her in the highest esteem.
At length, her son-in-law, Midias, mortified by the reproach of having suffered a woman to reign in his place, gained admittance privately to her apartments, and murdered both her and her son.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Maria Louisa Leopoldine Caroline

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MARIA LOUISA LEOPOLDINE CAROLINE,
Archduchess of Austria, Duchess of Parma, was the eldest daughter of Francis the First, Emperor of Austria, by his second marriage, with Maria Theresa, daughter of the King of Naples. She was born in 1791, and April 1st., 1810, married Napoleon. Her son was born March 20th., 1811. When Napoleon left Paris to meet the allied army, he made her regent of the empire. On the 29th. of March, 1814, she was obliged to leave Paris; Napoleon abdicated his authority April 11th., and Maria Louisa went to meet her father at Rambouillet, who would not allow her to follow her husband, but sent her, with her son, to Schönbrunn. When Napoleon returned, from Elba, he wrote to his wife to join him, but his letters remained unanswered. In 1816 she entered upon the administration of the duchies of Panna, Piacienza, and Guastalla, secured to her by the treaty of Fontainebleau. While there she privately married her master of the horse, Colonel Neipperg, by whom she had several children. She was apparently amiable, but weak, self-indulgent, and surrounded by artful advisers, who kept her in the thraldom of sensuous pleasures till she lost the moral dignity of woman. What signified her royal blood and high station! She lived unhonoured, and died unwept.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Margaret of Valois

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MARGARET OF VALOIS,
Queen of Navarre, and sister to Francis the First of France, was born at Angoulême, in 1492; being the daughter of Charles of Orleans, Duke of Angoulême, and Louisa of Savoy. In 1509, she married Charles, the last Duke of Alençon, who died at Lyons, after the battle of Pavia, in 1525. The widow went to Madrid, to attend her brother, who had been taken prisoner in that battle by the Spaniards, and was then ill. She was of the greatest service to her brother, obliging Charles and his ministers, by her firmness, to treat him as his rank required. His love equalled her merits, and he warmly promoted her marriage with Henry d'Albret, king of Navarre The offspring of this union was Joan d'Albret, mother of Henry the Fourth.
Margaret filled the part of a queen with exemplary goodness, encouraging arts, learning, and agriculture, and everything that could contribute to the prosperity of the kingdom. She died in 1549, of a cold, caught while making observations on a comet. During her life, she inclined to the Protestant faith, but the Roman Catholics say that she was reconverted before she died.
She wrote well in prose and verse, and was called the Tenth Muse; and the Margaret, or pearl, surpassing all the pearls of the East. Some of her works are, "Heptameron, or Novels of the Queen of Navarre;" "Les Marguerites de la Marguerite des Princesses," a collection of her productions, formed by John de la Haye, her valet-de-chambre. A long poem of hers was entitled, "The Triumph of the Lamb;" and another, "The Complaints of a Prisoner."
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Maria Antoinetta Amelia

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MARIA ANTOINETTA AMELIA,
Duchess of Saxe Gotha, daughter of Ulric of Saxe Meiningen, was born in 1672. Her talents as a performer on the piano, and as a composer, would have been creditable to a professed artist. Several of her canzoni, and also variations for the piano, have been published; but her most important work is a symphony in ten parts. She died towards the beginning of this century.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Margaret of Scotland

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MARGARET OF SCOTLAND,
The first wife of Louis the Eleventh of France, died in 1445, at the age of twenty-six, before her husband had ascended the throne. Margaret was devoted to literature, and, while she lived, patronized men of learning and genius. Her admiration for the poet Alain Chartier is said to have induced her to kiss his lips, as he sat asleep one day in a chair. Her attendants being astonished at this act of condescension, the princess replied that "she did not kiss the man, but the lips which had given utterance to so many exquisite thoughts." She excited in the gloomy and ferocious Louis the Eleventh, a taste for science and literature, which lasted long after her death. She left no children. Her death is said to have been caused by the calumnies circulated against her; of which, however, she was proved innocent.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Maria, Alexandrowna

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MARIA, ALEXANDROWNA,
Is the name by which the present empress is known to the Russian people, and by which she will be distinguished in the ​historic records of her country; originally it was Maximilienne Wilhelmina Augusta Sophia Maria, or more commonly the Princess Mary of Oldenburg, whose extreme affability of demeanour, and kindliness of disposition, during her days of maidenhood, completely won the affections of the good people of Darmstadt. At the age of sixteen, this beautiful, and, as it appears, unsophisticated girl was seen by the Cesarewitch Alexander, when on his travels to various European courts, like Cœlebs, in search of a wife. This was in the year 1840, or thereabout; the prince at once became enamoured of the Hessian beauty, and within a year they were married; the princess, as we have intimated, changing her name to one more in accordance with Russian state etiquette, and her altered circumstances.
It is a matter of history that this illustrious lady, who has rendered herself no less beloved by the Russian people, than she was by those of her German fatherland, ascended the throne with her husband, Alexander the Second, on the death of the Emperor Nicholas, in 1855. She is said to be sincerely desirous of maintaining the peace now so happily established, and of assisting by all means in her power the efforts of those who would enlighten and civilize the many dark places of that mighty empire, over which her husband is called to rule.
The present Empress of Russia was born on the 8th. of August, 1824; she is the daughter of Louis the Second, the late Grandduke of Hesse, and was married to the Emperor Alexander, on the 16th. of April, 1841: she is the mother of five children, three sons and two daughters. Her elder brother is the present reigning Duke of Hesse, and is said to have recently seconded his sister's efforts to bring about a restoration of peace.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Margaretta of Saxony

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MARGARETTA OF SAXONY,
Was born in the year 1416, and was the daughter of Ernst, Archduke of Austria, and Cimburgia, his wife. In 1431, she married Frederick the Mild, of Saxony, and brought to her husband a dower of twenty-nine thousand ducats, which was then considered so great a sum, that the chroniclers mention it as something very extraordinary. She was the mother of eight children, two of whom, Ernst and Albert, are particularly mentioned, on account of an incident which nearly cost them their lives. Margaretta had prove herself so wise a counsellor in state affairs, that her husband not only accorded her the right which she also exercised) of coining legal money, but also, to assist in governing the state. She contributed much, by her wise counsels, to put an end to the bloody wars between the brothers. After these wars were over, she drew upon herself and her husband the hatred of Kuntz von Kaufunger, a brave but wicked knight, who, thinking himself aggrieved, resolved to avenge himself upon his patrons. During the temporary absence of Frederick, Kuntz penetrated, with two companions, Into the castle, and kidnapped the two princes. As soon as Margaretta discovered that her enemy had carried off her children, she ordered the alarm-bells to be rung throughout the country, and sent out armed men in pursuit of the robbers. They were discovered in a wood near Grunhair, and captured by a collier; who, when he was requested to name his reward, asked only permission to have the privilege to make as much charcoal, free of expense, as he and his family could attend to. When, in the year 1467, her husband died, she assumed the reins of government, and proved herself truly a mother to her subjects. She was the first sovereign who provided public rooms where the poor could have an opportunity to warm themselves, during the severe winter months. Margaretta died, February 12th., 1486, in her seventieth year, after she had lived a widow for more than twenty-two years.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Pritchard, Hannah

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PRITCHARD, HANNAH,
An eminent English actress, whose maiden name was Vaughan, was born about 1711. She was on the London stage when very young, and excelled in both tragedy and comedy, especially the latter. She died in 1768.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Pope, Maria

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POPE, MARIA,
An actress, was the daughter of Mr. Campion, a respectable merchant of Waterford. The family being left in reduced circumstances by Mr. Campion's death, Maria went on the stage, and soon, as a tragic actress, attained great eminence, especially by her personation of Juliet. In 1798, she married Mr. Pope, the Actor.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Portia

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PORTIA,
Daughter of the celebrated Cato of Utica, was married first to Bibulus, by whom she had two children. Becoming a widow, she married her cousin Marcus Brutus. When Brutus was engaged in the conspiracy against Caesar, he attempted, but in vain, to conceal the agitation of his mind from his wife, who did not venture to urge him to let her share in the secret, till she had given decisive proof of her strength of mind. She accordingly gave herself a deep wound in the thigh, and then, when pain and loss of blood had confined her to her bed, she represented to Brutus, that the daughter of Cato, and his wife, might hope to be considered as something more than a mere female companion. She then showed him her wound, and Brutus, after imploring the gods that he might live to prove himself worthy a wife like Portia, informed her of the conspiracy.
When the important day arrived, March 15, B.C. 44, she sent messenger after messenger to bring her word what Brutus was doing, and at length fainted away, so that a report reached her husband that she was dead.
Brutus perceiving that he had not accomplished his object by the assassination of Caesar, left Rome for Athens. Portia accompanied him to the shore and then left him, as he thought it necessary that she should return to Rome.
After the death of Brutus, Portia resolved not to survive him, and being closely watched by her friends, snatched burning coals from the fire, and thrusting them in her mouth, held them there till she was suffocated, B.C. 42.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Prisca

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PRISCA,
A Roman lady, a convert to Christianity, was horribly tortured, and afterwards beheaded, for refusing to abjure her religion and to sacrifice to idols, under the Emperor Claudius, about the year 275.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Postans, Mrs.

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POSTANS, MRS.,
Is author of "Cutch; or, Random Sketches taken during a Residence in one of the Northern Provinces of Western India." She resided many years in the province of Cutch, and her work is considered one of the most faithful pictures of Life in India, giving a ​minute account of the feudal government and customs, the religions sects and superstitions of the people. The aristocratic distinctions of caste are rigidly preserved, and the chiefs are haughty, debauched, and cruel.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Pozzo, Isabella dal

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POZZO, ISABELLA DAL,
Was a native of Turin, where, in the church of St. Francesco is a picture painted by her, representing the Virgin and Child with several saints. The date of this piece is 1666, and it is highly esteemed.