OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 132

LYCÆNA Dispar.
LYCÆNA dispar.
The Large British Copper.
Family Erycinidæ. Sub-family Theclinæ. Sw. Genus Polyommatus.
Generic Character.
Wings (typically) obtuse, rounded; anterior having the external margin shorter than the posterior: posterior wings entire or nearly so: destitute both of filiform caudal appendages, and of metallic anal spots. Nob.
Sub-Generic Character.
Posterior wings obsoletely dentated, particularly at the anal angle: club of the antennæ short, spatulate; palpi hairy, the last joint lengthened, acute, naked, obliquely vertical. Type. L. Phlæas.
Specific Character.
Wings coppery: the male with two discoid black dots on the anterior, and one on the posterior wings: club of the antennæ elongated and fusiform. (Aberrant.)
Papilio Hippothoë. Lewen's Pap. pl. 40.
Pap. dispar. Haworth. Lep. Brit. p. 40. Stevens. Brit. Ent. 1. p. 82. Pl. 3
As considerable misconception appears to exist regarding the type of the tenuirostral or vermiform family of the Diurnal Lepidoptera, we shall endeavour to illustrate this subject. Our concluding number is accordingly devoted to the genus Polyommatus of Latrielle, and its subordinate types or sub-genera. These compose, what we have elsewhere defined, a natural and perfect group; (North. Zool. 2, 288) inasmuch as it has been tested by the analogies, and conformed by the representations, which it bears to innumerable others, both in the Annulose and vertebrated circles. According to this analysis, both Lycæna and Polyommatus, strictly so termed, instead of being types either of families or sub-families, are of one and the same genus: which genus, moreover, is but the portion of the aberrant group of the Theclinæ. The typical forms of the genus Erycina, exclusively confined to Tropical America, constitute, in fact, the pre-eminent perfection of the family in question.
As Lycæna represents the Nymphalidæ, or sub-typical family of the Diurnal Butterflys, so is it the sub-typical form of the genus Polyommatus. Its geographic range is wide, being extended to the temperate latitudes of both hemispheres. The largest British species is that now figured, from the identical specimens mentioned by Lewin.
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 125

LEILUS Surinamensis. Sw.
LEILUS Surinamensis.
Surinam Emerald Butterfly.
Family, Papilionidæ. Sub-fam Papilionæ. Genus, Leilus. Sw. (Fissirostral or Hesperian type) Sub-genus. Leilus proper. Sw.
Synopsis of the Sub-genera.
| I. | Typical. Antennæ filiform, thickened in the middle; posterior wings with long pointed tails. | Leilus. |
| II. | Sub-Typical. Antennæ as in the last, but arcuated near the tip. Tails of the posterior wings short and obtuse. | Orontes. |
| III. | Aberrant. Antennæ clavate; front very hairy; tails none. | Ripheus. |
| III. | Antennæ clavate; wings hyaline; tails very long. | Leptocircus. |
Specific Character.
Wings black, varied with lines and bands of emerald-blue green: posterior tailed; the green spots round the margin running into each other; tails nearly white.
Papilio Leilus. Linn. Sys. Nat. 2. 750. Fab. Ent. Sys. 3. p. 21. Merian. Surin. pl. 29.
Urania Leilus. Fab. Syst. Gloss.
The Butterflys composing this remarkable genus are perhaps the most splendid insects in creation. No art can effectually represent the changeable and resplendent green which relieves the velvet black of the wings, and which varies with every change of light. The typical species are found in Tropical America, where they fly with amazing rapidity, and perform, like their prototypes the Swallows, annual migrations. When at rest, the anterior wings are flat or horizontal, but only slightly spread. The present species appears confined to Surinam.
Modern systematists have been peculiarly unfortunate in the location and construction of this group; while the name of Urania, bestowed upon it by Fabricius, has long been appropriated to a genus of plants. Linnæus, more correctly, placed it with the genuine Papiliones; a station which is confirmed by the details of its structure: the anterior feet, like those of Leptocircus, figured at pl. 106, being provided with that short spiney process, which is a peculiar distinction of this sub-family. The analogies which result from this location of Leilus are beautiful, and almost interminable. It is the representation of the Noctuidæ and of the Hesperidæ in its own circle; and of the fissirostral tribe of birds; all these being modifications of the natatorial type of the VERTEBRATA.
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 130

LEILUS Orientalis. Sw.
LEILUS Orientalis.
Oriental Emerald Butterfly.
Specific Character.
Posterior wings six tailed; anal angle with a large flame-coloured space, varied with black spots; tails unequal, whiteish.
Papilio Rhipheus. Cramer, Vol. 2, page 193, pl. 385, fig. A. B.
That the natural affinities of this superb and highly interesting group of insects should be no longer a matter of doubt, we are induced to deviate, for the first time, from our usual practice. On this and the next plate we have copied two figures of insects which we have never seen, for the purpose of bringing them immediately before the eye of the entomologist, and of clearing up some remarkable facts concerning them.
The first of these is taken from Cramer, who calls it Pap. Rhipheus, from an unaccountable idea that it was the same species as one figured by Drury, under that name. He imagines that this latter figure was made from a mutilated specimen, in which the tails had been broken off, and that his, consequently, represented the insect in its perfect state. Every succeeding writer, so far as we can discover, has taken up this idea, without the precaution of investigating its correctness. Now it follows that if the two species were the same, the posterior wings of Cramer's, would be spotted like those of Drury's, yet they are essentially different: a piece of paper, put over to hide the tails in our present figure, which may then be compared with the next, will at once explain our meaning: but setting this aside, Cramer expressly asserts that his insect has the Antennæ "sans boutons", and "comme filiformes", and very justly compares it with our Leilus Surinamensis, "mas plus encore," with Pap. Orontes, L. (Orontes Noctuïdes, Sw.) the immediate type to which it leads.
How totally inapplicable this account is to Drury's insect, will be presently shewn. Cramer has most correctly given the immediate affinities of this insect. We have no space to state our reasons for considering it, at present, as a true Leilus; although with six tails, instead of two. It may possibly, however, be the fifth, or natatorial type, which in our synopsis of the genus at Pl. 125, we have not ventured to indicate. We have never seen, or even heard of a specimen in modern cabinets; that figured by Cramer, was found at Chandernagor, in Bengal, and was in the rich collection of M. Gigot d'Orcy.
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 133

POLYOMMATUS Cassius.
POLYOMMATUS Cassius.
Brazilian Blue.
Family Erycinidæ. Sub-family Theclinæ. Genus Polyommatus (The typical sub-genus.)
Sub-Generic Character.
Wings entire, obtuse; the posterior rounded, particularly at the anal angle. Palpi covered and fringed with long hair; the last joint distinct and nearly naked. Antennæ with a lengthened, fusiform, spatulate club. Colour blue, beneath ocellated.
Specific Character.
Male: wings sub-diaphanous, blue, immaculate; whitish near the anal angle. Female: the disk of all white, with black spots and borders. In both sexes, beneath white, with blackish dots: those on the anterior wings transverse and confluent.
Pap. Cassius. (the female) Cramer, pl. 23, fig. C. D.
We have elsewhere pointed out, as one of the peculiar distinctions of forms and groups pre-eminently typical, that their geographic distribution is invariably wide, and generally universal; and that this is one of the reasons why certain forms are found both in Europe, America, India, and Australia. This was said of Birds, and the remark is even more applicable when we look to insects. We accordingly find, that the typical species of the genus now under consideration, not only spread themselves over all Europe and Africa, but extend to the Indian islands on one side, and over the whole of America on the other, without offering more than a sectional variation of character. It is uncertain, however, whether any species occur in Australia; for the European type seems to be represented there by the sub-genus Erina. The genus, collectively, is a rasorial type, representing the family Satyridæ among the Papiliones,—Parnassius among the Papilionidæ,—and the Paconidæ among Birds.
Pol. Cassius is one of the most common species of Brazil, where we found it frequenting similar situations, and possessing the same habits, as the ordinary Blues of England. The analysis bestowed upon this group, convinces us that Pithecops, H. is but a section of this sub-genus. The upper figure represents the male, the lower the female: both are enlarged. The connecting species between Polyommatus and Lycæna are Helle, Hub. Lametia, and Boeticus.
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 129

LEILUS Occidentalis. Sw.
LEILUS Occidentalis,
West India Emerald-Butterfly.
Specific Character.
Posterior wings with a flame-coloured, irregularly indented, marginal band; tails black, with emerald green spots.
Papilio Sloaneus. Cramer. pl. 85. e. f. vol. 1. p. 134.
Papilio Leilus. var. Fab. Ent. Syst. 3. 1. 22.
Specimens of this rare and splendid species, sent to our museum from the island of Jamaica, enable us to complete the illustration of the only three American species of this type hitherto discovered. It is in all probability the same as that figured by Cramer; particularly as his specimens came from the same locality. Even a superficial comparison of this figure with those on our two last plates, will shew the error of Fabricius and others, in classing them all under the same name. We have represented the species in that attitude which is assumed by L. Braziliensis, when at rest; the wings of which species are sometimes less but never more expanded: the fruit, upon which the insect is reposing, is the common West India Banana, shewing its natural size.
In drawing the attention of Entomologists to the anatomical details of this typical example of the genus Leilus, it will be readily perceived that the obscurity which has involved its natural affinities, has entirely arisen from ignorance of its structure. At a time when minute and obscure Coleoptera are submitted to the most delicate dissection, under powerful magnifiers, the Lepidoptera, not only the most striking and splendid of all insects, but the pre-eminent type of the Annulosa, have been comparatively neglected. We cannot otherwise account for this, but by remembering that the influence of fashion is universal, and that she is always followed by the majority. This exclusive devotion however, to one order, is highly detrimental to the study of the natural system; or with so many profound Entomologists who have gone before us, it would not have been left for us to make known the fact, that the sub-family Papilionæ, represents the sub-family Harpalinæ, (Harpalidæ, Auct.) And that this analogy is not only demonstrable by the peculiar construction of their tibiæ, but by the parallel relations and by the circular affinities of the Coleoptera and the Lepidoptera.
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 77

HARPULA VEXILLUM. Orange Flag Volute.
HARPULA vexillum.
Orange-flag Volute.
Family Volutidæ. Sub-family Volutinæ. Nob.
Generic Characters.
Shell generally tuberculated or longitudinally ribbed: apex of the spire papillary, smooth, and in general distorted: Pillar with numerous distinct plaits; the upper small and slender, the lower thickest and shortest.
Type. Voluta Hebræa. Lam.
Types of form. I. Vol. Hebræa, musica, pusio, polyzonalis, &c. II. Vol. bullata? III. Vol. multicostata, mitræformis, costata, lyriformis, nucleus, &c. IV. Vol. rupestris, dubia? V. Vol. lapponica, vexillum. Auct.
Specific Character.
Shell either smooth, or slightly and acutely tuberculated; white with numerous bands of orange; pillar thickened in the middle, and marked with from six to eight plates.
Voluta vexillum. Auct. Lam. Syst. 7. 346. Ency. Meth. pl. 381 f. 1. a. b. optimè.
Few Volutes can exceed this in elegance or beauty. The peculiarity of its markings, resembling the national colours of Holland, has procured it the name of the Orange-flag Volute. Although long known to Conchologists, it still continues a rare shell to our cabinets, and is much sought for on the continent, particular among the collectors in Holland; they view it with something of a national fondness, and value it at a high price. It is brought from Amboyna, and some other islands of the Indian Ocean. The many-plaited Volutes, form one of the most natural groups in the whole department of Conchology; and one which the most unpractised student will have no difficulty in understanding. The more experienced Conchologist, in studying its contents, will detect some very extraordinary and beautiful analogies. It contains, in fact, representations of all the principal divisions of the old genus Voluta, and also of the corresponding groups among the Mitras; to which sub-family it forms the true passage. We feel some hesitation, however, in regard to the second type; or that which must lead immediately to Volutilithes; as we rather suspect that the true type, or more properly the annectant form, by which this union is effected, has not yet been discovered. We share also in Mr. Broderips doubts, regarding the situation of his V. dubia.
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 8

Blue necked Lory
LORIUS Isidorii.
Blue-necked Lory.
Family Psittacidæ. Generic Character.—Lesson. Man. 2. 148.
Specific Character.
Crimson; crown, nape, neck, throat, and middle of the belly violet blue; quill covers tipt with black; tail moderate, graduated, reddish brown.
A splendid specimen of this lovely bird (the only one we believe in this kingdom), came into our possession some years ago through Mr. Warwick, a travelling naturalist of great merit. It was purchased by him, alive, in the Isle of France, where it had been brought in a trading vessel from New Guinea: but it unfortunately died on its passage to England.
We feel happy, that in recording this new and beautiful bird, an early opportunity is given us of commemorating our deep sense of the kindness we received from a young naturalist of France, whose writings have already acquired celebrity, and who promises to inherit the great and commanding talents of his illustrious father. In prosecuting our studies at the Garden of Plants, we met with such unexampled liberality from its most distinguished Professors, that we feel embarrassed where first to return our thanks. But the facilities and attentions we received from M. Isidore Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, partly involved a sacrifice of personal convenience; uncalled for, either by the nature of his appointment, or by the common rules of courtesy. So much for the reception which British naturalists receive in France. We should do well, when striving to imitate the Zoological Institutions of that nation, if we imbibed somewhat more of their liberality. We hope the time is not far distant, when the system of regulations and restrictions, which now fence the Museum of a popular Society, from all who cannot pay for admittance, as members, may be exchanged for a policy more creditable to the age, and more honourable to the nation.
We shall offer a few remarks, illustrating this particular genus, in our next number.
Total length, 9 in.; wings 5; tail (beyond) 1½, from the base, 3½.
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 83

CYMBIOLA vespertilio. Bat Volute.
CYMBIOLA vespertilio.
Bat Volute.
Family Volutidæ. Sub-family Volutinæ. Nob.
Generic Character.
Shell armed with spinous tubercles, sometimes smooth but never ribbed; spiral whorls gradually diminishing in size, but not distorted; the apix thick and obtuse; pillar with four plaits.
Types of Form.—1. Marmorata. Broderpia. Sw. (Cymbiola. Sow.) 2. Vespertilio. Nivosa. Rutila. Aulica. Pulchra. Pacifica. 3. Elongata (?) Gracilis. Magnifica. Tuberculata. 4. ——? 5. Lugubris.
Specific Character.
Shell armed with spinous tubercles, pale fulvous with remote angular waved lines of brown; spiral whorls plaited; pillar with four plaits.
Voluta vespertilio. Lam. Sys. 7. 1. p. 336.
The second or sub-typical genus of the Volutes, appears to be represented by this common though elegant species; here figured from one of the largest specimens we have ever seen. The group is chiefly distinguished by the very obtuse but regular termination of its spire, the whorls of which are never distorted or disproportionately inflated: the plaits are always four, and the pillar is never thickened in the middle: the shells of all the typical species are furnished with pointed tubercles; and from their general aspect, do not appear to be covered, like the typical Volutes, by the dilated mantle of the animal, yet the two groups blend into each other by means of the first type of form above indicated.
As we have deemed it advisable to employ the name of Cymbiola, (hitherto used in a specific sense), as a generic appellation for the whole group, we trust that those who may adopt our views, will hereafter distinguish the Voluta cymbiola of Sowerby, now in the cabinet of Mr. Broderip, by the name of Cymbiola Broderpia, in just commemoration of a gentleman whose knowledge of conchology, and whose general labours in the cause of science we have so often had occasion to honour.
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 80

CRATEROPUS REINWARDII. Black masked Thrush.
CRATEROPUS Reinwardii.
Black-masked, or Reinwardts Thrush.
Family Merulidæ. Sub-family Macropodianæ.
Generic Character.
Bill hard, compressed, either slightly notched or entire: wings and tail rounded, the former short, the latter broad. Feet remarkably large and strong; the two outer fore toes equal, the middle lengthened; hind toe and claw very large; claws compressed, strong, and but slightly curved.
Specific Character.
Above grey; throat spotted; wings and tail brown; head and ears black; chin white.
In Mus. Paris. Nost.
Of the habits of this plain, but singularly formed bird, we know nothing. It is, we believe, one of the numerous discoveries made by that able Zoologist, Professor Reinwardt, in the Indian Islands; and should it not be already described, (a point we cannot fully ascertain,) we trust it may be allowed to bear the name of one, whose important labours merit the thanks and respect of all the scientific world.
The length of our specimen, as indicated by the scale on the plate, is ten inches and three quarters. The feet, in all their details, are uncommonly strong, while the wings are feeble and much rounded. The fifth and sixth quills are longest; the scapular quills and the tail feathers, when held to the light, exhibit transverse dark shades.
We have elsewhere pointed out the characters by which the strong legged Thrushes form one of the sub-families of the Merulidæ; the two other aberrant divisions, being represented by the true Orioles (Oriolinæ,) and the short legged Thrushes (Brachypinæ.) That these form a circle of their own, independant of the Ant Thrushes (Myotherinæ,) and the true Thrushes (Merulinæ) has unintentionally been proved by M. M. Temminck and Vigors; the first in proposing, and the latter in adopting, the genus Ixos; an artificial group, compounded of birds totally dissimilar to each other, but which, in the progression of certain species, demonstrate the circular arrangement of the three subfamilies above named.
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 81

PRIONITES Martii. Martius's Motmot.
PRIONITES Mexicanus.
Mexican Motmot.
Family Trogonidæ. Sub-family Prionitinæ. Nob. (See Northern Zoology, 2. p. 326.)
Specific Character.
Small, above green, beneath paler; head and neck above cinnamon, ears black, varied and tipped with bright blue stripes; belly white.
Momotus Martii. Jardine & Selby. Ill. of Orn. 2 pl. 25.
Prionites Mexicanus. Swains. Phil. Mag. June 1827. p. 442.
The Motmots, so named from their monotonous note, live only in the tropical forests of the New World, preferring those deep recesses of perpetual shade, where a high canopy of matted foliage, nearly excludes the rays of a vertical sun. They appear even more solitary in their disposition than the Trogons; their note may be heard, morning and evening, from the depths of the forests, but the bird is never seen, unless the hunter comes unexpectedly upon its retreat. This we have generally found to be a low, withered branch, completely shaded, and just at the edge of such paths as are made by the Cavies, or the Indians. The Jacamas and the Trogons both love these shady nooks, where they sit nearly motionless, watching for passing insects, upon which they dart. Such is, no doubt, the manner in which the Motmot feeds; but his strong confirmation enables him to capture larger game. Travellers assert that he also devours the eggs and young of other birds, like the Toucans: this we believe, as both have the same long and feather-like tongue. Thus has nature allied these two groups, each standing at the confines of their own tribe: incontestably proving the union of the Scansores, Teniurostres, and Fissirostres, into one great circle.
The present species has only been found in Mexico, although the London Ornithologists have confounded it with the Prionites Martii of Brazil. Hence the error of Sir W. Jardine and Mr. Selby, and adopted upon our plate. Distrusting our first opinion, we believed the London co-adjutors of these gentlemen, having access to the original work of Dr. Spix, could not have made such a blunder, but a personal inspection of the original figure decided the question. No two species can well be more different.
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 82

TROGON MEXICANUS. Mexican Trogon
TROGON Mexicanus.
Mexican Trogon. Male.
Tribe Fissirostres. Family Trogonidæ.
Sub-family Trogoninæ. (G. Trogon. Auct.)
Generic Character. See Lesson Man. 2 p. 139.
Specific Character.
Above golden green, beneath crimson; tail black; the three outer feathers banded with white on their outer web only; inner webs with an oblique white stripe along their shafts; the inner edge spotted with white. Male.
Trogon Mexicanus, female. See Swains. in Phil. Mag. June 1827.
Mus. Dom. Taylor.
The Trogons are found only in the dark primeval forests of the Tropics; shunning the haunts of man, and living in solitude and silence. It is not, therefore, to be wondered at, that their peculiar economy should be shrouded in mystery, or that the naturalists of Europe should be much perplexed in finding them a place in their artificial or their natural systems. Our researches in Tropical America, will enable us to communicate, in the forthcoming volume of Northern Zoology, some very singular information on these birds, which we shall not now anticipate.
The species are much more numerous then is imagined, but they are, perhaps, less understood than those of any one group of Ornithology. Males of different species are classed as the same, while their females are considered as distinct. The number enumerated in the last edition of the Synopsis of Birds as inhabiting all South America, is six; but we possess eight species from Brazil alone; besides several others, which it is impossible to identify from books.
The Mexican Trogon was first described by us, from a bird, which we felt assured was a female; and this belief was soon after confirmed, by the arrival of a fine specimen of the male, to Mr. Taylor, from Real del Monte; in whose possession it now is. We shall defer a detailed account of its plumage, until we illustrate the other sex.
Total length 11 in. bill nine-tenths, wings 5¾, tail 7¾, the outermost feather 3½ in. shorter.