OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Jötunheim

See also Jötunheimr on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Jötunheim (yẽ′ tŭn-hīm′). The ancient Scandinavians believed that besides Odin and the gods there lived giants of the frost, of the mountains etc., who had their separate home and feasting hall, Jötunheim. These giants after all were the forces of nature; hence, when Thor visits Jötunheim and would contend with them, he is easily worsted; for not even a god can shatter the earth, consume like fire, race with thought or wrestle with time and age. The giants lived before the gods; but some day they and the gods together would perish to make way for a happier earth.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Coleridge, Samuel Taylor

See also Samuel Taylor Coleridge on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, an English poet, was born at Ottery St. Mary, England, Oct. 21, 1772. At the age of four he had read the Arabian Nights. Schooled at Christ’s Hospital, where he was poorly fed and badly taught, he afterward became a wide reader, reading Homer for the mere fun of it; and here he had as a school-comrade Charles Lamb. Here he planted the seeds of his after ill-health by bathing in the river with his clothes on, and then joining in a game or reading without changing his garments. Entering Cambridge, he was known as a great talker, a gift in which he excelled throughout life. Careless and extravagant, he was so exercised over his money troubles, that he fled and enlisted ​in a dragoon-regiment under a false name. Later he was discovered by his friends and sent to Oxford, where he met Southey. In 1795 he lectured and even preached in the Unitarian chapels around Bristol, and founded a short-lived journal. Coleridge and Wordsworth early became fast friends, spending much time together. Their talks on poetry led to their jointly bringing out the Lyrical Ballads (1798), containing Coleridge's Ancient Mariner, and the little book marked a new departure in poetry. A year later appeared his translation of Wallenstein, one of his best bits of work. During these years, troubled with rheumatism and neuralgia, he began to use opium, and the habit grew and enslaved him. It ruined his health, was fatal to his imagination, and weakened his will. Very sad is his lament over his own decay in his beautiful ode on Dejection. He had before contributed to the London journals, and now began to issue a weekly paper, The Friend, which, however, lived but a few months. As a poet and philosopher Coleridge ranks high; while as a critic he is unsurpassed. Besides his poems, his finest works are, perhaps, Biographia Literaria and Aids to Reflection. He wrote but little poetry, but that little deserves to be printed on purple vellum and bound in covers of gold. He died at London, July 23, 1834.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Coligni, Gaspard de

See also Gaspard II de Coligny on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Coligni, Gaspard de (deh ko-lēn′yē), a French general, was born Feb. 16, 1517. A soldier at 22, he fought bravely in the wars against Spain, and was made general of infantry by Henry II. In 1552 he was made admiral of France, though he never commanded on the sea. In 1557 he stubbornly held St. Quentin, with a handful of men, for 11 days against the Spanish army, and, though all hope of defending the town was gone, he refused to surrender and was captured, fighting desperately at the head of a few soldiers. This defense saved France from being overrun by the Spaniards. Imprisonment followed, during which he became a Huguenot. As able a statesman as he was a soldier, he succeeded in outwitting the Guises and securing for the Huguenots freedom of worship. The bad faith of the queen-mother, Catherine dei Medici, brought about the second Huguenot war, in which Coligni was chief commander of the forces of Henry of Navarre, afterward Henry IV. When peace was concluded, Catherine took advantage of the marriage of Navarre with the sister of Charles IX, the king, to order the massacre of St. Bartholomew (1572). Its chief victim was Coligni, who was murdered in his bed, at Paris and his body thrown into the street. Personally, Coligni was one of the noblest Frenchmen of the 16th century and had a profound love for his country.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Colfax, Schuyler

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​Colfax (kōl′făks), Schuyler, a vice-president of the United States, was born at New York, March 23, 1823. Removing to Indiana, he published a newspaper at South Bend, which he made the foremost Whig journal in the district. Chosen a representative to Congress by the newly-formed Republican party, in 1854, he remained a member until 1869 and was three times speaker. He was elected vice-president on the ticket with Grant in 1868. He died on Jan. 13, 1885.
# The New Student's Reference Work/College Entrance-Examination Board

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​College Entrance-Examination Board, of the middle states and Maryland, was established in 1899 at the instigation of Nicholas Murray Butler to obviate the difficulties arising from the diversity of standards of admission required by the various colleges and universities throughout the country. It is composed of representatives of colleges and secondary schools in the Middle States and Maryland whose duties are to hold yearly a series of college entrance-examinations with uniform tests in the various subjects and to issue certificates based upon the results of these examinations. The examination-papers for each subject are made out by a committee of three (two college professors and one high-school instructor), and then revised by a committee made up of the original three members, together with five additional high-school teachers. The papers are then sent to the places where examinations are held, which now include nearly all the larger cities in the United States, and some cities in foreign countries. No candidate fails, unless judged unfit to pass by at least two examiners. The certificates issued by the board are now accepted by nearly all colleges of the United States. Pupils who fail may have their examination papers sent to the college which they wish to enter, and, if their standing is satisfactory to that institution, they may be admitted.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Colombo

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Colombo (ko-lom′ bo), capital of Ceylon, was named by the Portuguese after Christopher Columbus. It has a fine harbor, and within the town are two mission-colleges. Colombo was captured by the British in 1796. It has railway connection with Kandy, 60 miles to the northeast. In 1910 Ceylon had 577 miles of railway open for traffic. Population, 158,228.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Colorado (river)

​Colorado (kŏl′ō-rä′dṓ) (meaning red), a river 900 miles long and navigable for 600 miles. It is formed by the junction of the Grand and Green Rivers. Its main branches are the San Juan, Flax, Bill Williams and Rio Gila. It flows southwest through southern Utah and northwestern Arizona; next separates Arizona from Nevada and California; then enters Mexico and empties into the northern end of the Gulf of California. The Colorado itself and most of its branches flow at the bottom of deep cañons, slowly cut out by water during the lapse of eons. Below the mouth of the Flax, for nearly 400 miles, the cañon walls rise from 4,000 to 7,000 feet, forming the Grand Cañon of the Colorado, one of the great wonders of the world. In 1906 the river created Salton Sea in southern California.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Colorado River

​Colorado River of Texas is over 900 miles long, and averages 250 feet in width. In winter steamboats go up the river as far as Austin. Throughout most of its length it flows through a region of rich soil, and is a beautiful, clear stream. It empties into the Gulf of Mexico, at Matagorda Bay.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mott, Mrs. Lucretia Coffin

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​Mott, Mrs. Lucretia Coffin, an American Quaker, was born at Nantucket, Mass., Jan. 3, 1793. She became a preacher and traveled through New England, Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia, preaching the Quaker doctrines and opposing intemperance and slavery. She was active in organizing the antislavery society at Philadelphia in 1833, and proceeded as a delegate to the world's antislavery convention at London in 1840. She was also prominent in woman's rights assemblies. She died on Nov. 11, 1880.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mowat, Sir Oliver

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​Mowat (mou′ăt), Sir Oliver, born in Kingston (Ontario), 1820. He studied law with Sir John A. Macdonald and was called to the bar in 1842. A member of the Quebec Union Conference in 1864, he was Vice-Chancellor of Upper Canada from 1864 to 1872; was called on to form a government in 1872 and became Premier and Attorney-General. He was counsel for Ontario before the Privy Council in England in the Ontario-Manitoba boundary case; was admitted high authority as to all questions pertaining to matters of Provincial or Dominion jurisdiction. He remained Premier of Ontario until 1896, when he resigned to take office as Minister of Justice in the Laurier Government. He was appointed to the Senate in 1896. A brilliant lawyer, a tactful leader and one of the most successful of Canadian statesmen, he closed his public career as Lieutenant-Governor of the Province. He died at Toronto in 1903.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mozambique

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​Mozambique (mō′zam-bēk′), the northern possessions of Portugal on the eastern coast of Africa. They include Mozambique, Zambezia and Lourenço Marques, and extend from Cape Delgado to Delagoa Bay, 1,300 miles. The area is 293,400 square miles, the population 3,120,000. The Zambezi is the principal river, and forms the southern ​ boundary of Mozambique proper, its inland border extending to Lake Nyasa. The coast is low and swampy, but the interior has well-wooded plains with valuable timber. The soil is fertile and produces corn, rice, cotton, cocoanut and india-rubber. The country is rich in minerals, but mining has not been extensive. The capital is Mozambique, built on a coral island near the mainland. The Mozambique Company administers, besides Mozambique, the Manica and Sofala region. Railways operate into Rhodesia and Transvaal, others are building, and there are telegraphs.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mount Vernon

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​Mount Vernon, the home and burial-place of George Washington, is situated in Virginia on the Potomac, 15 miles below Washington. The estate originally included several thousand acres. The house is of wood, two stories high and 96 feet long, and was built by Lawrence Washington, an older brother of George Washington, and named in honor of Admiral Vernon, under whom he had served in the West Indies. Washington improved both the house and the grounds. The library and Washington's bedroom are kept as when in use. He left the estate to a nephew, who sold the house and 200 acres to the Ladies' Mount Vernon Association, a society organized to care for it and keep it as a national possession.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mozambique Channel

See also Mozambique Channel on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Mozambique Channel lies between Madagascar and the eastern coast of Africa. It is 400 miles wide and 1,050 long.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus Chrysostom

See also Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Mozart (mō'zärt), Wolfgang Amade'us Chrys'ostom, the great musician, was born at Salzburg, Germany, Jan. 27, 1756. When only six years old, his father took him and nis sister on a musical tour through Europe. In Bologna, then the great center of music in Italy, the Philharmonic Society elected him for membership when only fifteen, in spite of its rule that no one under twenty should be admitted. The Easter music in the Sistine Chapel was jealously guarded and no copy allowed to be made, but young Mozart, hearing it once, wrote it out from memory. In 1781 he lost his position in the court of the archbishop with whom he had gone to Vienna. He soon after produced two operas, one of them The Marriage of Figaro, which created a furore, and he was commissioned to write an opera for the theater in Prague. The summer-house where, and the little stone table on which, he wrote this opera, Don Giovanni, are still shown in the gardens at Prague. The great success of this work made it impossible for the court to overlook his merits longer, and he received an appointment from the emperor with a small salary, his duty being to supply the dance-music at the imperial balls. He struggled with debt, mistaken loyalty preventing him from leaving the service of the emperor when offered a better position in Prussia. A friend, a theater-manager in financial difficulties, induced Mozart to come to his aid with a new opera, and in March, 1791, he began his Magic Flute. It was produced in September, and made the fortune of the lucky manager. While at work on this opera, a stranger visited him and commissioned him to write a requiem mass, to be finished in a month. He imagined there was something mysterious about the order, and said he was writing it for himself. He really was dying, and on Dec. 4, 1791, when a few friends met to rehearse the part of the work that was finished, he was unequal to the effort, though even when unconscious seeming to be occupied with his work. He died that night at Vienna, and was buried in the churchyard. When his wife tried to find the grave a few days after, no one could tell her where it was. Many years after his death Vienna honored him with a monument. Mozart wrote 624 compositions. In opera and symphony he is second to none. His three great operas, Don Giovanni, the Magic Flute and Figaro, still hold the stage, and three of his forty-one symphonies will always be admired as long as music exists. See Life by Otto John, translated by Townsend.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Motor

See also Engine on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Mo′tor is any mechanical device by means of which energy is converted into motion. A windmill, used for driving a wheel or working a pump, is sometimes called an aeromotor. A machine by which the pressure of water in city mains is made to operate mechanical devices is usually called a water-motor. Motors for the use of compressed air have of late years been much used, especially for the propulsion of street-cars. But the name is now most frequently applied to devices for the conversion of static into dynamic electricity. Motors operated by electricity have been devised to propel everything from a bicycle to a locomotive. Electric power is sometimes conveyed to the motor from a waterfall and sometimes from a storage battery. In any simple electric motor one finds a field-magnet, consisting of various coils of insulated wire on soft iron cores. These are connected by a yoke; and lines of force are developed around the pole pieces when a current of electricity is run through the coils. Within these lines of force rotates the armature. Of late, through improved devices, power is conveyed long distances as from Niagara Falls (q. v.) to Buffalo; and power is conveyed to thousands of motors which operate innumerable mechanisms at a distance from the source. The discovery that natural forces can be made to store electric forces, which may in turn be reconverted into dynamic electricity at the other end of the wire by means of an electric motor, is one of the greatest discoveries of the 19th century.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Motor Organ

See also Paraheliotropism on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Mo′tor Or′gan (in plants), a term applied to a portion of the leafstalk (petiole) which is sensitive to certain stimuli (see Irritability) and has a special structure enabling it to curve easily. Motor organs are most perfect in the bean and oxalis families, but exist also in some spurges (Euphorbia), the common mallow (Malva rotundifolia) and the velvet leaf (Abutilon Avicennæ). To the eye the motor organ usually is of a different color from the rest of the leafstalk, and either larger or smaller. If the leafstalk is long, the motor organ will be at the base; if short, the whole stalk may be a motor organ. In compound leaves there may be motor organs at main and secondary (and even at tertiary) petioles. In contrast with the rest of the petiole the woody parts of the motor organs are gathered near the center, and the whole of the surrounding tissue is made of thin-walled cells. When their turgor (which see) increases on one side and decreases on the other, the motor organ becomes curved, carrying the leaves into a new position. See Movements.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mouse

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​Mouse, a small gnawing animal closely related to the rat. The common house-mouse originally was an inhabitant of Asia. “From there they have accompanied man in his wanderings to all parts of the world, traveling as he has traveled in ox-teams and on the backs of donkeys, by steamship and railway; taking up their quarters wherever he does, first in log-cabins with thatched roofs and finally, in some instances, on the nineteenth floor of a steel-building where generation after generation may live and die in turn without so much as having set foot to the earth.” They breed at all times and seasons, multiply with great rapidity, have to be treated as a pest. In almost all houses of any age mice live, between plaster and wainscoting have their residence, their runways as a rule leading throughout the house. Besides the house-mice there are various kinds of field and meadow mice. The harvest-mouse of Europe is very small, being between two and one half and three inches long. It lives among grasses and in cornfields, where it builds a globular nest about the size of a cricket-ball, in which its young are reared. The American field-mouse differs from the house-mouse in having a blunt nose, short limbs and tail. When abundant they are great pests to farmers. In 1890 the wheat crop in South Australia was almost completely ruined by field-mice. Our country wide the field mouse ranges, feeds on roots, grasses and grain, does much harm in fields of Indian corn, in severe weather harms young fruit trees by stripping their bark close to the ground. For their young a simple burrow is dug, with nest at the bottom. Among their enemies are hawks, owls, crows, foxes, cats and weasels. The American harvest-mouse belongs to the south. The rice-field mouse also is a southern animal; aquatic in its habits, it abounds on the banks of rice-fields and in coast-marshes. Widely distributed in this country, especially common in the west, is the interesting white-footed mouse, deer-mouse, or wood-mouse. It is fawn above, below white or light gray, its black eyes are large and very brilliant, its feet are snow-white. Pure white mice are albinos or sports. Their white offspring, and other “fancy mice”—black and white, yellow, black, brown, mauve and blue — are prized as pets; many become very tame and take readily to training. The following food is recommended for them: raw oatmeal in winter and a little on cool days in summer; bread, bird-seed or cooked potatoes; some salt. The cages should be kept scrupulously clean. Bits of tissue paper or newspaper make suitable nests. See Stone and Cram: American Animals.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Movements

See also Tropism on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Move′ments (in plants). Movement from place to place is possible only to the simpler plants and those living in water or on wet surfaces. To accomplish it, the protoplasm is either extended into one or more slender threads, called cilia, which bend quickly and act somewhat as oars; or into broad, blunt protrusions by means of which the cells creep. (The method of some movements is still unknown.) Movements of larger plants are due to bending. This may be done by unequal growth on different sides or by unequal turgor (which see) on the opposite sides. Motor organs (which see) are regions of the leafstalk specially arranged to permit curvature by the latter method. Movements are usually executed in response to some stimulus, though some seem to be spontaneous. See Irritability, Chemotaxis, Chemotropism, Geotropism, Heliotropism, Hydrotropism, Phototaxis, Rheotropism and Thermotropism.
# The New York Times/1907

Content exists for this periodical, though at this stage it is not specifically organised beyond a basic hierarchy.
The pages listed below are an automatically generated listing.
Special:PrefixIndex/The New York Times/1907/
# The New York Times/1907/12/24/Schurz Memorial Medal

SCHURZ MEMORIAL MEDAL.
Sculptor Brenner Designs One of the Late Statesman.
Victor Brenner, a New York sculptor, has just completed a handsome memorial medal of the late Carl Schurz. The medal is about two by three inches, a quarter of an inch thick, and the figures on it are in bold relief. On one side is a three-quarter length portrait of Mr. Schurz made from a photograph taken when he was forty years of age. This bears the dates “1829-1906,” and the Latin motto, "Ubi Libertas, Ibi Patria," "Where Liberty is, there is Fatherland." On the reverse side of the medal are the figures of two men moving toward a rising sun.
The medals have been struck in bronze and silver. Some larger examples of these in silver are mounted on wooden panels. They can be seen at the Gorham Company's Fifth Avenue establishment.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New York Times/1907/03/20/Tesla's Wireless Torpedo

March 20th, 1907, p. 8
TESLA'S WIRELESS TORPEDO
Inventor Says He Did Show That It Worked Perfectly
by Nikola Tesla
To the Editor of The New York Times:
A report in The Times of this Morning says that I have attained no practical results with my dirigible wireless torpedo. This statement should be qualified. I have constructed such machines, and shown them in operation on frequent occasions. They have worked perfectly, and everybody who saw them was amazed at their performance.
It is true that my efforts to have this novel means for attack and defense adopted by our Government have been unsuccessful, but this is no discredit to my invention. I have spent years in fruitless endeavor before the world recognized the value of my rotating field discoveries which are now universally applied. The time is not yet ripe for the telautomatic art. If its possibilities were appreciated the nations would not be building large battleships. Such a floating fortress may be safe against an ordinary torpedo, but would be helpless in a battle with a machine which carries twenty tons of explosive, moves swiftly under water, and is controlled with precision by an operator beyond the range of the largest gun.
As to projecting wave-energy to any particular region of the globe, I have given a clear description of the means in technical publications. Not only can this be done by the use of my devices, but the spot at which the desired effect is to be produced can be calculated very closely, assuming the accepted terrestrial measurements to be correct. This, of course, is not the case. Up to this day we do not know a diameter of the globe within one thousand feet. My wireless plant will enable me to determine it within fifty feet or less, when it will be possible to rectify many geodetical data and make such calculations as those referred to with greater accuracy.
Nikola Tesla New York, March 19, 1907