# An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions/Orchidaceae

Family 32.   Orchidàceae   Lindl.   Nat. Syst. Ed. 2: 336.   1836.
Orchid Family.
Perennial herbs, with corms, bulbs or tuberous roots, sheathing entire leaves, sometimes reduced to scales, the flowers perfect, irregular, bracted, solitary, spiked or racemed.  Perianth superior, of 6 segments, the 3 outer (sepals) similar or nearly so, 2 of the inner ones (petals) lateral, alike; the third inner one (lip) dissimilar, often markedly so, usually larger, often spurred, sometimes inferior by torsion of the ovary or pedicel.  Stamens variously united with the style into an unsymmetrical column; anther 1, or in a few genera 2, 2-celled; pollen in 2-8 pear-shaped usually stalked masses (pollinia), united by elastic threads, the masses waxy or powdery, attached at the base to a viscid disk (gland).  Style often terminating in a beak (rostellum) at the base of the anther or between its sacs.  Stigma a viscid surface, facing the lip beneath the rostellum, or in a cavity between the anther-sacs (clinanclrium).  Ovary inferior, usually long and twisted, 3-angled, 1-celled; ovules numerous, anatropous, on 3 parietal placentae.  Capsule 3-valved.  Seeds very numerous, minute, mostly spindle-shaped, the loose coat hyaline, reticulated; endosperm none; embryo fleshy.
About 430 genera and over 5000 species, of wide distribution, most abundant in the tropics, many of those of warm regions epiphytes.
Anthers 2 ; lip a large inflated sac.   (Cypripedieae.) :
| | • | Lip not fissured ; stems leafy. | Lip not fissured ; stems leafy. | Lip not fissured ; stems leafy. | Lip not fissured ; stems leafy. | Lip not fissured ; stems leafy. | Lip not fissured ; stems leafy. | Lip not fissured ; stems leafy. | Lip not fissured ; stems leafy. | Lip not fissured ; stems leafy. | 1. | Cypripedium. |
| | • | Lip fissured in front ; leaves basal. | Lip fissured in front ; leaves basal. | Lip fissured in front ; leaves basal. | Lip fissured in front ; leaves basal. | Lip fissured in front ; leaves basal. | Lip fissured in front ; leaves basal. | Lip fissured in front ; leaves basal. | Lip fissured in front ; leaves basal. | Lip fissured in front ; leaves basal. | 2. | Fissipes. |
| • | Anther solitary. | Anther solitary. | Anther solitary. | Anther solitary. | Anther solitary. | Anther solitary. | Anther solitary. | Anther solitary. | Anther solitary. | Anther solitary. |
| | • | Pollinia with a caudicle, which is attached at the base to a viscid disk or gland.   (Orchideae.) | Pollinia with a caudicle, which is attached at the base to a viscid disk or gland.   (Orchideae.) | Pollinia with a caudicle, which is attached at the base to a viscid disk or gland.   (Orchideae.) | Pollinia with a caudicle, which is attached at the base to a viscid disk or gland.   (Orchideae.) | Pollinia with a caudicle, which is attached at the base to a viscid disk or gland.   (Orchideae.) | Pollinia with a caudicle, which is attached at the base to a viscid disk or gland.   (Orchideae.) | Pollinia with a caudicle, which is attached at the base to a viscid disk or gland.   (Orchideae.) | Pollinia with a caudicle, which is attached at the base to a viscid disk or gland.   (Orchideae.) | Pollinia with a caudicle, which is attached at the base to a viscid disk or gland.   (Orchideae.) |
| | | • | Gland enclosed in a pouch. | Gland enclosed in a pouch. | Gland enclosed in a pouch. | Gland enclosed in a pouch. | Gland enclosed in a pouch. | Gland enclosed in a pouch. | Gland enclosed in a pouch. | Gland enclosed in a pouch. |
| | | | • | Sepals free ; lip 3-lobed. | Sepals free ; lip 3-lobed. | Sepals free ; lip 3-lobed. | Sepals free ; lip 3-lobed. | Sepals free ; lip 3-lobed. | Sepals free ; lip 3-lobed. | Sepals free ; lip 3-lobed. | 3. | Orchis. |
| | | | • | Sepals united above into a hood ; lip entire. | Sepals united above into a hood ; lip entire. | Sepals united above into a hood ; lip entire. | Sepals united above into a hood ; lip entire. | Sepals united above into a hood ; lip entire. | Sepals united above into a hood ; lip entire. | Sepals united above into a hood ; lip entire. | 4. | Galeorchis. |
| | | • | Gland not enclosed in a pouch. | Gland not enclosed in a pouch. | Gland not enclosed in a pouch. | Gland not enclosed in a pouch. | Gland not enclosed in a pouch. | Gland not enclosed in a pouch. | Gland not enclosed in a pouch. | Gland not enclosed in a pouch. |
| | | | • | Lip not fringed nor cut-toothed. | Lip not fringed nor cut-toothed. | Lip not fringed nor cut-toothed. | Lip not fringed nor cut-toothed. | Lip not fringed nor cut-toothed. | Lip not fringed nor cut-toothed. | Lip not fringed nor cut-toothed. |
| | | | | • | Stem leafy ; anther sacs mostly parallel. | Stem leafy ; anther sacs mostly parallel. | Stem leafy ; anther sacs mostly parallel. | Stem leafy ; anther sacs mostly parallel. | Stem leafy ; anther sacs mostly parallel. | Stem leafy ; anther sacs mostly parallel. |
| | | | | | • | Valves of the anthers dilated at the base enclosing the gland below. | Valves of the anthers dilated at the base enclosing the gland below. | Valves of the anthers dilated at the base enclosing the gland below. | Valves of the anthers dilated at the base enclosing the gland below. | Valves of the anthers dilated at the base enclosing the gland below. | 5. | Perularia. |
| | | | | | • | Valves not dilated at the base | Valves not dilated at the base | Valves not dilated at the base | Valves not dilated at the base | Valves not dilated at the base |
| | | | | | | • | Gland surrounded by a thin membrane. | Gland surrounded by a thin membrane. | Gland surrounded by a thin membrane. | Gland surrounded by a thin membrane. | 6. | Coeloglossum. |
| | | | | | | • | Gland naked. | Gland naked. | Gland naked. | Gland naked. |
| | | | | | | | • | Beak of the stigma with 2 or 3 appendages. | Beak of the stigma with 2 or 3 appendages. | Beak of the stigma with 2 or 3 appendages. | 7. | Gymnadeniopsis. |
| | | | | | | | • | Beak of the stigma not appendaged. | Beak of the stigma not appendaged. | Beak of the stigma not appendaged. |
| | | | | | | | | • | Lateral sepals free ; anther-sacs opening in front. | Lateral sepals free ; anther-sacs opening in front. | 8. | Limnorchis. |
| | | | | | | | | • | Bases of the lateral sepals adnate to the claw of the lip ; anther-sacs opening laterally. | Bases of the lateral sepals adnate to the claw of the lip ; anther-sacs opening laterally. | 9. | Piperia. |
| | | | | • | Stem scapiform ; leaves 1-2, basal ; anther-sacs divergent. | Stem scapiform ; leaves 1-2, basal ; anther-sacs divergent. | Stem scapiform ; leaves 1-2, basal ; anther-sacs divergent. | Stem scapiform ; leaves 1-2, basal ; anther-sacs divergent. | Stem scapiform ; leaves 1-2, basal ; anther-sacs divergent. | Stem scapiform ; leaves 1-2, basal ; anther-sacs divergent. |
| | | | | | • | Basal leaves 2 ; ovary straight. | Basal leaves 2 ; ovary straight. | Basal leaves 2 ; ovary straight. | Basal leaves 2 ; ovary straight. | Basal leaves 2 ; ovary straight. | 10. | Lysias. |
| | | | | | • | Basal leaf 1 ; ovary arcuate. | Basal leaf 1 ; ovary arcuate. | Basal leaf 1 ; ovary arcuate. | Basal leaf 1 ; ovary arcuate. | Basal leaf 1 ; ovary arcuate. | 11. | Lysiella. |
| | | | • | Lip fringed or parted and cut-toothed. | Lip fringed or parted and cut-toothed. | Lip fringed or parted and cut-toothed. | Lip fringed or parted and cut-toothed. | Lip fringed or parted and cut-toothed. | Lip fringed or parted and cut-toothed. | Lip fringed or parted and cut-toothed. | 12. | Blephariglottis. |
| | • | Pollinia not produced into a caudicle (except apparently in No. 25). | Pollinia not produced into a caudicle (except apparently in No. 25). | Pollinia not produced into a caudicle (except apparently in No. 25). | Pollinia not produced into a caudicle (except apparently in No. 25). | Pollinia not produced into a caudicle (except apparently in No. 25). | Pollinia not produced into a caudicle (except apparently in No. 25). | Pollinia not produced into a caudicle (except apparently in No. 25). | Pollinia not produced into a caudicle (except apparently in No. 25). | Pollinia not produced into a caudicle (except apparently in No. 25). |
| | | • | Pollinia granulose or powdery.   (Neottieae.) | Pollinia granulose or powdery.   (Neottieae.) | Pollinia granulose or powdery.   (Neottieae.) | Pollinia granulose or powdery.   (Neottieae.) | Pollinia granulose or powdery.   (Neottieae.) | Pollinia granulose or powdery.   (Neottieae.) | Pollinia granulose or powdery.   (Neottieae.) | Pollinia granulose or powdery.   (Neottieae.) |