# Mars (Lowell)/Index

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INDEX
Air (See Atmosphere.)
Aphelion, of Mars' orbit, 12.
Apsides, line of Martian, 22; influence on Martian seasons, 23.
Aqueous vapor, 49; boiling point of, on Mars, 59; speed of molecules of, Appendix, Note I.
Araxes, the, change in shape accounted for, 161.
Areography, 92 et seq.
Atmosphere, importance of, 31; evidence by change, 31; absence on the Moon, 32; presence on Mars, 32; measured by Mr. Douglass, 37; method of determination of, 38; quantity of, on Mars, 43; characteristics of, on Mars, 45; veiling by, 48; density of, on Mars, 50, 52, 75; boiling point of water in, 59; constitution of, 75; in relation to seeing, 139; spectroscopic observations on Martian, Appendix, Note III.
Ausonia, strait between it and Hellas, 115.
Autumn, length of Martian, 24.
Axis, tilt of Martian, 22; influence on Martian seasons, 23.
Band, surrounding polar cap, 77; composition of, 80.
Beer and Mädler, on north polar cap, 78.
Boreas, the, 62.
Bright spots, on disk, 60, 61; variability of, 62.
Brilliancy, relative, of Mars, 12.
Brontes, the, 133, 164.
Calendar, the Martian, 77
Canals, 121, 128, 129 et seq.; straightness of, 131; breadth of, 132; length of, 133, 134; history of, 136; doubling of, 137; duplication of, 140, 187 et seq.; catalogue of, 145; number of, 147; not natural features, 151, 153; changes in, 155, 157, 161, 162; constitution of, 164, 202; in dark regions, 97, 148, 171 et seq.; at times invisible, 155; list of, in dark regions, 173.
Carbonic acid gas, theory of, as related to polar cap, 80; characteristics of, 81; objection to theory of, 83; critical velocity of molecules of, Appendix Note III.
Carbonic dioxide. (See Carbonic acid gas)
Cassini, rotation of Mars, 21.
Causeways, 118.
Ceraunius, relative visibility of, 183.
Changes, on disk, 33, 34; in tint of land areas, 104, 110 et seq., 118; in canals, 155, 157, 161, 162; seasonal and secular, 161; in spots, 182.
Cimmerian Sea. (See Mare Cimmerium.)
​Clerk-Maxwell, determination of molecular speed, 54.
Climate, of Mars, 49.
Cloudlessness, of Martian skies, 45.
Clouds, 45, 62; how formed, 52; as seen on terminator, 64, 65; kinds, 68; curious example of, seen by Mr. Douglass, 70 et seq.; height of same, 73; movement of same, 74; no trace of veiling of surface by, 157.
Color, of Mars, 121; of land areas, 177.
Comet-tail peninsulas, 103.
Cooling, of the Earth, 30; of Mars, 30.
Cracks, theory of the canals as, 152.
Critical velocity, defined, 55; of the Earth, 56, Appendix, Note I.; of Mercury, 58, Appendix, Note I.; of Mars, 58, Appendix, Note I.; of Venus, of the Moon, of Jupiter, of Saturn, of Uranus, of Neptune, of the Sun, Appendix, Note I.
Cyane Fons, relative visibility of, 183.
Dardanus, the, double, 196.
Dark areas, depressions over, 69.
Day, of Mars, 22.
Deimos, orbit and size, Appendix, Note IV.
Density, of Mars, 19.
Denudation, far advanced on Mars, 171, 207.
Depressions, on terminator, 65; on terminator, over dark areas, 69.
Deserts, of Mars, 60, 108.
Deucalionis Regio, neck between it and Fastigium Aryn, 118.
Development, seasonal, in seas, 122; of canals, 154 et seq.
Diameter, of Mars, equatorial, 16, 42; polar, 42; Appendix, Note II.
Distance, relative, of Mars from Earth, 4, 12.
Double canals, on map, 106 ; account of, 188 et seq.; appearance of, 189; width between, 190; manner of doubling, 190, 192.
Douglass, A. E., measurement of diameters, 41; cloud observations, 70; rift in polar cap, 87; observations on the Nectar, 194.
Duplication, of canals. (See Gemination.)
Earth, ellipticity of the, 25; critcal velocity of the, 56, Appendix, Note I.
Eccentricity, of orbit of Mars, 24; of the Earth, 24.
Elysium, 60, 61.
Equator, inclination of Martian, to orbit, 77.
Equinoxes, 77; vernal equinox of Martian southern hemisphere, 114; autumnal equinox of Martian southern hemisphere, 114.
Eridania, 60.
Eumenides, length of the, 133; oases detected on the, 181.
Eunostos, the, 62.
Euphrates, the, shown double, 106; doubling of, 194.
Faraday, experiments on carbonic acid gas, 81.
Fastigium Aryn, the, origin of Martian longitudes, 95 ; neck between it and Deucalionis Regio, 118.
Flammarion, Camille, "La Planète Mars," 111.
Fons Juventae, the, 96, 180, 193.
Frost, possible effect of, on Mars, 59, 62.
​Galaxias, the, 62.
Ganges, the, 98; length of, 133; canals near, 156; double, 190, 193, 194.
Gases, on the Earth, 50; on Mars, 50; effect of, on atmosphere, 51.
Gemination, of canals, 190 et seq.
Gigas, oases on the, 182.
Gihon, name of the, 142.
Glacial epochs, 24.
Glaciation cracks, theory of the canals as, 152.
Gorgon, the, 164.
Gravitation, law of, 10.
Gravity, on the Earth, 19; on Mars, 19; effect of, on atmosphere, 51.
Green, N. E., observations at Madeira, 87; map of Mars, 141.
Gulf of the Titans. (See Sinus Titanum.)
Hades, the, 194.
Hammonis Cornu, neck between it and Hellas, 119.
Heat, on Mars, 13; inherent, of Mars, 30.
Hellas, 105; strait between it and Noachis, 115; between it and Ausonia, 115; neck between it and Hammonis Cornu, 119.
Hesperia, change in, 116, 118.
Hourglass Sea, the, 21.
Huyghens, drawing of Mars, 21.
Hydrogen, speed of molecules of, 54, Appendix, Note I.; in free state, 56.
Ice, particles of, in Martian air, 49, 82.
Ice-cap. (See Polar cap, and South polar cap.)
Indus, the, first seen, 157.
Inhabitants, of Mars, 127, 128, 204 et seq.
Irregularities, on terminator, not mountainous, 66.
Irrigation, necessity for, 128, 130; theory of, supported, 172, 202.
Islands, south temperate chain of, 115.
Jupiter, relative orbit and size of, 5; ellipticity of disk of, 25; evidence of atmosphere about, 57; discovery of satellites of, 140; critical velocity of, Appendix, Note I.
Kepler, laws of solar system of, 10.
Lake of the Sun. (See Solis Lacus.)
Lakes, of Mars, 184.
La Place, theory of primal nebula of, 4.
"La Planète Mars," 111, 141.
Libya, 105.
Life, extra-terrestrial, 5.
Light, on Mars, 13.
Limb, of Mars, 46.
Limblight, 46.
Linnè, 32.
Mädler, Beer and, on north polar cap, 78.
Map, of Mars, 92 et seq., 141 et seq., and at end of Appendix.
Maraldi, study of polar caps, 22.
Mare Cimmerium, 120.
Mare Erythraeum, 120.
Markings, a peculiarity of the Martian, 123, 124; bluish-green, 108, 133; reddish-ochre, 108, 133.
Mars, passim. (See particular headings.)
Martian life, 202.
Martians, as different from men, 204; probability of, 209 et seq.
Mass, of Mars, how determined, 16.
​Matter, as common property, 4.
Memnonia, 60.
Mercator, map of Mars on projection, 143, and after Appendix.
Mercury, ellipticity of disk of, 25; evidence of atmosphere about, 57; cusps of, 57; critical velocity of, 58, Appendix, Note I.
Meteorites, theory of canals as made by, 152.
Micrometric measures, of diameters, by Mr. Douglass, 27.
Mind, universality of, 4.
Mist, sunrise, 46; sunset, 46, 157.
Mitchell Mountains, 87.
Molecules, kinetic theory of, 53; speed of, 54, Appendix, Note I.
Moon, cosmically dead, 2; relative orbit and size of, 4; changes on, 32; atmosphere of, 57.
Mountains, 66 ; how detected on a planet, 43; as seen on terminator, 48, 69, 167 et seq.
Names, of planets, 207.
Nectar, the, 99; double, 194.
Neptune, relative orbit and size of, 5; probable ellipticity of disk of, 25; evidence of atmosphere about, 57; critical velocity of, Appendix, Note I.
Newton, law of gravitation, 10.
Nice, observatory of, 138.
Night, on Mars, 19.
Nitrogen, speed of molecules of, 57, Appendix, Note I.
Noachis, strait between it and Hellas, 115.
Nomenclature, of Martian markings, 94, 95, 141, 142; meaning of Schiaparelli's, 142.
Oases, 131, 176 et seq.; shape of, 178, 187; size of, 179; on Eumenides-Orcus, 181; on Pyriphlegethon, 182; on Gigas, 182. (See Spots.)
Ophir, 60.
Opposition, of Mars, 13.
Orbit, of Mars, 8; compared to the Earth's, 10; eccentricity of, 24.
Oxygen, speed of molecules of, 53, Appendix, Note I.; in free state, 57.
Parabolic velocity, 55.
Pearl-bearing Gulf, the, 96, 156.
Peninsulas, comet-tail, 103.
Perihelion, of orbit of Mars, 11.
Perrotin, detection of the Phison, 137, 138; confirmation of canals of Schiaparelli, 138.
Phase, of Mars, 19, 37, 46.
Phasis, the, 161.
Phison, the, shown double, 106; name of, 142; double, 190; doubling of, 195.
Phobos, orbit and size of, Appendix, Note IV.
Phoenix Lake, the, 99, 100, 133; canals near, 162; relative conspicuousness of, 183; polariscopic observation of, 185.
Photography, of planet, 93.
Pickering, Prof. W. H., estimate of height of cloud, 71; polariscope observations, 80, 185; observations of rift in polar cap, 85; an open polar sea, 88, 175;
120; names by, 141.
Planets, name of, 1; relative orbits
and sizes of, 4, 5; as wandering stars, 9; as a solar family, 10.
Polar caps, 22, 33, 76. (See South polar cap.)
Polar flattening, 25, 27; amount of, 42.
Polariscope, observations on polar sea, 80; on so-called seas, 109, 120; on the Solis Lacus and the Phoenix Lake, 185.
​Polar sea, 79 et seq., 92, 114, 119.
Polar snows, relation of, to surface activity, 113.
Pole, south, of cold not coincident with pole of rotation, 85.
Poles, of Mars, tilt of, 22.
Presentation, meaning of, note, 156.
Proctor, map of Mars, 141.
Projections, on terminator of Mars, 63, 64.
Protei Regio, 72.
Psychic effect, on seeing, 158-160.
Pyriphlegethon, the, oases detected on, 182.
Rifts, in south polar cap, 85, 87.
Rotation, of Mars, time of, 21, 22, 95, 107.
Satellites, of Mars, Appendix, Note IV.
Saturn, relative orbit and size of, 5; critical velocity of, Appendix, Note I.
Schiaparelli, on tilt of Martian poles, 77; map of Mars, 94; first detection of canals, 136 et seq.
Sea of the Sirens, the, 120.
Seas, of Mars, so called, 96, 107 et seq., 123, 126, 127; variation in tint of, 110, 118, 120; of the Moon, 123.
Seasons, of Mars, 23; length of, 24; phenomenally hot season in southern hemisphere of Mars, 91.
Seeing, conditions conducive to, 138, 139.
Shape, of Mars, 14; of oases, 179.
Sinus Titanum, 101, 134; canals near, 156, 182.
Size, of Mars, 14; of oases, 179.
Snow, on Mars, 33.
Snow-caps. (See South polar cap.)
Solar system, size of the, 4, 14, 15.
Solis Lacus, 99 ; canals near, 155; size of, 180; polariscope observations on, 185; bright causeways in, 194.
Solstices, of Mars, 77; summer solstice of southern hemisphere, 114.
Southern hemisphere, of Mars, seasons in, 24; terminator of, 64.
South polar cap, irradiation from, 27; dwindling of, 33; size of, in June, 76; disappearance of, 79, 90; constitution of, 80, 83, 94; history of, 84 et seq.; eccentricity of, 85; rift in, 85, 87; starlike points in, 86, 87; detached portions of, 89; different levels of, 89; disappearance of, 90.
South polar sea, 94.
South pole, of cold on Mars not coincident with geographical pole, 85.
Spectroscope, observations on stars, 4; observations of atmosphere of Mars by, Appendix III.
Spots, in bright areas (see Oases); on border of dark areas, 197; as terminals to canals, 197; in dark areas, 198; list of, 199.
Spring, length of, on Mars, 24.
Stars, Mars as one, 1; relative distance of, 5.
Stoney, G. Johnstone, 53.
Storms, on Mars, 59.
Straits, in dark areas, 114, 115, 117, 163, 173.
Struve, Hermann, 29.
Summer, length of. on Mars, 24.
Sun, relative size of, 4; effect on planet's age, 206.
Surface, of Mars, features of, 93.
Syrtis Major, 20, 105, 119, 141.
​Tempe, 60.
Terminator, observations on, 48, 63, 64; irregularities on, 63; of Moon, 169; of Mars, 170.
Tisserand, on polar flattening of Mars, 28.
Titan, the, 102, 134, 164.
Tithonius Lacus, 99, 181.
Trivium Charontis, 103, 133, 181; shape of, 179.
Twilight, on Mars, measured by Mr. Douglass, 26.
Twilight arc, of Mars, 42.
Typhon, the, double, 195.
Uranus, relative orbit and size of, 5; ellipticity of disk of, 25; evidence of atmosphere of, 57; critical velocity of, Appendix, Note I.
Variations, of surface of Mars. (See Changes.)
Vegetation, on Mars, 122, 164; visibility of, 130, 198.
Velocity, critical, of planets, Appendix, Note I.
Venus, cloud-covered, 2; ellipticity of disk of, 25; evidence of atmosphere of, 57; cusps of, 57; critical velocity of, Appendix, Note I.
Water, 79, 83, 92; necessary to life, 76, 127; theoretic reflection from, 109; amount of, on Mars, 122; direction of, when flowing from pole, 125; as fresh, 175.
Weather, on Mars, 58.
Winter, length of, on Mars, 24.
Worlds, other than our own, 3.
INDEX OF NAMES ON THE MAP OF MARS arranged alphabetically
REGIONS
CANALS
OASES
INDEX OF NAMES ON THE MAP OF MARS arranged numerically