OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/McDonald, John Blake

​McDONALD, JOHN BLAKE (1829–1901), Scottish artist, son of James McDonald, wood merchant, was born at Boharm, Morayshire, on 24 May 1829. He was educated there, but, going to Edinburgh with a taste for art, he entered the academy of the Board of Trustees in Edinburgh in 1853. He proved a good student both then and later in the life school of the Royal Scottish Academy, where in 1862 he won the first prize for painting from the life. But retaining much of the chiaroscuro of the earlier school, and being, in spite of a certain dexterity and force of execution, heavy in handling and dull in colour, his pictures lacked the charm and fine quality which mark those of Lauder's best pupils. They were effective, however, and popular, for most of the more important dealt with dramatic or picturesque episodes in highland history or Jacobite romance, and in 1862 he was elected an associate of the Royal Scottish Academy and academician in 1877. In 1874 he was in Venice, where he painted a number of pictures, and after 1878 he practically abandoned figure for landscape, in which he did some vigorous work of the transcript kind in both oil and water-colour. One of his best pictures, 'Prince Charlie leaving Scotland,' is in the Albert Institute, Dundee, and his diploma work, 'Glencoe, 1692,' is also a characteristic example. Dying in Edinburgh on 20 Dec. 1901, he was survived by his second wife and a grown-up family.
[Scotsman, 21 Dec. 1901; R.S.A. Report, 1902; Nat. Gall. of Scotland Cat.]
J. L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/McLachlan, Robert

​McLACHLAN, ROBERT (1837–1904), entomologist, born at 17 Upper East Smithfield, London, on 10 April 1837, was one of five children of Hugh McLachlan, ship-chandler (d. 1855), a native of Greenock, who settled in London in early life, living at the close of his life near Hainault Forest.
Possessed of private means, McLachlan, in 1855, when eighteen years old, made a voyage to Australia and China, where he collected much botanical material, which Robert Brown, keeper of the botanical department of the British Museum, subsequently examined. His interests soon ​centred on entomology, and, prompted by the writings of Hagen, he commenced the work of elucidating the families of British and foreign Neuroptora, his first paper on the order appearing in the 'Entomologist's Annual' (1861). This was followed by various important monographs. His 'Catalogue of British Neuroptera' was published by the Entomological Society in 1870. Meanwhile, as a zealous collector, he had brought together an unequalled series of specimens and maintained a voluminous correspondence at home and abroad relating to the study. His chief independent publication was 'A Monographic Revision and Synopsis of the Trichoptera [caddis-flies] of the European Fauna' (1874–84), a great work which was illustrated by his own detailed drawings, made under the camera lucida. For the ' Encyclopædia Britannica,' 9th edition, he wrote the article 'Insects.'
McLachlan was a member of many English and foreign scientific societies. He was elected F.R.S. on 7 June 1877 (being supported by Charles Darwin and George Bentham), and gave valued honorary assist- ance for several years in the editing of the society's 'Catalogue of Scientific Papers.' He successively filled the offices of secretary of the Entomological Society (1868–72) and treasurer (1873-5, 1891-4), serving as president (1885–6.) On the establishment of the 'Entomological Monthly Magazine' (1864) he acted as an editor, eventually (1902) becoming proprietor, without relinquishing editorial work. He was elected a fellow of the Linnean Society in 1862, and served on the council (1879–83). McLachlan, who was unmarried, died on 23 May 1904, at his home at Lewisham, and was buried in Tower Hamlets cemetery, London.
[Proc. Roy. See, vol. lxxv., and Catal. Sci. Papers; Trans. Entomol. Sec, 1904, Presidential Address; Proc. Entomol. Soc, 1886, Presidential Address; Entomol. Month. Mag. July 1904; Entomological News, Sept. 1904; Proc. Linn. Soc., 1905; Proc. Roy. Hort. Soc. vol. xxix.; Nature, 2 June 1904.]
T. E. J.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Tonstall, Cuthbert

​TONSTALL, CUTHBERT (1474–1559), bishop successively of London and Durham. [See Tunstall.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Tooke, Andrew

​TOOKE, ANDREW (1673–1732), master of the Charterhouse, second son of Benjamin Tooke, citizen and stationer of London, was born in 1673, and received his education in the Charterhouse school. He was admitted a scholar of Clare Hall, Cambridge, in 1690, took the degree of B.A. in 1693, and commenced M.A. in 1697. In 1695 he had become usher in the Charterhouse school, and on 5 July 1704 he was elected professor of geometry in Gresham College in succession to Dr. Robert Hooke [q. v.] On 30 Nov. 1704 he was chosen a fellow of the Royal Society, whose members held their meetings in his chambers until they left the college in 1710 (Thomson, List of Fellows of the Royal Society, p. xxxi). He was chosen master of the Charterhouse on 17 July 1728 in the room of Dr. Thomas Walker. He had taken deacon's orders and sometimes preached, but devoted himself principally to the instruction of youth. On 26 June 1729 following he resigned his professorship in Gresham College. He died on 20 Jan. 1731-2, and was buried in the chapel of the Charterhouse, where a monument was erected to his memory (Gent. Mag. 1732, p. 586; Publications of the Harleian Soc., Registers, xviii. 85). In May 1729 he married the widow of Henry Levett [q. v.], physician to the Charterhouse.
His works are:
* 'The Pantheon, representing the Fabulous Histories of the Heathen Gods and most Illustrious Heroes,' translated from the 'Pantheum Mithicum' of the Jesuit father François Antoine Pomey and illustrated with copperplates, London 1698, 8vo; 7th edit., 'in which the whole translation is revised,' London, 1717, 8vo, 35th edit. London, 1824, 8vo.
* 'Synopsis Graecae Linguae,' London, 1711, 4to.
* 'The Whole Duty of Man, according to the Law of Nature,' translated from the Latin of Baron Samuel von Pufendorf, 4th edit. London, 1716, 8vo.
* 'Institutions Christianae,' London, 1718, 8vo, being a translation of the 'Christian Institutes,' by Francis Gastrell [q. v.], bishop of Chester.
* An edition of Ovid's 'Fasti,' London, 1720, 8vo.
* An edition of William Walker's 'Treatise of English Particles,' London, 1720, 8vo.
* 'Copy of the last Will and Testament of Sir Thomas Gresham … with some Accounts concerning Gresham College, taken from the last Edition of Stow's "Survey of London"' (anon.), London, 1724 (some of these accounts were originally written by him).
* Some epistles distinguished by the letters A. Z. in the English edition of Pliny's 'Epistles,' 11 vols. London, 1724, 8vo.
[Addit, MS. 5882, f. 52; Biogr. Brit., Suppl. p. 173; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. iii. 627, v. 242, ix. 167; Ward's Gresham Professors, p. 193.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Tooker, William

​TOOKER, or TUCKER, WILLIAM (1558?–1621), divine, born at Exeter in 1557 or 1558, was the third son of William Tooker of that town by his wife Honora, daughter of James Erisey of Erisey in Cornwall (Westcote, Devonshire, 1845, p. 526). He was admitted to Winchester College in 1572, and became a scholar at New College, Oxford, in 1575, graduating B.A. on 16 Oct. 1579 and M.A. on 1 June 1583, and proceeding B.D. and D.D. on 4 July 1594. In 1577 he was elected to a perpetual fellowship, and in 1580 was appointed a canon of Exeter. In 1584 he was presented to the rectory of Kilkhampton in Cornwall, and in the following year resigned his fellowship on being collated archdeacon of Barnstaple on 24 April. In 1588 he was appointed chaplain to the queen and rector of West Dean in Wiltshire. In 1590 he became rector of Clovelly in Devonshire, but resigned the charge in 1601. In 1597 he published 'Charisma sive Donum Sanationis' (London, 4to), an historical vindication of the power inherent in the English sovereign of curing the king's evil. This work won him especial regard from Elizabeth, whose possession of the power was a proof of the validity of her succession. Tooker was a ​skilful courtier, and in 1604 published a treatise entitled 'Of the Fabrique of the Church and Churchmens Livings' (London, 8vo), dedicated to James I, whose chaplain he was, in which he attacked the tendency of puritanism towards ecclesiastical democracy, on the ground that it paved the way for spiritual anarchy. On 16 Feb. 1604-5 he was installed dean of Lichfield, resigning his archdeaconry. According to Fuller, James designed the bishopric of Gloucester for him, and actually issued the congé d'élire, but afterwards revoked it. Tooker died at Salisbury on 19 March 1620-1, and was buried in the cathedral. He left a son Robert, who in 1625 became rector of Vange in Essex.
William was a good scholar, and, according to Fuller, 'the purity of his Latin pen procured his preferment.' Its flexibility may also have favoured him. Besides the works mentioned, he was the author of 'Duellum sive Singulare Certamen cum Martino Becano Jesuita ' (London, 1611, 8vo), written against Becanus in defence of the ecclesiastical authority of the English king, to which Becanus replied in 'Duellum Martini Becani Societatis Jesu Theologi cum Gulielmo Tooker de Primatu Regis Angliae,' Mayence, 1612, 8vo.
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/William de Leicester

​WILLIAM de Leicester, or WILLIAM du Mont (d. 1213), theologian, studied at Oxford, and afterwards proceeded to Paris, where he taught on the Mount St. Geneviève between 1170 and 1180; he seems to have taken his name of du Mont from this fact. He afterwards became chancellor of Lincoln, an office which he held in 1192 and 1200 (Le Neve, Fasti, ii. 91). Here he continued his lessons with great success, numbering among his pupils Giraldus Cambrensis, whom he had previously met in Paris (Gir. Cambs. De Rebus a se Gestis, iii. 3). He died soon after Easter 1213.
Alexander Neckham has some verses in his honour in his ‘De Laude Sapientiæ.’
His works are: 1. ‘Similitudines’ (MSS. in Balliol ccxxii. and Merton cclvii. Colleges, Oxford, and Peterhouse, Cambridge). 2. ‘Summa de officio sacerdotis’ (MSS. in Caius College, Cambridge, Bodleian Library, New College xciv. f. 28, cxlv. f. 94, and Corpus Christi College, Oxford, ccclx. f. 100). 3. ‘Numerale’ (MSS. Balliol College ccxxii. f. 48 b., Merton College, cclvii. f. 4, and New College, Oxford, xcviii.). 4. ‘Concordantiæ.’ 5. ‘Collecta super psalterium cum scholiis’ (MS. Pembroke College, Cambridge). 6. ‘Homeliæ’ (MS. in Cambridge University Library). 7. ‘Sermones de tempore ab adventu ad Dominicam Trinitatis.’ 8. ‘Expositiones evangeliorum.’ 9. ‘Speculum pœnitentiæ’ (MS. in Pembroke College, Cambridge). 10. ‘Speculum pœnitentis’ (MS. in Corpus Christi College, Cambridge). 11. ‘De Sacramentis Ecclesiæ.’ 12. ‘Flores sapientiæ.’ 13. ‘Proverbia et alia verba ædificatoria in ordine disposita’ (MS. in New College, Oxford, xcviii. 56 b). 14. ‘Carmen alphabetum glossatum.’ 15. ‘De adventu Domini.’ 16. ‘Expositiones epistolarum.’ 17. ‘De bonitate mulierum.’ 18. ‘Ad quasdam moniales lib. i.’ 19. ‘Introductio ad artem concionandi.’ 20. ‘De miraculis Sanctorum.’ 21. ‘De eliminatione errorum de quibusdam quæ in ecclesia cantantur et leguntur’ (MS. in Bodleian Library, Oxford). 22. ‘Distinctiones theologicæ’ (MS. in Corpus Christi College, Oxford, xliii. 1). 23. ‘De tropis liber’ ​(MS. New College, Oxford, 27 b). 24. ‘Quidam versus glossati.’
W. E. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/William de Wycumbe

​WILLIAM de Wycumbe (fl. 1160), biographer, was chaplain to Robert de Betun (d. 1148), bishop of Hereford, and wrote a eulogistic life of the bishop, which is printed in Wharton's ‘Anglia Sacra’ (ii. 322). Manuscripts are in the British Museum (MS. Cotton Julius D. ii.) and at Lambeth (MS. 151). He became prior of the second Llanthony Abbey, founded at Gloucester by his patron Robert de Betun, who was its first prior. He wrote as well a history of the acts of violence and injustice perpetrated on his monastery by Milo, constable of Gloucester. He seems to have treated his monks harshly; for aided by Milo's son Roger, who had been offended at the narrative of his father's misdeeds, they expelled him from the monastery. He is said to have passed the remainder of his life in retirement at Frome.
W. E. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/William of Chester

​WILLIAM of Chester (fl. 1109), poet, was a pupil of Anselm, probably at Bec, and became a Benedictine monk of Chester, which was founded from Bec in 1092. He wrote a poem addressed to Anselm on his elevation to the see of Canterbury, which Anselm acknowledged in Ep. iii. 84, and also an Epicedion in elegiacs on his death, printed in Baluze's ‘Miscellanea,’ iv. 15. He is probably to be distinguished from the abbot of Chester who ruled 1121–1140.
M. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/William of Coventry

​WILLIAM of Coventry (fl. 1360), Carmelite, born at Coventry, was lame, and went by the name of Claudus Conversus. Bale possessed copies of works by him on the history of the Carmelites, which are lost. Bale ascribes to him also an ‘Elucidarium Fidei,’ which occurs in many manuscripts ​(e.g. Bodl. MSS. Laud 22 E 44, E 90, and L 47), and has been printed as the work of Anselm. It has been also ascribed to Honorius of Autun, Guibert Novigentinus, and even St. Augustine. Bale ascribes to William ‘Carmina Diversa.’
[Bale's Script. Brit. i. 461; Villiers de St. Étienne's Bibliotheca Carmel. i. 59 b; Fabricius, Bibliotheca, s. vv. ‘Anselmus,’ ‘Honorius,’ ‘Guibertus;’ Tanner's Bibl. p. 356.]
M. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/William of Drogheda

​WILLIAM of Drogheda (d. 1245?), canonist, was an eminent lecturer on canon law at Oxford during the first half of the thirteenth century. Between 1241 and 1245 he was principal advocate for William of Montpellier in the litigation about his election to the see of Coventry and Lichfield; and such weight was attached to his advocacy that the bishop-elect, hearing in 1245 of William's death, gave up his claim (Matt. Paris, Chron. Maj. iv. 423). According to Mr. Rashdall, however, the canonist in 1250 gave his hall or house at Oxford to the prior and convent of Sherborne, who in 1255 sold it to the university; it is now No. 33 High Street, and is still called ‘Drawda Hall.’ William also appears to have been rector of Stratton Audley, Oxfordshire (Cal. Pap. Reg. i. 214).
About 1239 William wrote, for the use of his pupils, his ‘Summa Aurea,’ an elaborate treatise on canon law, which was still quoted as an authority, even at Bologna, some centuries later (Bethmann-Hollweg, Der Civil-process des gemeinen Rechts, vi. 123, 124; Albericus Gentilis, Laudes Acad. 1605, p. 54). Two manuscripts are extant at Caius College, Cambridge ({sc|Wunderlich}}, Zeitschrift, xi. 79), and others are at Luxemburg (Stadtbibliothek, No. 105), at Tours (Dorange, Cat. MSS. p. 310), and in the Vatican (Stevenson, Codd. Lat. Bibl. Vat. p. 283). None of these manuscripts appear to be perfect; extracts from the Caius manuscripts are printed in the ‘English Historical Review’ (xii. 645), and a full description of the work is given in Professor F. W. Maitland's ‘Roman Canon Law’ (1898, pp. 107 sqq.).
A. F. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/William of Conches

​WILLIAM of Conches (d. 1154?), natural philosopher, was born at Conches in Normandy in the last quarter of the eleventh century. The name ‘De Conches’ has been Anglicised into Shelley, which Bale gives as William's alias; under it William appears in various bibliographies and catalogues. Bale, moreover, in his notebook (Selden MS. 64 B) states that William was born in Cornwall ‘ut fertur,’ giving Boston of Bury as his authority. There is, however, no reason to doubt that he was born at Conches.
Writing about 1145, William describes himself as one who has been for more than twenty years a teacher (Dragmaticon, p. 210, and Schaarschmidt, Johannes Saresberiensis, pp. 22, 73, has shown that Chartres, and not Paris, as was once supposed, was the school to which he belonged). At Chartres he was taught by Bernard Sylvester, and here in his turn he taught John of Salisbury [q. v.] in 1137–8 (Metalog. i. 24). John calls him the most accomplished grammarian of his time, and describes his teaching in detail. He followed the method of Bernard of Chartres, based on Quintilian's recommendations. The lectures covered the whole field of classical Latin, with questions on parsing, scansion, and construction. There was daily practice in Latin prose and verse composition in imitation of classical models, and frequent discussion among the pupils on set subjects, with a view to the acquisition of fluency and elegant diction (Rashdall, Univ. of Europe, i. 65). In his encyclopædic work, ‘De Philosophia,’ which is incomplete, his teaching on the Trinity and the Atonement shows the influence of Abelard; but it was not till after Abelard's condemnation at the council of Sens, 1140, that William's heresies were noticed. William of Saint Thierry first detected them, and pointed them out to Bernard of Clairvaux (Tissier, Bibl. Pat. Cisterc. iv. 127). As a consequence of this attack William withdrew from public teaching, and found protection at the court of Geoffrey the Fair, count of Anjou, where he taught the future Henry II and his brothers. He rewrote the ‘Philosophia,’ admitting his errors, and the corrected version, republished in the form of a dialogue (‘Dragmaticon’), was addressed to the count. He died either at Paris or near Evreux, probably in 1154 (Bouquet, Recueil, xiii. 703 D).
Besides the ‘Philosophia’ (printed in three editions, and with three false ascriptions to Beda, William of Hirschau, and Honorius of Autun) and the ‘Dragmaticon or Dialogue’ (printed at Strasburg in 1567 as the work of one ‘Willelmus Aneponymus Philo​sophus’), he wrote also glosses on the ‘Timæus,’ part of which have been printed as the work of Honorius of Autun in Cousin's ‘Œuvres inédits d'Abélard,’ App. pp. 648 seq., and a commentary on Boethius's ‘De Consolatione Philosophiæ,’ which Jourdain describes as the first real commentary other than mere glosses on this popular work (Notices et Extraits, vol. xx. pt. ii. p. 57). His tendencies were strongly platonistic and realistic; the most interesting of his speculations are perhaps those which develop the Epicurean atomic theory and a theory of the antipodes.
M. B.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/tiap
### tîap

* 揲tîap893649
* To grasp divining straws in the hand.

#### tîap si;

    to cast lots.

#### tîap si sĭ tîap tîeh sĭm-mih khùe?

    What was indicated by the lot which he drew?
* 蝶tîap8901429
* A butterfly.

#### îap-tîap;

    butterflies; hinges of foreign pattern.

#### ôi sĭ àiⁿ bói tîap-thâu kâi;

    wishes to buy shoes that have ornamentation on the toes.

#### àiⁿ ēng thih kâi îap-tîap a tâng kâi îap-tîap?

    Do you wish to use iron or brass hinges?

#### cí kâi îap-tîap ēng kú huang-hāi, tîeh lêng-ūaⁿ ūaⁿ kâi îap-tîap;

    these hinges having been used a long time are worn out, and must be replaced by new ones.
* 牒tîap891919
* A card or letter of introduction; official instruction.

#### kâi nâng tîeh ēng kâi tîap;

    a card must be ​used for each person.

#### ēng jîeh cōi cîⁿ kio i chíu tîap?

    How much money is required to get from him a card to the god who is to be consulted?
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/tiet
### tiet

* 姪tîet68386
* The child of a brother.

#### cek tîet cò̤-pû lăi;

    uncle and nephew came together.

#### lâi tĭet;

    brother's son.

#### oíe tîet;

    a cousin's son, of a different surname.

#### tîet ńng;

    a brother's daughter.

#### tîet sài;

    a niece's husband.

#### úa sái sìa tîet lâi m̄ng-hāu lṳ́;

    I send my nephew to inquire after your health.

#### tîet sun;

    grand-nephew.

#### peh tîet;

    son of my father's elder brother.

#### pau tîet;

    own nephew.

#### thâng tîet;

    a cousin's son, of the same surname.

#### cŭang tîet;

    a second cousin's son.

#### côk tîet;

    a junior in the same clan.

#### nî tîet;

    the sons of one who took his literary degree in the same year as myself.

#### sì tîet;

    a term used by one's self towards a father's chum or fellow graduate.

#### ngô̤ tîet;

    "your ignorant nephew" (is the subscription of one who is writing to his father's friend).
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/tim
### tim

* 熅tim11448610
* To warm up food in a pot.

#### khîeh lô̤h lô khṳ̀ tim: tim sie-sie cìaⁿ hó̤ cîah;

    put it on the stove and warm it up: make it very hot and then it will be delectable.

#### cíu tim lío m̄ cai thóiⁿ, khṳt i ûak khṳ̀;

    set the whiskey on to heat it, and it sprang ablaze when I was not looking to it.

#### cíu-pâng màiⁿ tim îeⁿ khṳ̀;

    do not melt the wine pitcher when heating the wine.

#### tim chài;

    to warm up food left from a previous meal.
* 鴆tim181964
* A bird like the secretary falcon, with a long black neck and red bill; it eats snakes, and is supposed to be so noxious that fish die where it drinks, the grass withers around its nest, and its feathers steeped in spirits make a virulent poison.

#### i ka-kì hôk tim cíu cṳ̆-cĭn;

    he drank a dose of deadly poison and killed himself.
* 沉tîm20854
* To sink; to quash; lost, destroyed; ruined.

#### cêk kâi tîm li, cêk kâi phû;

    one sank and the other floated.

#### cûn tîm lô̤h khṳ̀;

    the boat sank.

#### pùaⁿ phû pùaⁿ tîm;

    half in and half out of water.

#### i tîm-mût i kâi mûeh-kĭaⁿ;

    he made way with her things.

#### i kâi pēⁿ tîm tăng;

    he is very sick.

#### tîm tŏ̤ cúi tói;

    sank to the bottom.

#### cí kâi thim-hieⁿ ŏi tîm cúi kâi;

    this garu-wood sinks in water.
* 朕tĭm181306
* The royal We, Ourself.

#### hûang-tì cheng i ka-kī cheng cò̤ tĭm;

    the emperor in speaking of himself says We.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/tie
### tîe

* 潮tîe378512
* The tides.

#### tîe cúi;

    the tidal waves.

#### tîe ciu hú;

    the Department of the Tides, the name of that in which Swatow is situated.

#### tîe tĭⁿ;

    flood tide.

#### tîe khó̤;

    ebb tide.

#### tîe cúi thò̤;

    the tide recedes.

#### sŭn tîe cúi, ngêk tîe cúi;

    to follow or oppose the tide.
* 抖tīe874644
* To shudder; to shiver.

#### chìn kàu tó̤ tīe;

    so cold that she shivered.

#### kiaⁿ kàu hṳ̄-hṳ̄-tīe;

    shook with fear.

#### kûaⁿ kàu tó̤ tīe;

    shivered with cold.

#### hṳ́ tói cheⁿ tīe chut lâi;

    rigors beginning in the interior of the body.

#### khṳt pak huang cē chue tîeh cêk sin li-li tīe;

    when the north wind blows upon me I shiver all over.

#### tīe m̄ hàuⁿ hiah;

    cannot stop shivering.

#### chìn kàu khí khap-khap tīe;

    so cold his teeth chattered.
* 跳tīe8891576
* To rebound; to bound.

#### tīe-tò̤ tńg lâi; tò̤-tīe tńg lâi;

    to bound backward.

#### kîu cŭang tîeh chîeⁿ cū tīe khui lâi;

    the ball hit the wall and bounded off.

#### lô̤h khṳ̀ tīe nang-uang kûiⁿ khí lâi;

    fell and rebounded very high.