OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Park, Mungo

See also Mungo Park (explorer) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Park, Mungo, an African traveler, was born in Scotland, Sept. 20, 1771. He became assistant surgeon on the Worcester and on his return offered his services to the African Association and sailed from England, May 22, 1795. After learning the Mandingo language at Pisania he set out, but soon fell into the hands of a Moorish king, who made him prisoner, but from whom he escaped in 1796. He wrote an account of his travels in a work, Travels in the Interior of Africa. In 1799 he married at Selkirk, but the life of a country surgeon was too quiet for him, so in 1805 he sailed for the Niger country, in Africa, on behalf of the government. His account of the second voyage was published in 1815, and has been of much value to subsequent explorers. See Joseph Thomson's Mungo Park.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Parker, Horatio

See also Horatio Parker on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Parker, Horatio. Composer and professor of music at Yale University; born at Auburndale, Mass., September 15, 1863. After the early lessons of his mother he studied with Emery, Orth and Chadwick in Boston and later with Rheinberger in Munich. His versatility is apparent in the long list of works from his pen ranging from songs and piano pieces to oratorios and symphonies. Among his more important compositions are Hora Novissima, A Wanderer's Psalm, The Legend of St. Christopher and an organ concerto. Professor Parker has received the honorary degrees of M. A. from Yale and of Mus. Doc. from Cambridge University, England.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Pampas Grass

See also Cortaderia selloana on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* PAMPAS GRASS
Pam′pas Grass, covering the pampas of the Argentine, is very hardy, beautiful in appearance and often used for ornament. The leaves are from six to eight feet long, and the flowering stems, with large spikes of silvery-white flowers, are from ten to 14 feet in height. The plant is now cultivated in California for the flower plumes, which are used in decorations by florists.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Pan

See also Pan (god) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Pan, according to the Greek story, is considered the god of pastures, forests and flocks and is represented as having horns, a goat's beard, a crooked nose, pointed ears, a tail and goat's feet. The worship of Pan began in Arcadia, and in time extended all over Greece, reaching Athens last. He was worshiped by offerings of cows, goats, lambs, milk, honey and wine. He was also supposed to have been very fond of music, being credited as the inventor of the syrinx or pandean pipes. The Romans have identified him as their god Faunus. The story of his death, coincident with the birth of Christ, is finely treated by Milton, Rabelais, Schiller and Mrs. Browning.
# The New York Times/1900/12

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# The New York Times/1900/12/01/Cleared of $2,891,003 of Debt

CLEARED OF $2,891,003 OF DEBT.
Arndt K. Housekeeper as Voluntary Bankrupt Discharged in Philadelphia.
PHILADELPHIA, Nov. 30—Arndt K. Housekeeper of Narberth, Penn., was discharged as a voluntary bankrupt in the United States District Court to-day, with liabilities of $2,891,003,83 and assets of $25.
It was stated that thirteen years ago, when Housekeeper was twenty-two years of age, some friends induced him to go on their bond in a gigantic real estate operation. This involved the erection of 800 houses in Philadelphia and near-by cities. He signed the necessary papers without thoroughly understanding what he was doing. Later the burden of the mortgages, nearly $3,000,000, fell on his shoulders.
The holders of the mortgages began proceedings against him. The judgements against him. The judgements against him are held by trust companies and estates in various parts of the United Sates.
# The New York Times/1900/12/01

See the scan index for this issue.
DAILY, ONE CENT.SUNDAY, THREE CENTS.
| “All the News That’s Fit to Print.” | COPYRIGHT, 1900, BY THE NEW YORK TIMES COMPANY. | THE WEATHER. Fair; fresh west to north winds. |
| VOL. L. . .No. 15,881 | NEW YORK, DECEMBER 1, 1900, SATURDAY.—SIXTEEN PAGES. | ONE CENT In Greater New York and Jersey City. Elsewhere, TWO CENTS. |
TO-DAY,
SIXTEEN PAGES
WITH
REVIEW OF BOOKS AND ART.
INDEX TO DEPARTMENTS.
* Stocks irregular. Financial Affairs.—Pages 12 and 13.
* Wheat, No. 2 red, 77⅜c.; corn, No. 2 mixed, 45⅝c.; oats, No. 2 mixed, 26½c.; cotton, middling, 10¼c.; Iron, No. 1 foundry, $16; butter, Western creamery, 25c. Commercial World.—Page 11.
* Amusements.—Page 8.
* Arrivals at Hotels and Out-of-Town Buyers.—Page 5.
* Business Troubles.—Page 11.
* Court Calendars.—Page 11.
* Insurance Notes.—Page 13.
* Losses by Fire.—Page 5.
* Marine Intelligence and Foreign Malls.—Page 2.
* New Corporations—Page 13.
* Real Estate.—Page 11.
* Religious News—Page 6.
* Society.—Page 9.
* United Service.—Page 3.
* Weather Report.—Page 5.
* Yesterday's Fires—Page 5.
* Charter Revision is Now Complete
* Advertisement—Pennsylvania Railroad
* Unprecedented Gold Supply
* Smallpox in 30th Street
* Giving Away $100,000
* Cleared of $2,891,003 of Debt
* Reported Rich Gold Find in Arizona
# The New York Times/1900/12/01/Advertisement—Pennsylvania Railroad

The Pennsylvania Railroad's Position.
Ever at the front of the railroads of the country. Its Limited leads the line.—Adv.
# The New York Times/1900/12/01/Giving Away $100,000

GIVING AWAY $100,000.
Delaware Man Keeps Thanksgiving Day Vow in Novel Fasion.
Special to The New York Times.
WILMINGTON, Del., Nov. 30.—Alexander Jackson of Camden, one of the best-known old men of Kent County, recently decided that if he lived until Thanksgiving Day he would distribute part of his fortune. He has no children and few immediate relatives. He is going to give away $100,000.
Mr. Jackson began the distribution of his wealth in a novel manner. For many years Frank Jackson has driven a hack between Wyoming Station and Camden. Frank Jackson, who is no relation to Alexander Jackson, had an antiquated cab. A few days ago Alexander Jackson appointed a committee to go to Philadelphia and spend $700 in the purchase of a fine pair of Western horses, a modern upholstered hack, nickel-plated harness, and other equipment, which were presented to Frank Jackson.
Edgar Stubbs, a clerk in the store of Jackson Stubbs, in Camden, gets $3,000 and a fine farm near Marydel. His brother, Jackson Stubbs, besides other gifts, gets $300 in cash. Mrs. Henry R. Draper, wife of the Justice of the Peace of Camden, receives $9,100 in property.
Mrs. William T. Jakes, wife of the express agent at Wyoming, gets $5,000, principally in well invested securities; Miss Mary Draper, a well-known young woman of Camden, receives $3,000.
Alexander Draper and Avery Draper, farmers, near Wyoming, each $3,000 in cash; Mrs. Annie Booker, recently married to a merchant of Hillsborough, Md., gets property valued at $3,000, and Isaac Jackson, a grocer at Wyoming, $2,500 and Miss Sallie Jackson, his daughter, $4,500.
Other gifts are to follow.
# The New York Times/1900/12/01/Reported Rich Gold Find in Arizona

Reported Rich Gold Find in Arizona.
Special to The New York Times.
YUMA, Arizona, Nov. 30.—One of the richest gold ledges ever known in Arizona is reported to have been discovered in Central Yuma County, near the famous King of Arizona mines. The ore is said to be fairly speckled with free gold. The locators, six Yuma Mexicans, have bonded their main claims with absolutely no development work done for $50,000. The option has been secured by Ira P. Smith, Assistant Superintendent of the Territorial Penitentiary, who represents Frank M. Murphy of Prescott and several Los Angeles capitalists. The mine is in the most arid section of Arizona, about twenty-five miles east of the Colorado River, which is the nearest surface water.
# The New York Times/1900/12/01/Smallpox in 30th Street

SMALLPOX IN 30TH STREET.
Two Cases Are Found Next Door to the Tenderloin Police Station.
It became known last night that two cases of smallpox had developed during the past two weeks at the New York Colored Mission House for Women, at 135 West Thirtieth Street. Both of the patients were removed to North Brothers Island for treatment. Late last night a surgeon connected with the Board of Health appeared at the West Thirtieth Street Police Station and requested Sergt. Carson to detail a policeman to accompany him to the home, next door. The cause of the late visit was to vaccinate the inmates. After much knocking the surgeon, accompanied by Policeman Ahearn, managed to awake a matron, who let them in.
All of the inmates were vaccinated, some of them submitting gracefully to the ordeal, while others were frightened and a few angry at the hour selected for the vaccination.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Memphis (Tennessee)

See also Memphis, Tennessee on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Memphis, a city of Tennessee, in Shelby County, is built on a bluff, 35 feet above high water, on the Mississippi. Its river and railroad communications bring it a large trade. It is one of the largest cotton-markets in the country, and has numerous foundries and machine-shops and some of the largest oil-mills in the United States, producing over $1,000,000 worth of cottonseed oil a year. It has a large lumber-trade, with 1,000 lumber mills in the region. It is a handsome city, with many fine public buildings, including a custom-house, cotton-exchange, Roman Catholic college, large hospitals, theaters and splendid hotels. An epidemic of yellow fever in 1878 and 1879 destroyed nearly 10,000 inhabitants; since then a new system of drainage has been introduced, and the water is supplied from the finest artesian wells, making Memphis one of the healthiest cities of the country. The public-school system is planned on modern lines and attracts much attention. Population 131,105.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mennonites

Mennonites (men'non-its}; a body of Christian believers, named after Menno Simons, a religious reformer of the 16th century. As a sect they seem first to have drawn together in Switzerland about 1525, although they claim to be descendants of the Waldensians. Menno himself was born in Friesland about 1492. In 1536 he withdrew from the Roman church, identified himself with the Anabaptists, and became a bishop of their sect at Groeningen. He died in 1559. William of Orange befriended the Mennonites and gave them certain liberties in Holland, which the Dutch states afterwards withdrew. In 1786 Catharine II of Russia invited the Mennonites, with other German emigrants, to settle her dominions. They for a time were liberally aided in money, and granted perpetual exemption from military service. The privileges extended to them drew a large number to Russia and their towns increased in numbers and wealth. But in 1871 a policy of repression was introduced, and exemption from military duty was to be withdrawn after the expiration of ten years. The leaders began immediately to seek new homes for their people; and large colonies emigrated to the United States, whither smaller bodies had preceded them. The earlier comers for the most part settled in Pennsylvania; the later in the Dakotas. They already are divided into various minor sects, of which perhaps the Amish are most frequently mentioned on account of their peculiar abhorrence of buttons, using only hooks and eyes upon their heavier garments, Statistics show that in 1907 only 61 690 Mennonites were in the United States, although this number was divided into no less than 12 sects. Mennonites are sometimes classed with the Baptists on account of their practice of immersion; but more frequently with the Friends (Quakers) on account of their abhorrence of war.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Meade, George Gordon

See also George Meade on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* GEN. G. G. MEADE
Meade, George Gordon, an American general, born at Cadiz, Spain, Dec. 31, 1815. In the Mexican War he was on the staff of General Taylor, afterward on that of General Scott, and won honor at the battles of Palo Alto and Monterey. From 1856 to 1861 he was in charge of the surveys of the Great Lakes. In the Civil War he first was in command of the Pennsylvania brigade, and fought in the battles of Gaines’ Mill and Frazier’s Farm, where he was severely wounded, South Mountain, Antietam and Fredericksburg. He was in command of different corps of the army of the Potomac. Meade succeeded Hooker in the command of the army of the Potomac, and fought the battle of Gettysburg, July 1–3, 1863, receiving the thanks of Congress in 1866 for “his skill and heroic valor.” He was made major-general in the regular army in 1864, and retained the command of the army of the Potomac, under General Grant, during the battles of the Wilderness, the siege of Petersburg etc. until the close of the war. He was in command of the division of the Atlantic, 1865–66; of the department of the east, 1866–67; and later of the military district which included Georgia, Alabama and Florida. His headquarters were at Philadelphia, where he died, Nov. 6, 1872, at his home, the gift of his grateful fellow citizens. See Gettysburg.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Meadowlark

See also Western meadowlark and Eastern meadowlark on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* MEADOWLARK
Mead′owlark or field-lark, one of our birds given the name of lark but not a true lark, a member of the blackbird family, close kin to the orioles and black birds. While very common, its protective coloring, that of the ground, accounts for the fact that it is not so often seen as the familiar blackbird with which it frequently associates. On the ground it spends all its time while feeding, and is a strong walker. It is about the size of the robin, upper part varying shades of brown and black, underneath yellow with a black crescent on the breast, white on tail conspicuous in flight. Its whistle, usually sounded from upmost branch, is piercing but most musical, “clear as the note of a fife, sweet as the tone of a flute.” The western meadowlark is considered a worthy rival of the nightingale and wood-thrush. After a period of silence in the summer the bird may be heard again in the autumn. When perching it appears uneasy, twitching its tail about ​at every sound; on the ground it allows close approach. The nest (on the ground) is cleverly hidden, grasses curved over it, and about the middle of May it contains from four to six brown-speckled white eggs. The meadowlark is distributed throughout North America, and migrates in April and late October, some birds remaining all winter. The bird is prized for its inspiriting note, the soft harmony of its coloring, its neighborliness and its usefulness in destroying insects and eating seeds of weeds.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mediterranean, The

See also Mediterranean Sea on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Med′iterra′nean, The, is the largest inclosed sea. It is connected with the open ocean (the Atlantic) only by the narrow Strait of Gibraltar, nine miles wide. The name is derived from its being in the midst of three continents: Europe, Asia and Africa. It is 2,200 miles long, varies from 500 to 100 miles in width, and has an area of 900,000 square miles. It is connected with the Black Sea by the Dardanelles, Sea of Marmora and the Bosporus. The coasts of Europe and Asia Minor have many bays and gulfs, while the coast of Africa is even, with few indentations. The Tyrrhenian, Ionian, Iberian and Ægean Seas and the Levant are different parts of the Mediterranean. Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily, Malta, Cyprus and Crete are among the larger islands. The region is subject to earthquakes, and Vesuvius, Stromboli and Ætna are its most famous volcanoes. The bottom is divided into two parts by a ridge which crosses it from Sicily to Africa, the water being deeper in the eastern basin. The evaporation is greater than the amount of water poured into the Mediterranean by its rivers, and if it were not for the water of the Atlantic which flows in at Gibraltar, above the outflow of the heavier water of the Mediterranean, the sea would become saltier and shrink into two salt-lakes like the Dead Sea. Suez Canal connects the Mediterranean with the Red Sea. The chief rivers that flow into it are the Rhône, Po and Nile. The countries bordering the Mediterranean (Phœnicia, Greece, Egypt and Italy) have been cradles of civilization, and the sea is well-known in history, poetry and ancient story, and to-day is one of the most important water-routes of the world.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mead, Larkin Goldsmith

See also Larkin Goldsmith Mead on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Mead, Larkin Goldsmith, an American sculptor, was born at Chesterfield, N. H., Jan. 3, 1835. His early years were spent in Vermont. He studied art at Brooklyn, N. Y., and in Italy. The Recording Angel, his first work, was modeled in snow and afterward cut in marble. His large pieces have been executed for public buildings and monuments. Among them are the colossal statue of Vermont, on the dome of the statehouse, and of Ethan Allen in the portico of the same building in Vermont and one of the same hero, given by Vermont to the hall of representatives at Washington. The statue of Lincoln on the monument at Springfield and a group representing Columbus before Queen Isabella, for the state of California and the Returned Soldier are other specimens of his larger statues. He died Oct. 15, 1910.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Measurement

See also Measurement on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Measurement consists essentially in the comparison of one quantity with another. Thus the measurement of a length, which is one of the simplest of all measurements, consists in determining how many times greater or less the given length is than some other given length which we agree to take as a unit. In like manner an interval of time is measured by comparing it with the interval which we employ as a unit, namely, the mean solar day. Evidently, therefore, it is possible to measure a quantity without understanding much about that quantity. No intelligent measurement, however, can be made unless one understands just what quantities are necessary to define the quantity about to be measured. The position of a point in space is intelligently measured only when we know that three definite and independent co-ordinates are required to locate the point and have determined the numerical values of these three co-ordinates. To measure the kinetic energy of a body in translation we must know how many units of mass there are in the body and with how many units of speed it is moving. Thus also we may accurately and definitely measure the acceleration of gravity at various points on the earth's surface, and yet not know the explanation of gravitation.
Practically all the quantities involved in physical science and engineering can be measured in terms of three quantities: a length, a time and a mass. The units of these three quantities are therefore called the fundamental units.
The standard of length, except in English and American commerce, is the meter; the standard of time the mean solar day; and the standard of mass the kilogram. (See Earth, Kilogram and Meter.) Units are founded upon standards, but they often differ in size from standards and may be chosen of a size which, for any particular purpose, is most convenient. Thus, in physics the centimeter or hundredth of a meter is most frequently employed; and in astronomy the second (1/86,400 of a day) is frequently a very convenient unit of time, though often the year (or 365 days roughly speaking) is more convenient.
No physical measurements can be carried out with absolute accuracy. Every comparison is affected with error to some extent. Even the standard meter at Paris, which is correct by definition, may be changing its length owing to crystallization. The rate of rotation of the earth is probably diminishing (and hence the length of the mean solar day increasing) owing to tidal friction. Even if comparisons could be made with perfect accuracy, the final measurement would be affected with error. On the other hand, the precision of modern measurement almost surpasses belief. Michelson, for instance, has succeeded in making a comparison of the standard meter with a wave-length of cadmium light in which the error does not exceed about one part in 2,000,000. Two masses may be compared with even greater accuracy. See Everett's Units and Physical Constants.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Meriden

See also Meriden, Connecticut on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Mer′iden, a city of Connecticut, 19 miles north of New Haven. It was made a town in 1806 and a city in 1867. It is a manufacturing place, principally of metal wares, cutlery, cut glass, lamps, chandeliers, novelties, firearms and woolen goods. The Britannia Company, founded in 1852, covers ten acres of floor space with its factories. It manufactures silver-plated ware, and is the largest establishment of the kind in the world. Its well-known trade mark, “1847, Rogers Bros. — Ai,” is a guarantee of good material and honest work. The International Silver Company, incorporated in 1898, has numerous factories, and because of Meriden's silverwork it is known as Silver City. The Connecticut State Reformatory for boys is here. Population 27,265.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Meadville, Pa.

See also Meadville, Pennsylvania on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Mead′ville, Pa., capital of Crawford County, on Venango River in northwestern Pennsylvania, 125 miles north of Pittsburg. It is on the Erie Railroad, and in railroad connection with Pittsburg and Lake Erie. It is the seat of a number of educational institutions, schools, colleges, conservatories of music and half a dozen libraries. Here are Allegheny College, a Methodist institution, with 19 instructors and 352 students, and a Unitarian theological seminary. Its industries include manufactures of engines, boilers, leather-belting, oil-well supplies, wood-mantels, sashes and blinds. The city has good water-works, natural gas for fuel and lighting and electric-light plants. Population 12,780.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Merida

See also Mérida, Yucatán and Mérida, Mérida on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Merida (mĕr′ĭ-dȧ′), a city of Mexico, the capital of Yucatan, is situated on the Gulf of Mexico. It was founded by the Spaniards in 1542 on the site of an ancient city. It has a cathedral, finished in 1598, a university, conservatory of music, museum and public library. Its manufactures are largely molasses, sugar, cigars and cigarettes, rum, leather and soap. Population 61,999. Merida is also a state in Venezuela, with a population of 121,593.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Satyrs

See also Satyr on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Satyrs (sā′tẽrs), in Greek myth, were a race of woodland deities, half human, half animal. They are generally described as roaming the hills in the train of Dionysus (Bacchus). They looked grotesque and repulsive. They were of robust build, with broad, snub noses, large, pointed ears, bristly and shaggy hair, rough skin, little horny knobs on their foreheads and small tails. They were fond of the woodland nymphs, of music, dancing, wine and sleep. They usually were hostile to man. The Roman poets regarded them as the fauns of their own myths, and gave them larger horns and goats' feet. Satyrs were often sculptured; for example, Praxiteles' famous Satyr at Athens.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Satinwood

See also Satinwood on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Sat′inwood, the wood of Chloroxylon Swietenia from India. The wood is deep yellow and remarkably close-grained, heavy and durable.