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# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Cruz, Juana Inés de la

Edition of 1900.
​CRUZ, Sor Juana Inés de la, Mexican poet, b. in San Miguel de Nepantla, near the city of Mexico, 12 Nov., 1651; d. in Mexico, 17 April, 1695. At the age of five she could read, write, and keep accounts, and at the age of eight composed a poem on the holy sacrament. Soon afterward she was sent to the city of Mexico, learned Latin and other branches rapidly, and asked her parents' permission to disguise herself as a student so that she could enter the university. Not being allowed to do this, she continued her studies privately, and her literary accomplishments soon made her famous in Mexico. The vice-queen retained her as one of the ladies of the household. The viceroy, the Marquis de Mancera, wishing to test her learning and intelligence (she being then seventeen years old), invited several theologians, jurists, philosophers, and poets to a meeting, during which she had to answer, unprepared, many questions, and explain several difficult points on various scientific and literary subjects. The manner in which she acquitted herself astonished all present, and greatly increased her reputation. She was much admired in the vice-royal court for her beauty, but refused several proposals of marriage, and entered first the convent of San José, and subsequently that of San Jerónimo, where she finally took the veil. She then devoted herself for twenty-seven years to her religious duties, as well as to her favorite studies, of theology, interpretation of the Scriptures, logic, rhetoric, natural philosophy, mathematics, history, music, and poetry. In 1693 she gave up all studies and exercises unconnected with her religious duties in the convent, and sold her splendid library to help the poor. Two years afterward a terrible scourge desolated the city of Mexico, and Sister Juana Inés, while personally assisting other nuns suffering from the epidemic, became its victim and died. Her remains were buried with extraordinary ceremonies. She was generally known as “The Nun of Mexico,” and was also called “The Tenth Muse.” Her writings, mostly in verse, include “Amor es laberinto,” a classical drama; “Los empeños de una casa,” a comedy; “Ovillejos,” a satirical poem; “El Neptuno alegórico,” and two volumes entitled “Poesías sagradas y profanas.”
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Cuauhtemotzín

Edition of 1900.
CUAUHTEMOTZÍN (kwau-tay-mo-tseen'), which means “Eagle's Eyesight,” sometimes called Cuauhtemoc, Quauhtemotzín, Quauhtemoc, Guatemoc, Guatimoc, or Guatimocín, thirteenth and last Mexican king (eleventh monarch, according to other accounts), b. in 1495; d. in 1524. He was the son of Ahuitzol, and married Tecuichpatzín, a daughter of Motecuhzoma (Moctezuma) and the widow of Cuitlahuatl, his own uncle, whom he succeeded on the throne, being elected and crowned about the end of January, 1521. Cuauhtemotzín at once began to strengthen the defences of the city of Mexico; but Cortes, after several successful battles and subsequent agreements with the natives, besieged the city with a large force of Indian allies and his Spanish troops, and finally Cuauhtemotzín and all his warriors surrendered 13 Aug., 1521). The siege lasted 75 days, and cost the Spaniards over 100 men of the 900 present, their allies losing several thousand, while many thousand Mexicans died fighting or from starvation and disease. Cuauhtemotzín had on one occasion, with the approval of the senate, sacrificed four Spaniards and 4,000 Indians, to obtain favor of the gods. The invaders tortured him to make him tell where his treasures and those of the temples were hidden; and three years afterward he was executed, with the kings of Texcoco and Tlacopan, on suspicion that they had conspired against the Spanish rule. The young emperor endured his torture calmly, and when the Texcoco chief groaned in his death-agony, reproved him, saying, “Do you think I am on a bed of roses?” A monument to Cuauhtemotzín, surmounted by a bronze statue, represented in the illustration, was erected in the city of Mexico in January, 1887.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Croly, David Goodman

Edition of 1900.
​Croly, David Goodman, journalist, b. in New York city. 3 Nov., 1829; d. in New York, 29 April, 1889. He was graduated at New York university in 1854, was subsequently a professor of phonography, and a reporter for the New York "Evening Post" and "Herald" from 1855 till 1858. He owned and edited the Rockford, Ill., "Daily News" from 1858 till 1859, and became city editor of the New York "World" when it was founded in 1860, then its managing editor until 1872. His active work as a newspaper editor terminated in 1878, when, in consequence of ill health, he resigned the editorship of the New York "Graphic," which he had held since 1872. Mr. Croly predicted financial catastrophes, and foretold in the spring of 1872 the panic of the autumn of 1873, naming the banking-house (Jay Cooke & Co.) that first failed, and also indicated the railroad (the Northern Pacific) that would first go down. Mr. Croly contributed many articles to periodicals, and published lives of Seymour and Blair, with a "History of Reconstruction" (New York, 1868), and a "Primer of Positivism" (1876).—His wife, Jane Cunningham, b. in Market Harborough, England, 19 Dec., 1831, is known by her writings under the penname of "Jenny June." Her father came to the United States when she was ten years old. Until that time she was educated at her native place, afterward by her father and brother at Poughkeepsie and New York. In 1857 she was married, and in 1860 became editor of Demorest's "Quarterly Mirror of Fashion," and when that periodical and the New York "Weekly Illustrated News" were incorporated into "Demorest's Illustrated Monthly" she became the editor of the new journal. Mrs. Croly has been also editorially connected with the New York "World," "Graphic," daily "Times," and "Noah's Sunday Times," and was dramatic critic and assistant editor of the "Messenger" for five years, 1861-'6. She invented the system of duplicate correspondence, and has practised it for thirty years. Mrs. Croly's pen-name of "Jenny June" was derived from a little poem by Benjamin F. Taylor, sent to her, when she was about twelve years old, by her pastor, in Poughkeepsie, with the name underlined, because, he said, "You are the Juniest little girl I know." Mrs. Croly called the first Woman's Congress in New York, in 1856, and also the second, in 1869, and in 1868 founded the Sorosis, and was its president until 1870, and again from 1876 till 1886. She is vice-president of the Association for the advancement of the medical education of women. She has published "Talks on Women's Topics" (1869); "For Better or Worse" (1875); a "Cookery-Book for Young Housekeepers"; and "Knitters and Crochet," "Letters and Monograms" (New York, 1885-'6).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Cross, Charles Robert

Edition of 1900.
​CROSS, Charles Robert, physicist. b. in Troy, N. Y., 29 March, 1848. He was graduated at the Massachusetts institute of technology in 1870, and has since been connected with the physical department of that institution as student assistant in 1869-'70, instructor in 1870-'1, assistant professor in 1871-'5, and as professor in 1875-'87. In addition to holding the chair of physics, he is director of the Rogers laboratory, and is also at the head of the department of electrical engineering. The developing and superintending of this latter course, one of the first to be introduced in a college in this country, has occupied his attention for several years, and its success under his administration is his just reward. Prof. Cross is a member of the Appalachian mountain club, and was its president in 1880. He was a delegate to the International congress of Alpine clubs held in Geneva in 1879, and was elected one of its vice-presidents. Besides numerous papers contributed to "Proceedings of the American Academy of Sciences and Arts." "American journal of Otology," he has published "Course in Elementary Physics" (Boston, 1873) and "Lecture Notes on Mechanics and Optics" (1884).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Cuba, Dionisio Vives, Count of

Edition of 1900.
​CUBA, Dionisio Vives, Count of, Spanish general, b. in the latter part of the 18th century; d. in 1840. He was captain-general of Cuba in 1824, when all Spanish possessions on the American continent had become independent. He had then but few troops under his command, but managed to maintain order and preserve the island of Cuba for Spain without troubles or any sort of violence. In recognition of his valuable services to the mother country, the government rewarded him with high honors, among them the title of Count of Cuba.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Crooks, George Richard

Edition of 1900.
​CROOKS, George Richard, author, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 3 Feb., 1822. He was graduated at Dickinson college in 1840, and in 1841 entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal church, and became a missionary in Illinois. He was called to Dickinson college in 1842 as classical and mathematical tutor, in 1843 became principal of the Collegiate grammar-school, and in 1846 adjunct professor of Latin and Greek. In 1848, having returned to the ministry, he was stationed successively at Philadelphia, Wilmington, New York, and Brooklyn. In 1860 he became editor of “The Methodist.” In conjunction with Dr. McClintock, he has prepared a series of “First Books” in Latin and Greek (1846-'7); and he supervised an edition of Butler's “Analogy,” for which he furnished an analysis, index, and biography (1852). He also wrote “Life and Letters of Rev. Dr. John McClintock” (1876), and “Sermons of Bishop Simpson” (1885).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Cuadra, Pedro Lucio

Edition of 1900.
​CUADRA, Pedro Lucio (kwah'-drah), Chilian engineer, b. in the city of Santiago, 14 April, 1842. He studied in the university of his native city, and when still very young was attached to the scientific commission that the government appointed to make a geographical study of the Chilian territory, his personal efforts assuring the success of the commission's work. In 1874 the owners of the newly discovered silver mines at Caracoles, Bolivia, gave Cuadra the general superintendence of the works, and in 1876 he was appointed president of the Bank of Valparaiso. During Pinto's administration Cuadra was several times offered a portfolio in the cabinet, but declined it, and in 1882 he accepted that of finance under President Santa Maria, distinguishing himself by important reforms. Being a member of the cabinet that negotiated the treaty of peace with Spain, he used all his influence in favor of its negotiation, and King Alfonso XII. awarded him the Great Cross of Naval Merit. He was elected senator in 1882 for six years, and was president of the senate in 1886.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Cudequala

Edition of 1900.
​CUDEQUALA (coo-da-kah'-lah), Araucanian warrior, b. in the Mariguena valley, Chili, about 1555; d. near Purén, 12 Dec., 1587. While very young he entered the Araucanian army as a private, although he was a nobleman, and gradually won promotion to the grade of general. The general-in-chief, Dayaucura, gave him command of a strong army to attack the city of Angol, which he did without success, but then marched to the city of Arauco, besieged and entered it. Afterward he intended to attack Fort Trinidad, this fortress commanding the passage from Biobio, but a body of Spanish troops under Francisco Hernandez came out and defeated Cudequala, who lost an arm and was otherwise severely wounded. This forced him to retire to the mountains. He was followed thither by the lieutenant-governor of Chili, who attempted an ambuscade, only to be discovered, defeated, and killed, with fifty of his men, 14 Nov., 1586. On ​the same day Cudequala was elected general-in-chief by acclamation. In the following year, 1587, Thomas Cavendish, who commanded a predatory expedition of three ships against the Spanish colonies, landed at Quintero, but Cudequala's warriors attacked the English and forced them to sail away, a number of their men having been killed. After some successful operations the Araucanian chief determined to take the city of Angol by surprise, for which he managed to have the Indian inhabitants prepared to set fire to the houses of the Spaniards at an appointed time during the night, while he would have his troops quietly approaching the gates of the place. This was done, and, while the flames consumed many buildings, the frightened inmates ran about the streets only to be horribly dealt with at the hands of the Araucanians. The governor of Angol hastily gathered some troops, and, after desperate fighting, Cudequala retreated at daybreak. But this did not discourage the Indian general, who soon besieged Purén and defeated a body of Spanish troops sent by the governor to re-enforce the place. Then he proposed to the besieged that they either surrender or enter his own service; but, as his proposals received no attention, Cudequala went near the rampart of the place, riding on a splendid horse taken by himself from the governor, and challenged the commander of the Spanish forces to come out and fight personally with him. The commander, García Ramon, immediately accepted the challenge, and on an appointed day the chiefs met in an open field, each being accompanied by a small number of officers and men. The encounter was very short, for the two opponents at once made a furious attack, riding at full gallop, and Cudequala fell, having been run through with the Spaniard's spear. Even when dying the Araucanian warrior would not admit defeat, and tried in vain to mount his horse again.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Crompton, William

Edition of 1900.
​CROMPTON, William, inventor, b. in Preston, England, 10 Sept., 1806; d. in Windsor, Conn., 1 May, 1891. He was brought up as a hand-loom cotton-weaver, and at an early age learned the trade of a machinist. While superintendent of a cotton-mill in Ramsbottom he made many experiments on cotton-looms. He went to Taunton, Mass., in 1836, and devised a loom for the manufacture of fancy cotton goods, receiving a patent on 23 Nov., 1837. In this loom one part of the warp was depressed while the other was lifted, instead of allowing one part to remain stationary, thus securing more room for the passage of the shuttle. Another feature of it was the chain, which, with its peculiar apparatus, operated the warp. Mr. Crompton went to England in 1838, and, after patenting his loom there, returned with his family to this country in 1839, and in 1840 adapted his loom to the weaving of fancy woollens. At least three fourths of all the woollen goods now made in the United States are woven on the Crompton loom, or on looms embodying its principles. Mr. Crompton retired from active business in 1849, on account of failing health. — His son, George, inventor, b. in Holcomb, England, 23 March, 1829; d. in Worcester, Mass., 29 Dec., 1886, came to the United States in 1839, and joined his father's business. In 1851 he engaged in the manufacture of fancy looms in Worcester, Mass., where the Crompton loom-works have since been established. He soon directed his attention to improvements in his father's loom, and since 1854 has taken out more than fifty patents, including those for the harness mechanism, picker movement, let-off and stop motions, shuttle and shuttle-boxes, shipping mechanism, and devices for finding the pick when broken or exhausted. He has also received eight patents for textile fabrics. At the Centennial exhibition in 1876 he received an award “for the best looms for fancy weaving on shawls, cassimeres, and satinets.” By Mr. Crompton's improvements in his father's looms there is an increased production of sixty per cent., with a saving of fifty per cent. in labor and more than that in the cost of repairs.
# Arabia

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Arabia."
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* De la Mare, Walter (1920), "Arabia" in Walters, L. D'O. (compiler) The year's at the spring.
* The poem 'The Arab Maid', as 'Arabia' in Findens’ Tableaux, 1837, by Letitia Elizabeth Landon
* "Arabia," in The New Student's Reference Work, Chicago: F.E. Compton and Co. (1914)
* "Arabia," in Catholic Encyclopedia, (ed.) by Charles G. Herbermann and others, New York: The Encyclopaedia Press (1913)
* "Arabia," in Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)
# Arabia, Egypt, India - A Narrative of Travel/Introduction

Our route through India.
INTRODUCTION.
VERY PERSONAL.
THE kindness shown to my "Inner Life of Syria" makes me long to presume on another narrative; but I picture to myself the following conversation with my publisher:—
"No really, Mrs. Burton, I cannot undertake your book, because we all know everything about India; we have sucked it dry, and are sick of it."
"True, Mr. A.," I reply, "but you said the same of 'Syria, Palestine, and the Holy Land,' and yet I found enough of unwritten matter to give you MSS. which you had to cut down to two big vols. Perhaps, with my 'griffin' eyes, ears, and brain, I may have seen something from a different aspect to those who have preceded me for the last few hundred years. Do try me, dear Mr. A.! Give me another chance!"
Mr. A. relents, and accepts my MSS. Then the printers have to be conciliated. They always strike work when MSS. from Captain Burton or myself go in, we write so badly. Also I have to think of my readers, who are ever kind, generous, and just; and will not, I trust, be disgusted with a somewhat hackneyed title. For my part, I hope that between London and Goa we may chance to find something which is not generally known.
I always think of a prima donna at Trieste, with regard to the public. We import our operas from Milan two years before they appear in London. "We have an excellent Opera house and three theatres, always full, and the Triestines are so severe and so critical that artistes become extremely nervous; they know if they can pass Trieste they may sing anywhere. One ​evening, a very plain, but first rate, prima donna appeared on the stage. She had not yet opened her mouth; they all began to hiss and hoot. She advanced with great resolution to the footlights, and said: "Cari Triestini, I know I am frightful, but I did not come to be looked at, I came to sing. Hear me before you hiss." There was a dead silence. She opened her mouth, and before she had finished the first few bars, the applause was deafening and prolonged. She remained a favourite ever after.
Our English public is colder perhaps, but just, and generous, and sincere.
# Ar Hyd y Nos (Boulton/Maynard)

This popular version of the Welsh song "Ar Hyd y Nos" ("All Through the Night") consists of a verse by Harold Boulton followed by a verse by Walter Maynard. Both verses are from original versions of the song, rather than translations from Welsh.
Sleep my love, and peace attend thee All through the night; Guardian angels God will lend thee, All through the night, Soft the drowsy hours are creeping, Hill and vale in slumber steeping, I my loving vigil keeping, All through the night.
Angels watching ever round thee, All through the night, In thy slumbers close surround thee, All through the night, They should of all fears disarm thee, No forebodings should alarm thee, They will let no peril harm thee, All through the night.
One or more copyright licenses apply to this work.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1935, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 88 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Ar Hyd y Nos

* related portals: Wales, Celtic languages.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
A Welsh folk song. The music was first recorded in Musical and Poetical Relics of the Welsh Bards (1784) by Edward Jones. There are many versions of lyrics in both Welsh and English, with the most popular in Welsh being by John Ceiriog Hughes (19th century) and the most popular in English by Harold Boulton (1884).
* "All through the Night" by Harold Boulton, in Famous Songs (1884).
* "Welsh Lullaby", alternate version, possibly also by Harold Boulton, in The Child's Own Music Book (1918).
* "Ar Hyd y Nos", popular version incorporating lyrics by both Boulton and Maynard (unsourced edition).
# Arabia, Egypt, India - A Narrative of Travel

AEI
ARABIAEGYPTINDIA
A NARRATIVE OF TRAVEL.
Our route from London to India.
AEI
Arabia Egypt India
A NARRATIVE OF TRAVEL
BY ISABEL BURTON Author of "Inner Life of Syria"
WITH FIFTEEN ILLUSTRATIONS AND TWO MAPS.
WILLIAM MULLAN AND SON LONDON AND BELFAST 1879
Hazell, Watson, and Viney, Printers, London and Aylesbury.
TO
My Dear and Honored Father,
HENRY RAYMOND ARUNDELL,
WHO HAS ALWAYS TAKEN THE PROFOUNDEST INTEREST IN OUR TRAVELS AND WRITINGS; WHO HAS HELPED US WITH HIS COUNSELS; AND WHO HAS EVER SHOWN THE TENDEREST SOLICITUDE FOR OUR WELFARE,
May God's choicest blessings crown his good works; May he, like the holy patriarchs, have a long, happy, and peaceful life; May we console and support his old age, and when he leaves us May the mantle of his noble, simple, upright life fall upon us his children.
CONTENTS.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse