OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nowell, Increase

​NOWELL, INCREASE (1590–1655), New England settler, born in 1590, was one of the patentees mentioned in the charter of the governor and company of Massachusetts Bay. He was chosen an ‘assistant’ in 1629, and became a very active and efficient member of the company. In 1630 he arrived in America in the Arbella with John Winthrop. He was appointed ruling elder of the church at Boston in August 1630, but resigned that office in 1632 on becoming convinced of the impropriety of being a magistrate and an elder at the same time. He was in consequence dismissed from the Boston pastorate, and became a founder of the church in Charlestown. He was a commissioner of military affairs in 1634. In 1637 he was one of those who refused to disclaim the charter, and for not appearing to answer for his conduct before the commissioners from England was outlawed (Felt, Eccl. Hist. of New England, i. 275). From 1644 until 1649 he was secretary of Massachusetts colony. He died in poverty at Boston on 1 Nov. 1655. By his wife Parnell Gray (1603–1687) he had five sons and three daughters. In recognition of his services the colony granted 1,000 acres of land apiece, in Cocheco country, New Hampshire, to his widow and son Samuel.
His eldest surviving son, Samuel Nowell (1634–1688), born at Boston on 12 Nov. 1634, graduated at Harvard in 1653, and was chaplain under General Josiah Winslow in Philip's war. At the great Narraganset swamp fight in South Kingston, Rhode Island, on 19 Dec. 1675, he displayed remarkable bravery (Mather, Magnalia, bk. vii. ch. 6, sect. 10). He was chosen assistant of the colony in May 1680, and in Oct. 1685 became treasurer. In 1688 he went to England on behalf of the old colonial charter, and died in London in September of that year.
[Young's Chronicles of the First Planters, p. 262, and elsewhere; Prince's Annals, p. 334; Winthrop's Hist. of New England (Savage); Budington's First Church in Charlestown, pp. 31, 190; Hutchinson's Massachusetts Bay, 2nd edit., i. 17, 22; Felt's Eccl. Hist. of New England, i. 159; Savage's Genealog. Dict. iii. 295; Mass. Hist. Soc. Collections, 3rd Ser., i. 47.]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Notton, William de

​NOTTON or NORTON, WILLIAM de (fl. 1346–1363), judge, was probably one of the Nottons of Notton, Yorkshire, whose pedigree is partially given by Hunter (South Yorkshire, ii. 391). In William's time, however, the manor had already passed into the hands of the Darcys. In 1343 Notton received lands in Fishlake, Yorkshire, from John de Wingfield, a grant which the king confirmed or extended in 1346. In the same year he appears as a king's serjeant; he attained to some prominence in this capacity, ​and his arguments are of frequent occurrence in the year-books of Edward III. In 1349 he was summoned to parliament (Dugdale, Chron. Series, p. 47). In 1352 he was granted lands in Litlington, Cambridgeshire, and employed to inquire into the state of labourers, servants, and artisans in Surrey. In 1355 he was made a judge of the king's bench, and when on circuit in this and the following year was directed to remove the sheriffs of Oxfordshire and Northumberland. In 1358, being one of those who had passed judgment upon Thomas Lisle, bishop of Ely, for knowingly harbouring a murderer [see Lisle, Thomas], Notton was cited to answer for his conduct at the papal court at Avignon; on his neglecting to appear, he was excommunicated. This did not, however, interfere with his judicial promotion; in 1359 he was on the commission for the peace in Surrey, in 1361 he was a judge of assize, and in the same year was made chief justice of the king's bench in Ireland (Cal. Rot. Pat. p. 162). Two years later he was one of the council of Edward III's son Lionel, then lieutenant of Ulster; he died before 1372, as his name does not appear in the ‘Patent’ or ‘Close Rolls’ for Ireland in that or any later year.
Both Notton and his wife Isabella were benefactors of the priories of Bretton, Yorkshire, and Royston, Hertfordshire, to which they granted the manor of Cocken Hatch, near Royston, formerly in the possession of John de Vere, earl of Oxford. Copies of Notton's seals are preserved in the British Museum, and his son's are given in MSS. 25942–4.
[Cal. Rot. Pat. p. 162; Rolls of Parl. ii. 455 b; Cal. Inquis. post mortem, ii. 113, 168, 190; Rymer's Fœdera, Record ed. passim; Abb. Rot. Origin. ii. 212; Dugdale's Chronica Series; Add. MS. 5843, ff. 244, 247; Lascelles's Liber Munerum, I. iii. 5; Barnes's Edward III, p. 551; Foss's Judges of England; Hunter's South Yorkshire, ii. 391; Manning and Bray's Hist. of Surrey, iii. 95; Index of Seals.]
A. F. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Swanborough, Arthur

​SWANBOROUGH, Mrs. ARTHUR (1840–1893), actress. [See Bufton, Eleanor.]
# Dracula

Dracula (1897) has been attributed to many literary genres including horror fiction, the gothic novel and invasion literature. Although author Bram Stoker did not invent the vampire, the novel's influence on the popularity of vampires has been singularly responsible for scores of theatrical and movie interpretations throughout the 20th century.
    Warning: template has been deprecated.
* DRACULA
* BY
* BRAM STOKER
MODERN LIBRARY • NEW YORK
TO
MY DEAR FRIEND
HOMMY-BEG
How these papers have been placed in sequence will be made manifest in the reading of them. All needless matters have been eliminated, so that a history almost at variance with the possibilities of later-day belief may stand forth as simple fact. There is throughout no statement of past things wherein memory may err, for all the records chosen are exactly contemporary, given from the standpoints and within the range of knowledge of those who made them.
CONTENTS
Chapter I :
| Jonathan Harker's Journal | 1 |
| Chapter II ||
| Jonathan Harker's Journal | 16 |
| Chapter III ||
| Jonathan Harker's Journal | 30 |
| Chapter IV ||
| Jonathan Harker's Journal | 44 |
| Chapter V ||
| Letters—Lucy and Mina | 59 |
| Chapter VI ||
| Mina Murray's Journal | 69 |
| Chapter VII ||
| Cutting from "The Dailygraph," 8 August | 83 |
| Chapter VIII ||
| Mina Murray's Journal | 98 |
| Chapter IX ||
| Mina Murray's Journal | 114 ​ |
| Chapter X ||
| Mina Murray's Journal | 129 |
| Chapter XI ||
| Lucy Westenra's Diary | 145 |
| Chapter XII ||
| Dr. Seward's Diary | 159 |
| Chapter XIII ||
| Dr. Seward's Diary | 178 |
| Chapter XIV ||
| Mina Harker's Journal | 196 |
| Chapter XV ||
| Dr. Seward's Diary | 213 |
| Chapter XVI ||
| Dr. Seward's Diary | 228 |
| Chapter XVII ||
| Dr. Seward's Diary | 240 |
| Chapter XVIII ||
| Dr. Seward's Diary | 255 |
| Chapter XIX ||
| Jonathan Harker's Journal | 273 |
| Chapter XX ||
| Jonathan Harker's Journal | 287 ​ |
| Chapter XXI ||
| Dr. Seward's Diary | 303 |
| Chapter XXII ||
| Jonathan Harker's Journal | 319 |
| Chapter XXIII ||
| Dr. Seward's Diary | 333 |
| Chapter XXIV ||
| Dr. Seward's Phonograph Diary, spoken by Van Helsing | 348 |
| Chapter XXV ||
| Dr. Seward's Diary | 364 |
| Chapter XXVI ||
| Dr. Seward's Diary | 380 |
| Chapter XXVII ||
| Mina Harker's Journal | 399 |
COPYRIGHT, 1897, BY BRAM STOKER
* Random House is the publisher of
* THE MODERN LIBRARY
* BENNETT A. CERF • DONALD S. KLOPFER • ROBERT K. HAAS
* Manufactured in the United States of America
* Printed by Parkway Printing CompanyBound by H. Wolff
THE MODERN LIBRARY
OF THE WORLD'S BEST BOOKS
DRACULA
The publishers will be pleased to send, upon request, an illustrated folder setting forth the purpose and scope of THE MODERN LIBRARY, and listing each volume in the series. Every reader of books will find titles he has been looking for, handsomely printed, in unabridged editions, and at an unusually low price.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Drab Habitation of Whom?

Drab Habitation of Whom? Tabernacle or Tomb — Or Dome of Worm — Or Porch of Gnome — Or some Elf's Catacomb?
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Tulip

Edition of 1802.
​TULIP, or Tulipa, L. a genus of plants comprising four species, the principal of which is the Gesneriana, or Common Garden Tulip, a native of Cappadocia.—It is divided into two sorts, termed the early, or dwarf spring tulips, which blow in the beginning of spring; ​and the late flowering tulips, that appear about the latter part of April, or in May and June. Both sorts comprehend numerous varieties, such as black, golden, yellow, purple-violet, rose, vermilion, &c. from their respective colours. They are highly valued by the curious in horticulture, and sold by florists at from 5 s. to 20l. per root, according to their rarity, or the degree of estimation in which they are held.—In Holland, they form a considerable article of trade; and there are instances of single bulbs of these flowers having been purchased at the extravagant price of from 2000 to 5000 guilders.
Tulips furnish one of the principal ornaments of the garden: they are propagated by planting offsets from the bulbous roots, in common garden soil, either in autumn, or towards the end of December, according to their early or late periods of flowering; and, if such soil be changed every year, new varieties, both of single and double tulips, beautifully diversified with various colours, may easily be obtained: these plants require only to be sheltered, during the severity of winter; to be kept clear of weeds; and to be watered occasionally in the long droughts of summer.
There is an indigenous species of this plant, termed the sylvestris, or Wild Tulip, which grows in chalk-pits; and is found chiefly in the vicinity of Norwich, and Bury; where its small fragrant yellow flowers blow in the month of April. The fresh root is acrid, and excites vomiting; but, when boiled, it may safely be eaten with the addition of butter and pepper; affording a palatable dish.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Tumbrel

Edition of 1802.
​TUMBREL, a machine employed chiefly in the county of Lincoln; for the purpose of giving food to sheep, during the winter.
In the 4th vol. of the "Repertory of Arts," &c. we meet with a description of a contrivance which is equally simple and useful: we have, therefore, been induced to give the annexed Cut, representing its structure.
​It consists of a circular cage or crib, which may be made of willow, osiers, or similar pliant brush-wood. The whole is ten feet in circumference, being closely wattled to the height of one foot, above which it is left open for the space of about 18 inches; when it is again wattled to the height of 8 or 9 inches; an opening, 18 inches broad, being left at the top, for the purpose of putting in turnips, or other provender. The staves, forming the skeleton of the machine above reprpsented, are 10 inches apart, so that 12 sheep may feed at one time in each tumbrel.
Considerable advantages are derived from this method of feeding sheep; as it greatly reduces the expence of provender, which is thus prevented from being soiled with dung, or trodden under foot. In such a state of separation, the stronger animals cannot drive away the weaker sheep; each being secured by the head, while they are eating. Farther, the construction of the tumbrel being attended with no difficulties, it may be readily procured, and be daily conveyed to any part of a farm: if proper care be taken, this utensil may be preserved in constant use, for eight or ten years.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Tunny

Edition of 1802.
​TUNNY, or Scomber Thunnus, a fish of the mackerel kind, which abounds in the Mediterranean Sea, and sometimes frequents the British coasts: during the Herring season, considerable shoals are found in the lochs or lakes of Scotland, whither they resort in pursuit of that fish. The tunny is from six to ten feet in length; its round body is bulky; and the tail forms a crescent.
These fish are taken either with nets, or by hooks appended to ropes, and baited with herrings. In a fresh state, their flesh resembles raw beef: when boiled, it becomes pale, and acquires a delicate flavour, similar to that of salmon. The belly, however, is the part held in the greatest esteem, and which is mostly salted; but, being extremely fat, it ought not ​to be eaten by convalescents, or those whose digestion is impaired.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Turbith

Edition of 1802.
​TURBITH, or Turpeth, an officinal drug, being the bark from the fleshy roots of the Convolvulus Turpethum, L. an exotic species of the Bind-weed, growing in Ceylon.
Turbith is imported in oblong pieces, which are of a brown, or ash-colour externally, and whitish within. The best is brittle; contains a large portion of resinous matter; and is at first of a sweetish taste; but, when chewed, it becomes pungent and nauseous.—This drug is occasionally employed as a purgative; but is by no means safe, or uniform, in its operation.—It pays, when imported by the East-India Company, 2l. per cent. according to its value, and farther, 1s. 1 1/2d. per lb. being the duty for home consumption.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Turbith-Mineral

Edition of 1802.
​TURBITH-MINERAL, or Yellow-vitriolated Quicksilver, a medicinal precipitate obtained by cautiously mixing eight parts of vitriolic acid with four of purified mercury; and distilling the whole to dryness, in a retort placed in a sand-furnace. The white calx, on being reduced to powder, and thrown into warm distilled water, assumes a yellow colour; and becomes tasteless after repeated ablutions.
Turbith-mineral is a powerful emetic, and has been given with frequent success, in doses of from 1 1/2 to 6 or 8 grains, to robust persons, who were afflicted with leprous diseases, and glandular obstructions, that had resisted the power of other medicines. It has also been recommended, in doses amounting from six grains to a scruple every day, in cases of hydrophobia; and some instances have occurred, in which it not only prevented madness in dogs that had been bitten, but also effected a cure, after the disease had actually taken place.—Lastly, the water, in which this mineral is washed, has been used externally for lotions, in the itch and other cutaneous affections; but such practice ought never to be adopted without proper advice; as it may be attended with danger.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Turbot

Edition of 1802.
​TURBOT, or Pleuronectes maximus, L. is a large fish of a remarkable form, nearly square; the upper part of its body being ash-coloured, with numerous black spots of different sizes: the belly is white; the skin wrinkled, without scales; and furnished with small, short spines, irregularly disposed.
Turbots grow to a very considerable size, commonly weighing from 20 to 30lbs.: they are chiefly taken off the north coasts of England, Scotland, and Ireland; though one of the best known stations for the Turbot-fishery, is that on the Dogger-bank.—These fish generally associate in deep water, and are mostly drawn up by hooks and lines. The bait, usually employed, consists of small pieces of fresh herring, the lesser lamprey, haddock, or similar portions of fresh bullock's liver.—The turbot-fishery commences early in Lent; and, if conctuded with skill and regularity, it furnishes employment to a great number of persons, who, in a productive season, run into harbour twice a week, to deliver their cargoes.
As an article of food, the flesh of the turbot, though firm, is tender, abounding with rich gelatinous nutriment: it is farther improved, by suspending the fish in the open air tor 24 or 48 hours in the winter, before it is cooked.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Tube-root

Edition of 1802.
​Tube-root. See Meadow-Saffron.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Tumor

Edition of 1802.
​TUMOR, or Swelling, in animal economy, denotes an enlargement or preternatural tumefaction of any part of the body; and is either of an indolent nature, such as Cancer, Schirrus and Scrophula; or inflammatory, as occurs in the female breast, in chilblains, and various other local affections.—With respect to the latter, we refer to the article Inflammation; and, as most of the former are distinguished, either by the cause from which they arise, or by other circumstances, whence they have received particular denominations, we shall in this place only give a few directions, relative to the treatment of indolent tumors in general.
When swellings of this nature gradually appear on any part of the human body, and are not attended with either pain or inflammation, the mode ot discussing them entirely depends on their situation. Thus, when the glands are swoln, cold astringent fomentations, or saponaceous and mercurial plasters, conjoined with cold-bathing, especially in sea-water, will generally be attended with good effects. If the tumor be situated on muscular or fleshy parts, warm fomentations have often been found of service; on bony or tendinous parts, gentle friction, and afterwards moderate compression, are in most cases sufficient to remove the obstruction.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Truffle

Edition of 1802.
​TRUFFLE, or Trubs, Lycoperdon tuber, L. (Tuber cibarium of Dr. Withering), is a species of puff-ball, which grows under ground, without any roots or the access of light; and attains a size of from a pea to the largest potatoe. In Britain, however, it is of a globular form, resembling that of a large plumb; and, when young, its surface is whitish; being interspersed with elevated dots, the centre of which contains a brown powder, similar to that of the common Puff-ball: as it becomes old, the colour turns black.—This species of fungus may be searched for in hilly forests, which have a sandy or dry clayey bottom, at the depth of four or five inches in the earth; though it seldom exceeds four or five oz. in weight, while those produced on the Continent, frequently weigh from eight to sixteen ounces.—It is one of the most wholesome and nutritive of the esculent fungi, and is generally discovered by means of dogs, which are taught to scent it; so that, on smelling the truffle, they bark, and scratch it up.—In Italy, it is likewise rooted up by pigs, which are either furnished with a ring around their snout; or, it is taken from them by an attendant.
Truffles are highly esteemed at the tables of the luxurious, where they are served up, either roasted in a fresh state, like potatoes; or, they are dried, sliced, and dressed as ingredients in soups and ragouts. The most delicious are internally white, and possess the odour of garlic.—They pay, on importation, a duty of 2s. 5 1/2d. per lb.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Scott, John (1774-1827)

​SCOTT, JOHN (1774–1827), engraver, was born on 12 March 1774 at Newcastle-on-Tyne, where his father, John Scott, worked in a brewery. At the age of twelve he was apprenticed to a tallow-chandler, but devoted all his spare time to the study of drawing and engraving, and at the expiration of his articles came to London, where his fellow-townsman, Robert Pollard [q. v.], gave him two years' instruction, at the same time paying him for his work. On leaving Pollard he obtained employment from Wheble, the proprietor of the ‘Sporting Magazine,’ and for many years the portraits of racehorses published in that periodical were executed by him. The next work upon which Scott was engaged was W. B. Daniel's well-known ‘British Rural Sports,’ 1801, many of the plates in which were both designed and engraved by him. He became ​the ablest of English animal engravers, and his ‘Sportsman's Cabinet, a correct delineation of the Canine Race,’ 1804; ‘History and Delineation of the Horse,’ 1809; and ‘Sportsman's Repository, comprising a series of engravings representing the horse and the dog in all their varieties, from paintings by Marshall, Reinagle, Gilpin, Stubbs, and Cooper,’ 1820, earned for him great celebrity. A pair of large plates, ‘Breaking Cover,’ after Reinagle, and ‘Death of the Fox,’ after Gilpin, issued in 1811, are regarded as his masterpieces. Scott also did much work for publications of a different kind, such as Tresham and Ottley's ‘British Gallery,’ Ottley's ‘Stafford Gallery,’ Britton's ‘Fine Arts of the English School,’ Hakewill's ‘Tour in Italy,’ and Coxe's ‘Social Day.’ He laboured unceasingly at his profession until 1821, when a stroke of paralysis practically terminated his career; during the last years of his life he was assisted by the Artists' Benevolent Fund, of which he had been one of the originators. Scott died at his residence in Chelsea, on 24 Dec. 1827, leaving a widow, several daughters, and one son, John R. Scott, who also became an engraver, and executed a few plates for the ‘Sporting Magazine.’
A portrait of Scott, drawn by J. Jackson, R.A., in 1823, was engraved by W. T. Fry and published in 1826. A crayon portrait by his son is in the print-room of the British Museum.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Gent. Mag. 1828, i. 376; Sporting Mag. lvii. 290; manuscript notes in print-room of British Museum.]
F. M. O'D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Scott, John (1798-1846)

​SCOTT, JOHN (1798–1846), surgeon, born in 1798, was only son of James Scott, a general practitioner of medicine, living at Bromley in Kent. His father acquired a large practice, and was particularly successful in the treatment of chronic ulcers and of diseased joints. John Scott was educated first at a private school in Sevenoaks, and afterwards at the Charterhouse. He was then apprenticed to Sir William Blizard [q. v.], the senior surgeon to the London Hospital in Whitechapel. He was admitted a licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries on 29 April 1819, and a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England on 2 June 1820.
He practised with his father at Bromley for a short time, but after marrying he came to London, and was living in New Broad Street in 1824. On 24 Nov. 1826 he was elected surgeon to the Ophthalmic Hospital in Moorfields in succession to [Sir] William Lawrence. Scott was elected assistant sur​geon to the London Hospital on 18 July 1827. He was appointed full surgeon on 28 March 1831, resigning on 3 Dec. 1845. He died at Brighton, after a prolonged illness, on 11 April 1846.
Scott revolutionised one department of surgery by introducing the passive treatment of diseased joints. His method, however, was distasteful to his contemporaries owing to the unnecessary complications with which he surrounded it; but stripped of these, his principle remains a potent factor in surgery. He treated chronic ulcers by the method his father had taught him of strapping the leg from the toes upwards, and he was thus opposed to Baynton's method, which consisted in applying the strapping for only a short distance above the ulcer. Scott's dressing and Scott's ointment are still known to every student of surgery, though they are now rarely used. His dressing had, as its base, a camphorated mercurial compound. Constant practice is said to have rendered him the most skilful bandager in London, at a time when bandaging in the London hospitals was almost a fine art.
Scott was distinguished as a surgeon by the rapidity and by the general accuracy of his diagnosis. He displayed great decision and energy in the treatment of his patients. He was a bold, but not particularly brilliant operator, and he is said to have been the first surgeon in England to remove the upper jaw. He was of an uncertain and irritable temper, which disease sometimes rendered overbearing.
His works are: 1. ‘Surgical Observations on … Chronic Inflammations … particularly in Diseases of the Joints,’ 8vo, London, 1828; a new edit. by W. H. Smith, London, 8vo, 1857: a most valuable work, for it lays down very clearly the necessity for putting at rest diseased joints. 2. ‘Cases of Tic-douloureux and other Forms of Neuralgia,’ 8vo, London, 1834. 3. ‘Cataract and its Treatment,’ 8vo, London, 1843: the object of this work was to introduce a sickle-shaped knife, but the instrument never came into general use.
D’A. P.