OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Urbana

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​URBANA, a city and the county-seat of Champaign county, Ohio, U.S.A., about 47 m. W. by N. of Columbus. Pop. (1890) 6510; (1900) 6808, including 796 negroes and 405 foreign-born; (1910) 7739. Urbana is served by the Erie, the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St Louis, and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St Louis railways, and by the Ohio Electric inter-urban line. It has a public library (1890) and a county children's home (1892), and is the seat of Urbana University (co-educational), founded in 1850 under the auspices of the New Church. The city is situated in a fertile farming region. Its manufactures include furniture, telephones, woollen goods, paper, foundry and machine-shop products, &c. Urbana was laid out in 1805 by Colonel William Ward, of Greenbriar, Va., who owned the land included in the original survey and gave many lots to the county on condition that the proceeds from their sale should be used for public improvements; it was incorporated as a village in 1816 and was chartered as a city in 1867. Colonel Ward-was the grandfather of the sculptor J. Q. A. Ward, who was born here and here first pursued, unaided, his study of art. Urbana was also the home for several' years (after 1802), and is the burial place, of Simon Kenton, the famous pioneer and Indian fighter.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Urethane

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​URETHANE, NH$_2$CO$_2$C$_2$H$_5$, the ethyl ester of carbamic acid, is synthesized from ammonia and chlorcarbonic ester or diethyl carbonate; by prolonged boiling of urea with alcohol (A. W. Hofmann, Ber., 1871, 4, p. 268); by the action of alcoholic hydrochloric acid on cyanogen; by the action of alcohol on urea chloride (L. Gattermann, Ann., 1888, 244, p. 40); and by warming alcoholic hydrochloric acid with an alcoholic solution of potassium cyanate (O. Folin, Amer. Chem. Jour., 1897, 19, p. 341). It crystallizes in large plates, readily soluble in water and melting at 49–50° C. When heated with ammonia to 180° C., it gives urea. Cold alcoholic potash decomposes it into potassium cyanate and alcohol.
Ann., 1895, 288, p. 304), crystallizes in needles which melt at 51–52° C. (with decomposition). It is decomposed by alkalis and by acids:
| C$_3$H$_6$N$_2$O$_3$ = | CO$_2$+C$_2$H$_5$OH+N$_2$ | (alkalis), |
| 2C$_3$H$_6$N$_2$O$_3$ = 2 | CO$_2$+C$_2$H$_5$OH+2N$_2$+H$_2$O+C$_2$H$_4$ | (acids). |
On oxidation it yields nitro-urethane. With a methyl alcoholic solution of potash it yields a yellow precipitate, which is probably the potassium salt of nitrosocarbamic acid, NK·NO·CO$_2$K. Nitrourethane, NO$_2$·NH·CO$_2$C$_2$H$_5$, formed by dissolving urethane in concentrated sulphuric acid and adding ethyl nitrate to the well-cooled mixture (J. Thiele, ibid.), crystallizes in plates which melt at 64° C. and is soluble in water. It has a strongly acid reaction, its salts, however, being neutral. Its silver salt with methyl iodide gives a methyl ether, which is readily split by ammonia into methyl nitramine and methyl urethane (cf. A. P. Franchimont, Rec. trav. chim., 1894, 13, p. 309). On reduction with zinc dust and acetic acid it yields hydrazine carboxylic ester. Phenyl urethena, C$_6$H$_5$NH·CO$_2$C$_2$H$_5$, is formed by the action of cyanformic ester on aniline at 100° C.; by the action of absolute alcohol on benzoyl azoimide (T. Curtius, Jour. prak. Chem. [2], 52, p. 214); and by the action of bromine and sodium ethylate on benzamide (E. Jeffreys, Amer. Chem. Jour., 1899, 22, p. 41). It crystallizes in long needles which melt at 51–52° C. and boil at 227–228° C. (with partial decomposition). It is easily soluble in alcohol and when heated in a sealed tube yields aniline and urea. With phosphorus pentasulphide it yields phenyl mustard oil.
Physiologically urethane has a rapid hypnotic action, producing a calm sleep and having no depressant effect on the circulation. It is much used as an anaesthetic for animals. Di-urethane, NH(CO$_2$C$_2$H$_5$)$_2$, and hedonal, NH$_2$CO$_2$CH(CH$_3$)·(C$_3$H$_7$), are also narcotics, the latter being, in addition, a powerful diuretic. Phenyl urethane or euphorin has a physiological action more like that of acetanilide and phenacetin than of urethane. It depresses the temperature and is an analgesic. It is of little value as an hypnotic.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Urfé, Honoré d'

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​URFÉ, HONORÉ D', Marquis de Valbromey, Comte de Châteauneuf (1568–1625), French novelist and miscellaneous writer, was born at Marseilles on the 11th of February 1568, and was educated at the Collège de Tsarnon. A partisan of the League, he was taken prisoner in 1595, and, though soon set at liberty, he was again captured and imprisoned. During his imprisonment he read Ronsard, Petrarch and above all the Diana enamorada of George de Montemayor and Tasso's Aminta. Here, too, he wrote the Épîtres morales (1598). Honoré's brother Anne, comte D'Urfé, had married in 1571 the beautiful Diane de Châteaumorand, but the marriage was annulled in 1598 by Clement VIII. Anne D'Urfé was ordained to the priesthood in 1603, and died in 1621 dean of Montbrison. Diane had a great fortune, and to avoid the alienation of the money from the D'Urfé family, Honoré married her in 1600. This marriage also proved unhappy; D'Urfé spent most of his time separated from his wife at the court of Savoy, where he held the charge of chamberlain. The separation of goods arranged later on may have been simply due to money embarrassments. It was in Savoy that he conceived the plan of his novel Astrée, the scene of which is laid on the banks of the Lignon in his native province of Forez. It is a leisurely romance in which the loves of Céladon and Astrée are told at immense length with many digressions. The recently discovered circumstances of the marriages of the brothers have disposed of the idea that the romance is autobiographical in its main idea, but some of the episodes are said to be but slightly veiled accounts of the adventures of Henry IV. The shepherds and shepherdesses of the story are of the conventional type usual to the pastoral, and they discourse of love with a casuistry and elaborate delicacy that are by no means rustic. The two first parts of Astrée appeared in 1610, the third in 1619, and in 1627 the fourth part was edited and a fifth added by D'Urfé's secretary Balthazar Baro. Astrée set the fashion temporarily in the drama as in romance, and no tragedy was complete without wire-drawn discussions on love in the manner of Céladon and Astrée. D'Urfé also wrote two poems, La Sireine (1611) and Sylvanire (1625). He died from injuries received by a fall from his horse at Villafranca on the 1st of June 1625 during a campaign against the Spaniards. The best edition of Astrée is that of 1647. In 1908 a bust of D'Urfé was erected at Virien (Ain), where the greater part of Astrée was written.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Urdū

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​URDŪ, the name of that variety of Hindostani which borrows a great part of its vocabulary from Persia and Arabic, as contrasted with “Hindi,” the variety which eschews such words, but borrows from Sanskrit instead. It is spoken by Mussulmans and those Hindus who have come under Mussulman influences, and has a considerable literature. See Hindostani and Hindostani Literature.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Uranus (god)

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​URANUS (Heaven), in Greek mythology, the husband of Gaea (Earth), and father of Cronus (Saturn) and other deities. As such he represents the generative power of the sky, which fructifies the earth with the warmth of the sun and the moisture of rain. For the legend of his treatment by Cronus and its meaning, see Saturn. Uranus and other Greek gods anterior to Zeus were probably deities worshipped by earlier barbarous inhabitants of the land.
The Roman Caelus (or Caelum) is simply a translation of the Greek Οὐρανός, not the name of a distinct national divinity. There is no evidence of the existence of a cult of Caelus, the occurrence of the name in dedicatory inscriptions being due to Oriental influences, the worship of the sky being closely connected with that of Mithras. Caelus is sometimes associated with Terra, represented in plastic art as an old, bearded man holding a robe stretched out over his head in the form of an arch.
See Wissowa, Religion der Römer (1902), p. 304; and his article in Pauly-Wissowa’s Realencyclopädie, iii. pt. 1 (1867); also Steuding in Roscher’s Lexikon der Mythologie and De Vit’s Onomasticon (suppt. to Forcellini’s Lexicon).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Deland, Margaret Wade

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DELAND, MARGARET WADE (1857-), American writer, was born at Allegheny, Pa., Feb. 23 1857. She studied in private schools and at Cooper Union in New York, and for a time was a teacher of drawing. She lived in Boston after her marriage in 1880. She appeared as a writer of graceful verse in The Old Garden (1887), and in 1888 attracted wide attention with her first novel, John Ward — Preacher. This story resembles in theme Mrs. Humphry Ward's Robert Elsmere, at that time a centre of discussion. In all her works she deals with religious and social questions, and at first evoked protest in some quarters. Her method is perhaps best seen in Sidney (1891); Philip and His Wife (1894); The Awakening of Helena Richie (1906) and The Iron Woman (1911). Her numerous works include The Story of a Child (1892); Old Chester Tales (1899); Dr. Lavendar's People (1903 in Dr. Lavendar some have seen a character comparable with Goldsmith's Dr. Primrose); Partners (1913); The Rising Tide (1916); and The Promises of Alice (1919), the romance of a New England parsonage.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Deane, Sir Henry Bargrave Finnelley

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​DEANE, SIR HENRY BARGRAVE FINNELLEY (1846–1919), English judge, was born April 28 1846, the only son of the Rt. Hon. Sir James Parker Deane, K.C. He was educated at Winchester and Balliol College, Oxford, where in 1870 he won the international law essay prize. He was called to the bar in 1870, and was made a Q.C. in 1896. From 1885 to 1905 he was recorder of Margate, and in 1905 was raised to the bench and knighted. From 1892 onwards his work lay mainly in the Probate, Divorce and Admiralty division. In 1917 he retired from the bench, and he died in London April 21 1919.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Debs, Eugene Victor

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​DEBS, EUGENE VICTOR (1855–), American labour leader and socialist, was born at Terre Haute, Ind., Nov. 5 1855, of Alsatian parents. On leaving the public schools he became in 1871 a locomotive fireman, and four years later took a position in a wholesale grocery. In 1879 he was elected city clerk of Terre Haute on the Democratic ticket, and in 1881 was reelected. During 1885 he was a member of the Indiana Legislature. Meanwhile, in 1880 he was elected secretary and treasurer of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and was chosen editor of the Locomotive Firemen’s Magazine. When the American Railway Union was organized in 1893 he was elected president, serving four years. Under his leadership a strike on the Great Northern railway was won in 1894. The same year he led the strike which, beginning in the Pullman car plants, soon involved the railways leading into Chicago (see 6.124). Debs was arrested on the charge of conspiracy to kill, was acquitted, was later convicted of contempt of court for violating an injunction, and was sent to gaol for six months (May–Nov. 1895). At this time his study of socialism began, and in 1897 he allied himself with the movement, for a year acting as chairman of the National Council of the Social Democracy of America. After this was reorganized into the Social Democrat party in 1898 he was an influential member. In 1900 he was Socialist candidate for president of the United States, receiving 96,116 votes; was again candidate in 1904, 1908 and 1912, but declined the nomination in 1916. In 1907 he was appointed on the editorial staff of the Appeal to Reason, and his contributions attracted wide attention. In 1914 he became editor-in-chief of the National Rip-Saw, a socialistic paper published at St. Louis. After America’s entrance into the World War he upheld pacifism, and in Sept. 1918, after a speech at Canton, O., he was charged with violation of the Espionage Act, was convicted, and sentenced to serve 10 ​years in the penitentiary. The sentence was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court March 10 1919, and he entered prison April 13. In 1920, although still imprisoned, he was again nominated presidential candidate by the Socialists and received 915,302 votes, ranging from 25 in Vermont to 203,400 in New York. He was released on Christmas Day 1921, his sentence having been commuted by President Harding, but his forfeiture of rights of citizenship was not affected. He is the author of Unionism and Socialism: a Plea for Both (1904); Liberty; and Industrial Unionism (1911).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Debussy, Claude Achille

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​DEBUSSY, CLAUDE ACHILLE (1862–1918), French composer (see 7.906), died in Paris March 26 1918.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Delaunay-Belleville, Louis

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DELAUNAY-BELLEVILLE, LOUIS (1843-1912), French engineer, was born at Corbeil Nov. 20 1843. Educated at St. Barbe and the École Polytechnique, he entered the Naval Engineering school in 1864 and in 1867 left to join the Belleville works at St. Denis, near Paris. He became a partner and finally head of the firm which produced the well-known Belleville boilers (see 4.145), and also the automobile called by his name. From 1890 he was president of the Paris Chamber of Commerce. He died at Cannes Feb. 10 1912.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/De la Gorce, Pierre

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​DE LA GORGE, PIERRE (1846–), French historian, was born at Vannes June 29 1846. He devoted himself to the study in particular of the history of the 19th century, and produced various works of much learning, the chief being Histoire de la Seconde République Française (1887), Histoire du Second Empire (1896–1905) and Histoire religieuse de la Révolution (1909). He was in 1914 elected a member of the French Academy, and in 1918 published a monograph, Deux Frères: Andre et Pierre de Gailhard-Bancal.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Delage, Marie Yves

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​DELAGE, MARIE YVES (1854–1920), French zoologist, was born at Avignon May 13 1854. He became a member of the French Academies of Science and Medicine, professor of zoology at the Sorbonne, Paris, and a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. He was one of the first authorities on animal reproduction and questions of hybridism and heredity (see 23.116, 14.27, 22.478). For his exploit in keeping alive in 1886, in a tank at Roscoff, a specimen of Leptocephali until it developed into a conger, see 9.9. He died in Paris Oct. 8 1920.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Degas, Hilaire Germaine Edgard

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​DEGAS, HILAIRE GERMAIN EDGARD (1834–1917), French painter (see 7.931). The Impressionist years, in which such typical canvases as "Women in a Cafe" and "Danseuses à la Barre" (sold in 1912 for 119,100 francs) showed Degas's complete break with the academic painters, his realistic outlook, and his mastery of matériel, notably pastel, ended with the eighth Impressionist Exhibition 1886, where he continued his realistic studies of modern life, showing drawings of the nude, of workwomen, and of jockeys. This marked his withdrawal from all public exhibitions. In the following years, until his death in 1917, Degas mainly concentrated on drawings and pastels of the nude, chiefly women at their toilets or in the bath, interspersed with returns to his favourite ballet subjects. At one time he almost abandoned the use of colour but returned thereto later. In his last years, ill-health and a forced removal from his studio prevented his working. Besides pastel and oil colour Degas also handled his favourite subjects in etching, aquatint and lithography. His work is to be seen in the Luxembourg (Caillebotte collection), the Louvre (Camondo collection), the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Tate Gallery, the British Museum, Boston (U.S.A.) Museum, the National Gallery, Berlin, and many private collections. Though closely associated with the impressionists and showing their sensitiveness to atmospheric colour, Degas was never one of them. An admirer of Ingres, and the great classical draughtsmen, he was himself a classic in his impersonal outlook. The increasing preoccupation of his art was the expression of form, chiefly by line, and to this must be ascribed his later concentration on the nude and temporary abandonment of colour. His figures are never impressions, but an elaborate synthesis of many sketches and much observation. An uncompromising realist in his subjects, Degas found in the art of the Far East a starting-point for combining the most ordinary and ungraceful attitudes of everyday life into an original, intricate and harmonious design.
See also P. Lafond, Degas (1918); A. J. Meier-Graefe, Degas (1920).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Repairs

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​REPAIRS (from Lat. reparare, to make ready again), acts necessary to restore things to a sound state after damage; the question of repairs is important in the relations between landlord and tenant. (See the articles Flat; Landlord and Tenant.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Repin, Ilja Jefimovich

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​REPIN, ILJA JEFIMOVICH (1844–), Russian painter, was born in 1844 at Tschuguev in the department of Charkov, the son of parents in straitened circumstances. He learned the rudiments of art under a painter of saints named Bunakov, for three years gaining his living at this humble craft. In 1863 he obtained a studentship at the Academy of Fine Arts of St Petersburg, where he remained for six years, winning the gold medal and a travelling scholarship which enabled him to visit France and Italy. He returned to Russia after a short absence, and devoted himself exclusively to subjects having strong national characteristics. In 1894 he became professor of historical painting at the St Petersburg Academy. Repin’s paintings are powerfully drawn, with not a little imagination and with strong dramatic force and characterization. A brilliant colourist, and a portrait-painter of the first rank, he also became known as a sculptor and etcher of ability. His chief pictures are “Procession in the Government of Kiev,” “Home-coming,” “The Arrest,” “Ivan the Terrible’s murder of his Son,” and, best known of all, “The Reply of the Cossacks to Sultan Mahmoud IV.” The portraits of the Baroness V. I. Ülskül, of Anton Rubinstein and of Count Leo Tolstoy are among his best achievements in this class. The Tretiakov gallery at Moscow contains a very large collection of his work.
See “Professor Repin,” by Prince Bojidar Karageorgevich, in the Magazine of Art, xxiii. p. 783 (1899); “Russian Art,” a paper by E. Brayley Hodgetts in the Proceedings of the Anglo-Russian Literary Society (5th of May 1896); “Ilja Jefimovich Repin,” by Julius Norden, in Velhagen and Klasing’s Monatshefte, xx. p. 1 (1905); also R. Muther, History of Modern Painting (ed. 1907), iv. 272. (E. F. S.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Report

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​ REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rapporter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.), an account or statement of events, speeches, proceedings, the results of investigations, &c., “brought back” by one who was present either casually or sent for the specific purpose, hence reputation, rumour. A special sense, that of a loud noise, as of the explosion of firearms, appears as early as the end of the 16th century. For the reports of speeches, parliamentary debates, &c., in the daily press see Reporting below, and for the particular form of law reporting see English Law; American Law.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Repington, Philip

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​REPINGTON (or Repyngdon), PHILIP (d. 1424), English bishop and cardinal, was educated at Oxford and became an Augustinian canon at Leicester before 1382. A man of some learning, he came to the front as a defender of the doctrines taught by John Wycliffe; for this he was suspended and afterwards excommunicated, but in a short time he was pardoned and restored by Archbishop William Courtenay, and he appears to have completely abandoned his unorthodox opinions. In 1394 he was made abbot of St Mary de Pré at Leicester, and after the accession of Henry IV. to the English throne in 1399 he became chaplain and confessor to this king, being described as “clericus specialissimus domini regis Henrici.” In 1404 he was chosen bishop of Lincoln, and in 1408 Pope Gregory XII. made him a cardinal. He resigned his bishopric in 1419. Some of Repington’s sermons are in manuscript at Oxford and at Cambridge.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Replevin

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​REPLEVIN, an Anglo-French law term (derived from replevir, to replevy; see Pledge for further etymology) signifying the recovery by a person of goods unlawfully taken out of his possession by means of a special form of legal process; this falls into two divisions—(1) the “replevy,” the steps which the owner takes to secure the physical possession of the goods, by giving security for prosecuting the action and for the return of the goods if the case goes against him, and (2) the “action of replevin” itself. The jurisdiction in the first case is in the County Court; in the second case the Supreme Court has also jurisdiction in certain circumstances. The proceedings are now regulated by the County Courts Act 1888. At common law, the ordinary action for the recovery of goods wrongfully taken would be one of detinue; but no means of immediate recovery ​was possible till the action was tried, and until the Common Law Procedure Act 1854 the defendant might exercise an option of paying damages instead of restoring the actual goods. The earliest regulations with regard to the action of replevin are to be found in the Statute of Marlborough (Marlebridge), 1267, cap. 21. For the early history, see Blackstone's Commentaries, iii. 145 seq. Only goods and cattle can be the subjects of an action for replevin. Although the action can be brought for the wrongful taking of goods generally, as long as the initial taking was wrongful and it was from the possession of the owner, it is practically confined to goods taken by an illegal as opposed to an excessive distress (see Distress and Rent, § Legal).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Repeal

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​REPEAL (O.F. rapel, modern rappel, from rapeler, rappeler, revoke, re and appeler, appeal), the abrogation, revocation or annulling of a law (see Abrogation and Statute). The word is particularly used in English history of the movement led by Daniel O’Connell (q.v.) for the repeal of the act of Union between Great Britain and Ireland in 1830 and 1841–46, which in its later development became known as the Nationalist or Home Rule movement (see Ireland, History).