OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Hase

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Hase. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Hase, masculine, ‘hare,’ from Middle High German hase, Old High German haso, masculine; a common Teutonic term for ‘hare’; compare Dutch haas, Anglo-Saxon hara (with change of s into r), English hare, Old Icelandic here, masculine; Gothic *hasa (Old High German haso) or *haza (Anglo-Saxon hara), is by chance not recorded. To the pre-Teutonic kasa(n), Indian çaçá (instead of çasá, just as çváçuras for *sváçuras, compare Schwäher), ‘hare,’ corresponds; the word also occurs in a remarkable manner only once again in Old Prussian (as sasins for szasinas). The primitively word kasa-, ‘hare,’ may be connected with Anglo-Saxon hasu, ‘grey.’ From Teutonic is derived French hase, feminine, ‘doe-hare.’ — The term Hasenscharte, ‘hare-lip,’ is not recorded in German until the 14th century, but it already exists in Anglo-Saxon as hœrsceard (in English hare-lip); compare further the Old Icelandic nickname Skarðe, also Old Frisian has-skerde, ‘hare-lipped.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Hasel

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Hasel. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Hasel, feminine, ‘hazel,’ from the equivalent Middle High German hasel, Old High German hasala, feminine, hasal, masculine; compare Anglo-Saxon hœsel, English hazel, Old Icelandic hasl (hence hǫslur, plural, ‘boundary posts’); the common Teutonic word for ‘hazel,’ from pre-Teutonic kósolo-; hence in Latin, with the normal change of s into r, corulus, ‘hazel’; compare further Old Irish coll, ‘hazel,’ for *cosl.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Harfe

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Harfe. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Harfe, feminine, ‘harp,’ from the equivalent Middle High German harfe, harpfe, Old High German harfa, harpha, feminine; compare Anglo-Saxon hearpe, feminine, English harp; a common Teutonic word (Venantius Fortunatus calls harpa a barbaric, i.e. Teutonic instrument), denoting a string instrument peculiar to the Teutons. Its use was confined in earlier times to the Old Teutonic chiefs, just as the violin or fiddle was to the common folk.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Harn

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Harn. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Harn, masculine, ‘urine,’ earlier dialectic variant Harm (Luther), from Middle High German harn (Bavarian and East Rhenish), harm, masculine and neuter, Old High German haran, masculine, ‘urine’ (respecting the variant with m see Farn); a specifically Upper German word, probably identical originally with Anglo-Saxon scearn, Old Icelandic skarn, neuter, ‘mud’; sk and h (the latter for k without s) would have interchanged in Old Teutonic. Allied to Greek σκώρ; compare hocken, drosseln, links, Stier. The derivation of Harn from a root har, ‘to pour out,’ remains dubious.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Harm

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Harm. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Harm, masculine, ‘harm, distress, sorrow,’ very rarely occurs in Middle High German and earlier Modern High German, probably formed from English harm and revived in the last century through the influence of English literature (compare Halle, Heim); Middle High German (entirely disused) harm, masculine, ‘injury, pain’; Old High German haram, Old Saxon harm, masculine, ‘affront, cutting words, mortification’; Anglo-Saxon hearm masculine, ‘insult, harm’; English harm; Old Icelandic harm, masculine, ‘grief, care.’ From pre-Teutonic *karma, Sanscrit *çarma?, çîrma?. This is also indicated by Old Slovenian sramŭ (from *sormŭ), masculine, ‘shame, disgrace.’ An Old German (Old High German and Old Saxon) compound, Old High German haramscara, Old Saxon harmscara, feminine, ‘outrageous, excruciating punishment,’ was retained as late as Middle High German, in which harn-, harm-schar, ‘torment, distress, punishment,’ remained current, when Harm alone had already disappeared. Compare herb.
# An Index of Prohibited Books (1840)

AN INDEX
OF
PROHIBITED BOOKS,
BY COMMAND OF THE PRESENT POPE,
GREGORY XVI.
in 1835;
BEING THE LATEST SPECIMEN OF
THE LITERARY POLICY OF THE CHURCH OF ROME.
BY THE REV. JOSEPH MENDHAM, M.A. M.E.H S. Author of Literary Policy of the Church of Rome, Life of Pius V., Memoirs of the Council of Trent, Index Sixti V., Spiritual Venality of Home, &c.
Oratorio. Pulchra Laverna, Da mihi fallere, da justum sanctumque videri; Noctem peccatis, et fraudibus objice nubem. Hor. Ep. 16.
LONDON : DUNCAN AND MALCOLM, 37 PATERNOSTER ROW.
MDCCCXL.
to
gregory xvi.
supreme legislator of the papal world,
who in 1835
obliged and bound his subjects,
as well foreign as domestic,
with a new promulgation of his will,
in an index of prohibited books,
published with the express and entire
sanction of his authority
this attempt to extend the celebrity
of so valuable a boon,
and to do it more justice than has
been done by the
secretary of his sacred congregation —
is pertinently and gratefully
inscribed by
the author
* Part 1 - Preface
* Part 2 - Cathalogus Librorum Haereticorum
* Part 3 - Libri Quos Sancta
* Part 4 - Index of Pope Gregory
* Part 5 - Note
* Part 6 - Observations I
* Part 7 - Observations II
* Part 8 - Critique I
* Part 9 - Critique II
* Part 10 - Remarks
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# An Index Expurgatorius

Found in a 1904 edition of The Three Imposters
The man who marks or leaves with pages bent The volume that some trusting friend has lent, Or keeps it over long, or scruples not To let its due returning be forgot; The man who guards his books with miser's care, And does not joy to lend them, and to share; The man whose shelves are dust begrimed and few, Who reads when he has nothing else to do; The man who raves of classic writers, but Is found to keep them with their leaves uncut; The man who looks on literature as news, And gets his culture from the book reviews; Who loves not fair, clean type, and margins wide -- Or loves these better than the thought inside; Who buys his books to decorate the shelf, Or gives a book he has not read himself; Who reads from priggish motives, or for looks, Or any reason save the love of books. Great Lord, who judgest sins of all degrees, Is there no little private hell for these?
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Schacht

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Schacht | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Schacht (1.), m., ‘shaft’ (of a pit), from the equiv. MidHG. schaht, m.; prop. the LG. form of Schaft. See the following word.
Schacht (2.), m., ‘square rood,’ ModHG. only, from the equiv. LG. schacht, which is identical with HG. Schaft. —
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Schachtel

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Schachtel | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Schachtel, f., ‘box, bandbox,’ from the equiv. late MidHG. schahtel, f., which, with its equally late variant schatel, is borrowed from Ital. scatola, ‘bandbox, box.’ The change of the simple t into cht in MidHG. and ModHG. has not yet been explained; comp., however, MidHG. schahtelân and schatelan for kastelân. — Schatulle is a recent loan-word with the same signification. Schachtel, ‘old woman,’ occurs even in late MidHG., in which schahtel also means ‘feminal.’ The latter looks a LG. loan-word for HG. schaftel, from Schaft.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Schachtelhalm

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Schachtelhalm | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Schachtelhalm, m., ‘shave-grass,’ likewise from LG., for the MidHG. equiv. term is schaftel, n., a dimin. of the MidHG. word for Schaft.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Schaff

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Schaff | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Schaff, n., ‘vessel,’ UpG.; see Scheffel.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Schaft

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Schaft | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Schaft (1.), m., ‘shaft, handle, trunk, stalk,’ from MidHG. schaft, OHG. scaft, m., ‘shaft, spear, lance’; comp. OSax. skaft, m., ‘spear,’ Du. schacht, m., ‘quill, shaft of a lance,’ AS. sčęaft, E. shaft, OIc. skapt, n., ‘pole, spear’; Goth. *skafta- is by chance not recorded. These substant. cognates can scarcely be related to schaffen, they are connected rather with schaben (lit. ‘that which has been scraped or made smooth’?). It is most closely allied to Gr. σκῆπτρον, ‘staff,’ akin to Dor. (Pindar) σκᾶπτον, σκήπων, ‘staff’; further Lat. scâpus, ‘shaft’; hence OAryan skā̆p-, ‘shaft.’
Schaft (2.), m., ‘shelves, bookcase, ModHG. only; from MidHG. schaf, ‘vessel for containing liquids’?. For the latter see Scheffel.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Schade

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Schade | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Schade, n., ‘damage, harm, injury,’ from MidHG. schade, OHG. scado, m., ‘damage, destruction, disadvantage’; corresponding to the equiv. Du. schade OIc. skaðe, m. Further OIc. skaðe, OHG. scado, OSax. scaðo, AS. sčęaþa, m., ‘robber, foe,’ allied to Goth. skaþjan, ‘to injure, act unjustly,’ AS. sčęþþan, ‘to injure,’ OHG. scadôn, MidHG. and ModHG. schaden. An Aryan root skā̆́th, corresponding to the Teut. root skaþ, appears in Gr. ἀσκηθής, ‘unscathed.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Schaf

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Schaf | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Schaf, n., ‘sheep,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schâf, OHG. scâf, n.; common to West Teut. in the same sense; comp. OSax. scâp, n., Du. schaap, n., AS. sčęâp, n., E. sheep; in Goth. lamb (see Lamm), OIc. fœ́r, f., ‘sheep,’ whence Fœ́r-eyjar, ‘the Faroe Isles’ (lit. ‘sheep isles’). Teut. skêpo- (for *skêqo-) corresponds perhaps to Sans. châga, ‘he-goat.’ Yet Aryan owis, by inference from Lat. ovis, Gr. ὄϝις, Sans. ávis, and Lith. avìs (OSlov. ovĭca), was the oldest term which is preserved in OTeut. and a few ModTeut. dials.; comp. Goth. awistr, ‘sheepfold,’ *aweiþi, ‘flock of sheep,’ OHG. ou, OLG. ęwi, AS. eowu, and E. ewe (to which to yean from ge-eánian is allied?). —
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Schaffner

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Schaffner | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Schaffner, m., ‘purveyor, steward, manager,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schaffenœre, m., of which the equiv. variant schaffœre occurs; allied to schaffen; see also Schöffe.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Schach

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Schach | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Schach, n., ‘chess,’ from MidHG. schâch, m. and n., ‘king (at chess), chessboard, checkmating move’; the chessboard was usually termed schâch-zabel in MidHG., zabel (even in OHG. zabal, ‘chess or draught board’), being changed by permutation from Lat. tabula. MidHG. schâch was obtained through a Rom. medium from Pers. schâh, ‘king’; it is strange, therefore, that the HG. word ends in ch in contrast to the Rom. cc; comp. Ital. scacco, Fr. échec. This must be ascribed to a fresh influence of the orig. word.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Schafott

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Schafott | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Schafott, n., ‘scaffold,’ ModHG. only, from Fr. echafaut, earlier chafaut, through the medium of Du. schavot?.
# Always
## Film renditions

* "Always" (1928), as performed on a record in the comedy-drama experimental film Lonesome. The record shown during this scene was the Nick Lucas one from 1926, but the performance is not actually from that record, and is probably original to the film itself.

## Records

* Always (1926)—Copyrighted in the United States until 2027, performed by Nick Lucas
* Always (1926)—Copyrighted in the United States until 2027, performed by Walter Scanlan

## Sheet music

* "Always" (1925), the original sheet music, published by Irving Berlin, Inc.
# Always Comes Evening

* "Always Comes Evening," in Stirring Science Stories (February 1941)
* Always Comes Evening (unknown)
# Alysoun

This anonymous Middle English poem is variously spelled as "Alysoun", "Alisoun", "Alison", etc.
* "Alison" in Oxford Book of English Verse 1250-1900, ed. by Arthur Quiller-Couch (1931).
* "Alison" in Oxford Book of English Verse 1250-1918, ed. by Arthur Quiller-Couch (1940).
# Alzua v. Johnson

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
231 U.S. 106
Alzua v. Johnson
Argued: October 27, 1913. --- Decided: November 10, 1913
Messrs. Henry W. Van Dyke, Charies A. Douglas, Hugh H. Obear, and Thomas Ruffin for plaintiffs in error.
Messrs. A. B. Browne, W. A. Kincaid, Alex. Britton, and Evans Brone for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice Holmes delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Alward v. Johnson

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
282 U.S. 509
Alward v. Johnson
Argued: Jan. 8, 1931. --- Decided: Feb 24, 1931
Messrs. Simeon E. Sheffey and Burke Corbet, both of San Francisco, Cal., for petitioner.
Mr. U.S. Webb, of San Francisco, Cal., for respondent.
Mr. Justice McREYNOLDS delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Alyosha the Pot

* Alyosha the Pot, translated by Charles Theodore Hagberg Wright
* Alyosha the Pot, translated by Leo Wiener, 1904
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Zinken

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Zinken. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Zinken, masculine, ‘spike, prong,’ from the equivalent Middle High German zinke, Old High German zinko, masculine. How the equivalent Middle High German zint, Old Icelandic tindr, and Modern High German Zacke are connected with this word is not clear. Late Middle High German zinke (and zint), as a designation of a wind instrument (cornet), has been preserved in Modern High German.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Zinn

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Zinn. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Zinn, neuter, ‘tin,’ from the equivalent Middle High German and Old High German zin, neuter; corresponding to Dutch, Anglo-Saxon, English, and Old Icelandic tin; a common Teutonic term which has no cognates in the allied languages (Irish tinne seems to be borrowed). Latin stannum is the source of French étain, Italian stagno, but not of the Teutonic words.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Ziestag

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Ziestag. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Ziestag, see Dienstag.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Ziffer

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Ziffer. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Ziffer, feminine, ‘figure, numeral, cipher,’ from late Middle High German (rare), zifer, ziffer, feminine; corresponding to Dutch cijfer, English cipher, French chiffre, ‘cipher, secret characters,’ Italian cifra, ‘secret characters.’ Originally ‘cipher, nought’; adopted in the European languages from Arabic çafar, ‘nought,’ along with the Arabic notation.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Zimmet

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Zimmet. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Zimmet, masculine, ‘cinnamon,’ from the equivalent Middle High German zinemîn, zinmënt, Old High German sinamin, masculine; from Middle Latin cinamonium ​(Greek κώναμον). For the Romance term see Kanel.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Zingel

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Zingel. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Zingel, masculine, ‘stone wall, palisade,’ from Middle High German zingel, masculine, ‘rampart,’ whence Modern High German umzingeln, ‘to encircle, surround’ (Middle High German zingeln, ‘to make an entrenchment’), formed like Latin cingulus, cingere.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Zimmer

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Zimmer. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Zimmer, neuter, ‘room, chamber,’ from Middle High German zimber, Old High German zimbar, neuter, ‘timber, wooden building, dwelling, room'; corresponding to Old Saxon timbar, Dutch timmer, ‘room,’ Anglo-Saxon timber, English timber, Old Icelandic timbr. To these are allied Gothic timrjan, ‘to build up' Old High German and Middle High German zimberen, Modern High German zimmern, ‘to build.’ The primary meaning of the substantive was certainly ‘wood for building'; it is primitively allied to Latin domus, Greek δόμος, Sanscrit dama, Old Slovenian domŭ, ‘house' (literally ‘building of wood'); and also to the root verb Greek δέμω, ‘to build' (δέμας, ‘bodily frame').
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Zindel

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Zindel. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Zindel, masculine, ‘light taffeta,’ from the equivalent Middle High German zindâl, zëndâl; from Middle Latin cendalum (Greek σίνδων, ‘fine linen,’ literally ‘Indian stuff’), whence Italian zendado, and zendale.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Zink

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Zink. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Zink, neuter and masculine, ‘zinc,’ Modern High German only; certainly connected with Zinn. It has been thought that Zinn, ‘tin,’ when borrowed by Slavonic was extended by a Slavonic suffix k, with which as zink it passed again into German (whence French zinc). Other etymologists assume a connection with the following word, because tin when melting forms spikes (Zinken).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Zinne

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Zinne. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Zinne, feminine, ‘pinnacle, battlement,’ from Middle High German zinne, Old High German zinna, feminine, ‘upper part of a wall with openings or embrasures.’ On account of the meaning it is probably not connected with Zahn; Middle High German zint (see Zinke) ‘point, peak’ (Old High German zinna, from *tinjôn for *tindjôn?), is more nearly allied. See Zahn.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/handeln

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/handeln | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ handeln, vb., ‘to manage, act, deal, bargain,’ from MidHG. handeln, OHG. hantalôn, ‘to grasp with the hands, touch, feel, prepare, perform’ (hence O. Lorraine handeleir, ‘to sweep’); a derivative of Hand; Handel, m., has arisen from the vb. handeln merely, just as Ärger from ärgern (see arg), Geiz from geizen, Opfer from opfern — since it does not appear until late MidHG. (handel, m., ‘transaction, procedure, event, negotiation, wares’). AS. handlian, E. to handle, AS. handele, equiv. to E. handle; Scand. hǫndla, ‘to treat.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/hangen

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/hangen | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ hangen, vb., ‘to hang, be suspended,’ from MidHG. hâhen (hienc, gehangen), OHG. hâhan (hiang, gihangan), str. vb.; comp. fangen, from OHG. fâhan: before h an n is suppressed (comp. OHG. dâhta from denchan, dachte from denken; brachte, OHG. brâhta, from bringen). Corresponding to Du. hangen, AS. hôn (hêng, hangen), E. to hang, Goth. hâhan for *hanhan, str. vb., ‘to hang.’ In ModHG., E., and Du., the old str. vb. has been confused with the corresponding wk. vb., so that the trans. and intrans. meanings have been combined; comp. Du. hangen, E. to hang, ‘to suspend and to be suspended’; in MidHG. hâhen, is trans. and intrans., while hangen (OHG. hangên, AS. hangian) is intrans. only, ‘to be suspended’; to this is allied OHG. and MidHG. hęngen, ‘to hang down (one's head), give a horse its head, permit, grant,’ comp. henken. The ModHG. vb. is due to a blending in sound of MidHG. hâhen (hangen) and hęngen, yet in meaning it represents only MidHG. hâhen, OHG. hâhan. Terms undoubtedly allied to the common Teut. root hanh (hâh) are wanting in the other Aryan languages; Goth. hâhan, ‘to leave in doubt,’ has been compared with Lat. cunctari, ‘to delay.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/harren

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/harren | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ harren, vb., ‘to wait, linger in expectation, delay,’ from MidHG. harren, ‘to wait, sojourn’; a MidG. word, entirely unknown to OHG. as well as the other Teut. dialects, but undoubtedly a genuine Teut. term; of obscure origin (allied, like Gr. ​καρτερεῖν, to hart?; comp. Lat. durare, akin to durus).