OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Prodigy

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​PRODIGY, an extraordinary or wonderful thing, person, event, &c.; something which excites amazement and astonishment. The term has been particularly applied to children who display a precocious genius, especially in music. The German expression Wunderkind has of late been often adopted by those who have found the name “infant prodigy” too reminiscent of the “infant phenomenon” familiar to readers of Dickens. The Lat. prodigium, an omen, portent, and abnormal or monstrous event, is probably not to be derived from pro and dicere, to foretell, prophesy, but rather, on the analogy of adagium, adage, aphorism, from pro (prot before a vowel), and the root of aio, I say.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Profanity

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​PROFANITY, irreverent or blasphemous language, swearing, by the use of words casting derision on sacred or divine things, especially the taking of the name of God in vain (see Blasphemy; and Swearing). The word “profane,” derived from Lat. profanum, outside the temple (fanum), hence opposed to sacrum or religiosum, in the sense of not sacred, common, is used in English not only as meaning irreverent, or blasphemous, but also in the senses of the original Latin, not initiated into sacred mysteries, hence, lay, secular, or as referring to subjects not connected with sacred or biblical matters, e.g. profane literature, history, &c.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Professor

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​PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess), a term now properly confined to a teacher of a special grade at a university. Its former significance of one who has made “profession” or open acknowledgment of religious belief, or, in particular, has made a promise binding the maker to a religious order, is now obsolete. The educational use is found in post-Augustan Latin, and profiteri is used by Pliny (Ep. ii. 18, 3, iv. 11, 14), absolutely, in the sense of “to be a teacher,” an extension of the classical use in the sense of to practise, profess a science or art, e.g. profiteri jus, medicinam, philosophiam, &c. In the universities of the middle ages the conferring of a degree in any faculty or branch of learning meant the right or qualification to teach in that faculty, whence the terms magister, “master,” and doctor for those on whom the degree had been granted. To these names must be added that of “professor.” The “three titles of Master, Doctor, Professor, were in the middle ages absolutely synonymous ” (H. Rashdall, The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, 1895, i. 21). At Paris in the faculties of theology, medicine and arts professor is more frequently used than doctor but less so than magister; at Bologna the teachers of law are known as professores or doctores (id.). From this position to that of the holder of an endowed “chair,” the occupant of which is the principal public teacher of the particular faculty, the evolution was gradual. The first endowed professorship at Oxford was that of divinity, founded by the mother of Henry VII. in 1497 (?1502) and named after her the “Margaret Professorship.” The foundation of the regius professorship by Henry VIII., in 1546 no doubt, as the New English Dictionary points out, tended to the general modern use of the word. Subordinate public teachers in faculties or in subjects to which a professorial “chair” is attached, are known as “readers” or “lecturers,” and these titles are also used for the principal public teachers in subjects which have not reached professorial rank.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Profile

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​PROFILE, an outline or contour drawing, particularly the drawing of the outline of the human face as seen from the side, or in architecture the contour of a part of a building, of a moulding, &c., as shown by a vertical section. In fortification the “profile” of an earthwork is an outline of a transverse section and gives the relative thickness; so a work is said, to be “of strong” or “of weak” profile. The Fr. profil, formerly porfil, pourfil, Ital. profilo, proffilo, are formed from Lat. pro, and filare, to draw a line, filum, thread.
The French pourfil also gave English “purfle,” to embroider the edge of a fabric with gold or other thread; this was further corrupted to “purl,” now often wrongly spelt “pearl,” an inverted stitch in knitting.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Prognathism

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​PROGNATHISM (Gr. πρό, forward, and γνάθος, jaw), the term applied by ethnologists, with its opposite Orthognathism (ὀρθός, straight), to describe the varying degrees of projection of the upper jaw, which itself is determined by the angle made by the whole face with the brain-cap. Eurygnathism (εὐρύς, wide), is the lateral projection of jawbones so characteristic of the Mongolic races. (See Craniometry.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Production

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​PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to produce), in general, the act of producing, or bringing forth. Production, in contrast with distribution and consumption, is one of the great divisions which all treatises on economics make in dealing with the subject, and as such it is defined in every textbook and its elements and processes dealt with at length. J. R. McCulloch’s definition may be given as one difficult to improve on: “by production, in the science of political economy, we are not to understand the production of matter, for that is the exclusive attribute of Omnipotence, but the production of utility, and consequently, of exchangeable value, by appropriating and modifying matter already in existence, so as to fit it to satisfy our wants, and to contribute to our enjoyments.” W. S. Jevons says, “production is one of the very few happily chosen terms which the economist possesses. Etymologically the term implies that we draw wealth forth, and this is the correct idea of production.” Though the mere definition of “production” as the creation of utilities is apparently simple enough, the treatment of the subject has varied from time to time in proportion to the changes which economic science has itself undergone; it has been said that the theory of production is based on unalterable natural facts, but even this cannot be too absolutely stated, for the organization of production changes with social growth. Much discussion has, during the growth of the science of economics, centred round what is and what is not productive or unproductive, and as to the relative importance of the functions of production and distribution.
See E. Canaan’s History of the Theories of Production and Distribution (1893). and the standard treatises on economics. Also the articles, Capital; Value; Wealth.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Robsart, Amy

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​ROBSART, the maiden name of Lady Amy Dudley (1532–1560), wife of Lord Robert Dudley, afterwards earl of Leicester. She was the daughter of Sir John Robsart of Norfolk, and was married to Lord Robert on the 4th of June 1550. The marriage was apparently arranged by. the family for business reasons, and there is no ground for supposing that it was a love match, or that she was beautiful. Her attraction lay in her, estate, which was a provision for a younger son. During the early years of the marriage her husband was entangled in the rebellion of his family against Queen Mary, and was imprisoned in the Tower. She visited him there, and acted for his interests. After his release she saw little of him. When Elizabeth became queen in 1559 Lord Robert was soon known to be her favourite, and it was believed that she would marry him if he were free. His wife never came to court and was never, in his company. Stories were set about to the effect that she was suffering from cancer and would soon die. Quadra, the Spanish ambassador, reported to the king of Spain that the queen had repeated this rumour to him. In. 1560 she went by her husband’s directions to Cumnor Place, a house near Oxford, rented by his agent Anthony Forster or Forrester, member of parliament for Abingdon. Here she was found lying dead on the floor of the hall on the 8th of September 1560 by her servants, whom she had allowed to go to Abingdon Fair. The circumstances of her death never have been, and now cannot be cleared up. A1coroner’s jury, which her husband did his best to pack and influence, attributed her end to accident There is no evidence against Dudley, unless it be evidence that he was a most unscrupulous man, and that he was generally believed to have murdered several other persons who stood; in his way.
See G. Adlard, Amy Robsart and Leycester (London, 1870), and W. Rye, The Murder of Amy Robsart (London, 1885).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Roc

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​ROC, or more correctly Rukh, a fabulous bird of enormous size which carries off elephants to feed its young. The legend of the roc, familiar to every one from the Arabian Nights, was widely spread in the East; and in later times the home of the monster was sought in the direction of Madagascar, whence gigantic fronds of the Raphia palm very like a quill in form appear to have been brought under the name of roc’s feathers (see, Yule’s Marco Polo, bk. iii. ch. 33, and Academy, 1884, No. 620). Such a feather was brought to the Great Khan, and we, read also of a gigantic stump of a roc’s quill being ​brought to Spain by a merchant from the China seas (Abu Ḥāmid of Spain, in Damīrī, s.v.). The roc is hardly different from the Arabian 'ankā (see Phoenix); it is also identified with the Persian sīmurgh, the bird which figures in Firdausi's epic as the foster-father of the hero Zal, father of Rustam. When we go farther back into Persian antiquity we find an immortal bird, amru, or (in the Minōi-khiradh) sīnamrū, which shakes the ripe fruit from the mythical tree that bears the seed of all useful things. Sīnamrū and sīmurgh seem to be the same word. In Indian legend the garuḍa on which Vishnu rides is the king of birds (Benfey, Pantschatantra, iii. 98). In the Pahlavi translation of the Indian story as represented by the Syrian Kalīlag and Damnag (ed. Bickell, 1876), the sīmurgh takes the place of the garuda, while Ibn al-Moḳaffa' (Calila et Dimna, ed. De Sacy, p. 126) speaks instead of the 'anḳā. The later Syriac, curiously enough, has behmoth,—apparently the behemoth of Job transformed into a bird.
For a collection of legends about the roc, see Lane's Arabian Nights, chap. xx. notes 22, 62, and Yule, ut supra. Also see Bochart, Hieroz, bk. vi. ch. xiv.; Damīrī, i. 414, ii. 177 seq.; Kazwīnī, i. 51:19 geq.; Ibn Bațūța, iv. 305 seq.; Spiegel, Eran. Altertumsk. ii. 118.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Robinson, Theodore

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​ROBINSON, THEODORE (1852–1896), American artist, was born at Irasburg, Vermont, in 1852. He was a pupil of J. L. Gérôme and Carolus-Duran in Paris, and worked with Claude Monet. He received the Webb Prize in 1890 for his “Winter Landscape,” and the Shaw Fund in 1892 for his “In the Sun,” a study of a peasant girl. He became a member (1881) of the Society of American Artists. He died in New York City on the 2nd of April 1896.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rocamadour

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​ROCAMADOUR, a village of south-western France, in the department of Lot, 36 m. N.N.E. of Cahors by road. Pop. (1906) 296. Rocamadour, a famous place of pilgrimage, is most strikingly situated. Its buildings rise in stages up the side of a cliff on the right bank of the Alzou, which here runs between rocky walls 400 ft. in height. Flights of steps ascend from the lower Stown to the churches—a group of massive buildings half-way up the cliff. The chief of them is the church of Notre-Dame (1479), containing the wooden figure of the Madonna reputed to have been carved by St Amadour. The church opens on to a terrace called the Plateau of St Michel, where there is a broken sword said to be a fragment of “ Durandal,” once wielded by the hero Roland. The interior walls of the church of St Sauveur are covered. with paintings and inscriptions recalling the pilgrimages of celebrated persons. The subterranean church of St Amadour (1166) extends beneath St Sauveur and contains relics of the saint. On the summit of the cliff stands the château built in the middle ages to defend the sanctuaries.
Rocamadour owes its origin to St Amadour or Amateur, who, according to tradition, chose the place as a hermitage for his devotions to the Virgin Mary. The saint is identified with Zacchaeus the publican and disciple of Jesus, who is said to have journeyed to Gaul to preach the gospel. The renown of Rocamadour as a place of pilgrimage dates from the early middle ages.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rocambole

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​ROCAMBOLE, Allium Scorodoprasum, a hardy bulbous perennial occurring in a wild state in sandy pastures and waste places throughout Europe, but not common in the south; in Britain it is rare, and found in the north of England and the south of Scotland. Its cultivation does not appear to be of ancient date; it is not mentioned by Greek and Roman authors, and there are only a small number of original common names among ancient peoples (A. de Candolle, Origin of Cultivated Plants, p. 72). The plant is grown for its bulbs, which are smaller and milder than those of garlic, and consist of several cloves chiefly produced at the roots. The cloves are planted about the end of February or in March, and treated like garlic or shallot. When mature, the bulbs are taken up, dried and stored for use.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Roby, Henry John

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​ROBY, HENRY JOHN (1830–), English classical scholar and writer on Roman law, was born at Tamworth on the 12th of. August 1830. He was educated at St John’s College, Cambridge (senior classic, 1853; fellow, 1854). From 1866 to 1868 he was professor of jurisprudence at University College, London, and from 1872 to 1874 commissioner of endowed schools. From 1890 to 1895 he was member of parliament in the Liberal interest for the Eccles division of Lancashire. The book by which. he is perhaps best known is his Grammar of the Latin Language from Plautus to Suetonius, a storehouse of illustrative quotations from Latin literature, but his most important works deal with Roman law—Introduction to Justinian’s Digest (1884). and Roman Private Law (1902).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Roch, St

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​ROCH, ST (Lat. Rochus; Ital. Rocco; Span. Roque; Fr. Roch) (d. 1327), a confessor whose death is commemorated on the 16th of August; he is specially invoked against the plague. According to his Acta, he was born at Montpellier, France, about 1295. He early began to manifest strict asceticism and great devoutness, and on the death of his parents in his twentieth year he gave all his substance to the poor. Coming to Italy during an epidemic of plague, he was very diligent in tending the sick in the public hospitals at Aquapendente, Cesena and Rome, and effected many miraculous cures by prayer and simple contact. After similar ministries at Piacenza he himself fell ill. He was expelled from the town, and withdrew into the forest, where he would have perished had not a dog belonging to a nobleman named Gothardus supplied him with bread. On his return to Montpellier he was arrested as a spy and, thrown into prison, Where he died on the 16th of August 1327, having previously obtained from God this favour—that all plague-stricken persons invoking him should be healed. His cult spread through Spain, France, Germany, Belgium and Italy. A magnificent temple was raised to him at Venice, where his body is believed to lie, and numerous brotherhoods have been instituted in his honour. He is usually represented in the garb of a pilgrim, with a wound in his thigh, and with a dog near him carrying a loaf in its mouth.
See Acta sanctarum, August, iii. 380–415; Charles Cahier Les Caractéristiques des saints (Paris, 1867) pp. 216-217. (H. De.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Robson, Stuart

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​ROBSON, STUART (1836–1903), American actor, whose real name was Robson Stuart, was born in Annapolis, Maryland, on the 4th of March 1836. An unintentionally humorous appearance in a serious part in 1852 showed him that his forte was comedy; and in partnership. with W. H. Crane from 1877 to 1889 he was very successful as a comedian, The Henrietta being one of their best productions. He died on the 29th of April 1903. His wife, May Robson, also became well known as an actress.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lamballe, Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy-Carignano, Princesse de

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​LAMBALLE, MARIE THÉRÈSE LOUISE OF SAVOY-CARIGNANO, Princesse de (1749–1792), fourth daughter of Louis Victor of Carignano (d. 1774) (great-grandfather of King Charles Albert of Sardinia), and of Christine Henriette of Hesse-Rheinfels-Rothenburg, was born at Turin on the 8th of September 1749. In 1767 she was married to Louis Alexandre Stanislaus de Bourbon, prince of Lamballe, son of the duke of Penthièvre, a grandson of Louis XIV.’s natural son the count of Toulouse. Her husband dying the following year, she retired with her father-in-law to Rambouillet, where she lived until the marriage of the ​dauphin, when she returned to court. Marie Antoinette, charmed by her gentle and naïve manners, singled her out for a companion and confidante. The impetuous character of the dauphiness found in Madame de Lamballe that submissive temperament which yields to force of environment, and the two became fast friends. After her accession Marie Antoinette, in spite of the king’s opposition, had her appointed superintendent of the royal household. Between 1776 and 1785 the comtesse de Polignac succeeded in supplanting her; but when the queen tired of the avarice of the Polignacs, she turned again to Madame de Lamballe. From 1785 to the Revolution she was Marie Antoinette’s closest friend and the pliant instrument of her caprices. She came with the queen to the Tuileries and as her salon served as a meeting-place for the queen and the members of the Assembly whom she wished to gain over, the people believed her to be the soul of all the intrigues. After a visit to England in 1791 to appeal for help for the royal family she made her will and returned to the Tuileries, where she continued her services to the queen until the 10th of August, when she shared her imprisonment in the Temple. On the 19th of August she was transferred to La Force, and having refused to take the oath against the monarchy, she was on the 3rd of September delivered over to the fury of the populace, after which her head was placed on a pike and carried before the windows of the queen.
See George Bertin, Madame de Lamballe (Paris, 1888); Austin Dobson, Four Frenchwomen (1890); B. C. Hardy, Princesse de Lamballe (1908); Comte de Lescure, La Princesse de Lamballe . . . d’après des documents inédits (1864); some letters of the princess published by Ch. Schmidt in La Révolution française (vol. xxxix., 1900); L. Lambeau, Essais sur la mort de madame la princesse de Lamballe (1902); Sir F. Montefiore, The Princesse de Lamballe (1896). The Secret Memoirs of the Royal Family of France . . . now first published from the Journal, Letters and Conversations of the Princesse de Lamballe (London, 2 vols., 1826) have since appeared in various editions in English and in French. They are attributed to Catherine Hyde, Marchioness Govion-Broglio-Solari, and are apocryphal.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lambayeque

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​LAMBAYEQUE, a coast department of northern Peru, bounded N. by Piura, E. and S. by Cajamarca and Libertad. Area, 4614 sq. m. Pop. (1906 estimate) 93,070. It belongs to the arid region of the coast, and is settled along the river valleys where irrigation is possible. It is one of the chief sugar-producing departments of Peru, and in some valleys, especially near Ferreñafe, rice is largely produced. Four railways connect its principal producing centres with the small ports of Eten and Pimentel, viz.: Eten to Ferreñafe, 27 m.; Eten to Cayalti, 23 m.; Pimentel to Lambayeque, 15 m.; and Chiclayo to Pátapo, 15 m. The principal towns are Chiclayo, the departmental capital, with a population (1906 estimate) of 10,500, Ferreñafe 6000, and Lambayeque 4500.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lambermont, Auguste, Baron

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​LAMBERMONT, AUGUSTE, Baron (1819–1905), Belgian statesman, was born at Dion-le-Val in Brabant on the 25th of March 1819. He came of a family of small farmer proprietors, who had held land during three centuries. He was intended for the priesthood and entered the seminary of Floreffe, but his energies claimed a more active sphere. He left the monastery for Louvain University. Here he studied law, and also prepared himself for the military examinations. At that juncture the first Carlist war broke out, and Lambermont hastened to the scene of action. His services were accepted (April 1838) and he was entrusted with the command of two small cannon. He also acted as A.D.C. to Colonel Durando. He greatly distinguished himself, and for his intrepidity on one occasion he was decorated with the Cross of the highest military Order of St Ferdinand. Returning to Belgium he entered the Ministry for Foreign Affairs in 1842. He served in this department sixty-three years. He was closely associated with several of the most important questions in Belgian history during the last half of the 19th century—notably the freeing of the Scheldt. He was one of the very first Belgians to see the importance of developing the trade of their country, and at his own request he was attached to the commercial branch of the foreign office. The tolls imposed by the Dutch on navigation on the Scheldt strangled Belgian trade, for Antwerp was the only port of the country. The Dutch had the right to make this levy under treaties going back to the treaty of Munster in 1648, and they clung to it still more tenaciously after Belgium separated herself in 1830–1831 from the united kingdom of the Netherlands—the London conference in 1839 fixing the toll payable to Holland at 1.50 florins (3s.) per ton. From 1856 to 1863 Lambermont devoted most of his energies to the removal of this impediment. In 1856 he drew up a plan of action, and he prosecuted it with untiring perseverance until he saw it embodied in an international convention seven years later. Twenty-one powers and states attended a conference held on the question at Brussels in 1863, and on the 15th of July the treaty freeing the Scheldt was signed. For this achievement Lambermont was made a baron. Among other important conferences in which Lambermont took a leading part were those of Brussels (1874) on the usages of war, Berlin (1884–1885) on Africa and the Congo region, and Brussels (1890) on Central African Affairs and the Slave Trade. He was joint reporter with Baron de Courcel of the Berlin conference in 1884–1885, and on several occasions he was chosen as arbitrator by one or other of the great European powers. But his great achievement was the freeing of the Scheldt, and in token of its gratitude the city of Antwerp erected a fine monument to his memory. He died on the 7th of March 1905.