OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Crooke, Helkiah

​CROOKE, HELKIAH, M.D. (1576–1635), physician, was a native of Suffolk, and obtained a scholarship on Sir Henry Billingsley's foundation at St. John's College, Cambridge, 11 Nov. 1591. He graduated B.A. in 1596, and then went to study physic at Leyden 6 Nov. 1596, where he took the degree of M.D. on 16 April 1597, after a residence of only five months. His thesis is entitled ‘De Corpore Humano ejusque partibus principibus.’ It consists of thirteen propositions, and shows that he had already paid particular attention to anatomy. The original autograph manuscript is bound in vellum, in one volume, with twenty-seven other theses and the treatise of John Heurnius of Utrecht on the plague. Heurnius was a professor of medicine at Leyden of Crooke's time, and the theses are those of Crooke's contemporaries on the physic line, and many of them have notes in his handwriting. He went back to Cambridge and took the degrees of M.B. in 1599, and M.D. in 1604. He settled in London, was appointed physician to James I, and dedicated his first book to the king. ‘Mikrokosmographia, a Description of the Body of Man,’ was published in 1616, and is a general treatise on human anatomy and physiology based upon the two anatomical works of greatest repute at that time, those of Bauhin and Laurentius. The lectures in which Harvey demonstrated the circulation of the blood were delivered in the early part of the same year; but no trace of his views is to be found in the ‘Mikrokosmographia,’ nor when Crooke published a second edition in 1631 did he alter his chapters on the heart, veins, and arteries so as to accord with Harvey's discovery. The book is a compilation, and its subjects are set forth clearly, but without original observations. A finely bound copy presented by the author was one of the few books of the library of the College of Physicians which escaped the great fire, and is still preserved at the college. At the end is printed Crooke's only other work, ‘An Explanation of the Fashion and Use of Three and Fifty Instruments of Chirurgery,’ 1631. In 1620 Crooke was elected a fellow of the College of Physicians, and held the anatomy readership in 1629. In 1632 he was elected governor of Bethlehem Hospital. It is said that he was the first medical man known to have been in that position. On 25 May 1635 he resigned his fellowship, and soon after died. His portrait is prefixed to the second edition of ‘Mikrokosmographia.’
[Munk's Coll. of Phys. 1878, i. 177; Volume of Theses in Library of Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society of London.]
N. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Crone, Robert

​CRONE, ROBERT (d. 1779), landscape-painter, a native of Dublin, was educated there under Robert Hunter, a portrait-painter. From the age of fifteen he was unfortunately subject to epileptic fits, but being determined to pursue his profession as an artist, he went to Rome and studied landscape-painting under Richard Wilson, R.A. He returned to London, and in 1768 exhibited two landscapes at the Society of Artiste, and in 1769 'A View of the Sepulture of the Horatii and Curiatii.' In 1770 he exhibited four landscapes at the Royal Academy, and contributed several more, generally views in Italy, up to 1778. Early in the following year the disease, from which he was never free, and which had greatly impeded his progress as an artist, at last caused his death. Crone's landscapes show much taste, and there are some in the royal collection.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Graves's Dict. of Artists, 1760–1880; Nagler's Künstler-Lexikon; Catalogues of the Royal Academy and the Society of Artists.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Crooke, Thomas

​CROOKE, THOMAS (fl. 1582), divine, matriculated at Trinity College, Cambridge, in May 1560, where he was elected scholar 1562, and afterwards fellow, proceeded B.A. 1562–3, commenced M.A. 1566, proceeded B.D. 1573 and D.D. 1578, in which year he appears as a member of Pembroke Hall (Cooper, Athenæ Cantab. i. 434). In 1573–1574 he was rector of Great Waldingfield, Suffolk, and preacher to the society of Gray's Inn. When in 1582 it was proposed that conferences should be held between members of the church of England and Roman catholic priests and jesuits, Crooke was one of those nominated by the privy council to take part in these debates (Strype, Life of Whitgift, i. 194). He evidently held puritan opinions, for he urged Cartwright to publish his book on the Rhemish translation of the New Testament, though the archbishop had forbidden its appearance, and his name is among those subscribed to the Latin letter of approval prefixed to the work. In one matter at least, however, he was on the archbishop's side, for he wrote against the opinions expressed by Hugh Broughton [q. v.] in his ‘Concent of Scripture’ (ib. ii. 113–18). Even the title of this work seems to be lost. A letter of Crooke's to J. Foxe, written in Latin and dated 15 Sept. 1575, is among the Foxe MSS. in the British Museum (Harl. MS. 417, ff. 126–8). His son, Samuel Crooke [q. v.], was rector of Wrington, Somerset.
[Strype's Annals, iv. 106; Life of Whitgift, i. 194, 482, ii. 116, 8vo. edit.; Brook's Lives of the Puritans, iii. 107; Cooper's Athenæ Cantab. ii. 434.]
W. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Crook, John

[Gough's Hist. of the Quakers; Sewel's Hist. of the Rise, &c., of the Quakers; Fox's Journal, ed. 1765; Friends' Library (Philadelphia), vol. xiii. ed. 1837; Besse's Sufferings, &c.; Smith's Catalogue of Friends' Books.]
A. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Crophill, John

​CROPHILL, JOHN (fl. 1420), an astrologer who flourished in Suffolk about 1420, is described by Ritson, in his ‘Bibliographia Poetica’ (London, 1802, 8vo, p. 53), as ‘a cunning man, conjurer, and astrological quack.’ Among the Harleian MSS. (British Museum, 1735) is a volume written on paper and parchment, which contains several pieces in his handwriting, including fragments of a brochure upon physic and astrology, a private register, compiled for his own use, of persons cured by him in and around the parish of Nayland in Suffolk, with accounts of money due from some of them, and a schedule of oracular answers, prearranged by him, to be given to young people who consulted him on the subject of matrimony, prepared for both sexes. There are also some strange records of experiments and medical recipes, and some verses (which are referred to by Ritson) purporting to have been spoken at an entertainment of ‘Frere Thomas,’ which was attended by ‘fjve ladyes of qualitye,’ chiefly relating the exploits of two famous goblets christened ‘Mersy and Scharyte’ (Mercy and Charity), which circulated as a kind of loving-cup.
[Davy's Athenæ Suffolcenses, i. 55 (Brit. Mus. Addit. MSS.); Harleian MS. 1735, Brit. Mus.]
E. H.-A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Munro, Innes

​MUNRO, INNES (d. 1827) of Poyntzfield, Cromarty, N.B., lieutenant-colonel and author, was related to Sir Hector Munro of Novar [q. v.] He was appointed on 29 Dec. 1777 to a lieutenancy in the 73rd, afterwards 71st, highlanders, then raised by Lord Macleod [see Mackenzie, John, Lord Macleod]. As lieutenant and captain in the first battalion of that regiment he made the campaigns of 1780-4 against Hyder Ali, which he afterwards described, and at the close was placed on half-pay as a captain of the disbanded second battalion of the regiment. On 8 July 1793 he was brought on full pay as captain in the Scottish brigade (disbanded as the 94th foot in 1818). He belonged to that regiment until 1808, when he left the army as major and brevet lieutenant-colonel. He had served for many years as paymaster of a recruiting district. Munro, who had married Ann, daughter of George Gordon, minister of Clyne, died at Poyntzfield in 1827. He published ‘A Narrative of the Military Operations in the Carnatic in 1780-4,’ London, 1789, 4to, and ‘A System of Farm Bookkeeping based on Actual Practice,’ Edinburgh, 1821. Donaldson says of the latter: ‘It is the most complex idea that has ever been published. It may amuse the gentleman, but would never suit the farmer’ (Agricultural Biog. p. 113).
[Army Lists; Donaldson's Agricultural Biog.; Munro's Works.]
H. M. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Munster, kings of

​MUNSTER, kings of. [See O'Brien, Brian Roe, d. 1277; O'Brien, Conor na Siudaine, d. 1267: O'Brien, Donald, d. 1194; O'Brien, Donough, d. 1064; O'Brien, Donogh Cairbrech, d. 1242; O'Brien, Murtough, d. 1119; O'Brien, Turlough, 1009–1086.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Munro, William

​MUNRO, WILLIAM (1818–1880), general and botanist, eldest son of William Munro of Druids Stoke, Gloucestershire, entered the army as ensign 39th foot 20 Jan. 1834. His subsequent steps in the regiment, all by purchase, were lieutenant April 1836, captain 2 July 1844, major 7 May 1852, and lieutenant-colonel 11 Nov. 1853. He served with his regiment many years in India, and as adjutant was severely wounded at the battle of Maharajpore, 24 Dec. 1843, where the regiment suffered heavy loss (Maharajpore Star). He commanded the regiment at the siege of Sebastopol, and commanded the supports of the 3rd division in the attack on the Redan, 18 June 1855 (C.B., Legion of Honour and Medjidié, and English and Turkish Crimean medals). He commanded the 39th during its subsequent service in Canada and at Bermuda, retiring on half-pay in 1865.
Munro became a major-general 6 March 1868, commanded the troops in the West Indies 1870-6, was made a lieutenant general 10 Feb. 1876, was appointed honorary colonel 93rd highlanders 11 Oct. the same year, and became a full general 25 June 1878. He died at Taunton, 29 Jan. 1880.
Munro was a ‘learned botanist’ (Nature, 12 Feb. 1880, p. 357). He contrived to combine with his military duties ‘so close a study of the characters, nomenclature, affinities, and classification of grasses as to have been for many years the most trustworthy referee on that difficult order.’ A ‘Monograph on the Bamboos’ in the ‘Transactions of the Linnean Society’ proves ‘his industry and profound knowledge of his subject’ (Gardener's Chron. 5 Feb. 1880). When Munro retired from active service and established himself at Taunton, he commenced a general monograph of the whole order of Gramineæ, in continuation of the ‘Prodromus’ of A. de Candolle. To the abiding loss of science, the monograph was not completed.
Munro was author of the following papers: ‘Discovery [by Lieutenant W. Munro] of Fossil Plants at Kamptee,’ ‘Proceedings of Agricultural Society of India,’ 1842, pp. 22-23; ‘On Antidotes to Snake-bites,’ ‘Journal of Agricultural Society of India,’ 1848, vi. 1-23; ‘Report on Timber Trees of Bengal,’ ‘Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal,’ 1849, xlvi. 84-94; ‘Froriep Notizen,’ 1849, x. 81-7, ‘Characters of some New Grasses collected at Hong Kong and in the vicinity by Mr. Charles Wright in the North Pacific Exploring Expedition,’ ‘American Academy Proceedings,’ 1857-60, vi. 362-8; ‘An Identification of the Grasses of Linnæus's Herbarium, now in possession of the Linnean Society of London,’ ‘Linnean Society's Journal,’ 1862., vi. 33-55.
[Hart's Army Lists; Kinglake's Crimea, cab. ed.; Cat. Scientific Papers, under ‘Munro, William;’ Broad Arrow, February 1880.]
H. M. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Munro, Alexander

​MUNRO, ALEXANDER (1825–1871), sculptor, born in 1825, was son of a stonemason in Sutherlandshire. His artistic abilities were discovered by the Duchess of Sutherland, the wife of the second duke, who assisted him in his art and general education [cf. Leveson-Gower, Harriet Elizabeth Georgiana]. Among the works which he executed for her were ‘The Four Seasons’ on the terrace at Cliveden. Munro came to London in 1848, and was employed for some time on the stone carving for the now Houses of Parliament. He exhibited for the first time at the Royal Academy in 1849, sending two busts, and was a regular annual contributor during the remainder of his life. His main work was portrait-sculpture, especially in relief, though he occasionally executed subject groups, such as ‘Paolo e Francesea’ (Royal Academy, 1852), ‘Undine’ (Royal Academy, 1858), and the statue of a nymph, which forms the drinking fountain erected by the Marquis of Lansdowne in Berkeley Square. Among his larger works were a statue of Queen Mary for the Houses of Parliament, a colossal statue of James Watt for Birmingham, and a colossal bust of Sir Robert Peel for the memorial at oldham. Among the many notable people of whom he exhibited portrait-busts or medallions at the Royal Academy were Lady Constance Grosvenor (1853), Sir John Millais, Lady Alwyne Compton, and Baron Bunsen (1854), Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone (1855), Adelaide Ristori 1858), Mrs. George Murray Smith (1859), William Hunt, the watercolour painter (1862), Sir James Stephen (1866), and the Duchess of Vallombrosa (1869). All Munro's work was sketchy and wanting in strength, but full of refinement and true feeling. He was by nature small and delicate, and before reaching middle age was attacked by lung disease, which slowly undermined his constitution. He lived for some time at 152 Buckingham Palace Road; but being compelled to reside most of the year at Cannes, he built himself a house and studio there, where he continued to work at his profession till his death, on 1 Jan. 1871.
Munro married a daughter of Robert Carruthers [q. v.], editor of the ‘Inverness Courier.’ She died in 1872 at Cannes, and was buried with her husband. By her Munro had two sons.
Munro was popular in cultivated and artistic society. Among his friends were John Ruskin—who stood godfather to one of his sons—Louis Blanc, and Giuseppe Mazzini.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Times, 13 Jan. 1871; Royal Academy Catalogues; private information.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Munster, Earl of

​MUNSTER, Earl of. [See Fitzclarence, George Augustus Frederick, first Earl, 1794–1842.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Munson, Lionel

Died 1710!; see also Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Lionel Albert Anderson
​MUNSON, LIONEL (d. 1680), Roman catholic priest. [See Anderson.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Pyus, Thomas

​PYUS, THOMAS (1560–1610), author. [See Pye.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Quain, John Richard

​QUAIN, Sir JOHN RICHARD (1816–1876), judge, youngest son of Richard Quain of Ratheahy, co. Cork, by his second wife, Margaret, daughter of Andrew Mahoney, was born at Ratheahy in 1816. Jones Quain [q. v.] and Richard Quain [q. v.] were his half-brothers. He was educated at Göttingen, and at University College, London, where he won many prizes. In 1839 he graduated LL.B. at London, and was elected to the university law scholarship. He became a fellow of University College in 1843, and was for several years an examiner in law to the university of London. After reading in the chambers of Mr. Thomas Chitty, and practising as a special pleader for a time, he was called to the bar at the Middle Temple on 30 May 1851, and, joining the northern circuit, soon obtained a considerable practice. In 1866 he became a queen's counsel, and in 1867 was made attorney-general for the county palatine of Durham and a bencher of the Middle Temple. He was appointed a judge of the queen's bench in December 1871, took his seat at the beginning of Hilary term 1872, and was knighted. His health failed early in 1876, before he had gained much distinction as a judge, and, after some months of intermittent illness, he died at his house, 32 Cavendish Square, London, on 12 Sept., and was buried at Finchley. He was unmarried. His law library was presented to University College, London, by his brother, Professor Richard Quain, M.D., in 1876.
[Law Times, 23 Sept. 1876; Law Journal, 16 Sept. 1876; Solicitors' Journal, 30 Dec. 1871, and 16 Sept. 1876.]
J. A. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Pyper, William

​PYPER, WILLIAM (1797–1861), Scots professor of humanity, was born of poor parents in the parish of Rathen, Aberdeenshire. Matriculating at Marischal College, Aberdeen, he completed his course there with distinction. From 1815 to 1817 he was parochial schoolmaster at Laurence Kirk; he afterwards held a similar position at Maybole, and was a teacher in the grammar school of Glasgow in 1820. Two years later he succeeded James Gray in the high school of Edinburgh, and retained that post for twenty-two years. On 22 Oct. 1844 he was appointed professor of humanity at St. Andrews University, in succession to Dr. Gillespie. He obtained the degree of LL.D. from Aberdeen University. He died on 7 Jan. 1861, when his assistant, John Shairp (afterwards principal of St. Andrews), succeeded him in the humanity chair. Pyper was an excellent latinist, and a thorough classical scholar of the older type. He proved an admirable professor. He helped to organise and improve the university library. By a bequest of 500l. he founded a bursary at St. Andrews. He published: 1. ‘Gradus ad Parnassum,’ London, 1843, 12mo, a work still in use in schools. 2. ‘Horace, with Quantities,’ London, 1843, 18mo.
A. H. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Pynnar, Nicholas

​PYNNAR, NICHOLAS (fl. 1619), surveyor, came to Ireland apparently in May 1600 as a captain of foot in the army sent to Lough Foyle under Sir Henry Docwra [q. v.] On 31 March 1604 his company was disbanded, and he himself assigned a pension of four shillings a day. In 1610 he offered as a servitor, not in pay, to take part in the plantation of Ulster, and in 1611 lands to the extent of one thousand acres were allotted him in co. Cavan. But he did not proceed with the enterprise, and on 28 Nov. 1618 he was appointed a commissioner ‘to survey and to make a return of the proceedings and performance of conditions of the undertakers, servitors, and natives planted’ in the six escheated counties of Armagh, Tyrone, Donegal, Cavan, Fermanagh, and Londonderry. He was engaged on this work from 1 Dec. 1618 to 28 March 1619. His report was first printed by Walter Harris (1686–1761) [q. v.] in his ‘Hibernica, or some Antient Pieces relating to the History of Ireland,’ in 1757, from a copy preserved among the bishop of Clogher's manuscripts in Trinity College, Dublin. It has been frequently referred to by subsequent writers, and was again printed by the Rev. George Hill in his ‘Plantation of Ulster.’ But there seems to be no particular reason why it should be called specifically ‘Pynnar's Survey,’ and its importance has been probably overestimated, for a fresh commission of survey was issued only three years later, the return to which, preserved in Sloane MS. 4756, is far more valuable for historical purposes. Pynnar prepared in 1624 some drawings of rivers, forts, and castles in Ireland, preserved in Addit. MS. 24200.
R. D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Quarles, Charles

​QUARLES, CHARLES (d. 1727), musician, graduated Mus. Bac. at Cambridge in 1698. He was appointed organist of Trinity College, Cambridge. On 30 June 1722 he succeeded William Davies as organist of York Minster, and died in 1727. 'A Lesson for Harpsichord' by Quarles, printed by Goodison about 1788, contains, among others of his compositions, an exceedingly graceful minuet in F minor.
[Information from John Naylor, esq., Mus. Doc., organist of York Minster; Grove's Dict. of Music and Musicians.]
R. N.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dodsworth, William

​DODSWORTH, WILLIAM (1798–1861), catholic writer, born in 1798, received his education at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1820, M.A. in 1823 (Graduati Cantab. ed. 1873, p. 118). He took orders in the established church, and at first held ‘evangelical’ doctrines, but in ​course of time, having been drawn to tractarianism, he became in 1829 minister of Margaret Street Chapel, Cavendish Square, London, where he was a popular preacher, his sermons being marked by stress of thought and simplicity of manner. About 1837 he was appointed perpetual curate of Christ Church, St. Pancras, London. His faith in the church of England was so rudely shaken by the judgment in the Gorham case, that he resigned his preferment and joined the Roman catholic church in January 1851. Being married he could not take orders in the church of his adoption, and after his conversion he led a quiet and unobtrusive life as a layman of that community. He died in York Terrace, Regent's Park, on 10 Dec. 1861, leaving several children by his wife Elizabeth, youngest sister of Lord Churston.
Among his numerous works are:
* ‘Advent Lectures,’ Lond. 1837, 8vo.
* ‘A few Comments on Dr. Pusey's Letter to the Bishop of London,’ Lond. (three editions), 1851, 8vo.
* ‘Further Comments on Dr. Pusey's renewed Explanation,’ Lond. 1851, 8vo.
* ‘Anglicanism considered in its results,’ Lond. 1851, 8vo.
* ‘Popular Delusions concerning the Faith and Practice of Catholics,’ Lond. 1857, 8vo.
* ‘Popular Objections to Catholic Faith and Practice considered,’ Lond. 1858, 8vo.
His portrait has been engraved by W. Walker from a painting by Mrs. Walker.
[Tablet, 14 Dec. 1861, p. 801, and 21 Dec. p. 810; Browne's Annals of the Tractarian Movement, 3rd edit. pp. 175, 193; Oakeley's Hist. Notes on the Tractarian Movement, p. 60; Gondon's Les Récentes Conversions de l'Angleterre, p. 235; Cat. of Printed Books in Brit. Mus.; Gent. Mag. ccxii. 109; Evans's Cat. of Engraved Portraits, No. 15153.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dodson, John

​DODSON, Sir JOHN (1780–1858), judge of the prerogative court, eldest son of the Rev. Dr. John Dodson, rector of Hurstpierpoint, Sussex, who died in July 1807, by Frances, daughter of the Rev. Mr. Dawson, was born at Hurstpierpoint 19 Jan. 1780. He entered Merchant Taylors' School in 1790, and proceeded to Oriel College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1801, M.A. 1804, and D.C.L. 1808. He was admitted an advocate of the College of Doctors of Laws 3 Nov. 1808, and acted as commissary to the dean and chapter of Westminster. From July 1819 to March 1823 he represented Rye in parliament as a tory member. On 11 March 1829 he was appointed by the Duke of Wellington to the office of advocate to the admiralty court, and on being named advocate-general, 15 Oct. 1834, was knighted at St. James's Palace on the 29th of the same month. He was called to the bar at the Middle Temple 8 Nov. 1834, and in the following year was elected a bencher of his inn. He became master of the faculties in November 1841, and ​vicar-general to the lord primate in 1849. From Feb. 1852 he was judge of the prerogative court of Canterbury until the abolition of this jurisdiction, 9 Dec. 1857, and was dean of the arches court till his death. He was sworn a privy councillor 5 April 1852, and died at 6 Seamore Place, Mayfair, London, 27 April 1858. By his marriage, 24 Dec. 1822, to Frances Priscilla, eldest daughter of George Pearson, M.D. of London, he left an only son, John George Dodson, barrister, of Lincoln's Inn, who was elected M.P. for East Sussex in April 1857 and created Lord Monk Bretton in 1884. Sir John Dodson was concerned in the following works: 1. ‘A Report of the Case of Dalrymple the Wife against Dalrymple the Husband,’ 1811. 2. ‘Reports of Cases argued and determined in the High Court of Admiralty,’ 1811–22, London, 1815–1828, another ed. 1853. 3. ‘A Report of the Case of the Louis appealed from the Admiralty Court at Sierra Leone, and determined in the High Court of Admiralty,’ 1817. 4. ‘A Digested Index of the Cases determined in the High Court of Admiralty, contained in the Reports of Robinson, Edwards, and Dodson,’ by Joshua Greene, 1818. 5. ‘A Report of the Judgment in the Case of Sullivan against Sullivan, falsely called Oldacre,’ 1818. 6. ‘Lawful Church Ornaments, by J. W. Perry. With an Appendix on the Judgment of the Right Hon. Sir J. Dodson in the appeal Liddell v. Westerton,’ 1857. 7. ‘A Review of the Judgment of Sir John Dodson in the case of Liddell v. Westerton,’ by C. F. Trower, 1857. 8. ‘The Judgment of the Right Hon. Sir J. Dodson, also the Judgment of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the case of Liddell and Horne against Westerton,’ by A. F. Bayford, 1857.
G. C. B.