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# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Cotton, Sir Arthur Thomas

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​COTTON, SIR ARTHUR THOMAS (1803–1899)
Irrigation Engineer : son of Henry Calverley Cotton : born May 15, 1803 : educated at Addiscombe : entered the Madras Engineers, arriving there 1821 : in the first Burmese war, 1825–6 : led storming parties : from 1828 employed upon irrigation works in Southern India, in the Cavery, Coleroon, Godavery and Krishna rivers, making anicuts (dams) on the Coleroon (1835–6), for the irrigation of the Tanjore, Trichinopoly, and South Arcot Districts : the anicut on the Godavery, below Rajamundry, for the irrigation of the Godavery district, 1847–52 : he projected the anicut on the Krishna, which other officers carried out. These works have been found invaluable in improving the condition of the people and the food supply, and averting famine, besides being very successful financially : ​other smaller works have followed them. Chief Engineer, 1852 : Commandant of Engineers, 1856 : he was knighted in 1861, made K.C.S.I. in 1866 : retired in 1862, and continued to advocate irrigation and canals as preferable to railway communication. He had a controversy with Sir Proby Cautley (q.v.) about the latter's Ganges Canal. He was admittedly the greatest Indian authority of his age on the subject of irrigation : he founded, it has been said, a School of Indian Hydraulic Engineering in the officers trained under him : General in 1877 : died July 24, 1899 : wrote a book on Public Works in India.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Cotton, John

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​COTTON, JOHN (1783–1860)
I.C.S. : went to Madras : many years Collector of Tanjore : after retirement from India he was Director of the E.I. ​Co., 1833–53 : Chairman of the Court, 1843 : died 1860.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Cotton, Joseph

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​COTTON, JOSEPH (1745–1825)
Son of Dr. Nathaniel Cotton : born March 7, 1745 : entered the Royal Navy in 1760, which he left for the E.I. Co.'s marine service : commanded an East Indiaman in two voyages : made his fortune and retired : was Deputy Master of the Trinity House for 20 years, and Director of the E. I. Co. from 1795 to 1823, and of the E.I. Docks Company : died Jan. 26, 1825.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Cotton, Sir George

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​COTTON, SIR GEORGE (1842–1905)
Born in Ireland, 1842 : educated in England : went to Bombay in 1863, as Manager of East Indian Cotton Agency. In partnership with Mr. James Greaves commenced the firm of Greaves, Cotton & Co., Bombay, and James Greaves & Co., Manchester : Fellow of the Bombay University, Chairman of the Municipal Corporation, and Sheriff of Bombay in 1897 : knighted in 1897 : died Feb. 5, 1905.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Cotton, Sir Henry John Stedman

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​COTTON, SIR HENRY JOHN STEDMAN (1845–)
I.C.S. : son of J. J. Cotton, Madras Civil Service : born Sep. 13, 1845 : educated at Magdalen College School, Brighton College, and King's College, London : entered the Bengal Civil Service, 1867 : held numerous appointments until he became Secretary to the Bengal Government, Revenue Department, 1888; Secretary in the Financial Department, 1889; Chief Secretary, 1891–6; acting Home Secretary to the Government of India, 1896 : Chief Commissioner of Assam, 1896–1902, when he retired: K.C.S.I., 1902 : has since sought to influence the public mind by his letters to the Times in opposition to Lord Curzon's policy in Tibet : author of New India, or India in Transition, besides official publications.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Cotton, Sir Willoughby

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​COTTON, SIR WILLOUGHBY (1783–1860)
Son of Admiral Rowland Cotton : cousin of Lord Combermere : born in 1783 : educated at Rugby (where he led a re-bellion) : entered the Guards, 1798 : served in Hanover, 1805 : Copenhagen, 1807; in the Peninsula, 1809–14 : went to India in 1821 : commanded a Brigade in the first Burmese war, 1825–6 : Maj-General and K.C.H., 1830 : commanded in Jamaica, 1829–34 : commanded the Bengal Division of the Army of the Indus, 1838–9 : K.C.B., 1838 : at Ghazni : left Kabul in 1839 for another command : G.C.B., 1840 : Lt-General, 1841 : C. in C. at Bombay, April, 1847, to Dec. 1850 : General, 1854 : Colonel of the 98th foot : and later of the 32nd foot : died May 4, 1860.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Cotes, Sara Jeanette

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​COTES, SARA JEANETTE ( ? - )
Born in Canada : daughter of Charles Duncan, merchant : married Everard Cotes, Press Correspondent with Government of India, Simla : was on the staff of Washington Post, Toronto Globe, and Montreal Star. Author of A Social Departure (Letters from Japan), An American Girl in London, The Simple Adventures of a Mem-Sahib, The Story of Sonny Sahib, On the other Side of the Latch, Those Delightful Americans, His Honour and a Lady, etc., etc.
# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Cotton, James Sutherland

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​COTTON, JAMES SUTHERLAND (1847–)
Son of J. J. Cotton, Madras Civil Service : born July 17, 1847 : educated at Magdalen College School, Brighton College, Winchester, and Trinity College, Oxford (Scholar) First Class in Moderations and Final Classical School : was Editor of the Academy : is now employed as editor in England of the forthcoming revised edition of the Imperial Gazetteer of India : author of India (Citizen Series), Mountstuart Elphinstone ("Rulers of India" Series), Decennial Report on the Moral and Material Progress of India, 1885 : Quinqennial Report on Education in India, 1898.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Booth, James (d.1778)

​BOOTH, JAMES (d. 1778), conveyancer, was born at St. Germain-en-Laye, where his father, who was a Roman catholic and a Jacobite, resided. Roman catholics being disabled by the statute 7 and 8 William III cap. 24 from practising at the bar, Booth, who adhered to the faith in which he had been educated, took out a license to practise as a conveyancer, and early acquired a considerable amount of business, owing partly to his own skill and ingenuity, and partly to the advantage which, in consequence of the various penal laws then in force, the Roman catholics of that day supposed that they derived from consulting a member of their own sect. On the death of Nathaniel Pigott, the most eminent conveyancer of his day, and also a Roman catholic, Booth succeeded to his position. His conveyances enjoyed the highest possible repute with the profession, and being often copied and used as precedents by inferior practitioners, they set the fashion in conveyancing during a great part of the last century. In one respect, however, they contrasted very unfavourably with those of his predecessor Pigott. Whereas Pigott's deeds had been models of conciseness, Booth's were remarkably prolix. He wrote no treatise on the subject, nor did he publish a collection of precedents. His knowledge of the statute of uses, however, was unique in his time. He is said to have been consulted by the Duke of Cumberland whether he could recover a legacy left him by his father, George II, the new king having torn up the will, and to have advised that 'a king of England has by the common law no power to bequeath personal property;' he is also said to have drafted George III's will. He was for some years an intimate friend of Lord Mansfield. His disposition was genial and his habits convivial. In politics he was a tory. Rather late in life he married the daughter of the titular archbishop Sharp, from whom he was subsequently separated. In his later years he suffered considerably from cataract. He died on 14 Jan. 1778.
[Butler's Hist. Mem. Eng. Ir. and Scot. Cath. (3rd ed.), iv. 360; Reminisc. (4th ed.) ii. 274; institutions considered with reference to Gent. Mag. lv. pt. i. 243, 340; Law and Lawyers, ii. 84.]
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Booth, Robert (1626-1681)

​BOOTH, Sir ROBERT (1626–1681), chief justice of the king‘s bench in Ireland, the son of Robert Booth of Salford, by his wife, a daughter of Oswald Moseley, esq., of Ancoats, Manchester, was baptised at the Collegiate Church, Manchester, on 2 July 1626. After the death of his father, his mother remarried the Rev. Thomas Case, a staunch parliamentarian, who directed Booth’s education. He attended Manchester grammar school, was entered at Gray's Inn on 18 Feb. 1641-2, and proceeded to St. John's College, Cambridge, as a fellow-commoner, on 20 Sept. 1644. At Cambridge Henry Newcome, the author of the well-known diary, was a fellow-student. Booth was called to the bar on 26 Nov. 1649, and practised in London. Some letters of his, dated February 1659-60, are among the Legh MSS. at Lyme Hall, and prove that he regarded the Restoration with equanimity. On 1 Dec. 1660 he was appointed, on the recommendation of the chancellor of Ireland, Sir Maurice Eustace, and on account of his learning and loyalty, third judge in the Irish court of common pleas. Booth was knighted on 15 May 1668, became chief justice of common pleas in Ireland in 1669, and chief justice of the king's bench in Ireland in 1679. He was buried at Salford on 2 March 1680–1. He married his first wife, a daughter of Spencer Potts, esq., about 1651. The death of a son Benjamin by this marriage, at the age of eleven, is referred to at length in ‘Mount Pisgah’ (1670), a work of Thomas Case, Booth’s stepfather. Booth's second wife was a daughter of Sir Henry Oxendon of Deane, near Wingham, Kent; she died on 27 Oct. 1669, leaving four daughters. Booth's will, dated 2 Aug. 1680, in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, proves him to have possessed several Irish estates.
[A detailed notice of Booth by J. E. Bailey, F.S.A., in Notes and Queries, 6th ser., ix. 130–2; see also Moseley Family Memoirs, p. 36; Gastrell's Notitia Cestriensis, ii. 94; Lascelles's Liber Hiberniæ; Newcome's Diary (Chatham Soc.), pp. 137, 305; Booker's Hist. of Blackley, p. 20; Manchester Foundations, ii. 85.]
S. L. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Booth, Sarah

​BOOTH, SARAH (1793–1867), actress, was born, according to Oxberry (Dramatic Biography), in Birmingham, in the early part of the year 1793. She is first heard of at Manchester, where, about 1804, she and her sister appeared as dancers. She remained there under the management of the elder Macready, who promoted her to the performance of characters such as Prince Arthur in ‘King John.’ In Doncaster, to which town as a member of Tate Wilkinson's company she subsequently went, a performance of Alexina in Reynolds’s ‘The Exile,’ a character resigned in consequence of illness by Mrs. Stephen Kemble (Miss Satchell), attracted attention. Elliston, then managing the Royal Circus, which he rechristened the Surrey, heard of her. Her first appearance in London was made at this theatre in 1810 as Cherry, in a burletta founded on the ‘Beaux' Stratagem,’ Elliston himself playing Archer. On November 23 of the same year she played for the first time at Covent Garden, enacting Amanthis in the ‘Child of Nature,’ an adaptation from the French by Mrs. Inchbald. She remained at Covent Garden playing in the ‘Miller and his Men,’ the ‘Dog of Montargis,’ the ‘Little Pickle,’ &c., and being occasionally allowed to assume a character like Juliet. The rising fame of Miss O’Neil wrested from Sally Booth, as she ​was always called, the hope of distinction in tragic parts, and she quitted Covent Garden until the retirement of her rival, when she returned and enacted Cordelia to the Lear of Junius Brutus Booth. She then played at the Olympic 19 Dec. 1821, at Drury Lane 2 Feb. 1822, at the Haymarket and Adelphi theatres, remaining long at none. Her powers were agreeable rather than impressive. She was small in stature, nervous, with hair inclining to red. In parts like Juliet she won favour by prettiness and girlishness. To the last her dancing remain a special attraction. Sally Booth claimed to be a descendant of Barton Booth [q. v.],and on the first appearance of Junius Brutus Booth [q.v.] desired him, it is said, to add a final e to his name, so as to prevent the suggestion of any connection between them. She died 30 Dec. 1867, having long quitted the stage.
[Genest's History of the Stage; Raymond's Life and Enterprises of Robert William Elliston, 1857; Oxberry’s Drmuatic Biography, 1826, vol. iv.; The Drama or Theatrical Magazine; Biography of the British Stage, 1824.]
J. K.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Booth, Peniston

1904 Errata appended.
​BOOTH, PENISTON, D.D. (1681–1765), dean of Windsor, published a single sermon, ‘Of Baptism,' 8vo, on Gal. iii. 27, in 1718. ​On 9 May 1722 he was appointed canon of Windsor; on 26 April 1729 was installed dean of Windsor; and on 23 July 1733 was collated chancellor of London. By 1749 he had made many improvements in the deanery. Two of the plates in Pote's ‘History of Windsor,' concerning St. George’s Chapel (pp. 60 and 72), are inscribed to him and his canons. He died on 21 Sept, 1765, aged 84.
[Cooke's The Preacher’s Assistant, i. 376, ii. 45, Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy). ii. 361, iii. 376, 407; Pote's Hist. of Windsor, 60, 72, 123, 411, 413; Gent. Mag., 1765, xxxv. 143; private information.]
J. H.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.31 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 389 | i | 1 | Booth, Peniston: before On 9 May 1722 insert He was prebendary of Lincoln 1719-1746 |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Booth, Robert (d.1657)

1904 Errata appended.
​BOOTH, ROBERT (d. 1657), puritan divine, was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1606–7. He graduated M.A. in 1610, at which time he was a fellow of Emmanuel College. He was curate of Sowerby-bridge Chapel near Halifax, 1635–46, and in 1650 became minister of Halifax, where he was buried on 28 July 1657.
He was author of: 1. ‘Synopsis totius Philosophiæ,' Harl. MS. 5356. This learned book, which is in an elegant handwriting, and illustrated with synoptical tables, is dedicated to Dr. Neville, master of Trinity College. 2. ‘Encomium Herovm, carmine ἀκροστίχῳ tentatvm,’ London, 1620, 4to. Dedicated to Francis Bacon, Baron Verulam, lord high chancellor of England.
[Hallifax and its Gibbet-law (1708), 81; Watson’s Hist. of Halifax (1775), 370, 443, 461; Cooper's manuscript collections for Athenæ Cantab.; Brook's Lives of the Puritans, iii. 533; Palmer's Nonconformists' Memorial, iii. 436; Green's Cal. of Domestic State Papers, ii. 22; Dugdale's Visitation of the County of Yorke (ed. Davies), 17, 358.]
T. C.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.31 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| | | 23 | Booth, Robert: after 1657 add He married Anne, daughter of Oswald Mosley of Ancoats, Manchester; she afterwards married Thomas Case [q. v.] |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Booth, James (1796-1880)

​BOOTH, JAMES (1796–1880), secretary to the board of trade, fourth son of Thomas Booth of Toxteth Lodge, near Liverpool, was born about the year 1796, and after passing some time at St. John‘s College, Cambridge, was admitted to the Society of Lincoln's Inn on 7 Nov. 1818, when he was stated to be twenty-one years of age. He was called to the bar there on 10 Feb. 1824, and practised with some success in the chancery courts. He was a member of the royal commission for inquiring into the municipal corporations of England and Wales in 1833. In 1838 he was applied to by the speaker to prepare for the use of the House of Commons what were called breviates of the private bills. Booth's engagement was at first temporary, but at the end of the session of 1839 he was appointed counsel to the speaker, and examiner of recognisances. During the recess he undertook the preparation of skeleton bills in unimproved form for all the more important classes of bills. These became familiarly known us the ‘model bills,’ and reference was constantly made to them by the select committees when bills falling within any of the classes came before them. In the preparation of these bills Booth had the co-operation of Mr. Robert John Palk, counsel to the chairman of the committees of the House of Lords. Booth's great work, however, was the preparation of the Clauses Consolidation Acts. Booth accepted the office of secretary to the board of trade on 10 Oct. 1850, which he held until 1865. Subsequently to the passing of the Clauses Consolidation Acts he gave great assistance to Sir John Romilly in the preparation of various legislative measures for the government, the principal of these being the act to regulate the proceedings of the high court of chancery in Ireland, passed in 1850. For his services he received an extra pension. After his retirement he acted on the commission for inquiring into trades unions and other associations, 12 Feb. 1867, and prepared the draft report which appeared in the eleventh and last report of the commissioners 9 March 1869. His literary productions were chiefly confined to the various law magazines. In 1871 a work was published under the title of ‘The Problem of the World and the Church reconsidered, in three letters to a friend by A Septuagenarian.' Of this book Booth edited and brought out a second and revised edition in 1873, and six years later edited a third edition, with an introduction written by himself. He was created a C.B. on 6 July 1866. He died at 2 Princes Gardens, Kensington, on 11 May 1880, in his eighty-fourth year. He married in 1827 Miss Jane Noble, but was left a widower in 1872.
[Times, 15 May 1880, p. 8; Law Times, lxix. 71 (1880).]
G. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Booth, John

​BOOTH, JOHN (1584–1659), of Twemlowe, genealogist of Cheshire, was descended from an old family in that county, his father being John Booth of Twemlowe, and his mother, Isabella, daughter of Richard Lowndes of Smallwood. He was born in July 1584. Succeeding to the property on the death of his father, he occupied his leisure in genealogical researches into Cheshire pedigrees, those in the Inter generations being compiled from the visitations of 1568, 1580, and 1613, and the earlier ones from charters and similar documents. As a genealogist he was supposed to be inferior only to Sir Peter Leycester, who frequently acknowledges indebtedness to his labours. The original copy of his pedigrees is still preserved at Twemlowe Hall, and besides several copies in the ​possession of private persons, there is one in the Heralds’ College. He died unmarried, and was buried at Goosetrey, 25 Nov. 1659.
[Ormerod's Cheshire (ed. Helsby) i. lxxxix, iii. 137.]
T. F. H.
# Cox v. Texas

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
202 U.S. 446
Cox v. Texas
Argued: and submitted April 27, 1906. --- Decided: May 21, 1906
Messrs. J. C. McReynolds, F. E. Albright, E. C. Orrick, J. C. Terrell, Jr., and Dewey Langford for plaintiffs in error.
[Argument of Counsel from page 446 intentionally omitted]
Messrs. Charles K. Bell, R. V. Davidson, and Claude Pollard for defendants in error.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 447-448 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Justice Holmes delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Cox v. Roth

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
348 U.S. 207
Cox v. Roth
Argued: Nov. 16, 1954. --- Decided: Jan 10, 1955
Mr.
Douglas D. Batchelor, Miami, Fla., for petitioners.
Mr. Jacob Rassner, New York City, for respondent.
Mr. Justice CLARK delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Cox v. United States (31 U.S. 172)

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
31 U.S. 172
Cox v. United States

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Cox v. United States

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Cox v. United States."
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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* Cox v. United States (31 U.S. 172)
* Cox v. United States (332 U.S. 442)
See also United States v. Cox.
# Cox v. United States (332 U.S. 442)

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
Cox v. United States, 332 U.S. 442 (1947), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States found that courts have limited scope of review over board's classification of Jehovah's Witness as conscientious objector rather than minister. Warning: template has been deprecated.

## Dissenting Opinions

    Douglas
    Murphy
United States Supreme Court
332 U.S. 442
Cox v. United States (332 U.S. 442)
Argued: Oct. 14, 15, 1947. --- Decided: Nov 24, 1947
See 333 U.S. 830, 68 S.Ct. 449.
Mr. Hayden C. Covington, of Brooklyn, N.Y., for petitioners.
Mr. Irving S. Shapiro, of Washington, D.C., for respondent.
Mr. Justice REED announced the judgment of the Court and delivered an opinion in which The CHIEF JUSTICE, Mr. Justice JACKSON, and Mr. Justice BURTON join.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Arnold, Thomas (1679-1737)

​ARNOLD, THOMAS (1679–1737), captain in the navy, was descended from a family which had been settled for many generations in Lowestoft, and was, in 1718, first lieutenant of the Superb. He distinguished himself in the battle off Cape Passaro by heading the boarders and carrying the Spanish flagship, the Real Felipe, and in this service he was severely wounded, and lost the use of one arm. His gallantry was rewarded by his promotion, probably by Sir George Byng, to the rank of commander; in 1727 he was advanced to be a captain, appointed to the Fox, and sent to the coast of Carolina, where he was for some time under the orders of Captain Anson. On his return to England he retired from active service and settled at Lowestoft, where he died 31 Aug. 1737. A monument in Lowestoft church still keeps alive his memory, which, throughout the last century, was further distinguished by a local custom now obsolete. 'It is customary,' Wrote Gillingwater in 1790, 'at Lowestoft to hang flags across the streets at weddings. The colours belonging to the Royal Philip taken by Lieutenant Arnold have frequently been made use of upon these occasions.'
[Gillingwater's Historical Account of the ancient Town of Lowestoft (1790), pp. 410-15.]
J. K. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Arnold, Thomas (1742-1816)

​ARNOLD, THOMAS, M.D. (1742–1816), physician and writer on insanity, was born in the town of Leicester, educated at Edinburgh, where he took the degree of M.D., became a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, and of the Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh. He practised in Leicester, where he was deservedly popular, and became owner and conductor of a large lunatic asylum there. 'In a word, he was an enlightened ornament of his native town' (Gent. Mag.).
His principal works are:
* 'Observations on the Nature, Kinds, Causes, and Prevention of Insanity, Lunacy, or Madness,' London and Leicester, 1782, 1786.
* 'A Case of Hydrophobia successfully treated,' 1793.
* 'Observations on the Management of the Insane,' 1809.
In the first of these he examines and compares the opinions of ancient and modern writers on the subject. It is a work of great learning and research, and abounds with interesting cases related from the author's experience. He died at Leicester 2 Sept. 1816.
[Gent. Mag. Ixxxvi. pt. ii. p. 378.]
G. V. B.