OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Reybaud, Madame Charles

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REYBAUD, MADAME CHARLES,
Is the nomme de plume of Mademoiselle H. Arnaud. She resides in Paris. Why she should have chosen to put away her own name, and give the celebrity of her genius to a fictitious one, has never been made known; but such is the fact. She need not have done this in order to secure the success of her works, which have been received with great favour by the Parisian public.
Madame Reybaud has published over twenty novels and tales, none of which have failed. Her most striking qualities are the unity and perfectness with which she constructs and finishes her ​plot, each incident and dialogue tending to the completion of the plan; and so ingeniously does she sometimes contrive the story, that the most experienced novel-reader is taken by surprise in the unforseen denouement. Like all who write much, she has produced books of very unequal merit, but the best exhibit both tenderness and wit; and what must be highly commended, because more rare in Flinch novels, there is nothing extravagant in sentiment or offensive to morals to be found in her works. An able English critic has truly said, "Madd, me Charles Reybaud, little known to English readers, is a good and captivating writer of considerable ability. Her numerous productions may be perused without fear by the conscientious and scrupulous reader. We are doing them a service in recommending this interesting author to their notice. She will cheer many a winter evening, and the pleasant languor of a July noon; she will occupy very agreeably the odd hour between the return from the drive and the appearance at the dinner-table. Her intentions and tendencies are good; her sentiments very sweet and delicate; a strong sense of religious and moral responsibility evidently pervades her mind. She introduces her readers to the antique relics of that beautiful and graceful aristocracy—let us give all their due—which was destroyed by the first French revolution."
We subjoin the titles of her most popular works, commending as our favourites, "Les deux Marguerites," "Sans Dot," and "Espagrioles et Françaises." The others are,—"Etona Marianna," "Fabiana," "Geraldine," "Lena," "Madame de Rieux," "Mademoiselle de Chazeuil," "Marie d'Enambue," "Mèzelie," "Misé Brun." "La Pauvre Paysanne," "La Petite Reine," "Romans du Cœur," and "Valdepeiras."
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Renee de France, Duchess of Ferrara

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RENEE DE FRANCE, DUCHESS OF FERRARA,
Born at Blois, in 1510, was the daughter of Louis the Twelfth and Anne of Brittany. She was married, in 1527, to Hercules the Second, of Este, Duke of Ferrara. She was a princess of great capacity and thirst for knowledge, and much interested in the religious controversies of the times. Calvin, who went in disguise, from France to Italy to see her, brought her over to his opinions,-and her court at Ferrara became the refuge of all those suspected of heresy. Her conduct so displeased the court of France, that the king, Henry the Second, sent the following instructions to the Duke of Ferrara:—
"If the duchess persists in her errors, she must be separated from all conversation; her children must be taken from her; and all her domestics, who are greatly suspected of heresy, must be prosecuted. With regard to the princess herself, the king refers to the prudence of her husband."
Her four children were, therefore, successively taken from her and brought into France, to be educated in the Roman Catholic faith. After the duke's death, in 1559, the princess returned to France, to reside in her castle of Montargis. The Duke of Guise having summoned her to deliver up some Protestants who had taken refuge with her, she replied, "That she would not deliver them, and that if he should attack the castle, she would be the first to place herself in the breach, to see if he would dare to kill a king's daughter." She was obliged to send away four hundred and sixty persons, to whom she had given asylum; she parted from them in tears, after providing for the expenses of their journey. This princess died at Montargis, in 1575. She was slightly deformed in her person, but elegant manners and graceful eloquence more than compensated for this disadvantage.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Riccoboni, Marte Laboras-Mezieres

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RICCOBONI, MARTE LABORAS-MEZIERES,
Was born at Paris, in 1714. She married Luigi Riccoboni, an actor, and also an author of several successful comedies, and of various works on the literature of the drama. He was considered the first among the Italian comedians, but he retired from the stage, owing to religious scruples. His wife contributed, by her taste and her advice, to the success of his productions. Before Madame Riccoboni, the novels of the Abbé Prevost enjoyed a great reputation; doubtless these gave the impulse to this lady when she timidly presented to the public works of the same description, but which were destined entirely to eclipse the tedious commonplaces and unnatural incidents which make up the "Deau of Coleraine," the "Adventures of a Man of Quality," etc.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Rizpah

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RIZPAH
Was daughter of Aiah, concubine to King Saul. Saul having put to death many of the Gibeonites, God, to punish this massacre, sent a famine which lasted three years. To expiate this, David, who was then king, gave to the Gibeonites two sons of Saul by Rizpah, and five sons of Michal, the daughter of Saul, whom the Gibeonites hanged on the mountain near Gibeah. Rizpah spread a sackcloth on the rock, and watched night and day to prevent ravenous beasts and birds from devouring the dead bodies; till David, pitying her, had their bones brought and interred in the tomb of Kish. Abner, Saul's general, married Rizpah after Saul's death, which was so much resented by Ishbosheth, son of Saul, that Abner vowed and procured his ruin
Her sad story has been the theme of poets; and the picture of the childless mother, watching beside the bleaching bones of her murdered sons, is an illustration of the truth and tenderness of woman's love, which every human heart must feel.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Lupot, Nicolas

From volume 2 of the work.
​LUPOT, Nicolas, the most famous of French violin-makers. The family came from the village of Mirecourt in the Vosges mountains, which has for three centuries or more been the seat of a violin manufacture. Jean Lupot, the greatgrandfather of Nicolas, was a violin-maker here. His son Laurent, born 1696, established himself in the trade at Luneville (1751–1756) and Orléans (1756–1762). François, son of Laurent, first worked with his father at Luneville, and in 1758 migrated to Stuttgart, where he remained for twelve years as fiddle-maker in ordinary to the Grand Duke of Wirtemberg. In 1770 he returned, and settled at Orléans. He was the father of two sons, Nicolas, the 'French Stradivarius,' born at Stuttgart in 1758, and François, in his time a reputable bow-maker, born at Orléans in 1774. Nicolas began his career early. We have good instruments made by him at Orléans (Rue d'Illiers), before he had completed his twentieth year. These juvenile instruments are cheap in Paris at 500 francs.
[ E. J. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Lustigen Weiber von Windsor, Die

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Lucrezia Borgia

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Luisa Miller

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Lumley, Benjamin

From volume 2 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Lumbye, Hans Christian

From volume 2 of the work.
[ F. G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Lusingando

From volume 2 of the work.
[ J. A. F. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Lupo, Thomas

From volume 2 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Lurline

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Higgins (Christopher)

​HIGGINS (CHRISTOPHER), printer at Leith, 1652-54 (?), and Edinburgh; in Harts-Qose over against the Trone-Church, 1655-60. Succeeded Evan Tyler, and printed for the Government According to Watson, "Tyler made over his part of the forfeited gift [of King's printer] to some stationers at London, who sent down upon us Christopher Higgins and some English servants with him." This was about 1652, and the tracts printed at Leith in 1652-4 were probably printed by Higgins, but his name does not appear till 1655, when he was printing at Edinburgh. Though Higgins printed in his own name, Watson's statement is probably correct, and he was succeeded by a Society of Stationers in 1660, in which year he seems to have either died or retired. [H. G. Aldis, List of Books, p. 114.]
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Hill (John)

​HILL (JOHN), bookseller at Edinburgh, 1652. Little is known of this bookseller beyond the date of his death, 1652. Amongst the items in his inventory was a debt to "Androw Crook, Inglischman." [H. G. Aldis, List of Books p. 114.]
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Herringman (Henry)

​HERRINGMAN (HENRY), bookseller in London; Blue Anchor in the Lower Walk of the New Exchange, 1653-93. Next to Humphrey Moseley, the most important bookseller in the period covered by this dictionary. He was the son of John Herringman, of Kessalton [i.e. Carshalton], in Surrey, yeoman, and was apprenticed to Abell Roper, bookseller of Fleet Street, for eight years from August 1st, 1644. [Register of Apprenticeships, Stationers' Hall.] His first book entry, which curiously enough follows one by his great contemporary Moseley, was Sir Kenelm Digby's Short Treatise of Adhearing to God, written by Albert the Great, entered on September 19th, 1653, and he followed this on October 12th in the same year with Lord Broghall's Parthenissa, a Romance. At the time of Moseley's death in 1661, Herringman possessed copyrights of books by Sir Kenelm Digby and James Howell, and many of Sir R. Davenant's pre-Restoration operas. He was Dryden's publisher, and in 1663 acquired the copyright of Cowley's poems, and in the following year the copyright of Waller's poems, which he obtained no doubt by purchase from Moseley's widow. Herringman was also an extensive publisher of plays and all the lighter literature of the Commonwealth and Restoration periods. His shop was the chief literary lounging place in London, and is frequently referred to in Pepys' Diary. Herringman also held a share in the King's ​Printing House, and in 1682 was defendant in a suit brought in the Court of Chancery by the trustees of Charles Bill, one of the children of John Bill II. [Chan. Proc, P.R.O., Mitford, 298, 69.] Mr. Arber, in his reprint of the Term Catalogues [vol. ii. p. 64a] says that Herringman was apparently the first London wholesale publisher in the modern sense of the words. He turned over his retail business at the Blue Anchor to F. Saunders and J. Knight, and devoted himself to the production of the Fourth Folio Shakespeare, Chaucer's works, and other large publishing ventures. His last entry in the Term Catalogues was in Trinity, 1693, shortly after which he appears to have retired to his native place, Carshalton, in Surrey. Here he died on January 15th, 170 3/4, and was buried in Carshalton Church, where a monument was erected to his memory. [Manning, History of Surrey, vol ii. p. 516.] By his will, which was dated the day before his death, he left to his "kinsman" John Herringman all his copies and parts of copies when he attained the age of twenty-three, the profits meanwhile to go to his widow. To the Company of Stationers he left a sum of £20 to purchase a piece of plate. [P.C.C. 40, Ash.]
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Hickman (John)

​HICKMAN (JOHN), (?) bookseller in London, 1648. Took up his freedom April 1st, 1639. [Arber, iii. 688.] Published Borialis Guard's Jovial Tinker, 1648. [Hazlitt, i. 446.] His address has not been found.
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Heldersham (Francis)

​HELDERSHAM (FRANCIS), bookseller (?) in London, 1649. Only known from a warrant granted by the Council of State on July 13th, 1649, to Serjeant Dendy to apprehend Francis Heldersham and Martha Harrison, for printing and publishing a seditious libel called Pragmaticus. The actual printing was done by William Ellis, q.v. [Calendar of State Papers, 1649-50, p. 541.]
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Herrick, or Heyrick (Samuel)

​HERRICK, or HEYRICK (SAMUEL), bookseller in London; Gray's Inn Gate in Holborn, 1662-7. Mentioned in an advertisement in Mercurius Publicus, March 27th, 1662. His name occurs on John Dover's play, The Roman Generall; or the Distressed Ladies … 1667. [B.M. 644, d. 80.]
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Hewer (Thomas)

​HEWER (THOMAS), bookseller in London; Old Bailey, 1638-53 (?) Took up his freedom October 1st, 1638. [Arber, iii 688.] Associated with W. Moulton in 1642. His name is found on a pamphlet entitled A subsidie granted to the King 1653. A "T. Hewer" is described as a printer in the imprint to Sylvanus Morgan's Armilogia, 1666. This may be the same as the above.
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Hill (Francis)

​HILL (FRANCIS), bookseller in London; Little Britain, 1644. Only known from Smyth's entry as to his death on September 9th, 1644. [Obituary, p. 21.]
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Hierons, or Hirones (Jeremiah)

​HIERONS, or HIRONES (JEREMIAH), (?) bookseller in London; Bottle, Near the Great North Door of St. Pauls, 1656. Entered in the Registers on June 19th, 1656, a book or pamphlet entitled The Unparaleled Thiefe, or an exact relation of the notable exploits Acted by that matchless Robber Richard Hanum. [Stationers' Registers, liber F, p. 473.]
# A Dictionary of the Booksellers and Printers who Were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667/Hills (Henry)

​HILLS (HENRY), printer in Oxford and London. Oxford: Pennyfarthing Street, 1647. London: (1) sign of Sir John Oldcastle in Fleet yard next door to the Rose & Crown; (2) At the sign of Sir John Old-Castle in Py-Corner; (3) Over against St. Thomas's Hospitall in Southwark. 1641-88. Son of a rope-maker in Maidstone. Sent to London when very young and acted first as postillion to Harrison the regicide, who transferred him to John Lilburne, by whom he was apprenticed to Simmons & Payne, printers. In 1642 he ran away and joined the army, and was present at the battle of Edge Hill. In 1648 he was a Leveller and subsequently an Independent, and offered to print Cromwell's Remonstrance. He was subsequently made printer to the Rebel Army, see Harris (J.). In 1649, in company with Thomas Brewster and Giles Calvert, he was appointed "printer" to the Council of State. After 1653 he held the position alone. He was also appointed one of the "printers" to the Parliament in ​conjunction with John Field, q.v. a post he held until the Restoration. He was still living in 1684, when a broadside was issued entitled A View of part of the many traiterous, disloyal, and turn-about actions of H. H. senior, sometimes printer to Cromwell, to the Commonwealth, to the Anabaptists Congregation, to Cromwells Army, Committee of Safety, etc., [B.M. 816, m. 2 (60); Solly, E.; Henry Hills, the pirate printer; Antiquary, vol ii. April, 1885, pp. 151-154.] Amongst his publications was Ill-Newes from New England. By John Clark, 1652.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Nachspiel

From volume 2 of the work.
[ J. A. F. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Nachruf

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Nadeschda

[ M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Müller, Wilhelm

From volume 2 of the work.
[ F. G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Nachdruck, Mit

From volume 2 of the work.
[ J. A. F. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Nachbaur, Franz

From volume 2 of the work.
[ A. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Nachtstücke

From volume 2 of the work.
[ J. A. F. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Naaman

From volume 2 of the work.
​NAAMAN. An oratorio in 2 parts; the words by W. Bartholomew, the music by Costa. Composed for the Birmingham Festival, and produced there Sept. 7, 1864.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Nabucco

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities/Absis

ABSIS or APSIS (the former more correct in Latin) (ἁψίς), in its literal meaning from ἅπτω, is a fastening of any kind; for example, the meshes of a net. (Hom. il. 5.487.) It was applied specially to the joining together the extremities of a piece of wood, so as to give it the shape of a bow; and hence it came to signify anything of that shape, such as a bow, an arch, or a wheel. (Hes. Op. 424; Hdt. 4.72.) A potter's wheel is described, in the Anthology, as κύκλος ἁψῖδος. The next transition of meaning is to anything vaulted (for example, ἡ ὑπουρανία ἁψίς, the vault of heaven, Plat. Phaedr. p. 247 b); and in this sense it was adopted in architecture, first, for any building or portion of a building of a circular form, or vaulted (Plin. Ep. 2.17.18), and more especially for the circular and vaulted end of a Basilica. (Paul. Nol. Ep. 12; Augustin, Ep. 203; Isid. Orig. 15.8.) For the application of the word in Christian churches, see Dict. of Christ. Ant. S. V. APSE.
# A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities/Abrasax

ABRASAX, gems. This subject belongs exclusively to Christian antiquities. See Dict. of Christ. Biog. s. v. Abrasax.
# A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities/Acclamatio

ACCLAMATIO was the public expression of approbation or disapprobation, pleasure or displeasure, &c. by loud acclamations. For the special forms of acclamatio at marriages, funerals and triumphs, see MATRIMONIUM, FUNUS, TRIUMPHUS. Orators were usually praised by such expressions as Bene et praeclare, Belle et festive, Non potest melius, &c. (Cic. de Orat. 3.26, 101.) For the applause given to authors reciting their own compositions, see RECITATIO. Under the Empire the expression of popular applause in the circus and the theatre was reduced to a system. All the audience rose at the entrance of the emperor, and greeted him with an acclamation in a set form of words, and in a fixed rhythm. Nero developed this, selecting more than 5000 among the Roman knights and citizens (called Augustani or Augustales) to be trained in the Oriental method of musical salutation (modulatis laudationibus, Suet. Nero 20), so as to greet him at his entrance in accordance with a time for which the signal was given by one of his suite (Dio, 43.18; 61.20). The name acclamationes was also given to the decrees passed by the senate in honour of the emperor, and to the congratulations addressed to him, inasmuch as these were always carried by acclamation. Under Trajan these were entered in the Acta, and engraved upon bronze. (Plin. Panegyr. 75, &c.; Capitol. Maxim. duo, 16, 26, Gordian. tres, 11; Lamprid. Alexand. Sever. 6-12; Vopisc. Tac. 4, 5, 7, Prob. 11.) Many instances of acclamationes are given by Ferrarius, De Veterum Acclamationibus et Plausu, in Graevius, Thesaur. Rom. Antiq. vol. vi. Cf. also Henzen, Acta Fratr. Arval. p. 75 b.
# A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities/Aviarium

AVIA´RIUM [Agricultura pp. 78, 80.]
# A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities/Abortio

ABOR´TIO, ABORTUS, immature birth, “miscarriage.” If we may judge from poets and satirists, it was not an uncommon practice among the Romans to procure abortion (Plant. True. 202; Juv. ii. 32, vi. 368). Cicero (Cluent. 12) relates a case where a testator, leaving his wife pregnant, endeavours to secure the birth of his son by leaving his wife a handsome bequest if his son become heir, and nothing if he does not. Cicero charges Oppianicus with paying the amount contingently bequeathed to the widow, and procuring abortion in order that Oppianicus' son may succeed to the inheritance. A woman at Miletus, who in similar circumstances procured abortion by the use of drugs, was condemned to death in the time of Cicero's proconsulate. Similar cases or charges are recorded in Tac. Ann. xiv. 63; Suet. Dom. 22; Amm. Marc. xvi. 10. It was probably some such dangers that led to the Lex Cornelia making it a criminal offence to give love-potions or medicines for abortion, the penalty being death if the patient died; if not, then banishment and partial confiscation for persons of a higher rank, work in the mines for those of a lower rank (Paul. Sent. v. 23, 214). And women who procured abortion (vim visceribus suis intulerunt; partum abegerunt) were, by a rescript of Severus and Caracalla, condemned to exile (Dig. 47, 11, 4; 48, 7, 8), at least if divorced, and so acting in order to avoid bearing a son to their estranged husbands (Dig. 48, 19, 39).
Of the practice and law in Greece still less is known. Lysias in a speech (or declamation) impeached Antigonus for procuring abortion (κατ̓ ̓Αντιλόνου ἀμβλώσεως, Fragm. 10, ed. Bait. and Sauppe). Plato recommended it in certain circumstances in his ideal Republic (Rep. v. 9, p. 461 c), and so also Aristotle, but only πρὶν αἴσθησιν ἐγγενέσθαι καὶ ζωήν (Polit. iv. (vii.) 16).
# A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities/Absolutio

ABSOLU´TIO [Judex.]
# A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities/Appendix

Appendix The whole of Volume II. was in type, and Volume I. already published, when the tract ascribed to Aristotle on the Athenian Constitution first appeared. The following Appendix shows the principal points on which the conclusions arrived at in the Dictionary require to be modified, if that authority is followed, and also supplies references to several passages of the treatise which support opinions already expressed. In the first part of the Appendix, which bears on articles in Volume I., Dr. Hager is responsible for the notes on Civitas, Eisangelia, Emmenoi Dikai, Endeixis, Epitropus, Eponymus, Euthyne, Exomosia, Exsilium, Heres, Jusjurandum; Mr. Wayte for the remainder. As regards the notes which refer to articles in Volume II., Dr. Hager is responsible for those on Nomos, Paranoias Dike, Prostates tou Demou, Psephus, Seisachtheia; Mr. Wayte for those on Sitophylaces, Synegorus, Tamias, Tettaraconta, Tribus, Trieropoei; Mr. Marindin for the remainder. The additional notes from the Appendix have been inserted into the text of this edition, at the end of the articles to which they refer, under the heading (Appendix.)
# A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities/Avulsio

AVUL´SIO [Confusio.]