OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Amesbury (Wiltshire)

See also Amesbury on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​AMESBURY, a small town in the Wilton parliamentary division of Wiltshire, England, 8 m. N. of Salisbury, on the London & South-Western railway. Pop. (1901) 1143. It stands on a wooded upland, amid the chalk downs of Salisbury Plain. The church of St Mary is cruciform, with a low square tower, and is largely Early English, with some richly decorated windows in the chancel. A curious two-storeyed building which adjoins the north transept consists of a chapel with a piscina below and a priest’s chamber above. Amesbury Abbey, a beautiful house built by Inigo Jones for the dukes of Queensberry, stands close to the village, in a park watered by the river Avon, here famous for its trout. Stonehenge (q.v.), the greatest surviving megalithic work in the British Isles, is a mile and a half distant; and on a hill near the village is Vespasian’s Camp or the Ramparts, a large earthwork, which is undoubtedly of British, not Roman, origin.
At Amesbury (Ambresberia, Aumbresbery) a witenagemot was held in 932, while about 980 Ælfthryth (Ethelfrida), queen-dowager of Edgar, erected here a nunnery in expiation of the murder of her stepson. The house afterwards acquired such ill repute that in 1177 the nuns were dispersed and the house was attached to the abbey of Fontevrault, by whom it was re-established. From this date, by a succession of royal charters and private gifts, the nunnery amassed vast wealth and privileges, and became a fashionable retreat for ladies of high rank, among whose number were Eleanor, widow of Henry III., and Mary, daughter of Edward I. After the dissolution in 1540 the site was granted to Edward, earl of Hertford, afterwards duke of Somerset and protector of the kingdom. It subsequently passed to the duke of Queensberry. According to the Domesday, Amesbury was a royal manor and did not pay geld, but was under the obligation of providing one night’s entertainment for the king. In 1317 the prioress obtained a Saturday market and a three days’ fair at the feast of St Melor (Meliorus). The market was subsequently changed to Friday, and three additional fairs were granted. Pipeclay abounds in the neighbourhood, and in the 17th century Amesbury was famous for the best pipes in England, many of which are preserved in Salisbury museum.
See Victoria County History—Wiltshire; Sir Richard Colt Hoare, History of Modern Wiltshire (1822–1844).
# 1907 Indiana Eugenics Law

* related portals: Indiana, Law, Indiana General Assembly.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
In 1907, influenced by the eugenics movement, Indiana became the first state in the United States to adopt a law authorizing the sterilization of institutionalized persons thought to be unfit to reproduce. Governor J. Frank Hanly signed the law, but Hanly's successor, Governor Thomas R. Marshall, blocked its use. In 1921, the Indiana Supreme Court found the law unconstitutional.
CHAPTER 215.
AN ACT entitled an act to prevent procreation of confirmed criminals, idiots, imbeciles and rapists; providing that superintendents and boards of managers of institutions where such persons are confined shall have the authority and are empowered to appoint a committee of experts, consisting of two (2) physicians, to examine into the mental condition of such inmates.
[H. 364. Approved March 9, 1907.]
Preamble. Whereas, Heredity plays a most important part in the trans-
mission of crime, idiocy and imbecility;
Penal Institutions—Surgical Operations. Therefore, Be it enacted by the general assembly of the State of Indiana, That on and after the passage of this act it shall be compulsory for each and every institution in the state, entrusted with the care of confirmed criminals, idiots, rapists and imbeciles, to appoint upon its staff, in addition to the regular institutional physician, two (2) skilled surgeons of recognized ability, whose duty it shall be, in conjunction with the chief physician of the institution, to examine the mental and physical condition of such inmates as are recommended by the institutional physician and board of managers. If, in the judgment of this committee of experts and the board of managers, procreation is inadvisable and there is no probability of improvement of the mental condition of the inmate, it shall be lawful for the surgeons to perform such operation for the prevention of procreation as shall be decided safest and most effective. But this operation shall not be performed except in cases that have been pronounced unimprovable: Provided, That in no case shall the consultation fee be more than three ($3.00) dollars to each expert, to be paid out of the funds appropriated for the maintenance of such institution.

## Notes

* ↑ Cindy Aisen Fox, Hoosier state led with involuntary sterilization laws, Indiana University Home Pages, March 9, 2007
* ↑ Julius Paul, "Three Generations of Imbeciles Are Enough": State Eugenic Sterilization Laws in American Thought and Practice, unpublished manuscript. Washington, D.C.: Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1965, p. 343. Full text at
* ↑ Williams v. Smith, 131 NE 2 (Ind.), 1921.
* ↑ Acts 1907, Laws of the State of Indiana, Passed at the Sixty-Fifth Regular Session of the General Assembly, Indianapolis: William B. Burford, Publisher (1907) pp. 377-378. Facsimile at .
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/'Abba 'Arika

See also Abba Arikha on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ʼABBA ʼARIKA, the name of the Babylonian ʼamora (q.v.) of the 3rd century, who established at Sura the systematic study of the Rabbinic traditions which, using the Mishnah as text, led to the compilation of the Talmud. He is commonly known as Rab.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/'Abbahu

See also Abbahu on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ʼABBAHU, the name of a Palestinian ʼamora (q.v.) who flourished c. 279–320. ʼAbbahu encouraged the study of Greek by Jews. He was famous as a collector of traditional lore, and is very often cited in the Talmud.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica

* related portals: Reference Works.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Commons category, news, taxonomy, Wikidata item.
Shortcut: EB11 or EB1911
* Notes on reading the Wikisource edition.
* A special disclaimer for this project.
* Collaboration page for contributors.
Table of contents
* In each volume:
* Title page
* Copyright notice (expired)
* In volume 1 only:
* Dedications
* Prefatory Note
* Prefatory Note to the "Handy Volume" edition (1915)
* Editorial Introduction
* In Index volume only:
* Classified Table of Contents — Introduction
* Classified Table of Contents
* Classified List of Articles
* Contributors
* List of volumes:
* Volume 1: A – Androphagi
* Volume 2: Andros – Austria
* Volume 3: Austria – Bisectrix
* Volume 4: Bishārīn – Calgary
* Volume 5: Calhoun – Chatelaine
* Volume 6: Châtelet – Constantine
* Volume 7: Constantine Pavlovich – Demidov
* Volume 8: Demijohn – Edward
* Volume 9: Edwardes – Evangelical Association
* Volume 10: Evangelical Church – Francis Joseph I.
* Volume 11: Franciscans – Gibson
* Volume 12: Gichtel – Harmonium
* Volume 13: Harmony – Hurstmonceaux
* Volume 14: Husband – Italic
* Volume 15: Italy – Kyshtym
* Volume 16: L – Lord Advocate
* Volume 17: Lord Chamberlain – Mecklenburg
* Volume 18: Medal – Mumps
* Volume 19: Mun – Oddfellows
* Volume 20: Ode – Payment of Members
* Volume 21: Payn – Polka
* Volume 22: Poll – Reeves
* Volume 23: Refectory – Sainte-Beuve
* Volume 24: Sainte-Claire Deville – Shuttle
* Volume 25: Shuválov – Subliminal Self
* Volume 26: Submarine Mines – Tom-Tom
* Volume 27: Tonalite – Vesuvius
* Volume 28: Vetch – Zymotic Diseases
* Volume 29: Index
* See also:
* The Reader's Guide to the Encyclopaedia Britannica, The Encyclopedia Britannica Company, 1913
* Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition
* 1902 Encyclopædia Britannica (10th ed., supplement to the 9th)
* 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed., supplement to the 11th)
* 1926 Encyclopædia Britannica (13th ed., supplement to the 12th and further supplement to the 11th)
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/"Flying Dutchman"

See also Flying Dutchman on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​“FLYING DUTCHMAN,” a spectre-ship popularly believed to haunt the waters around the Cape of Good Hope. The legend has several variants, but the commonest is that which declares that the captain of the vessel, Vanderdecken, was condemned for his blasphemy to sail round the cape for ever, unable to “make” a port. In the Dutch version the skipper is the ghost of the Dutch seaman Van Straaten. The appearance of the “Flying Dutchman” is considered by sailors as ominous of disaster. The German legend makes one Herr Von Falkenberg the hero, and alleges that he is condemned to sail for ever around the North Sea, on a ship without helm or steersman, playing at dice for his soul with the devil. Sir Walter Scott says the “Flying Dutchman” was originally a vessel laden with bullion. A murder was committed on board, and thereafter the plague broke out among the crew, which closed all ports to the ill-fated craft. The legend has been used by Wagner in his opera Der fliegende Holländer.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/'Abaye

See also Abaye on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ʼABAYE, the name of a Babylonian ʼamora (q.v.), born in the middle of the 3rd century. He died in 339.
# "C Q", or, In the Wireless House

“C. Q.”
or,
In the Wireless House
* By Arthur Train
* Novels
* “C. Q.” or, In the Wireless House
* The Confessions of Artemus Quibble
* The Butler’s Story
* Essays
* The Prisoner at the Bar
* Courts, Criminals and Camorra
* Short Stories
* M’Allister and His Double
* Mortmain
* True Stories of Crime
“C Q”
or,
In the Wireless House
by
Arthur Train
Author of “The Prisoner at the Bar,” “Mcallister and his Double,” “True Stories of Crime,” “The Con- fessions of Artemus Quibble,” etc., etc.
With Illustrations
By R. M. CROSBY
Toronto
McClelland & Goodchild, Limited
1912
Copyright, 1912, by
The Century Co.
Copyright 1912, by
The Curtis Publishing Company
Published October, 1912
To Adele
Contents
| I | page |
| “Micky” quarrels with the captain of the Pavonia, and becomes pals with a lady in high society | 3 |
| II |
| Micky stumbles upon a peculiar passenger and explains the mysteries of the wireless to a young lady | 25 |
| III |
| The reader learns something of the career of an international beauty, and attends vicariously an artistic entertainment in the second cabin saloon | 42 |
| IV |
| “CQ—CQ—CQ—!” In which Micky learns of the murder of the Earl of Roakby at Parsley Croft | 56 |
| V |
| In which Micky overhears a midnight conversation and prevents the commission of a crime | 66 ​ |
| VI |
| In which Micky tucks the son of a Marquis in his bed and mixes some drinks and the news | 78 |
| VII |
| In which Mrs. Herbert Trevelyan commits an indiscretion and discovers something while so doing | 93 |
| VIII |
| In which Micky has a strange dream and Mrs. Trevelyan becomes worried about pearls and other things | 110 |
| IX |
| In which Micky hears a confession and is forced to deliver an unfortunate message | 127 |
| X |
| Mrs. Trevelyan makes an error of judgment and the Captain scores | 148 |
| XI |
| Micky’s mind is momentarily relieved | 171 |
| XII |
| Mrs. Trevelyan has a bad quarter of an hour | 182 ​ |
| XIII |
| In which many persons are surprised | 198 |
| XIV |
| At close quarters | 206 |
| XV |
| Micky plays father confessor for the second time | 215 |
| XVI |
| In which every minute counts | 227 |
| XVII |
| The way of a maid with a man | 244 |
| XVIII |
| Mrs. Trevelyan avails herself of a “locu penitentiae” | 255 |
| XIX |
| In which the rat-faced purser, some others, and perhaps the reader, receive a jolt | 273 |
List of Illustrations
| Micky left her standing gracefully in the wind Frontispiece | |
| | Page |
| Mrs. Trevelyan and a dark gentleman were calmly eating from his operating-desk | 21 |
| “What are you doing on this boat?” It was Mrs. Trevelyan speaking | 69 |
| She read of the murder of the Earl of Roakby | 107 |
| She turned to him with a face full of childlike simplicity | 167 |
| Before he knew it he had taken her in his arms | 219 |
| “It's true! I swear every word is true!” moaned the girl | 267 |
| “Micky!” she gasped. “I thought you must be dead!” | 289 |
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# "Bones and I"/end matter

Layout 4
WORKS BY G. J. WHYTE-MELVILLE
Price Two Shillings each.
THE WHITE ROSE.
CERISE.
THE BROOKES OF BRIDLEMERE.
"BONES AND I."
MARKET HARBOROUGH.
SONGS AND VERSES.
CHAPMAN & HALL, 193, Piccadilly.
# "Buck" taking the "Pot"

Political cartoon depicting James "Buck" Buchanan (left), John Charles Frémont (center) and Millard Fillmore (right), the three primary candidates during the 1856 United States presidential election.
(Upload an image to replace this placeholder.)
UNION SOUP.
Buchanan
ABOLITIONROCK OF DISUNION.
Fremont
Fillmore
“BUCK” taking the “POT”.
For Sale at №. 2 Spruce St. N.Y.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Counterscarp

See also Counterscarp on Wikipedia; counterscarp on Wiktionary; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​COUNTERSCARP ( = “opposite scarp,” Fr. contrescarpe), a term used in fortification for the outer slope of a ditch; see Fortification and Siegecraft.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Counterfort

See also Buttress on Wikipedia; counterfort on Wiktionary; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​COUNTERFORT (Fr. contrefort), in architecture, a buttress or pier built up against the wall of a building or terrace to strengthen it, or to resist the thrust of an arch or other constructional feature inside.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Country

See also Country on Wikipedia; country on Wiktionary; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntrée; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood), an extent of land without definite limits, or such a region with some peculiar character, as the “black country,” the “fen country” and the like. The extension from such descriptive limitation to the limitation of occupation by particular owners or races is easy; this gives the common use of the word for the land inhabited by a particular nation or race. Another meaning is that part of the land not occupied by towns, “rural” as opposed to “urban” districts; this appears too in “country-house” and “country town”; so too “countryman” is used both for a rustic and for the native of a particular land. The word appears in many phrases, in the sense of the whole population of a country, and especially of the general body of electors, as in the expression “go to the country,” for the dissolution of parliament preparatory to a general election.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Couplet

See also Couplet on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​COUPLET, a pair of lines of verse, which are welded together by an identity of rhyme. The New English Dict. derives the use of the word from the French couplet, signifying two pieces of iron riveted or hinged together. In rhymed verse two lines which complete a meaning in themselves are particularly known as a couplet. Thus, in Pope’s Eloisa to Abelard:—
“Speed the soft intercourse from soul to soul, And waft a sigh from Indus to the Pole.”
In much of old English dramatic literature, when the mass of the composition is in blank verse or even in prose, particular emphasis is given by closing the scene in a couplet. Thus, in the last act of Beaumont and Fletcher’s Thierry and Theodoret the action culminates in an unexpected rhyme:—
“And now lead on; they that shall read this story Shall find that virtue lives in good, not glory.”
In French literature, the term couplet is not confined to a pair of lines, but is commonly used for a stanza. A “square” couplet, in French, for instance, is a strophe of eight lines, each composed of eight syllables. In this sense it is employed to distinguish the more emphatic parts of a species of verse which is essentially gay, graceful and frivolous, such as the songs in a vaudeville or a comic opera. In the 18th century, Le Sage, Piron and even Voltaire did not hesitate to engage their talents on the production of couplets, which were often witty, if they had no other merit, and were well fitted to catch the popular ear. This signification of the word couplet is not unknown in England, but it is not customary; it is probably used in a stricter and a more technical sense to describe a pair of rhymed lines, whether serious or merry. The normal type, as it may almost be called, of English versification is the metre of ten-syllabled rhymed lines designated as heroic couplet. This form of iambic verse, with five beats to each line, is believed to have been invented by Chaucer, who employs it first in the Prologue The Legend of Good Women the composition of which is attributed to the year 1385. That poem opens with the couplet:—
“A thousand times have I heard man tell That there is joy in heaven and pain in hell.”
This is an absolutely correct example of the heroic couplet, which ultimately reached such majesty in the hands of Dryden and such brilliancy in those of Pope. It has been considered proper for didactic, descriptive and satirical poetry, although in the course of the 19th century blank verse largely took its place. Epigram often selects the couplet as the vehicle of its sharpened arrows, as in Sir John Harington’s
“Treason doth never prosper: what’s the reason? Why, if it prosper, none dare call it treason.”
(E. G.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Coupon

See also Coupon on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​COUPON (from Fr. couper, to cut), a certificate entitling its owner to some payment, share or other benefit; more specifically, one of a series of interest certificates or dividend warrants attached to a bond running for a number of years. The word coupon (a piece cut off) possesses an etymological meaning so comprehensive that, while on the Stock Exchange it is only used to denote such an interest certificate or a certificate of stock of a joint-stock company, it may be as suitably, and elsewhere is perhaps more frequently, applied to tickets sold by tourist agencies and others. The coupons by means of which the interest on a bond or debenture is collected are generally printed at the side or foot of that document, to be cut off and presented for payment at the bank or agency named on them as they become due. The last portion, called a “talon,” is a form of certificate, and entitles the holder, when all the coupons have been presented, to obtain a fresh coupon sheet. They pass by delivery, and are as a rule exempt from stamp duty. Coupons for the payment of dividends are also attached to the share warrants to bearer issued by some joint-stock companies. The coupons on the bonds of most of the principal foreign loans are payable in London in sterling as well as abroad.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Coupé

See also Coupé on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​COUPÉ (French for “cut off”), a small closed carriage of the brougham type, with four wheels and seats for two persons; the term is also used of the front compartment on a diligence or mail-coach on the continent of Europe, and of a compartment in a railway carriage with seats on one side only.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Countersign

See also Countersign (military) on Wikipedia; countersign on Wiktionary; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​COUNTERSIGN, a military term for a sign, word or signal previously arranged and required to be given by persons approaching a sentry, guard or other post. In some armies the “countersign” is strictly the reply of the sentry to the pass-word given by the person approaching.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Alnage

See also Alnage on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ALNAGE, or Aulnage (from Fr. aune, ell), the official supervision of the shape and quality of manufactured woollen cloth. It was first ordered in the reign of Richard I. that “woollen cloths, wherever they are made, shall be of the same width, to wit, of two ells within the lists, and of the same goodness in the middle and sides.” This ordinance is usually known as the Assize of Measures or the Assize of Cloth. Article 35 of Magna Carta re-enacted the Assize of Cloth, and in the reign of Edward I. an official called an “alnager” was appointed to enforce it. His duty was to measure each piece of cloth, and to affix a stamp to show that it was of the necessary size and quality. As, however, the diversity of the wool and the importation of cloths of various sizes from abroad made it impossible to maintain any specific standard of width, the rules as to size were repealed in 1353. The increased growth of the woollen trade, and the introduction of new and lighter drapery in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, compelled a revision of the old standards. A statute was passed in 1665 creating the office of alnager of the new drapery, and defining the sizes to which cloth should be woven. The object of the statute was to prevent people being deceived by buying spurious woollen cloth, and to provide against fraud and imposition. Owing to the introduction of the alternative standard, a distinction arose between “broadcloth” (cloth of two yards) and “streit” or “strait” (narrow cloth of one yard). The meaning now attached to broadcloth, however, is merely that of material of superior quality. Alnage duties and the office of alnager were abolished in 1699.
See W. J. Ashley, Economic History; and W. Cunningham, Growth of English Industry and Commerce.