OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bruce, Robert (1078?-1141)

​BRUCE, ROBERT de II (1078?–1141), was son of Robert I, and companion of David I of Scotland at the court of Henry I. He received from David I a grant of Annandale, then called Strath Annent, by a charter c. 1124 (A. P. Scot. i. 92, from the original in Brit. Mus. Cartæ Antiquæ, xviii. 45). It was bounded by the lands of Donegal, of Strathnith (Nithsdale), and those of Ranulf de Meschines, earl of Chester, in Cumberland, and embraced the largest part of the county of Dumfries. Like David, a benefactor of the church, Robert de Bruce founded a monastery of canons regular at Guisburn in Cleveland with the consent of his wife Agnes and Adam his eldest son. The church of Middleburgh, with certain lands attached to it, was given by him to the monks of Whitby as a cell of Guisburn, and his manors of Appleton and Hornby to the monks of St. Mary at York. Along with Bernard de Baliol of Barnard Castle he tried to make terms between David and the English barons before the battle of the Standard in 1138; but failing in this attempt he renounced his Scotch fief of Annandale, and, notwithstanding his affection for David, fought with zeal on the side of Stephen. He died in 1141, and left by Agnes, daughter of Fulk Pagnel of Carlton, two sons. The elder, Adam, succeeded to Skelton and his other English lands, which continued in the family till 1271, when, on the death of Peter Bruce, constable of Scarborough, without issue, they were parted between his four sisters. His second son, Robert de Bruce III, saved the Scotch fief of Annandale either by ioining David I, if a tradition that he was taken prisoner by his father at the battle of the Standard can be relied on, or by obtaining its snbsequent restoration from David or Malcolm IV.
[Aelred da Rievaux's Descriptio de bello apud standardum juxta Albertonam; Dugdale's Monasticon, i. 388-412, and ii. 147.]
Æ. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bruce, Robert (1253-1304)

​BRUCE, ROBERT de VII, Earl of Carrick (1253–1304), son of the Competitor, Robert de Bruce VI, is said to have accompanied Edward, afterwards Edward I, in the crusade of 1269. On his return he married Marjory, countess of Carrick, and became by the courtesy of Scotland Earl of Carrick.
A romantic story handed down by the Scottish historians, that Bruce was carried off by the heiress when hunting near her castle of Turnberry, is probably an invention to excuse his marriage with a royal ward without the king’s consent. In 1278 he did homage to Edward on behalf of Alexander III for his English fiefs. In 1281 he borrowed 40l. from his old comrade Edward I, a debt which played a part in the fortunes of his son. He was present at Scone in 1284, when the right of succession of the Maid of Norway was recognised, but took part with his father and the other nobles in the league of Turnberry, on 20 Sept. 1286, intended to defeat it. Like his father, however, he joined in the treaty of Brigham (14 March 1290), rendered abortive by Margaret’s death. The agreement between Florence, count of Holland, and his father on 14 June 1292, to which the earl was a party, shows that Bruce anticipated an adverse decision. About this time he went to Norway with his eldest daughter Isabel, possibly on account of her marriage to King Eirik, the widower of Margaret, the daughter of Alexander III, which took place on 15 Nov. 1293, but also perhaps to avoid attendance at Baliol's parliament, to which he was summoned. It may have been with the same motive that after the death of his wife in 1292 he resigned the earldom of Carrick to his son, afterwards king (A. P. Scot. i. 449 a b). On the death of his father he did homage to Edward for his English fiefs on 4 June 1295. On 6 Oct. following he was given the custody of the castle of Carlisle during the king's pleasure, and three days after he took before the bishop of Durham and barons of the exchequer an oath to hold it faithfully and render it to no one but the king. When Baliol attempted to assert his independence, as was natural, his rivals the Bruces sided with Edward, and in 1296, after that monarch had taken Dunbar, Bruce the elder, according to the Scotch chroniclers, claimed the fulfilment of a promise, by which he was to be made king of Scotland. The answer, in Norman-French, of Edward, as given by Wyntoun (B. viii. 1927) and Fordun, though it has been doubted, suits his character:—
Ne avons ren autres chos a fere Que a vous reamgs (i.e. reaulmes) ganere . . . . . . Hawe I nought ellys to do nowe But wyn a kynryk to gyve yhowe?
Æ. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bruce, John Hope

1904 Errata appended.
​BRUCE, Sir JOHN HOPE (1684?–1766), of Kinross, soldier and statesman, and reputed author of the ballad ‘Hardyknute,’ was the third son of Sir Thomas Hope, bart., of Craighall, Fife. His mother was the sole heir of Sir William Bruce, bart., of Kinross, and hence comes the name of the son, which in the family records stands as Sir John Bruce Hope. On the death of his elder brothers without heirs he suceeded to the estates, and came to be popularly known as Sir John Bruce of Kinross. Besides serving in the Swedish army, Bruce gained distinction as a soldier at home, rising to the rank of lieutenant-general. His public career likewise includes the governorship of the Bermudas and the representation of Kinross-shire in Parliament. He died at the age of eighty-two, and was buried at Kinross. His first wife was Catherine Halket of Pitferrun, near Dunfermline, and it is her sister, Lady Wardlaw, who divides with Bruce the honour of having written ‘Hardyknute.’ It is extremely difficult with the existing evidence to decide which of the two wrote the poem—if indeed it was not their joint composition—but the best critics incline to give the credit to Bruce. Pinkerton, who wrote a sequel to the vigorous fragment, is quite decided in that view, resting his conclusion on a letter to Lord Binning, in which Bruce suys he found the manuscript in a vault at Dumfermline. Percy accepts Pinkerton's argument and inference, and Irving, the most competent judge since their day, while acknowledging the difficulties of the case, is clearly inclined to agree with them. Unfortunately neither Lady Wardlaw nor Bruce left any authentic poetical composition, though Pinkerton would have little hesitation in attributing to Bruce not only ‘Hardyknute’ but other members of Ramsay's ‘Evergreen’ as well. There exists, however, testimony of various friends as to the exceptional accomplishments of Lady Wardlaw, and as to the probability, amounting almost to a certainty, that she was the sole and unaided author of the ballad [see Wardlaw, Lady Elizabeth].
[Burke’s Peerage; Pinkerton's Ancient Scottish Poems; Percy's Reliques; Chalmers's Life of Allan Ramsay; Chalmers's History of Dunfermline; Irving's Scottish Poets.]
T. B.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.40 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 109 | i | 2 f.e. | Bruce, Sir John H.: for lieutenant-general read major-general 1754 and lieutenant-general 1758 |
| | ii | 1 | after Bermudas insert (1721-7) |
| | | 2 | after Parliament insert (1727-84 and 1741-7) |
| | | 3 | after eighty-two insert on 6 June 1766 |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Howard, Samuel

​HOWARD, SAMUEL (1710–1782), organist and composer, born in 1710, was a chorister of the Chapel Royal under Dr. William Croft [q. v.] After continuing his musical studies under Pepusch, he became organist of St. Clement Danes, Strand, and St. Bride's, Fleet Street. In 1769 he graduated Mus.Doc. at Cambridge. He died on 13 July 1782, at his house in Norfolk Street, Strand.
Howard composed much popular music. His incidental music to the 'Amorous Goddess' was performed at Drury Lane, and published in 1744. His two songs in 'Love in a Village' (1764?), 'O had I been by Fate decreed,' and 'How much superior beauty awes,' were sung by Incledon and Mattocks, and he was part composer of 'Netley Abbey' and 'The Mago and the Dago.' His church music includes the anthem for voices and orchestra, 'This is the Day,' performed at St. Margaret's, 1792, and several psalm and hymn tunes, two, named respectively 'Howard' and 'St. Brides,' being widely known. His songs are numerous. A collection called 'The Musical Companion,' 1775?, contains about fifty of his cantatas, solos, and duets. The accompaniments are for harpsichord and violin. The words of 'To Sylvia'are by Garrick; of 'Would you long preserve a Lover?' by Congreve; and 'Florellio and Daphne' by Shenstone. The collection includes Howard's `Lass of St. Osyth,' 'Advice to Chloe,' and his 'Six Songs sung by Miss Davies at Vauxhall.' Other songs by Howard not included in this volume are 'Lucinda's Name,' addressed to the Princess Amelia, 1740? 'Nutbrown Maid,' and 'I like the Man' (1750?). Some of his songs also appeared in the 'British Orpheus,' bk. iv., and in the 'Vocal Musical Mask.' His style was dull, even in his most admired 'musettes.' Howard assisted Boyce in the compilation of 'CathedralMusic,' and his most valuable work is probably to be found there.
L. M. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Howard, Richard Baron

​HOWARD, RICHARD BARON (1807–1848), physician, son of Charles Howard of Hull and his wife Mary Baron of Manchester, was born at Melbourne, East Riding of Yorkshire, on 18 Oct. 1807. He was educated at Northallerton, and in 1823 removed to Edinburgh, where he obtained a surgeon's diploma. In 1829 he became a licentiate of the Apothecaries' Society in London, and took the degree of M.D. at Edinburgh. His thesis was entitled 'De Hydrocephalo Acuto.' From 1829 to 1833 he was physician's clerk in the Manchester Infirmary, and from 1833 until February 1838 acted as medical officer at the Manchester workhouse, subsequently holding the office of physician to the Ardwick and Ancoats Dispensary in the same town. During this time his work had been mainly among the poor, and his deep interest in their condition led him in 1839 to publish 'An Inquiry into the Morbid Effects of Deficiency of Food, chiefly with reference to their occurrence amongst the Destitute Poor.' In the following year, at the invitation of the poor-law commissioners, he wrote a `Report upon the prevalence of Disease arising from Contagion, Malaria, and certain other Physical Causes amongst the Labouring Classes in Manchester.' At a later period he again wrote on the same subject in J. Adshead's pamphlet on the state of the working classes in Manchester. In 1842, on being appointed physician to the infirmary, he printed 'An Address delivered to the Pupils,' &c. His other appointments were those of physician at Haydock Lodge Lunatic Asylum and lecturer at the Manchester College of Medicine. He had an extensive connection with the scientific societies of the town, where he was warmly esteemed as a lecturer, practitioner, and philanthropist. He died at his father's house at York on 9 April 1848, after a painful illness, and was buried in the neighbouring cemetery.
C. W. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Howard, Theophilus

1904 Errata appended.
​HOWARD, THEOPHILUS, second Earl of Suffolk (1584–1640), baptised on 13 Aug. 1584, was the eldest son of Thomas, first earl of Suffolk (1561-1626) [q. v.], by his second wife, Catherine, widow of Richard, eldest son of Robert, lord Rich, and daughter and coheiress of Sir Henry Knevet, knt., of Charlton, Wiltshire (Doyle, Official Baronage, iii. 449-50). As Lord Howard of Walden he was created M.A. of Oxford on 30 Aug. 1605 (Wood, Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 314), and from 4 Nov. 1605 to 8 Feb. 1610 he sat as M.P. for Maldon, Essex (Lists of Members of Parliament, Official Return, pt. i. p. 443). On the latter date he was summoned to the upper house as Baron Howard de Walden. He became joint steward of several royal manors in South Wales on 30 June 1606, lieutenant of the band of gentlemen pensioners in July of the same year, councillor for the colony of Virginia on 23 May 1609, and governor of Jersey and Castle Cornet on 26 March 1610. In the latter year he served as a volunteer with the English forces at the siege of Juliers, and there engaged in a notable quarrel with Edward, lord Herbert of Cherbury (Herbert, Autobiography, ed. 1886, pp. 73-7, and App.) He became keeper in reversion of the Tower of Greenwich on 2 July 1611, keeper of ​Greenwich Park six days later, and joint lord-lieutenant of Cumberland, Westmoreland, and Northumberland on 11 Feb. 1614. On 14 July of the last-named year he was promoted to the captaincy of the band of gentlemen pensioners, but had to resign it on the disgrace of his father in December 1619. After January 1619 he was made vice-admiral of Northumberland, Durham, Cumberland, Westmoreland, and Dorsetshire, and was reappointed captain of the band of gentlemen pensioners in January 1620, a post which he held until May 1635. On 28 May 1626 he succeeded his father as second Earl of Suffolk and hereditary visitor of Magdalene College, Cambridge, and was appointed during the same year lord-lieutenant of Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, Dorsetshire, and the town of Poole (15 June) and a privy councillor (12 Nov.) He was installed high steward of Ipswich on 19 March 1627, K.G. on 24 April following, lord warden of the Cinque ports and constable of Dover Castle on 22 July 1628, lieutenant of the Cinque ports on 2 Sept. of the same year, governor of Berwick in June 1635, and a commissioner of regency on 26 March 1639. Howard died on 3 June 1640 at Suffolk House in the Strand, and was buried at Saffron Walden, Essex (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1640, p. 266). In March 1612 he married Lady Elizabeth Home, daughter and coheiress of George Home, earl of Dunbar [q.v.], and by this lady, who died on 19 Aug. 1633, had four sons and five daughters. His eldest son, James Howard, third earl of Suffolk, is separately noticed.
[Authorities in the text.]
G. G.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.161 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 62 | i | 23 | Howard, Theophilus, 2nd Earl of Suffolk: for 22 July read 14 July |
| | | 37 | after text insert Gardiner, Hist. of England, vi. 256 |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Howard, Ralph

Contains subarticles on his son, Robert Howard (1683-1740), and grandson, Ralph Howard (d. 1786).
​HOWARD, RALPH, M.D. (1638–1710), professor of physic at Dublin, born in 1638, was only son of John Howard (d. 1643) of Shelton, co. Wicklow, Ireland, by his wife Dorothea Hasels (d. 1684). He was educated in the university of Dublin, and proceeded M.D. in 1667. He succeeded Dr. John Margetson in 1670 as regius professor of physic in that university, and held the chair until his death. He left Ireland in 1688, and was attainted by James II's parliament in 1689, while his estate in co. Wicklow was handed over to one Hacket, who entertained James at Shelton after the battle of the Boyne. Howard subsequently returned to Dublin and recovered his property. He died on 8 Aug. 1710. He married on 16 July 1668 Catherine, ​eldest daughter of Roger Sotheby, M.P. for Wicklow city, and by her had three sons Hugh [q. v.], Robert (see below), and William (M.P. for Dublin city from 1727 till his death in the next year), and three daughters.
Howard, Robert (1683–1740), bishop of Elphin, was Ralph Howard's second son. He obtained a fellowship in Trinity College, Dublin, in 1703, became dean of Ardagh in 1722, was consecrated to the see of Killala in 1726, and in 1729 was translated to that of Elphin. In 1728 he succeeded his elder brother William in the estate of Shelton Abbey, co. Wicklow. In 1737 he brought thither the works of art which he inherited from his brother Hugh. He died in April 1740. He published six single sermons, preached on public occasions.
Howard, Ralph, Viscount Wicklow (d. 1786), eldest son of the bishop, was sheriff of co. Wicklow 1749, and of co. Carlow 1754; in 1761 and 1768 was elected M.P. for both co. Wicklow and the borough of St. Johnstown; in May 1770 was sworn of the privy council; on 12 July 1776 was raised to the Irish peerage as Baron Clonmore of Clonmore Castle, co. Carlow, and on 23 June 1785 was promoted to be Viscount Wicklow. He died on 26 June 1786. His widow, Alice, daughter and sole heiress of William Forward of Castle Forward, co. Donegal, was created Countess of Wicklow in her own right 20 Dec. 1793. She died on 7 March 1807. Her son Robert succeeded her as Earl of Wicklow, and sat as a representative peer in the united parliament of 1801. The present and seventh earl (b. 1877) is his great-grandnephew.
W. R-l.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Martyn, Francis

​MARTYN, FRANCIS (1782–1838), Roman catholic divine, born in Norfolk in February 1782, was sent to Sedgley Park school at the age of eight, and in 1796 was removed to St. Mary's College, Oscott. In 1805 he was ordained priest by Bishop Milner at Wolverhampton. It is stated that he was the first priest who went through his course of studies solely in England since the Reformation (Oscotian, new ser. iv. 17, 272). After being stationed for a short time at Brailes, Warwickshire, he was appointed to the mission of Louth, Lincolnshire. Subsequently he served the mission at Bloxwich, Staffordshire, and finally, in 1827, removed to Walsall, where he died on 18 July 1838. The Hon. and Rev. George Spencer preached the funeral sermon, which was printed (Birmingham, 1838, 8vo), with a memoir by the Rev. Robert Richmond.
A portrait of Martyn was engraved by Holl.
His chief works are:
* 'Homilies on the Book of Tobias, being a detailed History and familiar Explication of the Virtues of that Holy Servant of God,' York, 1817, 8vo.
* 'A Series of Lectures on the Sacrament and Sacrifice of the Holy Eucharist,' London [1827?]. He was a frequent contributor to the 'Orthodox Journal.'
[Memoir by Richmond; Laity's Directory for 1839, p. 89; London and Dublin Orthodox Journal, 1838, vii. 63, 80, 173; Watt's Bibl. Brit.; Evans's Cat. of Engraved Portraits, No. 18956.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Martineau, Robert Braithwaite

​MARTINEAU, ROBERT BRAITHWAITE (1826–1869), painter, born in Gailford Street, London, on 19 Jan. 1826, was son of Philip Martineau, taxing-master to the court of chancery,and Elizabeth Frances, his wife, daughter of Robert Batty, M.D. [q. v.] Martineau was educated at University College, London, and, being intended for the legal profession, was articled to a firm of solicitors. He, however, abandoned the law to follow his predilection for art, and became a pupil in the school of F. S. Cary [q. v.] In 1848 he was admitted a student at the Royal Academy, where he obtained a silver medal for a drawing from the antique. He then became a pupil of Mr. W. Holman Hunt, in the latter's studio at Chelsea. In 1852 he exhibited for the first time at the Royal Academy, sending ‘Kit's Writing Lesson’ (afterwards the property of Mr. C. Mudie), and subsequently ‘Katharine and Petruchio’ (1865), ‘Picciola’ (1856), ‘The Allies’ (1861), ‘The Last Chapter’ (1863), ‘The Knight's Guerdon’ (1864), and other small pictures; but his time was chiefly occupied on a large picture of his own invention, entitled ‘The Last Day in the Old Home,’ which was exhibited at the International Exhibition of 1862, and was the subject of much comment at the time. Afterwards he began an important picture, ‘Christians and Christians,’ but died of heart disease on 13 Feb. 1869. An exhibition of his pictures and drawings was held in the following summer at the Cosmopolitan Club, Charles Street, Berkeley Square. Martineau married in 1865 Maria, daughter of Henry Wheeler of Bolingbroke House, Wandsworth, by whom he left one son and two daughters.
[Athenæum, February 1869; Ottley's Dict. of Recent and Living Painters; F. T. Palgrave's Essays on Art (1866); information kindly supplied by Edward H. Martineau, esq.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Martine, George (1702-1741)

​MARTINE, GEORGE, the younger (1702–1741), physician, born in Scotland in 1702, was the son of George Martine the elder [q. v.] He was educated at St. Andrews, where, on the occasion of the Jacobite rebellion in 1715, he headed a riot of some students of the college, who rang the college bells on the day that the Pretender was proclaimed. He later studied medicine, first at Edinburgh (1720), and afterwards at Leyden (1721; Peacock, Index, p. 65), graduating M.D. there in 1725. He then returned to Scotland and settled in practice at St. Andrews. In October 1740 he accompanied Charles, eighth baron Cathcart, as physician to the forces on the American expedition. After the death of that nobleman (at Dominica, 20 Dec. 1740) he was attached as first physician to the expedition against Carthagena under Admiral Vernon, and while at that place contracted a bilious fever, of which he died in 1741 (Gent. Mag. 1741, p. 108).
Martine wrote: 1. ‘De Similibus Animalibus et de Animalibus Calore libri duo,’ 8vo, London, 1740. 2. ‘Essays Medical and Philosophical,’ 8vo, London, 1740, a collection of six essays, of which two, ‘Essays and Observations on the Construction and Graduation of Thermometers,’ and ‘An Essay towards a Natural and Experimental History of the Various Degrees of Heat in Bodies,’ were reissued together as a second edition, 12mo, Edinburgh, in 1772, and again in 1792. 3. ‘In B. Eustachii Tabulas Anatomicas Commentarii,’ published by Dr. Monro, 8vo, Edinburgh, 1755. He also contributed papers on medical subjects to the ‘Edinburgh Medical Essays’ and the ‘Philosophical Transactions.’ According to a manuscript note on the title-page of the copy in the British Museum, the ‘Examination of the Newtonian Argument for the Emptiness of Space,’ 8vo, London, 1740, was also by him.
B. B. W.