OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Scheutzer, John Gaspar

John Gaspar Scheuchzer in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
​SCHEUTZER, JOHN GASPAR, M.D. (1702–1729), physician, born in Switzerland in 1702, was son of John James Scheutzer of Zürich, the author of the ‘Bibliotheca Scriptorum Historiæ Naturalis,’ the ‘Nova Literaria Helvetica,’ and the ‘Museum Diluvianum.’ He graduated at Zürich in 1722, reading a dissertation ‘De Diluvio.’ He came to England and became librarian to Sir Hans Sloane. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, 14 May 1724, and received the licence of the College of Physicians, 22 March 1725. In 1728 he was created doctor of medicine at Cambridge, when George I visited the university. He died a few months afterwards in Sir Hans Sloane's house, on 10 April 1729.
Scheutzer's only medical work, published in 1729, is ‘An Account of the Success of inoculating the Small Pox, for the years 1727–1728.’ Had he lived he proposed, in succession to Dr. James Jurin [q. v.], to continue the account in each year. He records the inoculation of 124 people, and discusses three cases in which death was said to be due to inoculation, concluding with a comparison of the comparative danger to life of acquired small-pox and of that induced by inoculation. An appendix mentions 244 cases of inoculation at Boston in New England by Dr. Zabdiel Boylston, and twenty-five in Ireland, mostly by Hannibal Hall, a surgeon, and the causes of fatal results are examined. Scheutzer published a paper in the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ on the method of measuring the heights of mountains, and translated Kaempfer's ‘History of Japan and Description of Siam’ in 1727. A medical commonplace book of his, in two volumes, contains little but notes of his reading, and, with several of his letters, is in the Sloane collection in the British Museum. The same collection contains many letters to him from his father, brother, and others. His portrait was painted by J. H. Heidegger and engraved by T. Laud.
N. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Schaw, William (1714?-1757)

​SCHAW, WILLIAM M.D. (1714?–1757), physician, born in Scotland about 1714, was educated at Edinburgh, and graduated M.D. there, 27 June 1735, reading a thesis on diseases due to mental emotion. He was a friend of Swift's physician, Dr. William Cockburn [q. v.], to whom he dedicated ‘A Dissertation on the Stone in the Bladder,’ which was published during the discussions in the House of Commons on granting money for the purchase of a solvent for stone in the bladder. A second edition appeared in 1739. The dissertation states the method of formation of such stones, the qualities which a solvent must have, and shows that the proposed solvents probably do not possess these qualities. He became a licentiate of the College of Physicians of London, 23 March 1752, and was created M.D. at Cambridge by royal mandate in 1753. He was elected a fellow of the College of Physicians, 8 April 1754. His only other work was ‘A Scheme of Lectures on the Animal Œconomy,’ also published in London in 1739. He died in 1757.
N. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Schaw, William (1550-1602)

​SCHAW, WILLIAM (1550–1602), architect, probably a younger son of Schaw of Sauchie, was born in 1550 (cf. Reg. Magni Sig. 1593–1608, No. 913). For many years he acted as ‘master of works’ in the household of James VI. On 28 Jan. 1580–1 his signature was attached to the parchment deed of the national covenant signed by James VI and his household at Holyrood (now in the Advocates' Library at Edinburgh). On 22 Dec. 1583 he became ‘maister of wark,’ with five hundred marks as ‘yeirlie feall’ or salary, succeeding Sir Robert Drummond of Carnock, and continuing in office till his death. In 1585 315l. was paid to him for work at the ‘Castell of Striviling.’ He was employed on various missions to France. In 1585 he was appointed to receive the three Danish ambassadors who came to the king respecting the latter's marriage with one of the daughters of Frederick II. In 1588 his name occurs in a list of papists whom the presbytery of Edinburgh were empowered to examine should they ‘resort to court.’ In the winter of 1589 he accompanied James to Denmark, returning on 16 March 1589–90 ‘to have all thingis in radines for his majesteis home comming’ (Marriage of James VI, 1828, pp. 15, 29, and appendix ii. 17, Bannatyne Club). On 14 March 1589–90 he was paid 1,000l., expended in ‘bigging and repairing’ Holyrood House and church; and 133l. 6s. 8d. was paid to him for dress, &c., on the marriage of the king and the queen's coronation on 17 May (ib. appendix ii. 15). In 1590 he received 400l. ‘for reparationn of the hous of Dumfermling befoir the Queenis Majesties passing thairto.’ This refers to the jointure house of Anne of Denmark, whose chamberlain Schaw became, and with whom he was a great favourite. In Moysie's ‘Memoirs of the Affairs of Scotland,’ 1755, it is stated that ‘Buccleugh was put to the horn for wounding William Schaw, master of work, and making him his second in a combat betwixt him and Sir Robert Ker.’
Schaw played a prominent part in the development of freemasonry in Scotland. On 28 Dec. 1598 he ‘sett doun’ the statutes and ordinances to be observed by all master-masons (Lawrie, Hist. of Freemasonry, 2nd edit. 1859, p. 441). As ‘general warden’ he exercised authority over the masons of Scotland. He subscribed the ‘statutes’ of 28 Dec. 1598, and those of 1599 (Gould, History of Freemasonry, 1883, ii. 382, 387–91, 426).
Schaw died on 18 April 1602, and was buried in the abbey church at Dunfermline—on which he did good work by way of restoration; he is said to have built one of the west towers. A tomb there, erected by the queen of James VI, bears his monogram and mason's mark and a long Latin eulogistic inscription by Dr. Alexander Seton. A copy is given in Monteith's ‘Theater of Mortality,’ 1704. The privy council appealed to the king as to payment of arrears of Schaw's salary to his executor, James Schaw (Melrose Papers, Abbotsford Club, 1837).
G. S-h.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Schetky, John Alexander

​SCHETKY, JOHN ALEXANDER (1785–1824), amateur painter in water-colours, son of Johann Georg Christoph Schetky, and a younger brother of John Christian Schetky [q. v.], was born in Edinburgh in 1785. He was educated for the medical profession, and in October 1804 was appointed assistant-surgeon in the 3rd dragoon guards, with which regiment he served in Portugal under Lord Beresford. In August 1812 he was promoted to the rank of surgeon on the Portuguese staff, but at the close of the Peninsular war he returned to Edinburgh, and resumed the study of drawing in the Trustees' school. During his service in Portugal he sent home some clever sketches made in the Pyrenees, one of which, ‘Celerico,’ was in 1811 in the exhibition of the Associated Painters in Watercolours, of which he had become a member. In ​1816 and 1817 he exhibited at the Society of Painters in Watercolours four views in Spain and Portugal, and in 1821 he sent to the Royal Academy an oil-painting, ‘Recollection of the Serra da Estrella, Portugal.’ He afterwards held an appointment in the General Hospital at Fort Pitt, Chatham, and while there he made many drawings for the Museum of Morbid Anatomy. In August 1823 he was promoted to be deputy inspector of hospitals on the West Coast of Africa, and accepted the post in the hope of being able during his five years' service to explore the region visited by Mungo Park. He was, however, attacked by fever while on a voyage from Sierra Leone to Cape Coast Castle, and died almost immediately after reaching there on 5 Sept. 1824. Two pictures representing actions of the Brune frigate, painted by him in conjunction with his brother John Christian Schetky, were exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1825.
R. E. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Morton, Andrew

​MORTON, ANDREW (1802–1845), portrait-painter, born at Newcastle-on-Tyne on 25 July 1802, was son of Joseph Morton, master mariner in that town, and was an elder brother of Thomas Morton (1813–1849) [q. v.], the surgeon. He came to London and studied at the Royal Academy, gaining a silver medal in 1821. He exhibited for the first time at the Royal Academy in 1821, and was a frequent exhibitor of portraits there and at the British Institution until his death. His art was entirely confined to portraiture, in which his style resembled that of Sir Thomas Lawrence. He had a large practice and numerous sitters of distinction. In the National Gallery there are portraits by him of Sir James Cockburn, bart., Marianna, lady Cockburn, and Marianna Augusta, lady Hamilton. ​In Greenwich Hospital there is a portrait William IV by him. Morton died on 1 Aug 1845.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists Graves's Dict. of Artists, 1760-1880.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Graves, James

​GRAVES, JAMES (1815–1886), archæologist, eldest son of the Rev. Richard Graves, was born in the town of Kilkenny on 11 Oct. 1815. He graduated B.A. at Trinity College, Dublin, and became a clergyman of the protestant episcopalian church in the diocese of Ossory. Through the influence of a relative, J. G. A. Prim, editor and subsequently proprietor of the ‘Kilkenny Moderator,’ Graves became interested in archælogical pursuits, the results of which he published in that journal. Some memoranda, by Graves and Prim, concerning the ancient topography of Kilkenny, were included in a volume of annals of Ireland edited by the Rev. Richard Butler (Dublin, 1849). Graves and Prim helped to establish the Kilkenny Archæological Society for the preservation, examination, and illustration of ancient monuments of Irish history, manners, customs, and arts, especially as connected with the county and city of Kilkenny. The initial meeting of this society was held in May 1849, and its first publication appeared in 1850. In 1857 Graves and Prim issued at Dublin a quarto volume on the history, architecture, and antiquities of the cathedral church of St. Canice, Kilkenny—a portion of a projected work on the history of the diocese of Ossory, which was never completed. In 1863 Graves was presented with the small living of Inisnag, about eight miles from Kilkenny. In 1869 the Kilkenny Archæological Society became the Royal Historical and Archæological Association of Ireland. Graves continued to labour assiduously in its behalf, aided by Prim, who died in 1875. Graves edited in the Rolls Series ‘A Roll ​of the Proceedings of the King's Council in Ireland for a portion of the Sixteenth Year of the Reign of Richard II, A.D. 1392–3’ (London, 1877). A government pension of 100l. was awarded him. He died at Inisnag on 20 March 1886.
J. T. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Graves, Richard (1677-1729)

​GRAVES, RICHARD, the elder (1677–1729), antiquary, born at Mickleton, Gloucestershire, on 22 April 1677, was the eldest son of Samuel Graves of Mickleton Manor, by his wife Susanna, daughter of Captain Richard Swann of the royal navy. After some schooling at Campden, Gloucestershire, under Robert Morse, and at Stratford-on-Avon, he was sent to Pembroke College, Oxford, but left without taking a degree. A devoted student of antiquities and genealogy, he lived a retired life at Mickleton. Besides amassing materials for an elaborate historical pedigree of his own family, he made large collections in illustration of the history and antiquities of the hundred of Kiftsgate, Gloucestershire, and of the several places where his estate ​lay, which he designed a little before his death to arrange in three folio volumes on the plan of Bishop Kennett's ‘Parochial Antiquities.’ He intended in particular to publish what he called a ‘History of the Vale of Evesham.’ Graves gave Thomas Hearne, his Oxford friend, several manuscripts annotated by himself and edited by Hearne. Hearne (Reliquiæ Hearnianæ, 2nd ed. iii. 31) commends his modesty, sweetness of temper, and kindness to his tenants and the poor. He died suddenly at Mickleton on 18 Sept. 1729, and was buried in the north aisle of the parish church. By his wife, Elizabeth, daughter and coheiress of Thomas Morgan, he left four sons and two daughters. His collections passed by purchase to his friend James West, P.R.S., who composed an epitaph for his monument in Mickleton Church, and after West's death in 1773 were bought by the Earl of Shelburne. One volume, a manuscript collection of notes on the history of his own family and the parish of Mickleton, which remains at Mickleton Manor, has been seriously damaged by a fire, but shows him to have been a painstaking and conscientious antiquary. Graves had also a cabinet of about five hundred coins, chiefly Greek and Roman, which were purchased after his death by another friend, Roger Gale [q. v.] His second son, the Rev. Richard Graves the younger [q. v.], is said to have sketched his father in the ‘Spiritual Quixote’ under the name of ‘Mr. Townsend.’ His portrait has been engraved by Vertue.
[Notes kindly supplied by Sidney Graves Hamilton, esq.; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ii. 467–9; Nash's Worcestershire, i. 198, 199; Reliquiæ Hearnianæ (2nd ed.), ii. 196, 200, 264, 314, iii. 31, 80.]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Peyton, Henry

​PEYTON, Sir HENRY (d. 1622?), adventurer, was son of Thomas Peyton of Bury St. Edmunds, custumer of Plymouth, by his wife Cecilia, daughter of John Bourchier, second earl of Bath. He served in the Low Countries at an early age; was knighted by the king at Royston in May 1606, and joined the household of Henry, prince of Wales. He subscribed 37l. 10s. towards the fund for colonising Virginia in ​1607. In 1613 he was promised the post of governor of Brill in Holland (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1611–18, p. 212). In 1618 he was given the command, with Sir Henry Mainwaring, of a fleet enlisted in the service of the Venetian republic. He died ‘beyond seas’ after 1622. His will, dated 11 April 1618, was proved on 20 Feb. 1623–1624. He married at Long Ditton, Surrey, on 22 Sept. 1607, Mary, widow of Andrew (d. 1601), son of Sir Richard Rogers of Brianstone, Dorset; she was fourth daughter of Edward Seymour, first duke of Somerset, the protector, by his second wife. She was buried in Westminster Abbey on 18 Jan. 1619–20.
Another Henry Peyton, born on 4 Aug. 1604, was third son of Sir John Peyton of Doddington, and grandson of Sir John Peyton [q. v.] He was educated at Merchant Taylors' school, was a royalist, and, having forgotten his own password, was killed by his own soldiers at Banbury during the civil wars.
[Brown's Genesis of the United States; Chester's Westminster Abbey Registers.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Peyton, Thomas

​PEYTON, THOMAS (1595–1626), poet, said to have been born at Royston, Cambridgeshire, in 1595, was probably a younger son of Sir John Peyton of Isleham, and brother of Sir Edward Peyton [q. v.], but his name does not figure in the genealogies. After being educated at Royston he proceeded to Cambridge, and in 1613 was admitted a student of Lincoln's Inn. Of a studious and religious temperament, he produced in London in 1620 the first part of a poem entitled ‘The Glasse of Time in the First Age, divinely handled by Thomas Peyton of Lincolnes Inne, gent.’ The volume opens with addresses in verse to King James, Prince Charles, Lord-chancellor Bacon, and the ‘Reader.’ The poem consists of 168 stanzas, of varying lengths, in heroic verse. It relates the story of man's fall, as told in the Bible. There are many classical allusions and digressions into contemporary religious topics. Peyton writes as a champion of the established church, and a warm opponent of the puritans. In 1623 he continued the work in a second volume entitled ‘The Glasse of Time in the Second Age,’ and brought the scriptural narrative to Noah's entrance into the ark. A further continuation was promised, but was never written. Some of the episodes in Peyton's poem—notably his descriptions of Paradise and of Lucifer—very faintly suggest some masterly passages on the same subject in Milton's ‘Paradise Lost,’ but the resemblances are not close enough to render it probable that Milton was acquainted with his predecessor's efforts (cf. North American Review, October 1860). Copies of Peyton's two volumes are in the British Museum. A reprint appeared at New York in 1886. Peyton died in 1626.
[Peyton's Glasse of Time, with introduction, New York, 1886.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Peverell, Thomas

​PEVERELL, THOMAS (d. 1419), bishop successively of Ossory, Llandaff, and Worcester, was a member of the Suffolk branch of the Peverell family. He was educated at Oxford, and became a Carmelite friar. In 1397 he was elected bishop of Ossory in Ireland, but was translated to Llandaff on 16 Nov. 1398 (Le Neve, Fasti Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ, ii. 248; Rymer, Fœdera, orig. ed. viii. 62, calls him bishop of Leighlin). On 23 Oct. 1399 he consented, with other magnates, to commit Richard II to safe and secret custody (Rot. Parl. iii. 426 b, 427 a). On 27 June 1406 he sealed the exemplification of the act settling the crown on the heirs male of the body of Henry IV (ib. iii. 576 a). His support was rewarded next year by his translation to the see of Worcester on 4 July 1407 (Le Neve, iii. 60). There he seems to have been active against the lollards. In 1409 he examined John Badby [q. v.], and, after convicting him of heresy in his opinions concerning transubstantiation, sent him to Thomas Arundel [q. v.], the archbishop of Canterbury. He lent considerable sums of money to Henry IV and Henry V. On 27 July 1412 Henry IV repaid him a loan of 400l. (Rymer, Fœdera, orig. ed. viii. 767), and in 1415 he lent Henry V 300l. (extracts from the Issue Roll of the Exchequer, Henry III to Henry VI, ed. Devon, pp. 402–3). He died on 1 March 1419. He was buried in the church of the Carmelites at Oxford, probably that of the ​house established near the north gates, outside the city wall, by Edward I (see Dugdale, Monasticon, vi. 1577; Le Neve, iii. 60). According to Bale he was a doctor of divinity, and the author of several theological works, none of which are known to be extant.
W. E. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Peverell, William

William Peverel in the ODNB.
​PEVERELL, WILLIAM (fl. 1155), of Nottingham, baron, was son or grandson of William Peverell. The elder Peverell is said to have been a natural son of William the Conqueror, and his mother a daughter of Ingelric, founder of the collegiate church of St. Martin's-le-Grand, London, but the sole authority is Dugdale's quotation of Robert Glover [q. v.], Somerset herald. The younger Peverell appears among the witnesses to a charter to the church of Salisbury on 8 Sept. 1131 (Round, Geoffrey de Mandeville, p. 266), and to a charter of Stephen at Oxford between 22 March and 26 April 1136 (Richard of Hexham in Chronicles of Stephen, Henry II, and Richard I, Rolls Ser. iii. 150). In 1138 he and other northern magnates bound themselves to resist David of Scotland after that king had refused to listen to proposals for peace (ib. iii. 162). In the battle of the Standard the same year William was one of the chief commanders (Henry Hunt. Rolls Ser. p. 264). He was taken prisoner at Lincoln, fighting on Stephen's side, in 1141 (Cont. of Sym. Dunelm. by John of Hexham, Rolls Ser. ii. 308). Matilda took his castle of Nottingham and entrusted it to William Paganel [see under Paganel, Ralph]; but, in 1142, during the latter's absence, Peverell's men surprised it by night and expelled all the adherents of Matilda from the town (ib. ii. 309, 311–12). In 1153 Henry of Anjou granted his lands to Ranulf, earl of Chester (d. 1153) [q. v.] (J. H. Round in English Historical Review, x. 91). Ranulf died the same year, being poisoned by Peverell, according to rumour (Gervase of Canterbury, i. 155; Robert de Monte in Chronicles of Stephen, &c., Rolls Ser. iv. 183).
In 1155, on Henry II's advance northwards, Peverell fled from Yorkshire to a monastery near Nottingham (probably Lenton); where he received the tonsure and assumed the monastic habit. But on Henry's approach to Nottinghamshire, he again fled (Gervase, i. 161). His lands were confiscated, this time on the pretext of his complicity in the death of Ranulf. The sheriff of Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire accounted for his lands to the king in 1160 and 1165–1171 (see Pipe Rolls, Pipe Roll Soc.). Peverell probably concealed himself in some monastery. He is not heard of again.
W. E. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Peyton, John Strutt

​PEYTON, Sir JOHN STRUTT (1786–1838), captain in the navy, born in London on 14 Jan. 1786, was the son of William Peyton of the navy office, grandson of Admiral Joseph Peyton (d. 1804), and great-grandson of Commodore Edward Peyton [q. v.] His father's three brothers, too, were all in the navy; one of them, John, who died a rear-admiral in 1809, was captain of the Defence in the battle of the Nile. His grandmother was a daughter of Commander John Strutt; his mother was the daughter of Commander Jacob Lobb, who died in command of the Kingfisher sloop in 1773, and was sister of Captain William Granville Lobb, afterwards a commissioner of the navy.
Peyton went first to sea in October 1797, on board the Hector, off Cadiz; was then for three years in the Emerald in the Mediterranean, and in January 1801 was appointed to the San Josef, Nelson's flagship in the Channel. With Nelson he was moved to the St. George, in which he was in the Baltic and afterwards off Cadiz and in the West Indies, for part of the time under the command of his uncle, Captain Lobb. During 1802–3 he served, in quick succession, in several frigates in the Channel or in the North Sea, and in August 1803 was sent out to the Victory, carrying Nelson's flag off Toulon. In March 1805 he was appointed acting-lieutenant of the Canópus, from which he was moved in May to the Ambuscade frigate with Captain William Durban, employed during the next two years in the Adriatic. Peyton's commission as lieutenant was dated 7 Oct. 1805. In July 1807, having been sent to destroy a vessel which ran herself ashore near Ortona, he was wounded in the right elbow by a musket-bullet; the arm had to be amputated, and he was invalided.
On 1 Dec. 1807 he was promoted to the rank of commander, and from June 1809 to February 1811 he commanded the Ephira ​brig in the North Sea, in the Walcheren expedition, and afterwards off Cadiz. He was then appointed to the Weazel in the Archipelago; and on 26 Sept. 1811 was posted to the Minstrel of 20 guns, in which, and afterwards in the Thames, he was employed on the coast of Valencia and Catalonia till near the end of the war, during which time he was repeatedly engaged with the enemies' batteries and privateers, and received the thanks of Sir Edward Pellew [q. v.], the commander-in-chief. In September 1813 the Thames returned to England and was paid off. On 25 Jan. 1836 he was nominated a K.C.H., and in June 1836 was appointed to the Madagascar of 46 guns, in which he went out to the West Indies. In the spring of 1838 he was compelled to invalid, and died in London on 20 May. He married, in 1814, a daughter of Lieutenant Woodyear, R.N., of St. Kitts, and had issue three daughters and two sons, the eldest of whom, Lumley Woodyear, died a retired commander in 1885.
[Marshall's Roy. Nav. Biogr. vi. (suppl. pt. ii.), 438; Navy Lists; James's Naval History; Service Book in the Public Record Office.]
J. K. L.