OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pax

See also Pax on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PAX (Lat. for “peace”), the name given in ecclesiastical usage to a small panel or tablet decorated usually with a representation of the Crucifixion, which in the Roman ritual was kissed at the Eucharistic service by the celebrating priest, then by the other priests and deacons, and then by the congregation. The “Pax” is also known by the names osculatorium, tabula pacis and pax-bred (i.e. “pax-board”). The use of the “pax” dates from the 13th century, and it is said to have been first introduced in England in 1250 by Archbishop Walter of York. It took the place of the actual “kiss of peace” (osculum sanctum, or osculum pacis) which was in the Roman Mass given by the bishop to the priests, and took place after the consecration and before communion. In the Greek Church the kiss (εἰρήνη, ἀσπασμός) takes place at the beginning of the service, and now consists in the celebrating priest kissing the oblation and the deacon kissing his stole (see F. E. Brightman, Liturgies Eastern and Western, 1896). Owing to disputes over questions of precedence the kissing of the pax at the service of the Mass was given up. It is still used at times of prayer by religious communities or societies. In the 15th and 16th centuries much artistic skill was lavished on the pax, and beautiful examples of enamelled paxes with chased gold and silver frames are in the British Museum. Though the Crucifixion is most usually represented, other religious subjects, such as the Virgin and Child, the Annunciation, the figures of patron saints and the like, are found. In the “Inventarie of the Plate, Jewells . . . and other Ornaments appertayning to the Cathedrall Churche of Sayncte Paule in London,” 1552, we find two paxes mentioned; one “with the ymage of the Crucifix and of Marie and John all gylte with the Sonn alsoe and the Moone, the backsyde whereof is crymosin velvet,” and another “with the ymage of our Ladie sett aboughte with x greate stones the backsyde whereof is grene velvett” (Hierurgia anglicans, pt. i., 1902).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pawn

See also Pawnbroker and Pawn (chess) on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PAWN, (1) A pledge, an object left in the charge of another, as security for the repayment of money lent, for a debt or for the performance of some obligation (see Pawnbroking). The word is an adaptation of O. Fr. pan, pledge, plunder, spoil. This has usually been identified with pan, from Lat. pannus, piece of cloth. The Teutonic words for pledge—such as Du. pand, Ger. Pfand have been also traced to the same source; on the other hand these Teutonic forms have been connected with the word which appears in O. Eng. as pending, a penny, Ger. Pfennig, but this too has been referred to pannus. (2) The smallest piece on the chessboard. This, in its early forms, poun, pown, &c., is taken from Fr. poon or paon, variants of peon, Med. Lat. pedo, pedonis, a foot soldier, from pes, foot.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pavilion

See also Pavilion on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
PAVILION, properly a tent, a late use of Lat. papilio, butterfly, from which the word is derived from the French. The term is chiefly used of a tent with a high pitched roof, a small detached building used as a summer-house, &c., and particularly for a building attached to a recreation ground for the use of players and members. In architecture the term pavilion is specifically applied to a portion of a building which projects from the sides or central part. It is a characteristic of French renaissance architecture. Where the buildings of a large institution are broken up into detached portions, as in St Thomas’s Hospital, London, the term is generally applied to such detached buildings.
For the musical instrument known as the Chinese pavilion or Jingling Johnny, see Chinese Pavilion.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pavlovo

See also Pavlovo, Pavlovsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PAVLOVO, a town of Russia, in the government of Nizhniy-Novgorod, 42 m. S.W. of the town of Nizhniy-Novgorod, on the Oka river. Pop. (1897), 12,200. It is the centre of a considerable cutlery, hardware and locksmith trade, which, carried on since the 17th century in cottages and small workshops, engages, besides Pavlovo itself, no less than 120 villages. There are also steel works and cotton, silk, soap and match factories. Pavlovo has a museum of cutlery models and a library.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pavlovo Posad

See also Pavlovsky Posad on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PAVLOVO POSAD, or Vokhna, a town of Russia, in the government of Moscow, 41 m. by rail E. of the city of Moscow, on the Klyazma river. Pop. (1897), 10,020. It is the centre of a manufacturing district, with silk, cotton and woollen mills, and dyeing and printing works.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pavlovsk

See also Pavlovsk, Saint Petersburg on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​PAVLOVSK, a town of Russia, in the government of St Petersburg 17 m. by rail S. of the city of St Petersburg. Pop. (1897), 4949. It has an imperial castle (1782–1803) standing in a beautiful park and containing a small fine art museum and gallery. In the vicinity are smaller imperial palaces and summer residences of St Petersburg families.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Theophylact

See also Theophylact of Ohrid on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​THEOPHYLACT (d. c. 1110), biblical commentator, was born most probably at Euripus, in Euboea, about the middle of the 11th century. He became a deacon at Constantinople, attained a high reputation as a scholar, and became the tutor of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, son of the Emperor Michael VII., for whom he wrote The Education of Princes (Παιδεία βασιλική). About 1078 he went into Bulgaria as archbishop of Achrida. In his letters he complains much of the rude manners of the Bulgarians, and he sought to be relieved of his office, but apparently without success. His death took place after 1107.
His commentaries on the Gospels, Acts, the Pauline epistles and the Minor Prophets are founded on those of Chrysostom, but deserve the considerable place they hold in exegetical literature for their appositeness, sobriety, accuracy and judiciousness. His other extant works include 130 letters and various homilies and orations and other minor pieces. A careful edition of nearly all his writings, in Greek and Latin, with a preliminary dissertation, was published in 1754–63 by J. F. B. M. de Rossi (4 vols. fol., Venice).
See Krumbacher, Byzantinische Litteraturgeschichte (2nd ed. 1897), pp. 132, 463.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thera

See also Santorini on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ THERA, the southernmost island of the Sporades, now called Santorin (q.v.). It was known as Thera until after the Fourth Crusade, when it became part of the duchy of the Archipelago.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Theophano

See also Theophanu on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​THEOPHANO (c. 956–991), wife of the Roman emperor Otto II., was a daughter of the Eastern emperor Romanus II., and passed her early years amid the tragic and changing fortunes which beset the court of Constantinople. Otto the Great having procured her betrothal to his son Otto II., she was married to him and crowned empress at Rome by Pope John XIII. on the 14th of April 972. In return for costly gifts brought by her to her husband, she was granted extensive estates in all parts of the empire. She appears to have been a woman of great beauty and considerable intelligence, and after the death of Otto the Great in 973 gradually superseded his widow Adelaide as the chief adviser of the new emperor, whom she accompanied on several military expeditions. She introduced many Byzantine customs into the German court. After the death of Otto in December 983 she returned to Germany, which she governed with conspicuous success in the name of her son, Otto III. In 989 she visited Rome, where she exercised as imperatrix the imperial prerogatives, and probably compelled the Romans to swear to acknowledge her son. Theophano died at Nimwegen on the 15th of June 991, and was buried in the church of St Pantaléon at Cologne.
See J. Moltmann, Theophano, die Gemahlin Ottos II. in ihrer Bedeutung für die Politik Otto: I. und Ottos II. (Göttingen, 1878).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Theorbo

See also Theorbo on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​THEORBO [Fr. théorbe, Ger. Theorba, Ital. theorba, Baritone], the large double-necked bass lute much used during the 16th and 17th centuries as general bass in the orchestra. The body of the theorbo was constructed on the same principles as that of the lute but larger, and the same scheme of decoration was followed. The neck, instead of being bent back at an angle to form the head, was straight, having sufficient pegs set in the sides of the head for from 12 to 16 strings tuned in pairs of unisons; on the fingerboards were marked 8 or more frets for semitones. Above this neck was another without frets, curving forwards and slightly to one side to enable the long bass strings, stretched not over but at the side of the neck, to escape the pegs of the shorter strings. These free strings, known as diapason strings (Ger. Begleitseiten) were plucked à vide like those of the lyre, each giving but one note; the number of these strings varied from 8 to 12.
The theorbo was made in two sizes, the ordinary instrument measuring about 3 ft. 6 in., and the Paduan, also known as archlute, about 5 ft. The chitarrone, or Roman theorbo, was the largest of all, a contrabass lute in fact, and frequently stood over 6 ft. high. It differed slightly from the theorbo; the body was a little smaller than in the Paduan variety, the whole of the extra length being in the second neck. The strings over the fingerboard were of steel or brass, and the diapason strings of spun wire.
For the history of the theorbo, see Barbiton and Lute.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wallasey

See also Wallasey on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WALLASEY, an urban district in the Wirral parliamentary division of Cheshire, England, 2 m. N.W. of Birkenhead, of which it forms a suburb. Pop. (1901) 53,579. The former marshy estuary called Wallasey Pool is occupied by the Great Float, forming an immense dock (see Birkenhead). The church of St Hilary, to which is assigned a foundation in the 10th century, was rebuilt in the 18th century, with the exception of the tower bearing the date 1536. It was gutted by fire in 1857, and the whole was again rebuilt in the Early English style. On the shore of the Irish Sea is Leasowe Castle, once known as Mock-Beggar Hall, and supposed to have been erected by the earls of Derby in the reign of Elizabeth, in order to witness the horse-races held here. Under Wallasey Pool are remains of a submerged forest, in which various animal skeletons have been found.
At the Conquest Wallasey formed part of the possessions of Robert de Rhuddlan, and on his decease became part of the fee of Halton. In the reign of Elizabeth it had a small port, to which there belonged three barques and fourteen men. In 1668 the manor was possessed by the earl of Derby, but various parts afterwards became alienated. For a considerable time the horse-races held on what was then a common had considerable reputation, but they were discontinued in 1760. At these races the duke of Monmouth, son of Charles II., once rode his own horse and won the plate.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wallace, William Vincent

See also William Vincent Wallace on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WALLACE, WILLIAM VINCENT (1814-1865), British composer, was born at Waterford, Ireland, his father, of Scottish family, being a regimental bandmaster. Vincent Wallace learnt as a boy to play several instruments, and became a leading violinist in Dublin. But in 1835 he married and went off to Australia, sheep farming. A concert in Sydney revived his musical passion; and having separated from his wife, he began a roving career, which had many romantic episodes, in Australia, the South Seas, India and South America. He returned to London in 1845 and made various appearances as a pianist; and in November of that year his opera Maritana was performed at Drury Lane with great success. This was followed by Matilda of Hungary (1847), Lurline (1860), The Amber Witch ​(1861), Love's Triumph (1862) and The Desert Flower (1863). He also published a number of compositions for the piano, &c. Vincent Wallace was a cultivated man and an accomplished musician, whose Maritana still holds the stage, and whose work as an English operatic composer, at a period by no means encouraging to English music, has a distinct historical value. Like Balfe, he was born an Irishman, and his reputation as one of the few composers known beyond the British Isles at that time is naturally coupled with Balfe's. But he was a finer artist and a more original musician. In later years he became almost blind; and he died in poor circumstances on the 12th of October 1865, leaving a widow and two children.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Waller, Lewis

See also Lewis Waller on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WALLER, LEWIS (1860-), English actor, was born in Spain, his father being a civil engineer. He first appeared on the London stage in 1883, at Toole's, and for some years added to his reputation as a capable actor in London and the provinces. He came more particularly to the front by a fine performance as Buckingham in The Three Musketeers under Mr Beerbohm Tree's management at His Majesty's in 1895, and soon afterwards organized a company of his own, first at the Haymarket and afterwards at the Shaftesbury, Imperial, Apollo and other theatres. His fine voice and vigorous acting were well suited in his memorable production of Henry V., and he had a great success with Monsieur Beaucaire and similar plays. His wife, Mrs Lewis Waller (Florence West), also became well known as a powerful and accomplished actress.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wallingford (Connecticut)

* related portals: Connecticut.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, travel guide, Wikidata item.
See also Wallingford, Connecticut on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WALLINGFORD, a township of New Haven county, Connecticut, U.S.A., S.W. of the centre of the state, in the valley of the Quinnipiac river. It contains the villages of East Wallingford, Tracy and Yalesville, and the borough of Wallingford. Pop. of the township (1900) 9001, (1910) 11,155; of the borough (1900) 6737, of whom 1796 were foreign-born and 21 were negroes, (1910) 8690. Area of the township, about 38 sq. m. The borough is 12 m. N.E. of New Haven, on a hill about 1½ m. long, and is served by the New York, New Haven & Hartford railway (which has stations also at East Wallingford and Yalesville) and by an interurban electric line connecting with Meriden and New Haven. The borough has a public library (1881), a Masonic Home, the Gaylord Farm Sanatorium of the New Haven County Anti-Tuberculosis Association, the Phelps School (for girls) and the Choate School (1896, for boys). Among the manufactures of the borough are sterling silver articles, plated and britannia ware, brass ware, rubber goods, cutlery and edge tools. The township of Wallingford was settled in 1670. At a meeting held in January 1766, in protest against the Stamp Act, it was declared, that “Whereas it appears from ancient Records and other Memorials of Incontestible Validity that our Ancestors with a great Sum Purchased said township, with great Peril possessed and Defended the Same, we are Born free (having never been in bondage to any), an inheritance of Inestimable Value,” and a penalty of 20s. was imposed upon any one who should introduce or use stamped paper or parchment. During the War of Independence patriotic sentiment here was strong and Loyalists were sometimes exiled to Wallingford, where they could have no effective influence. The borough of Wallingford was incorporated in 1853 and re-incorporated in 1868. From 1851 to 1880 there was a communistic settlement, a branch of the Oneida Community, here; its property was bought by the Masonic Order and made into the Masonic Home.
See C. H. S. Davis's History of Wallingford (Meriden, 1870).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wallace, William (Scottish philosopher)

See also William Wallace (Scottish philosopher) on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WALLACE, WILLIAM (1844–1897), Scottish philosopher, was born at Cupar-Fife on the 11th of May 1844, the son of a house-builder. Between the ages of sixteen and twenty-two he was educated at St Andrews, whence he proceeded as an exhibitioner in 1864 to Balliol College, Oxford. He took a first class in Moderations, and in Lit. Hum. (1867), was Gaisford prizeman in 1867 (Greek prose) and Craven Scholar in 1869. Three years later he was appointed fellow, and in 1871 librarian, of Merton College. In 1882 he was elected Whyte's professor of moral philosophy in succession to T. H. Green, and retained the position until his death. He died on the 18th of February 1897 from the effects of a bicycle accident near Oxford. His manner was somewhat brusque and sarcastic, and on this account, in his undergraduate days at Balliol, he was known as “ The Dorian.” But he was greatly respected both as a man and as a lecturer. His philosophical works are almost entirely devoted to German, and especially to Hegelian, doctrines, which he expounded and criticized with great clearness and literary skill. In dealing with Hegel he was, unlike many other writers, successful in expressing himself in a lucid literary manner, without artificial and incomprehensible terminology.
His principal works were The Logic of Hegel (1873), which contains a translation of the Encyklopädie with an introduction, a second edition of which, with a volume entitled Prolegomena, appeared in 1892; Epicureanism (1880); Kant (Blackwood's Philosophical Classics, 1882); Life of Arthur Schopenhauer (1890); Hegel's Philosophy of Mind (translated from the Encyklopädie, with five introductory essays); Lectures and Essays on Natural Theology and Ethics, being a selection from his papers edited with a biographical introduction by Edward Caird. He wrote several important articles for the 9th edition of the Ency. Brit., which, with some revision, have been repeated in the present work.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wallack, James William

See also James William Wallack and John Lester Wallack on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WALLACK, JAMES WILLIAM (c. 1794–1864), Anglo-American actor and manager, was born in London, his parents being actors. He made his first stage appearance at Drury Lane in 1807. After three years in Dublin he was again at Drury Lane until he went to America in 1818. He settled in New York permanently in 1852, the first Wallack's theatre being an old one renamed at the corner of Broome Street and Broadway. The second, at 13th Street and Broadway, he built himself. Wallack was an actor of the old school. Thackeray praises his Shylock, Joseph Jefferson his Don Caesar de Bazan. He married the daughter (d. 1851) of John Henry Johnstone (1740–1828), a popular tenor and stage Irishman. Their son, John Lester Wallack (1820–1888), was born in New York on the 1st of January 1820. At one time in the English army, then on the Dublin and London stage, he made his first stage appearance in New York in 1847 under the name of John Lester as Sir Charles Coldstream, in Boucicault's adaptation of Used Up. He was manager, using the name Wallack, of the second Wallack's theatre from 1861, and in 1882 he opened the third at 30th Street and Broadway. His greatest successes were as Charles Surface, as Benedick, and especially as Elliot Grey in his own play Rosedale, and similar light comedy and romantic parts, for which his fascinating manners and handsome person well fitted him. He married a sister (d. 1909) of Sir John Millais. He wrote his own Memories of Fifty Years.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wallaroo

See also Wallaroo, South Australia on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​WALLAROO, a seaport of Daly county, South Australia, situated in Wallaroo Bay, on the Spencer Gulf, 123 m. by rail N.W. by N. of Adelaide. It is connected by rail with the celebrated Wallaroo copper mines (near Kadina, at a distance of 6 m. from the port). At Wallaroo Bay are the largest smelting works in the state, ranking among the largest in the world. Gold, silver and concentrated ores are received from other parts of the continent and from Tasmania for smelting at these works, which have ample facilities for shipment. Population of town (1901) 2920; of town and mines, 4866.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tiraboschi, Girolamo

See also Girolamo Tiraboschi on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TIRABOSCHI, GIROLAMO (1731–1794), the first historian of Italian literature, was born at Bergamo on the 18th of December 1731. He studied at the Jesuit college at Monza, entered the order, and was appointed in 1755 professor of eloquence in the university of Milan. Here he produced (1766–1768) Vetera humiliatorum monumenta (3 vols.), a history of the extinct order of the Humiliati, which made his literary reputation. Nominated in 1770 librarian to Francis III., duke of Modena, he turned to account the copious materials there accumulated for the composition of his Storia della letteratura italiana. This vast work, in which Italian literature from the time of the Etruscans to the end of the 17th century is traced in detail, occupied eleven years, 1771–1782, and the thirteen quarto volumes embodying it appeared successively at Modena during that period. A second enlarged edition (16 vols.) was issued from 1787 to 1794, and was succeeded by many others, besides abridgments in German, French and English. Tiraboschi died at Modena on the 3rd of June 1794, leaving a high reputation for virtue, learning and piety.
Tiraboschi wrote besides Biblioteca modenese (6 vols., 1781–1786); Notizie de' pittori, scuttori, incisori, ed archiletti modenesi (1786; Memorie storiche modenesi (5 vols., 1793–1794), and many minor works. He edited the Nuovo giornale dei letterati d’Italia (1773–1790), and left materials for a work of great research entitled Dizionario topografico-storico degli stati estensi (2 vols. 4to, Modena, 1824–1825).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tirana

See also Tirana on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TIRANA, a town of Albania, European Turkey, in the vilayet of Scutari; 20 m. E. by N. of Durazzo, at the southern extremity of the plain of Kroīa. Pop. (1905) about 12,000. Tirana is beautifully situated on the border of the richly wooded highlands inhabited by the Mirdite Albanians. It is a picturesque town with a large bazaar and many mosques, gardens and olive groves. It was founded early in the 17th century and was long the see of a Greek bishop, although the majority of its inhabitants have always been Moslems. Kroīa, the ancient stronghold of Scanderbeg (q.v.), is 14 m. north.