OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New York Times/1907/03/26/Wireless on Railroads

March 26th, 1907, p. 8
WIRELESS ON RAILROADS
Nikola Tesla Says It Is Perfectly Practical and Will Soon Be In Use.
To the Editor of The New York Times:
No argument is needed to show that the railroads offer opportunities for advantageous use of a practical wireless system. Without question, its widest field of application is the conveyance to the trains of such general information as is indispensable for keeping the traveler in touch with the world. In the near future a telegraphic printer of news, a stock ticker, a telephone, and other kindred appliances will form parts of the regular wireless equipment of a railroad train. Success in this sphere is all the more certain, as the new is not antagonistic, but, on the contrary, very helpful to the old. The technical difficulties are minimized by the employment of a transmitter the effectiveness of which is unimpaired by distance.
In view of the great losses of life and property, improved safety devices on the cars are urgently needed. But upon careful investigation it will be found that the outlook in this direction is not very promising for the wireless art. In the first place the railroads are rapidly changing to electric motive power, and in all such cases the lines become available for the operation of all sorts of signaling apparatus, of which the telephone is by far the most important. This valuable improvement is due to Prof. J. Paley, who introduced it in Germany eight years ago. By enabling the engineer or conductor of any train to call up any other train or station along the track and obtain full and unmistakable information, the liability of collisions and other accidents will be greatly reduced. Public opinion should compel the immediate adoption of this invention.
Those roads which do not contemplate this transformation might avail themselves of wireless transmission for similar purposes, but inasmuch as every train will require in addition to a complete outfit an expert operator, many roads may prefer to use a wire, unless a wireless telephone can be offered to them.
Nikola Tesla New York, March 25, 1907
# The New York Times/1907/02/24

See the scan index for this issue.
Articles
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# The New International Encyclopædia/Gärtner, Heinrich

Edition of 1906. See also Heinrich Gärtner (painter) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GÄRTNER, Heinrich (1828—). A German landscape painter, born at Neustrelitz. He was a pupil of F. W. Schirmer in Berlin, and of Ludwig Richter in Dresden, whence he went to Rome to study the old masters, and there was also much influenced by Cornelius. He became favorably known after his return to Germany, through several decorative cycles, executed in private houses and villas, and was commissioned to paint some of the mural decorations in the new Court Theatre at Dresden, and after that the encaustic paintings in the Hall of Sculptures in the Leipzig Museum (1879). Three great landscape compositions by him (1883-85) adorn the staircase of the Agricultural Museum in Berlin. Of his oil paintings there is a “Landscape with the Return of the Prodigal Son” in the Leipzig Museum, and one with “Adam, Eve, Cain, and Abel” in the Dresden Gallery.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gärtner, Joseph

Edition of 1906. See also Joseph Gaertner on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GÄRTNER, Joseph (1732-91). A German botanist. He was born at Kalw (Württemberg), studied at Tübingen and Göttingen, and after extensive travel was, in 1761, appointed professor of anatomy at the former university. From 1768 to 1770 he was professor of natural history and director of the botanical garden and the natural history collection at the University of Saint Petersburg. His most important work is De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum (1788-91), which, by its minutely accurate descriptions, comprising a thousand and more species, introduced a new era in plant morphology. The scientific value of the book was much increased by the addition of 180 copper-plate engravings.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Géricault, Jean-Louis André Théodore

Edition of 1906. See also Théodore Géricault on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GÉRICAULT, zhắ'rḗ'kṓ', Jean-Louis André Théodore (1791-1824). A French painter, the leader of the Romantic School in its revolt against the tyranny of Classicism of David. His temperament was too vivid and sympathetic to tolerate the formal and conventional. The realities of his time appealed to him too intensely to permit his mind to rest upon the unrealities of the Classical School. As a realist, however, the scope of Géricault is limited.
Géricault was born at Rouen September 26, 1791. The family moved to Paris soon afterwards, and the boy entered the Lyceum
Louis-le-Grand. He left this school in 1808. He first entered the atelier of Carle Vernet (q.v.), and in 1810 he went over to the atelier of Guérin, but there was never any artistic sympathy between master and pupil. Much of his time was spent in Versailles, where he found the stables of the palace open to him, and where he gained his knowledge of the anatomy and action of horses.
At the Salon of 1812 Géricault exhibited one of the best known of his pictures, “A Cavalry Officer on Horseback.” His “Wounded Cuirassier” was exhibited in the Salon of 1814, but was not especially successful. Géricault in a fit of disappointment entered the army and served for a time in the garrison of Versailles. In 1816 he went to Italy, and, after a month in Florence, settled in Rome for two years. The work of the Italian masters affected him powerfully, that of Michelangelo appealing especially to his temperament. The productions of this period are perhaps the most vigorous of his entire career. They are mainly in the form of drawings, of which many have been preserved. The finest of these are a series of studies for a picture which he intended to paint of the horse-race in the Corso during Carnival. The painting called the “Raft of Medusa,” now in the Louvre, has come to be deemed one of the most powerful productions of the French School. At the exhibition of 1819, however, it was placed too high, and was received very coldly. Géricault carried the picture to England, where he exhibited it at a shilling admission, realizing 17,000 francs. During his stay in England Géricault associated much with Charlet, the lithographer and caricaturist. There are many of his powerful plates in collections throughout Europe. Géricault modeled frequently. Some bronzes and wax sketches by him are in existence, the finest of them being an anatomical study of a horse.
Soon after his return to Paris in 1822 Géricault was injured by a fall from a horse, and spent the rest of his life in extreme distress. He died in Paris January 26, 1824. Consult: Clément, Géricault: Etude biographique et critique (Paris, 1868); Brownell, French Art Classic and Contemporary (New York, 1901).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Götterdämmerung (Ragnarök)

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
GÖTTERDÄMMERUNG. See Ragnarök.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Gärtner, Friedrich von

Edition of 1906. See also Friedrich von Gärtner on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GÄRTNER, gĕrt'nẽr, Friedrich von (1792-1847). A distinguished German architect, born at Coblenz. His father, also an architect, removed in 1804 to Munich, where young Gärtner received his first education in architecture. To complete that education, he went in 1812 to Paris, where he studied under Percier, and in 1814 to Italy, where he spent four years in the earnest study of antiquities. The fruits of this labor appeared in 1819 in some views accompanied by descriptions of the principal monuments of Sicily (Ansichten der am meisten erhaltenen Monumente Siciliens). After a visit to England he was called, in 1820, to the chair of architecture in the Academy of Munich. With this appointment began his work as a practical architect. Many of the architectural masterpieces of Munich, and various other buildings throughout Germany, as well as the new royal palace at Athens (1836), are built after his plans. Among his Munich buildings are the Ludwigskirche, the Feldherrn-Halle, the Library, University, and the Wittelsbacher Palace (1831-44). In the style of his works, which have all a common impress, Gärtner represents the Renaissance
of mediæval architecture in its Romanesque form. It was thus peculiarly appropriate that he should have charge of the restoration of the mediæval cathedrals of Speier, Regensburg, and Bamberg. Gärtner became head Government surveyor of buildings and director of the Academy of Arts in Munich.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Görup-Besanez, Eugen

Edition of 1905. See also Eugen Freiherr von Gorup-Besanez on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer. The last name should be Gorup-Besanez (no diaresis), and zoöchemischen should be zoochemischen.
GÖRUP-BESANEZ, gō'rōōp bắ-zä'nĕts, Baron Eugen (1817-1878). A German chemist, born at Gratz, and educated in that city and at Vienna, Padua, Munich, and Göttingen. He was appointed professor of chemistry at Erlangen in 1849. His researches on zoöchemical analysis are important: and his work entitled Anleitung zur qualitativen und quantitativen zoöchemischen Analyse (3d ed. 1871) is very valuable. His principal publication is the Lehrbuch der Chemie (vol. i., 7th ed. 1885; vol. ii., 6th ed. 1881; vol. iii., 4th ed. 1878), which has been translated into French and several other languages.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Göttingen

Edition of 1905. See also Göttingen on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GÖTTINGEN, gẽ'tĭng-en. An old town of the Prussian Province of Hanover, situated on the Leine, 36 miles north by rail east of Cassel (Map: Prussia, C 3). With the exception of the fourteenth-century Rathaus, containing frescoes by Schaper, the modern theatre, and the famous Göttingen University (q.v.), the town has no buildings worthy of mention. Of its many educational institutions, the most noteworthy, aside from the university, are the gymnasium, founded at the end of the sixteenth century, the pedagogical seminary, and the municipal museum of
antiquities. The Aula has a picture collection with some good examples of the early Dutch and German schools. Göttingen is provided with a good water-supply. The chief manufactures are cloth, leather, scientific instruments, tobacco, and famous Bologna sausages. The Blumenbach collection of skulls is in Göttingen. Population, in 1890, 23,689; in 1900, 30,234, chiefly Protestants.
The town is first mentioned in the tenth century. It was given municipal rights by Otho IV. at the beginning of the thirteenth century, and in 1261 became the residence of the Princes of Brunswick-Lüneburg. It was a prominent member of the Hanseatic League, and famous for its cloth goods. Its prosperity was interrupted by the Thirty Years' War, when it fell twice into the hands of the Swedes. The establishment of the university gave Göttingen new importance, and at the close of the eighteenth century it was a flourishing literary centre.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Göckingk, Leopold Friedrich Günther von

Edition of 1906. See also Leopold Friedrich Günther von Goeckingk on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GÖCKINGK, gẽ'kĭṉk (also spelled Goekingk and Gökingk), Leopold Friedrich Günther von (1748-1828). A German poet. He was born at Gröningen, and was educated at Halle. After occupying various official positions under the Government at Magdeburg, Wernigerode, and Berlin, and acting for several years as privy councilor to the Prince of Orange-Fulda, he in 1826 removed to Berlin, and subsequently to Wartenberg, Silesia. His Lieder zweier Liebenden (3d ed. 1819) won for him great popularity in Germany toward the close of the eighteenth century. His Gedichte (rev. ed. 1821) contain the excellent Episteln and Sinngedichte (separately published, 2d ed. 1778). The latter are occasionally characterized by a vein of modern political satire.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Götterdämmerung

Edition of 1905. See also Götterdämmerung on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
GÖTTERDÄMMERUNG, gẽt'ẽr-dĕm'ẽr-ụng (Ger., Twilight of the Gods). The last of the
four divisions of Wagner's music drama, Der Ring des Nibelungen. It was first produced on August 17, 1876, at Bayreuth. See Ring of the Nibelungen.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Meadow

Edition of 1905. See also Meadow on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MEADOW (AS. mæd, OFries. mede, meadow, OHG. mata-screch, grasshopper, Ger. Matte, meadow; probably connected with OHG. mæn, Ger. mähen, AS. māwan. Eng. mow, Lat. metere, Gk. ἀμᾶν, aman, to reap. Olr. meithel, party of reapers). A tract of low, level land, especially upon the margin of a stream, in which the dominant plant forms are grasses. Prairies (q.v.) may be considered as extensive meadows. Some writers hold that meadows are the product of artificial conditions; others that they are natural formations. It seems scarcely to be doubted that alpine meadows are natural, either because trees fail to obtain a foothold on account of snow-slides or because the snow remains long in such situations, and grasses take possession during the short summer if there is sufficient soil moisture. Along streams, meadows are probably due to continued grazing or mowing, because tree vegetation may be kept down by such agencies. On the other hand, they are extremely unfavorable for the development of trees, which might fail to develop even in a region specially favorable to tree growth, since seeds would germinate with difficulty. Hence a meadow may perpetuate itself naturally, even though originally artificial. Besides the grasses, other plants are found in meadows, among which are many species of vernal herbs, which mature before mowing time arrives. Some botanists, as Wettstein, believe that plants have acquired certain habits which adapt them to life in meadows that are annually mowed.
From an agricultural standpoint a meadow is either a lowland or an upland field upon which hay or pasture grasses grow from self-sown or hand-sown seed. They are also permanent or temporary as well as natural and artificial. When the grasses are fed down by stock, meadows are called pastures. For artificial meadows the soil is plowed deeply and brought to the very best condition before the seed is sown. A rich, clean soil of fine tilth adds greatly to the weight of the crop. Frequently grass seed is sown with small grain as a nurse crop, but the practice is not always successful, since the faster growing cereal deprives the young grasses of light, and they consequently fail. The best method is to sow the grass seed broadcast without a nurse crop. Timothy, red-top, fescue-grass, orchard-grass, oat-grass, rye-grass, blue grass, bent-grass, and many other grasses are very commonly grown either as mixtures or alone, Timothy is often grown as a single crop. Clover is frequently added to a grass mixture. When a mixture is grown for hay, grasses which bloom about the same time are selected, but when used for pasture species that ripen at different times are preferred. Mowing machines and other implements have quite revolutionized haymaking within the last fifty years, and have enabled the farmer to make use of more extensive meadows than when all the work was done by hand. See also Hay and Pasture.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Medill, Joseph

Edition of 1905. See also Joseph Medill on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MEDILL', Joseph (1823-99). An American journalist. He was born in New Brunswick, Canada, but at the age of eight removed with his parents to Massillon, Ohio. He studied law at Clinton, and was admitted to the bar in 1846, but in 1849 entered journalism, and took charge of the Coshocton Republican, a Free-Soil paper. Two years later he established the Cleveland Forest City, a Whig organ, but in 1852 united it with the Free Democrat, the new paper being called the Leader. A little later he left the Whig Party, and in 1854 was an organizer of the Republican Party in Ohio. In 1856, with two partners, he bought the Chicago Tribune. In 1870 he helped frame a new State constitution for Illinois; in 1871 was appointed a member of the first Civil Service Commission, and in 1872 was elected Mayor of Chicago. In 1874 he became chief proprietor and editor-in-chief of the Tribune, and he continued in that position until his death.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Maître d'Armes

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ MAÎTRE D'ARMES, mā̇′tr’ därm (Fr., master of arms). A fencing master. In the French Army a maître d’armes is assigned to each regiment. See Fencing.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Medina (New York)

Edition of 1905. See also Medina, New York on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MEDI'NA. A village in Orleans County, N. Y., 41 miles west of Rochester and equally distant to the northeast from Buffalo; on Oak Orchard Creek, the Erie Canal, and the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad (Map: New York, B 2). It is in a fertile agricultural region and derives good water power from the creek, where a storage dam is being (1902) constructed, designed to yield 2000 horse-power, which will be utilized to generate electricity for industrial purposes. There are valuable sandstone quarries, foundries, iron works, pump works, flouring mills, and manufactories of furniture, shoes, shirts, vinegar, cigars, and extracts. Medina Falls are visited for their scenic interest. Settled about 1830, Medina was incorporated in 1832. The present government is administered under a charter of 1874, which, as subsequently amended, provides for a president, annually elected, and a board of trustees who act with the executive in electing subordinate officials. Population, in 1890, 4492; in 1900, 4716.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Maître de Forges, Le

Edition of 1905. See also Georges Ohnet on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ MAÎTRE DE FORGES, de fôrzh, Le (The Iron-Founder). A romance, by Georges Ohnet (1882). The heroine, Claire de Beaulieu, loves her cousin, who marries another when Claire’s fortune is suddenly lost without her knowledge. In pique she marries Derblay, but makes no effort to conceal her repugnance for him. He endures the false situation until his duel with his wife’s cousin reveals the delicacy of his conduct and earns her love. This mediocre romance had a phenomenal success in many translations as well as in the original. It was dramatized by the author and presented at the Gymnase in 1883.
# The New International Encyclopædia/McKinley, Mount

Edition of 1905. See also Mount McKinley on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
McKINLEY, Mount (called by the Russians Bolshaya, and by the Shushitna Indians Traleyka). The highest peak of North America. It is situated in South Central Alaska between the sources of the Kuskokwim and the Shushitna rivers, 150 miles north of the head of Cook Inlet (Map: Alaska, E 3). It is covered with snow and surrounded by glaciers, and towers from the rough and saw-toothed ridge of the Alaska Mountains to the height of 20,464 feet above the sea.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Paris, Count de

See also Prince Philippe, Count of Paris on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Paris, Count de (Louis Philippe Albert d'Orléans), a descendant of the French Bourbons, son of the Duc d'Orléans, grandson of King Louis Philippe and claimant to the throne of France. He was born at Paris, Aug. 24, 1838; educated in England; and acquired considerable military experience during the Civil War in America as a member of the staff of Gen. George B. McClellan. He married in 1864 his cousin, the daughter of the Duc de Montpensier, by whom he had six children. He was admitted to the National Assembly in 1871, at the close of the Franco-Prussian War; and that body voted the restitution of the property of his family. In 1873 he acknowledged the Comte de Chambord as the representative of the royal house of France, but on the death of that person in 1883 he united in himself the claims of both branches of the Bourbon claimants and was forced to leave France in 1886 by reason of the expulsion act. After this he lived in England in retirement until his son tried in 1890 to enlist in the French army in violation of the law of exile. This being detected, some excitement was caused by the apparent revival of his claims. His printed works are two: one the History of the Civil War in America and the other the Condition of the English Workman. He died at Stowe House, Buckinghamshire, England, Sept. 8, 1894.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Parker, Col. Sir Gilbert, M. P.

See also Sir Gilbert Parker, 1st Baronet on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Par′ker, Col. Sir Gilbert, M. P., Anglo-Canadian novelist and since 1900 English member of Parliament, was born in Canada, Nov. 23, 1862, and educated at Trinity University, Toronto, from which he holds the degree of D. C. L. He was trained to journalism in Australia, whither he proceeded in 1886 when in indifferent health, and there first began his literary and powerful dramatic work. This consisted of an adaptation of Goethe's Faust for the stage, a drama entitled The Vendetta and a book of travel—Around the Compass in Australia. Removing to England, he there entered on an active and successful literary career in writing stories and novels of French Canada and the Canadian Northwest and doing for the romantic side of Canadian life what Kipling has done for England. His subsequent work deals with life in Egypt and the Channel Islands. Sir Gilbert is an ardent Imperialist. His novels include Pierre and his People, Mrs. Falchion, The Trespasser, When Valmond Came to Pontiac, The Seats of the Mighty, which has also been dramatized, The Pomp of the Lavilattes, The Battle of the Strong, The Right of Way, The Trail of the Sword, The Translation of a Savage, Donovan Pasha, A Ladder of Swords, a play, The Wedding Day, and a History of Old Quebec. His latest novel, The Weavers, appeared in 1907, and is a romance of England and Egypt.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Paris, Tex.

See also Paris, Texas on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Paris, Tex., a city, county-seat of Lamar County, having the service of four railroads. The county court-house is a magnificent building, and the government court-house and postoffice are also noteworthy. The leading industries are cottonseed-oil mills, a cotton oil refinery, flour mills, an iron foundry, candy, mattress and broom factories and woodworking establishments. Paris has an exceptionally fine public school system, its high school being affiliated with the University of Texas. It has several churches, all modern improvements and a population of 11,269.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Panama

See also Panama on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Panama (păn′ȧ-mä′). A small republic comprising the narrowest part of Central America, between Costa Rica and Colombia. It formerly belonged to Colombia, but seceded in November, 1903. It is 35 miles wide, and has an area of 31,571 square miles. The population is 400,000. The isthmus is traversed by a range of mountains running between the Atlantic and the Pacific, and many streams, some of considerable size, notably the Tuira (160 miles), flow into both oceans. The trading ports are Aspinwall (or Colon) and Panama, and the exports are hides, tallow, indigo, caoutchouc, coffee, vanilla, gold-dust and tortoise shell. A railway crosses the isthmus from Colon to Pamama. The capital is Panama (population 35,500).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Pandora

See also Pandora on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Pandora (pan-do′ra), according to the Greek legend, was the first woman on earth. When Prometheus stole the fire from heaven, Zeus caused a woman to be made to bring trouble to man, and sent her to Prometheus' brother, Epimetheus. A later story relates that Pandora possessed a box in which were all men's ills and troubles, which escaped on the box being opened. Still another story has it that the box contained all blessings, and Pandora, on opening it, allowed all to escape but hope.