OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# American Pocket Library of Useful Knowledge/Alphabet for the Deaf and Dumb

DACTYLOLOGY, (Finger Talking,) OR ALPHABET FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB.
This Alphabet explains itself. Half an hour is sufficient to acquire a knowledge of it, and short practice will give ease and rapidity. It may be made a means of amusement, and occasionally of real service; while to none can it be without interest. The first attempt at instructing the Deaf and Dumb was made by a Spanish monk, who died in 1584. More has been done for them in the United States than in any other country.
Note.–J and Z are figured in the air; J with the little finger, and Z with the fore finger. Significant gestures often express whole sentences, and by means of the Manual Alphabet all the words and phrases of conversation can be expressed. The words should be separated, either by a slight pause, or a horizontal motion of the hand from right to left, or a snap of the fingers.
# American Pocket Library of Useful Knowledge/Canals

CANALS
New York was the pioneer in the introduction of this species of improvement. The Erie Canal, commenced in 1817 and finished in 1825; since when the canals in this Slate alone have been extended to 950 miles at an expense of 20,000,000; upon which the tolls collected from 1829 to 1836, amounted to 9,983,637 dollars.
TABLE,
SHOWING THE COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES OF CANALS AND RAIL-ROADS.
| Speed per hour. | Daily duration of labour. | Daily dist. trav. by a h’se drawing 112 lbs. | Load for 1 horse on a canal. | Load for 1 horse on a rail-road. | Horses to draw on canal the load of one horse on a rail-road. |
| ms. | h. m. | miles. | tons. | tons. | horses. |
| 31/2 | 5 42 | 20 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 1 |
| 4 | 5 | 20 | 7.5 | 9.75 | 1.3 |
| 5 | 4 | 20 | 4.8 | 9.64 | 2.08 |
| 6 | 3 20 | 20 | 3.33 | 9.53 | 2.86 |
| 7 | 2 51 | 20 | 2.43 | 9.42 | 3.87 |
| 8 | 2 30 | 20 | 1.87 | 9.31 | 5.31 |
| 9 | 2 13 | 20 | 1.48 | 9.22 | 6.2 |
| 10 | 2 | 20 | 1.2 | 9.68 | 7.2 |
| 11 | 1.48 | 20 | 1 | 9 | 9 |
The splendid lines of artificial navigation in the United Stales, exceeding 4000 miles in extent, have created internal trade, promoted agriculture and business generally to an immense extent.
PRINCIPAL CANALS, Finished or in progress in the United States.
In Maine, Cumberland and Oxford, 20. In Massachusetts, Middlesex, 27. Blackstone, 45. Farmington, 78. New York, Delaware, Hudson, &c., 82. Erie, 363. Champlain, 63. Black River, 76. Oswego, 38. Chenango, 96. Cayuga, 20. Chemung, 23. Morris, 101. New Jersey, Delaware and Raritan, 43. Pennsylvania, Delaware Canal, 60. Lehigh, 66. Schuylkill, 108. Little Schuylkill, 20. Pennsylvania, 312. Susquehanna, 39. Western Branch, 66. Northern Branch, 76. Beaver, 30. French Creek, 46. Pennsylvania and Ohio. 82. Sandy and Beaver, 73. Delaware and Maryland, Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, 14. Maryland, Chesapeake and Ohio, 186. Virginia and North Carolina, Dismal Swamp, 23. Virginia, James’ River, 150. South Carolina, Santee, 22. Georgia, Savannah and Alatamaha, 60. Brunswick, 12. Alabama, Muscle Shoals, 37. Louisiana, Lafourche, 85. Ohio, Miami, 265. Ohio and Erie, 306. Wabash and Erie, 110. Indiana, White Water, 76. Illinois and Chicago, 96.
# American Paper Goods Company v. United States/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
302 U.S. 737
American Paper Goods Company v. United States
For opinion below, see 19 F.Supp. 537.
Petition for writ of certiorari to the Court of Claims denied.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# American Pocket Library of Useful Knowledge

AMERICAN POCKET LIBRARY
THE
AMERICAN
POCKET LIBRARY
OF
USEFUL KNOWLEDGE.
COMPILED BY THOMAS C. CLARKE, PHILADELPHIA.
SECOND EDITION.
GRIFFITH & SIMON,
No. 188, North Third St. and No. 384, North Second St.
PHILADELPHIA.
George Washington.
John Adams.
THE
AMERICAN
POCKET LIBRARY
National Gallery and Patent Office at Washington.–Principal Hall 273 feet long, 63 feet wide, and 30 feet high.
OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE.
COMPILED BY THOMAS C. CLARKE, PHILADELPHIA.
Price 50 Cents.
Thomas Jefferson.
James Monroe.
1841.
Engravings by T. H. Mumford.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1841, by Thomas C. Clarke, in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
Stereotyped by J. Fagan, 19 St. James Street.
​The small type used gives matter equal to five hundred pages of letter paper manuscript, while larger type would greatly increase the size and price. The reading is less trying to the eyes than most newspapers are, while the One Thousand receipts of useful knowledge are preserved in a neat and convenient form.
James Madison.
John Quincy Adams.
AMERICAN POCKET LIBRARY
OF
USEFUL KNOWLEDGE;
CONTAINING
William Henry Harrison.
| Agriculture. | U. S. |
| Flowers. | Constitution. |
| Birds. | Phrenology. |
| Health. | Canals and |
| Law. | Rail-Roads |
| Education. | Dentistry. |
| Silk and Sugar | Religion. |
| Culture. | Army.–Navy. |
| Temrperance. | Cookery. |
| Statistics. | &c., &c., &c. |
WITH UPWARDS OF 1000 VALUABLE RECEIPTS.
Andrew Jackson.
Martin Van Buren.
# American Pocket Library of Useful Knowledge/Cloth Measure

CLOTH MEASURE.
No. of each equal to 100 English yards. :
| Amsterdam | Ell | 27.07 | 132.988 |
| Batavia | Ell | 27.00 | 133.333 |
| Bengal | Cubit | 18.00 | 200.000 |
| Bremen | Ell | 22.76 | 158.172 |
| China | Covid | 14.62 | 246.238 |
| Constantinople | Long Pic | 27.90 | 129.032 |
| Copenhagen | Ell | 24.71 | 145.690 |
| England | Yard | 36.00 | 100.000 |
| England„ | Ell | 45.00 | 080.000 |
| Florence | Braccio | 22.98 | 156.657 |
| France | Aune | 46.85 | 076.841 |
| France„ | Metre | 39.37 | 091.445 |
| Hamburg | Ell | 22.58 | 159.433 |
| Leghorn | Braccio | 23.98 | 156.657 |
| Malta | Cauna | 81.90 | 043.956 |
| Naples | Cauna | 83.00 | 043.273 |
| Netherlands | Ell | 39.37 | 091.440 |
| Prussia | Ell | 26.25 | 137.142 |
| Rio de Janeiro | Vara | 43.50 | 082.758 |
| Rotterdam | Ell | 27.20 | 132.352 |
| Russia | Arsheen | 28.00 | 128.571 |
| Smyrna | Pic | 27.00 | 133.333 |
| Spain | Vara | 33.38 | 107.849 |
| Sweden | Ell | 23.36 | 154.109 |
| Venice | Silk Braccio | 24.81 | 145.102 |
| Vienna | Silk Ell | 30.66 | 117.416 |
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Herndon, William Lewis

Edition of 1892.
​HERNDON, William Lewis, naval officer, b. in Fredericksburg, Va., 25 Oct., 1813; lost at sea, 12 Sept., 1857. He entered the navy as midshipman in 1828, and was promoted passed midshipman in 1834 and lieutenant in 1841. He served on various cruising-stations and was actively employed during the Mexican war. After three years of duty at the naval observatory he was sent to the south Pacific station, where in 1851 he received orders detaching him from his ship, and directing him to explore the valley of the Amazon to ascertain its commercial resources and capabilities. He started from Lima, and crossed the Cordilleras in company with Lieut. Lardner Gibbon, who separated from him to explore the Bolivian tributaries, while Herndon followed the main trunk of the Amazon to its mouth, returning to the United States in 1852. The report of this expedition was published by the government in two volumes, of which Herndon wrote vol. i., “Explorations of the Valley of the River Amazon” (Washington, 1853). This work was extensively circulated, and is still cited in works on ethnology and natural history. In 1855 he was made commander. He took service in the line of mail-steamers plying between New York and the Isthmus of Panama. On Tuesday. 8 Sept., 1857, he left Havana in command of the “Central America” (an old steamer, formerly named the “George Law”), carrying a large number of passengers returning from California and gold amounting to $2,000,000. The ship encountered a cyclone in the edge of the Gulf stream, and her lack of water-tight bulkheads and general unseaworthiness allowed water to extinguish the fires, so that steam could not be used to keep the ship under control or to pump her out after Friday noon. The next day a small brig was signalled to stand by, and all the women and children were transferred to her in the three remaining boats. Herndon kept the boats from being overloaded, and preserved order on board to the last. He sent his watch to his wife, saying that he could not leave the ship while there was a soul on board. He took his station on the paddle-box when the ship was seen to be sinking, and made signals for assistance. At 8 P. M. the steamer went down. Some of those who remained on deck were picked up by passing vessels, after clinging to spars, but Herndon and 426 others were lost. His devotion to duty excited general admiration, and led his brother officers to erect a fine monument to his memory at the naval academy in Annapolis. A daughter of Commander Herndon became the wife of Chester A. Arthur, who was afterward president of the United States.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Hermstaedt, Nicholas Piet

This is a fictitious person. The title of the alleged literary work from 1677 has been copied from a legitimate volume of that name published at Rome in 1676, which was a revision of an earlier work that does not feature the subject's name in its index. While the French commander Villegangion did fight in Brazil in 1558, his forces did not reach the bay of Rio De Janiero, and were defeated by the forces of Estácio de Sá, a nephew of Mem de Sá (who is mentioned in the entry), the Governor-General of Brazil (not "Governor of Rio De Janeiro"), on 15-16 March of that year: Mem de Sá's name is also misspelled. Esperito Santo is also mentioned as a province, but this status was not granted until 1815, i.e. 226 years after the subject's date of death. There is also no record of the villages or the city the subject founded, or the river mentioned (the supposed city is based on its north bank).
​HERMSTAEDT, Nicholas Piet, Dutch missionary, b. in Haarlem, Holland, in 1521; d. in Para, Brazil, in 1589. He was a Jesuit, went to Brazil in 1545, and prepared himself for missionary work among the Indians, meanwhile teaching in the college in Bahia. He was attached in 1551 to the mission of Pirahguinga, and distinguished himself by his energy and his success with the Indians, who surnamed him Abare bébé (“the flying father”). He organized the Mamaluco half-breeds in a colony, which he named San Antonio, six miles from Pirahguinga, built a college, and trained some Mamalucos as assistants to the missionaries. His popularity with Indians increased as he learned the Tupi, a dialect of the Guarani language, which he spoke afterward more fluently than either Spanish or Dutch. At the invitation of Meen de Saa', governor of Rio de Janeiro, he formed a battalion of Mamalucos, and marched, in 1558, against Ville-gaignon and his French forces, who occupied an island at the entrance of the bay of Rio de Janeiro. But the Tupinambos and Tomayos, allies of the French, invaded the Mamaluco territory, and Hermstaedt, returning for their protection, waged against the hostile Indians a bloody war, which lasted four years, 1558-'62, and was terminated by the treaty of Upabeba, in which the invaders agreed to leave the country. In 1574 Hermstaedt was appointed visitor to the missions between the rivers Plate and Amazon. He built several colleges in Pernambuco and Rio de Janeiro, civilized and organized the Aymaros, forming the villages of the Papanaces in the province of Espiritu-Santo, and founded the city of Rerigtibo on the north bank of the Cabapuana. Hermstaedt is the author of “Arte da Grammatica mais usada na Costa do Brasil” (Lisbon, 1611). His “Drama ad extirpanda Brasiliæ vitia,” “Annales ecclesiasti Brasiliæ,” and other works, were published in the “Bibliotheca Scriptorum Societatis Jesu” (Rome, 1677).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Hernandez, Francisco

Edition of 1900.
​HERNANDEZ, Francisco, Spanish naturalist, b. in Toledo, Spain, in 1530; d. in Madrid, 28 Jan., 1587. He was physician to Philip II., and was sent by him in 1572 to Mexico to study the plants and animals of that country. Hernandez wrote a large number of works on the natural history of Spanish America, some of which are still in manuscript in the library of the Escurial. Among his published works is “Francisci Hernandez rerum medicarum Novae Hispaniae Thesaurus, seu Plantarum, Animalium, Mineralium Mexicanorum Historia cum notis Joannis Terentii Lineæi” (Rome, 1648). This appears to be the same as a similar work in Spanish, entitled “Plantas y Animales de la Nueva España, y sus virtudes por Francisco Hernandez, y de Latin en Romance por Fr. Francisco Ximenez” (Mexico, 1615). The title of the latter book indicates that it was at first written in Latin by Hernandez, and the Rome edition is an extract of the original work.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Herring, James

Edition of 1892.
​HERRING, James, artist, b. in London, England, 12 Jan., 1794; d. in Paris, France, in October, 1867. His father emigrated to the United States in 1804, and became a brewer and distiller in the Bowery, New York. The son began by coloring prints and maps, and removed to Philadelphia, where he entered into the business of coloring maps, but returned to New York, and settled in Chatham square as a portrait-painter. He illustrated, with Longacre, American biography in the “National Portrait-Gallery” (3 vols., Philadelphia, 1834-'9). — His son, Frederick William, artist, b. in New York city, 24 Nov., 1821, studied art with his father and Henry Inman, and devotes his attention to portrait-painting.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Herman, John Gottlieb

Edition of 1892.
​HERMAN, John Gottlieb, Moravian bishop, b. in Niesky, Prussia, 18 Nov., 1789; d. in Missouri, 20 July, 1854. He was educated at the college and the theological seminary of the Moravian church in Germany. He came to the United States in 1817, and labored for twenty-seven years in various capacities, among others as principal of the Brown boarding-school for boys at Nazareth, Pa. Having been elected to the supreme executive board of the Moravian church in 1844, he returned to Europe, where he was consecrated to the episcopacy, 27 Sept., 1846. In that same year he went out on a protracted official visit to the missions in the West Indies. Two years later, in 1848, the general synod of the entire Moravian church, a body composed of bishops, other clergy, and lay delegates from many parts of the world, met at Herrnhut, in Saxony. Of this synod Bishop Herman was chosen president. But the longer he remained in Germany the more he was dissatisfied. He longed for his adopted country, and in the following year returned to the United States as the presiding bishop of the southern district. In 1854 he undertook an official visit to the mission in the Cherokee country. There being comparatively few railroads in the south at that time, he travelled all the way in a private carriage. The hardships of this journey were too great for his waning strength. On the way back he died in a log-cabin in the wilderness of southwestern Missouri. Bishop Herman was noted for his earnest eloquence and for his genial social qualities.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Herrera, Miguel da Fonseca e Silva

This is a fictitious person. There are spelling and grammatical errors in the titles of the alleged literary works. There is also a mention of the subject receiving a gold medal from the Historical Institute of Rio De Janiero, but the institute was not founded until 1838, i.e. 16 years after the subject's date of death.
​HERRERA, Miguel da Fonseca e Silva, Brazilian historian, b. in Para in 1763; d. in Bahia de Todos os Santos in 1822. He became a priest, and at his death was vicar of the cathedral of Bahia. He gathered an important collection of documents, which he bequeathed to the historical institute of Rio de Janeiro, which had presented him in 1820 with a gold medal. He published “Memorias historicas e politicas da provineia de Bahia” (3 vols., Bahia, 1815), a collection of rare documents, valuable to the historians of Brazil, and “Corographia Brasilica, seu Descripção fisica, historica e politica do Brasil” (Bahia, 1819).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Hernandez, Vicente

This is a fictitious person.
HERNANDEZ, Vicente, Spanish missionary, born in Leon, Spain, about 1480; died in Tlaltelolco, Mexico, in 1543. He was a Franciscan, and went to Hispaniola, in 1520 with Bishop Geraldini. Witnessing there the cruelties of the Spaniards toward the Caribs, which in a few years caused an almost total depopulation of the island, he took the part of the Indians, and strenuously opposed that policy. Hernandez lived several years among the Caribs, learned their language, and had gathered several thousand around his mission, when, in 1524, he was ordered to leave the country at once. He went to New Spain, and founded a convent of his order in Santiago de Tlaltelolco, for the support of which he was given fourteen Indian villages. He also established a model garden for the benefit of the Indians, and that institution, called Tepetlaxtoc, soon became celebrated, Hernandez found that the condition of the Aztecs in New Spain was no better than that of the Caribs in Hispaniola, since the Spaniards treated them as slaves. He sought the help of the pope, and in company with Betanzos, provincial of Guatemala, sailed for Rome, where he laid his complaints before the holy father in 1535. Paulus III. promulgated the celebrated bull "Veritas Ipsa" (1537), in which he reminded the conquerors that Indians are men. The persecutions ceased for a time, but the conquerors revenged themselves by persecuting Hernandez on his return in 153S. He was accused of heresy, which brought about his death.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Backbord

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Backbord | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Backbord, n., ‘larboard,’ from LG. (comp. the preceding word); comp. Du. bakboord (AS. bœcbord), whence also the equiv. Fr. bâbord; lit. ‘the left side of the ship to the back of the helmsman, who is steering with his right hand, the left hinder-part of the ship.’ Du. and E. back is an OTeut. word, which was, however, very early obsolete in HG. (see the following word); OHG. bah, OSax. bak, AS. bœc, E. back, OIc. bak, n., ‘back,’ Goth. *bak, n. From LG. is also derived HG. Bord. See the latter.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Bachstelze

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Bachstelze | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Bachstelze f., ‘water-wagtail,’ formed from the equiv. MidHG. waȥȥerstelze, OHG. waȥȥerstelza; the second part of the compound is connected with Stelze. This term is only HG.; comp. with it Du. kwikstaart, ​Norw. quickstiert, E. wagtail, LG. wippstert, Dan. vipstiert; also Gr. σεισοπυγίς ltal. squassacoda, codatremola, cutretta, Fr. hoche-queue; but Span. andario, which meant lit ‘brook-trotter.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Bach

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Bach | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Bach, m. (MidLG. and LG., fem.), from the equiv. MidHG. bach (plur. bęche), m. (MidG. fem.), OHG. bah, m., ‘brook.’ Comp. OSax. bęki, MidLG. beke, Du. beek; a corresponding Goth. *baki-, m., is wanting; beside which the equiv. AS. becc, and OIc. bekkr (whence E. beck), m., presuppose a Goth. *bakki-. No Aryan root bhag- with a meaning applicable here can be found; both HG. backen and Gr. πηγή), ‘source,’ are scarcely allied to it, though Sans. bhañga, ‘breach, wave’ (see Bruch) may be so.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Bachbunge

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Bachbunge | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Bachbunge, f., ‘speedwell, brooklime' (Veronica beccabunga), from MidHG. bungo, OHG. bunge, ‘bulb'; allied to OIc. bingr, ‘bolster,’ and more remotely with Sans. bahú, ‘dense,’ Gr. παχύς?.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Bache

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Bache | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Bache, f., ‘wild sow,’ from MidHG. bache, OHG. bahho, m., ‘ham, (flitch of) bacon' (Swiss and Bav. bachen); similarly the corresponding MidLat. baco and MidDu. bake mean ‘ham, pork,’ and ‘pig.’ Comp. Prov., OFr., and E. bacon, borrowed from Germ. The Teut. root bak contained in these cognates is further allied to the cognates of ModHG. Backe.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Bad

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Bad | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Bad, n., ‘bath,’ from the equiv. MidHG. bat(d), OHG. bad, n.; comp. Du. bad, AS. bœþ, E. bath, OIc. bað, ‘bath.’ An important word in relation to the history of OTeut. civilisation; even the Roman writers testify that bathing (comp. further laben) was a daily necessity to the Teutons. As a verb, a denominative was already formed in the OTeut. dialects, MidHG. and ModHG. baden, from OHG. badôn, Du. baden, AS. baþian, E. to bathe; Goth. *baþôn is not recorded. The dental of the cognates is derivative, hence ba (Aryan bhâ) is the root syllable, (comp. bähen, in that case allied to it), to which OSlov. banja, ‘bath,’ banjati, ‘to wash, bathe,’ belongs. —
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Baas

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Baas | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Baas, m., ‘master,’ a LG. word; comp. Du. baas; orig. perhaps it was a term of endearment used in addressing superiors (comp. Amme, Muhme, Bube, Buhle). It is undoubtedly connected with Base, ‘aunt on the father's side,’ because Base, Baas — Bäsel, are also titles given by domestics to their mistress. Yet it is astonishing that the area of diffusion of Baas, m. (LG.), and Base, f. (MidG. and UpG.), is different. Perhaps ‘paternal’ was the root idea of both words.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Back

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Back | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Back, n., ‘a deep wooden dish, in which food is served for a certain number of the crew’; borrowed, like many technical terms of sea-life, from LG.; LG. back, ‘dish,’ E. back (‘tub, vat’); comp. ModFr. bac, ‘brewer’s vat or tub,’ borrowed from this word or the Du. bak. It has been derived from Late Lat. bacca, ‘water vessel,’ whence also Fr. bac, ‘ferryboat,’ Du. bak, E. bac, ‘a flat-bottomed boat.’ Probably Becken is allied to it.