OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Inwood, William

​INWOOD, WILLIAM (1771?–1843), architect and surveyor, was born about 1771 at Caen Wood, Highgate, where his father, Daniel Inwood, was bailiff to Lord Mansfield. He was brought up as an architect and surveyor, and became steward to Lord Colchester and practised as a surveyor. He designed numerous mansions, villas, barracks, warehouses, &c. In 1821 he planned the new galleries for St. John's Church, Westminster, and in 1832–3 designed, with the assistance of his second son, Charles Frederick Inwood (see below), the new Westminster Hospital. His best-known work is St. Pancras New Church, London, in the designing of which after Greek models, especially the Athenian Erechtheion, he was assisted by his eldest son, Henry William Inwood [q. v.] This church was built between 1 July 1819 and 7 May 1822, and cost 63,251l., exclusive of the organ and fittings (Britton and Pugin, Public Edifices, 1825, i. 145; Walford, Old and New London, v. 353). Its style is severely criticised by Fergusson (Hist. of Architecture, 2nd edit. iv. 334, 335), who says its erection ‘contributed more than any other circumstances to hasten the reaction towards the Gothic style, which was then becoming fashionable.’ Inwood also erected in London, with the assistance of his eldest son, St. Martin's Chapel, Camden Town, 1822–1824; Regent Square Chapel, 1824–6; Somers Town Chapel, Upper Seymour Street, 1824–7. From 1813 Inwood for several years exhibited architectural designs at the Royal Academy. He died at his house in Upper Seymour Street, London, on 16 March 1843 (in the ‘Gentleman's Magazine’ for 1843, new ser. xix. 547, he is described as ‘late of Euston Square’). He was buried in the family vault in St. Pancras New Church. He had many pupils, one of whom was W. Railton the architect. Inwood published (in 1811 or 1819?) ‘Tables for the Purchasing of Estates … and for the Renewal of Leases held under … Corporate Bodies.’ A second edition of this well-known work, which was founded on the tables of Baily and Smart, appeared in 1820, and the 21st edition, by F. Thoman, in 1880.
His eldest son, Henry William [q. v.], is separately noticed. His second, Charles Frederick Inwood (1798–1840), also an architect, acted as assistant to his father and brother, designed All Saints' Church, Great Marlow (opened 1835), and the St. Pancras National Schools, London.
W. W.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Irby, Charles Leonard

​IRBY, CHARLES LEONARD (1789–1845), captain in the navy and traveller, born 9 Oct. 1789, was sixth son of Frederick Irby, second lord Boston, and brother of Rear-admiral Frederick Paul Irby [q. v.] He entered the navy in 1801, and after serving in the North Sea and Mediterranean, at the Cape of Good Hope, the reduction of Monte Video, and in the Bay of Biscay, was promoted to be lieutenant on 13 Oct. 1808. He afterwards served at the reduction of Mauritius, and on the coast of North America; and on 7 June 1814 was promoted to the command of the Thames, in which he took part in the unfortunate expedition against New Orleans. Ill-health compelled him to resign the command in May 1815; and in the summer of 1816 he left England in company with an old friend and messmate, Captain James Mangles [q. v.], with the intention of making a tour on the continent. The journey was extended far beyond their original design. They visited Egypt, and, going up the Nile, in the company of Giovanni Baptista Belzoni [q. v.] and Henry William Beechey [q. v.], explored the temple at Abu-Simbel (Ipsamboul); afterwards, they went across the desert and along the coast, with divergence to Balbec and the Cedars, and reached Aleppo, where they met William John Bankes [q. v.] and Thomas Legh, who with themselves were the earliest of modern explorers of Syria. Thence they travelled to Palmyra, Damascus, down the valley of the Jordan, and so to Jerusalem. They afterwards passed round the Dead Sea, and through the Holy Land. At Acre they embarked in a Venetian brig for Constantinople; but being both dangerously ill of dysentery, they were landed at Cyprus for medical assistance. In the middle of December 1818 they shipped on board a vessel bound for Marseilles, which they reached after a boisterous passage of seventy-six days. Their letters during their journeyings were afterwards collected, and privately printed in 1823 under the title of 'Travels in Egypt and Nubia, Syria and Asia Minor, during the years 1817-16.' In 1844 they were published as a volume of Murray's 'Colonial and Home Library.'
In August 1826 Irby was appointed to command the Pelican sloop, fitting out for the Mediterranean, where she was actively employed in the suppression of piracy in the Levant and on the coast of Greece. On 2 July 1827 he was posted to the Ariadne, but was not relieved from the command of the Pelican till the end of September; and after the battle of Navarino he was appointed by Sir Edward Codrington to bring home the Genoa [see Bathurst, Walter], which he paid off at Plymouth in January 1828. He had no further service, and died on 3 Dec. 1845. He married, in February 1825, Frances, a sister of his friend Captain Mangles, and left issue.
J. K. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ireland, John (d.1808)

​IRELAND, JOHN (d. 1808), author, was born at the Trench Farm, near Wem in Shropshire; the house had been the birthplace and country house of Wycherley, whose widow is said to have adopted him, but, dying without a will, to have left him unprovided for. His mother was daughter of the Rev. Thomas Holland, and granddaughter of Philip Henry [q. v.] Ireland was first apprenticed to Isaac Wood, a watchmaker, of Shrewsbury. He afterwards practised as a watchmaker in Maiden Lane, London, and was a well-known member of the society that frequented the Three Feathers coffee-house, Leicester Fields (see J. T. Smith, Book for a Rainy Day). He published in 1785 a poem, ‘The Emigrant,’ for which he apologised on the score of youth. He was a friend of John Henderson [q. v.] the actor, and in 1786 published Henderson's ‘Letters and Poems, with Anecdotes of his Life,’ a book of some merit. Ireland was a great admirer and collector of the works of William Hogarth [q. v.] In 1793 he was employed by Messrs. Boydell to edit a work on the lines of Trusler's ‘Hogarth Moralised,’ and called ‘Hogarth Illustrated.’ The first two volumes were published in 1791, and reprinted in 1793 and 1806. Subsequently Ireland obtained from Mrs. Lewis, the executrix of Mrs. Hogarth, a number of manuscripts and sketches which had belonged to Hogarth, including the original manuscript of the ‘Analysis of Beauty,’ and many autobiographical memoranda and sketches prepared by Hogarth himself in view of the publication of ‘A History of the Arts.’ From this Ireland compiled a biography of the artist, which has been the foundation of all subsequent memoirs. It was published in 1798 as a supplementary volume to his ‘Hogarth ​Illustrated, with Engravings from some hitherto unpublished Drawings.’ A second edition of the ‘Supplement’ appeared in 1804; the whole work was reprinted in 1812. Ireland died in Birmingham in November 1808.
His collection was sold by auction on 5 and 6 March 1810. A portrait of Ireland was engraved by Isaac Mills from a drawing by J. R. Smith, which was afterwards in the collection of J. B. Nichols. Another portrait, drawn by his friend J. H. Mortimer, was engraved by Skelton for his ‘Hogarth Illustrated;’ a copy of this by T. Tagg appeared in the later reprints. A portrait of him, drawn by R. Westall, R.A., is in the print room at the British Museum, where there is also a small drawing of him prefixed to a copy of the sale catalogue of his collection. He was no relation to Samuel Ireland (d. 1800) [q. v.] He is sometimes stated to have been a print-seller, but, if this was the case, he does not appear to have concerned himself with other engravings than those by or after Hogarth.
[Gent. Mag. 1808, lxviii. 1189; Chalmers's Biog. Dict.; Shropshire Archæol. Trans. 2nd ser. ii. 349; Ireland's own works.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hodgkin, John (1766-1845)

​HODGKIN, JOHN (1766–1845), grammarian, born at Shipston-on-Stour, 1766, was educated partly at a quakers' school at Worcester, and partly by his uncle, Thomas Hodgkin, a successful private tutor in London, who invited his nephew to enter his own profession. In 1787 he joined Thomas Young [q. v.] in superintending the education of Hudson Gurney [q. v.] The two tutors seem to have given each other mutual instruction for four years, and tutors and pupil remained warm friends through life.
In 1792 Hodgkin spent some months at Vincennes in order to improve his knowledge of French. Of his recollections of the royal family he has left some record in a manuscript autobiography. When the king took the oath to the constitution, Hodgkin, as a quaker, had a conscientious objection to raise his hand with the multitude swearing fidelity to the compact between king and people, while his plain dress caused him to be continually taken for an abbé. He managed, however, to escape real danger. He describes in graphic language the consternation at Vincennes on 10 Oct. 1792, the day of the massacre of the Swiss guard.
Hodgkin returned to England, and soon became well known as a private tutor. His pupils were chiefly ladies belonging to the families of wealthy citizens in the environs of London. These he instructed in the classics and mathematics, but especially in the art of handwriting, in which he greatly excelled. He resided for some years at Pentonville, London, and then removed to Tottenham, where he died in August 1845. He married in 1793 Elizabeth Rickman of Lewes, a cousin of Thomas Rickman the architect [q. v.] His sons, Thomas [q. v.] (1798–1866) and John [q. v.] (1800–1875), are noticed separately.
​Hodgkin has left a remarkable record of his skill in handwriting in his ‘Calligraphia Græca.’ It was written in 1794, and was dedicated to Hodgkin's friend Dr. Young, at whose suggestion it was composed. Young also furnished the gnomic sentences from various authors, which Hodgkin wrote in beautiful Greek characters, and his friend Henry Ashby engraved. A translation by Young of Lear's curse into Greek iambics, undertaken ‘rogatu viri omnium disertissimi Edmundi Burke,’ was also added. The work was not published till 1807, when it appeared together with ‘Pœcilographia Græca,’ in which nineteen Greek alphabets of various periods are figured, and some seven hundred contractions used in Greek manuscripts are given. Some of the latter were brought under Hodgkin's notice by Porson, with whom he had a slight acquaintance. Hodgkin also published, besides school and exercise books:
* ‘Definitions of some of the Terms made use of in Geography and Astronomy,’ London, 1804; 2nd edit., 1812.
* ‘Specimens of Greek Penmanship,’ London, 1804.
* ‘An Introduction to Writing,’ 4th edit., London, 1811.
* ‘A Sketch of the Greek Accidence,’ London, 1812.
He likewise took part in ‘Excerpta ex J. F. Bastii commentatione cum tabulis lithographicis a J. Hodgkin transcripta,’ 1835.
[Manuscript Autobiography and private information; Watt's Bibl. Brit.; Brit. Mus. Cat.]
T. H-n.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hodgkinson, George Christopher

​HODGKINSON, GEORGE CHRISTOPHER (1816–1880), meteorologist and writer on education, studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating B.A. (fourteenth wrangler) in 1837, and M.A. in 1842. He became principal of the Royal Agricultural College at Cirencester, then principal of the Diocesan Training College at York, and from 1864 to 1876 was head-master of the King Edward grammar school at Louth. He was also secretary of the National Society. Hodgkinson was presented to the rectory of Screveton, Nottinghamshire, in 1876. Hodgkinson married a granddaughter of Sir James Ross. He died at Car Colston, Nottinghamshire, on 25 April 1880.
Hodgkinson was an Alpine climber. In 1862 he contributed ‘Hypsometry and the Aneroid’ to ‘Peaks, Passes, and Glaciers,’ published for the Alpine Club (1862), vol. ii. (2nd ser.). Hodgkinson showed a practical as well as theoretical knowledge of the mechanism and application of aneroids, and recommended their use in mountain exploration, not only in the interests of meteorology, but for the convenience of the tourist. He made a series of astronomical observations on the summit of Mont Blanc, towards which he received from the Royal Society several grants ‘for the construction of his own scientific instruments and the modification of others.’ He had some correspondence with the astronomer royal as to the most effective mode of registering the amount and intensity of sunshine. Besides sermons and tracts Hodgkinson also published, in reply to the Archbishop of York and Bishop of Ripon, a defence of the teaching of the Diocesan College at York (1854), and some pamphlets on the examinations for the Indian civil service, approving open competition.
[Times, 12 May 1880; Louth Advertiser, April 1880.]
R. E. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hodges, William (1808-1868)

​HODGES, Sir WILLIAM (1808–1868), chief justice of the Cape of Good Hope, eldest son of William Hodges of Weymouth, by Sarah, second daughter of William Isaac of the same place, was born at Melcombe Regis, Dorsetshire, on 29 Sept. 1808, and educated at a private school at Salisbury and the university of London. Having attended the lectures of John Austin (1790–1859) [q. v.] and Andrew Amos [q. v.], on jurisprudence and law, he was called to the bar at the Inner Temple on 3 May 1833. He went the western circuit, practising at first chiefly at quarter sessions. In 1835 he began to report cases in the court of common pleas, then presided over by Sir Nicholas Tindal, from whom he received in 1837 the appointment of revising barrister for Devon and Cornwall. In 1838 he ceased reporting in the common pleas, and began to report in the queen's bench. In 1839 he published ‘Report of the Case of the Queen v. Lumsdaine, with Observations on the Parochial Assessment Act;’ in 1840, jointly with Graham Willmore and F. L. Wollaston, ‘Reports of Cases argued and determined in the Court of Queen's Bench,’ &c., Hilary term to Michaelmas term 1838 (continued, under the title of ‘Term Reports,’ to 1841). In 1842 he published a small treatise on ‘The Law relating to the Assessment of Railways;’ in 1845 ‘The Statute Law relating to Railways in England and Ireland.’ In 1846 he was appointed recorder of Poole, Dorsetshire. In 1847 he published ‘The Law relating to Railways and Railway Companies.’ He also drafted the Public Health Act, 1848, a measure which laid the foundation of subsequent sanitary legislation. He thus acquired some parliamentary and general practice at Westminster. In 1857 he was appointed to the chief justiceship of the supreme court of the Cape of Good Hope, with which was associated the presidency of the legislative council and of the court of admiralty. At the same time he was knighted. He discharged his official duties with energy and efficiency until his death at Sea Point House, Cape Town, 17 Aug. 1868. He was honoured with a public funeral. Hodges married in 1835 Mary Schollar, daughter of James Sanders of Weymouth, by whom he had four sons, since deceased, and four daughters. Hodges's ‘Reports of Cases argued and determined in the Court of Common Pleas’ form a valuable collection of cases from Hilary term 1835 to Michaelmas term 1837, both dates inclusive. His treatise on ‘The Law of Railways’ has passed through seven editions (the last by John M. Lely of the Inner Temple, 1888), and is the standard work on the subject.
[Gent. Mag. 1868–9, ii. 256; Law Times, 26 Sept. 1868; Law Magazine and Review, xxvi. 186; Brit. Mus. Cat.; private information.]
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hodgson, Christopher Pemberton

​HODGSON, CHRISTOPHER PEMBERTON (1821–1865), traveller, emigrated to New South Wales in 1840, remained in Australia for five years, and accompanied several exploring expeditions into the interior. On his return to England he published ‘Reminiscences of Australia, with Hints on the Squatters' Life.’ After a short stay in England he travelled through Egypt and Abyssinia, made two journeys to Arabia, and visited Ceylon. On his return home he gave, in 1849, an account of his wanderings in a work entitled ‘El Udaivar.’ From 15 Oct. 1851 to 17 March 1855 Hodgson acted as unpaid vice-consul at Pau, where he was very popular, and interested himself in local history and antiquities. In 1855 he published ‘Pyrenaica; a History of the Viscounts of Béarn to the Death of Henry IV, with a Life of that Monarch.’ He subsequently was appointed vice-consul at Caen, where he remained for two years, and on 18 June 1859 became officiating consul at Nagasaki, Japan. In the October following he removed to Hakodate, where he had charge of French as well as English interests. He remained in Japan till March 1861, and on his return to England published ‘A Residence at Nagasaki and Hakodate in 1859–1861, with an Account of Japan generally,’ 1861. Hodgson thenceforth resided chiefly at Pau, where he died on 11 Oct. 1865.
Besides the works mentioned above Hodgson published a volume of verse entitled ‘The Wanderer and other Poems,’ in 1849.
[Foreign Office list for 1865; Gent. Mag. 1865; Hodgson's works passim; Brit. Mus. Cat.]
G. P. M-y.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hodgson, Francis

​HODGSON, FRANCIS (1781–1852), provost of Eton, second son of James Hodgson, rector of Humber, Herefordshire, and Jane Coke, was born at Croydon 16 Nov. 1781. In 1794 he entered Eton as a pupil of Keate, and in 1799 was elected scholar of King's College, Cambridge, where he became acquainted with Denman, Merivale, and H. Drury. He graduated B.A. in 1804, M.A. 1807, and B.D. 1840. He obtained a fellowship at King's College in 1802, was private tutor for three years to the sons of Lady Ann Lambton, and in 1806 held a mastership for one year at Eton. He now contemplated the bar as a profession, but, being dissuaded by Denman, turned his attention to literature, and during the next ten years wrote many reviews, verses, translations, and rhyming letters. The most important is his translation of Juvenal ​ (1807). In 1807 he was appointed to a resident tutorship at King's. He formed an intimate friendship with Byron, whom he visited at Newstead in 1808. In 1810 Hodgson's father died, and he undertook to pay his debts, which embarrassed him for several years until he was cleared in 1813 by a gift from Byron of 1,000l. He gave a bond for the amount, which Byron omitted to destroy, and payment was afterwards demanded by the poet's executors. Meanwhile in 1809 Hodgson had published ‘Lady Jane Grey’ and other poems, and in 1810–11 had held a long correspondence with Byron, then abroad, on religious and other topics. In 1812 he published ‘Leaves of Laurel.’ In 1815 he was presented to the curacy of Bradden, Northamptonshire, and in 1816 to the living of Bakewell, Derbyshire. He had some correspondence with Lord Byron and Mrs. Leigh in regard to the separation of Lord and Lady Byron. He made an appeal to Lady Byron, who replied civilly, but he did not discover the cause of the quarrel.
In 1836 Hodgson became archdeacon of Derby, and in 1838 was presented to Edensor, which he held together with Bakewell. In 1840, by the queen's desire, he was appointed provost of Eton, and soon afterwards rector of Cottesford. He sanctioned the reforms suggested by Edward Craven Hawtrey [q. v.], the head-master. Hodgson died at Eton on 29 Dec. 1852. In 1814 he married his first wife, Miss Tayler, who died in 1833, and in 1838 his second wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Lord Denman. Besides the works already noticed, Hodgson published: 1. ‘Sir Edgar, a Tale,’ &c., 1810. 2. ‘Charlemagne, or The Church Delivered’ (trans. from the French of Lucien Buonaparte by Rev. S. Butler and Rev. F. Hodgson, 1815). 3. ‘The Friends, a Poem,’ 1818 (cf. Smiles, Murray, ii. 34). 4. ‘Mythology for Versification’ (ed. by F. C. Hodgson, 1862; 2nd ed. 1866).
[Sir J. Arnould's Memoir of Lord Denman, 1873, i. 16, 39, 82, 115, 294, ii. 87–8, 104–6, 218–24, 342; J. T. Hodgson's Memoir of Rev. F. Hodgson, 1878 (chiefly correspondence); Moore's Diary, v. 191, 216, 251; Moore's Life of Byron. Table Talk of B. R. Haydon (ii. 367–8) gives on the authority of Hobhouse an apparently spiteful account of Hodgson's relations to Byron.]
N. D. F. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hodgson, Bernard

​HODGSON, BERNARD (1745?–1805), principal of Hertford College, Oxford, is described as the son of ‘Mark Hodgson of St. Martin's, Westminster, pleb.’ (Foster, Alumni Oxon. pt. ii. p. 672). He was educated at Westminster School, where in May 1759 he was elected a king's scholar. In May 1764, as captain of the school, he was elected to a studentship of Christ Church, Oxford, where he matriculated on 20 June following, and graduated B.A. 1768 and M.A. 1771. On 30 Oct. 1775 he became principal of Hertford College, and proceeded D.C.L. 24 Jan. 1776. He was presented by the dean and chapter of Christ Church to the vicarage of Tolpuddle, Dorsetshire, in 1776. Hodgson died on 28 May 1805, in his sixty-first year. Upon his death Hertford College was dissolved, and from that portion of the property which was transferred to the university the Hertford scholarship was subsequently endowed; the buildings were eventually given to Magdalen Hall, which became the new Hertford College in 1874. The authorship of ‘The Monastery. A Poem on the building of a Monastery in Dorsetshire,’ 1795, is attributed to Hodgson (Gent. Mag. 1796, vol. lxvi. pt. i. p. 317).
He published the following works: 1. ‘Solomon's Song translated from the Hebrew,’ Oxford, 1786, 4to. 2. ‘The Proverbs of Solomon translated from the Hebrew,’ Oxford, 1788, 4to. 3. ‘Ecclesiastes. A new Translation from the original Hebrew,’ Oxford, 1790, 4to.
[Alumni Westmon. 1852, pp. 372, 380, 461, 534, 536; Gent. Mag. 1805, pt. i. p. 586; Hutchins's Dorset, ii. 217–18; Wood's Hist. and Antiq. of Oxford, 1786, iii. 647–8, App. 321; Honours Register of the Univ. of Oxford, 1883, pp. 71, 156; Brit. Mus. Cat.]
G. F. R. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hodgson, Edward

​HODGSON, EDWARD (1719–1794), flower-painter, a native of Dublin, practised with success in London. He exhibited annually at the Free Society of Artists from 1763 to 1783. In 1767 he is described as a drawing-master in Oxenden Street, Haymarket. In 1781, 1782, and 1788 he exhibited at the Royal Academy. His contributions were chiefly flower-pieces, but occasionally drawings of an academical kind. Hodgson was treasurer to the Associated Artists of Great Britain. He died in Great Newport Street, London, in 1794, aged 75. His daughter also exhibited flower-pieces at the Free Society of Artists from 1770 to 1775.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Catalogues of the Free Society of Artists, Royal Academy, &c.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Congallus I

​CONGALLUS I, CONALL, son of Domangart, son of Fergus Mor Mac Earc, king of the Scots of Dalriada (511–535?), according to the chronology of Father Innes and Mr. Skene, was the third king of this race who ruled in Argyll and the Isles, but is reckoned as the forty-fourth according to the fictitious chronology of the older historians, Fordun, Boece, and Buchanan, who date the origin of this kingdom from Fergus I, son of Ferchand, in the fourth century B.C.
[Robertson's Scotland under her Early Kings; Skene's Celtic Scotland; tables in Innes's Essay on Ancient Inhabitants of Scotland, vol. i.]
Æ. M.