OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bremen

See also Bremen on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Bremen (brĕm′en or brā́′men), one of the three free cities of Germany, stands on both banks of the Weser, which is spanned by four bridges. Though called a free city, it is really a little state, having an area of 99 square miles, which includes, besides the city itself, the port of Bremerhaven and several other small places. It goes back in history to the time of Charlemagne in the 8th century, was at one time a member of the so-called Hanseatic league of cities, and is now a part of the German empire. It has a senate of sixteen members and a council of 150 burgesses. It has a number of old and interesting buildings, but is especially noted for its large trade, in which it holds the second place among the cities of Germany. Its enormous foreign trade extends all over the world, but is largest with the United States. Its exports to the latter embrace aniline dyes, cotton hosiery, cotton lace, furs, hides, skins and leather manufactures, toys, rubber, woolen cloth, etc. From its port about fifty per cent. of all German emigrants set sail, most of them coming to the United States. In one year 52,000 emigrants left its port, and that same year it imported from the United States goods valued at almost $30,000,000. Twenty-five hundred vessels arrive yearly. It is the headquarters of the North German Lloyd steamship company, and is connected by rail with the whole of western and central Germany. Population of the state is 298,736 and that of the city 246,827.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Brewer, David Josiah

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​ Brewer, David Josiah, associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, was born at Smyrna, Asia Minor, June 20, 1837, his father being then a missionary in the east. He was educated at the Wesleyan University, at Yale and at Albany Law School. He practiced law at Leavenworth, Kan., where he was elected probate judge. In 1870 he became associate justice of the supreme court of his state, resigning in 1884 to become judge of the United States Circuit Court. In 1889 he became associate justice of the United States Supreme Court, under appointment of President Harrison. He took an active interest in education while a resident of Kansas, and was a member of the faculty of the Columbian Law School. He is an LL.D. of Yale. He also acted on the Venezulean Commission appointed by President Cleveland, and was a member of the British Venezuelan Arbitration Tribunal. In 1891 he delivered an important address before the Yale Law School on The Protection of Private Property against Public Attack. He is the author of a work on American Citizenship. He died March 28, 1910.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Brewing

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​ Brew′ing, the art of making fermented drinks without distilling, is divided into two processes: first malting and, second, brewing properly so-called. In malting, the barley is first steeped in cold water for two or three days, so that it may absorb water, swell and soften. The barley is now spread on the floor of the malt-house to the depth of a foot or rather more. There it is left until it begins to throw out shoots and rootlets. The grain is frequently turned and carefully watched, and removed by degrees as it comes to the right stage. When this occurs, as it usually does in about twelve days, the grain is dried in a heated room called a kiln, and germination is of course checked. The barley has now become malt. A temperature of about 100° in the kiln gives pale malt; of 150°, brown malt, such as is used for porter and stout. What has been so far gained is that the substance of malt will dissolve, while barley will not. The next step is the brewing properly so-called. The malt is crushed between iron rollers. It is then called grist, and the grist has next to be mixed with hot water and set in mash-tubs to stand. Starch and glucose are sometimes added to adulterate the brew, so as to eke out the malt. The liquor is then carefully drawn off from that part of the grist which has not been dissolved. This liquor, now called wort, is allowed to stand for a few hours, and is then drawn off and boiled with hops in copper boilers. The hops give flavor to the beer and act as a mild stimulant or tonic. The boiled wort is fermented in large vessels or vats. The process of fermentation is started by adding to the wort about one per cent. of yeast, saved from a previous brew of the same kind of beer. The temperature rises, and after about a week the brew is put into cleansing vessels where the ferment is very slow. The yeast is drawn off; and the beer is left for some time in barrels to mature before use.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bridge, Cantilever

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​ Bridge, Cantilever. The first modern cantilever bridge was built in 1882 across Niagara, although its principle had been approached in one or two earlier bridges. The advantage of the cantilever bridge is partly in its erection and partly in its long spans. It is the only bridge that can compete with the suspension for long spans. The principle of the cantilever can be understood from the drawing. A and B are two towers, C and D is a truss anchored at C, resting on tower A and projecting over the river. EBF is a similar truss on opposite side. DE is a simple truss supported at D and E, so as to transmit only vertical loads. A load on D tends to lift C, but does not effect EBF. A load on DE is divided between C and D and EBF.
* CANTILEVER BRIDGE
The Forth Bridge in Scotland, one of the most notable bridges in the world, is a cantilever bridge. It has a total length of 8,295 feet, and has two main spans each 1,710 feet long. The largest cantilever structure in the world is the bridge over East River, at New York, known as Blackwell's Island Bridge, built at a cost of nearly $25,000,000. It is double decked, 8,449 feet in length. The length of the main span is 1,182 feet between the towers. On the lower deck, projecting beyond the trusses, is a roadway wide enough for four three-horse teams to pass abreast. On each side of and apart from this roadway are two trolley tracks. In the middle of the upper deck, between the trusses, there are two elevated railroad tracks and two promenades, each eleven feet wide.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Brest

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​ Brest, a French city in the department of Finistère, on the north side of the Bay of Brest. The bay is one of the finest harbors of Europe, and was long a bone of contention among European powers, and several naval battles have been fought in its neighborhood. Its fortifications, begun by Cardinal Richelieu in the 17th century, and the narrow and strongly protected throat which forms the entrance make it a formidable naval station. Its industries are mainly connected with the equipment of the navy. A submarine cable gives it connection with America. A splendid iron swing-bridge crossing the little stream which flows through the city, a fine promenade along the shore and an old castle are among the interesting features of Brest. Its population is 90,540.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Breton, Jules Adolphe

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​ Breton (brĕ-tōn), Jules Adolphe, a French painter, was born in 1827. He has become well-known as a painter of scenes from peasant life. Among his best works are The Gleaners, Blessing the Grain, Evening, The Weeders and The Communicants.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bridge of Sighs, The

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​ Bridge of Sighs, The, leads from the palace of the Doge of Venice to the prisons, whence comes its name. The bridge dates as far back as the close of the sixteenth century. Byron refers to it in Childe Harold. The bridge is covered above and at the sides, is handsomely built, and divided into two passages for going and returning. The name has been transferred to a bridge in New York City which connects the Tombs jail with the court of justice.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bremer, Frederika

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​ Bremer (brē′mẽr), Frederika, a well-known Swedish novelist, was born in Finland in 1801, but was brought up near Stockholm, Sweden. She wrote verses as a child; and was well-educated, finishing her ​studies in Paris. Her first and best novel, The Neighbors, was translated into German, French, Dutch, Russian and English, and gave her a wide fame. After writing several other stories, she traveled through many countries, writing descriptions of the people in her Homes of the New World and Life in the Old World and in many other works. She spent two years in the United States and was cordially received everywhere. The latter years of her life were largely given up to thought and work for women. She has been called the Jane Austen of Sweden. Among her best books are The Diary, The President's Daughter and Brothers and Sisters. She died in 1865.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Breslau

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​ Breslau (brĕs′lou), the capital of Prussian Silesia, lies at the junction of the Ohlau and the Oder, which divide the city into two parts joined by numerous bridges. The old parts of the city are somber and massive, but the new parts have many fine specimens of the architecture of today. It has a university, founded by Leopold I in 1702, which has a teaching force of 189 and 1920 students and a library of 400,000 volumes. It is important as a manufacturing and trading town, having fine railroad and river advantages. Linen fairs are held, and it is a great wool-market. In population it ranks sixth among German cities, numbering 511,891 people. Breslau has been occupied at different times by Poles and Bohemians. It passed into the hands of Austria, and finally into the hands of Prussia.
# The Marathon Mystery/Part 2

PART II
CECILY
In the Promenade de Luxe of the New York Theatre
* Chapter 1
* Chapter 2
* Chapter 3
* Chapter 4
* Chapter 5
* Chapter 6
* Chapter 7
# The New Student's Reference Work/Parkhurst, Rev. Charles Henry

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​Park′hurst, Rev. Charles Henry, an American Presbyterian clergyman, was born in 1842 at Framingham, Mass. He attended Amherst College and several German universities. Mr. Parkhurst is very well-known as a forceful and practical preacher. Since 1880 he has been pastor of the Madison Square Presbyterian Church, New York City. He became in 1891 president of the Society for the Prevention of Crime; and his attacks upon the corruption which had gained ground in the police department led in 1894 to a senatorial investigation, which resulted in a movement toward reform. Dr. Parkhurst has published a number of religious works, which often have a prominent social and even political side. Among these are The Pattern in the Mount; Three Gates on a Side; The Question of the Hour; The Fellowship of Suffering; Our Fight with Tammany; What would the World be Without Religion? The Sunny Side of Christianity; and Guarding the Cross with Krupp Guns.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Parma

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​Par′ma, an Italian town, the former capital of the duchy of Parma, lies on the River Parma, 12½ miles from the Po, on the Emilian road. The town is still surrounded by walls and is guarded by a citadel. Of more than 60 churches the most noted are the cathedral, the baptistry, Madonna della Steccata and St. John the Evangelist. Other notable buildings are the ducal palaces, library, university, music-school and museum. The principal manufactures are pianos, silks, cast-iron goods, woolens, earthenware, paper and soap. A state university, founded in 1502, has its seat here, with 695 students. Population 49,340.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Parker, Theodore

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​ Parker, Theodore, a great American preacher, was born, Aug. 24, 1810, at Lexington, Mass., and graduated from Harvard Divinity School in 1836, and the next year became a Unitarian minister at West Roxbury. He was somewhat separated from the conservative Unitarians, as shown by his The Transient and Permanent in Christianity and his Discourses of Matters pertaining to Religion, followed by Sermons of the Times, all of which attracted widespread notice and comment. He lectured throughout the ​country and became an ardent antislavery agitator. He died at Florence, Italy, on May 10, 1860.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Parkman, Francis

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Park′man, Francis, an eminent American historian, was born at Boston, Mass., Sept. 16, 1823. He graduated at Harvard in 1844, and after studying law two years made a journey to explore the Rocky Mountains. His life among the Dakota Indians and other tribes was full of hardships, from the effects of which he suffered all the remainder of his life. His first publication was an account of this journey, called The Oregon Trail. His historical writings have been chiefly connected with the French power in America, beginning with The Conspiracy of Pontiac, (in historical order the latest), published in 1851. After visiting France in 1858 to study French documents on the subject, he wrote Pioneers of France in the New World; Jesuits in North America; Lasalle and the Discovery of the Great West; The Old Régime in Canada; Count Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV; Montcalm and Wolfe; and A Half-Century of Conflict. This large amount of historical writing, done at great disadvantage from defective eyesight and feeble health, has been carefully and accurately worked out, his first visit to France being followed by several others for purposes of research. His literary style is picturesque and fascinating. He died at Jamaica Plain, near Boston, Nov. 8, 1893.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Parliament

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​Par′liament, the name given in England to the national assembly and meaning a gathering for discussion, from the French word parler “to talk.” It consists of two bodies, called the house of lords and the house of commons. The house of lords is composed of the lords spiritual or the clergy, represented by the archbishops of Canterbury and York and 32 bishops; and of the lords temporal, who represent the noble families of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales. The titles used are duke, marquis, earl, viscount and baron, and they are commonly called peers. The crown has the right to make new peers in addition to those who inherit their titles. In 1907 there were 616 peers on the roll of the house of lords. The chief officer of the house of lords is the chancellor or keeper of the great seal, who acts as speaker but does not keep order. The house of commons consists of members elected by the people, representing counties, towns and the universities. The larger counties and towns (or boroughs) art divided into districts, each one being entitled to a representative. There are 670 members in the house of commons, 30 from Wales, 72 from Scotland, 103 from Ireland and 465 from England. The chief officer of the house of commons is the speaker, chosen by the members. The members receive no salary, but have certain privileges. Parliament is called or dismissed by the government, but by law there cannot be more than three years between the closing of one parliament and the calling of a new one, and no parliament can hold its sessions longer than seven years. The decisions of Parliament cannot be changed by any court of law. The houses of parliament are in Westminster, a part of London. The acts of Parliament must receive the approval of the reigning sovereign, which is obtained through the ministers or members of the cabinet council. The royal assent has been given to every bill which has passed the two ​houses since the time of Queen Anne. The name dates to the 13th century, and the conflicts between the people and the throne, which have gradually increased the powers of Parliament, are the chief theme of English history.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Parkersburg, W. Va.

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​Par′kersburg, W. Va., the capital of Wood County, at the junction of the Ohio and the Little Kanawha River, 12 miles southwest of Marietta, O., and 95 miles below Wheeling, W. Va. It is on the lines of the Baltimore and Ohio, the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern and the Ohio railroad. The region about is rich in oil and natural gas, and has a considerable trade in petroleum as well as in lumber. Its industries include oil refineries, iron foundries, boiler and machine shops, barrel factories, lumber mills, chemical works, flour mills, breweries, veneer works and furniture factories. It has an extensive trade in manufactured goods, farm products and coal. It has many public buildings, with a fine postoffice, courthouse, St. Joseph's hospital, Washington high and public grade schools, churches, banks etc. Population 18,926.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Parnell, Charles Stewart

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​Par′nell, Charles Stewart, an Irish statesman, was born on June 28, 1846, at Avondale, Wicklow County, educated at Yeovil and Cambridge, and in 1874 became high sheriff of his county. In 1875 he entered Parliament for County Meath as a home-ruler, and in 1877-8 became notable as an obstructionist. In 1879 he was elected president of the Irish National Land League, and in 1880 visited the United States, making speeches in behalf of the movement and collecting $350,000 in its aid. Parnell's opposition to the coercion bill caused him to be ejected from the house of commons, and the passage of the land bill almost deprived him of power. On Oct. 13, 1881, Gladstone put him in Kilmainham jail, where he remained until released through the aid of Captain O'Shea, May 2, 1882. After the Land League was declared illegal, the national league arose from its disruption, and Parnell was elected president and began to manœuvre to throw his parliamentary strength to the conservative side. Failing in this, he carried 86 votes to the liberals. To a great extent Gladstone's views on home-rule had changed, and this brought Parnell politically close to him, but they together failed to carry the home-rule bill. Thereux on the London Times printed its series of incriminatory articles, which caused the famous trial of 128 days, in which Parnell was cleared. He was now immensely popular and powerful, but the presentation of the freedom of the city of Edinburgh was quickly followed by disgrace on the publication of the application for divorce by Captain O'Shea, in which Parnell was made co-respondent. A decree was entered on Nov. 17, 1890. Some time after Parnell married Mrs. O'Shea. He, however, never regained political power, and died at Brighton, England, Oct. 6, 1891. See The Parnell Movement by T. P. O'Connor and England under Gladstone by Justin H. M'Carthy.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Paros

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​Pa′ros, one of the largest islands of the Greek Archipelago, in the Cyclades division, is of pyramidal shape, and has an area of about 64 square miles and a population of nearly 7,000, of whom its capital, Parikia, contains 2,300. Its exports are wine, wool and figs, and the quarries of celebrated Parian marble near the top of Mt. St. Elias are still worked.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Parrhasius

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​Parrhasius (păr-rā′shĭ-ŭs), a great painter of ancient Greece, lived in Athens, as early as the 4th century B. C. He excelled in design, accuracy, force and expression, and was said to be as vain and proud as he was talented.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Parnassus

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​Parnas′sus, a mountain in Phocis, Greece, upon whose highest peak (8,036 feet) occurred the worship of Bacchus. The mountain was the seat of Apollo and the muses, and at its base lay the seat of the oracle of Delphi and the fountain of Castalia.
# The Moths of the British Isles Second Series/Chapter 3

GONOPTERINÆ.
The Herald (Scoliopteryx libatrix).
Haworth (1802) gave this attractive species the English name of "Furbelow Moth," but Harris (1782) had named it Herald Moth (Plate 22, Fig. 1).
In the majority of specimens the purplish, or grey-brown fore wings, are more or less reddish tinged throughout, but occasionally the outer marginal area is free of this tint; the orange red marks on the central and basal areas are brighter in some specimens than in others.
The caterpillar, which feeds on sallow, osier, willow, and probably poplar (a chrysalis having been found in a curled leaf of black poplar), is a long, rather thin, greenish creature without any distinct markings, except that when full grown the front rings have two black spots. It may be found reposing on the upper leaves of its foodplant, from June to August. (Plate 25, Fig. 1, from a coloured drawing by Mr. A. Sich.)
The moth may be obtained at sugar, ivy-blossom, etc., from August to October, and it seems that the earliest to emerge are those that first take up hibernating quarters in barns, outhouses, roofs, belfries, and under arches. In the spring it reappears, and may be met with even in June. A specimen was taken at sugar on July 20, 1899, but whether this is to be regarded as a very late date or an unusually early one, I cannot say. Generally distributed throughout Great Britain and Ireland, but of the Scottish Isles only recorded from Shetland. Abroad it ranges through Europe to North-West Africa, and through Asia to Amurland and Japan; also in temperate North America.
Note.—Stephens (1829) referred this species to the genus Calyptra, Ochs., but in 1831 he adopted Scoliopteryx, Germar (1811). Gonoptera, Latr., which has been frequently used, only dates from 1825.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Lawrence (Kansas)

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​Law′rence, the county-seat of Douglas County, Kan., lies on Kansas River, 34 miles southwest of Leavenworth by rail and 38 west of Kansas City. It is the seat of the state university, founded in 1864, and of Haskell Institute, a government institution for the education of Indian youth. It is the center of trade for a fertile and populous section, and has manufactures of flour, castings, furniture, paper, barbed wire and shirts, besides sash and door factories and machine shops. Porkpacking is extensively carried on. Lawrence was founded in 1854 by free-soil settlers, shared in the violent struggle against slavery, and was partly burned by Quantrell's guerrillas in 1863. The city is served by the Union Pacific; Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé; and Southern Kansas railroads, and is the terminus also of two branch railways. Population 12,374.