OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Cubiere, Madame de

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CUBIERE, MADAME DE.
Is a novelist of some talent. She has written the following:—"Emerick de Maurger;" "Leonore de Bizan;" and "Monsieur de Goldau."
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Crowe, Catharine

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CROWE, CATHARINE,
Whose maiden name was Stevens, was born at Borough Green, in the county of Kent. She married Lieutenant-Colonel Crowe, of the British army. She has one child—a son; the family reside chiefly at Edinburgh, or in the neighbourhood. Her published books are numerous, and she has written much for the periodicals and other serials, within the last ten years. Her writings have attracted considerable attention among the learned, and attained, as might have been expected, a wide popularity among those who like to read ghost-stories, though stoutly denying any belief in such nonsense. The term, "Night-Side of Nature," given to be the most remarkable of her productions, Mrs. Crowe explains as being borrowed from the German, signifying "that side of a planet which is turned from the sun; and during this interval, external objects loom upon us but strangely and imperfectly: the Germans draw a parallel between these vague and misty perceptions, and the similar obscure and uncertain glimpses we get of that veiled department of nature, of which, whilst comprising, as it does, the solution of ​questions concerning us more nearly than any other, we are yet in a state of entire and wilful ignorance."
The piincipal works of Mrs. Crowe are:—"Susan Hopley," "Lilly Dawson," "Manorial Rights," and "Aristodemus," a tragedy. But the "Night-Side of Nature" is her great work, and had she done as the Sibyl of old, burnt two-thirds of her matter, the book would have been much more valued. The truth is, so many foolish, inconsistent, and useless examples of preternatural appearances and warnings are given, that the reader, even though a little inclined to believe there may be more things in heaven and earth than philosophy has explained, will yet become disgusted with the trivial scenes in which these spiritual influences are represented as chiefly engaged.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Cunitia, or Cunitz Maria

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CUNITIA, or CUNITZ MARIA,
A lady of great genius and learning, was born in Silesia, about the beginning of the seventeenth century. She became, when very young, celebrated for her extensive knowledge in many branches of learning, particularly in mathematics and astronomy, upon which she wrote several ingenious treatises; one of which, under the title of "Urania Propitia," printed in 1650, in Latin and German, she dedicated to Ferdinand the Third, Emperor of Germany. In this work are contained astronomical tables, of great care and accuracy, founded upon Kepler's hypotheses. She acquired languages with amazing facility; and understood Polish, German, French, Italian, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. With equal care she acquired a knowledge of the sciences, history, physic, poetry, painting, music, both vocal and instrumental; and yet they were no more than her amusements. Her favourite studies were mathematics and astronomy; and she was ranked among the ablest astronomers of the age. The exact time of her birth is not known. She married Elias de Lewin, M.D., and died at Pistcheu, in 1664. The name of this learned lady is now little known, but several famous men have borrowed from her works to enrich their own. without any acknowledgment of the real author.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Crighton, Miss

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CRIGHTON, MISS,
Made her first appearance on the English stage in 1852, and was at once recognised as a singer of no ordinary power and ability; she was then twenty-one years of age, and had been educated in the Royal Academy of Music, under the celebrated Manuel Garcia, brother of Malabran and Viardot, and master of Jenny Lind. It was only in 1847 that Miss Crighton determined on adopting music as a profession, the circumstances of her father, previous to that time, having been such as to render this devotion of her talents unnecessary; but the resolution was taken in consequence of his fortunes having suffered a wreck, in this disastrous epoch of mercantile history. Miss Crighton's debût was made on the stage of "Old Drury," in the character of the Princess Isabella, and it was, as we have already intimated, perfectly successful. She at once took the place of a Prima Donna, and a brilliant career was predicted for her, as her subsequent performances have fully justified. "The compass of her voice," said a critic at the time of her appearance, "is from D in alt to the lower G—nineteen notes of excellent quality—rich, round, and sympathetic, in every way calculated to depict varying dramatic emotion."
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Cruz, Juana Inez de la

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CRUZ, JUANA INEZ DE LA,
Was born in November, 1651, a few leagues from the city of Mexico. Her father, a Spaniard, had sought wealth by an establishment in America, where he married a lady of the country, but of Spanish extraction. Juana, the fruit of this union, displayed in early childhood a passion for letters, and an extraordinary facility in the composition of Spanish verse. At eight years of age, she was placed by her parents with an uncle, who resided in Mexico, and who caused her to receive a learned education. Her talents having attracted notice and distinction, she was patronized by the lady of the viceroy, the Marquis de Mancera, and, at the age of seventeen, was received into his family.
A Spanish encomiast of Juana, relates a curious anecdote respecting her, communicated to him, as he affirms, by the viceroy. Her patrons, tilled with admiration and astonishment, by the powers and attainments of their young protegée, determined to prove the extent and solidity of her erudition. For this purpose they invited forty of the most eminent literary characters of the country, who assembled to examine Juana in the different branches of learning and science. Questions, arguments, and problems, were accordingly proposed to her by the several professors, in philosophy, mathematics, history, theology, poetry, etc., to all of which she answered with equal readiness and skill, acquitting herself to the entire satisfaction of her judges. To this account it is added, that she received the praises extorted on this occasion by her acquirements, with the most perfect modesty; neither did she, at any period of her life, discover the smallest tendency to presumption or vanity, though honoured with the title of the tenth muse: a pious humility was her distinguishing characteristic. She lived forty-four years, twenty-seven of which she passed in the convent of St. Greronimo (where she took the veil) in the exercise of the most exemplary virtues.
That enthusiasm by which genius is characterized, necessarily led to devotion in circumstances like those in which Juana was placed. In the fervour of her zeal, she wrote in her blood a confession of her faith. She is said to have collected a library of four thousand volumes, in the study of which she placed her delight: nevertheless, towards the close of her life, she sacrificed this darling propensity for the purpose of applying the money which she acquired by the sale of her books, to the relief of the indigent. However heroic may be the motive of this self-denial. ​the rectitude of the principle is doubtful: the cultivation of the mind, with its consequent influence upon society, is a more real benefit to mankind than the partial relief of pecuniary exigences.
Juana was not less lamented at her death, than celebrated and respected during her life: her writings were collected in three quarto volumes, to which are prefixed numerous panegyrics upon the author, both in verse and prose, by the most illustrious persons of old and new Spain.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Czartoryski, Isabella, Princess

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CZARTORYSKI, ISABELLA PRINCESS,
Wife of Prince Adam Czartoryski, was born in Warsaw about the year 1743. She was a lady of refined and cultivated taste in literature, and a lover of nature. Her first published work was on "Gardens," magnificently illustrated, in which she displayed her peculiar talents, and gave much valuable information. She embellished the grounds of her beautiful residence at Pulaway according to the principles set forth in her work, but she did not enjoy it long: it was confiscated to the Russians. She afterwards wrote "The Pilgrim of Doramil," based on Polish history, and intended to promote morality, which work has been much admired. Her daughter has written several excellent stories, depicting the manners and domestic life of the Polish peasantry. Princess Czartoryski died in 1835. Her family is a branch of the Jagellons, rightful heirs to the hereditary throne of Poland.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Cromwell, Elizabeth

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CROMWELL, ELIZABETH,
Wife of Oliver Cromwell, was the daughter of Sir James Bourchier, knight, of Felsted, in Essex. She was married on the 22nd. of August, 1620. In person and manners she was very plain, and not well educated, even for those times. She seems to have been an upright, religious, and charitable woman, who however did not possess much influence over her husband. After the death of Cromwell, in 1658, she retired for a short time into Wales, and then went to the house of her son-in-law Claypole, at Norborough, in Lincolnshire, where she lived till her death, October 8th., 1672. She was probably upwards of seventy when she died.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sherman

See also Sherman, Texas on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SHERMAN, a city and the county-seat of Grayson county, Texas, U.S.A., 64 m. by rail N. by E. of Dallas and 9 m. S. of Denison. Pop. (1890) 7335; (1900) 10,243, of whom 2131 were negroes; (1910 census) 12,412. Sherman is served by the St Louis & San Francisco (Frisco System), which has car shops here, the St Louis & South-Western, the Gulf, Colorado & Santa Fé, the Missouri, Kansas & Texas, the Texas & Pacific, and the Houston & Texas Central railways, and by electric lines connecting with Denison and Dallas. In the city are Austin College (Presbyterian, 1850; removed from Austin to Sherman in 1876) for men, Carr-Burdette College (Christian, 1894) for girls, North Texas Female College and Conservatory (Methodist Episcopal, 1877) and Saint Joseph’s Academy (Roman Catholic) for girls. Sherman is situated on a ridge 720 ft. above sea-level between the Red river and the Trinity river, near a fertile part of the Red River Valley, in which the principal industries are the growing of cotton, Indian corn, wheat, oats, potatoes and alfalfa, and stock raising. The city contains cotton gins and compresses, and has various manufactures; in 1905 the value of factory products was $2,841,066 (94·4% more than in 1900). The municipality owns and operates the waterworks and the electric lighting plant. Sherman was settled in 1848 and was chartered as a city in 1895.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sheriffmuir

See also Battle of Sheriffmuir and Sheriffmuir on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SHERIFFMUIR, a battlefield situated on the verge of the extreme north-western iiank of the Ochils, Perthshire, Scotland, watered by Wharry Burn, an affluent of the Allan. It lies within the bounds of the parish of Dunblane, 21/2 m. E. by N. of the town. It was the site of an indecisive battle (13th of November 1715) between the Jacobites, about 12,000 strong, under John Erskine, 6th or 11th earl of Mar, and 4000 Royalists under Archibald Campbell, afterwards 3rd duke of Argyll. Both sides, each of which lost 500 men, claimed the victory, although in point of fact Mar deemed it prudent to retreat. The “battle stone” enclosed by a railing marks the scene of the encounter.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sherlock, William

See also William Sherlock on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SHERLOCK, WILLIAM (c. 1641–1707), English divine, was born at Southwark about 1641, and was educated at Eton and at Peterhouse College, Cambridge. In 1669 he became rector of St George's, Botolph Lane, London, and in 1681 he was appointed a prebendary of St Paul's. In 1674 he showed his controversial bent by an attack on the puritan John Owen, in The Knowledge of Jesus Christ and Union with Him. In 1684 he published The Case of Resistance of the Supreme Powers stated and resolved according to the Doctrine of the Holy Scriptures, an ably written treatise, in which he drew the distinction between active and passive obedience which was at that time generally accepted by the high church clergy; in the same year he was made master of the Temple. In 1686 he was reproved for his anti-papal preaching, and his pension stopped. After the Revolution he was suspended for refusing the oaths to William and Mary, but before his final deprivation he yielded, justifying his change of attitude in The Case of the Allegiance due to Sovereign Powers stated and resolved according to Scripture and Reason and the Principles of the Church of England (1691). During the period of his suspension he wrote a Practical Discourse concerning Death, which became very popular. In 1690 and 1693 he published volumes on the doctrine of the Trinity which helped rather than injured the Socinian cause, and involved him in a warm controversy with Robert South and others. He became dean of St Paul's in 1691, and died at Hampstead in June 1707.
His sermons were collected in 2 vols. 8vo (4th ed., 1755).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sherif Pasha

See also Mohamed Sherif Pasha on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SHERIF PASHA (1818–1887), Egyptian statesman, was a Circassian who filled numerous administrative posts under Said and Ismail pashas. He was of better education than most of his contemporaries, and had married a daughter of Colonel Sèves the French non-commissioned officer who became Soliman Pasha under Mehemet Ali. As minister of foreign affairs he was useful to Ismail, who used Sherif’s bluff bonhomie to veil many of his most insidious proposals. Of singularly lazy disposition, he yet possessed considerable tact—he was in fact an Egyptian Lord Melbourne, whose policy was to leave everything alone. His favourite argument against any reform was to appeal to the Pyramids as an immutable proof of the solidity of Egypt financially and politically. His fatal optimism rendered him largely responsible for the collapse of Egyptian credit which brought about the fall of Ismail. Upon the military insurrection of September 1881, Sherif was summoned by the khedive Tewfik to form a new ministry. The impossibility of reconciling the financial requirements of the national party with the demands of the British and French controllers of the public debt, compelled him to resign in the following February. After the suppression of the Arabi rebellion he was again installed in office (September 1882) by Tewfik, but in January 1884 he resigned rather than sanction the evacuation of the Sudan. As to the strength of the mahdist movement he had then no conception. When urged by Sir Evelyn Baring (Lord Cromer) early in 1883 to abandon some of the more distant parts of the Sudan, he replied with characteristic light-heartedness: “Nous en causerons plus tard; d’abord nous allons donner une bonne raclée à ce monsieur” (i.e. the mahdi). Hicks Pasha’s expedition was at the time preparing to march on El Obeid. (Vide Egypt No. 1 (1907), p. 115). Sherif died at Gratz, on the 20th of April 1887.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sherlock, Thomas

See also Thomas Sherlock on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SHERLOCK, THOMAS (1678–1761), English divine, the son of William Sherlock (q.v.), was born at London in 1678. He was educated at Eton and at St Catharine's Hall, Cambridge, and in 1704 succeeded his father as master of the Temple, where he was very popular. In 1714 he became master of his old college at Cambridge and vice-chancellor of the university, whose privileges he defended against Richard Bentley. In 1715 he was appointed dean of Chichester. He took a prominent part in the Bangorian controversy against Benjamin Hoadly, whom he succeeded as bishop of Bangor in 1728; he was afterwards translated to Salisbury in 1734, and to London in 1748. Sherlock was a capable administrator, and cultivated friendly relations with dissenters.” In parliament he was of good service to his old schoolfellow Robert Walpole. He published against Anthony Collins's deistic Grounds of the Christian Religion a volume of sermons entitled The Use and Interest of Prophecy in the Several Ages of the World (1725); and in reply to Thomas Woolston's Discourses on the Miracles he wrote a volume entitled The Tryal of the Witnesses of the Resurrection of Jesus (1729), which soon ran through fourteen editions. His Pastoral, Letter (1750) on “the late earthquakes” had a circulation of many thousands, and four or five volumes of Sermons which he published in his later years (1754–1758) were also at one time highly esteemed. He died in July 1761.
A collected edition of his works, with a memoir, in 5 vols. 8vo, by J. S. Hughes, appeared in 1830.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Jerusalem

*JERUSALEM. See New Jerusalem Church.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Isbraniki

ISBRANIKI, i.e. the multitude of the elect, a name assumed by certain dissenters of the Russian church, otherwise called Staracertsi, i.e. followers in the ancient faith ; and generally called by the members of the establishment Raskolniki, or schismatics. See those names, and also the Russian church.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Jacobites

JACOBITES, a denomination of eastern christians in the sixth and seventh centuries, so denominated from Jacob Bardeus, or Ranzalus, a disciple of Eutyches and Dyoscorus. His doctrines spread in Asia and Africa to that degree, that the denomination of the Eutychians was swallowed up by that of the Jacobites, which also comprehended all the Monophysites of the East; i. e. such as acknowledged but one nature, and that human, in Jesus Christ; including the Armenians and Abyssinians. They denied the doctrine of the trinity, and made the sign of the cross with one finger, to intimate the oneness of the godhead.
The Jacobites are of two sects; some following the rites of the Latin church, and others continuing separated from the church of Rome.
The name Jacobites was used in England in the seventeenth century as a political distinction, to mark the adherents of king James II. who were also called Nonjurors. A term very near this, viz. Jacobins, was used also to designate the violent party in the French revolution, on account of their holding their meetings in a convent of Jacobins in Paris.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Encyclopedia, vol. ix.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Jansenists

JANSENISTS, a denomination of Roman Catholics in France, which was formed in the year 1640. They follow the opinions of Jansenius, bishop of Ypres, from whose writings the following propositions are said to have been extracted :—1. That there are divine precepts, which good men, notwithstanding their desire to observe them, are nevertheless absolutely unable to obey; nor has God given them that measure of grace which is essentially necessary to render them capable of such obedience.—2. That no person, in this corrupt state of nature, can resist the influence of divine grace, when it operates upon the mind.—3. That, in order to render human actions meritorious, it is not requisite that they be exempt from necessity; but that they be free from constraint.—4. That the semi-pelagians err greatly, in maintaining that the human will is endowed with the power of either receiving or resisting the aids and influences of preventing grace.—5. That whoever affirms that Jesus Christ made expiation, by his sufferings and death, for the sins of all mankind, is a Semi-Pelagian. Of these propositions Pope Innocent X. condemned the first four as heretical, and the last as rash and impious. But he did this without asserting that these were the doctrines of Jansenius, or even naming him, which did not satisfy his adversaries, nor silence him. The next pope however, Alexander VII. issued a bull, in which he denounced the said propositions as erroneous doctrines of Jansenius, which excited no small troubles in the Gallican church.
This denomination was also distinguished from many of the Roman Catholics by their maintaining that the holy scriptures and public liturgies should be given to the people in their mother tongue; and they consider it as a matter of importance to inculcate upon all christians, that true piety does not consist in the performance of external devotions, but in inward holiness and divine love.
It is said that Jansenius read through the whole of St. Augustine's works, ten, and some parts thirty times; from these he made a number of excerpta, which he collected in his book called Augustinus. This he had not the courage to publish; but it was printed after his death, and from it his enemies, the Jesuits, extracted the propositions above named.
Many of the Jansenists were distinguished for their strict piety, and severe moral discipline. They complained of the corruptions of the church of Rome, censured the licentiousness of the monastic orders, and insisted upon the necessity of reforming their discipline, according to the rules of sanctity, abstinence, and self-denial, that were originally prescribed by their respective founders. The celebrated Pascal, and Quesnel, men eminently distinguished for talents and piety, are ranked among the followers of Jansenius.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Mosheim, vol. ii. p. 262. Toplady, Hist. vol. 92.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Jasideans

*JASIDEANS, or JESDAEANS, a wandering, ferocious tribe, who frequent the Gordian mountains and the deserts of Curdistan, in Persia. Their priests and rulers are clothed in black, and the rest in white garments. Their religion seems composed of some fragments of christianity, mingled with their ancient pagan superstitions. They pay especial marks of respect, if not worship, to the evil genius, whom they call Carubin or Cherubin, and consider him as one of the chief ministers of the great and good supreme Being, the chief object of their worship, and whose name in the Persian language is Jazid or Jesdan, from which their denomination is probably derived.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Mosheim, vol. iv. p. 270.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Inghamites

INGHAMITES, the followers of Mr. Ingham, a respectable gentleman of the north of England, who was educated at Queen's College, at the same time with Mr Hervey; and in 1732 joined the society of the first Methodists at Oxford. He accompanied the Mess. Wesleys on their first voyage to Georgia, but returning the next year, attached himself to the United Brethren. Some time after this, itinerating in the north of England he formed several churches on the Independent plan. But in 176, Mr. Ingham and some of his co-adjutors met with the writings of Messrs. Glass and Sandeman, and adopting some of their notions, both as a doctrine and discipline, began to split into parties and many went over to their communion. Some thousands, however, adhered to Mr. Ingham, of which there are yet considerable remains. They admitted members by lot ,after a public declaration of their experiences, which introduced much confusion and contention. Mr. Ingham pleaded very strongly for the doctrine of imputed righteousness; but objected to the systematic language generally adopted in speaking of distinct persons in the the trinity. He practised infant baptism, and approved many things in the writings of Mr. Sandeman. This denomination receive members by the laying on of hands; practise the love feasts, and the kiss of charity. But they did not think with Sandeman that a plurality of elders was necessary to church ordinances.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Sketch of the Scotch Independents and the Inghamite churches