OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Whitman, Alfred Charles

​WHITMAN, ALFRED CHARLES (1860–1910), writer on engravings, youngest son of Edwin Whitman, a grocer, by his wife Fanny, was born at Hammersmith on 12 October 1860, and was educated at St. Mark's College School, Chelsea. On leaving school he was employed by the firm of Henry Dawson & Sons, typo-etching company, of Farringdon Street and Chiswick, with whom he remained till he was appointed on 21 Dec. 1885 an attendant in the department of prints and drawings in the British Museum. For some years he served in his spare time as amanuensis to Lady Charlotte Schreiber [q. v.] and assisted her in the arrangement and cataloguing of her collections of fans and playing-cards. He was promoted to the office of departmental clerk in the print department on 20 May 1903. His tact, patience, and courtesy, combined with an exceptional knowledge of the English prints in the collection, made his aid invaluable to visitors who consulted it, and he acquired, in particular, a well-deserved reputation as an authority on British mezzotint engraving. His earlier books, ‘The Masters of Mezzotint’ (1898) and ‘The Print Collector's Handbook’ (1901; new and enlarged edit. 1912), were of a popular character, and have less permanent value than the catalogues of eminent engravers' works, which were the outcome of notes methodically compiled during many years, not only in the British Museum, but in private collections and sale-rooms. ‘Valentine Green,’ published in 1902 as part of a series, ‘British Mezzotinters,’ to which other writers contributed under his direction, is less satisfactory than ‘Samuel William Reynolds,’ published in 1903 as the first volume in a series of ‘Nineteenth Century Mezzotinters.’ It was followed by ‘Samuel Cousins’ (1904) and ‘Charles Turner’ (1907). These two books rank among the best catalogues of an engraver's work produced in England. Whitman's health began to fail in the autumn of 1908, and he died in London after a long illness, on 2 Feb. 1910. His annotated copy of J. Chaloner Smith's ‘British Mezzotint Portraits’ was sold at Christie's on 6 June 1910 for 430l. 10s. On 12 August 1885 he married, at Hammersmith, Helena Mary Bing.
[The Athenæum, 12 Feb. 1910; private information.]
C. D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Segrave, Hugh

1904 Errata appended.
​SEGRAVE, Sir HUGH (d. 1385?), treasurer of England, presumably connected with the baronial house of Segrave, extinct in the direct male line in 1353, was keeper of the castle of Burstwick, and of the forests of Kingswood and Filwood in Gloucestershire, under Queen Philippa. In these offices he, then being a knight, was confirmed by Edward III in 1369. He served in the French war, and in 1370 received 45l. 10s. 2d. as wages for himself and his retinue. In 1372 he was with others commissioned to treat with the Flemish. On 20 July 1377 he was appointed of the council of Richard II, and in 1380 was made steward of the king's household. He was employed in 1381 in negotiating the king's marriage with Anne of Bohemia. Being a personal friend of Thomas, abbot of St. Albans, who solicited his help, he did what he could for the abbey in the troubles brought upon it by the revolt of the commons. On 16 July he received the custody of the great seal, and kept it until the appointment of William Courtenay [q. v.], the archbishop, as chancellor on 10 Aug., on which day Segrave was made treasurer of the kingdom. He addressed the commons in parliament on 13 Nov., declaring the king's revocation of the charters of manumission. In that year he received from the king the ​manor of Overhall in Essex, to hold by the service of making ‘wafres,’ and attendance on the coronation (Foss). He also held an estate in Kempston, Bedfordshire. Conjointly with two others he had the custody of the great seal for a few weeks from 11 July 1382. A new treasurer was appointed on 17 Jan. 1386, in which year Segrave was dead.
W. H.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.244 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 199 | ii | 36 | Segrave, Sir Hugh: for Brustwick read Burstwick |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Segrave, Gilbert de (d.1254)

​SEGRAVE, GILBERT de (d. 1254), judge, was second son of Stephen de Segrave (d. 1241) [q. v.], by Rohesia, daughter of Thomas Despenser. His elder brother having died in their father's lifetime, he succeeded to the family estates in Leicestershire in 1241. Dugdale seems to have been in error in describing him as a canon of St. Paul's, for he does not appear in the lists. In 1231 Gilbert de Segrave had a grant of Kegworth in Leicestershire, and shortly after was made governor of Bolsover Castle. He was appointed justice of the forests south of the Trent in 1242 (Rôles Gascons, i. 104, &c.) and governor of Kenilworth Castle. In 1251 he was one of the justices to hear pleas in the city of London, but was not noticed as a judge after January 1252. In 1253 he accompanied the king to Gascony (ib. i. 2131, 2195, 2199, 2620). In January 1254 he was sent home by the king as one of his messengers to ask for money from the parliament (Matt. Paris, v. 423). Afterwards he rejoined the king, and was in Gascony on 16 June, and at Bordeaux as late as 7 Sept. (Rôles Gascons, i. 3792, 4015). Very soon afterwards, having obtained a safe-conduct from Louis IX, he started home through Poitou in the company of John de Plessis, earl of Warwick [q. v.], and other nobles. The party was treacherously seized by the citizens of Pons in Poitou, where Segrave fell ill, and died in prison before 8 Oct. (cf. ib. i. 3487; Ann. ​Mon. iii. 193). On 12 Oct. his wardships were granted to the king's son Edward (ib. iii. 194; Rôles Gascons, i. 3720). He married Amabilia, daughter and heiress of Robert de Chaucumb (Excerpt. e Rot. Finium, i. 462). By her he was father of Nicholas de Segrave, first baron Segrave [q. v.], and of Alice, wife of William Mauduit, earl of Warwick [q. v.] Matthew Paris (v. 463) describes him as ‘vir nobilis ac dives et moribus adornatus.’
C. L. K.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Seeman, Enoch

​SEEMAN or ZEEMAN, ENOCH (1694–1744), portrait-painter, was born in 1694 at Danzig in Germany, where his father was settled as a painter. It is possible that the famous German ‘virtuoso’ painter, Balthasar Denner, who received some of his early instruction in painting at Danzig, may have been a pupil of Seeman's father, for some of Seeman's early paintings were executed in imitation of Denner's manner. Among these were a portrait of himself at the age of nineteen, and an old woman's head in which the wrinkles, hair, fabric of clothes, are delineated in the minute manner which is seen in Denner's works. Seeman was brought by his father, when young, to London, and practised there as a portrait-painter with great success. He resided in St. Martin's Lane, and at first styled himself ‘Enoch Seeman, junior.’ He was a good portrait-painter, and his portraits of ladies were much admired. The conventionalities, however, of costume and posture have destroyed the value of his portraits. His portraits or portrait-groups were sometimes on a very large scale, such as the imposing picture of the Lapland giant, Gaianus, painted in 1734, now at Dalkeith Palace, and the family group of Sir John Cust [q. v.] at Belton House, Grantham. Seeman frequently painted his own portrait, in which he is seen in an animated attitude, with long flowing hair. One example is in the royal picture gallery at Dresden, and was engraved by J. G. Schmidt. Another, with his daughter in boy's clothes, was at Strawberry Hill. A portrait by him of Sir Isaac Newton, formerly in the possession of Thomas Hollis, F.S.A., was engraved in mezzotint by J. MacArdell. Seeman also painted George II, Queen Caroline (a portrait of whom by him is in the National Portrait Gallery), and other members of the royal family. He died suddenly in 1744. His son, Paul Seeman, painted portraits and still life, and his three brothers were all painters and ingenious artists, one of whom, Isaac Seeman, died in London on 4 April 1751. The name is sometimes, but erroneously, spelt Zeeman.
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Seffrid

​SEFFRID, SEFRID, SEINFRID, or SAFRED II (d. 1204), bishop of Chichester, was archdeacon of Chichester when, in 1178, he was made dean of that church. He was consecrated bishop of Chichester on 16 Nov. 1180. He was on the side of the monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in their ​quarrel with Archbishop Baldwin, and was employed by Urban III and the king in connection with the dispute in 1187 and 1188. In 1187 a large part of his cathedral church, built by Bishop Ralph Luffa, and consecrated in 1108, was destroyed by a fire which probably began on the roof. He used all means at his command to repair the damage. The triforium suffered little, but the clerestory had to be rebuilt; stone vaulting was substituted for the wooden roofs of the nave and aisles, the eastern limb was almost wholly rebuilt and much lengthened, the chapels on the eastern sides of the transepts were added, and pointed single-light windows took the place of the Norman windows in nave and choir (Stephens). The church was dedicated in September 1199, but the rebuilding was not finished in Seffrid's lifetime. Seffrid is said also to have rebuilt the bishop's palace. In 1189 he was present at the coronation of Richard I, and at the great council at Pipewell. He strongly condemned the outrage inflicted by the chancellor on Geoffrey (d. 1212) [q. v.], archbishop of York, in 1191, and wrote to the monks of Canterbury declaring that he was ready to take part in avenging such an insult to the whole church. He was ordered by the king, then in captivity, to come to him in Germany in 1193 in company with the chancellor (Rog. Hov. iii. 212). He was present at the new coronation of Richard on 17 April 1194, and at the coronation of John on 27 May 1199. In September 1200 he was too ill to attend the archbishop's synod at Westminster. He died on 17 March 1204. With the consent of the dean and chapter of Chichester he made statutes for the canons and vicars of the cathedral, which strengthened the independence of the chapter, and he regulated the residence of the canons and the duties of the dignitaries of the church. He founded a hospital for lepers half a mile to the east of Chichester, and another farther off in the same direction.
W. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Segrave, Gilbert de (d.1313?)

​SEGRAVE, GILBERT de (d. 1313?), theologian, was presumably a member of the baronial house of Segrave of Segrave, Leicestershire. He graduated as a doctor of theology and canon law at Oxford, and was on 6 Feb. 1297 made prebendary of Milton Ecclesia in the cathedral of Lincoln, and later archdeacon of Oxford. At the request of the pope, Thomas of Corbridge [q. v.], archbishop of York, gave him the sacristy of the chapel of St. Sepulchre at York. Edward I demanded the office for one of his own clerks, and on the death of Corbridge in 1304 Segrave was deprived of it. Probably in connection with this matter, Segrave in 1309 claimed forty marks from Corbridge's executors. He died at the Roman court, probably at Avignon, before 13 March 1313, on which date the pope appointed a Roman cardinal to his stall in Lincoln, and to the archdeaconry of Oxford, vacant by his death. Two works, ‘Quæstiones Theologicæ’ and ‘Quodlibeta,’ are ascribed to him. He is often confused with Gilbert de Segrave (d. 1316) [q. v.], bishop of London.
W. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Segrave, Gilbert de (d.1316)

​SEGRAVE, GILBERT de (d. 1316), bishop of London, son of Nicholas de Segrave, first baron Segrave [q. v.], was in 1279, when he was a subdeacon, presented by his father to the living of Kegworth, Leicestershire. In 1282 John Peckham, archbishop of Canterbury, gave him the benefice of Harlaxton, Staffordshire. Having in 1291 received a dispensation for plurality of benefices, he was, in August 1292, instituted to the living of Aylestone, Leicestershire, and also held the rectory of Fen Stanton, Huntingdonshire. In 1302 he received the prebend of St. Martin's in Lincoln Cathedral (Le Neve, i. 184), and probably later that of Portpoole in St. Paul's, London, of which church he was precentor in 1310. He was elected bishop of London on 17 Aug. 1313, received the temporalities on 28 Sept., and was consecrated on 25 Nov. at Canterbury by Henry Woodlock, bishop of Winchester, the see of Canterbury being then vacant. On 24 March 1314 he was enthroned in St. Paul's, and the same day laid the foundation-stones, as founder, of a new feretory for St. Erkenwald [q. v.] He began a visitation of his diocese, visiting St. Paul's in person on 18 April, and in May dedicated several altars in the church. He died on 18 Dec. 1316, and was buried on the 30th. By Tanner, who, however, gives materials for correcting his mistake, Fuller, Newcourt, Nicholls, Canon Raine, and others, he is confused with Gilbert de Segrave (d. 1313?) [q. v.], theologian; the reasons for rejecting their view will be gathered from a comparison of the lives of the two Gilberts.
W. H.
# Dictionary of Spoken Spanish/Part 1/K

K
* kilo kilogram.
* kilogramo kilogram.
* kilométrico mileage ticket, book (railroad mileage purchased in quantity at cut rate) [Sp].
* kilómetro kilometer.
* kiosco pavilion; newsstand; bandstand.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Thornborough, John

​THORNBOROUGH, JOHN (1551–1641), bishop of Worcester, born in 1551 at Salisbury, was son of Giles Thornborough of that city. He became a demy of Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1569, graduating B.A. on 1 April 1573, M.A. on 27 June 1575, and B.D. on 22 March 1581–2. At Oxford he led a gay life, associating with Robert Pinkney of St. Mary's Hall, and employing Simon Forman [q. v.] as the minister of his pleasures. Becoming chaplain to Henry Herbert, second earl of Pembroke [q. v.], he ​was appointed rector of Orcheston St. Mary, Wiltshire, in 1575; of Marnhull, Dorset, in 1577, and of Chilmark, Wiltshire, in 1578. Soon afterwards he became chaplain in ordinary to Elizabeth, and on 14 July 1585 was installed in the prebend of Bedminster and Ratcliffe in the cathedral of Salisbury. On 28 Oct. 1589 he was elected dean of York, and on 17 March 1589–90 obtained the prebend of Tockerington in that church, which he retained till 1616. On 20 Sept. 1593 he was appointed bishop of Limerick, to which in 1601 was added the rectory of Kirby Misperton in Yorkshire, and in the following year that of Brandesburton in the same county. In Ireland he showed himself zealous on behalf of the crown, and in consequence was enthroned bishop of Bristol on 23 Aug. 1603 (cf. Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1603–10, p. 415). On 25 Jan. 1616–17, in spite of the candidature of Henry Beaumont, Buckingham's kinsman, he was elected bishop of Worcester.
Thornborough showed much activity in his last diocese in putting the law into execution against recusants, and in aiding the crown to raise money by forced loans and other exactions. He died at Hartlebury, Worcestershire on 9 or 19 July 1641, and was buried in Worcester Cathedral. He was twice married. By his first wife he had issue Benjamin Thornborough, knighted at Newmarket on 23 Nov. 1618; and Edward Thornborough, collated archdeacon of Worcester on 3 Aug. 1629, who died in 1645. By his second wife, Elizabeth Bayles of Suffolk, he had Thomas Thornborough of Elmley Lovet, Worcestershire, knighted at Whitehall on 11 Feb. 1629–30.
Thornborough was the author of: 1. ‘A Discourse plainly proving the evident Utility and urgent Necessity of the desired happy Union of England and Scotland,’ London, 1604, 4to. 2. ‘The joyful and blessed reuniting the two mighty and famous Kingdoms of England and Scotland,’ Oxford, 1605, 4to. 3. ‘Λιθοθεωρικός sive Nihil, Aliquid, Omnia, Antiquorum Sapientum vivis coloribus depicta, Philosophico-theologice, in gratiam eorum qui Artem auriferam Physico-chymice et pie profitentur,’ Oxford, 1621, 4to. 4. ‘The Last Will and Testament of Jesus Christ, touching the Blessed Sacrament of his Body and Blood,’ Oxford, 1630, 4to. 5. ‘A Discourse showing the great Happiness that hath, and may still, accrue to His Majesty's Kingdoms of England and Scotland by reuniting them into one Great Britain,’ London, 1641, 4to.
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Thorie, John

John Thorius in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
​THORIE or THORIUS, JOHN (fl. 1590–1611), translator, son of John Thorie, M.D. of Bailleul, Flanders, was born in 1568 in London. He matriculated from Christ Church, Oxford, on 1 Oct. 1586, having previously supplicated for the degree of B.A. on 15 April. ‘He was a person well skilled in certain tongues, and a noted poet of his time’ (Wood, Athenæ Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 624). Before 1593 he had formed a friendship with Gabriel Harvey [q. v.], who in that year dedicated to Thorie, Barnabe Barnes, and Anthony Chewt, his ‘Pierce's Supererogation,’ a reply to ‘Strange News’—an attack on him by Thomas Nash (1567–1601) [q. v.] Thorie has in it five sonnets and two commendatory letters (dated Oxford, 10 July and 3 Aug. 1593) to Harvey. He consequently came under the notice of Nash; the latter's sarcasms drove him to abandon Harvey, and in ‘Have with you to Saffron Walden’ (1596) Nashe wrote: ‘Of this John Thorius more sparingly will I speake, because he hath made his peace with me’ (Harvey, Works, ed. Grosart, vol. ii. passim; Nashe, Works, ed. Grosart, iii. 155, 200).
Thorie translated from the Spanish:
* ‘The Counseller by B. Philip,’ London, 1589, 4to, dedicated to John Fortescue, master of the queen's wardrobe (Brit. Mus.).
* ‘Corro's Spanish Grammar, with a Dictionarie adioyned vnto it,’ London, 1590, 4to.
* ‘The Sergeant-Major, by F. de Valdes,’ London, 1590, 4to, dedicated by Thorius to Sir John Norris [q. v.] He also has verses in Florio's ‘Queen Anna's New World of Words,’ 1611.
[Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1500–1714; Clark's Reg. of the Univ. of Oxford, II. ii. 154, iii. 138; Hazlitt's Handbook and Collections.]
E. C. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Thorn, Nathaniel

1904 Errata appended.
​THORN, Sir NATHANIEL (d. 1857), lieutenant-general, was commissioned as ensign in the 3rd (buffs) on 15 Oct. 1802, and became lieutenant on 25 June 1803. He went with his regiment to Madeira in December 1807, and thence to Portugal in August 1808. The buffs did not take part in the advance into Spain under Moore, but they formed part of Wellesley's army in 1809. They were the first troops to cross the Douro, and at Talavera they were hotly engaged as part of Hill's division, Thorn being in command of the light company.
He was promoted captain on 4 Jan. 1810, and in March he was appointed deputy-assistant quartermaster-general to the 2nd division. He held this post till the end of the war. He was present at Busaco, the first siege of Badajos, Albuera, Arroyo de Molinos, Almaraz, Vittoria, the battles of the Pyrenees, the Nivelle and the Nive, Garris, Orthes, Aire, and Toulouse. He was wounded at the battle of St.-Pierre (13 Dec. 1813), and General W. Stewart strongly recommended him for promotion, as that was the fourth time he had brought his services to notice in the course of that campaign. He received a brevet majority on 3 March 1814, and ultimately the silver medal with ten clasps.
In July 1814 he was appointed assistant quartermaster-general to one of the brigades sent from Bordeaux to Canada, and he was present at the affair of Plattsburg in September. He was made brevet lieutenant-colonel on 21 June 1817. On 14 Aug. 1823 he was placed on half-pay, but on 29 June 1826 he was appointed to the permanent staff of the quartermaster-general's department, on which he served for twenty years. He was promoted colonel on 10 Jan. 1837, major-general on 9 Nov. 1846, and lieutenant-general on 20 June 1854. On 25 July in the latter year he was given the colonelcy of the Buffs. He was made C.B. in 1831, K.H. in 1832, and K.C.B. in 1857. He went to Windsor for the installation on 24 Jan., caught cold, and on his return home died suddenly at Upcott House, Bishop's Hull, near Taunton, Somerset, on the 28th. He was buried at Halse in that county, where there is a fine window to his memory. He was married, and his wife survived him.
E. M. L.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.264 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 285 | ii | 21 | Thorn, Sir Nathaniel: for Bishop's Hall read Bishop's-Hull |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Thorburn, Grant

​THORBURN, GRANT (1773–1863), original of Galt's ‘Lawrie Todd,’ and author, son of a nail-maker, was born at Westhouses, near Dalkeith, Midlothian, on 18 Feb. 1773. He became a nail-maker, and worked for several years at Dalkeith. In 1792 he joined the ‘Friends of the People,’ and in the winter of 1793, along with seventeen others, was examined in Edinburgh as ‘a suspicious person,’ but dismissed. In 1794 he emigrated to New York, where at first he worked at his trade. In 1796 he and his brother, having between them a little money, and getting credit for something more, started a hardware business, which presently became Thorburn's sole concern. Owing to the introduction of machinery, nail-making in the old manual fashion ceased to be a profitable industry, and in 1805 Thorburn became a seedsman. He struggled through discouragements, failures, and even (in 1808) bankruptcy, and ultimately made his seed business one of the greatest in the world. From his youth he believed that he was under the care of a special Providence, and minute scrutiny of the events in his career enabled him curiously to illustrate his theory. He first became widely known as the hero of John Galt's ‘Lawrie Todd, or the Settlers in the Woods,’ 3 vols. 1830. In ‘Fraser's Magazine’ for 1833, vols. vii. and viii., Thorburn's autobiography was published, with a portrait, and this excited fresh interest. In 1854 he removed from New York to Winsted, Connecticut, thence to Newhaven in the same state, where he died on 21 Jan. 1863.
In June 1797 Thorburn married Rebecca Sickles, who worked heroically with him among the sick during the great epidemic in New York in 1798, and died on 28 Nov. 1800. He married a second time in 1801, and a third time in 1853. With an easy and somewhat loose but energetic and pointed style, Thorburn won attention by his originality, strength, and candour. His quaint discursiveness, his ​allusions to contemporaries and current affairs, his somewhat egotistical garrulousness, his confessions, descriptions, and reflections, besides illustrating his own character, throw light on the condition of America, and even of the civilised world, in his time. His publications are:
* ‘Forty Years' Residence in America; or the Doctrine of a particular Providence exemplified in the Life of Grant Thorburn (the original Lawrie Todd), Seedsman, New York,’ with an introduction by John Galt, 1834.
* ‘Men and Manners in Great Britain, by Lawrie Todd,’ 1834.
* ‘Fifty Years' Reminiscences of New York; or Flowers from the Garden of Lawrie Todd,’ 1845.
* ‘Lawrie Todd's Hints to Merchants, Married Men, and Bachelors,’ 1847.
* ‘Lawrie Todd's Notes on Virginia,’ 1848.
* ‘Life and Writings of Grant Thorburn, prepared by Himself,’ 1852.
The last-named work first appeared serially in the ‘Knickerbocker Magazine,’ the ‘New York Mirror,’ and various other periodicals.
[Thorburn's Works; Blackwood's Mag. xxvii. 694, xxx. 532; Irving's Book of Eminent Scotsmen; Allibone's Dict. of English Lit.; Athenæum, 1833, p. 847; London Literary Gazette, 1833, p. 787.]
T. B.