OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Circus

See also Circus (building) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Cir′cus, in Roman usage, was a large, oblong building, used for chariot and horse-races, athletic exercises and wild-beast fights. According to tradition, circuses originated with Romulus, and subsequently these games became popular, and several buildings were put up for their use, the largest being called the Circus Maximus. This was enlarged several times, and is reported to have held from 150,000 to 385,000 persons. In the time of Julius Cæsar it was 1,875 feet in length and 625 feet wide. It was oblong in form, rounded at one end and square at the other, with tiers of stone seats on the sides and curved end, while at the square end were stalls for the horses and chariots. The Romans were very fond of the chariot-race. Usually, four chariots raced seven times round the circuit. Boxing, wrestling and even battles were engaged in. Canals were also dug and sea-fights shown. Animals were brought from as far as Asia and Africa. Free shows were given by politicians to curry favor with the people. Pompey gave a five days' circus, during which 500 lions and 20 elephants were killed. Often the Romans would demand bread and circus-games from candidates for office.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cladophyll

See also Petiole (botany) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Cladophyll (klăd′o-fĭl) (in plants), shoots or branches which have replaced leaves in their work and resemble them in form. The so-called leaves of the ordinary smilax of the greenhouses are cladophylls, the true leaves occurring beneath them in the form of small scales. The same word is sometimes written phylloclad.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hirschberg

Edition of 1905. See also Jelenia Góra on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HIRSCHBERG, hḗrsh'bĕrK. A manufacturing town in the Prussian Province of Silesia, situated at the foot of a mountain, 30 miles southwest of Liegnitz (Map: Prussia, F 3). The town is ancient, and is still girt about by a double line of walls. Its Protestant church, a Gothic edifice, is known for its magnitude and its excellent organ. Hirschberg has manufactures of linen, lace, machinery, paper, metal, and tobacco. The town was founded at the beginning of the eleventh century. Population, in 1890, 16,200; in 1900, 17,865, mostly Protestants.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hirt, Herman

Edition of 1905. See also Hermann Hirt on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HIRT, Herman (1865—). A German philologist. He was born at Magdeburg, wrote on German metres (Untersuchungen zur westgermanischen Verskunst, 1889), edited Schopenhauer's Parerga (1890), and then devoting himself to Indo-Germanic philology made special studies on accent, writing Der indogermanische Accent (1895) and Der indogermanische Ablaut, vornehmlich in seinem Verhältnis zur Betonung (1900). Hirt, who became professor at Leipzig, made valuable contributions to Burgmann and Streitberg's Indogermanische Forschungen, on the morphology of case endings. In 1902, he published Handbuch der griechischen Laut- und Formenlehre, the first volume of a series of Indo-Germanic text-books of which he is editor.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hirth, Friedrich

Edition of 1905. See also Friedrich Hirth on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HIRTH, hḗrt, Friedrich (1845—). A German sinologue, born at Gräfentonna, Saxe-Gotha. He was educated at the universities of Leipzig, Berlin, and Greifswald (Ph.D., 1869), and from 1870 to 1897 was in the Chinese maritime customs service. In 1902 he was appointed to the professorship of Chinese in Columbia University (New York City). A collection of Chinese manuscripts and printed books made by him is in the Royal Library at Berlin, and another of porcelains of considerable historical importance in the Gotha Museum. As an investigator he conducted researches in Chinese literature by imitation of the methods of classical philology. His chief publications include: China and the Roman Orient: Researches Into Their Ancient and Mediæval Relations as Represented in Old Chinese Records (1885); Ancient Porcelain: A Study in Chinese Mediæval Industry and Trade (1888); Text-Book of Documentary Chinese (2 vols., 1885-88); Chinesisehe Studien (vol. i., 1890); Ueber fremde Einflüsse in der chinesischen Kunst (1890); and many papers on subjects connected with Chinese literature.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hoe (family)

Edition of 1905. See also Robert Hoe, Richard March Hoe and Robert Hoe III on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HOE. The name of a family prominently identified with the manufacture and improvement of the printing-press in America. — Robert (1784-1833) was born in Leicestershire, England. He was indentured to a joiner, in 1802 emigrated to the United States, worked for a time at his trade, and subsequently was an associate of his brothers-in-law, Peter and Matthew Smith, in the manufacture of a hand printing-press invented by the former. In 1823 he became sole proprietor of the business. A skillful mechanic, he constructed and introduced the original Hoe press, and was, it is thought, the earliest American machinist to utilize steam as a motive power in his plant. — Richard March (1812-86), son of the foregoing. He began the practical study of printing-press manufacture in 1827, and in 1833 became the senior partner of the Hoe firm. He devised numerous ingenious improvements in the presses, and also produced a fine quality of steel saw. In 1841 he, in connection with his brothers, Peter Smith Hoe and Robert Hoe, took over the entire direction of the business. A rotary press, widely known as ‘Hoe's lightning press,’ was brought out by him in 1846. and forthwith was very extensively adopted for newspaper work. (See Printing.) Afterwards he invented the web perfecting press, which superseded his former invention and prints upon both sides oi the sheet, and includes complicated apparatus for cutting and folding. (See Printing.) Constant improvements were made by him in the output of his works. — Robert III (1839-1909;), a son of Robert Hoe II, succeeded to the headship of the firm, which
retains its preëminence among printing-press makers. He was one of the organizers and first president of the Grolier Club, the well-known New York organization for the promotion of book-making as an art. He edited Maberley's Print Collector (1880). See Printing.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hoecke, van den

Edition of 1905. See also Jan van den Hoecke and Robert van den Hoecke on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HOECKE, van den. A family of Flemish painters. Jan (1611-51), a portrait and figure painter, was a pupil of his father, Caspar, and of Rubens. After studying also in Italy and executing commissions for the Emperor of Austria, he settled, in 1647, in Antwerp, as court painter to the Archduke Leopold Wilhelm. With that prince's collection, a number of his best works came into the possession of the Vienna Gallery; others are at Antwerp. His portraits resemble Van Dyck's rather than those of Rubens. His brother Robrecht (1622-48), also a pupil of his father, was an architect of note. As controller of the fortifications of Flanders, he painted many views of camps, battles, and cities, very detailed in execution and pleasing in color. His work is also well represented in the Vienna Gallery.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hoefer, Edmund

Edition of 1905. See also Edmund Hoefer on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HOEFER, hẽ'fẽr, Edmund (1819-82). A German novelist. He was born at Greifswald, was educated there, and in the universities of Heidelberg and Berlin. His first stories appeared in 1845, and from that time onward he wrote many novels marked by excellence of characterization, such as: Schwanwiek (1856); Bewegtes Leben (1856); Norien. Erinnerungen einer alten Frau (1858); Die Honoratiorentochter (1861); Altermann Ryke (1865); Ein Findling (1868); Der Junker (1878); and In der letzten Stunde (1881). The eighth edition of his Wie das Volk spricht was published in 1876.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hirsch, Max

Edition of 1905. See also Max Hirsch (labor economist) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HIRSCH, Max (1832-1905). A German political economist and politician, born at Halberstadt, in Prussian Saxony. He studied political economy and jurisprudence at the universities of Tübingen, Heidelberg, and Berlin, and then traveled through France and North Africa. As the result of his observations during these travels he published: Skizze der volkswirtschaftlichen Zustände in Algerien (1857), and Reise in das Innere von Algerien, durch die Kabylie und Sahara (1862). After a later journey through England and Scotland he returned home to organize trades unions among his countrymen. These soon spread all over Germany and through them and their organ, Der Gewerkverein, he wielded great influence. He was several times a member of the Reichstag, and was the leading spirit in a number of societies for the benefit of the laboring classes. His publications include: Was bezwecken die Gewerkvereine? (15th ed. 1891)
and Das Invaliditäts- und Altersversicherungsgesetz (3d ed. 1890).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hirschfeld, Gustav

Edition of 1905. See also Gustav Hirschfeld on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HIRSCHFELD, hḗrsh'fĕlt, Gustav (1847-95). A German archæologist, born at Pyritz, in Pomerania. He was educated at Tübingen, Leipzig, and Berlin, and was sent by the Prussian Archæological Institute in 1870 to Greece, Italy, and Asia Minor. From 1875 to 1877 he had charge of the excavations at Olympia, and in 1882 traveled again in Asia Minor. He was appointed professor of archæology at Königsberg in 1878. Besides many articles in the archæological journals he wrote: Tituli Statuariorum Sculptorumque Græcorum (1871); Athena und Marsyas (1872); Paphlagonische Felsengräber (1885); Berichte über alte Geographie (1885); Die Felsenreliefs in Kleinasien und das Volk der Hittiter (1887); Griechische Inschriften des Britischen Museums (1893); and contributed to the first two volumes of Ausgrabungen zu Olympia (1877-78). Aus dem Orient was posthumously published (1897).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hoe (implement)

Edition of 1905. See also Hoe (tool) on Wikipedia; hoe on Wiktionary, Hoe on Wikiquote; and the disclaimer.
HOE (from OF. houe, hoe, from OHG. houwa, Ger. Haue, hoe, from OHG. houwan, Ger. hauen, AS. hēawan, Eng. hew). An agricultural implement used for stirring the soil, drawing up earth to plants, thinning plants in drills, clearing the ground of weeds, etc. There are two classes of hoes — draw-hoes and thrust-hoes. In the former the blade is almost at right angles to the handle; in the latter, almost in the same plane with it. The thrust-hoe, or Dutch hoe, is chiefly used for killing weeds, and for stirring ground to a very slight depth. The draw-hoe is much used in gardening, and is, in some countries, very extensively used in place of the spade in agriculture. It is always employed in the thinning (singling) of turnips. Hoes intended for tilling the ground, instead of the plow and spade, are much larger and heavier than those ordinarily used, are raised much higher, and brought down to the ground with greater force, somewhat like the pickaxe. Hoes for stirring very stiff soils are sometimes made with prongs instead of a blade.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hirschfeld, Otto

Edition of 1905. See also Otto Hirschfeld on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HIRSCHFELD, Otto (1843—). An eminent German classical philologist and historian, born at Königsberg. After having taught at Göttingen, Prague, and Vienna, he was in 1885 appointed to the chair of ancient history in the University of Berlin. Of his historical writings the most important is his Untersuchungen auf dem Gebiete der römischen Verwaltungsgeschichte (1876). He rendered especial service to classical learning as editor of Latin inscriptions: Inscriptiones Galliæ Narbonensis Latinæ (1888); supplement to the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, vol. iii. (ib., 1893); Inscriptiones Aquitaniæ et Lugdunensis (1899).
# The Part Taken by Women in American History/Women of the Confederacy

Women of the Confederacy.
In Richmond, when the hospitals were filled with wounded men brought in from the seven days' fighting with McClellan, and the surgeon found it impossible to dress half the wounds, a band was formed, consisting of nearly all the married women of the city, who took upon themselves the duty of going to the hospitals and dressing wounds from morning till night; and they persisted in their painful duty, until every man was cared for, saving hundreds of lives, as the surgeons unanimously testified. When nitre was found to be growing scarce, and the supply of gunpowder was consequently about to give out, women all over the land dug up the earth in their smoke-houses and tobacco barns, and with their own hands faithfully extracted the desired salt, for use in the government laboratories.
Many of them denied themselves not only delicacies, but substantial food also, when, by enduring semi-starvation, they could add to the stock of food at the command of the subsistence officers. I, myself, knew more that one houseful of women, who, from the moment that food began to grow scarce, refused to eat meat or drink coffee, living thenceforth only upon vegetables of a speedily perishable sort, in order that they might leave the more for soldiers in the field. When a friend remonstrated with one of them, on the ground that her health, already frail, was breaking down utterly for want of proper diet, she replied, in a quiet, determined way, "I know that very well; but it is little that I can do, and I must do that little at any cost. My health and life are worth less than those of my brothers, and if ​they give theirs to the cause, why should not I do the same? I would starve to death cheerfully, if I could feed one soldier more by doing so, but the things I eat can't be sent to camp. I think it a sin to eat anything that can be used for rations." And she meant what she said, too, as a little mound in the churchyard testifies.
Every Confederate remembers gratefully the reception given him when he went into any house where these women were. Whoever he might be, and whatever his plight, if he wore the gray, he was received, not as a beggar or tramp, not even as a stranger, but as a son of the house, for whom it held nothing too good, and whose comfort was the one care of all its inmates, even though their own must be sacrificed in securing it. When the hospitals were crowded, the people earnestly besought permission to take the men to their houses and to care for them there, and for many months almost every house within a radius of a hundred miles of Richmond held one or more wounded men as especially honored guests.
"God bless these Virginia women," said a general officer from one of the cotton states, one day; "they're worth a regiment apiece." And he spoke the thought of the army, except that their blessing covered the whole country as well as Virginia.
# The Poetical Writings of Fitz-Greene Halleck/To Ennui

THE CROAKERS.
BY FITZ-GREENE HALLECK AND JOSEPH RODMAN DRAKE.
TO ENNUI.
vaunt! arch-enemy of fun, Grim nightmare of the wind; Which way, great Momus! shall I run, A refuge safe to find? My puppy’s dead—Miss Rumor’s breath Is stopped for lack of news, And Fitz is almost hypped to death, And Lang has got the blues.
I’ve read friend Noah’s book quite through, Appendix, notes, and all; I’ve swallowed Lady Morgan’s too, And blundered through De Staël; The Edinburgh Review—I’ve seen’t The last that has been shipped; I’ve read, in short, all books in print, And some in manuscript.
I’m sick of General Jackson’s toast, Canals are naught to me: Nor do I care who rules the roast, Clinton—or John Targee: No stock in any Bank I own, I fear no Lottery shark, And if the Battery were gone, I’d ramble in the Park.
Let gilded Guardsmen shake their toes, Let Altorf please the pit, Let Mister Hawkins blow his nose And Spooner publish it: Insolvent laws let Marshall break, Let dying Baldwin cavil; And let Tenth-Ward Electors shake Committees to the devil.
In vain—for like a cruel cat That sucks a child to death, Or like the Madagascar bat Who poisons with his breath, The fiend—the fiend is on me still; Come, doctor, here’s your pay— What potion, lotion, plaster, pill, Will drive the beast away?
D.
# The Poetical Writings of Fitz-Greene Halleck/To John Lang, Esq.

TO JOHN LANG, ESQ.
e’ve twined the wreath of honor Round Doctor Mitchill’s brow; Though bold and daring was the theme, A loftier waits us now. In thee, immortal Lang! have all The Sister Graces met, Thou Statesman—Sage—and Editor Of the New-York Gazette!
A second Faustus in thine art! The Newton of our clime! The Bonaparte of Bulletins! The Johnson of thy time!— At thy dread name, the terriers bark, The rats fly to their holes! Thou Prince of “Petty Paragraphs,” “Red Notes,” and “Signal-Poles!”
There’s genius in thy speaking face, There’s greatness in thine air; Take Franklin’s Bust from off thy roof, And place thine own head there!
Eight corners within pistol-shot Long with thy fame have rang, And bluebirds sung and mad cows lowed The name of Johnny Lang!
H.
# The Poetical Writings of Fitz-Greene Halleck/To John Minshull, Esq.

TO JOHN MINSHULL, ESQ., POET AND PLAYWRIGHT: FORMERLY OF MAIDEN LANE, BUT NOW ABSENT IN EUROPE.
h! bard of the West, hasten back from Great Britain, Our harp-strings are silent, they droop on the tree; What poet among us is worthy to sit in The chair whose fair cushion was hallowed by thee? In vain the wild clouds o’er our mountain-tops hover, Our rivers flow sadly, our groves are bereft; They have lost, and forever, their poet, their lover! And Woodworth and Paulding are all we have left.
Great Woodworth, the champion of Buckets and Freedom, Thou editor, author, and critic to boot, I must leave thy rich volumes to those that can read ’em, For my part I never had patience to do’t. And as for poor Upham (who in a fine huff says He’ll yield to no Briton the laurel of wit), Alas! they have “stolen his ideas,” as Puff says, I had read all his verses before they were writ.
But hail to thee, Paulding, the pride of the Backwood! The poet of cabbages, log huts, and gin, God forbid thou shouldst get in the clutches of Blackwood! Oh, Lord! how the wits of old England would grin! In pathos, oh! who could be flatter or funnier? Were ever descriptions more vulgar and tame? I wronged thee, by Heaven! when I said there were none here Could cope with great Minshull, thou peer of his fame!
D.
# The Poetical Writings of Fitz-Greene Halleck/To Mr. Simpson

TO MR. SIMPSON, MANAGER OF THE PARK THEATRE.
’m a friend to your theatre, oft have I told you, And a still warmer friend, Mr. Simpson, to you; And it gives me great pain, be assured, to behold you Go fast to the devil, as lately you do. We scarcely should know you were still in existence, Were it not for the play-bills one sees in Broadway; The newspapers all seem to keep at a distance; Have your puffers deserted for want of their pay?
Poor Woodworth! his Chronicle died broken-hearted; What a loss to the drama, the world, and the age! And Coleman is silent since Philipps departed, And Noah’s too busy to think of the stage. Now, the aim of this letter is merely to mention That, since all your critics are laid on the shelf, Out of pure love for you, it is my kind intention To take box No. 3, and turn critic myself.
Your ladies are safe—if you please you may say it, Perhaps they have faults, but I’ll let them alone;
Yet I owe two a debt—’tis my duty to pay it— Of them I must speak in a kind, friendly tone. Mrs. Barnes—Shakespeare’s heart would have beat had he seen her— Her magic has drawn from me many a tear, And ne’er shall my pen or its satire chagrin her, While pathos, and genius, and feeling are dear.
And there’s sweet Miss Leesugg, by-the-bye, she’s not pretty, She’s a little too large, and has not too much grace, Yet, there’s something about her so witching and witty, ’Tis pleasure to gaze on her good-humored face. But as for your men—I don’t mean to be surly, Of praise that they merit they’ll each have his share; For the present, there’s Olliff, a famous Lord Burleigh, And Hopper and Maywood, a promising pair.
H.
# The Poetical Writings of Fitz-Greene Halleck/To Quackery

TO QUACKERY.
oddess! for such thou art, who rules This honest and enlightened city; True patroness of knaves and fools, To thee we dedicate our ditty. Whether in Barclay Street thou sittest, Or, on papyrean pinions borne, Dropping mercurial dews, thou flittest Around thine own anointed Horne:
Whether, arrayed in gown and band, Thy pious zeal distributes Bibles, Or, perched on Spooner’s classic hand, Writes merry eulogistic libels; Where’er we turn our raptured eyes, We see this puffing generation, Cheered by thy smile, propitious, rise To profit, power, and reputation.
Then come, ye Quacks! the anthem swell; Come, Allen, with thy lottery bills; Come, four-herbed Angelis, who fell From heaven in a shower of pills; Come, Geib, whose potent word creates Prime analytical musicians;
And come, ye hosts that hold brevets From Hosack’s college of physicians.
And thou, botanic Hosack, bring Thy poppy-breathing lips along; Thy name in steeple-bells shall ring, Thou monarch of the motley throng. Yet Mitchill may the votes estrange, Or Doctor Clinton, to confound ye, Again produce some queer melange Of scientific Salmagundi.
Clinton! the name my fancy fires, I see him, with a sage’s look, Exhausting Nature, and whole quires Of foolscap, in his wondrous book. Columbia’s genius hovers o’er him, Fair Science, smiling, lingers near, Encyclopædias lie before him, And Mitchill whispers in his ear.
Enough! the swelling wave has borne Upon its bosom chiefs and kings— From Mitchill, Clinton, Hosack, Home, One cannot stoop to meaner things. Yet once again we’ll raise the song, And passing forums, banks, and brokers, Join with the bubble-blowing throng, Seize Quackery’s pipe, and puff the Croakers.
D.
# The Poetical Writings of Fitz-Greene Halleck/To Mr. Potter

TO MR. POTTER, THE VENTRILOQUIST.
ear Sir, you’ve heard that Mr. Robbin Has brought in, without rhyme or reason, A bill to send you jugglers hopping; That bill will pass this very season. Now, as you lose your occupation, And may perhaps be low in coffer, I send for your consideration The following very liberal offer:
Five hundred down, by way of bounty Expenses paid (as shall be stated), Next April to Chenango County, And there we’ll have you nominated. Your duty'll be to watch the tongues When Root's brigade begins to skirmish, To stop their speeches in their lungs, And bring out such as I shall furnish.
Thy ventriloquial powers, my Potter! Shall turn to music every word,
And make the Martling Deists utter Harmonious anthems to our Lord; Then, all their former tricks upsetting, To honey thou shalt change their gall, For Sharpe shall vindicate brevetting, And Root admire the great canal.
It will be pleasant, too, to hear a Decent speech among our swains; We almost had begun to fear a Famine for the dearth of brains. No more their tongues shall play the devil, Thy potent art the fault prevents; Now German shall, for once, be civil, And Bacon speak with common-sense.
Poor German's head is but a leaker; Should yours be found compact and close, As you’re to be the only speaker, We’ll make you Speaker of the House. If you’re in haste to “touch the siller,” Dispatch me your acceptance merely, And call on trusty Mr. Miller, He’ll pay the cash—Sir, yours sincerely,
D.