# On the Providence of God in the Government of the World

ON THE PROVIDENCE OF GOD IN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE WORLD.
А
SERMON,
PREACHED BEFORE KING CHARLES II.
FEBRUARY 10. 1678.
BY ZACHARY CRADDOCK, D. D. LATE PROVOST OF EATON.
psalm xcvii. I. The Lord reigneth, let the earth rejoice———
STIRLING: ⟨PRINTED⟩ AND SOLD BY C. RANDALL. 1806.
A
SERMON.
eccles ix. 2.
There is one event to the righteous and to the wicked.
The argument of the Epicureans, against ⟨Providence⟩, agrees well with their doctrine concerning the beginning of the world, and is every whit foolish and unreasonable
They tell us, that such an attendance upon the ⟨works⟩ of nature and the actions of men. as Providence ⟨implies⟩ is too mean for God's supreme greatness, and ⟨too⟩ troublesome for his complete happiness; that his enjoyments and satisfactions would be interrupted with ⟨his⟩ cares: that he must be wearied with the endless continuance, and distracted with the infinite variety of ⟨them⟩ that men are too inconsiderable, for him to regard ⟨what⟩ they do; that he is so far from being concerned, ⟨from⟩ being either pleased or angry with them, that he is so much as a spectator of their actions: worshipping ⟨or⟩ blaspheming him, doing right or wrong to one ⟨another⟩ is all alike; nothing can move him to take notice, ⟨no⟩ less to interpose, or meddle to do them either good ⟨or⟩ harm. This kind of reasoning was justly despised ⟨for⟩ the weakness in it, and justly suspected to be ⟨rather⟩ crafty insinuation of Atheism, and a pursuance of ⟨their⟩ design against religion, than a way of good and ⟨conclusive⟩ arguing, even in their own opinion.
How could men, that discourse clearly and constantly in many other matters, fall into such a gross ⟨mistake⟩ as to conclude concerning the nature of God ⟨which is⟩ infinitely perfect, from the defects and imperfection ⟨of⟩ a man?
Because we cannot attend long, nor to many things ⟨at once⟩, but are tired with thinking, and perplexed ⟨with⟩ ​⟨doubts⟩, wavering and uncertain to resolve, erring in the ⟨choice⟩ of our end, and when that is well ⟨chosen⟩, easily ⟨bewildered⟩ and lost in our way: therefore, infinite ⟨Knowledge⟩, and almighty Power, must be liable to the same ⟨inconveniences⟩ with our ignorance and weakness.
Plainly to repeat such an argument, is enough for the ⟨answer⟩ to it
The more usual objection again Providence is more ⟨difficult⟩, which ⟨all—⟩ that have treated upon that subject ⟨have⟩ thought worthy of a very serious consideration.
If God govern the world, how come things to pass, so ⟨unlikely⟩ to be suffered by infallible wisdom and justice.
What rule is it by which he distributes good and ⟨evil⟩ things?
How must we defend his goodness, when the ⟨righteous⟩ are in adversity, and the wicked prosper?
Why do not things befal men according to their ⟨works⟩, but oftentimes 'there be just men unto whom it happeneth according to the work of the wicked; again, there be wicked men to whom it happeneth according to the work of the righteous!' Eccles. viii. 14. "How come all things alike unto all, one event to the righteous and to the unclean: to him that sacrificeth, and to him that sacrificeth not? as is the good, so is the sinner; and he that sweareth as he that feareth an oath."
It is no wonder that these should be hard questions ⟨to⟩ them who knew nothing certainly of rewards and ⟨punishments⟩ after death.
But it would seem strange, that they who were ⟨better instructed⟩ by revelation, should be at a stand ⟨sometimes⟩, and doubtful what to resolve; if every day's ⟨experience⟩ did not teach us how apt even wise men are to ⟨hearken⟩ to the suggestions of passion against reason, and ⟨to⟩ break out unto hasty expressions, contrary to their ⟨habitual⟩ persuasion.
Job complains, 'Wherefore do the wicked live, become old, yea, are mighty in power? their houses are safe from fear, neither is the rod of God upon them.' Job. xxi. 7, 9.
David saith of himself, ​I was envious at the foolish, when I saw the prosperity of the wicked. They are not in trouble as other men; neither are they plagued like other men,' Psalm lxxiii 3. 5.
He was ready to conclude, that he had been a good man to no purpose, 'Verily I have cleansed my heart in vain, and washed my hands in innocence. For all the day long I have been plagued, and chastened every morning' verse 13, 14.
They were tempted to a profane misbelief; ⟨their⟩ thoughts were discomposed, for a little while, but ⟨presently⟩ settled again; as appears in the process of the discourses, in which they recover into the way of ⟨reasoning⟩ aright concerning these things, and answer ⟨their⟩ own objections.
Solomon calls this an evil under the sun, that there is one event unto all:' Eccles ix. 3. Not that he ⟨either⟩ doubts of, or blames God's Providence, but the great ⟨evil⟩ spoken of is the evil of men's foolish construction ⟨and⟩ false consequence, mentioned in the words following 'Yea, also the heart of the sons of men is full of evil and madness is in their heart while they live' This seems to be the same effect of the same cause, which plainly ⟨is⟩ described, Eccl. viii II., Because sentence gainst an evil work is not executed speedily, therefore the heart of the sons of men is fully set to evil.'
But whatever those men, who would by all means ⟨discharge⟩ themselves of the fear of God, may be ⟨forward⟩ to infer from this uncertainty of events, either that ⟨there⟩ is no Providence, or, that God is unconcerned ⟨whether⟩ men be just or unjust; it will appear, when the ⟨whole⟩ matter is laid together, that their inference is rash ⟨and⟩ ill-grounded; that reason, as well as religion, is ⟨against⟩ them; but this order in the government of the ⟨world⟩ is necessary to the wisdom, and consistent with the ⟨justice⟩ of God, and with his goodness too, and with ⟨David's⟩ testimony concerning him, Psalm. xi 7 'The righteous Lord loveth righteousness, his countenance doth behold the upright.'
There ⟨is indeed⟩ very often one event of health ⟨and sickness, wealth⟩ and poverty, peace and war, victory ⟨and defeat, to the righteous⟩ and to the wicked, of ⟨which⟩ common ⟨observation is⟩ proof enough, without the au​thority of the scriptures: But this is no argument against Providence, is will appear, if these three things be considered.
I. That for the same things uncertainly and indifferently to befal the righteous and the wicked in this life, is unavoidably necessary
II. That they who from thence object against Providence, are no competent judges in the case, and suppose in their objection that which is false.
III. That, however, the day of judgement is sufficient answer to their objection.
I. For the same things uncertainly and indifferently to befal the righteous and the wicked in this life, is unavoidable necessary.
If prosperity and affliction were the certain effects of God's love and hatred, the constant marks of his favour and displeasure, it would be impossible to reconcile what we see every day, with what we are taught to believe. But prosperity and affliction have other causes, and there is a necessity of their happening uncertainly, 'one event to the righteous and to the wicked,' as well from the nature of men, as from their relations and mutual dependencies, and from the order of the life to the next as a state of probation. This necessity will be evident if we consider,
i. There must be one event to the righteous and to the wicked,' because men have the same dominion over their own actions, and do that which themselves choose to do.
The fire and hail, the ice and snow fulfil the will of God, the plants flourish and wither, and the seasons change, and the heavenly bodies move exactly according to the intention and design of their maker, not by and sense and knowledge in them, but by necessity of nature But man is endued with knowledge, and must fulfil the will of God in another way, as directed by a rule, and persuaded by sufficient motives; not constrained by almighty Power, as the mechanical world, but submitting freely to the sovereign authority of God, who hath shew​+ed him the end of his creation, and expects from him a reasonable service, and hath set before him good and evil, life and death, that he may chuse either obedience and its reward, or sin and its punishment.
This is man's nature, and God's way of governing it. And tho' sometimes he changes the hearts of men, alters their inclinations, makes them chuse and resolve as it seems expedient to him, by an influence of their understanding and will, which they neither discern nor can resist; yet the reason of this argument is still the same, because this secret and effectual operation of God doth not take away the natural liberty of man's will, but only over rule and determine it in some particular cases. In others he leaves men to themselves. He commands them to worship him, and suffers them to worship idols; he requires them to be obedient to superiors, and just to one another, and permits them to be guilty of disobedience, reblelion, murder, adultery, robbery, false witness, and all the malice and fraud, and violent perverting of judgment and justice that men are tempted to by ambition and covetousness
Since therefore a great part of men's calamities happen to them by the wickedness of their neighbours, and wealth and greatness oftentimes are procured by their own wickedness and usurpation, which tho' God disapprove and strictly forbid, and declares that he will punish, yet, if he doth not interpose his irresistable power to hinder, it evidently follows, that ⟨the⟩ sin of the oppressor may make him rich and prosperous, and the innocent oppressed man poor and afflicted; and that these things may fall out as uncertainly as we see they do, because they depend upon so uncertain a thing as the will of man
2. There must be 'one event to the righteous and to the wicked,' because a great deal of prosperity or affliction befals men, not as the reward or the effect of any thing done by themselves, but by descent from their parents, whose virtues and vices have great influence upon the persons and fortunes of their children, by the Providence of God, and by the laws of men, and by the course of nature.
First, Prosperity, or affliction happens to the children ​⟨from⟩ the obedience or sin of the parents, by the ⟨Providence⟩ of God, according to this declared and often ⟨repeated⟩ rule, 'That he visits the iniquity of the Fathers upon ⟨the⟩ children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate him; and sheweth mercy unto thousands of them that love him and keep his commandments,' Exod. xx 5, 6. & xxxiv 7. Deut. v. 9, 10. Jer. xxxii. 18.
Of this there are many examples in the scripture, not ⟨only⟩ when children imitate the sin of their parents, as for ⟨instance⟩, when they commit idolatry, and worship the ⟨false⟩ gods of their fathers; or, when they partake in their ⟨guilt⟩, in keeping that which to their knowledge was got ⟨with⟩ a curse for the injustice and extortion with which they were raised, though that injustice and extortion ⟨be⟩ unknown to them, in which case the estate may be ⟨found⟩ guilty, and the owner acquitted.
Besides all these cases, we find the Innocent children ⟨suffering⟩ for the sins of their forefathers.
Some think it very difficult to make out the justice ⟨of⟩ this proceeding.
But the sovereignty of God signifies little if it will ⟨not⟩ serve to defend his justice, in making men rich or ⟨poor⟩, live long or die soon: if it be not a satisfactory ⟨account⟩ for such things, that the supreme Lord gave and took away.
But this way and method of Providence may be also defended, from the usefulness of it to restrain men that believe, from the commission of sin, especially those gross and crying sins for which the sinner shall be punished not in his person only, but also in the calamities and destruction of his posterity.
Thus the wisdom of God provides, that the antidote shall grow upon the same root from which the poison springs, that the remedy against the most dangerous temptations shall be found in the same affection from whence the temptation arises.
Nothing doth more generally, powerfully and constantly affect men, that the concerns of their children: ⟨For their⟩ sakes they will imbitter their whole life with ​continual cares, patiently undergo the most slavish ⟨drudgeries⟩, be guilty of the vilest actions, do any thing, ⟨and⟩ endure any thing, to leave their posterity more ⟨wealth⟩ and a higher place; and yet, if some of them may ⟨be⟩ believed, they desire neither riches nor honour for themselves: they talk of the world like philosophers: a ⟨little⟩ is enough for all the necessities and all the delights ⟨of⟩ nature; a retired life is the most pleasant and the ⟨most⟩ secure; to sit always at a feast is but to be always ⟨tempted⟩ to surfeits, and, from numerous attendance ⟨there⟩ is more trouble and danger then useful service.
Now, if the desire to leave their posterity great ⟨makes⟩ this fine talk signify nothing, and forces them, notwithstanding into all the troubles, and dangers, and temptations to which covetous and ambitious men are ⟨exposed⟩; let them consider this way of Providence, and if they believe it, it will cure them of that diseased temper of ⟨mind⟩ for which their philosophy, though true, proves an insufficient remedy: they will be convinced, that a little left ⟨to⟩ their children, with all the blessings that attend upon ⟨religion⟩ and faithfulness, and justice and charity, is a better inheritance than the greatest fortunes with a curse: that the biggest heap of treasure is but a poor provision, if, whilst the Father lays up the grains of oppression, 'God lays up his iniquity for his children.' Job xxi. 19.
Secondly, Prosperity or affliction happens to the children from the virtues or sins of the parents, by the laws of men. A man sees himself entering into possession of the honour and wealth of his ancestors, and rejoices in the blessings of his family which he was born to inherit; but suddenly he finds his condition changed, the descent of the honour of his house intercepted, the estate confiscated, and the blood tainted; and all this, not for his own sin but for the sin of his father. This proceeding of the law is prudent, because many men are so desperate, that no consideration of themselves can restrain them from mischief, and yet such men are afraid to ruin their posterity, and by that fear, are withheld from the greatest mischief. And this proceeding is not only prudent, but just, because the reason of the public good hath a title in all men's humours and estates antecedent and ​superior to their private right, and reserved, either implicitly or expressly, in the laws of all nations.
There is another consideration of human laws in this argument of prosperity or affliction by descent, viz. That laws make not a man's virtue his title to his estate, but inheritance, or gift, or purchase, or any just way of acquiring it; nor doth a man forfeit what he hath by the most common vices: so that a foolish and riotous heir of a provident father justly possesses that wealth and plenty which he abuses and surfeits upon, and wastes prodigally, till it be all gone, and leaves, perhaps, to a wife and good son all the calamities of poverty, and more; for mere poverty is not so great an affliction, as poverty after riches, and want after Abundance.
To conclude, there is a descent of good and evil by the course of nature. A riotous man may have received from his temperate and healthful parents such a vigorous and firm constitution as will endure great, and long, and frequent debauches before it be quite broken, and this man's sober and temperate son, notwithstanding all his care and good government of himself, may be sick for those debauches and feel those pains and aches which his father's excess deserved; for, in this sense too, 'the iniquity of the fathers is visited upon the children.'
Now, if parents, being evil themselves; may have good children, and, being good themselves, may have evil children, and may have children like themselves, whether they be good or evil, and yet prosperity or affliction shall befal these children by the actions of their parents; it must necessarily follow, that these things are uncertain, and that there must be 'one event to the righteous and to the wicked.
3. There must be 'one event to the righteous and to the wicked,' because they are so mixt together in their persons, and interests, and employments, and places of abode, that they cannot be distinguished in the events that befal them. They march and fight in the same army, and fare alike in danger or safety, abundance or famine, conquest or defeat. They live together in the city, and must breathe in the same wholesome or infected air. They sail in the same ships, and the hazards of the sea, ​storms or good weather, fair or cross winds, a safe arrival or ship wreck are alike for them both. They eat of the delicious or course fare, the plentiful or scarce provision at the same table.
Good and bad men are mixed in the world as the tares and the wheat in the parable: if you will have the wheat grow, the tares must grow too; if you will pull up the tares, the roots are intangled, and the wheat must come up with it: they cannot be parted till the harvest: then the Wheat may be gathered into the barn by itself, and the tares burnt. So shall the good and the bad, who must for a while live together, and take part one with another in such things as happen, be for ever divided at the 'resurrection of the dead.'
Then the believing husband and the unbelieving wife, the religious parents and ungracious children, the just magistrate and the seditious and unruly people, the good and charitable man and his envious and malicious neighbour, who could not be separated in many of the blessings and calamities of life, shall now for ever be separated, to be happy or miserable alone by themselves.
But whilst they live here, they must share one in another's fortune, and enjoy the same prosperity, or suffer the same affliction together.
4. there must be 'one event to the righteous and to the wicked,' for the more evident and certain distinguishing of them from one another.
The devil's insinuation against Job's integrity would have been unanswerable if it had been true, viz. That his service of God was for the world's sake, that his love would be changed into dispight, and his prayers into cursing, if he were afflicted. But his behaviour, in the greatest affliction that ever befel a mere man was an undeniable proof of his sincerity. Those in whom the love of the world is the ruling affection, as the case now stands, trouble not themselves much about religion or justice. Virtue sometimes helps a little, but more often hinders them from attaining their end; at least they think so; yet these men would be very devout and precise, if by such means they might be rich and great, and enjoy all manner of pleasure, and have satisfaction to all their des​ires. The men to whom gain is better than godliness, would not be extortioners, if more were to be gotten by justice: They would not be cruel and without compassion to the poor, if they believed that their wealth would increase by what they gave away: They would not send their adventures to Arabia and India if they could have a better market at home; if building the temple, and giving liberally to the altar would return their stock with more profit. If religion were now become the only way for the proud to be advanced, and for the voluptuaries to be filled with sensual delights, vnd for the spiteful to be revenged, what change would there suddenly be in the manners of wicked men! How reformed would they seem! Very good in outward appearance, and yet as bad as ever; in a garb indeed of religion, but deceiving themselves as well as others with a disguise; 'having a form of godliness, but denying the power; being all the while in the gall of bitterness, and in the bonds of iniquity; lovers of pleasure more than lovers of God;' having their hearts full of all the abominations of pride, and the idolatry of covetousness.
Flatterers pretend to be, and sometimes think themselves, sincere and faithful friends; but when the man whom they love so passionately is falling, and they get as far off as they can from the ruins of his greatness, then at last they find out the mystery, if they know it not before; that all their fond and officious service was not respect to him, but themselves; that they did not love his person but his fortune, his gifts, and the benefits they hoped to receive from his power.
Such a discovery doth this way of Providence make. Since 'there is one event to the righteous and to the wicked:' since men are poor and despised notwithstanding their justice and religion, and, as it sometimes happens, the poorer and the more despised for their sake; the men, who care for nothing but this world's good, will be unjust and faithless, and unthankful, and perjured, if it will serve their turn better. ​What is the Almighty, that we should serve him? And 'what profit should we have, if we pray unto him?' Job xxi. 14, 15
That which would have been hypocrisy, if religion would have done their business, will be profaneness if ⟨it⟩ will not. That which would have been the secret wickedness of the most close and retired thoughts scarce reflected on by him that thinks it, will now be the open wickedness of word and deed. The man will be known to the world that would have been unknown to himself. He will be thus much nearer to repentance, that he cannot be deceived in himself, and think he needs it not.
On the other side, if a man will be religious and just, tho' he be ever so great a loser by it, if he will hold fast his integrity in riches and poverty, in honour and disgrace, in good and evil report, when he is advanced and when he is persecuted for righteousness' sake; this will be a demonstration that he fears and loves God above all, that the laws of God are the rules of his life, that he makes it his business to be saved, that his religion and worship is not for worldly respects, and that his good actions are not prevented and chang'd into ⟨sins⟩ by corrupt ends and motives.
The sum of all these particulars is, that many of the good and evil things of this life, happen to men by the justice or injustice of their neighbours, who have free-will; and though they are forbidden, under severe penalties, yet they are not irresistibly restrained from doing injury: that men are prosperous or afflicted by the virtues or vices of their parents; that the good and bad are so mixt that they cannot, in many cases, but fare alike; and that the distinction betwixt the good and the bad is thereby made much more evident and undeniable; and therefore there must be 'one event to the righteous and to the wicked.'
But for a further answer, all is not true that is implied in this objection. For,
II. It will appear, that they who make this objection against Providence are not competent judges of that which their objection supposes.
It is supposed in this objection that the righteous endure so much grief, and the wicked enjoy so much plea​⟨sure, as cannot consist with⟩ God's Love to the righteous ⟨and anger at⟩ the wicked, if he take notice and be concerned ⟨in that⟩ which happens.
The better to judge of this supposition, let two things be considered. i. That by the outward estate of men we know very little of their present grief or pleasure, we cannot infer from thence which is the good and which is the bad condition.
i. By the outward estate of men we know very little of their present grief or pleasure. That is a secret thing and depends upon hidden causes, most of all upon those prevailing affections, that take up and employ their thoughts.
It is visible who hath lands and great houses, and who hath none, who is followed by a long train and receives the respects and the complements, and who may go whether he will without any notice; but which of these two enjoys himself best, and lives most at ease, is still a question, which they, who resolve by what they see, are likely to be mistaken in their resolution, to misplace their envy and pity, to envy the men that are miserable in all their great pomp and state, and to pity them who are happy in their obscurity; to judge unrighteous judgment, because they judge by outward appearance.
Scripture and reason, and experience teach us, that good men have the most true delight, both in prosperity and affliction; 'that they have great peace, who love God's law, and nothing can offend them,' Psal. cxix. 165.
In prosperity there are many things contribute to ⟨and⟩ improve the joy of the good: A quiet conscience, trust in God, moderation, humility, 'Prudence and temperance, and justice and fortitude which are such things that men can have nothing more profitable in their life,' Wisd. viii. 7.
In ordinary calamity, such as sickness, losses, &c. the ⟨righteous⟩ have great relief and ease from their repentance and prayers, their endeavour to make a benefit of ⟨their⟩ cross, and humble resignation and submission to God, ⟨and⟩ their belief concerning the wisdom and goodness of ⟨his⟩ Providence; but if they be persecuted for righteousness sake; if the apostles and martyrs suffer for the con​fession of Christ, it maybe a great calamity in the judgment of their persecutors, but their own sense it is a state of joy and triumph. Christ tells his disciples, 'In the world ye shall have tribulation but in me ye shall have peace. Rejoice and be exceeding glad, for great is your reward in heaven. These things have I spoken that my joy might remain in you, and that your joy might be full;' St. Paul exhorts them, 'Rejoice in the Lord always. Be careful for nothing, but in every thing by prayer and supplication, with thanksgiving let your requests be made known unto God: and the peace of God which passeth all understanding, shall keep your hearts and minds through Christ Jesus. Rejoice evermore; in every thing give thanks.' He gives an account of himself when he was going to his martyrdom not like a man overpressed with grief, 'I am now ready to be offered, and the time of my departure is at hand. I have fought a good fight, I have finished my course, I have kept the faith. Henceforth there is laid up for me a crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous judge shall give me at that day,' 2 Tim. iv. 6, 7, 8. They were imprisoned, and scourged, and banished, and killed all the day long, yet full of consolation; 'They were troubled on every side, but not distressed: perplexed, but not in despair; persecuted, but not forsaken; cast down, but not destroyed; sorrowful, yet always rejoicing; having nothing, and yet possessing all things.' They suffered all that malicious men in power could do, 'but they were strengthened with all might unto all patience and long-suffering with joyfulness.' They were thought to ⟨be⟩ in great misery, by those who could look no further ⟨than⟩ the outward appearance; but all that while they had the mighty support of faith and hope, the strong ⟨consolations⟩ of grace and the Holy Spirit, St. Stephen's ⟨vision⟩, 'Heaven opened, and Jesus on the right hand of God into whose presence, where there is fulness of joy, ⟨they⟩ should make so much the more haste, by how ⟨much⟩ the sharper their sufferings were.
On the other side, men magnify the prosperity of the rich, let them be never so bad, and 'they call the proud happy, but the account will be another thing, if the ​abatements be deducted. Their pleasures are short, a blaze, the crackling of thorns under a pot' often interrupted, not by unlucky accidents only, but most of all by their own unruly passions; which are so many vipers, always breeding within them, and gnawing through their bowels. 'The wicked are like the troubled sea, when it cannot rest, whose waters cast up mire and dirt.' There is no peace, saith my God, to the wicked. Isa. lvii. 10.
What peace can they have who entertain such ⟨enemies⟩ to peace within themselves? Pride, scornfulness, ⟨envy⟩, vain glory, foolish hope, insatiable desire; whose ⟨enjoyments⟩ are easily corrupted with discontent; who ⟨despise⟩ their own success in things of the greatest value, ⟨if⟩ they be disappointed in a trifle; whose pleasures are ⟨often⟩ purchased with long and sharp pains, that tread ⟨upon⟩ the heels of them. And although conscience seems ⟨to⟩ give them but little trouble, to be either reconciled ⟨to⟩ what they do, or fast asleep, and to observe nothing; ⟨yet⟩ every now and then it affears them with dreams, and ⟨terrifies⟩ them with visions, and upon some surprizing ⟨accident⟩, will be apt to start of a sudden, and awake ⟨in⟩ a great affright, and will not, without much ado, be ⟨pacified⟩ and laid to sleep again.
This is very often the inside of that gawdy shew that the prosperity of the wicked makes. Their afflictions ⟨are⟩ not so apt to deceive the standers by; there it is easy ⟨to⟩ see how their sins and unmortified lusts, and evil ⟨consciences⟩ increase their torment; they have used religion ⟨too⟩ ill to expect any relief from thence; they know not ⟨how⟩ to make God their refuge; they are, it may be, too ⟨stubborn⟩ and desperate to pray at all, or too guilty to ⟨pray⟩ with confidence; their pride and haughtiness makes ⟨them⟩ more impatient; they break their teeth with biting ⟨the⟩ chain; they struggle with that which is too strong for them: they can neither cast off nor bear their ⟨burthen⟩; they have no patience, because they have 'no hope, and are without God in the world.'
The sum of this consideration is, That whatever the ⟨condition⟩ of men be, high or low, rich or poor, ⟨Solomon's⟩ observation will be found true, that ​'God giveth to a man, that is good in his sight, wisdom, and knowledge and joy, but to the sinner be giveth travail, Eccles ii. 26. And therefore they who conclude of ⟨men's⟩ present grief, or pleasure, by their outward estate, are incompetent judges, and mistake the matter.
But supposing their judgment concerning men's present estate were true, and the calamities were grievous, and the pleasures as perfect and entire as they seem: Yet,
2. From the knowledge of men's present grief, ⟨or⟩ pleasure, we cannot infer, which is the good, and which is the bad condition.
When the effect of men's fortunes upon their minds and manners is seen, how a lasting contentment is obtained or lost; how the happiness of another life is secured or neglected; then, and not till then, a certain judgment may be made. Now, upon enquiry, it will be found, that, in these respects, both conditions prove ⟨an⟩ advantage to the good by their good use, and a mischief to the wicked by their abuse of them.
The righteous, in authority, encourage and countenance the good, relieve the oppressed, 'break the jaws of the wicked, and pluck the spoil out of their teeth,' Job 29. 17. and by their justice and temperance, ⟨and⟩ reverence to God and to holy things, bring religion and virtue into more esteem, and do as much as in them ⟨lies⟩ to convert sinners. However, they are such a check ⟨and⟩ restraint upon them, that their wicked disposition ⟨cannot⟩ so openly and boldly discover itself as it would if they were let alone, both in doing wrong, and enticing others to the same sins which they commit.
When the righteous abound in wealth, 'they make to themselves friends of the unrighteous Mammon;' ⟨they⟩ give alms, feed the hungry, clothe the naked, visit ⟨the⟩ fatherless and the widow in their distress; watch and ⟨pray⟩ lest luxury or pride or profaneness, or uncharitableness, should turn their temporal blessings into plagues and curses: they trust not in uncertain riches, but ⟨in⟩ the living God, whose gifts they receive with thankfulness and fear: they do good, and are rich in ⟨good⟩ works as well as great possessions; ​'ready to distribute, willing to communicate; laying up in store for themselves a good foundation against the time to come, that they may lay hold on eternal life.' Tim. vi. 18, 19.
The wicked may be in the same prosperity, but with another behaviour. The worse they are, the more they will be tempted and insnared; they who were proud and vain before, will be insensibly led away into more pride and more vanity, forgetful of him who made the difference; easily abused into monstrous conceits of themselves, and the most unjust comparisons of themselves with others, softened so much with delight, that they will be able to endure nothing that is cross to their will and humour, setting no bounds to their enjoyments, impatient of having their present pleasures allayed with consideration of the future, with the fear of God, or the remembrance of death; which, notwithstanding, comes on apace, somewhat the faster it may be, by reason of their pleasures, and if they take no better care, will surprise them altogether unprepared for the change of their pleasant life (if it were granted to be so) into sickness and languishing, and the expectation of death, and the day of judgment.
The difference is no less in the afflictions that befall the ⟨righteous⟩ and the wicked together: for the wicked, if ⟨they⟩ continue impenitent, will grow worse and worse, ⟨envious⟩, and malicious, and sullen, and farther from ⟨seeking⟩ to God than in their prosperity: but the same ⟨condition⟩ shall be to the good a monitor to examine themselves; ⟨to⟩ search and try their ways, and be very exact in their ⟨reformation⟩; to inquire out and amend their smallest ⟨faults⟩, of which in their better estate they took little ⟨notice⟩, and contented themselves with being kept back ⟨from⟩ presumptuous sins; to renew, and confirm, and ⟨strengthen⟩ their good resolutions, which even lawful ⟨delight⟩ had made too loose and slack: And whereas in ⟨their⟩ sorrows, many of the wicked renounce God, and ⟨dishonour⟩ him with pride, and stubbornness, and ⟨infidelity⟩, and blasphemy, and impatience; these own God's ⟨dominion⟩, and humble themselves under his mighty ⟨hand⟩ and acknowledge his justice, and honour him ⟨before⟩ men with confession of sin, and repentance, aud ⟨submissions⟩, and prayers, and thanksgiving.
​Thus the same events are to the righteous a nourishing food, or a wholsome medicine, and to to the wicked, a sweet or a bitter poison.
If then, by what is visible of men's condition, we cannot judge certainly of their grief and pleasure, and if we could, yet grief or pleasure may either of them be a blessing or a curse, and which it is in a particular case no man can tell, if he know not how either of them will be used, and what effect they will have: Also, if the objection be of no more force, unless it be granted that present delight is good, and pain is evil. It will be plain enough, that something is supposed which is very obscure and doubtful, and hard to be judged of, when this is used as an argument against Providence, that there is 'one event to the righteous and to the wicked.'
III. However, the day of judgment is a sufficient answer to the objection.
The belief and expectation of this was implied in the last particular, as the great reason of the behaviour ⟨of⟩ the righteous in both conditions, and as their great support in affliction, and the not believing or considering this, or considering it rather with despair than hope, ⟨is⟩ the reason why the wicked are so ill-governed, and ⟨often⟩ so unhappy in their prosperity, and so comfortless ⟨in⟩ affliction: But if bad men live in more delight, ⟨and⟩ good men in more trouble and grief than indeed ⟨they⟩ do, and God would not interpose his almighty ⟨power⟩ to alter the course of things; yet when the wicked 'go away into everlasting punishment, and the righteous in to life eternal,' Matth. xxv. 46. 'then shall ye return and discern betwixt the righteous and the wicked, betwixt him that serveth God, and him that serveth him not, Mal. iii. 18. And though men are apt to to ⟨think⟩ that time stands almost still when they feel sharp ⟨pains⟩, and the extremity of them makes minutes seem ⟨longer⟩ than days, as days, in a transport of pleasure, ⟨seem⟩ swifter than minutes, yet the no proportion betwixt ⟨time⟩ and eternity will endure all this false reckoning, ⟨and⟩ makes a clear account and unanswerable apology ⟨for⟩ ​⟨providence⟩ notwithstanding. When men feel the smart ⟨of their⟩ own, or think of their friends affliction, or their ⟨enemy's⟩ prosperity, they are easily deluded with ⟨impatience⟩, or envy, or compassion. But if you would judge ⟨truly⟩ how inconsiderable the things that happen now, ⟨are⟩ in comparison of an eternal state, look back to the ⟨patriarchs⟩ and prophets, to the apostles and martyrs; ⟨and⟩ above all, to 'Jesus, the author and finisher of our faith, who, for the joy, that was set before him, endured the cross, despising the same, and is set down at the right hand of the throne of God,' Heb. xii. 2. What ⟨was⟩ that moment of life in which they were persecuted, ⟨afflicted⟩, tormented, in comparison of all the time since, ⟨and⟩ for ever to come, in all which they enjoy the most ⟨pure⟩ and ravishing delights, wherewith God is now ⟨rewarding⟩ their obedience, and humility, and faith, and ⟨patience⟩? Is the objection against Providence, for ⟨leaving⟩ them exposed to so many calamities, too hard for ⟨them⟩ to answer? Do they think heaven, upon the ⟨terms⟩ they had it too dear a purchase? It was ⟨expedient⟩ and necessary, in pursuance of the wise counsels and ⟨purposes⟩ of God, that they should suffer for a while: ⟨but⟩ is God unrighteous? 'Doth he forget their work of faith, and labour of love, and patience of hope'? ⟨St.⟩ Paul, when he felt the smart of his present ⟨afflictions⟩, called them 'light afflictions, for a moment, not worthy to be compared with the glory to be revealed.' ⟨What⟩ must he judge of them now, that the afflictions ⟨are past⟩, and remembered only for the help and increase ⟨of his⟩ joy; now that he is entered into the possession of ⟨that⟩ glorious reward, which he then had only in view ⟨and⟩ prospect.
On the other side, whither are the great oppressors and destroyers of mankind gone? Where is Herod, and Pontius Pilate, and the rest of the bloody persecutors of Christ and his saints: what is become of all their pride, and their envied power and glory? Is God their debtor still for their injustice and blasphemies, and their insolent and prophane joys? Hath he forgotten what they did? Or doth he approve it? Now they know that, which either they did not believe, or would not consi​der before; they abused his patience that waited for ⟨their repentance⟩, and now they feel the punishment of their ⟨sin⟩ in the exquisite torments of the soul: and, full of ⟨fear⟩ and terror, expect greater at the resurrection of the ⟨body⟩. If it seem strange to you, that God should suffer ⟨the⟩ righteous to be at the mercy of the wicked, behold ⟨the⟩ rich man in torment looking up to Abraham, and ⟨begging⟩ for a drop of water to ⟨cool⟩ his tongue; and ⟨Abraham⟩, without any compassion of his son, defending ⟨the⟩ justice of God's dealing with him and the poor ⟨beggar⟩ that lay at his door.
Behold the goodness and severity of god!
'His goodness,' leading the righteous into all the ⟨ways⟩ of discipline and trial, proving their obedience in ⟨the⟩ most dangerous temptation, both from that ⟨pleasure⟩ which their nature covets, and that pain which their ⟨nature⟩ abhors: that when the world and the flesh, and ⟨the⟩ devil have assaulted them with all their weapons, ⟨they⟩ may get an entire and perfect victory, and their ⟨integrity⟩ may have the clearest evidence, and they may ⟨be⟩ confirmed in faith, and made strong, and constant, ⟨and⟩ persevering in virtue, and, after their good and ⟨faithful⟩ service, 'enter into their master's joy.
'His severity,' suffering the wicked sometimes to ⟨be⟩ pampered with fulness of delight, and satisfied in ⟨all⟩ their desires, and sometimes to be afflicted with ⟨crosses⟩ and disappointments, and tempted with miseries ⟨and⟩ plagues to the utmost impatience, that they also may ⟨be⟩ tried, and that the wickedness which would lie ⟨concealed⟩ for want of occasion, may break out and be ⟨brought⟩ to light, that in the variety of conditions, they may ⟨be⟩ led, if they will themselves, into the commission of ⟨all⟩ sins, and may add iniquity to iniquity till the ⟨measure⟩ be full, that God may be glorified in the day of ⟨visitation⟩ and the revelation of that righteous ⟨judgment⟩ (which how hard soever they may seem now) will ⟨plainly⟩ resolve all the problems and riddles of Providence.
The sum of what hath been said, is, That it is ⟨unavoidably⟩ necessary for things to fall out to the good ⟨and⟩ the bad indifferently and uncertainly: To no ⟨judgment⟩ can be made by what happens to men, of their ⟨grief,⟩ ​⟨or⟩ pleasure, nor which of them is good or bad for them: ⟨that⟩ there will be a day of judgment, wherein every ⟨man⟩ shall receive according to his works, and therefore ⟨it⟩ is no argument against Providence, that 'there is one ⟨event⟩ to the righteous and to the wicked.'
But it may be objected from scripture: How doth ⟨this⟩ consist with what there is declared, that 'godliness is profitable for all things, having promise of the life that now is, 1 Tim. vi. 8. According to which, we ⟨find⟩ Moses and the Psalms, and the writings of ⟨Solomon⟩ and the Prophets, and in the New Testament ⟨several⟩ expressions which seem to import a promise of ⟨prosperity⟩ to the righteous.
A sufficient answer to all the places of Scripture that ⟨are⟩ alledged to that purpose, will be given in some of ⟨these⟩ three particulars.
1. Abundance of the promises usually insisted on, ⟨are⟩ made to particular persons or nations, and must not ⟨be⟩ extended farther, as promises for the performance of ⟨which⟩ God's faithfulness is engaged, though they may ⟨be⟩ applied as encouragement to hope, when there ⟨seems⟩ to be a parity or advantage of reason in the case. ⟨Many⟩ things were promised to the patriarchs, and to ⟨the⟩ captains, and judges, and kings of Israel, and to ⟨the⟩ prophets, and apostles, and they were assured that these ⟨things⟩ must happen, for which they had the security of ⟨God's⟩ word. But it would be a great extravagance for ⟨any⟩ man else to be assured of the same events by ⟨applying⟩ those promises. If a soldier be certain that he shall ⟨have⟩ victory, because it was promised to Joshua, or a ⟨sick⟩ man that he shall recover, because a prophet was ⟨sent⟩ to Hezekiah, to tell him that he should be healed, ⟨or⟩ if a passenger in a ship assure all his company of ⟨an⟩ escape with life when they are driven by a storm ⟨upon⟩ the rocks, because the angel of God was sent to tell ⟨the⟩ apostle Paul, 'God hath given thee all them that sail with thee,' Acts xvii. 27. The things may happen ⟨accordingly⟩, as the predictions of a false prophet may ⟨come⟩ to pass by chance, and then they, who use the ⟨scripture⟩ in this fashion, may talk as they please of the ⟨skill⟩ and power of faith, and what wonders it can do, ​with all the promises that are to be found in the Bible. But if the things happen not, then their confident application to themselves, of promises that were made ⟨to⟩ others, runs into scandal and blasphemy, and represents God as a deceiver, that promises and does not perform. But though the promises to them, are not promises ⟨to⟩ us, yet the consideration of them is of great use to ⟨engage⟩ our obedience, and encourage our hope, when ⟨we⟩ see how liberally God bestowed upon them temporal ⟨blessings⟩; and though we cannot infer from thence that ⟨we⟩ shall be blessed in the same manner, we may infer the same love and care of us, and acceptance of our faithful service. In this sense, 'whatsoever things were written afore-time, were written for our learning, that we, thro' patience and comfort of the scriptures might have hope,' Rom. xv. 4.
2. Those promises, which concern all good men, ⟨are⟩ not promises of prosperity, but of God's protection and care of them in every condition, and causing 'all things to work together for good to them that love God, Rom. viii. 28.]] Nothing shall happen to them without his notice and allowance. It may be good for them ⟨to⟩ be afflicted: and therefore the same love of God sometimes prevents afflictions from befalling them, sometimes delivers them after they have suffered a little; sometimes keeps them for a long time under severe discipline, ⟨but⟩ comforts and supports them all the while: 'The steps of a good man are ordered by the Lord: Though he fall, he shall not be utterly cast down; for the Lord upholdeth him with his hand,' Psalm xxxvii. 23, 24. 'God will not forsake him, nor forget his complaint;' If troubles abound, 'Consolations shall abound much more. Tho' the outward man perish, the inward man is renewed day by day,' 2 cor. iv. 16. 'The Lord knoweth how to deliver the godly out of temptations,' I Pet. ii. 9. either by keeping them out of that condition, ⟨in⟩ which they will be tempted, or so assisting them with his grace, that they shall not fall into that sin, (for example, that apostasy) to which they are tempted, ⟨tho'⟩ they may fall into that persecution, from whence ⟨very⟩ strong temptations to apostasy may arise. ​ This watching of Providence over the ⟨righteous⟩ and care for them, and assisting them in every condition with convenient grace, is the sum of those promises which are absolutely made to godliness in the scripture, and especially in the New Testament.
3. Many of the places of scripture most insisted on ⟨in⟩ this argument, are not promises, but general rules, wherein the ordinary method of Providence, and the ⟨usual⟩ effects of many virtues and vices are declared. ⟨Solomon⟩ tells us of that wisdom, which consists especially ⟨in⟩ the fear of God; 'Length of days are in her right hand, and in her left hand, riches and honour,' Prov. iii. 16. 'By humility and the fear of the Lord are riches, and honour and life,' Prov. xxii. 4. There are ⟨many⟩ such general rules as these, the reason and truth ⟨of⟩ which are evident in most cases, and it is as evident, ⟨that⟩ they will not hold always. In the ordinary course ⟨of⟩ things, the most strength, and best courage, and the ⟨wisest⟩ conduct shall get the victory: Diligence in a ⟨profitable⟩ calling, shall make a man rich; if he be humble, ⟨he⟩ shall be beloved; if he be faithful, he shall be trusted: ⟨he⟩ that is prudent and just in his actions shall be ⟨esteemed⟩ and have a good reputation: but for all that, ⟨accidents⟩ which no man can foresee or prevent, may ⟨interpose⟩ betwixt the most likely means and the ends. ⟨The⟩ chances of war, thieves, robbers, unfaithful servants, ⟨treacherous⟩ friends, the constructions of jealousy and ⟨ill⟩ nature, secret whispering, or open defaming and ⟨false⟩ accusing; the pestilence that walketh in darkness, ⟨infecting⟩ a man's good name, and the arrows which ⟨wound⟩ at noon-day, may hinder all those virtues of that ⟨reward⟩ which is also the natural effect and consequence of them. And in such cases, 'The race will not be to the swift, nor the battle to the strong; neither yet bread to the wise, nor yet riches to men of understanding, nor yet favour to men of skill,' Eccles. ix. 11. Those are general rules, but time and chance make many exceptions; from all which it appears consistent ​with scripture, as well as reason, that 'there is one ⟨event⟩ to the righteous and to the wicked.'
The consideration of what hath been said, will ⟨dispose⟩ us to be slow in judging our neighbours, and careful ⟨in⟩ governing ourselves, as we pass together thro' all ⟨the⟩ changes and chances of this mortal life. Events ⟨will⟩ no better justify our opinion of men's actions, than ⟨examples⟩ will prove the goodness of our own. We must judge by rules, not be success, and we must live ⟨by⟩ rules, not by examples.
Despise no man for his poverty or ill success, lest ⟨you⟩ despise a man whom God will honour. 'Bless not the covetous whom the Lord abhorreth. Let not thine heart envy sinners: But be thou in the fear of the Lord all the day long: For surely there is an end, and thine expectation shall not be cut off.' Prov. xxiii. 17, 18. In affliction be patient. In the day of adversity ⟨consider⟩. In prosperity, 'be not high minded, but fear.' Remember, that a low estate may be your great ⟨benefit⟩ and security, and that power and riches may be a ⟨snare⟩ to their owner. Learn of St. Paul, 'In whatsoever state you are, therewith to be content.' Take in ⟨good⟩ part, and make the best use of every thing that happens, and be well assured, that nothing can happen amiss, if that be your continual care, which was the ⟨result⟩ of all Solomon's study and experience, Eccles. xii. 13, 14, 'Fear God and keep his commandments, for this is the whole duty of man: for God shall bring every work into judgment, with every secret thing, whether it be good or whether it be evil.'
FINIS.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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