# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Volume IX

See also the scan index; and the disclaimer.
| | Volume IX Falaba — Fyzabad | Volume IX Falaba — Fyzabad | |
| Fa – Fe | Fi – Fl | Fo | Fr – Fy |
| Falaba, town, West Africa. Falaise, town, France. Falashas, Jews of Abyssinia. Falcon, bird. Falcone, Aniello, Italian painter. Falconer, Hugh, English naturalist. Falconer, William, English poet. Falconet, Étienne Maurice, French sculptor. Falconry. Falerii, ancient town, Etruria. Falernus Ager, district, ancient Italy. Faliero, Marino, doge of Venice. Falk, Johann Daniel, German writer and philanthropist. Falke, Johann Friedrich Gottlieb, German historian. Falkirk, town, Scotland. Falkland, town, Scotland. Falkland, Viscount (Sir Lucius Cory, q.v.). Falkland Islands, South Atlantic. Fallmerayer, Jakob Philipp, German ethnologist and historian. Fallopius, or Fallopio, Gabriello, Italian anatomist. Fall River, town, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Falmouth, town, England. False Point, harbour, Orissa, India. Falster, island, Denmark. Falun, or Fahlun, town, Sweden. Famagosta, town, Cyprus (q.v.). Family. Famines. Fan. Fano, town, Italy. Fanshawe, Sir Richard, English poet and statesman. Faraday, Michael, English physicist. Farce (See Drama). Fareham, town, England. Farel, Guillaume, French Reformer. Faria y Sousa, Manoel de, Portuguese historian and poet. Faridkot, state, North-Western India. Faridpur, or Furreedpore, district, British India. Farina, or Porto Farina, town, Tunis. Farinato, Paolo, Italian painter. Farinelli (Carlo Broschi), Italian singer. Farini, Luigi Carlo, Italian physician, statesman, and historian. Farmer, Hugh, English theologian. Farmer, Richard, Shakespearean commentator. Farnabie, or Farnaby, Thomas, English schoolmaster. Farnese, noble Italian family. Farnham, town, England. Faro, town, Portugal. Faroe Islands, North Sea. Farquhar, George, English dramatist. Farragut, David Glascoe, American admiral. Farrakhabad (Furruckabad), district and town, India. Farrant, Richard, English musical composer. Fars, or Farsistan, province, Persia. Fasano, town, Italy. Fasti, Roman calendars and chronicles. Fasting, religious discipline. Fasting, Claus, Danish poet. Fastes, in classical mythology. Fathers of the Church. Fathipur (Futtehpoor), district and town, India. Fathipur Sikri, town, India. Fatima, daughter of Muhammed. Fattore, Il (Gianfrancesco Penni, q.v.), Italian painter. Faucher, Léon, French political economist. Fauchet, Claude, historian and antiquary (1539–1601). Fauchet, Claude, Abbé, Girondist (1744–1793). Faujas de Saint-Fond, Barthélemi, French naturalist. Faun, in classical mythology. Fauriel, Charles Claude, French historian and critic. Faust (Fust, q.v.), family of German printers. Faustina, Annia, wife of Marcus Aurelius. Faustus, or Faust, in mediæval legend. Favara, town, Sicily. Favart, Charles Simon, French dramatist. Faversham, or Feversham, town, England. Favorinus, Greek sophist. Fawkes, Francis, English poet. Fawkes, Guy, Gunpowder Plot conspirator. Faxardo (See Saavedra). Fay, Andras, Hungarian poet. Fayal, island, Azores (q.v.). Fayetteville, town, North Carolina, U.S.A. Fayoum, or Feiyoom, district and lake, Egypt (q.v.). Fea, Carlo, Italian archæologist. Fearne, Charles, English jurist. Feast-Days (See Festivals). Feathers. February, month. Fécamp, town, France. Feckenham, or Fecknam, John de, abbot of Westminster. Fedchenko, Alexis Paulowitch, Russian naturalist. Federal Government. Federici, Camillo, Italian dramatist. Fee, in English law. Fehmic Courts (Fehmgerichte), Germany. Feitama, Sybrand, Dutch writer. Feith, Rhijnvis, Dutch poet. Fejér, Gyorgy, Hungarian writer. Feldkirch, town, Vorarlberg, Austria. Felegyhaza, town, Hungary. Félibien, André, French architect and historiographer. Félibien, Dom Michel, French historian. Felix, various popes. Felix of Urgel, Adoptianist (See Adoption Controversy). Felix of Valois, founder of order of Trinitarians. Felix, Antonius, procurator of Judæa. Felix, Minucius (Minucius Felix, q.v.). Fell, John, bishop of Oxford. Fellatahs, or Foulahs, people, Africa (q.v.). Fellenberg, Philipp Emanuel von, Swiss educationist. Feller, François Xavier de, Belgian writer. Fellows, Sir Charles, English traveller and antiquary. Felo de Se, in law. Felony, in law. Felt, fabric of matted fibres. Feltham, Owen, English moralist. Feltre, town, Italy. Feltre, Morto da, Italian painter. Fencing, in gymnastics. Fénelon, Bertrand de Salignac, French diplomatist. Fénelon, François de Salignac, archbishop of Cambray. Fennians, or Fenians. Fennel, plant. Fenton, Elijah, English poet. Fenton, Sir Gregory, English statesman and writer. Fenugreek, herb. Feoffment, in English law. Ferdinand, the name. Ferdinand I., emperor. Ferdinand II., emperor. Ferdinand III., emperor. Ferdinand I., emperor of Austria. Ferdinand I., king of Naples. Ferdinand II., king of Naples. Ferdinand III., of Naples (V. of Castile, q.v.). Ferdinand IV., of Naples (I. of Two Sicilies). Ferdinand II., of the Two Sicilies. Ferdinand, king of Portugal. Ferdinand I., king of Aragon and Sicily. Ferdinand II., of Aragon (V. of Castile, q.v.). Ferdinand I., the Great, king of Castile. Ferdinand II., of Leon. Ferdinand III., St, of Castile and Leon. Ferdinand IV., of Castile and Leon. Ferdinand V., of Castile. Ferdinand VI., king of Spain. Ferdinand VII., of Spain. Ferdinand I. & II., grand-dukes of Tuscany (See Medici). Ferdinand III., of Tuscany. Ferdinand, duke of Brunswick. Ferentino (the ancient Ferentinum), town, Italy. Ferento, town, Italy. Ferghana, province, Russian Turkestan. Ferguson, Adam, Scottish philosopher and historian. Ferguson, James, English merchanst and astronomer. Fergusson, Robert, Scottish poet. Fergusson, Sir William, Scottish poet. Ferid-eddin-Athar (Farid-uddin-Attar), Persian mystic poet. Ferishta, Mohammed Kasim, Persian historian. Fermanagh, county, Ireland. Fermat, Pierre de, French mathematician. Fermenation. Fermo, town, Italy. Fermoy, town, Ireland. Fernan Caballero (Cecilia Böhl von Faber, q.v.), Spanish novelist. Fernandez, Alvaro, Portuguese explorer. Fernandez, Diego, Spanish adventurer and historian. Fernandez, Joam, Portuguese traveller. Fernandez, Juan, Spanish adventurer. Fernandez, Juan, Spanish navigator. Fernando de Noronha, islands, South Atlantic. Fernando Po, island, West Africa. Fernel, Jean François, French physician. Fernow, Karl Ludwig, German art critic and archæologist. Fern, Ferns, group of plants. Ferozepore (Firozpur, q.v.), district, India. Ferrand, Comte, French statesman and writer. Ferrara, town, Italy. Ferrari Gaudenzio, Italian painter. Ferreira, Antonio, Portuguese poet. Ferret, albino variety of the polecat. Ferri, Ciro, Italian painter. Ferrier, James Frederick, Scottish metaphysician. Ferrier, Susan Edmonston, Scottish novelist. Ferro, or Hierro, island, Canaries (q.v.). Ferrol, town, Spain. Ferry, Law relating to. Fersen, Axel, Count, Swedish general. Fesca, Frederic Ernest, German musical composer. Fesch, Joseph, French cardinal. Fessler, Ignatz Aurelius, Hungarian ecclesiastic and writer. Festivals. Festus, Sextus Pompeius, Latin grammarian. Festichism. Fétis, François Joseph, Belgian writer and musical composer. Feu, in Scots Law. Feuchtersleben, Edonard, Freiherr von, Austrian medical writer. Feudalism, Feudal System. Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas, German philosopher. Feuerbach, Paul Johann Anselm, German jurist. Feuilleton, of French newspaper. Fever. Feydeau, Ernest-Aimé, French writer. Fez, town, Morocco. Fezzan, country, Africa. | Fiacre, St, French hermit. Fiars Prices, in Scots law. Fibres, Textile. Fibrin, albuminoid substance. Fichte, Johann Gottleib, German metaphysician. Fichtelgebirge, mountain range, Bavaria. Ficino, Marsilio, Italian philosopher. Fictions, in law. Fidenæ (Castello Giubileo), ancient town, Italy. Field, John, English musical composer and pianist. Field, Nathan, English dramatist. Fieldfare, bird. Fielding, Copley, English painter. Fielding, Henry, English novelist. Fieri Facias, in English law. Fieschi, Joseph Marie, Genoese conspirator. Fiesco, or de’ Fieschi, Giovanni Luigi, Genoese conspirator. Fiesole, town, Italy. Fiesole, Fra Giovanni Angelico da, Italian painter. Fife, musical instrument (See Flute). Fife, county, Scotland. Fifth Monarchy Men, Puritan sect. Fig, tree and fruit. Figaro, dramatic character & Paris newspaper. Figeac, town, France. Figueras, town, Spain. Fiji Islands, South Pacific. Filangieri, Carlo, Italian general. Filangieri, Gaetano, Italian publicist. Filbert, tree and nut (See Hazel). File, steel tool. File-Fish & Trigger-Fish. Filelfo, Francesco, Italian scholar. Filibuster, buccaneer. Filicaia, Vincenzo da, Italian poet. Filigree, jewel work of threads and beads. Filippino Lippi, Italian painter (See Lippi). Filan, St, Scottish saint. Fillmore, Millard, president of the United States. Films, Liquid, in capillary action (q.v.), & Sensitive, in photography (See Optics). Filmer, Sir Robert, English political writer. Filter, apparatus for purifying liquids. Finale dell’Emilia, town, Italy. Finance. Finch, bird. Finch, Daniel & Heneage, earls of Nottingham (q.v.). Finck, Heinrich, German composer. Finck, Hermann, German musical writer. Finden, William, English engraver. Fine, in law. Fine Arts, The. Fingal, Celtic hero. Fini, Tommaso (Masolino, q.v.), Italian painter. Finiguerra, Maso, Italian engraver. Finistère, department, France. Finland, province, Russia. Finlay, George, English historian of Greece. Fiorenzuola, town, Italy. Fiorillo, Johann Dominicus, German painter and historian of art. Fir, coniferous tree. Firdousi, or Firdausi, Persian people. Fire, element. Fire, Fires, Destructive. Fire-Clay, Fire-Bricks. Firenzuola, Agnolo, Italian poet. Fireworks (See Pyrotechny). Firmicius, Maternus Julius, Latin writer. Firozpur, district & town, India. Fischart, Johannes, German satirist. Fisher, John, bishop of Rochester. Fisheries, Sea. ... Law relating to Fisheries. Fish, Fishes (See Ichthyology & Pisciculture). Fishing-Frog, fish. Fistula, in surgery. Fitch, John, American steamboat inventor. Fitch, Ralph, English traveller. Fitchburg, town, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Fitzgerald, Lord Edward, leader of the United Irishmen. Fitzgerald, Lord Thomas, Irish leader. Fitzherbert, Sir Anthony, English judge. Fitzroy, Robert, English admiral, hydrographer, and meteorologist. Fitzstephen, William, English historian. Fiume, town, Hungary. Fives, game. Fives, town, France. Fix, Theodore, French political economist. Fixtures, in law. Flaccus, Caius Valerius, Roman poet. Flacius, Matthias, German theologian. Flacourt, Étienne de, French governor of Madagascar. Flag, Flags, Military and naval. Flagellants, self-chastising fraternities. Flageolet, musical instrument (See Flute). Flahaut de la Billarderie, Auguste C. J., Comte de, French general and diplomatist. Flambard, Ranulph or Ralph, bishop of Durham. Flame. Flamel, Nicolas, French alchemist. Flamen, Roman priest. Flamingo, bird. Flamininus, Titus Quinctius, Roman general and statesman. Flaminius, Caius, Roman consul (223 b.c.). Flaminius, Caius, Roman consul (187 b.c.). Flamsteed, John, English astronomer. Flanders, countship, Netherlands. Flandrin, Jean Hippolyte, French painter. Flannel, woollen stuff. Flatbush, town, Long Island, New York, U.S.A. Flat-Fish. Flavel, John, English theologian. Flavian I., patriarch of Antioch. Flavian II., patriarch of Antioch. Flavian, patriarch of Constantinople. Flavigny, Valérien, French Hebraist. Flavin, dyestuff. Flax, plant and fibre. Flaxman, John. Flea, insect. Fléchier, Esprit, bishop of Nîmes, poet, and preacher. Flecknoe, Richard, English poet and dramatist. Fleetwood, town, England. Fleetwood, Charles, lord deputy of Ireland. Fleetwood, William, bishop of Ely. Fleming, Paul, German poet. Flemish Literature (See Holland). Fleming, Richard, bishop of Lincoln. Flensburg, town, Prussia. Fletcher, Andrew, of Saltoun, Scottish politician. Fletcher, Giles (1548–1610), English poet. Fletcher, Giles (1584–1623), English writer. Fletcher, John, English dramatist (See Beaumont and Fletcher). Fletcher, Phineas, English poet. Fleuranges, Robert de la Marck, Seigneur de, French marshal and historian. Fleur-de-Lis, heraldic device. Fleury, André Hercule de, French cardinal and statesman. Fleury, Claude, French ecclesiastical historian. Fliedner, Theodore, German philanthropist. Flight, Laws of. Flinck, Govert, Dutch painter. Flinders, Matthew, English navigator. Flint, mineral. Flint, county, Wales. Flint, Timothy, American divine and writer. Flodoard, or Frodoart, French chronicler. Flood, The (Deluge, q.v.), of Scripture. Flood, Henry, Irish orator and politician. Floor Cloth. Flor, Roger di, military adventurer. Flora, in Roman mythology. Florence, town, Italy. Florence of Worcester, English chronicler. Flores, Endeh, or Mangeraai, island, Indian Archipelago. Flores, island, Azores (q.v.), Atlantic. Florez, Enrique, Spanish historian. Florian, patron saint of Poland. Florian, Jean Pierre Claris de, French poet and romanticist. Florida, State, U.S.A. Florida-Blanca, Count of, Spanish statesman. Florio, Giovanni, English lexicographer and translator. Floris, Frans, Flemish sculptor and painter. Florus, Roman historian. Flotsam, Jetsam, and Ligan, in English law. Flounder, fish. Flour, Manufacture of. Flourens, Gustave, French communist and writer. Flourens, Marie Jean Pierre, French physiologist. Flowers, Artificial. Floyer, Sir John, English physician and writer. Fludd, Robert, English physician and mystic. Flügel, Gustav Lebrecht, German Orientalist. Flügel, Johann Gottfried, German lexicographer. Flourine, chemical element. Fluor Spar, or Fluorite, mineral. Flushing, town, Holland. Flushing, town, Long Island, New York, U.S.A. Flute, musical instrument. Fluxes, in smelting ores (See Metallurgy). Fluxions, in mathematics (See Infinitesimal Calculus). Fly (Diptera, q.v.), insect (q.v.). Flycatcher, bird. Flying and Flying Machines (See Flight). Flying-Fish. Flying-Fox. | Fogaras, town, Hungary. Fogelberg, Benedict Erland, Swedish sculptor. Foggia, town, Italy. Foil, thin sheet-copper. Foix, town, France. Foix, Counts of. Foix, Gaston de (See Nemours). Foix, Paul de, French prelate and diplomatist. Fokshan, town, Roumania. Folard, Jean Charles de, French writer on tactics. Foldvar, or Duna Foldvar, town, Hungary. Folengo, Teofilo, Italian poet. Foley, John Henry, British sculptor. Foligno, or Fuligno, town, Italy. Folkes, Martin, English antiquary. Folkestone, town, England. Folk-Land, or Folc-Land, in English law. Folk-Lore. Follen, August Ludwig, German poet. Follen, Charles, German poet and theologian. Follett, Sir William Webb, English lawyer. Fonblanque, Albany William, English political writer. Fond du Lac, town, Wisconsin, U.S.A. Fondi, town, Italy. Fontaine, Jean de la (See La Fontaine), French poet. Fontaine, Pierre François Léonard, French architect. Fontainebleau, town, France. Fontana, Domenico, Italian architect. Fontana, Lavinia, Italian painter. Fontana, Prospero, Italian painter. Fontanes, Louis, Marquis de, French poet. Fontarabia (Fuenterrabia, q.v.), town, Spain. Fontenay-le-Comte, town, France. Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier de, French writer. Fontevrault, town, France. Foo-Chow (Fuh-chow, q.v.), town, China. Food (See Dietetics). Football, game. Foote, Samuel, English dramatist and actor. Foppa Vincenzo, Italian painter. Foraminifera. Forbach, town, German Lorraine. Forbes, Alexander Penrose, bishop of Brechin. Forbes, David, English chemist and geologist. Forbes, Duncan, of Culloden, Scottish lawyer and statesman. Forbes, Edward, English naturalist. Forbes, James David, Scottish natural philosopher. Forbes, Sir John, physician and writer. Forbin, Claude de, French naval commander. Forcellini, Egidio, Italian philologist. Forchhammer, Johan Georg, Danish mineralogist. Forchheim, town, Bavaria. Ford, John, English dramatist. Ford, Richard, English writer on Spain. Ford, Thomas, English musician. Fordun, John of, Scottish historian. Forests, Forest Administration. Forfar, or Angus, county & town, Scotland. Forge, for iron. Forgery, in English law. Forget-Me-Not, plant. Forlì, town, Italy. Forlì, Melozzo da, Italian painter. Forlimpopoli, town, Italy. Forman, Simon, English physician and astrologer. Formey, Johann Heinrich Samuel, German writer. Formia, town, Italy. Formosa, island, China. Formosus, Pope. Forres (Elgin, q.v.). Forskål, Peter, Swedish naturalist and philosopher. Forst, town, Prussia. Forster, François, French engraver. Förster, Friedrich, German historian. Forster, Johann Georg Adam, German naturalist. Forster, John, English historian and critic. Fort de France, town, Martinique, West Indies. Fortescue, Sir John, English lawyer. Forth, river, Scotland. Fortification. Elementary Fortification. Field Fortification. Permanent Fortification. Systems of Permanent Fortification. Polygonal or German System. Armament of Fortresses. Attack and Defense of Fortified Places. Bastioned Systems of the Netherlands. Methods of Bousmard, Carnot, Chasseloup, Dufour, Noizet, Haxo, and Choumara. German System of Defence. Entrenched Camps. Fortification of Capitals. Index. Fortrose, town, Scotland. Fortuna, Roman goddess. Fortunate Islands (Canary Islands, q.v.). Fortunatus, legendary hero. Fortunatus, Venantius H. C., bishop of Poitiers, Latin poet. Fort Wayne, town, Indiana, U.S.A. Forum, at Rome. Fosbroke, Thomas Dudley, English antiquary. Foscari, Francesco, doge of Venice. Foscarini, Marco, doge of Venice, historian. Forscarini, Michele, Venetian historian. Foscolo, Ugo, Italian writer. Foss, Edward, English legal writer. Fossano, town, Italy. Fossano, Ambrogio Stefani da (Il Borgognone), Italian painter. Fossombrone, town, Italy. Fossombroni, Vittorio, Italian statesman and mathematician. Foster, John, English essayist. Foster, Stephen Collins, American song-writer. Fothergill, John, English physician. Foucault, Jean Bernard Léon, French physicist. Fouché, Joseph, French minister of police. Foucher, Simon, French sceptic. Fougères, town, France. Fould, Achille, French financier. Foulis, Andrew and Robert, Scottish printers and publishers. Founding, casting metal. Foundling Hospitals. Fountain, spring of water. Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire, England (See Abbey). Fouqué, Friedrich Heinrich Karl, Baron de la Motte, German writer. Fouquet, Nicolas, French financier and statesman. Fouquier-Tinville, Antoine Quentin, French Revolutionist. Fourchambault, town, France. Fourcroy, Antoine François, Comte de, French chemist. Fourier, François Charles Marie, French socialist writer. Fourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph, French mathematician and physicist. Fourmont, Étienne, French Orientalist. Fournier, Pierre Simon, French printer. Fowl, Fowls, poultry. Fowler, Charles, English architect. Fowler, John, inventor of steam plough. Fowler, William, Scottish poet. Fownes, George, English chemist. Fox, carnivorous mammal. Fox, Charles James, English statesman. Fox, George, founder of the Quakers. Fox, Richard, bishop of Winchester. Foxe, John, English martyrologist. Foxglove (Digitalis, q.v.), plant. Foy, Maximilien Sébastien, French general and politician. | Fraas, Karl Nikolas, German botanist. Fra Bartolommeo (Baccio de la Porta, q.v.), Italian painter. Fracastorio, Hieronymo, Italian physician and poet. Fra Diavolo, Italian brigand. Frähn, Christian Martin, German numismatist and Orientalist. Framlingham, town, England. Français, of Nantes, Count, French politician and writer. Francavilla, town, Italy. France. Part I.—Geography and Statistics. Part II.—History. Part III.—French Language. Part IV.—French Literature. Index to Article France. France, Isle of, or Mauritius (q.v.). Francesca, Piero de’ (Pietro della Francesca, q.v.), Italian painter. Franceschini, Baldassare, Italian painter. Franche Comté, province, France. Franchise, in law. Francia (Francesco Raibolini), Italian painter. Francia, José Gaspar Rodriguez, dictator of Paraguay. Franciabigio (Francesco di Cristofano), Italian painter. Francis I., king of France. Francis II., of France. Francis I., emperor. Francis, St, of Assisi, founder of the Franciscan order. Francis Borgia, St, general of the Jesuits. Francis, St, of Paola, founder of order of Minims. Francis, St, of Sales, devotional writer. Francis, Sir Philip, English politician and writer. Franciscans, monastic order. Francisque (Jean François Millet), French painter. Franck, the name. Franck, or Frank, Sebastian, German writer. Francke, August Hermann, German philanthropist and theologian. Francken, family of Flemish painters. François de Neufchâteau, Nicolas Louis, Count, French statesman and poet. Franconia, territorial division, Germany. Franeker, town, Holland. Frankenberg, town, Saxony. Frankenhausen, town, Germany. Frankenstein, town, Prussia. Frankenthal, town, Bavaria. Frankfort, town, Kentucky, U.S.A. Frankfort-on-the-Main, town, Germany. Frankfort-on-the-Oder, town, Prussia. Frankincense, or Olibanum, gum-resin. Franklin (Freehold, q.v.). Franklin, Benjamin, American statesman and philosopher. Franklin, Sir John, Arctic explorer. Franks, Germanic people. Franzén, Frans Michael, Swedish poet. Franzensbad, watering-place, Bohemia. Frascati, town, Italy. Fraser, James Baillie, Scottish traveller and writer. Fraser, Simon, Lord Lovat (q.v.), Scottish Jacobite. Fraserburgh, town, Scotland. Fratricelli, or Fraticelli, mediæval sects. Fraud, in law. Frauenburg, town, Prussia. Frauenfeld, town, Switzerland. Frauenlob (Heinrich von Meissen), German poet. Fraunhofer, Joseph von, German optician. Fraustadt, town, Prussia. Frayssinous, Denis Antoine Luc, Comte de, French ecclesiastic and politician. Fredericia, town, Denmark. Frederick (Friedrich), German name. Frederick I., Barbarossa, emperor and German king. Frederick II., emperor and German king. Frederick III., German king. Frederick IV., German king (emperor Frederick III.). Frederick William, elector of Brandenburg. Frederick I., king of Prussia. Frederick William I., king of Prussia. Frederick II., the Great, of Prussia. Frederick William II., of Prussia. Frederick William III., of Prussia. Frederick William IV., of Prussia. Frederick I., elector and duke of Saxony. Frederick II., of Saxony. Frederick III., of Saxony. Frederick Augustus I. (Augustus II. of Poland, q.v.), elector of Saxony. Frederick Augustus II. (Augustus III. of Poland, q.v.), elector of Saxony. Frederick Augustus I., king of Saxony. Frederick Augustus II., king of Saxony. Frederick I., elector palatine. Frederick II., elector palatine. Frederick III., elector palatine. Frederick IV., elector palatine. Frederick V., elector palatine and king of Bohemia. Frederick City, town, Maryland, U.S.A. Fredericksburg, town, Virginia, U.S.A. Frederickshald, town, Norway. Frederickstad, town, Norway. Fredericton, town, New Brunswick. Free Church of Scotland. Freehold, in English law. Free Imperial Cities, of Germany. Freemasonry. Freeport, town, Illinois, U.S.A. Freetown, town, Sierra Leone, West Africa. Free Trade. Freewill Baptists. Freiberg, town, Saxony. Freiburg, canton, Switzerland. Freiburg (Freiburg in the Breisgau), town, Baden, Germany. Freiburg, town, Prussian Silesia. Freidank, or Freigedank, German poet. Freiligrath, Ferdinand, German poet. Freind, John, English physician and author. Freire, Francisco Joze, Portuguese historian and philologist. Freischütz, in German folklore. Freising, town, Bavaria. Freiwaldau, town, Austrian Silesia. Frejus, town, France. Fremont, town, Ohio, U.S.A. French, Nicholas, Irish pamphleteer. Frere, John Hookham, English diplomatist and writer. Fréret, Nicolas, French scholar. Fréron, Élie Catherine, French critic and controversialist. Fréron, Louis Stanislas, French Revolutionist. Fresco. Frescobaldi, Girolamo, Italian musical composer. Fresnel, Augustin Jean, French physicist. Fresnillo, town, Mexico. Fresnoy, Charles Alphonse du, French painter and writer. Freudenstadt, town, Würtemberg, Germany. Freudenthal, town, Austrian Silesia. Freya, or Frigga, in Teutonic mythology. Freycinet, Louis Claude Desaulses de, French navigator. Freytag, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, German Orientalist. Friar, member of mendicant order. Fribourg (Freiburg, q.v.), canton, Switzerland. Friction, in physics. Friedland, town, Bohemia. Friedland, town, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Germany. Friedland, town, Prussia. Friedland, Valentin (Trotzendorf, q.v.), German educationist. Friendly Islands, South Pacific. Friendly Societies. Friends, Society of (Quakers, q.v.). Fries, Elias Magnus, Swedish botanist. Fries, Jacob Friedrich, German philosopher. Friesland, province, Holland. Frigate-Bird. Frischlin, Nicodemus, German scholar and poet. Frisi, Paolo, Italian mathematician and astronomer. Frisians, ancient Teutonic people. Frith, or Fryth, John, early English Reformer. Fritzlar, town, Prussia. Friuli, district, Austria and Italy. Froben, or Frobenius, Joannes, German printer and scholar. Frobisher, Sir Martin, English navigator. Froebel, Friedrich Wilhelm August, German educationist. Frog, amphibian. Fröhlich, Abraham Emanuel, German-Swiss poet. Froissart, Jean, French chronicler. Fromentin, Eugène, French painter. Fronde, War of the, in France (See France and Condé). Frontinus, Sextus Julius, Roman soldier and writer. Fronto, Marcus Cornelius, Roman grammarian. Frosinone, town, Italy. Frost, William Edward, English painter. Frost-Bite (See Mortification). Frugoni, Carlo Innocenzo, Italian poet. Frumentius, early Christian missionary and first bishop of Abyssinia. Fruytiers, Philip, Flemish painter. Fry, or Gurney, Elizabeth, English philanthropist. Fuad Pasha, Mehmed, Turkish statesman and author. Fuchs, or Fux (q.v.), Johann Joseph, Austrian musical composer. Fuchs, Johann Nepomuk von, German chemist and mineralogist. Fuchs, Leonhard, German physician and botanist. Fuchsia, plant. Fuel. Fuente de Cantos, town, Spain. Fuente del Maestre, town, Spain. Fuenterrabia (Fontarabia), town, Spain. Fuero, Spanish legal charter and code. Fugger, Swabian family, Germany. Fuh-Chow, or Fuh-Chow Foo (Foo Chow), town, China. Führich, Joseph von, Austrian painter. Fulda, monastery and town, Germany. Fulham, suburb of London. Fuller, Andrew, English Baptist divine. Fuller, Sarah Margaret (Marchioness Ossoli, q.v.), American writer. Fuller, Thomas, English divine and historian. Fuller’s Earth. Fulmar, bird. Fulton, Robert, American engineer. Fumitory, plant. Funchal, town, Madeira (q.v.). Function, in mathematical analysis. Funds, national debt (q.v.). Funen, island, Denmark (q.v.). Funeral Rites. Fünfhaus, suburb of Vienna. Fünfkirchen, town, Hungary. Fungus, Fungi, division of the vegetable kingdom. Fur. Fureedpore (Faridpur, q.v.). Furetière, Antoine, French lexicographer. Furies (the Greek Erinyes), in Latin mythology. Furnace. Furniture. Furruckabad (Farrakharad, q.v.), district, India. Fürst, Julius, German Orientalist. Fürstenberg, two noble German families. Fürstenwalde, town, Prussia. Fürth, town, Bavaria. Furze, Gorse, or Whin, shrub. Fuseli, Henry, Swiss painter and writer. Fusel Oil. Fust, Johann, early German printer. Fustian, cloth. Fustic, or Yellow Wood, dyestuff. Futtehpoor (Fathipur, q.v.), district and town, India. Fux, Johann Joseph, Austrian musical composer. Fyt, Johannes, Flemish painter. Fyzabad (Faizabad, q.v.), division and district, India. |