OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Coldstream

Edition of 1879. See also Coldstream on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​COLDSTREAM, a town of Berwickshire, Scotland, 12 m. S. W. of Berwick; pop. about 2,200. It is situated on the left bank of the Tweed, here spanned by a handsome bridge. Besides the parish church, there are several places of worship, and a number of schools and libraries. The principal trade is in agricultural products and in cattle. Adjoining the town is the celebrated ford of the Tweed which was repeatedly crossed by the invading armies of both Scotland and England. Monk raised a corps here in 1 65 9'60, which was at first known as Monk's regiment, but subsequently it was included, under the name of Coldstream guards, in the brigade which parliament allowed to Charles II.; it retains this designation as a regiment in the foot guards or household brigade, and is one of the oldest corps in the British army.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Colchis

Edition of 1879. See also Colchis on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​COLCHIS (modern Mingrelia and part of Imerethia), an ancient country of Asia, at the E. extremity of the Euxine, bounded N. by the Caucasus, E. and S. E. by Iberia and the Mosrhi.-m mountains, S. by Armenia, 8. W. by Pontus, and W. by the Euxine. Colchis was celebrated in Greek mythology as the destination of the Argonauts, and as the country of Medea and the golden fleece. Its early history is involved in obscurity. The early Greek writers speak of it only under the name of M&, the seat of King Æetes. Cyrus or his immediate successor seems to have annexed it to the Persian empire; but its inhabitants soon recovered their liberty, and erected their territory into an independent state. During the Mithridatic war it was tributary to the kingdom of Pontus. On the overthrow of Mithridates it was annexed by the Romans; and after the conclusion of the civil wars it was incorporated with Pontus, and subjected to the rule of a proconsul. Under the later emperors it was know: as Lazica, from Lazi, a predominant tribe. In A. D. 572 the Colchians rose in rebellion, and joined the Persians against the Byzantine empire. Colchis, according to Strabo, abounded in fruit of every kind, and in material for ship building. It was inhabited by a number of tribes, whose dark complexion, crispy hair, language, and customs indicated, in the opinion of Herodotus, their Egyptian origin. They were famous for the manufacture of linen. Their chief town was Dioscurias. The Phasis (now the Rion) is the celebrated river of this country.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Cold Harbour, Battles of

Edition of 1879. See also Battle of Cold Harbor on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​COLD HARBOR, Battles of. See Chickahominy.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Colden, Cadwallader

Edition of 1879. See also Cadwallader Colden on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​COLDEN. I. Cadwallader, a physician and statesman, born in Dunse, Scotland, Feb. 17, 1688, died on Long Island, N. Y., Sept. 28, 1776. He studied at Edinburgh, and at the age of 20 emigrated to America, and practised as a physician for some years in Pennsylvania. He then visited England, but returned to Pennsylvania in 1716, and in 1718, at the solicitation of Gov. Hunter, settled in New York. The next year he was appointed the first surveyor general of the colony, became in 1720 a member of the king's council of the province, and in 1761 was appointed lieutenant governor of New York, and held the commission during the remainder of his life. He was repeatedly placed at the head of the government by vacancies in the governorship. He published works upon a variety of subjects, medicine, philosophy, and history; his "History of the Five Indian Nations of Canada, depending on New York"
(New York, 1727; 3d ed., 2 vols., London, 1755) is especially worthy of mention; but his favorite pursuit was botany, and he sent to Linnaeus several hundred American plants, of which that botanist published descriptions.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Coin

Edition of 1879. See also Coín on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​COIN, a town of Andalusia, Spain, in the province and 20 m. W. of the city of Malaga; pop. about 8,500. It is well built, has good streets and squares, and a promenade with a fountain. Besides two large churches, there are several chapels and convents, an episcopal palace, and a number of schools. In the vicinity are pleasure grounds and gardens, and in the adjoining hills are marble quarries and great quantities of jasper. Paper, linen, woollens, and other articles are manufactured, and the principal articles of trade are cattle, cereals, fruits, and wine. An annual fair is held in August.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Colburn, Warren

Edition of 1879. See also Warren Colburn on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
COLBURN, Warren, an American mathematician, born at Dedham, Mass., March 1, 1793, died at Lowell, Sept. 15, 1833. He was the eldest son of a large family. His parents were poor, and during his childhood made frequent removals to different manufacturing villages,
where Warren as well as some of the other children found employment in the factories. He early manifested a remarkable taste for mathematics, and having acquired the trade of a machinist, he entered Harvard college in 1816. He graduated in 1820, and soon afterward opened a select school in Boston. In the autumn of 1821 the first edition of his “First Lessons in Mental Arithmetic” was issued. While in college the necessity of such a work had been forced upon his mind, and its plan digested. He was accustomed to say that “the pupils who were under his tuition made his arithmetic for him;” that the questions they asked, and the necessary answers and explanations which he gave in reply, were embodied in that book. No other elementary work on arithmetic ever had such a sale. It has been translated into most of the languages of Europe, and into several of those of India. After teaching nearly three years, he accepted the situation of superintendent of the Boston manufacturing company at Waltham, in April, 1823; and in August, 1824, he was appointed superintendent of the Merrimack manufacturing company at Lowell. Here he projected a system of lectures of an instructive character, presenting commerce and useful subjects in such a way as to gain attention. In the autumn of 1825 he commenced a course of lectures on the natural history of animals. This he followed in subsequent years with lectures on light, the eye, the seasons, electricity, hydraulics, astronomy, &c. His “Sequel” had been published just before he left Waltham. In 1828 he published his “Algebra.” In May, 1827, he was elected a fellow of the American academy of arts and sciences. He was also for a number of years one of the examining committee on mathematics in Harvard college, and some time superintendent of schools at Lowell.
# The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Colden, David Cadwallader

Edition of 1879. See also David Cadwallader Colden on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​II. Cadwallader David, grandson of the preceding, born near Flushing, L. I., April 4, 1769, died at Jersey City, Feb. 7, 1834. He commenced the practice of law in New York in January, 1791, removed his office for a time to Poughkeepsie, and in 1796 resumed his station at the New York bar, where he received the appointment of district attorney, and soon became eminent in the profession, which he practised for several years, intermitted only by a voyage to France for the benefit of his health. In 1812 he was colonel of a regiment of volunteers; in 1818 was elected a member of the house of assembly; in the same year ​succeeded De Witt Clinton as mayor of New York city; in 1822 was elected to congress, and in 1824 to the senate of his own state, from which he withdrew in 1827. He was an active promoter of internal improvements, his name being especially connected with the completion of the Erie and Morris canals. Public education and the reformation of juvenile offenders were also subjects to which he devoted much attention. For many years he was one of the governors of the New York hospital. He wrote a biography of Robert Fulton (1817) and "Memoir of the Celebration of the Opening of the New York Canals" (1825).
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Ames, Mary Clemmer

​AMES, Mary Clemmer (Mrs. Hudson), was born in Utica, N. Y., in 1840, daughter of Abraham and Margaret (Kneale) Clemmer. She was educated at the academy, Westfield, N. Y. In 1857 she married a Mr. Ames, and the union was annulled in 1874. She early began to write poetry. From 1866 to 1869 Mrs. Ames resided in Washington, writing regular letters for the New York Independent. From 1869 to 1871 she was employed upon the Brooklyn Daily Union, and in 1873 resumed her connection with the Independent. She was writing a novel in 1879 when she met with a carriage accident, whereby her skull was fractured, and her literary career closed. She established a charming home in Washington, paying for the property entirely from the earnings from her literary work. June 19, 1883, she was married to Edmund Hudson, editor of the Army and Navy Register, and with him made a tour of Europe. Prominent among her works are: "Ten Years in Washington" (1870); "A Volume of Poems" (1872); "Outlines of Men, Women and Things" (1873); "Memorial of Alice and Phoebe Cary"; "Erena" (1870); "A Woman's Right"; "His Two Wives" (1874). An edition of her works was issued in 1885. She died Aug. 18, 1884.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Ames, Joseph

​AMES, Joseph, artist, was born in Roxbury, N. H., July 16, 1816. During his boyhood and youth he painted portraits, gaining a local reputation, and later went to Boston, Mass., where he established a studio. He went abroad to pursue his studies, working principally in Rome, where he painted a portrait of Pius IX, which attracted ​considerable attention. Upon his return to America, he re-opened his studio in Boston, but went from there to Baltimore, and thence to New York city. He was elected a member of the National academy of design in 1870. Some of his most noteworthy pictures are: "Maud Muller," "Miranda," the "Old Stone Pitcher," "The Death of Daniel Webster," "Might;" and portraits of President Felton of Harvard, Ristori, Emerson, Rachel, Prescott, and Gazzaniga; his portraits of Ross Winans and a young lady of Baltimore were exhibited in 1872. He died Oct. 30, 1872.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Ames, James Barr

​AMES, James Barr, educator, was born in Boston, Mass., June 22, 1846; son of Samuel T. and Mary H. (Barr) Ames; and grandson of James Barr, M.D. He was graduated from Harvard A.B. in 1868, LL.B. 1872, and taught school in Boston, Mass., 1868-69. He was a tutor in French and German at Harvard, 1871-72; instructor in history, 1872-73; assistant professor of law, 1873-77; professor of law, 1877-79; Bussey professor of law from 1879, and dean of Harvard law school from 1895. He was married, June 29, 1880, to Sarah Russell. He received the degree LL.D. from the University of the City of New York and the University of Wisconsin in 1898, and from the University of Pennsylvania in 1899. He compiled legal collections and contributed to the Harvard Law Review.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Ames, Edward Raymond

​AMES, Edward Raymond, M. E. bishop, was born at Athens, O., May 20, 1806. In 1828 he entered the Ohio university at Athens, and remained there for two years, earning his board and tuition by teaching. He was the founder of a school at Lebanon, Ill., which afterwards grew into McKendree college. In 1830 he entered the itinerant ministry of the Methodist Episcopal church; in 1832 was ordained deacon, and in 1834 elder. At the general conference held in Baltimore in 1840, he was a delegate, and was afterwards chosen corresponding secretary to the missionary society for the south and west. In 1844 he was elected presiding elder in the Indiana conference, and served in that capacity for eight years. He received the degree of A.M. in 1844 from the State university of Indiana. In 1848 he declined an election as president of Asbury university. He was made a bishop in 1852, and died April 25, 1879.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Ames, Frederick Lothrop

​AMES, Frederick Lothrop, capitalist, was born in Easton, Mass., June 8, 1835, the only son of Oliver and Sarah (Lothrop) Ames, his mother being a sister of George Van Ness Lothrop, United States minister to Russia. Frederick prepared for college at Phillips Exeter academy, and was graduated from Harvard university in 1854. He became a member of the firm of Oliver Ames & Sons in 1863, and its treasurer in 1876, but he had already engaged in extensive enterprises on his own account, especially in railroads; and he became one of the ablest advisers and directors in such enterprises, finally holding directorships in about threescore railroad companies. His business energies extended to many other fields, making him president of two banks and director in leading telegraph, trust and other companies. He was courteous and dignified, a man conversant with, and interested in the great questions of the day, with decided literary and artistic tastes. He was devoted to the welfare of Harvard university, giving large sums of money to the Arnold arboretum and the botanical department, serving as fellow and trustee of the university, and as a loyal son was devising liberal things for her benefit, the fulfilment of which only his death prevented. He was interested in horticulture, owned extensive green-houses at North Easton, and his collection of orchids was unsurpassed in variety, value and condition. His interest in architecture exercised a marked influence on the public and private buildings in Boston. At North Easton he directed the erection of the Ames free library building, built at his own expense; the railroad station, and his gate lodge, of moss-covered, irregular-shaped stones, all three being Richardson's designs. He was a liberal patron of fine arts, and possessed superb collections of paintings, tapestries, jades and crystals. In politics Mr. Ames was a Republican. He was once elected to the state senate, but cherishing no political aspirations his tastes disinclined him to accept any further office. His charities were large, and he not only gave freely of his money, but of his time and influence. He was president of the home for incurables, a trustee of the children's hospital, of the Massachusetts general hospital, and of the McLean insane asylum, and was constant and faithful in performing his duties to these institutions. His death occurred Sept. 13, 1893.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Ames, Julia A.

​AMES, Julia A., editor, was born in Livingston county, Ill., Oct. 14, 1861. She was graduated at Illinois Wesleyan university and at the Chicago school of oratory, and contributed articles to the Woman's Christian temperance union department of the Chicago Inter-Ocean. She became assistant national superintendent of press work for the union and had charge of the Union Signal in 1889. She died Dec. 12, 1891.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Ames, Charles Gordon

​AMES, Charles Gordon, clergyman, was born in Dorchester, Mass., Oct. 3, 1828. He spent his early years on a farm and in a printing-office in New Hampshire; was for a time connected with Geauga seminary, Ohio, as student and teacher; was ordained as a Free Baptist minister in 1849, and went to the frontier as a missionary. From 1854-'57 he edited the Minnesota Republican at Minneapolis. In 1856 he withdrew from his church, and in 1859 became connected with the Unitarians. He gathered new congregations in Illinois, California, and Pennsylvania, and held pastorates at Albany, N. Y., Germantown, Pa., and Philadelphia. From 1877-80 he was in Boston as editor of the Christian Register, the leading Unitarian journal. In 1889 he succeeded the Rev. James Freeman Clarke, as pastor of the Church ​of the Disciples, Boston. Two hundred of his sermons were published, and he contributed many articles, including several poems, to current literature. A little volume of religious studies, entitled, "As Natural as Life," was well received; and an essay on "George Eliot's Two Marriages" passed through five editions. During the war period Mr. Ames delivered many patriotic addresses. He was always actively interested in education, philanthropy and social reform. In 1896 he received from Bates college the degree of D.D.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Ames, Joseph Sweetman

​AMES, Joseph Sweetman, educator, was born in Manchester, Vt., July 3, 1864; son of George Lapham and Elizabeth (Bacon) Ames; and a descendant of the Ames and Bacon families of Connecticut. He was graduated from Johns Hopkins in 1886; was a university scholar in 1886; held a fellowship there in 1887; was assistant in physics, 1889-'93, associate professor of physics and sub-director of the physical laboratory, 1893-'98, and professor of physics from 1898. He received the degree of Ph. D. from Johns Hopkins in 1890, and was elected an honorary member of the Royal Institution of Great Britain in 1899. He was editor-in-chief of Harper's "Scientific Memoirs" (1898); editor of the "Free Expansion of Gases" (1898); and "Fraunhofer's Papers" (1898); and became assistant editor of the Astrophysical Journal in 1892. He is the author of: "The Theory of Physics" (1897), and joint author of "A Manual of Experiments in Physics" (1898); "Elements of Physics" (1900); "Introduction of Electric Currents" (2 vols. 1900).
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Ashe, John Baptiste

​ASHE, John Baptiste, representative, was born at Rocky Point, N.C., in 1748; son of Samuel Ashe, governor of North Carolina, 1795-'98; and nephew of John Ashe, a Revolutionary soldier. John Baptiste joined the patriot army as a captain at the outbreak of the Revolutionary war and was promoted to the rank of colonel for distinguished services at the battle of Eutaw Springs, Sept. 8, 1781. He was a representative in the North Carolina legislature in 1786; a member of the state senate, 1789-'95; and a delegate to the Continental congress, 1787-88. He was a representative in the 1st and 2d congresses, 1789-'93, and was elected governor of North Carolina in 1801. He died in Halifax, N.C., Nov. 27, 1802,
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Ashburner, Charles Albert

​ASHBURNER, Charles Albert, geologist, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 9, 1854, son of Algernon Eyre and Sarah (Blakiston) Ashburner. He entered the Towne scientific school of the University of Pennsylvania at the age of sixteen, and was graduated in 1874 at the head of his class. In 1872, while yet an undergraduate, he assisted in the survey on the Delaware river, and in 1873 was one of the organizers of the engineers' club of Philadelphia. He was appointed on the U. S. light-house service survey in Pennsylvania, and from 1875 to 1879 was assistant geologist in the Pennsylvania surveys. In 1880 he accepted the position of geologist in charge of the survey of anthracite coal fields, and successfully conducted the work until 1887. After leaving the Pennsylvania survey Mr. Ashburner went to Pittsburg as engineer and geologist with the Fuel Gas and Electric Engine company, and continued with this company as an adviser during the rest of his life. In September, 1888, he was elected manager of the New York and Montana mining and milling company, and in December, 1889, was made vice-president and general manager of the Duquesne mining and reduction company, for which he had purchased a large property in southern Arizona the previous year. He made private surveys in Nova Scotia, Quebec, and in the middle, western and southern states, and published works of great geological value. The more important titles include: "The Anthracite Coal Beds of Pennsylvania" (1882); "Methods in Practical Geology" (1884); "The Geology of Natural Gas in Pennsylvania and New York" (1885); "The Geology of Natural Gas" (1887); and "American Petroleum" (1888). In 1877 the University of Pennsylvania conferred upon him the degree of M.Sc, and in 1889 that of D.Sc. He was an active member of the American philosophical society, the American institute of mining engineers, the Philadelphia academy of natural sciences, the American association for the advancement of science, the American society of naturalists, and the engineers' club of Philadelphia. He died Dec. 24, 1889.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Arthur, Peter M.

​ARTHUR, Peter M., labor leader, was born in Scotland, about 1831. He came to America when a lad, and learned the blacksmith's and machinist's trades. He served his entire apprenticeship on the New York Central railroad and was one of the prime movers in the organization of the brotherhood of locomotive engineers in 1863. He was elected grand chief and engineer of the organization in 1876. The brotherhood has for its motto: "Sobriety, Truth, Justice and Morality," and its policy is to oppose strikes. It had in 1895 upward of thirty thousand members and four hundred and eighty-five subdivisions, embracing every railroad in the United States and ​Canada. A Canadian journal published this estimate of Mr. Arthur: "Among the labor leaders, Mr. Arthur, of Cleveland, Ohio, is pre-eminent on account of his moderation, sagacity, and enlightened public spirit. He does not admit any essential hostility between labor and capital, but advises arbitration when industrial differences arise, and he advocates peace and harmony between competing interests. His friends claim that the exception of the Burlington strike can be easily explained. The men were eager for the strike, but Mr. Arthur withheld his consent until he had done all in his power to remove the cause. After the strike ended he declared that he would never give sanction to another." He made a considerable fortune from real-estate investment, and as chief of the brotherhood had a salary of $5000. He died in Winnipeg, Manitoba, July 16, 1903.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Asboth, Alexander Sandor

​ASBOTH, Alexander Sandor, soldier, was born in Keszthely, Zala, Hungary, Dec. 18, 1811. He was educated at Oldenburg, served in the Austrian army, studied law at Presburg, was a civil engineer on the works at Banat, and in 1848-'49 he served under Kossuth in the Hungarian war, and fled with him to Turkey, where he shared his imprisonment. On being liberated in 1851 he accompanied Kossuth to America, and engaged in farming, engineering, and manufacturing until the breaking out of the civil war, when he was given a colonel's commission, and appointed chief of staff to General Fremont. In September, 1861, he was made brigadier-general and commanded the 4th division of Fremont's army. He served with distinguished gallantry, was in command of a division in General Curtis's army in Arkansas, and was severely wounded at Pea Ridge. In 1863 he commanded the military district of West Florida, and was wounded at the battle of Marianna, Fla. In 1865 he was brevetted major-general for his services in Florida. In March, 1866, he was appointed minister to the Argentine Republic and Uruguay. He died in Buenos Ayres, Jan. 21, 1868.
# The Biographical Dictionary of America/Ashburn, George W.

​ASHBURN, George W., soldier, was born in Georgia. He was a prominent unionist in the midst of secessionists, and when the civil war broke out he raised a regiment of southern men, loyal to the union, and entered the Federal army with the rank of colonel. After the close of the war he went back to Georgia, was a delegate to the state constitutional convention of 1867, and was active in forming the new constitution. He greatly incensed the opposition by expressing his approval of the terms of reconstruction which Congress proposed. His political enemies endeavored to lead him into a controversy that would endanger his personal safety, but he preserved his equanimity and was finally murdered through the instigation of the men whose opinions he had opposed. General Meade, the U. S. military commander of the department of the South, investigated the affair and traced the murder to its instigators. Colonel Ashburn was killed April 1, 1868.