# Open Education Resources (OER) for assessment and credit for students project/Main Text

​Introduction
The concept of open education encapsulates a simple but powerful idea that the world's knowledge is a public good and that the open web provides an extraordinary opportunity for everyone to share, use, and reuse knowledge. This represents a significant opportunity for universities to return to the core values of the academy, namely to share knowledge for the benefit of society.
Educators have a natural propensity to collaborate (Chow 2010). The nature of the academy requires the sharing of knowledge and building upon the ideas of others. An experienced researcher knows that a thorough literature review of existing knowledge is the natural starting point in resolving a research question. In research, universities have no issue with sharing and building on the ideas of others, yet in teaching there has been a perception that we must lock our teaching materials behind restrictive copyright regimes that minimize sharing at the expense of learning. Open Education Resources (OER) provide a unique opportunity to expand and integrate our research traditions associated with the notion of building on the ideas of others into our teaching practice. In this way universities can leverage the potential of the Internet and open education for research-led teaching and learning.
OER are teaching, learning, and research resources that reside in the public domain or have been released under an intellectual property license that permits their free use or re-purposing by others. Open educational resources include full courses, course materials, modules, textbooks, streaming videos, tests, software, games and simulations, and any other tools, materials, or techniques used to support access to knowledge (Atkins, Brown and Hammond 2007).
Universities are one of a handful of organisations, which survived the Industrial Revolution. It is plausible that history will repeat itself in the digital age. The traditions of rational and reflective practice of the academy will contribute to building sustainable futures for the university and the institution's rightful place in society as we move forward in the OER world. Brown and Duguid (1995) have alluded to the risks that in a digital age, blind adoption of technology-mediated degrees without due understanding of the institutional character and culture of the university, could impact on the value society attributes to post-secondary credentials. Digital learning and OER, for instance, could lead to a new form of elitism where the perception associated with online degrees using OER would not command the same respect as campus-based alternatives. In this regard, the awarding of credentials by the university is an important determinant for credibility and quality because this function is dependant on the value, which a community of scholars actively engaged in research, can provide.
Universities should be actively engaged in designing appropriate futures for credible assessment in the OER world. Processes appropriate for the assessment of digital learning using OER hosted on the web need to be properly researched and implemented with the academic rigour required. Tapscott and Williams (2010) suggest that universities may be losing their grip on higher learning because changing models of pedagogy and knowledge production may necessitate changes in how we credentialise. This project provides a contribution to building what Brown and Adler (2008) have called an "open participatory learning ecosystem" – an ecosystem in which formal education institutions have an important role to play by augmenting opportunities for open learning, assessment and credentialisation within the larger learning system now possible with the Internet and OER.
This report summarises the changing dynamics and contexts associated with OER and proposes a framework for researching and implementing an OER for assessment and credit for students initiative as a contribution from the formal education sector in nurturing the development of an "open participatory learning ecosystem" (Brown and Adler 2008). The ideas summarised in this report provide a snapshot of the collective community contributions from OER thought leaders, practitioners and interested persons. BCcampus, Canada arranged an open online seminar from 16 February to 2 March 2011, discussing many of the ideas reflected in the report. The OER Foundation hosted an open international planning forum, which was streamed worldwide with funding support from UNESCO. International online discussions continue to inform and refine the concept. Consequently the ideas presented in this report reflect the collective wisdom of many individuals committed to widening access to postsecondary education worldwide. The report concludes with a list of priorities and suggestions for the way forward.

## Problem statement and theory for actionProblem statement and theory for action

Individuals are free to learn from OER and other digital learning materials hosted on the Internet. The problem is that learners who access these digital learning materials on the web and acquire knowledge and skills either formally or informally, alone or in groups, cannot readily have their learning assessed and subsequently receive appropriate academic recognition for their efforts.

### Proposed solutionProposed solution

The knowledge, research and experience derived from the large-scale open distance learning institutions in providing assessment services at a distance, combined with refinements to existing protocols for Prior Learning Assessment and Recognition (PLAR) could open pathways for assessment and credit services for students where traditional delivery models are unable to respond to the growing need for post-secondary education worldwide.
The OER for assessment and credit for students concept is designed to provide affordable access to post-secondary education for the estimated 100 million learners in the world who are qualified for a seat in tertiary education today, but due to funding issues or lack of tertiary education provision will not be able to gain credible qualifications (Daniel 1996). The core mission of the university is to contribute to society as a community of scholars through the pursuit of education, learning and research. Many public funded post-secondary institutions incorporate the mission of community service to serve the wider interests of the communities in which they operate by sharing expertise and scholarship for the benefit of society.
Through the community service mission it is possible for an OER for assessment and credit for students initiative to open pathways for OER learners to earn formal academic credit and pay ​reduced fees for assessment and credit. By combining the potential of open access resources with the community service mission, it is plausible to create what Taylor has called a "parallel universe" of post-secondary learning opportunities to complement and augment formal education provision, especially for those who lack the means to follow traditional learning paths. Figure 1 below provides an overview of the pathway OER learners could follow towards achieving formal academic credit.
Figure 1: Concept for an OER for assessment and credit initiative (Adapted from Taylor 2007).
With OER, it is possible to learn globally but accredit locally. While it is possible for individual universities to provide academic credit through PLAR methodologies, the Internet provides unprecedented opportunities for universities to collaborate on the development of a sustainable and scalable OER ecosystem, whereby students can achieve credible qualifications using open access materials from around the world. In addition, the complexities of credit transfer and course articulation across geographical boundaries would necessitate a collaborative, networked solution for addressing transnational online learning and credentialisation.
The proposed system for the OER for assessment and credit for students project is modelled on the university equivalent of industry's co-opetition model where companies work together for selected parts of their business where they do not believe they have competitive advantage, and consequently agree to collaborate in areas where they can share common costs. Consider for example, the collaboration between Toyota, Peugeot and Citroen who share design, component parts and a jointly owned manufacturing plant to produce competing "city cars". Similarly, universities can collaborate on components of the OER ecosystem to achieve cost advantage, while retaining autonomy over core credentialing services. More than a decade ago, Gibbons ​(1998) highlighted the imperative for universities to form alliances and partnerships in response to the interplay among the massification of higher education, fundamental shifts in the modalities of knowledge production and technology interchange.
The imperative for collaboration and alliances has now increased as a result of the changing dynamics associated with the ownership of ideas through open content licensing in a digital age. It will become increasingly difficult for universities to forge and sustain competitive advantage in the higher education system through closed teaching resources due to emerging partnerships being formed in the OER arena, which foster collaboration.
Deserving particular mention is the OER university concept. The OER Foundation, an independent non-profit entity that provides leadership, international networking and support for educators and educational institutions to achieve their objectives through open education hosted an open planning meeting to explore the concept of an OER university on 23 February 2011. The meeting was also supported by an international pre- and post-meeting online seminar convened by BCcampus, Canada.
The meeting was streamed internationally on the Internet to allow participation from education leaders and interested persons from around the globe. The meeting attracted over two hundred registered participants from forty-six countries. The face-to-face meeting in Dunedin included attendees from, Australia, Canada, Fiji, New Zealand and Samoa including representatives from the university and polytechnic sectors, Ako Aotearoa (the New Zealand National Centre for Tertiary Teaching), the New Zealand Ministry of Education, and the Tertiary Education Commission of New Zealand. Athabasca University's Technology Enhanced Knowledge Research Institute through the COL/UNESCO Chair for OER provided valuable insights into the development and refinement of the meeting agenda. The meeting concluded with a consensus decision to move forward with the "OER university" concept and both Otago Polytechnic, New Zealand and the University of Southern Queensland, Australia have agreed to award academic credit for courses to be offered through the "OER university" network. Learners can also avail themselves of Athabasca University's challenge exam or PLAR services. Taylor (2011a) suggests that the "OER university" concept is not theoretical speculation, but is entirely viable. The OER for assessment and credit for students concept provides a means whereby education can be more accessible, more affordable and more efficient in a sustainable way.

### ContextContext

Open access technologies combined with contemporary shifts in the ownership of ideas in a digital age may change the way universities view their place in the higher education market by refocusing strategic approaches to course development and collaboration. There are five significant trends and factors, which allude to the potential for disruptive innovation (Christensen, Baumann, Ruggles & Sadtler 2006) in online learning provision whereby new services take root initially in simple applications at the bottom of a market and then eventually displace established market propositions:
* Unsatisfied global demand for post-secondary education;
* Growing inventory of open access learning materials on the Internet;
* The burgeoning phenomenon of institutions providing access to free-tuition learning;
* The potential for shifts in the organisational cost-structures for the design, development and provision of asynchronous learning. ​
* The potential for reconfiguring existing protocols for assessment and accreditation of OER learning.

#### Unsatisfied global demand for post-secondary educationUnsatisfied global demand for post-secondary education

According to UNESCO (2009), there were almost 153 million post-secondary students worldwide in 2007, a 53% increase since the year 2000 and a fivefold increase in less than 40 years. The demand for higher education is predicted to expand from 97 million students in 2000 to over 262 million students by 2025. Daniel (1996) reported that a major new university would need to be created each week to address the anticipated demand. Usher (2007) of the Educational Policy Institute predicted that the number of students in post-secondary education will more than double in the next decade. Daniel, Kanwar and Uvalić-Trumbić (2007) report that "India alone would need nearly 2400 additional universities in the next 25 years - or roughly two new universities per week". This level of demand exceeds the capacity of the existing system to deliver and it is not economically viable to continue to build new universities. The magnitude of unsatisfied demand for post-secondary provision provides a solid economic imperative for an OER for assessment and credit for students project.

#### Growing inventory of open access learning materialsGrowing inventory of open access learning materials

There are thousands of course modules presently available online, both commercial and free from respected institutions, along with millions of websites that can be used to support a wide variety of learning outcomes. Consider the following open access examples:
* The OpenCourseWare Consortium has indexed more than four thousand high quality university level courses (Heller, 2010; OpenCourseWare Consortium: Online);
* The OpenLearn website hosted by the British Open University provides free access to over eight thousand hours of learning materials (Open University: Online)
* More than six thousand journals are listed in the Directory of Open Access Journals. (Directory of Open Access Journals: 2011).
* Flatworld Knowledge, the world's first commercial publisher of open textbooks lists over seventy four textbooks in their catalogue as of December 2010. (Wikipedia 2011: Online)
* AU Press, hosted by Athabasca University, Canada's first open access scholarly press hosts more than forty scholarly works including several textbooks, and augments access to scholarly publications (AU Press 2008: Online).

#### The burgeoning phenomenon of free-tuition coursesThe burgeoning phenomenon of free-tuition courses

Growth in the Internet combined with social media are contributing to an increased number of free-tuition courses being offered online.
Presently, more than four billion people have reasonable access to the Internet. More than 1.3 billion do so using mobile devices like cell phones, tablets, ebooks and notebooks (Chapman, 2010; International Telecommunications Union, 2010). Corresponding with increased access to the Internet, post-secondary institutions need to consider the impact of social media technologies. Social media encompasses a range of contemporary web-based technologies that ​facilitate scalable and interactive communication around the creation and exchange of usergenerated content. Half of the top-ten most visited websites of the world are social media websites (e.g. Facebook, Youtube, Blogger, Wikipedia, Twitter) and it is estimated that social media accounts for twenty two percent of all time spent online in the United States of America (Nielson 2010: Online).
Consider the following examples of courses offered at no-cost to the learner:
* The FlexiLearn website at Indira Gandhi National Open University provides free and open access to a wide number of degree course materials at the University, and the government is sponsoring tuition services (IGNOU 2009).
* The London School of Business and Finance provides free access to an online MBA course with accreditation options provided by the University of Wales (London School of Business and Finance 2010);
* The OpenLearn initiative of the British Open University reports that over ten thousand students accessing free courses have converted to full enrolled students (McAndrew and Lane 2010).
* Otago Polytechnic in New Zealand have adopted a default Creative Commons Attribution intellectual property policy thus facilitating the potential shift to free access to all courses offered by the institution (WikiEducator: 2011).
* The Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) (See for example: Fini 2009; Parry 2010), which utilise the open web and social media to offer courses to large student cohorts comprising both for-credit and free non-credit students in the same course, frequently registering more than 1,000 learners.
* The University of the People is a non-profit institution headquartered in Pasadena, California, which provides universal access to free-tuition courses having accepted students from 110 different countries. At present the University is not an accredited institution but is preparing to apply for accreditation in the US (University of the People 2011).
* The Saylor Foundation, launched by Michael Saylor, an American entrepreneur with a pledge of $100 million, is building a free university (CNN.com 2000). Currently the university does not have accreditation.

### The potential for shifts in the cost-structures for the design, development and provision of asynchronous learningThe potential for shifts in the cost-structures for the design, development and provision of asynchronous learning

There are two fundamental changes in the potential cost-structures afforded by digital technologies and open content licensing:
* The marginal cost of replicating digital knowledge is near zero. Therefore, with open content licensing there are significant opportunities to reduce the costs associated with reproducing and maintaining online courses.
* Through networked collaboration, the design and development costs for producing high quality OER can be shared among multiple institutions while retaining the freedom to brand course materials and adapt for local contexts.

### The potential for reconfiguring existing protocols for accreditation of OER learningThe potential for reconfiguring existing protocols for accreditation of OER learning

Providing assessment at a distance and corresponding mechanisms for assessing prior learning are not new phenomena. This experience provides a solid foundation for refining and adapting these approaches for the OER for assessment and credit for students project.
Research and experience from technology-mediated learning in higher education, most notably that derived from the provision of open distance learning, will enable institutions to design appropriate and scalable solutions for formative and summative assessment at a distance for OER learners.
While the disaggregation of teaching services from credentialing services may not be common practice at most universities, this has been done successfully in the past. One hundred and fifty years ago, London University commenced with its external degree programme "on the radical principle that it didn't care how you acquired the knowledge provided you could pass the exam" (Daniel 2011a). So for example, London University proctored its first international examinations at a distance in 1865. The London University external degree programme has produced five Nobel laureates (Daniel 2011a).
Prior learning assessment and recognition (PLAR) potentially provides opportunities for the transfer of approaches, methodologies and policy protocols (assessment and credentialising policies, etc.) for the OER for assessment and credit for students project. PLAR is a recognised process used by many post-secondary institutions to evaluate learning outside the classroom for non-traditional learners (those who study independently usually not for credit) to gain academic credit (Bowman, Clayton, Bateman, Knight, Thomson, Hargreaves, Blom, and Enders 2003; CLFDB 1999; Zucker, Johnson, Flint and CAEL 1998).
There are, however, unresolved challenges. PLAR methodologies are presently very labour intensive and unlikely to scale well for large numbers of learners. Approaches and models for national assessment and accreditation vary considerably around the world (COL & SAQA 2008: 7).
In a digitally connected world, the harmonisation of qualification articulation across legal boundaries could contribute to significant savings and reductions in duplication of effort. Consequently, there is growing interest in the area of standardisation and articulation of qualification frameworks among international agencies (COL & SAQA 2008: 7). The pioneering work led under the auspices of the Commonwealth of Learning to develop a Transnational Qualifications Framework for the Virtual University for Small States of the Commonwealth provides useful insights into resolving these issues (COL & SAQA 2008).

## A logic model for an OER for assessment and credit for students projectA logic model for an OER for assessment and credit for students project
### Project aimsProject aims

The OER for assessment and credit for students project will:
* enable accredited educational institutions to provide assessment and credit pathways for formal academic credit at reduced student fees, which will lead to recognised credentials.
* through a network of participating universities identify courses and programs based entirely on digital resources including OER, licensed under free cultural works approved open content licenses made available for credentialisation under the project.

### Introducing a logic model for the OER for assessment and credit for students projectIntroducing a logic model for the OER for assessment and credit for students project

The ultimate outcome of the OER for assessment and credit for students project is to provide flexible pathways to ensure that OER learners can achieve credible qualifications. Quality assurance and institutional accreditation is the foundation stone on which the project is based.
The OER for assessment and credit for students project is designed to create a "parallel learning universe" (Taylor 2007) to augment and add value to traditional models of delivery through open collaboration networks. Taylor (2011b) argues that conventional supply of education using traditional delivery methods will not the meet the demands for access to higher education, requiring for example, the doubling of provision for post-secondary students over the next decade. The OER for assessment and credit for students project could provide a stairway to credible credentials based solely on OER and the logic model provides a framework for designing the project.
Inputs for the logic model include, existing open content, open textbooks, open access journals, open courseware, OER, and open source software infrastructure. The OER logic model is designed to address the current gaps in the OER ecosystem including open curriculum, open student support, open assessment and open accreditation.
The logic model distinguishes among three broad categories of initiatives (i.e. core components) required to achieve the OER for assessment and credit for students project.
* OER collaboration network: covers those activities where cross-institutional collaboration is more effective than institution-based service provision.
* Educational institution services: refer to the fee-for-service initiatives that will be provided by participating post-secondary institutions on a cost-recovery basis.
* OER support infrastructure: incorporates the cross-cutting infrastructure needed to support a scalable network for the OER for assessment and credit for students project.
​Each category comprises a number of initiatives represented by the yellow blocks in Figure 2 below.
The individual initiatives are described in more detail in following subsection.

### A logic model for planning program resultsA logic model for planning program results

The logic model is directed by the intended impact of the OER for assessment and credit for students project, namely to increase open learning opportunities for all students worldwide using OER with flexible pathways to gain formal academic credit. The project is designed primarily to provide more affordable access to post-secondary education for learners who don't have access to tertiary education.
Learners may choose to enrol at formal education institutions in the traditional way or students may choose to learn from OER freely available on the Internet (see Figure 3 above). The OER ​for assessment and credit for students project aims to design and implement appropriate solutions by establishing a collaborative network whereby assessment and credentialing services can be provided by participating institutions on a cost-recovery basis or funded through scholarships or grants from their respective Ministries of Education or other sources.
The project aims to facilitate pathways for OER learners to gain credible credentials from participating institutions that are formally accredited and officially recognised in their national jurisdictions. Quality assurance and institutional accreditation is the foundation stone on which this parallel learning universe is based. The OER for assessment and credit for students project must ensure equivalence and parity of esteem for qualifications gained through the OER network. OER resources and systems used to support the project will be available for reuse and re-purposing in the formal sector thus contributing to improved efficiencies and greater return on investment for participating institutions.
The outputs of the OER for assessment and credit for students project will also add value to existing tertiary education systems worldwide.

#### Intended impactIntended impact

The overall aim of the OER for assessment and credit for students project is to:
* develop and implement a sustainable and scalable ecosystem which can support open access learning opportunities for all students worldwide using OER.
* provide pathways for OER learners to obtain credible certification and qualifications from accredited institutions within national education systems.

#### InputsInputs

A number of important building blocks already exist for input into the OER for assessment and credit for students project:
* OER assets: There is a rapidly growing inventory of existing international educational resources, which can be integrated into the open pedagogy model envisaged by the project. These include: open access content, open access journals, open textbooks, and open applications.
* Existing expertise: There is a wealth of transferable experience from distance education and open distance learning to support the design and development of the project. In addition, participants in the free software movement have gained extensive experience in open models and approaches to building sustainable open systems. As an OER initiative, the project would be committed to transparent and open planning thus enabling wide participation by OER thought leaders and practitioners from around the world.
* Financial resources: Financial resources including contributions in time from participating institutions and external donor funding for strategic elements will be needed to address gaps in available OERs and the design of new components for the OER for student assessment and credit project systems.
* Participating institutions: The project will require a critical mass of participating institutions for awarding formal academic credit for OER university courses. Otago Polytechnic, New Zealand and the University of Southern Queensland, Australia have confirmed their participation to award credit for OER learners and Athabasca University in Canada has established formal PLAR and challenge examination processes. As an open project, all post-secondary institutions that care about sharing knowledge as a core value of education will be encouraged to contribute to the project as anchor partners in the planning and implementation of more sustainable education futures.
* ICT infrastructure: Reliable and scalable open source software systems exist for implementing the OER networked collaboration.

#### InitiativesInitiatives

To facilitate planning and coordination across national boundaries, the project is sub-divided into a number of initiatives. Each initiative will include a number of activities (with corresponding inputs, outputs, milestones, key performance indicators and outcomes) ultimately contributing to the implementation of the OER for assessment and credit for students project.
The logic model aims to be sufficiently robust to accommodate the requirements for credible certification within the formal education sector so learners and society will have confidence in the qualifications, but also be flexible enough to leverage the potential OER offers for re-use ​and re-purposing for local learning contexts. Conceptually, the key initiatives of the logic model are grouped into three main categories with distinctive strategies for achieving financial sustainability of the OER ecosystem.
| OER networked collaboration | The grouping of initiatives where collaboration is a prerequisite for scalable and cost-effective implementation. These services are provided and funded through networked collaboration among a consortium of participating post-secondary institutions. |
| Educational institution services | The grouping of initiatives, which are provided by registered education institutions in the formal education sector. Funded on fee-for-service (cost-recovery basis) and/or subsidised by government grants. |
| OER support infrastructure | Refers to the support infrastructure including open source software ICT infrastructure and sustainable business models. Institution specific services services are provided on a cost-recovery basis; and Shared infrastructure services are funded through OER consortium collaboration. |
The initiatives for each category are summarized in the following table:
OER networked collaboration :
| Open curriculum | Curriculum is based solely on OER. Select courses from the "smorgasbord" of existing open resources and fill gaps where no OER exist. Prioritise credentials which will be accredited, by participating institutions including the processes for learners to configure open learning programs. |
| Open design and development | Recognise the unique requirements of independent study and asynchronous learning systems. Design and implement dynamic processes for collaborative development of an open pedagogy which will scale for large numbers of OER learners. |
| Open pedagogy | Incorporate learning literacies for a digital age. Teaching focused on the pedagogy of discovery. ​ |
| Open student support | Provide student support through "Academic Volunteers International". Incorporate tutor support from academics and retired scholars as well as senior students who gain formal credit through community service leaning courses and initiatives. |
| Educational institution services ||
| Open assessment services | Formative and summative assessment services provided by participating institutions utilising assessment processes equivalent to those for mainstream students to ensure parity for credible OER credentials. |
| Open credential services | Solutions for appropriate OER equivalents of PLAR and credit transfer among participating institutions. Mapping of credentials through "international qualification frameworks" Award academic credit for open scholarship through existing local accreditation systems. |
| Open community service | Harness institutional community service models in support of their mission and potential contribution to the OER for assessment and credit for students project. |
| OER support infrastructure ||
| Open business models | Develop scalable and sustainable models for supporting the OER for assessment and credit for students project including the co-ordination of volunteer services supporting planning and development. |
| Open technology infrastructure | Open source software solutions to support the OER for assessment and credit for students project. |
| Open student administration | Solutions to support the administration requirements of the OER for assessment and credit of students project. |

#### Activities for each initiativeActivities for each initiative

Each of the initiatives will require a number of activities to achieve the envisaged outputs within the logic model. So for example, the Open design and development initiative will require staff, who have the capability and skills for the collaborative development of OER with knowledge of Creative Commons licensing. The Learning4Content project and the Open Content Licensing for Educators courses are examples of existing activities of the OER Foundation that will contribute to the achievement of the outputs of a particular initiative. Determining and selecting the first qualifications for the OER university is an example of an activity required for the Open Curriculum initiative.
The logic model is designed to provide a framework for international networking and collaboration where different institutions and individuals can take responsibility for leading the successful completion of the range of activities necessary for the attainment of the aims and objectives of an OER for assessment and credit for students project.

## From logic model to plan for actionFrom logic model to plan for action

Sir John Daniel (2011b: Online) confirms that the "OER university" and the OER for assessment and credit for students concept has the potential to reduce the cost of higher education dramatically, suggests that the "examination-only" concept looks very modern in the world of digital OER and commends anchor partners for engaging in the movement as part of its community service mission. Taylor (2011c: Online) points out that the concept is "very sound but implementing it would take institutional commitment".
The project has identified the following priorities and suggestions for the way forward:
* Recruit a critical mass of anchor partners for the project. The OER Foundation, Otago Polytechnic, Athabasca University, and the University of Southern Queensland aim to identify an anchor partner from each major region of the world.
* Identify the selection criteria and select the inaugural qualifications for the OER for assessment and credit for students project. Anchor partners will collaboratively determine the criteria for deciding on the first credentials to be offered under the open curriculum initiative.
* Commence with collaborative and transparent planning of the activities required for each initiative. The project will identify champions for convening the development of the various activities under each initiative. UNESCO has confirmed that they will host the planning discussions for the project on their new OER community platform. This phase will require detailed planning of the respective activities including inputs, budgets, milestones, key performance indicators and outputs required to achieve the aims of the project. Planning will be conducted openly and transparently so that multiple organisations can participate thus avoiding duplication of effort. The project envisages collaborative development of funding proposals to be submitted to the international donor community for strategic components of the project.
* ↑ http://scope.bccampus.ca/mod/forum/view.php?id=8738
* ↑ http://wikieducator.org/OER_for_Assessment_and_Credit_for_Students/Meeting_Agenda_-_23_Feb_2011
* ↑ Taylor, J.C. 2007. Open courseware futures: Creating a parallel universe. e-Journal of Instructional Science and Technology (e-JIST), Vol 10, No. 1. Online: http://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/e-jist/docs/vo110_no1/papers/full_papers/taylorj.htm. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
* ↑ http://www.tpca.cz/en/
* ↑ Critical path priority. OER university selects the first credential(s) to be offered.
* ↑ Solid experiential base on the team approach for design of ODL. However, new design approaches needed for crossinstitutional collaboration and the dynamic web.
* ↑ Solid scholarship on digital literacies and early prototypes levearging the pedagogy of discovery and social media.
* ↑ Prior experience of volunteer services in other domains are transferable. Scalable design for "Academic Volunteers International" needed plus integration of community service learning credits for student support.
* ↑ Solid experiential base for scalable assessment in ODL. Opportunities for networked open assessment exist.
* ↑ Protocols for prior learning assessment can be refined. Build on ground-breaking work of Transnational Qualifications Framework for VUSSC pioneered by COL. Map course articulation within existing organisational frameworks.
* ↑ New ground. Requires reallocation of existing resources -- not new money to achieve greater ROI of community service budget.
* ↑ Strategic priority to ensure institutions can cover the cost of engagement in OERu. Will also research of new national funding models based on funding academic services.
* ↑ Well advanced. Open source software solutions exist to cover the spectrum of ICT infrastructure required. Seamless OER content interoperability requires attention.
* ↑ Can piggyback existing institutional systems, but significant opportunities to streamline and enhance capabilities through collaboration.