OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Zane, Ebenezer

Edition of 1900.
​ZANE, Ebenezer, pioneer, b. in Berkeley county, Va., 7 Oct., 1747; d. in Wheeling, Va., in 1811. He was of Danish descent. Zane made the first permanent establishment on Ohio river in 1770, on the present site of Wheeling, and built there a block-house called Fort Henry, from where he repelled several attacks that were made by the Indians during the Revolution, the last assault being in 1781. He was a disbursing officer under Lord Dunmore, held several other civil and military posts, and attained the rank of colonel. He owned the land where the city of Zanesville now stands, on Muskingum river. - His sister Elizabeth, b. in Berkeley county, Va., about 1759; d. in St. Clairsville, Ohio, about 1847, had returned from Philadelphia, where she had completed her education, to Fort Henry a short time before its siege by the Indians in September, 1777. Among its defenders were her brothers, Ebenezer and Silas. The ammunition in the fort having been exhausted, Ebenezer Zane remembered that there was a keg of powder in his house, sixty yards distant, but the person that should endeavor to secure it would be exposed to the fire of the Indians. Every man in the fort offered to perform the perilous service but at this juncture Elizabeth Zane came forward and asked permission to go for the powder, giving as a reason that her life was of less value to the garrison than that of a man. She was so importunate that a reluctant consent was finally given. She went out of the gate of the fort, fearlessly passed the open space to her brother's house, which she entered, and, having secured the powder, retraced her steps amid a shower of Indian bullets, entering the fort in safety with her valuable prize. She was twice married and resided at St. Clairsville, Ohio.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Zenger, John Peter

Edition of 1889.
​ZENGER, John Peter, printer, b. in Germany about 1680; d. in New York city in 1746. He came to this country about 1700, and was an apprentice in the printing-office of William Bradford the elder. On 5 Nov., 1733, he began the publication of the “New York Weekly Journal.” This paper was the organ of the party that was opposed to the governor of the province, and was powerfully supported by Chief-Justice Lewis Morris, Rip Van Dam, and James Alexander. It abounded in lampoons and pasquinades that attracted wide attention, and attacked the government with severity, contributing greatly toward loosening the bonds between England and the colonies. On 17 Nov., 1734, Zenger was arrested and imprisoned by virtue of a warrant from Gov. William Cosby and the council for “printing and publishing several seditious libels.” The house of assembly refused to concur with the governor, and he ordered the mayor to burn the papers containing the alleged libels by aid of the hangman. The order was obeyed, but by the sheriff's servant, not the hangman, and the jury failing to find an indictment against Zenger, the attorney-general was directed to file an information against him for the said libels at the next term of the court. His political friends employed Andrew Hamilton, of Philadelphia, to plead his cause, which proved at the same time to be the question of the liberty of the press in America, and all the central colonies regarded the controversy as their own. (See Hamilton, Andrew.) At the trial the publishing was confessed, but Hamilton justified the publication by asserting its truth. “You cannot be permitted,” interrupted the chief justice, “to give the truth of a libel in evidence.” “Then,” said Hamilton to the jury, “we appeal to you for witnesses of the facts. The jury have a right to determine both the law and the fact, and they ought to do so. The question before you is not the cause of a poor printer, nor of New York alone; it is the cause of liberty . . . the liberty of opposing arbitrary power by speaking and writing truth.” The jury gave their verdict “not guilty,” and Zenger, released from his imprisonment of thirty-five weeks, was received with tumultuous applause by a concourse of people who had assembled to learn the result. This event has been termed “the morning-star of that liberty which subsequently revolutionized America.” After his death Zenger's widow and his son John conducted the “Journal” until 1752. A narrative of the trial was published with that of William Owen (Boston, 1765).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Zinzendorf, Nicholas Lewis

Edition of 1889.
​ZINZENDORF, Nicholas Lewis, Count of, b. in Dresden, Saxony, 26 May, 1700; d. in Herrnhut, 9 May, 1760. He was educated at Halle and Wittenberg. In 1722 he conceived the idea of a purer church discipline, marks of which he observed among the descendants of the Unitas Fratrum of Bohemia and Moravia, whom he permitted to settle on his estate, and Herrnhut was built for these refugees. He finally united with them, and in 1736 was consecrated one of their bishops. John Wesley was indebted to him both for his religious ​organizations and his missionary plans. In behalf of his church, the count visited England and travelled extensively in Europe, and sent out missionaries to all parts of the world. His first visit to the Western continent was in 1739, to inspect the mission organized among the negroes in the West Indies. In December, 1741, he arrived at New York, and later went to Philadelphia. He visited the Moravian tract on the Lehigh, in Pennsylvania, and gave the name of Bethlehem to the new settlement. The first six months of 1742 cover the period of his most varied activity during his sojourn in Pennsylvania. Besides conducting the deliberations of seven religious convocations, he preached statedly in the Lutheran and Reformed churches, travelled through the rural districts, supplying destitute and isolated neighborhoods with the gospel and the means of education, organized churches, wrote many papers and essays — some theological, others controversial and apologetical — and carried on a large correspondence with friends in England and on the continent. During July and August, 1742, he visited among the Delawares of Pennsylvania and the Mohicans of New York and Connecticut, and in September among the Indians on the north and west branches of the Susquehanna, preaching the gospel and organizing missions. He returned to Europe in January, 1743. For a list of Zinzendorf's writings see “Verzeichniss der Schriften des Grafen Ludwig von Zinzendorf” (Stettin, 1824). See also August Gottlieb Spangenberg's “Life of Zinzendorf” (8 vols.. Barby, 1772-'5; English translation, London, 1838); “Notices of Count Zinzendorf,” by Abraham Ritter (Philadelphia, 1857); and “Moravian Life and Character,” by James Henry (Philadelphia, 1859).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Zea, Francisco Antonio

Edition of 1889.
​ZEA, Francisco Antonio (thay-ah), Colombian statesman, b. in Medellin, 21 Oct., 1770; d. in Bath; England, 22 Nov., 1822. He acquired his primary education in the Seminary of Popayan, and in 1786 entered the College of San Bartolome of Bogota. There he wrote for the “Papel Periodico” his “Hebephilo,” inviting young men to the study of nature, and in 1789, when Jose Celestino, sage Mutis, retired from the academy known as the Expedicion botanica, Zea was appointed his successor. In 1794, with Antonio Nariño, he was implicated in the circulation of the “Droits de l'homme,” sent to Spain, and for two years kept prisoner in the fortress of Cadiz. Although absolved in 1799, he was sent to France on a scientific mission, as the government desired to keep him away from New Granada. On his return, in 1803, he was still prohibited from returning to his country, and was appointed director of the botanical cabinet of Madrid. He was elected member of several Spanish scientific societies, and was editor of the “Mercurio de España” and “Semanario de Agricultura.” In 1808 he espoused the French cause, was appointed chief clerk of the secretary of the interior, and afterward prefect of Malaga. After the retreat of the French from Spain he went to England and by way of Jamaica joined Bolivar in Hayti in 1815. He accompanied the liberator in his expedition to Venezuela in March, 1816, and was appointed general intendant of the army. He was chosen by Bolivar in 1817 a member of the council of state in Angostura, founded with Dr. Roscio the “Correo de Orinoco,” and in 1819, when the congress of Angostura met, he was elected its president. During the absence of Bolivar on his expedition to New Granada, Zea was in charge of the executive as vice-president till he resigned, 14 Sept., 1819. in consequence of the intrigues of Gen. Arismendi. After the proclamation of Colombia as a republic, Bolivar was elected president and Zea vice-president. In 1820 he went as minister to England and France; but his financial negotiations were unfortunate. He was the author of “Las Quinas de Nueva Granada” (Madrid, 1805); “Descripción del Salto de Tequendama” (1806); and “Historia de Colombia” (Paris, 1821).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Zeilin, Jacob

Edition of 1889.
ZEILIN, Jacob, officer of marines, b. in Philadelphia. Pa., 16 July, 1806; d. in Washington, D. C., 18 Nov., 1880. He entered the marine corps and was commissioned a 2d lieutenant, 1 Oct., 1831, promoted to 1st lieutenant, 12 Sept., 1836, and cruised in the “Columbus” and “Congress” in 1845-'8 during the Mexican war. He participated in the operations on the Pacific coast and in ​defence of Monterey, 15 July, 1846, was transferred to command the marines in the frigate “Congress,” and took part with Com. Robert F. Stockton in the conquest of California. He was brevetted major for gallantry in the action at crossing San Gabriel river, 9 Jan., 1847, and took part in the capture of Los Angeles and in the battle of La Mesa. He was military commandant at San Diego in 1847, and participated in the capture of Guaymas in September, 1847, and in the action at San Jose, 30 Sept., 1847. During October, 1847, and till the end of the war, he was at Mazatlan, where he took part in frequent skirmishes with the Mexicans, who had been obliged to evacuate the city. He was commissioned captain, 14 Sept., 1847, and served at New York in 1849, and in Norfolk, Va., in 1849-'52. He was fleet marine-officer in the flag-ship “Mississippi,” in Com. Matthew C. Perry's expedition to Japan in 1852-'4, and commanded the battalion of marines at the landing on 14 July, 1853. He was stationed at Norfolk in 1854-'7, and at Washington in 1857, and there commanded the first company of marines which quelled the riot of Baltimore roughs, 1 June, 1857. When the civil war began he took command of the right company in the marine battalion in co-operation with the army in 1861, participated in the battle of Bull Run on 21 July, and was slightly wounded. He was commissioned major in the marine corps, 26 July, 1861, was commandant at New York barracks in 1862-'3, and in August, 1863, had command of the marine battalion that sailed from New York and landed on Morris island, Charleston harbor, to participate in the operations of the South Atlantic blockading squadron under Admiral Dahlgren. In March, 1864, he returned to the north and took command of the marine barracks at Portsmouth, N. H. He was appointed colonel commandant of the marine corps, 10 June, 1864, and assumed control at headquarters at Washington, D. C. He was commissioned brigadier-general commandant, 2 March, 1867. Gen. Zeilin was retired on account of age and long and faithful service, 1 Nov., 1876.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Zeisberger, David

Edition of 1889.
​ZEISBERGER, David, missionary, b. in Zauchtenthal, Moravia, 11 April, 1721; d. in Goshen, Ohio, 17 Nov., 1808. In 1740 he emigrated to Georgia, where his church was organizing a mission among the Creeks. Thence he was sent to Pennsylvania, where he assisted in the building of Nazareth and Bethlehem. Preparatory to entering the mission service in 1743, he became a student in the Indian school at Bethlehem, where he was instructed in the Delaware and Onondaga languages. Later, he continued the study of the latter at the capital of the Five Nations. In addition to these languages he was conversant with Mohican, Monsey-Delaware, and Chippewa. From 1745 till 1750 he was employed at Shamokin and Onondaga, and in the latter year he visited Europe in behalf of the mission. In 1752 he returned to Onondaga, but was compelled to retire to Bethlehem at the opening of the French and Indian war. Between 1755 and 1762 he visited North Carolina and the New England provinces, labored among the Indians of Connecticut, and also acted as interpreter for Pennsylvania in their treaty with Teedyuscung and his allies. During the Pontiac war he took charge of the Moravian Indians, and after the peace accompanied them to Wyalusing, Bradford co., Pa. In 1767 he established a mission among the Monsey-Delawares on Alleghany river, and three years later he began Friedenstadt, on the Beaver. His first visit to Ohio was made in 1771, and a year later he organized the mission on the Muskingum, where he was joined by the converts from Pennsylvania. Early in the Revolution the Delawares were accused of favoring the American side, and the converts were forced to leave their towns and come within the British lines. After being moved from place to place they were finally settled on Thames river in Canada. In 1798, Zeisberger, with a few converts, left Canada and founded Goshen, Ohio, where he passed the remaining ten years of his life. He published a “Delaware and English Spelling-Book” (Philadelphia, 1776); “A Collection of Hymns for the Christian Indians” (1803); and “Sermons for Children” (1803). Of his voluminous manuscripts there has been published “Dictionary in German and Delaware” (Cambridge, 1887), and “Essay toward an Onondaga Grammar” (Philadelphia, 1888). The most important unpublished manuscripts are “German and Onondaga Lexicon” (7 vols.), two Delaware Indian grammars, and collections of hymns and sermons. See “Life and Times of David Zeisberger,” by Bishop Edmund de Schweinitz (Philadelphia, 1870), and “Diary of David Zeisberger, 1781-'98” (Cincinnati, 1888).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Zalinski, Edmund Louis Gray

Edition of 1889.
​ZALINSKI, Edmund Louis Gray, soldier, b. in Kórnik, Prussian Poland, 13 Dec., 1849. He came to the United States in 1853, attended school at Seneca Falls, N. Y., until 1861, and subsequently was at the high-school in Syracuse, N. Y., until 1863. At the age of fifteen he entered the army, serving at first as volunteer aide-de-camp on the staff of Gen. Nelson A. Miles from October, 1864, till February, 1865. He was commissioned 2d lieutenant in the 2d New York heavy artillery in February, 1865, having been recommended for the appointment by his superior officers for gallant and meritorious conduct at the battle of Hatcher's Run, Va. After being commissioned he continued on Gen. Miles's staff until after the surrender of Gen. Robert E. Lee, participating in all of the engagements up to that date. He was mustered out of the volunteer service in September, 1865, and ​recommended for an appointment in the regular army, where he was commissioned a 3d lieutenant in the 5th U. S. artillery, 23 Feb., 1866, and by regular promotion became 1st lieutenant in January, 1867, and captain, 9 Dec., 1887. From 1872 till 1876 he was on duty at the Massachusetts institute of technology as professor of military science. He was graduated at the Artillery school. Fort Monroe, Va., 1 May, 1880, and at the school of submarine mining, Willet's point, N. Y., in July of the same year. Capt. Zalinski's name is widely known in connection with the development of the pneumatic dynamite torpedo-gun. (See vignette.) He has invented the electrical fuse and other devices for the practical application of the weapon, and has also devised a method for the exact sight-allowance to be made for deviation due to wind in the use of rifled artillery and small-arms. His other inventions include an intrenching-tool, a ramrod-bayonet, and a telescopic sight for artillery.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Zerrahn, Carl

Edition of 1889.
​ZERRAHN, Carl, musician, b. in Malchow, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Germany, 28 July, 1826. He began the study of music in Rostock at the age of twelve years, and completed his education in Hanover and Berlin. About 1848, with twenty-five others, he organized “The Germania Musical Society” and came to this country, giving concerts in London on their way. They reached New York in September, 1848, and gave successful concerts in New York and Brooklyn, which were followed by others in Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, and New England. They appeared for five or six years with Jenny Lind, Madame Sonntag, Ole Bull, Thalberg, Alfred Jaell, Camilla Urso, and other artists, disbanding in 1854. In that year Zerrahn became musical director of the Handel and Haydn society of Boston, which post he now holds. From 1866 till 1882 he was conductor of the Harvard musical association. He has conducted the music festivals of the Worcester county musical association every year since 1865, with the exception of 1868, which he spent in Germany, and took part in the New York festivals of 1869 and 1873. He is a member of several musical societies, and has edited two books designed for musical organizations, “The Index” (Boston, 1881) and “The Apograph” (1885).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Zeuner, Charles

Edition of 1889.
​ZEUNER, Charles, musician, b. in Eisleben, Prussian Saxony, 20 Sept., 1795; d. near Philadelphia, Pa., 7 Nov., 1857. He was baptized as Heinrich Christopher, but seems to have changed his name when he came to the United States in 1824. He settled in Boston, where he became organist of Park street church and of the Handel and Haydn society (1830-'7). In 1854 he removed to Philadelphia, where he held various posts as organist. For several years he showed symptoms of insanity, which, however, were not thought to be serious. On 7 Nov., 1857, he left for West Philadelphia, and on the same day committed suicide. His oratorio, “The Feast of Tabernacles,” was published in 1832. He issued also some collections of music, notably “The American Harp” (Boston, 1839) and “Ancient Lyre” (1848).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Yung Wing

Edition of 1889.
​YUNG WING, diplomatist, b. in Nan Ping, Province of Kwang Tung, China, 17 Nov., 1828. He became a pupil of Samuel R. Brown, D. D., who was then a teacher in China under the auspices of the Morrison education society, and accompanied Dr. Brown to the United States in April, 1847. He was graduated at Yale in 1854, and was engaged in the tea and silk business until 1864, when he entered the service of the Chinese government, and was commissioned to purchase machinery in the United States for what is now the Kiang Nan arsenal. In 1870, at Tientsin, he submitted four propositions to the high commissioners that had been appointed to settle the affair of the massacre of Christians at that place. The first was the transportation of the tribute rice in steamers by sea, freight to be paid by the government as subsidy to a Chinese stock company to create a fleet of ocean and river steamers,. This company is now the well-known China merchant steam navigation company. Secondly, he proposed the education of Chinese youths abroad, to facilitate intercourse with foreigners, and develop the resources of the empire. The third proposal was the opening of the rivers of China, and the fourth to terminate the pretensions of the Roman Catholic church in her claim to exercise jurisdiction over native proselytes. The first and second propositions were carried out in 1872, and within the next two years 120 youth were sent to the United States in charge of commissioners, one of whom was Yung Wing, who was made a mandarin of the third rank by brevet. In 1874 he went to Peru to investigate the affairs of the Chinese laborers there. In 1878 he was appointed assistant minister resident of China at Washington, with privilege of wearing the button of the second rank by brevet. In 1881 the Chinese students were recalled, and the educational scheme was abandoned. In 1882 he returned to China, and was appointed expectant intendant of Kiang Su province; but on account of the health of his wife he returned to Hartford, Conn. He was made a citizen of the United States on 30 Oct., 1852, and in 1875, married Miss Mary Kellogg, of Avon, Conn., who died on 29 May, 1886.
# Archaeological Journal/Volume 1/Notices of New Publications: The History and Antiquities of Cleveland

Mr. Ord has entered upon a laborious and praiseworthy undertaking with the zeal of an amateur and the industry of a practised antiquary. It is advertised to be completed in twelve Parts, of which we already possess six. The earlier pages consist of a general account of the history and antiquities of the district, which, in parts, is to our taste a little too diffuse,—there is too much of general matters which have little or no connection with the locality, and which, by repetition in every local history, are repeated ad nauseam—but in excuse for this it may be said that it is a work, the chief circulation of which will be in the locality and among readers who cannot so easily gain access to the mass of materials and observations on early history and antiquities here presented to them. The writer is evidently a man of talent, and his book gains upon us as we advance, by the agreeable style in which it is written, and by the quantity of interesting and novel local information which it offers. The first Part contains the history of Britain, rather than of Cleveland, under the aborigines or original inhabitants, under the Romans, under the Saxons, and under the Danes. In the second Part, under the title of "The Norman Conquest," the history becomes more local. After this we have a succession of interesting and ably-written chapters on the geology of Cleveland and its agricultural condition, and on its monuments of antiquity, primeval and medieval. In the fifth Part we have the detailed history of Gisborough priory, followed in No. VI., by that of the town and parish. It appears to us to be deserving of the high patronage under which it is put forth, and we hope that its extended sale will repay with interest the labours of its author. It is an extremely good specimen of provincial typography, is illustrated with numerous woodcuts inserted in the text, and by many large lithographed and copper-plate engravings.
Fig. 1
# Archaeological Journal/Volume 1/Notices of New Publications: Picturesque Antiquities of Ipswich

Time, casualties, and the indiscriminate removal of ancient buildings for modern improvements, are contributing to deprive our old towns of their most attractive features, the remains of the monastic and domestic architecture of the middle ages. In many towns which, a few years ago, abounded in memorials of the taste and skill of our forefathers, scarcely a solitary example is now to be found in each street. The skill of the artist is therefore demanded to perpetuate the character of the remains and their localities before impending decay and removal render the project fruitless.
No town has suffered more than Ipswich from the bad taste of the persons entrusted with the care of public buildings, and of owners of ancient edifices, who, because they felt they could do as they liked with their own, seem to have studied to illustrate the bad maxim, by pulling down their property and substituting fantastic and incongruous piles.
The Parts of this Work already published exhibit views of buildings recently destroyed, and of others which are fast disappearing; such as Christ's Hospital; Gateway of Wolsey's College; Interior of the Grammar School; Archdeacon Pykenham's Gateway; the Neptune Inn; &c. The execution of the drawings and the etchings reflects great credit on the artists, both of whom are natives of Ipswich.