OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Anna Carlovna

See also Anna Leopoldovna on Wikipedia, Anna Leopoldovna in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
​ANNA CARLOVNA, who for a few months held the position of regent in Russia, during the minority of her son Ivan, was the daughter of Catherine, sister of the Empress Anna Ivanovna, and was born in 1718. In 1739 she married the duke of Brunswick Wolfenbiittel, and their son Ivan was, in 1740, adopted by the empress and pro claimed heir to the throne. A few days after this procla mation the empress died, leaving directions regarding the succession, and appointing her favourite Biron as regent. Biron, however, had uiade himself an object of detestation to the Russian people, and Anna Carlovna, with the assist ance principally of the able but intractable Munich, had little difficulty in overthrowing his power. She then as sumed the regency, and took the title of grandduchess ; but she knew little of the character of the people with whom she had to deal, was utterly ignorant of the approved Rus sian mode of government, and speedily quarrelled with her principal supporters. In December 1741, Elizabeth, daughter of Peter the Great, who, from her habits, was a favourite with the soldiers, excited the guards to revolt, overcame the slight opposition that was offered, and was proclaimed empress. Ivan was thrown into prison, where he soon afterwards perished. Anna and her husband were banished to a small island in the River Dwina, where, in 1745, she died in childbed. Her husband survived her for many years.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Annaberg

See also Annaberg-Buchholz on Wikipedia; Annaberg-Buchholz on Wikipedia, Annaberg in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
​ANNABERG, a town of Saxony, situated in the Erzgebirge, about 1830 feet above the level of the sea, and at a distance of 1 8 miles south from Chemnitz, with which it is connected by railway. The chief importance of Annaberg is derived from its large lace and ribbon manufactories, the latter of which were first established in the town by Belgian Protestants, who were driven from their country by the tyranny of the duke of Alva. There are also extensive and valuable silver, tin, and cobalt mines in the neighbourhood. Population, 11,693.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Anna

See also Anah on Wikipedia; Anna (disambiguation) See also Anah on Wikipedia, Anah in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
​ANNA, Ana, or Anah, a town of Turkey in Asia, situated on the right bank of the Euphrates, about 160 miles N.W. of Baghdad. It is an open, defenceless place, consisting chiefly of a single street, which extends for several miles along a narrow strip of land that lies between the river and a ridge of rocky hills. The houses are separated from each other by beautiful and fertile gardens filled with fruit trees, and in the river, facing the town, is a succession of equally productive islands. The most easterly of these islands contains the ruins of the old castle, while the remains of the ancient Anatho extend from this island for about two miles down the left bank of the Euphrates. Coarse cloth is almost the only manufacture at Anna.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Anna (disambiguation)

See also Anna (disambiguation) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
In the 9th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, Anna may refer to:
* Anna, a town in Asiatic Turkey;
* Anna Carlovna, Russian regent;
* Anna Comnena, princess and authress;
* Anna Ivanovna, empress of Russia;
* Baldasarre d'Anna, Venetian painter

## See also

* Anne, queen of England
* Annaberg, a town in Saxony
* Annapolis, towns in the U.S.A. and Nova Scotia
* Ann Arbor, a town in the U.S.A.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Annan

See also Annan, Dumfries and Galloway on Wikipedia; Annan and River Annan on Wikipedia, Annan in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
ANNAN, a royal and parliamentary burgh of Scotland, in the county of Dumfries, situated on the riper Annan, nearly two miles from the Solway Firth, and about fifteen from Dumfries. It is a well-built town, containing a town hall, a .parish church, several dissenting chapels, and an excellent academy. The river Annan which has been embanked, is navigable for vessels of 300 tons up to within half a mile of the town, and for vessels of 60 tons to the bridge, a fine structure of three arches built in 1824. Annan is a station on the G. and S.-W. Railway, and is connected with the main line of the Caledonian Railway, and also with England, by the Solway Junction branch which crosses the firth by means of a very strong viaduct. The principal manufactures are cotton, ropes, and cured hams ; shipbuilding and salmon fishing are also carried on, while there is a considerable trade with England, the chief exports being cured hams, cattle, sheep, and grain. The town, which is governed by a provost and fourteen councillors, including three bailies, unites with Dumfries, Kirkcud bright, Lochmaben, and Sanquhar, in returning one mem ber to parliament. In 1871 the population of the royal burgh was 4174, of the parliamentary, 3172.
Annan, a river rising near the source of the Tweed, in the range of hills that lies on the confines of the counties of Dumfries, Lanark, Peebles, and Selkirk. About two miles beyond Moffat it receives two large tributaries, the Moffat Water, which flows westward from Loch Skene, a mountain lake in the north-eastern corner of Dumfriesshire, and the Evan Water, which flows eastward from the upper part of Lanarkshire. The Annan has a total length of about 40 miles, and below its junction with the Moffat and the Evan it is joined by the Kennel Water from the west and the Dryfe Water from the east. Annan- dale was once the name of a stewartry which comprehended a large portion of Dumfriesshire.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Ann Arbor

See also Ann Arbor, Michigan on Wikipedia; the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
ANN ARBOR, a town of the United States, the capital of Washtenaw county, Michigan, situated upon the Huron, about 40 miles west of Detroit, with which it is connected by the Michigan Central Railway. The town, which is healthy and well built, is a place of considerable commercial importance, its chief manufactures being iron, wool, and flour, while the trade in the produce of the surrounding district is large and valuable. It is the seat of the university of Michigan, a liberally-endowed institution, founded in 1837, and at present containing three subsidiary colleges devoted to legal, medical, and literary studies respectively, with a total attendance, in 1870, of 1072 students. The college buildings are large and pleasantly situated, and the university possesses a library, an observatory, and a chemical laboratory. The population of Ann Arbor in 1870 was 7363.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Anna Comnena

See also Anna Komnene on Wikipedia; Anna Komnene on Wikipedia, Anna Comnena in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
​ANNA COMNENA, daughter of the Emperor Alexius Comnenus I., was born 1st December 1083. She was her father's favourite, and was carefully trained in the study of poetry, science, and Greek philosophy. With a mind superior to the effeminacy and voluptuousness of the court in which she was educated, she cultivated literature and sought the acquaintance of the more eminent philosophers of the period. But wise and studious as she was, she was also intriguing and ambitious. Having married an accomplished young nobleman, Nicephorus Bryennius, she united with the Empress Irene in attempting to prevail upon her father during his last illness to disinherit his son, and give the crown to her husband. The affectionate virtue of the father prevailed over female address and intrigue; but this only stimulated the ambition of Anna. She entered into a conspiracy to depose her brother; and when her husband displayed timidity in the ​enterprise, she exclaimed that “nature had mistaken their sexes, for he ought to have been the woman.” The plot being discovered, Anna forfeited her property and her fortune, though, by the clemency of her brother, she escaped with her life. Excluded by her base conduct from the enjoyments of court, she employed her solitude in writing the Alexiad—a history, in Greek, of her father's life and reign. The production is still extant, and forms part of the celebrated collection of the Byzantine Historians. Her style is extravagantly rhetorical, diffuse, and panegyrical. In her account of the first Crusade she is often at variance with the Latin authorities. The Alexiad, in fifteen books, was first published at Augsburg in 1610; but the best edition is that of Schopen, with a Latin translation (Bonn, 1839, 2 vols. 8vo), and Schiller in his Historic Memoirs gives a German translation.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Anna Ivanovna

See also the disclaimer.
​ANNA IVANOVNA, Empress of Russia, daughter of Ivan, brother of Peter the Great, was born in 1693, and married in 1710 to the duke of Courland, who died the following year. After the death of Peter II., in 1730, the imperial council offered the vacant throne to Anna on the following conditions : She was to govern according to the decisions of the supreme council, and she was not allowed, without its consent, either to declare war or to conclude peace, to impose new taxes, to grant any important office of the state, to dispose of crown lands, to contract a matrimonial alliance, or to nominate a successor to the throne. She was also not to punish any noble, or to confiscate any one s property without a legal sentence. Anna signed these conditions without any demur ; but after her arrival at Moscow, a numerous party, jealous of the authority which this con stitution, imitated from that of Sweden, gave to the supreme council, or rather to the families of the Princes Dolgorouki and Galitzin, of whose members it was chiefly composed, petitioned the empress to assume the autocracy of her pre decessors. Anna immediately complied with this request, and the framers of the constitution either were banished to Siberia, or perished on the scaffold. Russia was governed in a most tyrannical and oppressive manner during the whole reign of Anna by her favourite Biren, who was made by her influence duke of Courland. According to Russian authorities, 20,000 victims of Biren s tyranny perished during Anna s reign of six years, and amongst them persons belonging to the highest ranks in the country. The principal events of Anna s reign were the voluntary restoration, in 1732, to Shah Nadir of the Russian provinces, Shirvan, Ghilan, and Mazanderan, acquired by Peter the Great, but which caused more expense than they yielded revenue to Russia; a Chinese embassy at St Petersburg, the only one that was ever sent to Europe; the assistance given to the elector of Saxony and king of Poland, Augustus III., against his competitor Stanislaus Leszczinski, supported by France; a Russian army sent to the assistance of the Emperor Charles VI. against France; a war with Turkey from 1736 to 1739, which, notwithstanding several success ful campaigns, gave no advantage to Russia at the conclusion of peace ; and an advance made into Central Asia by the establishment of the Russian protectorate over the khan of the Kirghises, who, with the assistance of Russian officers, conquered Khiva, but failed to maintain himself there. Anna died in 1740. Her reign is considered as a period of transition from the old Muscovite semi-barbarian manners to the polish, though not the civilisation, of the West.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Annamaboe

See also Anomabu on Wikipedia; Anomabu on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ANNAMABOE, or Anamaboe, a British fort and town on the Gold Coast of Africa, about 10 miles E.N.E. of Cape Coast Castle. It exports palm oil, ivory, gold dust, pea nuts, and Guinea grains; and in return its imports of manufactured goods are considerable. The town suffered severely during the invasion of the Ashantees in 1807, but the fort, although garrisoned only by a few soldiers, resisted the whole Ashantee host. Population about 4500.
# Dramas of Aeschylus (Swanwick)

* related portals: Ancient Greek drama.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
Swanwick's translations of Aeschylus' Oresteia were first published in 1865 under the title The Agamemnon, Choephori, and Eumenides of Aeschylus, translated into English verse. A favorable reception prompted Swanwick to translate and publish the remaining four Aeschylean plays shortly thereafter. Subsequent editions collected her translations of all seven plays under the title The Dramas of Aeschylus. The edition below is the fourth edition, printed in 1886, and was included as part of the series Bohn's Classical Library.
Layout 2
BOHN'S CLASSICAL LIBRARY.
THE DRAMAS OF ÆSCHYLUS.
THE
DRAMAS OF ÆSCHYLUS.
TRANSLATED BY
ANNA SWANWICK.
FOURTH EDITION REVISED.
LONDON: GEORGE BELL & SONS, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1886.
CONTENTS.
| Preface to the Trilogy | vii |
| Preface to the Four Plays | xiii |
| Introduction to the Trilogy | xix |
| Agamemnon | 1 |
| Choephori | 79 |
| Eumenides | 139 |
| The Persians | 191 |
| The Seven against Thebes | 261 |
| Prometheus Bound | 325 |
| The Suppliants | 393 |
LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Pig-Nut

Edition of 1802.
​Pig-Nut. See Earth-Nut.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Pigments

Edition of 1802.
​PIGMENTS, are preparations in a solid form, chiefly employed by painters, for imitating particular colours, and imparting them to the surface of bodies.
Pigments are obtained from animal, vegetable, and mineral substances; the last, however, are the most durable.—In the progress of this work, we have pointed out various materials, that may with advantage be applied to the purposes of the painter, especially under the articles Colour-making, and Colouring-matter: it would, therefore, be superfluous to repeat, in this place, those multifarious articles which are described in their alphabetical order; as the reader will be furnished with a distinct and complete arrangement of such matters, at the conclusion of this Encyclopædia, in the General Index of Reference.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Pisasphaltum

Edition of 1802.
​Pisasphaltum. See vol. ii. p. 328.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Picture

Edition of 1802.
​PICTURE, a specimen, or piece of painting, in which particular persons, or subjects, are represented in colours, on wood, paper, canvas, &c.
Pictures form a valuable, though not a necessary, part of domestic furniture; and, as they are liable to become obscured by dust and smoke, or otherwise damaged, various expedients have been contrived to clean them. With this view, an ounce of tartar, and a similar quantity of glass-wort, may be boiled in a pint of water, till the liquor be reduced to one half, when it should be strained: while luke-warm, a sponge is to be dipped in the fluid, and rubbed over the picture; which must be washed immediately after with tepid water, and gently wiped till it become dry. A few whites of eggs are now to be beaten up, and applid with a feather to the painting, which will thus acquire a fine varnish.
As, however, the ingredients used by the painter often vary in different pictures, there can be no general rule given for removing superficial impurities; because the success of the experiment entirely depends on the application of proper substances; such as are capable of combining with dust, smoke, &c. without affecting either the varnish or colouring matter.—Hence, the safest process will be that in which the mildest means are employed: of this nature is the following expedient:—Let the picture be first taken out of the frame, then covered with a clean napkin, which should be moistened with pure water, and suffered to remain in that state for a fortnight or longer, according to circumstances. During this period, the cloth should be occasionally wetted, till it has loosened or softened all the adventitious particles on the surface. A small quantity of purified linseed-oil is now to be passed over the picture, which will thus, in most instances, resume its former lustre.
For cleaning very old paintings, it has been recommended to make a ley of rain-water and wood-ashes, or preferably with purified pearl-ashes; and to cleanse them carefully with this lixivium. Such applications, however, as well as those of soap-water, spirits of wine, turpentine, &c. require to be employed with great precaution; ​because they are apt to corrode the oil of the painting, and thus expose the colours to material injury from the slightest friction. Alkaline solutions, or spirituous liquors, therefore, should be used only for particular spots, that have resisted the action of simple water, the oil of olives, or fresh butter. If these substances were timely resorted to, they would, in general, restore the picture to its pristine beauty, without affecting the delicacy of its shades.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Pismire

Edition of 1802.
​Pismire. See Ant.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Pig

Edition of 1802.
​Pig. See Hog.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Pipperidge-bush

Edition of 1802.
​Pipperidge-bush. See Berberries.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Pistachia-Tree

Edition of 1802.
​PISTACHIA-TREE, or Pistacia terebinthus, L. is a native of Arabia, Persia, and Syria; where it grows to the height of 25 or 30 feet, and is cultivated on account of its fruit; which is imported into Europe, under the name of Pistachio Nuts.
This tree being seldom propagated in Britain, on account of its delicate nature, and the great attention it requires, we shall only observe, that its fruit is of the size of pease; has an unctuous and pleasant taste, somewhat similar to that of almonds; and abounds, like these, with a sweet and palatable oil, which is obtained by expression.—Pistachio nuts are reputed to be wholesome and nutritive: hence, persons reduced by long illness, may eat them with advantage, in moderate quantities, provided such oily food should not disagree with their digestive organs.—These nuts pay, on importation, the sum of 3 1/2d. per lb.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Pigeon

Edition of 1802.
​PIGEON, or Columba, L. a genus of birds, consisting of 70 species, of which the œnas, or Domestic Pigeon, is a native of Britain. It is in general of a blueish ash-colour, and weighs from twelve to sixteen ounces.
This bird, vith all its numerous varieties of tumblers, carriers, powts, &c. is derived from one species, denominated the stock-dove. In a wild state, it breeds in the holes of rocks, and in hollow-trees; but is easily reclaimed, and induced to build in artificial cavities, assigned for its habitation, where it becomes completely domesticated.
Pigeons are uncommonly prolific: and, though the hens, or Doves, lay only two eggs for each brood, yet those reared about the house, and suffered to fly abroad in quest of food, breed eight times in the year; nay, the species termed monthly pigeons, produce young ones almost every month: hence, it has been computed, that from one pair of these birds, if properly managed, the astonishing number of 14,760 may be obtained in the course of four years. It is farther remarkable, that the eggs laid in the afternoon are generally addled; that the dove sits on her eggs from three o'clock in the afternoon till eight in the morning; that the male performs this office during the rest of the time; and that the term of incubation is from 17 to 20 days.—They attain an age of 12 years; though, after the fourth year, their fecundity begins to diminish. An open situation, and a free exposure to the sun's rays, equally contribute to their prosperity: while common salt and nitre ought to be frequently given them, in order to preserve their health.
Pigeons are esteemed as a delicacy at the table, especially when young, and properly fed:—their dung is an excellent manure for particular soils (see vol. ii. p. 198); beside which, these birds are of great service in farms where wheat is chiefly cultivated: because they devour the seeds of weeds, that would otherwise impede the growth of the corn.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Adah

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Adah, ornament. (1.) The first of Lamech's two wives, and the mother of Jabal and Jubal Ge 4:19, 20, 23 (2.) The first of Esau's three wives, the daughter of Elon the Hittite Ge 36:2,4 called also Bashemath Ge 26:34
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Adbeel

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Adbeel Miracle of God, the third of the twelve sons of Ishmael, and head of an Arabian tribe (Gen. 25:13; 1 Chr. 1:29).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Acre

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Acre Is the translation of a word (tse'med), which properly means a yoke, and denotes a space of ground that may be ploughed by a yoke of oxen in a day. It is about an acre of our measure (Isa. 5:10; 1 Sam. 14:14).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Adam, the city of

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Adam, the city of Is referred to in Josh. 3:16. It stood "beside Zarethan," on the west bank of Jordan (1 Kings 4:12). At this city the flow of the water was arrested and rose up "upon an heap" at the time of the Israelites' passing over (Josh. 3:16).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Adam, a type

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Adam, a type The apostle Paul speaks of Adam as "the figure of him who was to come." On this account our Lord is sometimes called the second Adam. This typical relation is described in Rom. 5:14-19.