OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Saturnalia, The

See also Saturnalia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Saturnalia (săt′ŭr-nā′lĭ-ȧ), The, most probably were an old Italian harvest-festival. During the festival slaves sat down to banquets in their master's clothes, while he waited on them at table. Crowds filled the streets, and roamed the city in a peculiar dress; friends sent presents to each other; all business stopped; the courts closed; schoolboys got a holiday; and no war could be begun. The length of the Saturnalia varied at different times in Roman history, but they were usually held on Dec. 17, 18 and 19. The modern Italian carnival seems to be founded on the old pagan Saturnalia.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Satellite

See also Satellite on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Satellite (săt′ ĕl-līt), a small planet or moon. The term is generally employed in astronomy to denote one planet revolving about another; and hence satellites are sometimes called secondary planets, to distinguish them from the primary or larger planets. One of the chief points of interest in connection with satellites is that a satellite enables one to determine the mass of the primary as soon as the radius of its orbit, r, and its period, T, are known. For then, if we denote the mass of the primary by M and the mass of the secondary by m, we have
    ${\mbox{M}}+m=\left({\frac {2\pi }{\mbox{T}}}\right)^{3}r^{2}$
and, since m is practically always negligible in comparison with M, we have
    ${\mbox{M}}=\left({\frac {2\pi }{\mbox{T}}}\right)^{3}r^{2}$
For a list of the known satellites see Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary, article Solar System. On the evolution of satellites see Time and Tide by Sir Robert Ball in the Romance of Science Series.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Saturn (mythology)

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Sat′urn, an early Italian god who presided over farming, his name coming from the word meaning to sow. He most resembles Demeter of the Greek deities, but was later identified or confounded with the Greek Kronos. According to the Greek myth, Kronos the son of Uranos (heaven) and Gæa (earth) is the youngest of the Titans. He married Rhea, by whom he had several children, all of whom he devoured at their birth except the last, Zeus (Jupiter), whom his mother saved by a stratagem. The motive of Kronos was his hope of bringing to naught a prophecy which declared that his children would one day deprive him of his sovereignty, as he himself had done in the case of his father Uranos; but fate is stronger even than the gods, and when Zeus had grown up he began a ten years’ war against Kronos and the Titans, ending in their being hurled down to Tartarus and there imprisoned. Other myths added that after his banishment from heaven Kronos went to Italy, where Janus gave him a share in his sovereignty. In this way Zeus’ conquest of Kronos, a Greek myth, became the Roman myth of Jupiter’s conquest of Saturn. Saturn thus became a divine king, who with fatherly mildness ruled the Italian natives and taught agriculture. Hence the whole land received the name of Saturnia or Land of Plenty, and his reign was that golden age of which later poets sang. Saturn’s temple in Rome stood at the foot of the Capitoline hill.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Satolli, Francesco

See also Francesco Satolli on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Satolli (sä-tōl′ lē), Cardinal Francesco, a Roman Catholic prelate and diplomat of the papal see, was born at Perugia, Italy, July 21, 1831. In 1888 he was created archbishop of Lepanto, and in the following year represented the pope at Baltimore, Md., on the centenary of the Roman Catholic hierarchy and on the inauguration of the Roman Catholic university at Washington, D. C. In 1893 he came again to America as apostolic delegate with plenary powers, and in 1896 received the cardinal’s hat. Cardinal Satolli is the author of a Course of Philosophy on the Summa of St. Thomas and of essays on various philosophical themes. In 1892 his action in regard to church controversies aroused opposition, but was sustained.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Saturn (planet)

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​ Saturn. See Plan′ets.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sault Ste. Marie, Can.

See also Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Sault Ste. Marie, Can., the most important center in the District of Algoma, opposite the American city of the same name, is an important manufacturing place, as well as famous for its immense canal-lock, built by the Canadian government and opened for traffic in 1895, between Lakes Superior and Huron. A larger tonnage passes through the canals at Sault Ste. Marie per year than through any other canal-system in the world. Large pulp and paper-mills, iron-smelters, steel-rail mills and other important industries make up a large industrial population at this point. The canal was built to overcome the rapids on St. Mary River. The Algoma Central, running north from Sault Ste. Marie, has been a great aid in the development of the district. A rich mining district is tributary to it. The length of the canal between the extreme ends of the entrance-piers is 5,967 feet. The lock is 900 feet by 60 feet. Depth of water over the sills (at lowest water-level) is 20 feet 3 inches. The total rise or lockage is 18 feet. Breadth at bottom is 141 feet 8 inches; at the surface of the water 150 feet. This canal has been constructed through St. Mary's Island on the northern side of the rapids of the river and with that gives communication on Canadian territory between Lakes Huron and Superior.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Satsuma Ware

See also Satsuma ware on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Sat′suma Ware, named from the province of Satsuma in Kiushu, is a fine pottery, almost like porcelain, which in its older examples is much sought. The ware has a yellowish glaze, and is ornamented in red, gold, green and silver. The Japanese excel in this hard pottery, although the Chinese are their superiors in the manufacture of porcelain proper. The Japanese employ glazing alloys of a kind unfamiliar in Europe, based generally on copper.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Saul

See also Saul on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Saul, the first king of Israel, was the son of Kish, a wealthy chief of the tribe of Benjamin. Gigantic in frame, noble in mien and commanding in character, he was well-fitted to unite the tribes. His deliverance of Jabesh Gilead and his victories over the Philistines, Ammonites and Amalekites gave unmistakable proof of ability as a soldier. But soon he became possessed of a wild madness which found vent in an insane jealousy of David, his son-in-law and the chief of his bodyguard, and in a fit of rage attempted David's life with his own hand. Saul fell in a disastrous and bloody battle with the Philistines on Mt. Gilboa about B. C. 1020.
# The New York Times/1916/11/22/Page 1 Advertisements

DEERFOOT FARM SAUSAGE MEAT
For to-morrow’s breakfast—a real treat. Made in the country at Southborough, Mass.—Advt.
PINEHURST HOTELS AND GOLF LINKS Now open. Inquire Seaboard Air Line, 1,184 B'way.—Advt.
# The New York Times/1916/11/22/More Berlin Peace Talk

MORE BERLIN PEACE TALK.
The Tageblatt Says Burian Discussed Subject with Chancellor.
AMSTERDAM, Nov. 21, (Dispatch to the London Daily Chronicle.)—After a long interval since the suspension of his journal, Theodore Wolff reappears in the Tageblatt. He suggests a connection between Baron Burian’s visit to the Chancellor and the peace negotiation rumors.
Since the Chancellor’s speech the whole world, he says, knows Germany would not refuse to consider proposals to negotiate. “We may assume that the object of Burian’s visit there was to talk both about Polish affairs and about the future of Europe.”
Wolff warns his readers, however, not to overestimate the importance of these things, since there are very few indications of any inclination toward peace on the part of the Allies.
# The New York Times/1916/11/22/New Allied Demands Presented to Swiss

NEW ALLIED DEMANDS PRESENTED TO SWISS
BERLIN, Nov. 21, (by Wireless to Sayville.)—It is reported from Switzerland that new demands have been presented to the Swiss Government by the Entente Powers. Swiss press dispatches, as quoted by the Overseas News Agency, say that large quantities of food and other supplies are being held up in Italian and French ports pending Switzerland’s compliance with the demands, which are characterized by the Bund of Berne as “something unheard of in the memory of man,” and as “treatment which no one can endure.”
After long negotiations with the Entente powers and Germany, Switzerland entered into arrangements for the importation of food supplies through allied territory, and of coal, iron and other materials from Germany. A dispatch from Berne on Nov. 13 said a new dispute had arisen regarding the exportation to Germany and Austria of products made by machines lubricated with oil coming from Entente countries, and of electric power transmitted by copper wire purchased in these countries.
# The New York Times/1916/11/22/New Cabinet in Sydney

NEW CABINET IN SYDNEY.
SAN FRANCISCO, Nov. 21.—A complete reorganization of the Government of New South Wales is announced in a cablegram to the Australian Trade Commission received here today. The change was brought about through a division in the Labor Party on conscription.
The fact that a number of members of the Labor Government, including Premier Holman, gave their support to the recent referendum on conscription, was looked on as a breach of faith to the Labor movement, and the party became divided. A new Government has now been formed, with Holman as Premier. The Cabinet consists of an equal number of Liberal and Labor members, while Mr. Beeby, head of a comparatively new party known as the Progressives, has received the portfolio of Minister for Labor and Industry. Mr. Durack is the leader of the Opposition.
# The New York Times/1916/11/22/Mercier Disdains a Favor

MERCIER DISDAINS A FAVOR.
ROME, Nov. 21, (via Paris.)—Cardinal Mercier, Primate of Belgium, will not be present at the Consistory on Dec. 4 for the investment of Cardinals, as he does not desire to ask the permission of the German authorities to make the journey or to risk the chance of another demonstration such as occurred on the occasion of his visit to Rome last January.
No foreign Cardinals will attend the Consistory except Cardinal Amette, Archbishop of Paris.
# The New York Times/1916/11/22/New Giant Guns for Navy

NEW GIANT GUNS FOR NAVY.
WASHINGTON, Nov. 21.—Battleships authorized this year will carry the most powerful guns of which the navy has any authentic information. Rear Admiral Strauss, Chief of Ordnance, told the House Naval Committee today he expected to complete and prove a sixteen-inch 50-calibre gun early next year.
“We have a very good sixteen-inch 45-calibre gun,” he said, “but the 50-calibre weapon will be the largest gun in the world of which we have any authentic information. We wish to build and prove the new gun, however, before adopting it for new ships.”
Four battleships, bids for which soon will be awarded by the Navy Department, will each carry eight sixteen-inch 45-calibre guns. The three ships Congress is expected to authorize this Winter will each carry twelve sixteen-inch 50-calibre guns if the department’s hopes are carried out. Admiral Strauss said of the 50-calibre gun would weigh 128 tons as against 100 tons for the 45-calibre weapon, and would have greater penetrating force and range.
The forgings for the trial 50-calibre gun already have been ordered, and it will be manufactured at the naval gun factory here.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Louis Napoleon

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​ Louis Napol′eon. See Napoleon III.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Louis Philippe

See also Louis Philippe I on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Louis Philippe (lo͞o′ē fē-lēp′), born at Paris on Oct. 6, 1773, was the oldest son of the duke of Orleans. With his father he renounced his titles and called himself Philippe Egalité (Equality). He became a member of the Jacobin Club, and, being proscribed for liberal views, was an exile for 20 years. In Switzerland he taught school, and spent three years in the United States. In 1814 he returned to Paris, when he received his great estates which the royal government had taken. Louis XVIII received him with much distrust, the court regarded him with jealousy, but he was popular in Paris. The Revolution of 1830 having ended, he was appointed lieutenant-general, mainly on the proposal of Lafitte and Lafayette. On Aug. 9, he accepted the throne and was called to be king of the French. In 1848 he was compelled to abdicate, and thus ended a reign remarkable for the wave of liberalism in which it took its rise and for the whirlwind of democracy that swept it away. He spent the remainder of his life in England, where he died on Aug. 26, 1850. See Memoirs of a Minister of State by Guizot and Rise and Fall of Louis Philippe by Poore.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Louis XVII

See also Louis XVII of France on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Louis XVII, second son of Louis XVI, was left in prison at the death of his father. There he was rudely separated from his mother and placed in the charge of a brutal Jacobin, who treated him with great cruelty. He became a wreck in body and mind, and died on June 8, 1795. Louis XVIII, in 1815, made many attempts to find the remains of this hapless boy, but failed. This fact gave rise to the appearance of false dauphins, whose claims deluded many honest royalists in France. Even in 1874 the children of one of these claimants raised fruitless actions before Paris law-courts against the Count of Chambord. See Louis XVII the Lost Dauphin by Stevens.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Louisiana Purchase Exposition

See also Louisiana Purchase Exposition on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Louisiana Purchase Exposition. To commemorate the centenary (1803) of the purchase from France of the Territory of Louisiana, an international exposition was held at St. Louis, Mo., from May 1, 1904, to Dec. 1. The project of historically marking the acquisition of the vast region was locally discussed and agreed upon as early as May, 1901, when state as well as national authority and financial aid were secured for the scheme, a site (within the limits of St. Louis, including 1,300 acres in Forest Park) was chosen, and buildings were erected. Much interest was taken in the exposition and its varied attractions, which included exhibits beautifully housed in an extensive series of appropriate buildings, many of them having symbolic as well as historical significance. Further interest was taken in the enterprise as the result of the large number of prizes awarded, consisting of gold, silver and bronze medals, diplomas and the like. The total of admissions was close upon 20 million; disbursements exceeded $31,500,000, an amount slightly in excess of the total receipts, including the sums received for concessions and other privileges. In September interest was added by a Congress of Arts and Sciences, at which papers were read or presented on appropriate topics.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Louis XVIII

See also Louis XVIII of France on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Louis XVIII, a younger brother of Louis XVI, was born at Versailles, Nov. 17, 1755. He fled from Paris on the same night as Louis XVI, and reached the Belgian frontier in safety. From his retreat he issued declarations against the revolutionists which damaged the king. After the execution of his brother he proclaimed the dauphin king under the title of Louis XVII, and in 1795 himself took the title of king. The fall of Napoleon opened his way to the throne, and on April 26, 1814, he landed at Calais after 24 years of exile. He ruled by “the divine right of kings.” The Revolution had taught him nothing, and his treatment of Protestants, republicans and followers of Napoleon opened the way for Napoleon's return from Elba, when he fled into exile until after the battle of Waterloo. He was restored to the throne by the allied powers in 1815, and ruled until his death on Sept. 16, 1824.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Louisa of Prussia

See also Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Loui′sa of Prussia, known as The Good Queen, was born at Hannover, March 10, 1776. She was the wife of Frederick William III and the mother of Frederick William IV and William I, kings of Prussia. She was very popular, her great beauty and dignity, added to her lovely character and wide benevolence, making her the idol of the people. She showed energy and resolution in the nation's trouble after the battle of Jena, and still further won the respect of the people by the manner in which she endured the conduct of Napoleon, whom she had visited at Tilsit, vainly hoping to obtain favorable conditions of peace for her country. She died on July 19, 1810. The Prussian Order of Louisa, The Louisa School for Girls and The Louisa Governess' Seminary were founded in honor of her. See Life by Hudson.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Louisburg

See also Louisbourg, Nova Scotia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Louis′burg is a port on the southeastern coast of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. It is now inhabited by a few fishermen, but the ruins of the old town are visible. It was once regarded as the strongest fortress in America, until the English took it in 1758. Then the fortifications, which had cost France over $5,000,000 and been 30 years in building, were destroyed. The town has a fine harbor, and is on the Intercolonial Railroad. Population 1,650.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Louisiana Purchase, The

See also Louisiana Purchase on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Louisiana Purchase, The, was the most important addition to the territory of the original thirteen states. Its northern boundary is indefinite, but practically reaches the boundary between British America (Canada) and the United States. Thus it took in the whole of the United States west of the Mississippi, except Texas, California and what the United States won from Mexico by treaty and purchase. For this country, bought from France in 1803, the United States paid $11,250,000 and assumed the French spoliation claims, which, however, were never paid.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Louisville

See also Louisville, Kentucky on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Lou′isville, the largest city of Kentucky and capital of Jefferson County, is on the Ohio, 150 miles below Cincinnati. It was founded in 1778, and named after Louis XVI of France. The falls of the Ohio furnish an important developed water-power, and render necessary a canal for the passage of boats a part of the year. The city has increased greatly in prosperity and ​commercial importance in recent years, and has taken a foremost rank among the manufacturing cities of the west, having over 4,000 factories. It leads in the manufacture of cement, jeans and sole-leather, is the largest leaf-tobacco market in the world, and has extensive pork-packing establishments and whiskey distilleries. Iron-working, agricultural tool-making, cigar-making and the sugar-curing of hams are additional industries. Louisville covers about 30 square miles, is handsomely built with wide, well-paved streets, and has a good water-supply and sewerage system. Parks comprising 1,500 acres, with handsome boulevards, add to its attractions and make it a delightful city of residence. It has a Roman Catholic cathedral and 150 other churches, a law-school, four medical colleges and a fine system of public schools. The value of its school-property exceeds $1,300,000; the amount it annually expends on elementary education is $700,000. There are some 40 public and private charitable institutions, including the state institute for the blind. The city is connected with Jeffersonville by an iron bridge about one mile long and with New Albany, by a handsome cantilever bridge. The chief railroads are the Southern; Chesapeake, Louisville and Nashville; Ohio and Southwestern; and Ohio River railroads. Population 223,928.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Sault Ste. Marie, Mich.

See also Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Sault (sōō) Ste. Marie, Mich., a port on St. Mary River (q. v.), near the outlet of Lake Superior, 290 miles northwest of Detroit. Two canals around the rapids or sault yearly pass nearly three times as much freight as Suez Canal. An immense iron-bridge connects the railroads from St. Paul and Duluth with those of Ontario. Population 12,615.
# The New Student's Reference Work/School-Ships

See also Training ship on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​School-Ships are used to train officers and gunners for the naval service. In the United States seamen-gunners are trained at Newport and gun-captains on training-ships at Port Royal, S. C. The old English battleships Britannia and Hindostan at Portsmouth, England, are used as school-ships. School-ships are sometimes employed as reformatories, but even in this case they graduate most of their pupils into the navy.
# The New Student's Reference Work/School Sanitation

See also Sanitation on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​School San′ita′tion may be defined as the application of knowledge and of the laws of science with a view to the preservation and promotion of the health of those attending school. Formerly the term included little more than the proper heating, lighting and ventilation of school-buildings; but it has been extended to include all factors with which it is practicable for the school to deal, which concern the health of the pupil, as the detection of defects of ​sight and hearing, contagious diseases, adenoid growths, causes of malnutrition. In some schools even the teeth of the children are periodically examined by a dentist, who gives free individual advice regarding their care.
As to heating and ventilation, in general that system will be the best which will in the simplest way possible effect an even heat throughout, with sufficient change of air and avoidance of direct draughts upon the pupils. Fire-places are very desirable whenever architectural conditions will permit them. When in use, they insure the best of ventilation and are excellent for furnishing the small amount of heat often required in spring and fall. If a stove is used for heating purposes, it should be surrounded by a zinc jacket extending from the bottom to a distance of several feet above it, to prevent direct radiation. Air is heated at the bottom and rises to the top of the jacket and thus a fair degree of circulation is insured. The chimney should be large and bisected vertically, half being used for the escape of smoke and the other half for the escape of foul air. In large buildings a force-fan is necessary to insure continuous circulation. This can be provided at small cost. Good ventilation demands 2,000 cubic feet of pure air per pupil per hour. Teachers should assure themselves from time to time as to whether the ventilation system is working, by seeing whether there is sufficient draught up the foul-air flue to draw in a small scrap of paper. For large buildings heating by steam-pipes is preferable to that by hot air, as with hot air it is difficult to have the heat evenly distributed on windy days.
The essential thing in lighting a schoolroom is to secure sufficient light without having it fall directly upon the eyes of the pupils or teacher. For this reason it is best to have all the light come from one side of the room, preferably from the left.
Such good school-desks are now manufactured that there is no excuse for the failure to have pupils hygienically seated at desks adapted to their size.
Teachers should always be on the alert for the detection of any physical defects in their pupils, and these when noticed should be reported at once to the proper persons. Every school should be examined from time to time by a physician with reference to the physical defects of the children.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Schnitzer, Eduard

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​Schnitz′er, Eduard. See Emin Pasha.