# The Outline of History

THE OUTLINE OF HISTORY
Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind
BY
H. G. WELLS
WRITTEN WITH THE ADVICE AND EDITORIAL HELP OF
MR. ERNEST BARKER, SIR H. H. JOHNSTON, SIR E. RAY LANKESTER AND PROFESSOR GILBERT MURRAY
AND ILLUSTRATED BY
J. F. HORRABIN
Volume I
New York
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1920
All rights reserved
Copyright, 1920,
By THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.
Copyright, 1920,
By H. G. WELLS.
Set up and electrotyped. Published November, 1920.
Norwood Press J. S. Cushing Co. — Berwick & Smith Co. Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.
SCHEME OF CONTENTS
* BOOK I
* THE MAKING OF OUR WORLD
* PAGE
* Chapter I. The Earth in Space and Time................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3
* Chapter II. The Record of the Rocks
* § 1.The first living things................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................7
* § 2.How old is the world?................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................13
* Chapter III. Natural Selection and the Changes of Species................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................16
* Chapter IV. The Invasion of the Dry Land by Life
* § 1.Life and water................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................23
* § 2.The earliest animals................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................25
* Chapter V. Changes in the Worlds's Climate
* § 1.Why life must change continually................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................29
* § 2.The sun a steadfast star................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................34
* § 3.Changes from within the earth................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................35
* § 4.Life may control change................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................36
* Chapter VI. The Age of Reptiles
* § 1.The age of lowland life................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................38
* § 2.Flying dragons................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................43
* § 3.The first birds................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................43
* § 4.An age of hardship and death................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................44
* § 5.The first appearance of fur and feathers................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................47
* Chapter VII. The Age of Mammals
* § 1.A new age of life................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................51
* § 2.Tradition comes into the world................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................52
* § 3.An age of brain growth................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................56
* § 4.The world grows hard again................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................57
* § 5.Chronology of the Ice Age................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................59
* BOOK II
* THE MAKING OF MEN
* Chapter VIII. The Ancestry of Man
* § 1.Man descended from a walking ape................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................62
* § 2.First traces of man-like creatures................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................68
* § 3.The Heidelberg sub-man................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................69
* § 4.The Piltdown sub-man................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................70
* § 5.The riddle of the Piltdown remains................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................72
* Chapter IX. The Neanderthal Men, an Extinct Race. (The Early Palæolithic Age)
* § 1.The world 50,000 years ago................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................75
* § 2.The daily life of the first men................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................79
* § 3.The last Palæolithic men................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................84
* Chapter X. The Later Postglacial Palæolithic Men, the First True Men. (Later Palæolithic Age)
* § 1.The coming of men like ourselves................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................86
* § 2.Subdivision of the Later Palæolithic................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................95
* § 3.The earliest true men were clever savages................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................98
* § 4.Hunters give place to herdsmen................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................101
* § 5.No sub-men in America................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................102
* Chapter XI. Neolithic Man in Europe
* § 1.The age of cultivation begins................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................104
* § 2.Where did the Neolithic culture arise?................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................108
* § 3.Everyday Neolithic life................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................109
* § 4.How did sowing begin?................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................116
* § 5.Primitive trade................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................118
* § 6.The flooding of the Mediterranean Valley................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................118
* Chapter XII. Early Thought
* § 1.Primitive philosophy................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................122
* § 2.The Old Man in religion................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................125
* § 3.Fear and hope in religion................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................126
* § 4.Stars and seasons................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................127
* § 5.Story-telling and myth-making................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................129
* § 6.Complex origins of religion................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................130
* Chapter XIII. The Races of Mankind
* § 1.Is mankind still differentiating?................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................136
* § 2.The main races of mankind................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................140
* § 3.Was there an Alpine race?................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................142
* § 4.The Heliolithic culture of the Brunet peoples................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................146
* § 5.How existing races may be related to each other................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................148
* Chapter XIV. The Languages of Mankind
* § 1.No one primitive language................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................150
* § 2.The Aryan languages................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................151
* § 3.The Semitic languages................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................153
* § 4.The Hamitic languages................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................154
* § 5.The Ural-Altaic languages................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................156
* § 6.The Chinese languages................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................157
* § 7.Other language groups................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................157
* § 8.Submerged and lost languages................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................161
* § 9.How languages may be related................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................163
* BOOK III
* THE DAWN OF HISTORY
* Chapter XV. The Aryan-Speaking Peoples in Prehistoric Times
* § 1.The spreading of the Aryan-speakers................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................167
* § 2.Primitive Aryan life................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................169
* § 3.Early Aryan daily life................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................176
* Chapter XVI. The First Civilizations
* § 1.Early cities and early nomads................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................183
* § 2a.The riddle of the Sumerians................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................188
* § 2b.The empire of Sargon the First................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................191
* § 2c.The empire of Hammurabi................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................191
* § 2d.The Assyrians and their empire................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................192
* § 2e.The Chaldean empire................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................194
* § 3.The early history of Egypt................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................195
* § 4.The early civilization of India................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................201
* § 5.The early history of China................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................201
* § 6.While the civilizations were growing................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................206
* Chapter XVII. Sea Peoples and Trading Peoples
* § 1.The earliest ships and sailors................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................209
* § 2.The Ægean cities before history................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................213
* § 3.The first voyages of exploration................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................217
* § 4.Early traders................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................218
* § 5.Early travellers................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................220
* Chapter XVIII. Writing
* § 1.Picture writing................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................223
* § 2.Syllable writing................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................227
* § 3.Alphabet writing................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................228
* § 4.The place of writing in human life................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................229
* Chapter XIX. Gods and Stars, Priests and Kings
* § 1.Nomadic and settled religion................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................232
* § 2.The priest comes into history................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................234
* § 3.Priests and the stars................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................238
* § 4.Priests and the dawn of learning................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................240
* § 5.King against priests................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................241
* § 5.Caius Julius Cæsar and his death................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................509
* § 6.The end of the republic................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................513
* § 7.Why the Roman republic failed................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................516
* Chapter XXIX. The Cæsars between the Sea and the Great Plains of the Old World
* § §1.A short catalogue of emperors................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................522
* § 2.Roman civilization at its zenith................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................529
* § 3.Limitations of the Roman mind................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................539
* § 4.The stir of the great plains................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................541
* § 5.The Western (true Roman) Empire crumples up................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................552
* § 6.The Eastern (revived Hellenic) Empire................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................560
* BOOK VI
* CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM
* Chapter XXX. The Beginnings, the Rise, and the Divisions of Christianity
* § 1.Judea at the Christian era................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................569
* § 2.The teachings of Jesus of Nazareth................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................573
* § 3.The universal religions................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................582
* § 4.The crucifixion of Jesus of Nazareth................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................584
* § 5.Doctrines added to the teachings of Jesus................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................586
* § 6.The struggles and persecutions of Christianity................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................594
* § 7.Constantine the Great................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................598
* § 8.The establishment of official Christianity................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................601
* § 9.The map of Europe, a.d. 500................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................605
* § 10.The salvation of learning by Christianity................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................609
* Chapter XXXI. Seven Centuries in Asia (circa 50 B.C. to A.D. 650)
* § 1.Justinian the Great................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................614
* § 2.The Sassanid Empire in Persia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................616
* § 3.The decay of Syria under the Sassanids................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................619
* § 4.The first message from Islam................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................623
* § 5.Zoroaster and Mani................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................624
* § 6.Hunnish peoples in Central Asia and India................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................627
* § 7.The great age of China................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................630
* § 8.Intellectual fetters of China................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................635
* § 9.The travels of Yuan Chwang................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................642
SCHEME OF CONTENTS
* BOOK VI (Continued)
* PAGE
* Chapter XXXII. Muhammad and Arab Islam
* § 1.Arabia before Muhammad................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1
* § 2.Life of Muhammad to the Hegira................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................4
* § 3.Muhammad becomes a fighting prophet................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................8
* § 4.The teachings of Islam................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................14
* § 5.The caliphs Abu Bekr and Omar................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................16
* § 6.The great days of the Omayyads................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................22
* § 7.The decay of Islam under the Abbasids................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................31
* § 8.The intellectual life of Arab Islam................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................34
* Chapter XXXIII. Christendom and the Crusades
* § 1.The Western world at its lowest ebb................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................40
* § 2.The feudal system................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................42
* § 3.The Frankish kingdom of the Merovingians................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................46
* § 4.The Christianization of the western barbarians ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................48
* § 5.Charlemagne becomes emperor of the West................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................54
* § 6.The personality of Charlemagne................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................59
* § 7.The French and the Germans become distinct................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................61
* § 8.The Normans, the Saracens, the Hungarians, and the Seljuk Turks................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................64
* § 9.How Constantinople appealed to Rome................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................72
* § 10.The Crusades................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................76
* § 11.The Crusades a test of Christianity................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................84
* § 12.The Emperor Frederick II................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................86
* § 13.Defects and limitations of the papacy................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................90
* § 14.A list of leading Popes................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................96
* BOOK VII
* THE GREAT MONGOL EMPIRES OF THE LAND WAYS AND THE NEW EMPIRES OF THE SEA WAYS
* Chapter XXXIV. The Great Empire of Jengis Khan and his Successors
* § 1.Asia at the end of the twelfth century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................105
* § 2.The rise and victories of the Mongols................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................108
* § 3.The travels of Marco Polo................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................114
* § 4.The Ottoman Turks, the Turkish Caliph, and Constantinople................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................120
* § 5.Why the Mongols were not Christianized................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................126
* § 5a.Kublai Khan founds the Yuan dynasty................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................127
* § 5b.The Mongols revert to tribalism................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................128
* § 5c.The Kipchak empire and the Tsar of Muscovy................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................128
* § 5d.Timurlane................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................130
* § 5e.The Mongol empire of India................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................133
* § 5f.The Mongols and the Gipsies................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................137
* Chapter XXXV. The Renascence of Western Civilization
* § 1.Christianity and popular education................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................139
* § 2.Europe begins to think for itself................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................148
* § 3.The Great Plague and the dawn of communism................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................153
* § 4.How paper liberated the human mind................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................158
* § 5.Protestantism of the princes and Protestantism of the peoples................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................160
* § 6.The reawakening of science................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................167
* § 7.The new growth of European towns................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................177
* § 8.America comes into history................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................184
* § 9.What Machiavelli thought of the world................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................194
* § 10.The republic of Switzerland................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................198
* § 11a.The life of the Emperor Charles V................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................199
* § 11b.Protestants if the prince wills it................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................210
* § 11c.The intellectual under-tow................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................210
* BOOK VIII
* THE AGE OF THE GREAT POWERS
* Chapter XXXVI. Princes, Parliaments, and Powers
* § 1.Princes and foreign policy................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................213
* § 2.The English republic................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................218
* § 3.The Dutch republic................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................228
* § 4.The break-up and disorder of Germany................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................232
* § 5.The splendours of Grand Monarchy in Europe................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................236
* § 6.The growth of the idea of Great Powers................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................243
* § 7.The crowned republic of Poland and its fate................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................248
* § 8.The first scramble for empire overseas................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................251
* § 9.Britain dominates India................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................254
* § 10.Russia's ride to the Pacific................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................259
* § 11.What Gibbon thought of the world in 1780................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................262
* § 12.The social truce draws to an end................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................269
* Chapter XXXVII. The New Democratic Republics of America and France
* § 1.Inconveniences of the Great Power system................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................278
* § 2.The thirteen colonies before their revolt................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................280
* § 3.Civil war is forced upon the colonies................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................286
* § 4.The War of Independence................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................291
* § 5.The constitution of the United States................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................294
* § 6.Primitive features of the United States constitution................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................301
* § 7.Revolutionary ideas in France................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................307
* § 8.The Revolution of the year 1789................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................311
* § 9.The French "crowned republic" of '89–'91................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................313
* § 10.The Revolution of the Jacobins................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................321
* § 11.The Jacobin republic, 1792–4................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................331
* § 12.The Directory................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................337
* § 13.The pause in reconstruction and the dawn of modern Socialism................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................339
* Chapter XXXVIII. The Career of Napoleon Bonaparte
* § 1.The Buonaparte family in Corsica................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................348
* § 2.Bonaparte as a republican general................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................349
* § 3.Napoleon First Consul, 1799–1804................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................354
* § 4.Napoleon I Emperor, 1804–1814................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................360
* § 5.The Hundred Days................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................368
* § 6.The cult of the Napoleonic................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................373
* § 7.The map of Europe in 1815................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................377
* Chapter XXXIX. The Realities and Imagination of the Nineteenth Century. The Increase of Knowledge and Clear Thinking. The Nationalist Phase
* § 1.The mechanical revolution................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................384
* § 2.Relation of the mechanical to the industrial revolution................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................393
* § 3.The fermentation of ideas, 1848................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................399
* § 4.The development of the idea of Socialism................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................401
* § 5.Shortcomings of Socialism as a scheme of human society................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................411
* § 6.How Darwinism affected religious and political ideas................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................416
* § 7.Mr. Gladstone and the idea of Nationalism................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................426
* § 8.Europe between 1848 and 1878................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................436
* § 9.The (second) scramble for overseas empires................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................449
* § 10.The Indian precedent in Asia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................461
* § 11.The history of Japan................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................464
* § 12.Close of the period of overseas expansion................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................469
* § 13.The British Empire in 1914................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................470
* Chapter XL. The International Catastrophe of 1914 and the Close of the Great Power Period
* § 1.The armed peace before the Great War................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................475
* § 2.Imperial Germany................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................477
* § 3.The spirit of Imperialism in Britain and Ireland................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................486
* § 4.Imperialism in France, Italy, and the Balkans................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................499
* § 5.Russia still a Grand Monarchy in 1914................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................502
* § 6.The United States and the Imperial idea................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................503
* § 7.The immediate causes of the Great War................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................508
* § 8.A summary of the Great War up to 1917................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................513
* § 9.The Great War from the Russian collapse to the armistice................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................524
* § 10.The political, economic, and social disorganization caused by the Great War................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................532
* § 11.President Wilson and the problems of Versailles................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................543
* § 12.Summary Of the first Covenant of the League of Nations................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................558
* § 13.A general outline of the treaties of 1919 and 1920................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................562
* § 14.A forecast of the "next war"................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................567
* § 15.The state of men's minds in 1920................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................572
* BOOK IX
* THE NEXT STAGE IN HISTORY
* Chapter XLI. Man's Coming of Age. The Probable Struggle for the Unification of the World into One Community of Knowledge and Will
* § 1.The possible unification of men's wills in political matters................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................579
* § 2.How a Federal World Government may come about................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................583
* § 3.Some fundamental characteristics of a modern world state................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................586
* § 4.What this world might be like, were men united in a common peace and justice................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................588
* § 5.The stages beyond?................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................594
* Five Time Charts of the World's Affairs from b.c. 1000 to a.d. 1920................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................599
* A Chronological Table from 800 b.c. to a.d. 1920................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................605
* Index................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................625
LIST OF MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS
* PAGE
* Life in the Early Palæozoic................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................11
* Time-chart from Earliest Life to 40,000,000 Years Ago................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................14
* Life in the Later Palæozoic Age................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................19
* Australian Lung Fish................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................26
* Some Reptiles of the Late Palæozoic Age................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................27
* Astronomical Variations Affecting Climate................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................33
* Some Mesozoic Reptiles................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................40
* Later Mesozoic Reptiles................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................42
* Pterodactyls and Archæopteryx................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................45
* Hesperornis................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................48
* Some Oligocene Mammals................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................53
* Miocene Mammals................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................58
* Time-diagram of the Glacial Ages................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................60
* Early Pleistocene Animals, Contemporary with Earliest Man................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................64
* The Sub-Man Pithecanthropus................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................65
* The Riddle of the Piltdown Sub-Man................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................71
* Map of Europe 50,000 Years Ago................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Neanderthal Man................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................78
* Early Stone Implements................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................81
* Australia and the Western Pacific in the Glacial Age................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................82
* Cro-magnon Man................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................87
* Europe and Western Asia in the Later Palæolithic Age................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................89
* Reindeer Age Articles................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................90
* A Reindeer Age Masterpiece................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................93
* Reindeer Age Engravings and Carvings................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................94
* Diagram of the Estimated Duration of the True Human Periods................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................97
* Neolithic Implements................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................107
* Restoration of a Lake Dwelling................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................111
* Pottery from Lake Dwellings................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................112
* Hut Urns................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................115
* A Menhir of the Neolithic Period................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................128
* Bronze Age Implements................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................132
* Diagram Showing the Duration of the Neolithic Period................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................133
* Heads of Australoid Types................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................139
* Bushwoman................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................141
* Negro Types................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................142
* Mongolian Types................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................143
* Caucasian Types................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................144
* Map of Europe, Asia, Africa 15,000 Years Ago................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................145
* The Swastika................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................147
* Relationship of Human Races (Diagrammatic Summary)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................149
* Possible Development of Languages................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................155
* Racial Types (after Champollion)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................163
* Combat between Menelaus and Hector................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................176
* Archaic Horses and Chariots................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................178
* The Cradle of Western Civilization................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................185
* Sumerian Warriors in Phalanx................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................189
* Assyrian Warrior (temp. Sargon II)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................193
* Time-chart 6000 B.C. to A.D.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................196
* The Cradle of Chinese Civilization (Map)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................202
* Boats on Nile about 2500 B.C.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................211
* Egyptian Ship on Red Sea, 1250 B.C.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................212
* Ægean Civilization (Map)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................214
* A Votary of the Snake Goddess................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................215
* American Indian Picture-Writing................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................225
* Egyptian Gods—Set, Anubis, Typhon, Bes................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................236
* Egyptian Gods—Thoth-lunus, Hathor, Chnemu................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................239
* An Assyrian King and His Chief Minister................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................243
* Pharaoh Chephren................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................248
* Pharaoh Rameses III as Osiris (Sarcophagus relief)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................249
* Pharaoh Akhnaton................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................251
* Egyptian Peasants (Pyramid Age)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................257
* Brawl among Egyptian Boatmen (Pyramid Age)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................260
* Egyptian Social Types (From Tombs)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................261
* The Land of the Hebrews................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................280
* Aryan-speaking Peoples 1000-500 B.C. (Map)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................301
* Hellenic Races 1000-800 B.C. (Map)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................302
* Greek Sea Fight, 550 B.C.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................303
* Rowers in an Athenian Warship, 400 B.C.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................306
* Scythian Types................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................319
* Median and Second Babylonian Empires (in Nebuchadnezzar's Reign)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................321
* The Empire of Darius................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................329
* Wars of the Greeks and Persians (Map)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................333
* Athenian Foot-soldier................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................334
* Persian Body-guard (from Frieze at Susa)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................338
* The World According to Herodotus................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................341
* Athene of the Parthenon................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................348
* Philip of Macedon................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................368
* Growth of Macedonia under Philip................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................371
* Macedonian Warrior (bas-relief from Pella)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................373
* Campaigns of Alexander the Great................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................381
* Alexander the Great................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................389
* Break-up of Alexander's Empire................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................393
* Seleucus I................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................395
* Later State of Alexander's Empire................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................398
* The World According to Eratosthenes, 200 B.C.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................405
* The Known World, about 250 B.C.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................406
* Isis and Horus................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................413
* Serapis................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................414
* The Rise of Buddhism................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................419
* Hariti................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................428
* Chinese Image of Kuan-yin................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................429
* The Spread of Buddhism................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................432
* Indian Gods—Vishnu, Brahma, Siva................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................437
* Indian Gods—Krishna, Kali, Ganesa................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................439
* The Western Mediterranean, 800-600 B.C.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................446
* Early Latium................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................447
* Burning the Dead: Etruscan Ceremony................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................449
* Statuette of a Gaul................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................450
* Roman Power after the Samnite Wars................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................451
* Samnite Warriors................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................452
* Italy after 275 B.C.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................453
* Roman Coin Celebrating the Victory over Pyrrhus................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................455
* Mercury................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................457
* Carthaginian Coins................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................468
* Roman As................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................471
* Rome and its Alliances, 150 B.C.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................481
* Gladiators................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................489
* Roman Power, 50 B.C.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................506
* Julius Cæsar................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................512
* Roman Empire at Death of Augustus................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................518
* Roman Empire in Time of Trajan................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................524
* Asia and Europe: Life of the Period (Map)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................544
* Central Asia, 200-100 B.C.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................547
* Tracks of Migrating and Raiding Peoples, 1-700 A.D.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................555
* Eastern Roman Empire................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................561
* Constantinople (Maps to show value of its position)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................563
* Galilee................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................571
* Map of Europe, 500 A.D.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................608
* The Eastern Empire and the Sassanids................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................620
* Asia Minor, Syria, and Mesopotamia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................622
* Ephthalite Coin................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................629
* Chinese Empire, Tang Dynasty................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................633
* Yuan Chwang's Route from China to India................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................643
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
* PAGE
* Arabia and Adjacent Countries................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2
* The Beginnings of Moslem Power................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................19
* The Growth of Moslem Power in 25 Years................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................23
* The Moslem Empire................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................25
* Europe, 500 A.D.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................44
* Frankish Dominions in the Time of Charles Martel................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................45
* England, 640 A.D................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................49
* England, 878 A.D................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................52
* Europe at the Death of Charlemagne................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................55
* France at the Close of the 10th Century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................65
* Empire of Otto the Great................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................68
* The Coming of the Seljuks (Map)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................70
* The First Crusade (Map)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
* Europe and Asia, 1200................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................107
* Empire of Jengis Khan, 1227................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................111
* Travels of Marco Polo................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................115
* Ottoman Empire before 1453................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................123
* Ottoman Empire, 1566................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................125
* Empire of Timurlane................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................131
* Europe at the Fall of Constantinople................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................141
* "We have the payne...." John Bull's Speech................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................155
* Ignatius of Loyola................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................164
* European Trade Routes in the 14th Century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................183
* The Chief Voyages of Exploration up to 1522................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................191
* Mexico and Peru................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................192
* Switzerland................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................198
* Europe in the Time of Charles V................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................201
* Martin Luther................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................203
* Francis I................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................294
* Henry VIII................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................206
* Charles V................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................207
* Central Europe, 1648................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................233
* Louis XIV................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................237
* The Partitions of Poland................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................250
* Britain, France, and Spain in America, 1750................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................255
* Chief Foreign Settlements in India, 17th Century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................256
* India in 1750................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................260
* American Colonies, 1760................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................283
* Boston in 1775................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................292
* The United States in 1790................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................295
* The United States Showing Dates of the Chief Territorial Extensions................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................299
* Benjamin Franklin................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................303
* George Washington................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................304
* The Flight to Varennes (Map)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................322
* North Eastern Frontier of France, 1792................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................330
* Napoleon's Egyptian Campaign................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................352
* Napoleon as Emperor................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................360
* Tsar Alexander I................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................362
* Napoleon's Empire, 1810................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................365
* The Trail of Napoleon................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................369
* Europe after the Congress of Vienna................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................379
* The Natural Political Map of Europe................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................383
* Mr. Gladstone................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................427
* Tribal Gods of the 19th Century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................434
* Map of Europe, 1848–1871................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................439
* Italy, 1861................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................441
* Bismarck................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................443
* The Balkans, 1878................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................448
* Comparative Maps of Asia under Different Projections................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................450
* The British Empire in 1815................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................452
* Africa in the Middle of 19th Century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................458
* Africa, 1914................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................459
* Japan and the East Coast of Asia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................468
* Overseas Empires of European Powers, 1914................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................474
* Emperor William II................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................482
* Ireland................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................491
* The Balkan States, 1913................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................501
* The Original German Plan, 1914................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................514
* The Western Front, 1915–18................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................517
* Time Chart of the Great War, 1914–18................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................528–29
* President Wilson................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................551
* M. Clemenceau................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................552
* Mr. Lloyd George................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................553
* Germany after the Peace Treaty, 1919................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................561
* The Turkish Treaty, 1920................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................563
* The Break-up of Austria-Hungary................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................565
* Time-chart 1000 B.C.–300 B.C.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................599
* Time-chart 400 B.C.–A.D. 300................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................600
* Time-chart A.D. 200–A.D. 900................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................601
* Time-chart A.D. 800–A.D. 1500................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................602
* Time-chart A.D. 1220–A.D. 1920................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................603