# The Heimskringla; or, Chronicle of the Kings of Norway/Volume 1/Saga 5

V.
SAGA OF KING HARALD GREYSKIN, AND OF EARL HAKON SON OF SIGURD.
Chapter. I. Beginning of the government of the sons of Eric: and about Eyvind Skalda-spiller.
When King Hakon was killed, the sons of Eric took the sovereignty of Norway. Harald, who was the oldest of the living brothers, was over them in dignity. Their mother Gunhild, who was called the King-mother, mixed herself much in the affairs of the country. There were many chiefs in the land at that time. There was Tryggve Olafsson in the Eastland, Gudrod Biornson in the Westfold, Sigurd earl of Lade in the Drontheim land; but Gunhild's sons held the middle of the country the first winter. There went messages and ambassadors between Gunhild's sons and Tryggve and Gudrod, and all was settled upon the footing that they should hold from Gunhild's sons the same part of the country which they formerly had held under King Hakon. A man called Glum Geirason, who was King Harald's scald, and was a very brave man, made this song upon King Hakon's death:—
"Gamle is avenged by Harald! Great is thy deed, thou champion bold! The rumour of it came to me In distant lands beyond the sea, How Harald gave King Hakon's blood To Odin's ravens for their food."
This song was much favoured. When Eyvind Finn son heard of it he composed the song which was given before, viz.;—
"Our dauntless king with Gamle's gore Sprinkled his bright sword o'er and o'er," &c.
This song also was much favoured, and was spread ​widely abroad; and when King Harald came to hear of it, he laid a charge against Eyvind affecting his life; but friends made up the quarrel, on the condi¬ tion that Eyvind should in future be Harald's scald, as he had formerly been King Hakon's. There was also some relationship between them, as Gunhild, Eyvind's mother, was a daughter of Earl Halfdan, and her mother was a daughter of Harald Haarfager. Thereafter Eyvind made a song about King Harald: —
"Guardian of Norway, well we know Thy heart failed not when from the bow The piercing arrow-hail sharp rang On shield and breast-plate, and the clang Of sword resounded in the press Of battle, like the splitting ice; For Harald, wild wolf of the wood, Must drink his fill of foemen's blood"
Gunhild's sons resided mostly in the middle of the country, for they did not think it safe for them to dwell among the people of Drontheim or of Yiken, where King Hakon's best friends lived; and also in both places there were many powerful men. Pro¬ posals of agreement then passed between Gunhild's sons and Earl Sigurd, for they got no scatt from the Drontheim country; and at last an agreement was concluded between the kings and the earl, and con¬ firmed by oath. Earl Sigurd was to get the same power in the Drontheim land which he had possessed under King Hakon, and on that they considered themselves at peace. All Gunhild's sons had the character of being penurious; and it was said they hid their money in the ground. Eyvind Skaldaspiller made a song about this: —
"Main-mast of battle! Harald bold! In Hakon's days the scald wore gold Upon his falcon's seat; he wore Rolf Krake's seed, the yellow ore, ​Sown by him as he fled away, The avenger Adds' speed to stay. The gold crop grows upon the plain; But Frode's girls so gay in vain Grind out the golden meal, while those Who rule o'er Norway's realm like foes, In mother earth's old bosom hide The wealth which Hakon far and wide Scattered with generous hand: the sun Shone in the days of that great one, On the gold band of Fulla's brow On gold-ringed hands that bend the bow. On the scald's hand; but of the ray Of bright gold, glancing like the spray Of sun-lit waves, no scald now sings— Buried are golden chains and rings."
Now when King Harald heard this song, he sent a message to Eyvind to come to him, and when Eyvind came made a charge against him of being unfaithful. "And it ill becomes thee," said the king, " to be my enemy, as thou hast entered into my service." Eyvind then made these verses: —
"One lord I had before thee, Harald! One dear-loved lord! Now am I old, And do not wish to change again.— To that loved lord, through strife and pain, Faithful I stood; still true to Hakon,— To my good king, and him alone. But now I'm old and useless grown, My hands are empty, wealth is flown; I am but fit for a short space In thy court-hall to fill a place."
But King Harald forced Eyvind to submit himself to his clemency. Eyvind had a great gold ring, which was called Molde, that had been dug up out of the earth long since. This ring the king said he must have as the mulct for the offence; and there was no help for it. Then Eyvind sang:—
"I go across the ocean-foam, Swift skating to my Iceland home Upon the ocean-skates fast driven By gales hy Thurse's witch-wife given. For from the falcon-hearing hand Harald has plucked the gold snake-band My father wore— by lawless might Has taken what is mine by right."
Eyvind went home; but it is not told that he ever came near the king again.
Chapter II. Of the Christianity of Gunhild's sons.
Gunhild's sons embraced Christianity in England, as told before; but when they came to rule over Norway they made no progress in spreading Christianity,—only they pulled down the temples of the idols, and cast away the sacrifices where they had it in their power, and raised great animosity by doing so. The good crops of the country were soon wasted in their days, because there were many kings, and each had his court about him. They had Therefore great expenses, and were very greedy. Besides, they only observed those laws of King Hakon which suited themselves. They were, however, all of them remarkably handsome men—stout, strong, and expert in all exercises. So says Glum Geirason, in the verses he composed about Harald, Gunhild's son:—
"The foeman's terror, Harald bold, Had gained enough of yellow gold; Had HeimdaTs teeth enough in store, And understood twelve aits or more."
Chapter III. Of the councils held by Gunhild and her sons.
Gunhild the King-mother, and her sons, often met, and talked together upon the government of the country. Once Gunhild asked her sons what they in- intended to do with their ldngdom of Drontheim. councils "Ye have the title of king, as your forefathers had Gunhild before you; but you have little land or people, and and her there are many to divide with. In the East, at Viken, there are Tryggve and Gudrod; and they have no right, from relationship, to their governments. There is besides Earl Sigurd ruling over the whole Drontheim country; and no reason can I see why ye let so large a kingdom be ruled by an earl, and not by yourselves. It appears wonderful to me that ye go every summer upon viking cruises against other lands, and allow an earl within the country to take your father's heritage from you. Your grandfather, whose name you bear, King Harald, thought it but a small matter to take an earl's life and land when he subdued all Norway, and held it under him to old age."
Harald replied, "It is not so easy, mother, to cut off Earl Sigurd as to slay a kid or a calf. Earl Sigurd is of high birth, powerful in relations, popular, and prudent; and I think if the Drontheim people knew for certain there was enmity between us, they would all take his side, and we could expect only evil from them. I don't think it would be safe for any of us brothers to fall into the hands of the Drontheim people."
Then said Gunhild, "We shall go to work another way, and not put ourselves forward. Harald and Erling shall come in harvest to Nordmör, and there I shall meet you, and we shall consult together what is to be done." .
Chapter IV. The plans of Gunhild's sons and Griotgaard.
Earl Sigurd had a brother called Griotgaard, who Chapter was much younger, and much less respected; in fact, The plans was held in no esteem. He had many people, how ​ever, about him, and in summer went on viking cruises, and gathered to himself property. Now King Harald sent messengers to Drontheim with offers of friendship, and with presents. The messengers declared that King Harald was willing to be on the same friendly terms with the earl that King Hakon had been: adding, that they wished the earl to come to King Harald, that their friendship might be put on a firm footing. The Earl Sigurd received well the king's messengers and friendly message, but said that on account of his many affairs he could not come to the king. He sent many friendly gifts, and many glad and grateful words to the king, in return for his friendship. With this reply the messengers set off, and went to Griotgaard, for whom they had the same message, and brought him good presents, and offered him King Harald's friendship, and invited him to visit the king. Griotgaard promised to come; and at the appointed time he paid a visit to King Harald and Gunhild, and was received in the most friendly manner. They treated him on the most intimate footing, so that Griotgaard had access to their private con¬ sultations and secret councils. At last the conversation, by an understanding between the king and queen, was turned upon Earl Sigurd; and they spoke to Griotgaard about the earl having kept him so long in obscurity, and asked him if he would not join the king's brothers in an attack on the earl. If he would join with them, the king promised Griotgaard that he should be his earl, and have the same government that Sigurd had. It came so far that a secret agreement was made between them, that Griotgaard should spy out the most favourable opportunity of attacking by surprise Earl Sigurd, and should give King Harald notice of it. After this agreement Griotgaard returned home with many good presents from the king.
Chapter V. Earl Sigurd burnt in a house in Stordal.
Earl Sigurd went in harvest into Stordal to guest-quarters, and from thence went to Oglo to a feast. The earl usually had many people about him, for he did not trust the king; but now, after friendly messages had passed between the king and him, he had no great following of people with him. Then Griotgaard sent word to the king that he could never expect a better opportunity to fall upon Earl Sigurd; and immediately, that very evening, Harald and Erling sailed into Drontheim fiord with several ships and many people. They sailed all night by star-light, and Griotgaard came out to meet them. Late in the night they came to Oglo, where Earl Sigurd was at the feast, and set fire to the house; and burnt the house, the earl, and all his men. As soon as it was day-light they set out through the fiord, and south to Möre, where they remained a long time.
Chapter VI. Beginning of the history of Earl Hakon, Sigurd's son.
Hakon, the son of Earl Sigurd, was up in the interior of the Drontheim country when he heard this news. Great was the tumult through all the Drontheim land, and every vessel that could swim was put into the water; and as soon as the people were gathered together they took Earl Sigurd's son Hakon to be their earl and the leader of the troops, and the whole body steered out of Drontheim fiord. When Gunhild's sons heard of this, they set olf southwards to Eaumsdal and South Möre; and both parties kept eye on each other by their spies. Earl Sigurd was killed two years after the fall of King Hakon. So says Eyvind Skaldaspiller in the "Haleygiatal:"—
"At Oglo, as I've heard; Earl Sigurd Was burnt to death by Norway's lord,— Sigurd; who once on Hadding's grave A feast to Odin's ravens gave. ​In Oglo's hall, amidst the feast, When howls went round and ale flow'd fast, He perished: Harald lit the fire Which burnt to death the son of Tyr."
Earl Hakon, with the help of his friends, maintained himself in the Drontheim country for three years; and during that time Gunhild's sons got no revenues from it. Hakon had many a battle with Gunhild's sons, and many a man lost his life on both sides. Of this Einar Skalaglam speaks in his lay, called "Velleklo," which he composed about Earl Hakon:—
"The sharp bow-shooter on the sea Spread wide his fleet, for well loved he The battle storm; well loved the earl His battle-banner to unfurl. O'er the well-trampled battle-field He raised the red moon of his shield; And often dared King Eric's son To try the fray with the Earl Hakon."
And he also says:—
"Who is the man who'll dare to say That Sigurd's son avoids the fray? He gluts the raven—he ne'er fears The arrow's song or flight of spears. With thundering sword he storms in war, As Odin dreadful; or from far He makes the arrow-shower fly To swell the sail of victory. The victory was dearly bought, And many a viking-fight was fought Before the swinger of the sword Was of the eastern country lord."
And Einar tells also how Earl Hakon avenged his father's murder:—
"I praise the man, my hero he, Who in his good ship roves the sea, Like bird of prey, intent to win Red vengeance for his slaughtered kin. From his blue sword the iron rain That freezes life poured down amain
On him who took his father's life,
On him and his men in the strife. ​To Odin many a soul was driven,— To Odin many a rich gift given. Loud raged the storm on battle-field— Axe rang on helm, and sword on shield."
The friends on both sides at last laid themselves between, and brought proposals of peace; for the bonders suffered by this strife and war in the land. At last it was brought to this, by the advice of pru¬ dent men, that Earl Hakon should have the same power in the Drontheim land which his father Earl Sigurd had enjoyed; and the kings, on the other hand, should have the same dominion as King Hakon had: and this agreement was settled with the fullest promises of fidelity to it. Afterwards a great friendship arose between Earl Hakon and Gunhild, although they sometimes attempted to deceive each other. And thus matters stood for three years longer, in which time Earl Hakon sat quietly in his dominions.
Chapter VIII. Of Har'ald Greyskin.
King Harald had generally his seat in Hordaland and Kogaland, and also his brothers; but very often, also, they went to Hardanger. One summer it happened that a vessel came from Iceland belonging to Icelanders, and loaded with skins and peltry. They sailed to Hardanger, where they heard the greatest number of people were assembled; but when the folks came to deal with them, nobody would buy their skins. Then the steersman went to King Harald, whom he had been acquainted with before, and complained of his ill luck. The king promised to visit him, and did so. King Harald was very condescending, and full of fun. He came with a fully manned boat, looked at the skins, and then said to the steersman, "Wilt thou give me a present of one of these wolf-skins?" "Willingly," said the steersman, "if it were ever so many." On this the king wrapped him​self up in a wolf-skin, and went back to bis boat; but before they rowed away from the skip, every man in bis suite bought such another wolf-skin as the king wore for himself. In a few days so many people came to buy skins, that not half of them could be served with what they wanted; and thereafter the king was called Harald Grey skin.
Chapter VIII. Earl Eric's birth.
Earl Hakon came one winter to the Uplands to a feast and it so happened that he had intercourse with a girl of mean birth. Some time after the girl had to prepare for her confinement; and she bore a child, a boy, who had water poured on him, and was named Eric. The mother carried the boy to Earl Hakon, and said that he was the father. The earl placed him to be brought up with a man called Thorleif the Wise, who dwelt in Midaldal, and was a rich and powerful man, and a great friend of the earl. Eric gave hopes very early that he would become an able man, was handsome in countenance, and stout and strong for a child; but the earl did not pay much attention to him. The earl himself was one of the handsomest men in countenance,—not tall, but very strong, and well practised in all kinds of exercises: and withal prudent, of good understanding, and a deadly man at arms.
Chapter IX. King Tryggve Olafsson's murder.
It happened one harvest that Earl Hakon, on a journey in the Uplands, came to Hedemark; and King Tryggve Olafsson and King Gudrod Biomeson met him there, and Dale-Gudbrand also came to the meeting. They had agreed to meet, and they talked together long by themselves; but so much only was known of their business, that they were to be friends of each other. They parted, and each went home to his own kingdom. Gunhild and her sons came to hear of this meeting, and they suspected it must have been to lay a treasonable plot against the kings; and they often talked of this among themselves. When ​spring began to set in, King Harald and Ms brother King Gudrod proclaimed that they were to make a viking cruise, as usual, either in the West sea, or the Baltic. The people accordingly assembled, launched the ships into the sea, and made themselves ready to sail. When they were drinking the farewell ale,—and they drank bravely,—much and many things were talked over at the drink-table, and, among other things, were comparisons between different men, and at last between the kings themselves. One said that King Harald excelled his brothers by far, and in every way. On this King Gudrod was very angry-, and said that he was in no respect behind Harald, and was ready to prove it. Instantly both parties were so inflamed that they challenged each other to battle, and ran to their arms. But some of the guests who were less drunk, and had more understanding, came between them, and quieted them; and each went to his ship, but nobody expected that they would all sail together. Gudrod sailed eastward along the land, and Harald went out to sea, saying he would go to the westward; but when he came outside of the islands he steered east along the coast, outside of the rocks and isles. Gudrod, again, sailed inside, through the usual channel, to Viken, and eastwards to Folden. He then sent a message to King Tryggve to meet him, that they might make a cruise together in summer in the Baltic to plunder. Tryggve accepted willingly, and as a friend, the invitation; and as he heard King Gudrod had but few people with him, he came to meet him with a single boat. They met at Yegger, to the east of Sotaness; but just as they were come to the meeting place, Gudrod's men ran up and killed King Tryggve and twelve men. He lies buried at a place called Tryggve's Cairn.
Chapter X. King Gudrod's fall.
King Harald sailed far outside of the rocks and isles; but set his course to Viken, and came in the ​night time to Tunsberg, and heard that Gudrod Biomeson was at a feast a little way up the country. Then King Harald set out immediately with his followers, came in the night, and surrounded the house. King Gudrod Biorneson went out with his people; but after a short resistance he fell, and many men with him. Then King Harald joined his brother King Gudrod, and they subdued all Viken.
Chapter XI. Of Harald Grænske.
King Gudrod Biorneson had made a good and suitable marriage, and had by his wife a son called Harald, who had been sent to be fostered to Green¬ land to a lenderman called Hroe the White. Hroe's son, called Hrane the Far-travelled, was Harald's foster-brother, and about the same age. After his father Gudrod's fall, Harald, who was called Grænske, fled to the Uplands, and with him his foster-brother Hrane, and a few people. Harald staid a while there among his relations; but as Eric's sons sought after every man who interfered with them, and especially those who might oppose them, Harald Grænske's friends and relations advised him to leave the country. Harald therefore went westward into Sweden, and sought shipmates, that he might enter into company with those who went out a cruising to gather property. Harald became in this way a remarkably able man. There was a man in Sweden at that time called Toste, one of the most powerful and clever in the land among those who had no high name or dignity; and he Avas a great warrior, who had been often in battle, and was therefore called Skoglar Toste. Harald Grænske came into his company, and cruised with Toste in summer; and wherever Harald came lie was Avell thought of by every one. In the winter Harald, after passing two years in the Uplands, took ​up his abode with Toste, and lived five years with him. Toste had a daughter, who was both young and handsome, but she was proud and high-minded. She was called Sigrid, and was afterwards married to the Swedish king, Eric the Successful, and had a son by him, called Olaf the Swede, who was afterwards king of Sweden. King Eric died in a sick-bed at Upsal, ten years after the death of Styrbiorn.
Chapter XII. Earl Ilakon's feuds.
Gunhild's sons levied a great army in Viken, and sailed along the land northwards, collecting people and ships on the way out of every district. They then made known their intent, to proceed north¬ wards with their army against Earl Hakon in Drontheim. When Earl Hakon heard this news, he also collected men, and fitted out ships; and when he heard what an overwhelming force Gunhild's sons had with them, he steered south with his fleet to More, pillaging wherever he came, and killing many people, both rich and poor. He then sent the whole of the bonder army back to Drontheim; but he him¬ self, with his men-at-arms, proceeded by both the dis¬ tricts of Möre and Raumsdal, and had his spies out to the south of Stad to spy the army of Gunhild's sons; and when he heard they were come into the Fiords, and were waiting for a fair wind to sail northwards round Stad, Earl Hakon set out to sea from the north side of Stad, so far that his sails could not be seen from the land, and then sailed eastward on a line with the coast, and came to Denmark, from whence he sailed into the Baltic, and pillaged there during the summer. Gunhild's sons conducted their army north to Drontheim, and remained there the whole summer collecting the scatt and duties. But when summer was advanced they left Sigurd Sieve and Gudrod behind; and the other brothers returned eastward with the levied army they had taken up in summer.
Chapter XIII. Of Earl Hakon and Gunhild's sons.
Earl Hakon, towards harvest, sailed into the Bothnian Gulph to Helsingialand, drew his ships np there on the beach, and took the land-ways through Helsingialand and Jemteland, and so eastwards round the dividing ridge (the Kiol, or keel of the country), and down into the Drontheim district. Many people streamed towards him, and he fitted out ships. When the sons of Gunhild heard of this, they got on board their ships, and sailed out of the Fiord; and Earl Hakon came to his seat at Lade, and remained there all winter. The sons of Gunhild, on the other hand, occupied Möre; and they and the earl attacked each other in turns, killing each other's people. Earl Hakon kept his dominions of Drontheim, and was there generally in the winter; but in summer he sometimes went to Helsingialand, where he went on board of his ships and sailed with them down into the Baltic, and plundered there; and sometimes he remained in Drontheim, and kept an army on foot, so that Gunhild's sons could get no hold northwards of Stad.
Chapter XIV. Sigurd Sieve's murder.
One summer Harald Grey skin with his troops went north to Biarmeland, where he forayed, and fought a great battle with the inhabitants on the banks of the Dwina. King Harald gained the victory, killed many people, plundered and wasted and burned far and wide in the land, and made enormous booty. Glum Geirason tells of it thus: —
"I saw the hero Harald chase With bloody sword Biarme's race: They fly before him through the night, All by their burning city's light. On Dwina's hank, at Harald's word, Arose the storm of spear and sword. In such a wild war-cruise as this, Great would he be who could bring peace."
​King Sigurd Sieve came to Hersen Klyp's house, Klyp was a son of Thord, and a grandson of Horda Kaare, and was a man of power and great family. He was not at home; hut his wife Alof gave a good reception to the king, and made a great feast at which there was much drinking. Alof was a daughter of Asbiorn, and sister to Jernskiægge Asbiorn's brother was called Reidar, who was father to Styrkar, whose son was Endrid, father of Einar Tambaskielver. In the night the king went to bed to Alof against her will, and then set out on his journey. The harvest thereafter, King Harald and his brother King Sigurd Sieve went to Fors, and summoned the bonders to a Thing. There the bonders fell on them, and would have killed them, but they escaped and took different roads. King Harald went to Hardanger, but King Sigurd to Alrekstad. Now when the Herse Klyp heard of this, he and his relations assembled to attack the king; and Vemund Volubriot was chief of their troop. Now when they came to the house they attacked the king, and Herse Klyp, it is said, run him through with his sword and killed him; but instantly Klyp was killed on the spot by Erling Gamle.
Chapter XV. Griotguard's fall.
King Harald Greyskin and his brother King Gudrod gathered together a great army in the east country, with which they set out northwards to Drontheim. When Earl Hakon heard of it he collected men, and set out to Möre, where he plundered. There his father's brother, Griotgaard, had the command and defence of the country on account of Gunhild's sons, and he assembled an army by order of the kings. Earl Hakon advanced to meet him, and gave him ​
battle; and there fell Griotgaard and two other earls, and many a man besides. So says Einar Skalaglam: —
"The helm-crown'd Hakon, brave as stout, Again has put his foes to rout. The howl runs o'er with Odin's mead, Has to be sung. Earl Hakon's sword, In single combat, as I've heard, Three sons of earls from this one fray To dwell with Odin drove away."
Thereafter Earl Hakon went out to sea, and sailed outside the coast, and came to Denmark. He went to the Danish king, Harald Gormeson, and was well received by him, and staid with him all winter. At that time there was also with the Danish king a man called Harald, a son of Knud Gormeson, and a brother's son of King Harald. He was lately come home from a long viking cruise, on which he had gathered great riches, and therefore he was called Gold Harald. He seemed to stand a good chance of coming to the Danish kingdom.
Chapter XVI. King Erling's fall.
King Harald Greyskin and his brothers proceeded northwards to Drontheim, where they met no opposition. They levied the scatt duties, and all other revenues, and laid heavy penalties upon the bonders; for the kings had for a long time received but little income from Drontheim, because Earl Hakon was there with many troops, and was at variance with these kings. In autumn King Harald went south with the greater part of the men-at-arms, but King Erling remained behind with his men. He raised great contributions from the bonders, and pressed severely on them; at which the bonders murmured greatly, ​and submitted to their losses with impatience. In winter they gathered together in a great force to go against King Erling, just as he was at a feast; and they gave battle to him, and he with the most of his men fell.
Chapter XVII. Of the seasons in Norway at this time.
While Gunhild's sons reigned in Norway the sea¬ sons were always bad, and the longer they reigned the worse were the crops; and the bonders laid the blame on them. They were very greedy, and used the bonders harshly. It came at length to be so bad that fish, as well as corn, were wanting. In Halogaland there was the greatest famine and distress; for scarcely any corn grew, and even snow was lying, and the cattle were bound in the byres all over the country until midsummer. Eyvind Skaldaspiller describes it in his poem, as he came outside of his house and found a thick snow-drift at that season:—
"Tis midsummer, yet deep snows rest On Odin's mother's frozen breast: Like Laplanders, our cattle-kind In stall or stable we must bind."
Chapter XVIII. Of the Icelanders and Eyvind Skaldaspiller
Eyvind composed a poem about the people of Iceland, for which they rewarded him by each bonder giving him three silver pennies, of full weight and white in the fracture And when the silver was brought together at the General Thing, the people resolved to have it purified, and made into a row of clasps; and after the workmanship of the silver was paid, the row of clasps was valued at fifty marks. This they sent to Eyvind; but Eyvind was obliged to separate the clasps from each other, and sell them to ​buy food for his household. But the same spring a shoal of herrings set in upon the fishing ground beyond the coast-side; and Eyvind manned a ship's boat with his house servants and cottars, and rowed to where the herrings were come, and sang:—
"Now let the steed of ocean bound O'er the North Sea with dashing sound; Let nimble tern and screaming gull Fly round and round—our net is full. Fain would I know if Fortune sends A like provision to my friends. Welcome provision 'tis, I wot, That the whale drives to our cook's pot."
So entirely were his moveable goods exhausted, that he was obliged to sell his arrows to buy herrings, or other meat for his table:—
"Our arms and ornaments of gold To buy us food we gladly sold: The arrows of the how gave we For the bright arrows of the sea."
* ↑ Harald Graafeld or Greyskin reigned from about the year 963 to about the year 977; and Earl Hakon from about 978 to 996.
* ↑ Chapter 27. of the Saga of Hakon Athelstan's foster-son.
* ↑ One of the Edda figures of speech for the hand,
* ↑ Krake scattered gold on his flight over the Fyrisvolde, to divert the pursuit of Adds' men. The meaning is, the scalds had gold rings on their fingers in Hakon's days.
* ↑ Menia and Fenia were strong girls of the giant race, whom Frode bought in Sweden to grind gold and good luck to him; and their meal means gold.
* ↑ Fulla was one of Odin's followers, who wore a gold band on the forehead; and the figure means gold,—that the sun shone on gold rings on the hands of the scalds in Hakon's days.
* ↑ Ocean's skates—an expression for ships.
* ↑ Heimdal was one of the gods_, whose horse was called Gold Head; and the horse's teeth were of gold. Heimdal's teeth is a figurative expression of the scald for gold. In the translation these figurative expressions are retained when they can be explained briefly, as they show the nature of the poetic language of the original.
* ↑ The site of Oglo is not well ascertained by the Norwegian antiquaries. It is supposed to be in Skatvold, near Stordal.
* ↑ It is not clear that the "grey skins" of this story were wolves' skins. It is likely they were fox or seal skins. The wolf is not found in Iceland.
* ↑ From the valkyriar or companion of Odin called Skögul. Therefore Skogle Toste was the warlike Toste.
* ↑ The coast of the White Sea. This name is supposed to he still retained in the name Permia given to this province.
* ↑ Hersern,—a title like Sir or Sira,
* ↑ Jernskiægge,—iron-beard., north in Yriar.
* ↑ Odin's mead, called Bodn, was the blood or mead the sons of Braga, the god of poets, drank to inspire them.
* ↑ To dwell with Odin,—viz. slew them.
* ↑ These are curious circumstances of the importance of the art of the scald in the estimation of the Iceland people, of the state of their money, and of their. dress. The row of clasps was probably similar to the rows of buttons still used by the Friesland fishermen for ornaments on their jackets.
* ↑ Herrings, from their swift darting along, are called the arrows of the sea; and there is a play upon the words pila (arrows) and sil (herrings), as being similar somewhat in sound.