OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Frye, James

Edition of 1900.
​FRYE, James, soldier, b. in Andover, Mass., in 1709; d. 8 Jan., 1776. He filled several local offices, served at the capture of Louisburg in 1745, and commanded the Essex regiment at the beginning of the Revolution, taking an active part in the battle of Bunker Hill. He afterward commanded the 6th brigade of the army investing Boston.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Fry, James Barnet

Edition of 1900. A parenthetical addition was made of two words from 1892 edition.
​FRY, James Barnet, soldier, b. in Carrollton, Greene co.. Ill., 22 Feb., 1827; d. in Newport, R. I., 11 July, 1894. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1847. After serving for a short time as assistant instructor of artillery at West Point, he joined his regiment (3d artillery) at the city of Mexico, where he remained in 1847-'8. After doing frontier and garrison duty at various posts, he was again instructor at West Point in 1853-'4, and adjutant of the academy in 1854-'9. He was made assistant adjutant-general on 16 March, 1861, was chief of staff to Gen. Irwin McDowell in that year, and to Gen. Don Carlos Buell in 1861-'2, taking part in the battles of Bull Run, Shiloh, and Corinth, the movement to Louisville, Ky., and the pursuit of Gen. Bragg through the southeastern part of that state. He was made provost-marshal-general of the United States, with headquarters at Washington, on 17 March, 1863, and given the staff rank of brigadier-general, 21 April, 1864. Both these commissions expired on the abolition of the office of provost-marshal-general on 30 Aug., 1866; during that time Gen. Fry put in the army 1,120,621 men, arrested 76,562 deserters, collected $26,366,316.78, and made an exact enrolment of the National forces. On 13 March, 1865, he was brevetted major-general, U. S. army, for “faithful, meritorious, and distinguished services.” He was adjutant-general, with the rank of colonel, of the divisions of the Pacific in 1866-'9, the South in 1869-'71, the Missouri in 1871-'3, and the Atlantic from 1873 till 1 June, 1881, when he was retired from active service at his own request, and became a resident of New York city. Gen. Fry's “Final Report of the Operations of the Bureau of the Provost-Marshal-General in 1863-'6” was issued as a congressional document (2 parts, Washington, 1866). He has also published “Sketch of the Adjutant-General's Department, U. S. Army, from 1775 to 1875” (New York, 1875); “History and Legal Effects of Brevets in the Armies of Great Britain and the United States, from their Origin, in 1692, to the Present Time” (1877); “Army Sacrifices,” illustrating army life on the frontier (1879); “McDowell and Tyler in the Campaign of Bull Run” (1884); “Operations of the Army under Buell” (1884); and “New York and Conscription” (1885); “Military Miscellanies” (1889).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Fry, Joseph

Edition of 1900.
​FRY, Joseph, naval officer, b. in Louisiana about 1828 ; d. in Santiago de Cuba, 7 Nov., 1873. He entered the navy as midshipman in 1841, and became passed midshipman, 10 Aug., 1847. In that year he fought a duel with Midshipman Brown, of Mississippi, near Washington, in which, after drawing his antagonist's fire, he refused to return it. He was promoted to master, 14 Sept., 1855, to lieutenant on the following day, and re- signed, 1 Feb., 1861, after the secession of his nati'V'B state. He was unable to secure a commission in the Confederate navy owing to its limited size, and was given a conmiand in the army. After serving in the southwest through the war, he removed to Albany, N. Y. He accepted the command of the filibustering steamer "Virginius" in 1873, and with thirty-six of his crew was shot as a pirate by the authorities in Cuba, after the capture of his vessel by a Spanish man-of-war.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Frothingham, Nathaniel Langdon

Edition of 1900.
​FROTHINGHAM, Nathaniel Langdon, clergyman, b. in Boston, Mass., 23 July, 1793; d. there, 3 April, 1870. He was graduated at Harvard in 1811, and, after teaching in the Boston Latin-school, became in 1812 instructor in rhetoric and oratory at Harvard, which office he was the first to hold. He also studied theology, and on 15 March, 1815, was ordained pastor of the 1st Congregational church (Unitarian) in Boston. He resigned his charge, on account of feeble health, in 1850. He contributed largely to religious periodicals, chiefly to the “Christian Examiner,” and published, besides nearly fifty occasional sermons, “Deism or Christianity,” in four discourses (Boston, 1845); “Sermons in the Order of a Twelve-month” (1852); and “Metrical Pieces, Translated and Original,” a collection of verses contributed to magazines (1855). These are distinguished, like his prose writings, for refinement and grace. His first notable poem was delivered at the installation of President Kirkland, of Harvard, while its author was a student there; his principal one is a version of the “Phenomena of the Stars,” from the Greek of Aratus. — His son, Octavius Brooks, author, b. in Boston, 26 Nov., 1822; d. there, 27 Nov., 1895, was graduated at Harvard, and, after three years in the divinity school, was ordained pastor of the North church (Unitarian) at Salem, in 10 March, 1847. He preached in Jersey City, N. J., in 1855-'9, then removed to New York, and became pastor of a congregation that in 1860 was organized as the “Third Unitarian Congregational church,” and represented the most radical branch of his denomination. He dissolved this society in 1879 and went to Europe, and on his return in 1881 formally withdrew from specific connection with any church, and devoted himself to literature in Boston. He was a leader in the movement that had for its object the promotion of rationalist ideas in theology, and contributed largely to various journals and reviews. In 1867 he became first president of the Free religious association. He was for a time art-critic of the “New York Tribune.” Mr. Frothingham published more than 150 sermons, and is the author of the following works: “Stories from the Lips of the Teacher” (Boston, 1863); “Stories from the Old Testament” (1864); “Child's Book of Religion” (1866); “The Religion of Humanity” (New York, 1873); “Life of Theodore Parker” (Boston, 1874); “Transcendentalism in New England” (New York, 1876); “The Cradle of the Christ” (1877); “Life of Gerrit Smith” (1878); “Life of George Ripley” (Boston, 1882); and “Memoir of William Henry Channing” (1886). — Nathaniel Langdon's daughter, Ellen, b. in Boston, 25 March, 1835, has devoted herself to German literature, and has translated Lessing's “Nathan der Weise” (1868); Goethe's “Hermann und Dorothea” (1870); Lessing's “Laokoon” (1874); and Grillparzer's “Sappho” (1876).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Frothingham, James

Edition of 1900.
​FROTHINGHAM, James, painter, b. in Charlestown, Mass., in 1781; d. 6 Jan., 1864. He began life as a painter in his father's chaise manufactory. With meagre instruction in colors, he finally began a career as a portrait-painter, and obtained recognition as a truthful and painstaking artist. His works had sale chiefly in New York and Salem. His copy of Stuart's “Washington” was much admired, and his original portraits were praised for fidelity of coloring.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Frothingham, Richard

Edition of 1900.
​FROTHINGHAM, Richard, historian, b. in Charlestown, Mass., 31 Jan., 1812; d. there, 29 Jan., 1880. He was for many years a proprietor of the Boston “Post,” and in 1852-'65 served as its managing editor. He was a member of the legislature in 1839, 1840, 1842, 1849, and 1850, and a delegate to the Democratic national convention of 1852, and in 1853 to the State constitutional convention. He served as mayor of Charlestown in 1851-'3, and was for several years treasurer of the Massachusetts historical society. He published a “History of Charlestown” (1848); “History of the Siege of Boston” (Boston, 1849); “The Command in the Battle of Bunker Hill” (1850): “Life of Gen. Joseph Warren” (1865); “Tribute to Thomas Starr King” (1865); “Rise of the Republic” (1871); and many pamphlets and addresses including “The Centennial: Battle of Bunker Hill” (1875).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Fuentes, Bartolomé de

Edition of 1900.
​FUENTES, or FONTE, Bartolomé de, Spanish or Portuguese navigator, supposed to have lived in the 17th century. His real or imaginary voyages have been the subject of much controversy, and even his existence has been called in question. The story of the voyages of Fuentes, who is said to have been an admiral in the service of Spain, is contained in a letter of seven pages, which was first published in a work entitled “The Monthly Miscellany, or Memoirs of the Various” (London, 1708). It is not known how the letter fell into the hands of the editors of this work. According to the narrative, he sailed from the port of Lima, 3 April, 1640, took a northwesterly course, and, after reaching lat. 53° N., discovered an archipelago, which he called the archipelago of St. Lazarus. He entered a river in one of the islands of the archipelago, flowing from the east, and sailed eastward through other rivers and lakes of vast extent, until he fell in with the ship of Capt. Shapely, who was coming from Boston, and consequently from the east, all of which showed clearly that there was a communication between the two oceans north of America. The letter of Fuentes was republished by Sir Arthur Dobbs in his account of the countries that border on Hudson bay (London, 1744). Sir Arthur Dobbs says that, from information that he had gathered in America, there was a Capt. Shapely living in Boston at the date of the voyage of Admiral Fuentes. Another narrative of the same event was published in a “Voyage to Hudson's Bay” (London, 1749). The letter of Fuentes was translated into French by the distinguished geographer, Joseph Nicholas Delisle, who read two learned dissertations on the subject in presence of the Academy of sciences in 1750. He attaches considerable importance to the letter of Fuentes, and endeavors to reconcile his statements with what he had learned of the discoveries of the Russians. Spanish authors have generally kept silent on the voyage of Fuentes. The author of the “Noticia de California,” however (Madrid, 1757), formally denies that such a person existed. Dr. Forster, also, in his work on the discoveries in the north, considers Fuentes a mythical personage. On the other hand, Fleurieu, in his “Introduction au voyage de Marchand,” leans to the opinion that he was a real person, and this opinion acquires still more probability since the publication of the voyages of Maldonado, although in the “Quarterly Review” of February, 1817, strong objections are urged against the reality of either voyage. The fact of the existence at least of a navigator of the name of Fonte, or Fuentes, would seem to receive confirmation from the work of the Hollander, Witsen, on Tartary, entitled “Nord en cost Tartarye” (1705), quoted in Burney's “Chronological History of the Discoveries of South Sea.” Vancouver, although frequently opposing the statements of Fuentes, declares that he could not deny them positively.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Fuero, Joaquin

Edition of 1900.
​FUERO, Joaquin, Mexican soldier, b. in Guadalupe Hidalgo, 21 Aug., 1814; d. in the city of Mexico, 21 April, 1861. His father was a lieutenant-colonel in the Spanish army. The son was sent to the city of Mexico for his primary education, but the family had to leave the country toward the close of 1821, as his father refused to serve the cause of Mexican independence. Young Fuero entered the military college of Segovia, and on leaving it entered the army as ensign. He was promoted to captain for gallantry in 1836, and in 1838 accompanied his father to the island of Cuba, where the latter soon died. Fuero then returned to Mexico, where he entered the army, with the rank of captain, in 1839, was appointed professor in the military college in 1840, and soon established a regular course of practical line-drill, military tactics, and topographical design. When Gen. Urréa pronounced against the government, on 15 July, 1840, Fuero attacked him in the citadel at the head of a column of his scholars, and drove him back. He was then given command of several companies of regular troops, with which he aided in suppressing the insurrection, after a fortnight of street-fighting. In 1841 Fuero was promoted major and resigned the vice-presidency of the military college. In 1843 he was appointed chief of staff of the army of operations in Tamaulipas, and as such designed all the plans of the campaign. During the war with the United States Fuero took part in all the battles, till the defeat at Padierna, after which he protected the retreat ​of the army at the head of a small force, and received a wound that ultimately caused his death. After the peace of Guadalupe Hidalgo he was retired as an invalid on full pay, with the rank of colonel, and opened a private college, but during the latter years of his life he had to abandon this pursuit, as his wound caused a gradual softening of the brain. Fuero published “Manual del Militar, ó Tratado complete de Instrucción en la Ordenanza” (2 vols., 1842), and a translation of Gen. Makenna's “Treatise on Military Tactics” (1844).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Fuller, Hiram

Edition of 1900.
​FULLER, Hiram, journalist, b. in Halifax, Plymouth co., Mass., about 1815; d. in 1880. After teaching in Plympton, he was principal of the Green street seminary in Providence, R. I., where he had Margaret Fuller for his assistant. He afterward became a bookseller in Providence, and in 1843 associated himself with N. P. Willis and George P. Morris in the publication of the “New Mirror.” The three afterward established the “Daily Mirror,” of which Fuller became sole proprietor, and edited it for fourteen years. He wrote for it a series of clever society letters from Newport, under the pen-name of “Belle Brittan.” Under Taylor's administration Fuller had a place in the navy department. He went abroad at the beginning of the civil war, espoused the Confederate cause, and established the “Cosmopolitan” newspaper in London. After being twice a bankrupt, he became a journalist and adventurer in Paris. He published “The Groton Letters” (1845); “Belle Brittan on a Tour” (New York, 1858); “Sparks from a Locomotive, by Belle Brittan” (1859); and “Grand Transformation Scenes in the United States, or Glimpses of Home after Thirteen Years Abroad” (1875).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Fuller, Melville Weston

Edition of 1900. Supplement.
FULLER, Melville Weston, jurist, b. in Augusta, Me., 11 Feb., 1833. He was graduated at Bowdoin in 1853, studied law in Bangor with his uncle, George M. Weston, and then at Harvard, and began to practise in 1855 in his native city. There he was an associate editor of the “Age,” served as president of the common council, and became city attorney in 1856; but he resigned in June of that year, and removed to Chicago, Ill., where he was in active practice for thirty-two years. He rose to the highest rank in his profession, and was concerned in many important cases, among which were the National bank tax cases, one of which was the first that was argued before Chief-Justice Waite, the Cheney ecclesiastical case, the South park commissioners' cases, and the Lake front case. He was a member of the state constitutional convention of 1862, and later of the lower house of the legislature, where
he was a leader of the Douglas branch of the Democratic party. He was a delegate to the Democratic national conventions of 1864, 1872, 1876, and 1880. On 30 April, 1888, he was nominated by President Cleveland to be chief justice of the United States, and on 20 July he was confirmed by the senate. On 8 Oct. he took the oath of office and entered on his duties. Justice Fuller is, with one exception, the youngest member of the supreme court. In 1899 he was a member of the arbitration commission, convened in Paris, to which was referred the case of the Anglo-Venezuelan boundary question. Among his addresses is one welcoming Stephen A. Douglas to Chicago in 1860, and another on Sidney Breese, which is prefixed to Judge Breese's “Early History of Illinois” (1884). The degree of LL. D. has been conferred on him by Harvard and other institutions.
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# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Gagnon, Lucian

Edition of 1892.
​GAGNON, Lucian, Canadian patriot, b. in Pointe-à-la Mule, parish of St. Valentine, Canada; d. in Champlain, N. Y., 7 Jan., 1843. He was among the first to take part in the agitation in Canada against the British government, was present at the assembly of the six confederate counties at St. Charles, 23 Oct., 1837, and left the meeting convinced that insurrection was the only remedy for Canadian grievances. He then travelled through every part of the parish of St. Valentine and the neighboring parishes, preparing the people for the struggle. The chiefs of the insurrection, who had fled to the United States on being defeated at St. Charles, decided, after reaching Swanton, to return to Canada, as they were convinced that Robert Nelson was waiting for them at St. Cesaire at the head of a considerable force. As they were not numerous enough to venture on such an incursion, Gagnon offered to go to Canada and return with a sufficient number to give the enterprise a chance of success. He crossed the frontier during the night, raised his native parish, as well as the surrounding ones, and succeeded in organizing a band of fifty determined men with whom he managed to recross the frontier, although it was well guarded. The band entered Swanton, where it was received with enthusiasm by the refugees and by the Americans who at this point did everything to help the insurgents. Between 70 and 80 men passed into Canada; but, on their way to join Nelson, they met 400 volunteers who were waiting for them at Moore's Corner. In the fight that ensued, Gagnon was twice wounded, and escaped across the frontier with great difficulty. He was soon afterward joined by his wife, her mother, and his eight children, who had been driven, almost naked, from their home under circumstances of great barbarity. On 28 Feb. he attempted to enter Canada with a band of 300 men which had been organized by Nelson. They were arrested at the frontier by U. S. troops, and tried for violating the neutrality laws, but, as they were without arms, they were acquitted. Gagnon afterward entered Canada and was charged by Nelson with the duty of keeping up free communication between Rouse's Point and Napierville. He was present at the fight ​at Odelltown, 10 Nov., 1838, and succeeded in reaching the United States afterward. The privations that he had endured caused consumption, which ultimately ended his life.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Fuero, Francisco Fabian

Edition of 1900.
​FUERO, Francisco Fabian (foo-ay'-ro), Spanish R. C. bishop, b. in Terzaga, Aragon, 7 Aug., 1719; d. in Torre Hermosa, 3 Aug., 1801. He studied in Calatayud and Alcala, and was at different times rector of the colleges of San Antonio de Siguenza and Santa Cruz, in Valladolid. He was appointed bishop of Puebla, Mexico, in 1764, was present at the fourth Mexican council in 1771, and resigned his bishopric in 1773. On his return to Spain he was promoted archbishop of Valencia, and retired in 1795 to the place of his birth. At Puebla he introduced many improvements; founded in the seminary of that city several chairs of learning, organized an academy of literature, and founded a fine library, which he enriched with select works and a printing-press. He reorganized the discipline of the convents, and established a college to educate Indian youths. Fuero left many interesting manuscripts, and published a volume on scientific subjects (1772).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Frœbel, Julius

Edition of 1900. Four words inserted from the 1892 edition.
​FRŒBEL, Julius, author, b. in Griesheim, Germany, in 1806; d. in Zurich, Switzerland, 7 Nov., 1893. He was a nephew of the founder of the kindergarten system, Friedrich Frœbel. Julius was educated at the universities of Jena, Munich, and Berlin, and in 1833 became a naturalized citizen of Switzerland. He joined the extreme radical party, edited the “Swiss Republican,” and issued several scientific works and political pamphlets, many of which were suppressed in Germany. In 1848 he was elected a member of the German parliament that met at Frankfort, and afterward accompanied the radical Robert Blum to Vienna, where he was arrested and condemned to death by the court-martial that convicted Blum, but was pardoned before the date fixed for the execution. On the dissolution of the parliament he visited the United States, where he became editor of a German newspaper, lectured in New York city, and in 1850 went to Nicaragua, Santa Fé, and Chihuahua as correspondent of the New York “Tribune.” He returned to Germany in 1857, and efforts were made to expel him from Frankfort, but he was protected on the ground of his naturalization as a citizen of the United States. In 1863 he went to Vienna, and became a Federalist leader. In 1873 he was appointed consul of the German empire at Smyrna, Asia Minor, and in 1876 was transferred to Algiers. His works include “System of Social Politics” (London, 1847); “The Republican,” an historical drama (1848); “Seven Years' Travel in Central America, Northern Mexico, and the Far West of the United States” (1859); “Theory of Politics” (1861); and “Political Addresses” (1870).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Gallardo, Aurelio Luis

Edition of 1900.
​GALLARDO, Aurelio Luis (gal-yar'-do), Mexican poet, b. in León, Guanajuato, 3 Nov., 1831; d. in Napa, Cal., 27 Nov., 1869. In his earliest youth his parents settled in Guadalajara, and he studied in the seminary of that city. After his marriage he gave himself up entirely to literature, and published many minor poems and pieces for the theatre, which were well received. His style is simple and natural, and in his patriotic poems he shows an enthusiastic belief in the ulterior success of the republic and the overthrow of the empire. These productions attracted the persecution of the Imperialists, and in 1866 he was forced to emigrate to San Francisco, Cal. There he continued his poetical labors, contributed to the Spanish papers of the state, and in 1868 founded, in San Francisco, “El Republicano.” His works are three volumes of poems, “Sueños y Sombras” (Mexico, 1856), “Nubes y Estrellas” (Guadalajara, 1865), and “Leyendas y Ronmnces” (San Francisco, 1868); also a collection of poems, “Leyendas intimas,” and a novel, “Adah, ó el Amor de un Angel,” published in the literary section of his paper in California. He also wrote about twenty comedies, of which the best known are “El Pintor de Florencia,” “Abrojos del Corazón,” “Los Mártires de Tacubaya,” “La Hechicera de Córdoba,” and the drama “Maria Antonieta de Lorena,” which by many is considered his best production.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Fink, Frederick

Edition of 1900.
​FINK, Frederick, artist, b. in Little Falls, N. Y., 18 Dec., 1817; d. in 1849. He studied medicine in Albany, but became a merchant, and afterward studied painting with Samuel F. B. Morse, and later in Europe. He painted many excellent genre pictures, the most notable of which are “The Artist's Studio,” “The Shipwrecked Mariner,” and “The Negro Wood-Sawyer.”