OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Scott, Robert (1811-1887)

​SCOTT, ROBERT (1811–1887), lexicographer and dean of Rochester, born on 26 Jan. 1811 at Bondleigh, Devonshire, was son of Alexander Scott, then rector there. His father moved to Egremont Rectory, Cumberland, and Robert attended St. Bees, and afterwards Shrewsbury School, then under Dr. Samuel Butler [q. v.], afterwards bishop of Lichfield. He entered Christ Church, Oxford (of which he was elected a student along with H. G. Liddell), in January 1830. He was Craven scholar in 1830, Ireland scholar in 1833, and in the same year graduated B.A. with first class in the final classical school. In 1834 he gained the Latin essay, and became fellow of Balliol in 1835, acting as tutor in that college (with Archibald Campbell Tait, afterwards archbishop of Canterbury) until 1840. He was ordained in 1835, and held the college living of Duloe, Cornwall, from 1845 to 1850. He was prebendary of Exeter from 1845 to 1866, and held the rectory of South Luffenham, Rutland, from 1850 to 1854, being select preacher at Oxford in 1853–4. In 1854 he was elected master of Balliol College, in succession to Dr. Richard Jenkyns [q. v.], and in opposition to Benjamin Jowett, whose orthodoxy was questioned. Scott held the mastership until 1870, being also Dean Ireland's professor of exegesis from 1861 to 1870. He was dean of Rochester from 1870 to his death, being again select preacher at Oxford in 1874–5. During his tenure of office Balliol College, which had already made marked progress under Dr. Jenkyns, became one of the most prominent colleges, if not the leading college, in the university. Dr. Scott joined to a most zealous and successful performance of his duties first as tutor, afterwards as parish priest, and subsequently as master of Balliol and as dean of Rochester, a zealous devotion to scholarship. This he displayed most conspicuously in the great Greek-English lexicon which he compiled with Dr. H. G. Liddell, dean of Christ Church, and which opened a new epoch in Greek scholarship in England. The work was begun, on the basis of Passow's lexicon, in 1836. After seven years of labour the first edition was brought out by the Clarendon Press in 1843. Its revision continued for forty years to be the constant occupation of its joint authors, the seventh and enlarged edition being published in 1883. It remains the most complete and authoritative book of the kind. Dr. Scott was also the ​author of ‘Twelve Sermons’ (1851) and of ‘University Sermons’ (1860). He contributed to the ‘Speaker's Commentary’ a commentary on the Epistle of St. James, and was member of the revision committee for the New Testament and the Apocrypha.
Scott died at the deanery, Rochester, on 2 Dec. 1887. He married, first, on 1 Dec. 1840, Mary Harriet, daughter of Rear-admiral Thomas Folliott Bough, who died on 5 Dec. 1845; and, secondly, on 7 June 1849, Mary Jane Ann, daughter of Major Hugh Scott, who died on 6 Jan. 1885.
[Guardian, 14 Dec. 1887 (art. by Archdeacon Palmer); Campbell and Abbott's Life of Jowett, 1897; personal knowledge.]
H. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Scott, Robert Eden

​SCOTT, ROBERT EDEN (1770–1811), philosopher, born at Old Aberdeen in 1770, graduated M.A. at the University and King's College, Aberdeen, on 30 March 1785, was appointed regent on 8 May 1788, and, after holding in co-professoriate the chair of natural philosophy interchangeably with those of Greek, mathematics, and moral philosophy, held the last exclusively from 1800 until his death, which occurred at Edinburgh on 21 Jan. 1811. His portrait is in the possession of the University of Aberdeen. Scott married at Old Aberdeen, on 19 Feb. 1797, Rachel Forbes of Thainstown. He was author of:
* ‘Elements of Rhetoric,’ 1802.
* ‘Elements of Intellectual Philosophy, or an Analysis of the Powers of the Human Understanding,’ Edinburgh, 1805, 8vo.
* ‘Inquiry into the Limits and Peculiar Objects of Physical and Metaphysical Science,’ Edinburgh, 1810, 8vo.
He belonged to the Scottish, or common-sense, school of philosophy.
[Scots Mag. 1797 p. 143, 1811 p. 159; Officers and Graduates of Univ. and King's Coll. Aberdeen (New Spalding Club), 1893, pp. 64, 259, 320; Blakey's Hist. Ment. Phil. iv. 23.]
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Morton, John (1671-1726)

​MORTON, JOHN (1671?–1726), naturalist, was born between 18 July 1670 and 18 July 1671. He matriculated at Cambridge on 17 Dec. 1688, graduated B.A. from Emmanuel College in 1691; took an ad eundem degree at Oxford in 1694, and proceeded M.A. in 1695. In 1701 Morton became curate of Great Oxendon, Northamptonshire, and in 1703 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. His first letter to Sloane (Sloane MS. 4053, f. 329) is dated 7 Feb. 1703, and alludes to his acquaintance with Captain Hatton, his recent election into the Royal Society, and his 'Natural History of Northamptonshire, then in progress.' In a letter to Dr. Richard Richardson [q.v.] of North Bierley (Richardson Correspondence, p. 85), dated 9 Nov. 1704, he writes: 'My acquaintance with Mr. Ray initiated me early in the search and study of plants : from the reading of Dr. Lister's books, became an inquirer after fossil shells; and my correspondence with Dr. Woodward, Dr. Sloane, and Mr. Lhwyd, has supported my curiosity.' Sloane appears to have visited him at Oxendon between May 1705 and April 1706; and in the latter year Morton was instituted as rector of that place. In the 'Philosophical Transactions' for 1706 (No. 305, xxv. 2210) appeared ' A Letter from the Rev. Mr. Morton, A.M. and S.R.S., to Dr. Hans Sloane, S.R. Seer., containing a Relation of river and other Shells digg'd up, together with. ​various Vegetable Bodies, in a bituminous marshy earth, near Mears-Ashby, in Northamptonshire: with some Reflections thereupon: as also an Account of the Progress he has made in the Natural History of Northamptonshire.' In this, and in his later work, Morton adopted the views of Dr. John Woodward as to the deluge and the entombment of fossils according to their gravities. In 1710 he became rector of Great Oxendon. In 1712 he published 'The Natural History of Northamptonshire, with some account of the Antiquities; to which is annexed a transcript of Domesday Book, as far as it relates to that County,' London, folio. This book deals largely with 'figured fossils,' of which it contains several plates, and Pulteney praises the botanical part; but in Whalley's 'History of Northamptonshire' the transcript of Domesday is said to be very inaccurate. Writing to Richardson in 1713, Morton says: 'I frequently drank your health with my friend Mr. Buddle, and other of the London botanists.' He died on 18 July 1726, aged 55, and was buried at Great Oxendon, where a monument, with an inscription to his memory, was erected at the expense of Sir Hans Sloane.
[Sloane MS. 4053, ff. 329-54; Nichols's Illustrations of the Literary History of the Eighteenth Century, i. 326; Pulteney's Sketches of the Progress of Botany, i. 354; Notes and Queries, 1st ser. vi. 358.]
G. S. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Morton, Robert

​MORTON, ROBERT (d. 1497), bishop of Worcester, was the nephew of Cardinal John Morton (1420–1500) [q. v.] His father was William Morton (Nichols, Collectanea Topographica et Geneal. iii. 170), not Sir Rowland, who did not die till 1554 (Burke, Extinct Baronage, p. 373). He became prebendary of Thorngate, Lincoln, 16 Aug. 1471, and succeeded his uncle as archdeacon of Winchester in 1478. He held the degree of LL.D. (Wharton, Anglia Sacra, i. 538). On 30 May 1477 his uncle had secured the reversion of the office of master of the rolls for him in the event of his own death or resignation. Robert obtained it by a new patent 9 Jan. 1479. He kept the office under Edward IV and Edward V, and lost it under Richard III, when his uncle was in disgrace. He was reinstated by Henry VII, and named as one of the commissioners to perform the office of steward on Henry's coronation. He said he required help as master of the rolls because of his activity in the king's service, and a coadjutor was given him 13 Nov. 1485.
In 1481 he was canon of Windsor, but he resigned the office 8 March 1486. On 15 March following he was granted, jointly with Margaret, countess of Richmond, the advowson of a prebend in the church of Windsor and the advowson of a canonry in Windsor (21 Dec. 1487 and 12 Jan. 1488). On 8 June 1482 he was collated archdeacon of Gloucester, and resigned when he became a bishop. On 16 Oct. 1486 he received a papal provision for the bishopric of Worcester, obtained a license of consecration from his uncle 24 Jan. 1486-7, was consecrated 28 Jan., and received his temporalities 10 Feb. He was enthroned by proxy 22 July 1487; he instituted to vacant benefices as early as 8 Jan. (Thomas, Account of the Bishops of Worcester, p. 200).
On 15 March 1497 he received a pardon from Henry VII, which was intended to secure his property against extortions. He died in the following April or May. His arms are given in Thomas and his epitaph in Browne Willis. He was buried in the nave of St. Paul's Cathedral, London. In his will he gave twenty marks to the cathedral of Worcester, and directed that he should be buried in the cemetery of the place where he should die (Browne Willis, Survey, i. 643). The same writer states that Morton received many other preferments, but these seem to have belonged to a person named Robert Moreton, whom Le Neve does not identify with the bishop.
[Foss's Judges of England, v. 67, &c.; Le Neve's Fasti Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ, ed. Hardy, ii. 223, iii. 26, 78, 389; Thomas's Account of Bishops of Worcester, p. 200.]
M. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Morton, Thomas (1813-1849)

​MORTON, THOMAS (1813–1849), surgeon, born 20 March 1813 in the parish of St. Andrew, Newcastle-on-Tyne, was youngest son of Joseph Morton, a master mariner, and brother of Andrew Morton [q. v.] the portrait painter. Thomas was apprenticed to James Church, house-surgeon to the Newcastle-on-Tyne Infirmary, and, on the completion of his preliminary education there in 1832, entered at University College, London, to finish his medical education. Admitted a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England on 24 July 1835, he was appointed house-surgeon at the North London (now University College) Hospital under Samuel Cooper, whose only daughter he afterwards married. He enjoyed the singular honour of being reappointed when his year of office had expired. In 1836 he was made demonstrator of anatomy conjointly with Mr. Ellis, a post he held for nine years. In 1842 he became assistant surgeon to the hospital, and he was thus the first student of the college to be placed upon the staff of the newly founded hospital. In 1848 he was appointed full surgeon to the hospital upon the resignation of Syme. He was also surgeon to the Queen's Bench prison in succession to Cooper, his father-in-law. Morton was a candidate for the professorship of surgery at University College when Arnott was appointed. He died very unexpectedly, by his own hand, on 29 Oct. 1849, at his house in Woburn Place, London.
Morton was one of the ablest of the younger surgeons whose sound work raised the medical school attached to University College to the high position it now holds. His death was a great blow to the prestige of the college, coming as it did so soon after the deaths of Potter, Liston, and Cooper, and the resignation of Syme. Morton was an excellent teacher of anatomy, and a sound clinical surgeon. He was dark-complexioned and sallow, and of a retiring, shy, and sensitive nature, which betokened a melancholy disposition, leading him to take too gloomy a view of his prospects in life.
His works are: 1. 'Surgical Anatomy of the Perinseum,' London, 1838. 2. 'Surgical Anatomy of the Groin,' London, 1839. 3. 'Surgical Anatomy of Inguinal Herniæ,' London, 1841. 4. 'Anatomical Engravings,' London, 1845. 5. 'Surgical Anatomy, with Introduction by Mr. W. Cadge,' London, 1850. All these works are remarkable, because they are illustrated by his brother, Andrew Morton, and mark the revival of an artistic representation of anatomical details. A life-size portrait, three-quarter length, by Andrew Morton, executed in oils, is now in the secretary's office at the Royal College of Surgeons in Lincoln's Inn Fields, London.
[Obituary notices in the Lancet, vol. ii. 1849, Gent. Mag. 1849, pt. ii. p. 658, Times, 30 Oct. and 2 Nov. 1849, p. 5; additional facts kindly given to the writer by Mr. Eric Erichsen, Mr. Cadge, and Dr. Embleton.]
D’A. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Hopkins, Edward John

​HOPKINS, EDWARD JOHN (1818–1901), organist, born at Westminster on 30 June 1818, was son of George Hopkins (1789–1869), a clarinet player. John Hopkins (1822–1900), organist of Rochester cathedral, and Thomas Hopkins (d. 1893), organ builder, were his brothers. Edward Hopkins (1818–1842), organist of Armagh cathedral, and John Larkin Hopkins, Mus.Doc. [q. v.], organist successively of Rochester cathedral (1841–56), and of Cambridge University (1856–73), were his cousins. After serving as a chorister at the Chapel Royal, St. James's, from 1826 to 1834, Hopkins was organist in turn of Miteham church, Surrey, from 1834, of St. Peter's, Islington, from 1838, and of St. Luke's, Berwick Street, from 1841.
In October 1843 he was elected organist at the Temple church, London, and remained there for fifty-five years. On completing his jubilee in 1893 he received a valuable testimonial from the benchers, and on his retirement in 1898 was made hon. organist. He sang at Westminster Abbey in the choir at the coronation of William IV in 1831 and at Queen Victoria's diamond jubilee celebration in 1897.
He received the honorary degree of Mus.Doc. from the archbishop of Canterbury in 1882, and from the University of Toronto in 1886.
Hopkins was an excellent organist and a fine extemporaneous player. His compositions, though neither numerous nor of large calibre, are always melodious and pleasing. His anthems 'Out of the Deep' and 'God is gone up' won the Gresham prize medals in 1838 and 1840 respectively. His two services in A and F, and many of his chants and hymn tunes, which number 160, have obtained world-wide celebrity.
Hopkins was one of the first to issue a series of elaborate arrangements for the organ. For the services at the Temple church he arranged and edited a 'Book of Responses,' and a collection of chants, all of which were incorporated in the 'Temple Church Choral Service Book' (1867; 2nd edit. 1880) and the 'Temple Psalter' (1883). He also issued a collection of '165 single chants of the 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries' and 'single chants with additional harmonies for unison use.' His historical prefaces to the Temple service books exhibit much scholarly research. He also edited Purcell's organ music and several volumes for the Musical Antiquarian Society, and contributed many musical articles to the press. As an authority on organ construction Hopkins was without an equal, and standard rank has long been accorded his book, 'The Organ, its History and Construction' (1855; third edit, with Dr. Rimbault, 1877).
Hopkins died on 4 Feb. 1901, and was interred in Hampstead cemetery. He married in 1845 Sarah Lovett, by whom he had four sons and five daughters.
[The Life and Works of Edward John Hopkins, by Dr. C. W. Pearce, 1910; Grove's Dict. of Music; private information.]
J. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1927 supplement/FitzAlan-Howard, Henry

​FITZALAN-HOWARD, HENRY, fifteenth Duke of Norfolk (1847–1917). [See Howard.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Shepard

​SHEPARD. [See also Shephard, Shepheard, 'Shepherd', Sheppard, and Shepperd.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Shenton, Henry Chawner

Contains subarticles Henry Chawner Shenton (1825–1846) & William Kernot Shenton (1836–1877)
​SHENTON, HENRY CHAWNER (1803–1866), engraver, was born at Winchester in 1803, and became a pupil of Charles Warren [q. v.], one of whose daughters he married. He was at first employed upon small book illustrations, from designs by Stothard, Uwins, Westall, Corbould, and others, some of which he exhibited with the Society of British Artists between 1825 and 1832. Subsequently he executed some good plates on a larger scale, including ‘The Stray Kitten,’ after W. Collins, and ‘The Hermit,’ after A. Fraser. For Finden's ‘Gallery of British Art’ he engraved ‘A Day's Sport in the Highlands,’ after A. Cooper, and ‘The Loan of a Bite,’ after Mulready. Shenton's best-known plates are the three published by the Art Union of London: ‘The Tired Huntsman,’ after C. Landseer, 1840; ‘The Clemency of Cœur de Lion,’ after R. Crosse, 1857; and ‘A Labour of Love,’ after J. R. Dicksee, 1863; the last he was unable to finish on account of the failure of his eyesight. He also executed for the Art Union a set of outlines of incidents in English history, from designs by various artists, issued in 1847. Shenton was one of the last survivors of the able band of engravers in the pure line manner who flourished during the first half of this century. He died suddenly at Camden Town on 15 Sept. 1866.
Henry Chawner Shenton (1825–1846), his eldest son, studied in the schools of the Royal Academy and at Rome, and was trained as a sculptor by William Behnes [q. v.] He exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1843 a group of Christ and Mary; in 1844 at the Westminster Hall competition, a colossal group of ‘The Burial of the Princes in the Tower;’ and in 1845, also at Westminster Hall, a statue of Cranmer. These were works of the highest promise, and gained much admiration; but the artist's career was cut short, after a brief illness, on 7 Feb. 1846.
His brother, William Kernot Shenton (1836–1877), born in June 1836, also became a sculptor and exhibited medallion portraits at the Royal Academy from 1857 to 1871. He for a time taught drawing and modelling in the art school at the Crystal Palace, and died on 19 April 1877 (Art Journal, 1878).
F. M. O'D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Shelton, Richard

​SHELTON, SHELDON, or SHILTON, Sir RICHARD (d. 1647), solicitor-general, was the elder of the two sons of John Shelton (d. 1601), a mercer, of Birmingham, by his wife Barbara, daughter and heir of Francis Stanley of West Bromwich. He studied law at the Inner Temple, and had the good fortune to be employed by the Duke of Buckingham on his private affairs. Buckingham made him one of his council, and was probably the means of Shelton's appointment as a reader at the Inner Temple in 1624. To the same influence he owed his selection as solicitor-general in October 1625; he was knighted by Charles I ​at Hampton Court on the 31st. He was elected to parliament for Bridgnorth on 17 Jan. 1625–6, and for Guildford on 3 Feb. sitting for the former constituency; but in the commons his lack of debating power and general incompetence rendered him no match for Coke and the opposition lawyers (cf. Gardiner, vi. 240, 243, 268, vii. 44, 366). In November 1625 he was placed on a commission to compound with recusants. On 6 March 1627–8 he was re-elected for Bridgnorth, and in 1628 was appointed treasurer of the Inner Temple. In February 1628–9 he defended Montagu's appointment as bishop of Chichester, and in December 1633 was placed on a commission to exercise ecclesiastical jurisdiction in England and Wales. In October 1634, being, according to Clarendon, ‘an old, illiterate, useless person,’ Shelton was forced to resign, and was succeeded by Sir Edward (afterwards Lord) Littleton [q. v.] He retired to his manor of West Bromwich, which he acquired from his cousin William Stanley in 1626, and lived there unmolested during the civil war. He died in December 1647, and was buried at West Bromwich on the 7th. By his wife Lettice (d. 1642), daughter of Sir Robert Fisher of Packington, Warwickshire, he had no issue, and West Bromwich passed to John, son of Shelton's brother Robert.
A. F. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Shepesheved, William de

​SHEPESHEVED, WILLIAM de (fl. 1320?), chronicler, was a monk of the Cistercian house of Crokesden, Staffordshire. He ​wrote a list of the names of the monks of the house and chronicles of English history from 1066 down to 1320. These are extant in the Cotton. MS. Faust. B. vi. 6. The handwriting of the annals changes about 1320.
M. B.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Agaricus Muscarius

Edition of 1802.
​Agaricus Muscarius, L. See Musky Mushroom.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Age

Edition of 1802.
​AGE signifies any period of duration. It is indiscriminately used to express many objects and situations, but is more frequently applied to the latter or advanced periods of human life; and, in this sense, is accompanied with the epithet old.
Human existence has been divided into four distinct periods, viz. infancy, youth, manhood, and old age. The gradation through these successive stages is often slight and imperceptible; it may be either accelerated or retarded, according to the more or less prudent conduct of the individual, the mode of life which is pursued, and the various rules and precautions observed in diet, regimen, &c.
Age, when accompanied with other good qualities, is more especially entitled to respect and reverence; but, if marked with ignorance, becomes disgusting and contemptible. See the article Longevity.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/After-Birth

Edition of 1802.
​After-Birth. See Midwifery.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Affliction

Edition of 1802.
​AFFLICTION, as opposed to a state of joy and prosperity, cannot be called a disease, though when indulged to excess, it may be productive of many mental and bodily affections. For whatever tends to excite anger, hatred, envy, &c. cannot fail to bring on disorders arising from tense or rigid fibres; as, on the contrary, fear, grief, and excessive joy, engender those maladies which are the consequence of relaxation.
Hence we cannot be too much on our guard against the invasion of passions, which may be truly styled the greatest enemies of mankind. Lord Bolingbroke, in his letters "on the study and use of history," gives the following pertinent advice: "Let us set all our past and our present afflictions at once before our eyes. Let us resolve to overcome them, instead of shrinking from the contest, or of wearing out the sense of them, by long and ignominious patience. Instead of palliating remedies, let us use the incision-knife and the caustic; probe the wound to the bottom, and work an immediate and radical cure." Uninterrupted misery, continues this stoic philosopher, has this good effect, that, as it continually torments, it finally hardens the sufferer.