OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Order of the Incarnate Word and Blessed Sacrament

From volume 7 of the work.
Founded in the early part of the seventeenth century by Jeanne Chezard de Matel. The illustrious foundress was born in 1596, at Roanne, France, and died in 1670 at Lyons. The rule and constitutions of the order were approved in 1633 by Urban VIII, and confirmed in 1644 by Innocent X. The principal object of the order is the education of youth. The first house was founded at Lyons, France, foundations being subsequently established at Avignon, Paris, and various other places in France. At the time of the French Revolution the religious were driven out of their monasteries, and destruction threatened the order, but the Word Incarnate watched over its preservation, and, after the restoration of peace, the order was re-established. Azerables, France, claims the privilege of being the cradle of the resuscitated order. It thence again spread it branches over many parts of France. In 1852, Bishop Odin, first Bishop of Texas, visited France to obtain religious for his far-off mission. A little band, headed by the noble and self-sacrificing Mother St. Claire, left Lyons to transplant to the New World the Order of the Incarnate Word. At Brownsville, Texas, then a mere fort, was founded the first house in America. Many hardships had to be encountered, and many difficulties faced, but the wise and prudent management of the superioress, and the devotion and self-sacrifice of the pioneer band, overcame every obstacle. In 1866 an establishment was founded at Victoria by religious from Brownsville, Texas, Mother St. Claire being again chosen superioress. The same wise administration caused this house to prosper, and in a few years it had sent out subjects to begin foundations at Corpus Christi, Houston, and Hallettsville. These, in turn, made foundations in many places in Mexico. The community of Victoria consists at present of forty-four members. Mother M. Antoinette, who was then a novice of the house of Lyons, and was the first to join the community after its commencement here, is the present superioress. The institute is in a very flourishing condition. A new, excellently-equipped academy has been built at Victoria, where a high standard of education is maintained by an efficient staff.
MOTHER ANTOINETTE
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Order of the Swan

From volume 14 of the work.
A pious confraternity, indulgenced by the pope, which arose in 1440 in the Electorate of Brandenburg, originally comprising, with the Elector Frederick at their head, thirty gentleman and seven ladies united to pay special honour to the Blessed Virgin. It spread rapidly, numbering in 1464 about 330 members, as well as branches established in the Margraviate of Anspach (1465) and in the possessions of the Teutonic Order in Prussia. But Protestantism, by suppressing devotion to Mary, abolished the confraternity's raison d'etre. In 1843 King Frederick William IV of Prussia, in his infatuation for the Middle Ages, thought of re-establishing this order, but this was never more than a project. The name is due to the fact that the members wore a medal of the Blessed Virgin to which was attached a swan, the symbolic meaning being variously interpreted.
JUNG, Miscellanea (Leipzig, 1739), I, 133 sqq.; II, 46 sqq.; STILLFRIED-HANLE, Das Buch von Schwanenorden (Berlin, 1881).
CHARLES MOELLER
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Orders of St. George

From volume 13 of the work.
Knights of St. George appear at different historical periods and in different countries as mutually independent bodies having nothing in common but the veneration of St. George, the patron of knighthood. St. George of Lydda, a martyr of the persecution of Diocletian in the fourth century, is one of those military saints whom Byzantine iconography represented as a horseman armed cap-à-pie, like the flower of the Roman armies after the military reform of Justinian in the sixth century. The pilgrim knights of Europe, encountering in the East these representations of St. George, recognized their own accoutrements and at once adopted him as the patron of their noble calling. This popularity of St. George in the West gave rise to numerous associations both secular and religious. Among secular orders of this name which still exist must be mentioned the English Order of the Garter, which has always had St. George for its patron. Though Protestantism suppressed his cult, the chapel of St. George at Windsor has remained the official seat of the order, where its chapters assemble and where each knight is entitled to a stall over which his banner is hung. A second royal order under the double patronage of St. Michael and St. George was founded in England in 1818 to reward services rendered in foreign or colonial relations. In Bavaria a secular Order of St. George has existed since 1729, and owes its foundation to the prince elector, better known by the title of Charles VII which he bore as emperor for a brief period. The present Russian Order of St. George dates from 1769, having been founded in the reign of Catherine II, as a military distinction.
There formerly existed regular orders of St. George. The Kingdom of Aragon was placed under his patronage, and in gratitude for his assistance to its armies King Pedro II founded (1201) the Order of St. George of Alfama in the district of that name. Nevertheless this order received the approbation of the Holy See only in 1363 and had but a brief existence. With the approval of antipope Benedict XIII it was amalgamated with the Aragonese Order of Montesa, and thereafter known as the Order of Montesa and St. George of Alfama. Equally short-lived was the Order of St. George founded in Austria by the Emperor Frederick III and approved by Paul II in 1464. This needy prince was unable to assure a sufficient endowment for the support of his knights, and the pope gave him permission to transfer to the new order the property of a commandery of St. John and a Benedictine abbey in the town of Milestadt, to which the emperor added some parishes in his patronage. Nevertheless the knights had to rely for support on their personal possession, therefore they did not make a vow of poverty, but simply of obedience and chastity, and, owing to this lack of resources, the order did not survive its founder. It was succeeded by a secular Confraternity of St. George founded under the Emperor Maximilian I with the approbation of Alexander VI in 1494, which likewise disappeared, in the disturbances of the sixteenth century.
CH. MOELLER
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ordinariate

From volume 11 of the work.
(From Ordinary, q.v.).
This term is used in speaking collectively of all the various organs through which an ordinary, and especially a bishop, exercises the different forms of his authority. This word, which is employed particularly in Germany, does not occur in strict canonical language; but it is exactly equivalent to what canonists call the curia. Just as the pope is officially responsible for all that is done in his name and by his authority in the different branches of the Roman Curia (congregations of cardinals, tribunals, offices), so, too, an ordinary and especially a bishop bears the official responsibility of whatever is done, in his name and with his authority, by the persons or committees composing his curia, who are the organs of his administration (vicar-general, official, judges, secretaries, councils of various kinds). Whatever may be the exact form of this administration in each diocese, it is still the diocesan administration and the Ordinariate. (See Bishop; Diocesan Chancery; Official; Vicar-General; Vicar Capitular.)
A. BOUDINHON
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Andreas Arroensis

Andreas Arroensis, a composer of the seventeenth century, published the Psalms, set to music, in 1626.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Andreini, Isabella

Andreini, Isabella, a celebrated singer, poet, and actress, born at Padua, in 1562. She lived a long time in France, and died in 1604.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Andreoni

Andreoni. An Italian soprano singer. He was engaged in 1741 for the opera in London.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Andrighetti, A. L

Andrighetti, A. L., published, in 1620, at Padua, a work on music.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Androides

Androides. In 1738, M. Vaucanson exhibited at the Royal Academy of Sciences, in France, a machine capable of playing several airs on the German flute. By means of springs, valves, and levers, he produced all the motions requisite for an expert player on the flute; and he executed music in such a manner as to have it acknowledged equal in beauty to that derived from the exertions of a well-practised living performer. The same gentleman afterwards exercised his ingenuity in the construction of another musical androides, exhibited to the Academy in 1741, and which was not less admired than his flute player. In constructing his pipe and tabor player, M. Vaucanson made some discoveries which he little thought of ; and among the rest, that this kind of flute is one of the most fatiguing instruments to the lungs of the performer. In order to produce the highest note of the instrument, the muscles of the chest of a living performer must make an effort equal to fifty-six pounds, for such was the weight with which he found it necessary to load the pair of bellows which supplied the air for this tone in the machine. A single ounce sufficed for the lowest tone ; whence we may deduce the variety of intermediate pro-portions necessary to be given to the air in giving even the scale of the flageolet. Many musical androides have been invented ; but among the most celebrated automatical mechanisms was that of M. Maillardet, a native of Switzerland, who constructed an androides representing a beautiful female, seated at a piano-forte, on which she per-formed eighteen tunes. Independent of the execution of the music, which is produced by the actual pressure of her fingers upon the keys, all her motions were elegant and graceful, and se nearly imitating life, that, even on a near approach, the deception could hardly be discovered.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Andron

Andron, a flute player, born in Sicily, is said to have invented, about the year 130, the art of dancing in correct time to music.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Andreozzi, Gaetano

Andreozzi, Gaetano, born about the middle of the eighteenth century, was a relation and pupil of Jomelli, and master of the Royal Chapel of Naples. He composed for all the principal theatres of this capital, and also for the greater part of Italy. His principal operas are "Arbace," "Olympiade," and "Catone," Florence, 1787 ; "Agesilao," Venice, 1788. His favorite air, "Ali! quest' anima non speri," is still much celebrated in Italy, and the oratorio "La Passion di Giesu Cristo" is justly esteemed. His style was learned, graceful, and dignified. Andreozzi also composed some quartets for the violin, in excel-lent taste.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Andrews

Andrews. An excellent performer on the tenor, resident at Manchester. He played at the York festival in 1823.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Andreas, Sylvanus

Andreas, Sylvanus. A renowned contrapuntist about he year 1540.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Andreozzi, Anna

Andreozzi, Anna, wife of the preceding, was principal female singer, in 1791, at Florence ; and in 1801, at Dresden, where, shortly after, she lost her life by being overturned in her carriage.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Mississippi, University of

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​MISSISSIPPI, UNIVERSITY OF, a coeducational, non-sectarian institution in University, Miss.; founded in 1844; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 34; students, 607; volumes in the library, 31,000; productive funds, $700,000; chancellor, Joseph Neely Powers, LL. D.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Mississippi Agricultural and Mechanical College

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​MISSISSIPPI AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE, an institution maintained by the State of Mississippi to further scientific agriculture and industrial education. It was founded in 1878 and is located at Agricultural College, Miss. Residents in the State receive free tuition, others pay a fee of $100 per year, the course leading to a degree lasting two years. The College is one in which instruction isn military drill and government is given and a United States Army officer is detailed for service there. The students all wear a uniform prescribed by the authorities. The enrollment is approximately 1,200, with a faculty of 105.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Minorca

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​MINORCA, the second largest of the Balearic Islands (q. v.), lying 25 miles N. E. of Majorca; length, 28 miles, average width, 10 miles; area, 293 square miles; pop. about 45,000. Its coast is rocky and inaccessible, but broken by numerous inlets, and its surface low, undulating, and stony. Its productions and climate are similar to those of Majorca, though the soil is less fertile. Chief towns, Port Mahon and Ciudadela (8,000). The island is remarkable for its great number of ancient megalithic remains (called talayots) and its stalactite caves (at Prella).
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Mississippi College

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​MISSISSIPPI COLLEGE, an educational institution in Clinton, Miss.; founded in 1826 under the auspices of the Baptist Church; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 16; students, 475; president J. W. Provine.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Missolonghi

​MISSOLONGHI (-long′gē) (Mesolongion), a seaport town of Greece, on the N. shore of the Gulf of Patras. In 1821-1822, the Turks invested it for 3 months, and again in 1825-1826, when the garrison, reduced from 5,000 to 3,000, cut their way out, carrying with them a large number of women and children. There is a statue (1835) over the grave of Bozzaris, and another (1881) of Lord Byron, on the spot where his heart is interred. Pop. about 11,000.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Missoula

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​MISSOULA, a city of Montana and the county-seat of Missoula co., 125 miles N. of Helena. Situated on the Missoula river and on the Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul and the Northern Pacific railroads. It contains the State university, a Carnegie Library, Federal buildings, hospitals, and an excellent high school. The chief industries are farming, fruit growing, lumbering and mining, of all of which it is an important ​center. It is governed by the commission form of government. Pop. (1910) 12,869; (1920) 12,668.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Minor Prophets, The

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​MINOR PROPHETS, THE, so-called from the brevity of their writings, are 12 in number, viz., Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Mississippi Scheme

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​MISSISSIPPI SCHEME, a bubble scheme projected by John Law in Paris in 1717 for the colonization and development of the Mississippi valley, combined with a banking scheme and a scheme for the management of the National debt, the whole supported by the French government. Shares originally issued at 500 livres (say $100) were sold at 10, 20, 30, and even 40 times their value. The state took advantage of the popular frenzy to issue increased quantities of paper money, which was readily accepted and invested in shares of Law's company. This went on till the value of the paper money became depreciated in value and the shares fell in price. Law, the originator of the bankrupt company, fled from France in 1720; the State acknowledged itself debtor to the shareholders to the extent of $340,000,000 (See Law, John).
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abductor

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ABDUCTOR, a muscle, the office of which is to pull back or draw the member to which it is affixed from some other. The antagonist is called adductor. In law, a person guilty of abduction.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abel

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ABEL, the second son of Adam and brother of Cain. The latter was a tiller of the ground; Abel, a shepherd. Both brought their offerings before the Lord; Cain, the first-fruits of the ground; Abel, the firstlings of the flock. God accepted the offering of Abel; the offering of Cain he rejected. The latter, instigated by envy, murdered his brother in the field.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abdallah, Ben-Abd-el-Mottalib

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ABDALLAH, BEN-ABD-EL-MOTTALIB, father of Mohammed, born at Mecca, A. D. 545; died 570. The paternity of the Prophet is Abdallah's sole claim to distinction.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abduction

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ABDUCTION, the act of abducing or abducting; a taking or drawing away, and specifically an unlawful taking. In law, the forcible and fraudulent taking away of women or girls.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abdul-Hamid II.

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ABDUL-HAMID II., 34th Sultan of Turkey, born Sept. 22, 1842, the second son of the Sultan Abdul-Medjid; succeeded to the throne in 1876, on the deposition of his brother, Murad V.
ABDUL-HAMID II.
Defeated in the war of 1877–1878 with Russia, he was compelled by the Treaty of Berlin to surrender a small portion of territory in Europe and Asia, to recognize the independence of the suzerain states in Europe, and to acknowledge Bulgaria as a tributary principality. In 1895-1896, during the massacres of the Armenians, he took an active part in the negotiations with the European powers, and communicated personally with Lord Salisbury, protesting his intention to grant an investigation and the reforms urged by the powers. In 1897, Greece forced war on Turkey in behalf of the Cretans, and in 1898 Great Britain and Russia forced Turkey to evacuate the island. As the years progressed, the Sultan's rule became steadily more despotic and sanguinary, until he had won the sobriquet of "Abdul the Damned." It was only when a rebellion broke out in Macedonia, July 22, 1908, that Abdul became alarmed and restored the Constitution which he had abrogated thirty years before. The new Turkish Parliament opened Jan. 15, 1909. On April 14 following, the Sultan instigated a counter-revolution that failed. April 24, forces of the Young Turks entered the capital and took possession of the person of the Sultan. He was banished temporarily to Salonica, whence he was brought back, Nov. 12, 1912, to Constantinople and confined in a palace on the Asiatic side of the Bosporus. He died Feb. 10, 1918.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abdurrahman Khan

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ABDURRAHMAN KHAN, Ameer of Afghanistan, was born in 1845, the eldest son of Ufzul Khan, and nephew of the Ameer Shere Ali. During the civil war, in 1864, in Afghanistan, the great victories of Shaikhabad and Khelat-i-Ghilzai were mainly due to his ability. In 1868, however, he was unable to offer a successful resistance to his cousin, Yakoub Khan, who defeated him at Tinah Khan. Abdurrahman then fled from the country. The Russian General Kaufmann permitted him to reside at Samarcand. Here he remained until 1879, when he slowly made his way through Balkh to the Kabul frontier, and in July of 1880 he was formally chosen by the leading men of Kabul and acknowledged by the British Indian Government as Ameer of Afghanistan. In March, 1900, he made an official declaration of his sympathy with England. Died Oct. 1, 1901, and was succeeded by his eldest son, Habibullah Khan.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abdominals

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ABDOMINALS, an order of malacopterygious fishes, having the ventral fins under the abdomen behind the pectorals, as the trout. They comprehend the greater part of fresh water fishes, and constitute the fourth order of the fourth class of animals in the Linnæan system.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abdul-Medjid

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ABDUL-MEDJID, a Sultan of Turkey, born April 23, 1822; succeeded to the throne July 1, 1839, at the early age of 17, eight days after the battle of Nezib, in which the troops of the Sultan Mahmoud II. were defeated by Ibrahim-Pasha. The interference of the allied powers alone prevented the empire from dismemberment at this juncture. The great event of his reign was the Crimean War, in which France and England allied themselves with Turkey against the encroachments of Russia, and which was terminated by the fall of Sebastopol after a long siege, in 1856. He was succeeded by his brother, Abdul-Aziz Khan. He died June 25, 1861.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abdication

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ABDICATION, the relinquishment of an office, and particularly the throne, without a formal resignation. It differs from resignation, which is applied to the giving back by a person into the hands of a superior an office to which that superior appointed him; while in abdication one, theoretically without an earthly superior in the country, relinquishes what came to him at first by act of law.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abdomen

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ABDOMEN (1) That portion of the trunk which in man commences beneath, and in mammalia behind, the diaphragm, and terminates at the extremity of the pelvis. The abdominal cavity is the largest in the human body. It is lined with a serous membrane, called the peritoneum. It contains the liver, with the gall-bladder, under its right lobe, the stomach, the pancreas, the spleen, the two kidneys, the bladder and the intestines. The more highly organized of the inferior animals have a similar structure. (2) In entomology, the whole posterior division of the body of an insect, united to the thorax by a small knot or attachment, well seen in the wasp. It includes the back as well as the parts below. Externally it is made up of a series of rings.
# Chicago St. Railway Company v. United States

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
127 U.S. 406
Chicago St. Railway Company v. United States
J. T. Farnsworth, for appellant.
Atty. Gen. Garland and Asst. Atty. Gen. Howard, for appellee.
Mr. Justice FIELD, after stating the facts as above, delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Chicago St. Railway Company v. Ross

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
112 U.S. 377
Chicago St. Railway Company v. Ross
J. W. Cary, for plaintiff in error.
C. K. Davis and Enoch Totten, for defendant in error.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 378-379 intentionally omitted]
FIELD, J.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Chicago St. Railway Company v. Solan

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
169 U.S. 133
Chicago St. Railway Company v. Solan
Burton Hanson, Geo. R. Peck, and George E. Clarke, for plaintiff in error.
S. M. Stockslager, for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice GRAY delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope St. Anastasius I

From volume 1 of the work.
A pontiff who is remembered chiefly for his condemnation of Origenism. A Roman by birth, he became pope in 399, and died within a little less than four years. Among his friends were Augustine, and Jerome, and Paulinus, Jerome speaks of him as a man or great holiness who was rich in his poverty. It was during the time of the barbarian invasions.
Acta SS., III, September; BUTLER, Lives of the Saints. 27 September.
T.J. CAMPBELL