OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Vincenzo de Vit

From volume 15 of the work.
Latinist, b. at Mestrina, near Padua, 10 July, 1810; d. at Domo d'Ossola, 17 Aug., 1892. He made his studies at Padua, was ordained priest in 1836, in 1844 became librarian of the Academia dei Concordi at Rovigo and canon of the cathedral. He was thus advancing in the path of ecclesiastical honours, but under the influence of Rosmini he entered at Stresa the Institute of Charity. He began his revision of Forcellini's lexicon at Stresa. Compelled to have recourse to libraries, he went first to Florence in 1861, and in 1862 to Rome, where he took up his residence, returning to Northern Italy in the summer. De Vit's idea differed from that of Forcellini and Furlanetto, it being his intention to include in his book all the periods and all the varieties of Latin down to A.D. 568. He likewise gave an exact digest of the authors of the decadence and the Fathers of the Church, and accorded considerable space to inscriptions, which he also treated in special works. His work was a third larger than Furlanetto's edition, which extension compelled him to leave out proper names. The "Lexicon totius latinitatis" was completed in 1879. De Vit undertook the "Onomasticon", which he brought down to the beginning of the letter P. Unfortunately no one has undertaken its completion. One of the great merits of the "Lexicon", apart from its extent, is that it allows the restoration of the exact history of each word according to writers and periods. Very rarely does a text important for meaning escape de Vit's gleaning. His work will always be useful because it gives all essential information in a comparatively brief form.
He also laboured on the history of his native place, and published his researches in eight volumes: "Il lago maggiore Stresa e le isole Borromeo" (Prato, 1875-78); "Memorie storiche di Borgomanero e del suo mandamento" (1859; 2nd ed., 1880); "Adria e le sue antiche epigrafi illustrate" (Prato, 1888); "La provincia romana dell' Ossola ossia delle Alpe Atreziane" (Pratom 1892). All these works were collected in a series of "Opere varie" (11 vols., Prato, 1875-92), which also contains numerous memoirs of antiquity and lexicography, the most celebrated being "Della distinzione tra i Britanni o Brittonnni dell' Isola e i Britanni o Brittonni del continente", (Modena, 1867-72). According to de Vit the name Brittany was given to the Armorican Peninsula because some Britanni had established themselves there in the time of Caesar, coming from the right bank of the Rhine. These must have been the Britons, while the inhabitants of the island must have been the Britanni. A confusion of names subsequently arose. This theory has not been admitted by scholars. Another dissertation (1873-74 and 1881), concerning the road of the invasion of the Cimri, and on the site of the battle of Marius, also aroused lively controversies.
FERRERO in Biographisches Jahrbuch fur Altertumskunde (Leipzig, 1899), 26.
PAUL LEJAY
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Violence

From volume 15 of the work.
Violence (Lat. vis), an impulse from without tending to force one without any concurrence on his part to act against his choice. The stimulus or moving cause must come from without; no one can do violence to himself. The person compelled to act or to abstain from action not only does not assist this external force but resists and as far as possible strives against it: if he is merely indifferent, there is no violence. Violence cannot affect the will directly, i.e. the elicited acts of the will, since it is contrary to the essential notion of an act to the will that is should not be free. Acts however that are merely commanded by the will and exercised through the medium of some other faculty, internal or external, may be coerced, since these faculties may be impeded by violence from putting into execution the behests of the will. Not only elicited acts of the will, but likewise acts commanded by the will, are called voluntary. Since, then, acts commanded by the will may suffer violence, violence to that extent causes involuntariness and freedom from imputability. It is apparent that in so far as coercion is irresistible, the agent is not responsible for the external act resulting. Volition, and consequently imputability, proceeds from an internal principle; violence from without. Violence that is not absolute may be weakened or overcome by resistance: the more vehement it is, the more is our freedom limited. He, then, who can, by resisting, repel violence and does not, at least indirectly, desires to suffer violence. If the will yield a reluctant but nevertheless real consent, we are culpable, though in a less degree than if there had been no reluctance. Often fear and force go hand in hand, since not infrequently force begets fear, but they are not to be confounded. In what is done through violence the will is quiescent, but in what is done through fear the will is active. An act performed through fear is voluntary in the concrete, involuntary in the abstract, i.e. it is willed under the circumstances, but in itself it is not desired. [See FEAR; IMPEDIMENTS, CANONICAL (vis et metus), VII, 698a.]
ANDREW B. MEEHAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Vincenzo da Filicaja

From volume 6 of the work.
Lyric poet; born at Florence, 30 December, 1642; died there 24 September, 1707. At Pisa he was trained for the legal profession, which he later pursued, but during his academic career he devoted no little attention to philosophy, literature, and music. Returning to Florence, he was made a member of the Accademia della Crusca and of the Arcadia, and enjoined the patronage of the illustrious convert to the Catholic faith, Christina, ex-Queen of Sweden, who with her purse helped to lighten his family burdens. A lawyer and magistrate of integrity, he never attained wealth. His probity and ability, however, were acknowledged by those in power, and he was appointed to several public offices of great trust. Thus, already a senator by the nomination of Grand Duke Cosmo III, he was chosen governor of Volterra in 1696, and of Pisa in 1700, and then was given the important post of Segretario delle Tratte at Florence. An ardent Catholic, he not infrequently gives expression to his religious feeling in his lyrics, which, even though they may not entitle him to rank among the greatest of Italian poets, will always attract attention because of their relative freedom from the literay vices of the time, the bombast, the exaggerations and obscurity of Marinism. Notable among his compositions are the odes or canzoni, which deal with the raising of the siege of Vienna by John Sobieski, when in 1683 it was beleaguered by the Turks, and the sonnets in which he bewails the woes of Italy whose beauty had made her the object of foreign cupidity and whose sons were incapable of fighting for her and could only enlist mercenaries to defend her. The most famous of the sonnets is perhaps the "Italia, Italia, O tu cui feo la sorte", which Byron rendered with skill in the fourth canto of Chide Harold. Some letters, elogi, orazioni, and Latin carmina, constitute the rest of his literary output. After the death of Filicaja, an edition of the "Poesie toscane", containing the lyrics, was given to the world by his son (Florence, 1707); a better edition is that of Florence, 1823; selected poems are given in "Lirici del secolo XVII", published by Sonzogno.
J.D.M. FORD
# Chronicle of the Grey friars of London/Ricardus Primus Rex

RICARDUS PRIMUS REX
Kynge Rychard the Furst surnamed Cure de Lyon was crownyd the iij$^{de}$ daye of September, the yere of our Lorde God Mlclxxxix, the furst yere of hys rayne.
Pi.$^o$. A$^o$. Thys yere beganne the order of our Lady in Pruce.
And this yere the Jues ware commandyd owte of Ynglonde.
vij$^o$. A$^o$. In this yere the kynge went in to the holy londe, and toke the citte of Akers, Porth . . . and Babilon, the yere of our lorde God M$^1$clxxxxvj.
viij$^o$. A$^o$. In this yere was one William with the long berde taken out of Bowe churche and put to dethe for herysey.
ix$^o$. A$^o$. In this yere beganne the order of the Trenyte.
x$^o$. A$^o$. In this yere this nobull kynge and great warryar dyssesyd in France comynge homward, by the hurte of a qwarrelle the iij$^{de}$ daye of September; and his harte byrryd at the hye auter at Rome [Rouen], and hys body at Fonteverard.
# Chronicle of the Kings of England/Author's Epistle to Robert, Earl of Gloucester

THE AUTHOR'S EPISTLE
to
ROBERT, EARL OF GLOUCESTER,
son of King Henry.
The virtue of celebrated men holds forth as its greatest excellence, its tendency to excite the love of persons even far removed from it: hence the lower classes make the virtues of their superiors their own, by venerating those great actions, to the practice of which they cannot themselves aspire. Moreover, it redounds altogether to the glory of exalted characters, both that they do good, and that they gain the affection of their inferiors. To you, Princes, therefore, it is owing, that we act well; to you, indeed, that we compose anything worthy of remembrance; your exertions incite us to make you live for ever in our writings, in return for the dangers you undergo to secure our tranquillity. For this reason, I have deemed it proper to dedicate the History of the Kings of England, which I have lately published, more especially to you, my respected and truly amiable Lord. ​None, surely, can be a more suitable patron of the liberal arts than yourself, in whom are combined the magnanimity of your grandfather, the munificence of your uncle, the circumspection of your father; more especially as you add to the qualities of these men, whom you alike equal in industry and resemble in person, this peculiar characteristic, a devotion to learning. Nor is this all: you condescend to honour with your notice those literary characters who are kept in obscurity, either by the malevolence of fame, or the slenderness of their fortune. And as our nature inclines us, not to condemn in others what we approve in ourselves, therefore men of learning find in you manners congenial to their own; for, without the slightest indication of moroseness, you regard them with kindness, admit them with complacency, and dismiss them with regret. Indeed, the greatness of your fortune has made no difierence in you, except that your beneficence can now almost keep pace with your inclination. Accept, then, most illustrious Sir, a work in which you may contemplate yourself as in a glass, where your Highness's sagacity will discover that you have imitated the actions of the most exalted characters, even before you could have heard their names. The Preface to the first book declares the contents of this work; on deigning to peruse which, you will briefly collect the whole subject-matter. Thus much I must request from your Excellency, that no blame may attach to me because my narrative often wanders wide from the limits of our own country, since I design this as a compendium of many histories, although, with a view to the larger portion of it, I have entitled it a History of the Kings of England.
# Chronicle of the Grey friars of London/Ricardus Tertius Rex

Ricardus Tertius Rex.
And the two sonnyes of kynge Edward were put to cilence, and the duke of Glocester toke upone hym the crowne in July, wych was the furst yere of hys rayne. And he and hys qwene crownyd on one daye in the same monyth of July.
ij°.A°. Thys yere the duke of Buckyngham was be-heddyd at Salsbery, and is burryd at the Gray freres. And many lordes [and] knygttes with dyvers other flede into France at that tyme.
​iij$^o$. A$^o$. This yere in August the erle of Richmond with the erle of Pembroke that long hade bene banyshed, came into Ynglond, and the other gentylmen that flede into France, [and] made a felde besyde Leyceter, and the kynge there slayne.
# Chronicle of the Kings of England

BOHN'S ANTIQUARIAN LIBRARY.
WILLIAM OF MALMESBURY'S CHRONICLE.
WILLIAM OF MALMESBURY'S
CHRONICLE
of the
KINGS OF ENGLAND.
From the earliest period to the reign of King Stephen.
With Notes and Illustrations.
BY J. A. GILES, D.C.L.,
Late fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford.
LONDON: HENRY G. BOHN, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. M.DCCC.XLVII.
j. haddon, printer, castle street, finsbury.
* Editor's Preface
* Translator's Preface
* Author's Epistle to Robert, Earl of Gloucester
* Preface
* Book 1
** Chapter 1
** Chapter 2
** Chapter 3
** Chapter 4
** Chapter 5
** Chapter 6
* Book 2
** Prologue
** Chapter 1
** Chapter 2
** Chapter 3
** Chapter 4
** Chapter 5
** Chapter 6
** Chapter 7
** Chapter 8
** Chapter 9
** Chapter 10
** Chapter 11
** Chapter 12
** Chapter 13
* Book 3
** Preface
** Of William the First
* Book 4
** Preface
** Chapter 1
** Chapter 2
* Book 5
** Preface
** Of Henry the First
* Modern History
** Preface
** Book 1
** Book 2
** Book 3
* Index
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# City of Seattle v. Beezer/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
376 U.S. 224
City of Seattle v. Beezer
The motions to dismiss are granted and the appeal is dismissed for want of jurisdiction. Treating the papers whereon the appeal was taken as a petition for writ of certiorari, certiorari is granted and the judgment is reversed. City of Tacoma v. Taxpayers of Tacoma, 357 U.S. 320, 78 S.Ct. 1209, 2 L.Ed.2d 1345.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# City of Sault Ste Marie v. International Transit Company

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
234 U.S. 333
City of Sault Ste Marie v. International Transit Company
Argued: March 20, 1914. --- Decided: June 8, 1914
Messrs. John W. Shine and F. T. McDonald for appellants.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 334-337 intentionally omitted]
Messrs. Henry E. Bodman, Alexis C. Angell, Herbert E. Boynton, and James Turner for appellee.
Mr. Justice Hughes delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# City of Seattle v. Beezer

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
376 U.S. 224
City of Seattle v. Beezer
A. L. Newbould, Richard S. White, William A. Helsell, Robert L. McCarty and Charles F. Wheatley, Jr., for appellants.
Alfred J. Schweppe, for appellee Beezer.
Clarence C. Dill, Joseph Volpe, Jr. and Bennett Boskey, for appellee Public Utility District No. 1 of Pend Oreille County, Washington.
Solicitor General Cox, Richard A. Solomon, Howard E. Wahrenbrock and David J. Bardin, for the Federal Power Commission, as amicus curiae.
PER CURIAM.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# City of Savannah v. Jesup/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
106 U.S. 563
City of Savannah v. Jesup
I do not agree to the construction which the court places upon the act of the state of Georgia subjecting the railroad company to taxation. When that statute says that the property of the railroad company is 'to be taxed as other property of the people of the state,' I understand it to mean that it is to be subjected to all the lawful taxes imposed by state laws under the same circumstances that the property of the citizen is. The case of Bailey v. Magwire, 22 Wall. 215, construes a statute of Missouri, passed under similar circumstances and in language almost identical, to have this meaning. That the statute of Georgia only provides in that act for the means of collecting the taxes due the state, affords no argument against taxation by counties and cities for local purposes, because the laws already in existence were sufficient for that purpose.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# City of San Antonio v. San Antonio Public Service Company

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
255 U.S. 547
City of San Antonio v. San Antonio Public Service Company
Argued: March 23 and 24, 1921. --- Decided: April 11, 1921
Mr. R. J. McMillan, of San Antonio, Tex., for appellants.
Mr. S. J. Brooks, of San Antonio, Tex., for appellee.
Mr. Chief Justice WHITE delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# City of Sacramento v. Fowle/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
88 U.S. 119
City of Sacramento v. Fowle
That the summons was served in conformity with the California Process Act we think quite clear.
If the president of the board of trustees is not the 'head of the corporation,' it is difficult to see who is, for no other executive or head officer is named in the charter. Indeed, it would seem that a service upon any officer of less grade would not be a compliance with the statute. The legislature doubtless intended, in pursuance of a wise public policy, to guard the city from the consequences which have sometimes followed legislation permitting suits to be prosecuted against municipal corporations where process was served upon any officer of the city government. It is easy to see that in such a case the public interests might suffer, but no reasonable apprehension could be indulged in this regard if the chief officer intrusted by the people with the management of their affairs was notified of the pendency of judicial proceedings.
The decision on this point disposes of the case, for if the service was in conformity with the statute, the court had jurisdiction of the party and the subject-matter, and the judgment is conclusive against the city, until reversed on direct proceedings, by the Supreme Court of the State.
It is hardly necessary to say that the question of the original liability of the city on the bonds sued upon is not open here. If the city had any defence to make to them, it should have been made when suit was brought against it in the State court.
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Arizona, University of

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ARIZONA, UNIVERSITY OF, a co-educational institution in Tucson, organized in 1891, reported at the end of 1919: Professors and instructors, 90; students, 968; volumes in the library, 32,000; grounds and buildings valued at $85,000; productive funds, $10,500; income, $700,000; president, Rufus B. Von Kleinsmid, Ph. D.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Arkansas City

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ARKANSAS CITY, a city of Kansas, in Cowley co. It is on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe, the Missouri Pacific, the Kansas Southwestern, the Midland Valley, and the St. Louis and San Francisco railroads. The city has an Indian school, a training college, a library, and other public buildings. A canal connecting the Arkansas and Walnut rivers furnishes water power for manufacturing. It is the center of an important agricultural and stock-raising community, and also has manufactures of lumber, carriages, and creamery products. Pop. (1910) 7,518; (1920) 11,253.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Arkansas River

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ARKANSAS RIVER, a tributary of the Mississippi, rising in central Colorado and flowing E. into Kansas. It then flows S. E. across Oklahoma and diagonally across Arkansas. It is about 2,000 miles long, and is navigable to Wichita, Kan., a distance of about 650 miles.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ark

Edition of 1921; disclaimer. See also Ark of the Covenant on Wikipedia.
​ARK, a chest or coffer for the safe-keeping of any valuable thing; a depository. The large floating vessel in which Noah and his family were preserved during the deluge.
The Ark of the Covenant, in the synagogue of the Jews, was the chest or vessel in which the tables of the law were preserved. This was a small chest or coffer, three feet nine inches in length, two feet three inches in breadth and the same in height, in which were contained the various sacred articles. It was made of shittim wood, overlaid within and without with gold and was covered with the mercy seat, called also the propitiatory, as the Septuagint expresses it, that is, the lid or cover of propitiation; because, in the typical language of Scripture, those sins which are forgiven are said to be covered.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Arkansas, University of

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ARKANSAS, UNIVERSITY OF, a coeducational institution organized in 1872, with academic and technical departments in Fayetteville, law and medical departments in Little Rock, and normal school for colored students in Pine Bluff; reported at the end of 1919: Professors and instructors, 90; students, 720; president, John Clinton Farrell.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Arius

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ARIUS, the founder of Arianism. See Arian.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Arjish Dagh

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ARJISH DAGH (ar′yēsh-dach′), the loftiest peak of the peninsula of Asia Minor, at the western extremity of the Anti-Taurus Range, 13,150 feet; an exhausted volcano; on the N. and N. E. slopes are extensive glaciers.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Armstrong, William George, Lord

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ARMSTRONG, WILLIAM GEORGE, LORD, an English inventor, born in 1810 at Newcastle. He was articled to a solicitor, and became a partner in the firm. In 1840 he produced a much improved hydraulic engine, and in 1845 the hydraulic crane. In 1842 he brought to perfection an apparatus for producing electricity from steam. He was elected a member of the Royal Society in 1846; and shortly afterward commenced the Elswick Engine Works, Newcastle, producing hydraulic cranes, engines, accumulators, and bridges, but was soon to be famous for the production of ordnance. During the Crimean War, Armstrong was employed by the War Office to make explosive apparatus for blowing up the ships sunk at Sebastopol. This led him to devise the form of cannon which bears his name. The essential feature of the Armstrong gun, whether rifled or smooth bore, breech-loading or muzzle-loading, is that the barrel is built up of successive coils of wrought-iron, welded round a mandrel into a homogeneous mass of great tenacity, the breech being especially strengthened on similar principles. The actual results obtained by these guns, even of the earlier patterns, were almost incredible. An ordinary 32-pounder weighed 5,700 pounds. Armstrong's 32- pounder weighed 2,600 pounds. The former required 10 pounds of powder as a charge; for the latter 5 pounds sufficed. The former would send a shot or shell 3,000 yards; the range of the latter exceeded 9,000 yards. Armstrong offered to the government all his inventions; and, till 1863, there existed a kind of partnership between the government and the Elswick firm, Armstrong being knighted in 1858, and appointed chief-engineer of rifled ordnance. Already a member of many scientific societies, he was in 1863 President of the British Association. Cambridge and Oxford conferred honorary degrees on Armstrong, who was raised to the peerage as Baron Armstrong in 1887. He died Dec. 27, 1900.
Source: Collier's New Encyclopedia 1. (1921) New York: P.F. Collier & Son Company. 266.