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# Executive Order 1177

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Signed by President William H. Taft Tuesday, March 15, 1910
1910 CSR 113
James A. Compton, William E. Dulin, and George P. Meyer may be reinstated in the Pension Office without regard to the fact that they have been separated from the service for more than one year.
The White House,
    March 15, 1910.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 11785

more info.
See the Notes section for a listing of Executive Orders affected by or related to the issuance of this Executive Order.
Signed by President Richard Nixon Tuesday, June 4, 1974
Federal Register page & date: 39 FR 20053, Thursday, June 6, 1974
By virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and statutes of the United States, including 5 U.S.C. 1101 et seq., 3301, 3571, 7301, 7313, 7501(c), 7512, 7532, and 7533; and as President of the United States, and finding such action necessary in the best interests of national security, it is hereby ordered as follows:

#### Section 1.

    Section 12 of Executive Order No. 10450 of April 27, 1953, as amended, is revised to read in its entirety as follows:
       ‘‘Sec. 12. Executive Order No. 9835 of March 21, 1947, as amended, is hereby revoked.’’

#### Sec. 2.

    Neither the Attorney General, nor the Subversive Activities Control Board, nor any other agency shall designate organizations pursuant to section 12 of Executive Order No. 10450, as amended, nor circulate nor publish a list of organizations previously so designated. The list of organizations previously designated is hereby abolished and shall not be used for any purpose.

#### Sec. 3.

    Subparagraph (5) of paragraph (a) of section 8 of Executive Order No. 10450, as amended, is revised to read as follows:
       ‘‘Knowing membership with the specific intent of furthering the aims of, or adherence to and active participation in, any foreign or domestic organization, association, movement, group, or combination of persons (hereinafter referred to as organizations) which unlawfully advocates or practices the commission of acts of force or violence to prevent others from exercising their rights under the Constitution or laws of the United States or of any State, or which seeks to overthrow the Government of the United States or any State or subdivision thereof by unlawful means.’’

#### Sec. 4.

    Executive Order No. 11605 of July 2, 1971, is revoked.

## Notes
### Amends

* Executive Order 10450, April 27, 1953

### Revokes

* Executive Order 11605, July 2, 1971

### See Related

* Executive Order 9835, March 21, 1947
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 1179

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Amends Executive Order 209, March 20, 1903.
Signed by President William H. Taft Wednesday, March 23, 1910
1910 CSR 107
Schedule A, Subdivision VII, of the civil-service rules, relating to the Department of the Interior, is hereby amended by the addition of the following paragraph:
The White House,
    March 23, 1910.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Antalcidas

See also Antalcidas on Wikipedia; Antalcidas on Wikipedia, Antalcidas in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
ANTALCIDAS, a Spartan politician, who rendered conspicuous service to his native state at one of the turning-points in Greek history. He comes first into notice as ambassador from Sparta to Tiribazus, the Persian satrap of Ionia, to sue for peace (393–2 B.C.) Upon hearing of this the Athenians, becoming anxious lest they should lose their growing ascendency, also sent an embassy, at the head of which was Conon, to counteract the efforts of the Spartans. Tiribazus favoured the cause of Sparta, and secretly supplied Antalcidas with the means of carrying on war against Athens. Artaxerxes, however, disapproving the conduct of his satrap, recalled him, and appointed Struthas, whose sympathies were on the side of Athens, in his place. But this check to the policy of Antalcidas was only temporary. In a few years circumstances became even more favourable than at first to a successful negotiation, Tiribazus having been restored to his satrapy, and accordingly, in 388–7, Antalcidas was again sent upon an embassy to Asia. By skilful diplomacy he succeeded in securing the active assistance of the Persian power against Athens. Appointed on his return admiral of the Spartan fleet, he carried on a naval warfare in a manner so vigorous, that the Athenians were glad to accept peace on the terms Artaxerxes chose to dictate. These were made known by Tiribazus to a congress of deputies from Sparta, Argos, and Athens, and formed the basis of "the peace of Antalcidas," so called from its being arranged in accordance with the views of the Spartan ambassador. Antalcidas seems to have been engaged in another mission to Persia in 371; but the later incidents of his career are involved in uncertainty. Plutarch states that he committed suicide on the failure of his last mission, but there seems no proof of this.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Antalo

See also Antalo on Wikipedia; Hintalo on Wikipedia; Abyssinia §7 in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
ANTALO, a town of Tigré, in Abyssinia, capital of the district of Enderta, situated in lat. 13° 17′ N., and long. 39° 28′ E., on a plateau about 8000 feet above the level of the sea, out of which a steep hill rises on the north of the town, while beneath it a wide plain stretches southward. A large part of Antalo is now in ruins, but it still possesses a weekly market of considerable importance, and contains several churches. Its population was once estimated at 8000.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Antarctic Ocean

See also Southern Ocean on Wikipedia; Southern Ocean on Wikipedia, Great Southern Ocean in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
ANTARCTIC OCEAN, a name that should, strictly speaking, be applied only to the ice-bound sea to the south of the antarctic circle; in practice, however, it is usually vaguely extended so as to include more or less of the cold regions round the south pole, without reference to the circle. As compared with the corresponding Arctic Ocean little is known about this portion of the earth s surface; but it is sufficiently clear that the cold and the dangers to navigation in the southern ocean greatly exceed those of the northern, and that human beings and most other animals cannot, or at least do not, ordinarily subsist within its limits. See Polar Regions.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Anselm of Laon

See also Anselm of Laon on Wikipedia; Anselm of Laon on Wikipedia, Anselm of Laon in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
​ANSELM, of Laon, a famous theologian, was born of very humble parents at Laon before the middle of the 11th century. He is said to have studied under St Anselm at Bec. About 1076 he taught at Paris with great success, but not long afterwards removed to his native place, where his school for theology rapidly became the most famous in Europe. He died 1117. His greatest work was an interlinear gloss on the Scriptures, which has been frequently reprinted. Other commentaries apparently by him have been ascribed to various writers, principally to the great Anselm. A list of them, with notice of Anselm's life, is contained in the Histoire Littéraire de la France, x. 170–189.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Anstruther-Wester

See also Anstruther on Wikipedia; Anstruther-Wester on Wikipedia, Anstruther-Wester in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
ANSTRUTHER-WESTER, also a royal and parliamentary burgh in Fifeshire, close to Anstruther-Easter, from which it is separated by a small stream called the Dreal Burn. In 1871 the population was 484.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Anstruther-Easter

See also Anstruther on Wikipedia; Anstruther-Easter on Wikipedia, Anstruther-Easter in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
ANSTRUTHER-EASTER, a royal and parliamentary burgh of Scotland, in the county of Fife, situated on the Firth of Forth, 9 miles S. of St Andrews. It is on the whole an ill-built place, containing tanning, shipbuilding, and fish-curing establishments, and carrying on a considerable amount of sea-fishing and some coasting trade, to accommodate which a new harbour is in course of construction, under the direction of the Board of Fisheries. In 1871 the parliamentary burgh, which, along with Anstruther- Wester, Crail, Cupar, Kilrenny, Pittcnweem, and St Andrews, returns one member to parliament, contained 1289 inhabitants; the royal burgh had a population of 1169. Dr Thomas Chalmers was born at Anstruther-Easter in 1780.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Antara

See also Antarah ibn Shaddad on Wikipedia; Antarah ibn Shaddad on Wikipedia, 'Antara ibn Shaddād in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
ANTARA, or. as he is usually called, Antar, an early Arabian warrior and poet, famous as the author of one of the poems hung up in the Kaaba at Mecca, and as the hero of a romance which bears somewhat the same relation to Arabic literature which the Arthurian legend bears to our own. He was the son of Shedad-el-Absi, a warrior in the army of Zoheir, by Zabuba, a negro slave who had been captured in some plundering expedition; and, if we can trust the Arabian romancist, he bore strong evidence of his negro origin. He spent his youth in servitude and neglect, but soon became known for his strength and high - handedness. Before long, while yet a slave, he fell in love with his cousin, the beautiful Abla, whose praises are still preserved at Mecca, but at the same time had the misfortune to incur the hate of his father s wife, Shameeah. A number, however, of happy opportunities presenting themselves, he showed such extra ordinary prowess against some hostile tribes, that his father was constrained to join in the public appreciation of his services, and to recognise him as his son. He now gradu ally rose in favour, and held for long a position of the greatest influence among his people, filling the surrounding country with the fame equally of his song and his sword. In a great war between two rival tribes, which lasted forty years, he is said to have played a very prominent part. The time and manner of his death are matter of dispute, Ibn Doreid making him be slain by Wasr-ben-Jaber, while, according to Abu Obeida, he died a natural death when- well stricken in years. Wherever the Arabic language is- known his fame is still green; and frequent references are made to Chubli Antar, Istabli Antar, Antar s house and Antar s stable. By whom the romantic account of \\\s life was originally written is far from being satisfactorily decided; but it is generally ascribed to Asmai, who lived at the court of Harun-al-Rashid. It is composed in rhyth mic prose, interspersed with fragments of verse, many of which are attributed to Antar himself. The style is remark ably pure, and a picture is afforded of early Arabian life that is equally graphic and minute. The romance, which in its fuller form extends to fifty or sixty MS. volumes, was first brought under European notice in 1802 by Von Hammer r who, after repeated perusal, spoke of it as surpassing the Arabian Nights in interest and beauty. Sir William Jones had already written in the highest terms about a part of it which had fallen in his way. In 1820 Terrick Hamil ton, brother of W. Hamilton, the author of jEgyptiaca, published a translation of a portion of it from a condensed Syrian manuscript obtained at Aleppo; and this gave occasion for a number of articles on Antar in our periodical literature. (See Von Hammer, Mines de F Orient, 1802; Arnold s Moallakat, Leipsic, 1850; Ahlwardt s Divans of Six Ancient Arabic Poets, London, 1870; Kitto s Journal of Sacred Lit., 1850.)
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Antemnæ

See also Antemnae on Wikipedia; Antemnae on Wikipedia, Antemnæ in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
ANTEMNÆ, a small Latian town, of great antiquity, built on the top of a hill that rose above the alluvia] plain at the meeting of the Anio and Tiber. Hersilia, the wife of Romulus, was a native of Anteninse ; and the city was one of those that endeavoured to avenge the rape of the Sabine women. In purely historic times it is of the smallest importance. The Samnites were pur sued thither by Crassus, after the battle of the Colline Gate (82 B.C.), and surrendered there to Sulla. In 409 A.D. Alaric encamped on the hill, which now retains no trace of the ancient city.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Khabarovka

See also Khabarovsk on Wikipedia; Khabarovsk in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
KHABAROVKA, the chief town of the Maritime Province, in eastern Siberia, is situated on high crags, on the right bank of the Amoor, amidst wide forests and marshes, at the confluence of the Ussuri. It was but a poor settlement with 700 inhabitants when it took the place of Nikolaievsk as the seat of the military administration of the Maritime Province and of the various establishments connected with the Amoor fleet. Since its foundation in 1857 it has always been the chief centre for the trade in sables, purchased yearly from the aborigines to the average amount of 20,000 pieces, and sent to Irkutsk and to Russia.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Khairábád

See also Khairabad, Sitapur, on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer. For Khairabad, Pakistan, see Attock.
KHAIRÁBÁD, or Khyrabad, the chief town of Sitápur district, Oudh, India, situated 5 miles south of Sitápur civil station and cantonment, 27° 31′ 30″ N. lat., 80° 47′ 35″ E. long. It is the fifth largest town in Oudh, with a population in 1869 of 15,677, made up of Hindus and Mohammedans in about equal numbers. The town contains forty mosques and thirty Hindu temples, besides a beautiful group of sacred Mohammedan buildings. A large fair is held here in January, lasting ten days, and attended by an average of 60,000 persons. A second fair is held at the Daschára festival, attended by about 15,000 persons. The annual value of bázár sales is about £34,000.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Kelat

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KELAT.See Khelat.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Kells

See also Kells, County Meath, on Wikipedia; Kells in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
KELLS, a market and municipal town of Meath county, Ireland, is situated on the Blackwater and on the Dublin and Meath Railway, 39 miles north-west of Dublin. The prosperity of the town depends chiefly upon its interesting antiquarian remains. The most notable is St Columba's house, originally an oratory, but afterwards converted into a church, the chancel of which was in existence in 1752. The present church is modern, with the exception of the bell-tower, rebuilt in 1578. Near the church there is a very perfect specimen of the ancient round tower, and there are also several ancient crosses, one being situated in the market-place.
Kells was originally a royal residence, whence its ancient name Ceanannus, meaning the dun or circular northern fort, in which the king resided, and the intermediate name Kenlis, meaning head fort. The other places in Ireland named Kells are probably derived from Cealla, signifying church. In the 6th century Kells, it is said, was granted to St Columba. The statement that he founded a monastery at it is probably incorrect; at any rate the town owes its ecclesiastical importance to the bishopric founded about 807, and united to Meath in the 13th century. Until the Act of Union Kells returned two members to parliament. Population of urban sanitary district in 1881, 2820.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Kew

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KEW, a village and parish in the county of Surrey, England. The village is pleasantly situated on the south bank of the Thames, 6 miles by road west-south-west of Hyde Park corner. It has communication with London by steamer and by several railway routes. By a stone bridge of seven arches, erected in 1789, it is connected with Brentford on the other side of the river. The village consists chiefly of a row of houses with gardens attached, situated on the north side of a green, to the south of which is the church and churchyard, and at the west the principal entrance to Kew gardens. In the vicinity there are many fine villas. From remains found in the bed of the river near Kew bridge it has been conjectured that the village is an old British settlement. The name first occurs in a document of the reign of Henry VII., where it is spelt Kayhough. The free school originally endowed by Lady Capel in 1721 received special benefactions from George IV., and the title of “the king’s free school.”
The estate of Kew House about the end of the 17th century came into the possession of Lord Capel of Tewkesbury, and in 1721 of Samuel Molyneux, secretary to the prince of Wales, afterwards George II. After his death it was leased by Frederick, prince of Wales, son of George II., and it continued to be the residence of members of the royal family until the estate was purchased about 1789 by George III., who devoted his chief leisure to its improvement. The old house was pulled down in 1802. Dutch House, adjoining Kew House, afterwards sold by Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester, to Sir Hugh Portman, a Dutch merchant, was purchased by George III. as a nursery for the royal children. It is a plain brick structure, and is now known as Kew Palace. The Royal Botanic Gardens of Kew originated in the exotic garden formed by Lord Capel and greatly extended by the princess dowager, widow of Frederick, prince of Wales, and by George III., aided by the skill of the Aitons and of Sir Joseph Banks. In 1840 the gardens were adopted as a national establishment, and transferred to the department of woods and forests. The gardens proper, which originally contained only about 11 acres, have been increased to 75 acres, and the pleasure grounds or arboretum adjoining extend to 270 acres.
A catalogue of the plants in the exotic garden of Kew was published by Dr Hill in 1768, 2d ed. 1769; and in 1789 William Aiton published Hortus Kewensis, in 3 vols. 8vo. See Oliver’s Guide to the Royal Botanic Gardens and Pleasure Grounds, Kew, 26th edition, 1881.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Key West

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KEY WEST (Spanish, Cayo Hueso, Bone Reef), a coral island, 7 miles long, from 1 to 2 miles broad, and 11 feet above sea-level, lies 60 miles south of Cape Sable, the most southerly point of the mainland of Florida. It belongs to Monroe county, Florida, and forms one of the Florida Keys. The soil is thin, but supports a tolerably dense tropical vegetation, including various fruits. In the absence of fresh springs, the water supply is derived from rain and distillation. The healthy climate attracts an annually increasing number of invalids from the north. The inhabitants are chiefly of Cuban and Bahaman extraction, and speak a Spanish patois.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Evangelista Torricelli

See also Evangelista Torricelli on Wikipedia; Evangelista Torricelli in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
The publication amongst Torricelli's Opera Geometrica (Florence, 1644) of a tract on the properties of the cycloid involved him in a controversy with Roberval, who accused him of plagiarizing his earlier solution of the problem of its quadrature. There seems, however, no room for doubt that Torricelli's was arrived at independently, The matter was still in debate when he was seized with fever and pleurisy, and died at Florence, after twenty days illness, October 25, 1647, at the age of 39. He was buried in San Lorenzo, and a commemorative statue of him erected at Faenza in 1864. He was of a singularly amiable dis position, and possessed qualities the most felicitous for the investigation of nature. Among the new truths detected by him was the valuable mechanical principle that if any number of bodies be so connected that, by their motion, their centre of gravity can neither ascend nor descend, then those bodies are in equilibrium. He also discovered the remarkable fact that the parabolas described (in a vacuum) by indefinitely numerous projectiles discharged from the same point with equal velocities, but in all directions, are situated within a paraboloid which is a tangent to all of them. His theorem that a fluid issues from a small orifice with the same velocity (friction and atmospheric resistance apart) which it would have acquired in falling through the depth from its surface is of fundamental importance in hydraulics. He greatly improved both the telescope and microscope, and invented the simple microscope composed of a globule of melted glass. Several large object lenses, engraven with his name, are preserved at Florence. He used and developed Cavalieri's method of indivisibles.
A selection from Torricelli's manuscripts was published by Tommaso Bonaventura in 1715, with the title Lezioni Accademiche (Florence). They include an address of acknowledgment on his admission to the Accademia della Crusca. His essay on the inundations of the Val di Chiana was printed in Raccolta d'Autori che trattano del Moto dell' Acque (vol. iv. p. 115, Florence, 1768) and amongst Opuscoli Idraulici (vol. iii. p. 347, Bologna, 1822). For his life, see Fabroni, Vitæ Italorum, vol. i. p. 345; Ghinassi, Lettere fin qui Inedite di Evangelista Torricelli (Faenza, 1864); Tiraboschi, Storia della Lett. It., vol. viii. p. 302 (ed. 1824); Montucla, Hist. des Math., vol. ii.; Marie, Hist. des Sciences, vol. iv. p. 133.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Ether

See also Ether (disambiguation) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
In the 9th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, Ether or Æther may refer to:
* Ether, in chemistry; or
* Ether, in interstellar space.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Evansville

See also Evansville, Indiana on Wikipedia; the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
EVANSVILLE, a city of America, capital of Vanderburg county, Indiana, is situated on a high bank of the Ohio river, 200 miles below Louisville, Kentucky—measuring by the windings of the river, which double the direct distance. On account of the peculiar bend of the river at this point, Evansville is built somewhat in the shape of a crescent, and is sometimes called the “Crescent City.” It has railway communication in various directions; and the Wabush and Erie Canal, completed in 1853, extends from it to Toledo, Ohio, a distance of 400 miles. Evansville is a busy commercial and manufacturing town, and is rapidly increasing. It is the principal shipping port for the grain and pork of south-western Indiana; and among its other articles of export are lime, cotton, dried fruit, and tobacco. It has flour mills, breweries, iron founderies, tanneries, machine shops, and woollen and cotton factories. Coal and iron ore are found in the vicinity. The principal buildings are the court-house, the city hall, the high school, the marine hospital, and a new building in which
are included the post-office, the United States courts, and the custom-house. The population, which in 1860 was 11,484, had increased in 1870 to 21,830.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Esaias Tegnér

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See Böttiger, Teckning af Tegnérs Lefnad; Georg Brandes, Esaias Tegnér; Thomander, Tankar och Löjen.(E. W. G.)