OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Mouthpiece

From volume 2 of the work.
​MOUTHPIECE (Fr. Bec, Bocal, Embouchure; Ger. Mundstück). That portion of a wind-instrument which, as the name implies, is inserted into the player's mouth, or applied to his lips. Mouthpieces may be divided into those of the Flute and Flageolet, Cupped mouthpieces as in brass instruments, and Reed mouthpieces single or double.
The simplest of all forms is that adopted in the Nay or Egyptian flute, in which the stream of air is directed against the thinned edge of the tube itself. [See Flute.] This edge in the ordinary flute is modified into a lateral orifice, the instrument being held transversely. In the Flageolet, the column of air is directed by a channel against a transverse edge similar to that of a flue-pipe in the Organ. From the beakshaped termination thus given to the mouthpiece, the instrument derives its name of 'Flute à bec.'
Cupped mouthpieces are applied to the outer surface of the lips, not inserted between them. The lips thus stretched across the calibre of the cup form a kind of double reed, closely resembling the Vocal Chords of the Larynx. Each instrument of this class has a somewhat different form of cup, which is described under their respective headings. In the older examples, however, and in those used by uncivilised tribes, the cup consists of a simple hole, at the end of a cow's horn for instance, or in the side of an ivory tusk, communicating with the medullary cavity. The transition from this to the shaped cup can be well seen in the Swiss Alpenhorn, in which a small globular cavity, like the mouthpiece of the Trumpet, is rudely carved out of the wooden strips of which the long tube is built up. In more finished instruments of this class, the mouthpiece is turned out of Brass, Ivory, Aluminium, or Silver, with a rounded cushion-shaped edge for the accurate and painless pressure of the lips. Glass has also been used, and of late the cushion has been made of vulcanized India Rubber. The weight and elasticity of the material employed, like the shape of the cup, exert a certain influence over the pitch and quality of the notes produced.
The single-reed mouthpiece is used in the Clarinet and in the Saxophone. It is described at length under the former heading. It may be noted here that it can be applied, though rather ineffectually, to the Bassoon and its diminutives. The Dolcino or small bassoon, in the B♭ of the four-foot octave, was actually played in military bands by means of a single reed as late as the early years of the present century.
[ W. H. S. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Mozart, Leopold

From volume 2 of the work.
​MOZART, Leopold, father of the great composer, and son of Johann Georg, a bookbinder, of Augsburg, was born Nov. 14, 1719. Intelligent, sagacious, and persevering, he determined to push his way beyond the narrow circle of his parental home. From the first he was addicted to music; on leaving school he went for two years (1737–39) to the University of Salzburg, after which he devoted himself to the study of music as a profession, and having become an excellent violinist, was appointed Hofmusikus by Archbishop Leopold (Firmian) in 1743, afterwards Hofcompositor, and in 1762 vice-Capelhneister by Archbishop Sigismund (Schrattenbach). On Nov. 21, 1747, he married Anna Maria Pertlin, daughter of an official of St. Gilgen. They were described as the handsomest couple in Salzburg. Of seven children, only two survived—a daughter, Maria Anna, born July 30, 1751, and a son, the immortal Wolfgang. His travels with his children are detailed in the succeeding article. He discerned at once their immense gifts, and, with pious trust in Providence, devoted his whole energies to their education in music. He died at Salzburg May 28, 1787, bearing to the grave the honourable distinction of having trained one of the greatest musicians the world ever saw. He composed much—oratorios, dramatic music, including the operas 'Semiramis' and 'Die verstellte Gärtnerin'; but especially church and instrumental works, several of which were circulated either in print or MS. He engraved six of his own sonatas in 1740. His great work, however, was his 'Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule' (Augsburg, 1756), which passed through many editions in various Languages, and was for long the only Method for the violin. From this work alone we should judge him to have been a man of culture far above the average, and of solid worth, as indeed he was. Marpurg, Schubart, Zelter, and others, have all mentioned the book in the highest terms. A steel engraving of him from the family portrait in the Mozarteum at Salzburg, is given in vol. 1 of Otto Jahn's 'Mozart' (2nd ed.). His daughter
[ C. F. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Kircher, Athanasius

From volume 2 of the work.
[ F. G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Kirchgessner, Marianna

From volume 2 of the work.
[ C. F. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Kirbye, George

From volume 2 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Kirchner, Theodor

From volume 2 of the work.
​KIRCHNER, Theodor, one of the most gifted of the living disciples of Schumann, a composer of 'genre pieces' for the pianoforte, was born 1824 [App. p.691 "Dec. 10"] at Neukirchen near Chemnitz in Saxony, and got his musical training at the Conservatorium of Leipsic. Having completed his schooling he took the post of organist at Winterthur in Switzerland, which town in 1862 he left for Zürich, where he acted as conductor and teacher. In 1875 he became director of the 'Musikschule' at Würzburg, but after a few months' experience he threw up that appointment and settled at Leipsic.
[ E. D. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/King, Matthew

From volume 2 of the work.
​KING, Matthew Peter, born in 1773, studied composition under Charles Frederick Horn. His first productions were 'Three Sonatas for the Pianoforte,' 'Eight Songs and a Cantata,' and other Pianoforte Sonatas. In 1796 he published 'Thorough Bass made easy to every capacity,' and in 1800 'A General Treatise on Music,' etc., a work of repute, with 2nd edition 1809. Between 1804 and 1819 he composed several dramatic pieces, chiefly for the English Opera House, Lyceum. In 1817 his oratorio, 'The Intercession,' was produced at Covent Garden. One of the songs in it 'Must I leave thee, Paradise?' (known as 'Eve's Lamentation') became very popular, and long found a frequent place in programmes of sacred music. King was also the composer of several glees and of numerous pianoforte pieces. His dramatic pieces were 'Matrimony,' 1804; 'The Invisible Girl,' 1806; 'False Alarms' (with Brahain); 'One o'clock, or The Wood Demon' (with Kelly) [App. p.690 "1811"]; and 'Ella Rosenberg,' 1807; 'Up all night,' 1809; 'Plots' and 'Oh this Love,' 1810; 'The Americans' (with Braham), and 'Timour the Tartar,' 1811; and 'The Fisherman's Hut' (with Davy), 1819. He died in Jan. 1823.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/King Charles the Second

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/King, Robert

From volume 2 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/King, William

From volume 2 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Amalie, Catharina

Countess Amalia Katharina of Waldeck
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AMALIE, CATHARINA,
A daughter of count Philip Dieterich, of Waldeck, was born in 1640, and married in 1664, to count George Louis of Alpach, at Which place she died in 1696. She had in her time considerable reputation as a writer of hymns; which, however, it is said, were "more remarkable for the pure and pious feelings which they express, than for their poetical merit." A collection of them was published under the title "Andachtige Singekunst," in 1690.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Amalie, Ann

Anna Amalia, Abbess of Quedlinburg
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AMALIE, ANN,
Princess of Prussia, was the daughter of Frederick William the First, King of Prussia, and sister to Frederick the Great. She was born on the 9th. of November, 1723, and from her childhood shewed great talent, especially for music, with the theoretical and historical knowledge of which she became so thoroughly conversant, as to be scarcely equalled by any one of her time. At the age of twenty-one, she became Princess-Abbess of Quedlinburgh, and from that time to her death, which occurred on the 13th. of March, 1787, all her time which was not devoted to the administration of the affairs of the Abbey, was engrossed by her favourite study.
At her death her musical library said to be the most splendid and complete ever collected, was bequeathed to the Joachimsthal Gymnasium of Berlin, with a proviso that rendered it all but useless; namely, that nothing should be copied, nor any piece taken from it.
She is said to have been a woman of a harsh character and dogmatical spirit. Her musical compositions are stiff and cold, and in the severe style of the old school. Haydn, who represented the new school, was a complete horror to her; and the celebrated Graun, who composed an Oratorio on the Death of Jesus, for her brother Frederick, was told by her that his airs were too soft and sentimental, and too much in the opera style.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Amboise

Françoise d'Amboise
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AMBOISE,
Frances d', daughter of Louis d'Amboise, is celebrated for the Improvement she introduced in the manners and sentiments of the Bretons. She was wife of Peter the Second, duke of Brittany, ​whose great inhumanity to her she bore with Christian resignation, and which she opposed with a gentleness and moderation that gradually gained his affection and confidence.
She rendered moderation and temperance fashionable, not only at court, but throughout the city of Rennes, where she resided; and when the duke, desirous of profiting by this economy, proposed laying impost upon the people, the duchess persuaded him against it. She used all her influence over her husband for the good of the public, and the advancement of religion.
When Peter was seized with his last illness, his disorder, not being understood by the physicians, was ascribed to magic, and it was proposed to seek a necromancer to counteract the spell under which he suffered but the good sense of the duchess led her to reject this expedient. Her husband died October, 1467. His successor treated her with indignity, and her father wished her to marry the prince of Savoy, in order to obtain a protector. But the duchess determined to devote herself to the memory of her husband, and when M. d'Amboise attempted to force her to yield to his wishes, she took refuge in the convent des Trots Maries, near Vannes, where she assumed the Carmelite habit. She died October 4th., 1485.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Amastris

Layout 2
AMASTRIS,
Daughter of Oxathres, the brother of Darius Codomannus, the last king of Persia, was given in marriage by Alexander, after his return from India, to Craterns, from whom she was separated about B. C. 323. Dionysius, the tyrant of Heracles, was her next husband, to whose prosperity hex; influence, wealth, and talents greatly contributed. At his death, B. C. 306, he left to her the government of the state, and the guardianship of their three children. She next married Lysimachus, and after living with him for some time at Heracles, followed him to Sardls, where he divorced her, in order to marry Arsinoë, the daughter of Ptolemy the First, king of Egypt. She then returned to her kingdom of Heraclea, and was murdered by her two sons, who had governed the state badly during her absence. Thus sadly terminated the career of this woman, who displayed singular talents for government, and whose memory is preserved in the name of the city Amastris, which she founded on the coast of Paphlagonia.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Amelia, Queen of Greece

Amalia of Oldenburg
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AMELIA,
Queen of Greece, is the eldest daughter of the reigning duke of Oldenburgh, by his first wife. She was born December 21st., 1818, and married to king Otho, in November 1836. She is universally beloved by her subjects, possessing all those virtues and accomplishments which are the brightest jewels of a crowned head.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Amalie, Elizabeth

Countess Amalie Elisabeth of Hanau-Münzenberg
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AMALIE, ELIZABETH,
Landgravine of Hesse-Cassel, was the daughter of count Philip Louis the Second of Hanau Münzenberg, and granddaughter by the mother's side of William the First of Orange and Nassau. She was born in 1602, at her father's castle at Hanau, where she spent the first part of her life, and received an excellent education. She was a woman of great personal beauty and high intellectual attainments, as well as of sound judgment and true piety. All her best and greatest qualities were called into play, when, after her marriage to William the Fifth, landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, which took place in her seventeenth year; and subsequent widowhood, which took place eighteen years after, she was constrained to take the management of the affairs of the principality, until her eldest son, who was then but eight years of age, should be able to assume the reins of government. This was in that sanguinary period of German history, called "the thirty years war," during the latter twelve of which, she had to contend not against public enemies only, but also against relatives, who desired to take advantage of her precarious situation, and who made various attempts to deprive her of her possessions. Her prudent policy and undaunted spirit however completely thwarted all these, and she had the satisfaction of seeing the blessings of peace restored to her country, and of resigning into the hands of her son, who was afterwards surnamed "the just;" the government of her little realm, which she had conducted safely through the sea of political troubles, increased in territorial extent and in moral power, amid surrounding states.
The character of this remarkable woman is thus summed up, in a recent Biographical Dictionary, edited by George Long, Esq., and published under the superintendence of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge:—
"The Landgravine Amalie was thoroughly acquainted with the business of administration, and knew the constitution and the wants of her own dominions, as well as the secret motives which determined the actions of foreign cabinets. She readily comprehended the true ​state of her political relations, and this penetration was accompanied by decision. She was moderate in her prosperity, and steadfast in misfortune She used to say that calamities are wholesome, to prevent our becoming overbearing in prosperity. She possessed the power of gaining the affections of those around her, and of making herself feared when she thought it necessary. She was affable to all, and generous towards those who had offended her. She was fond of the arts and sciences, and she always distinguished men of talent and learning. She was a rare combination of the manly virtues of a prince, with the mild and humane spirit of a woman."
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Amalthæa

Cumaean Sibyl
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AMALTHÆA,
The name of the sibyl of Cumæ, who is said to have offered to Tarquin the Second, or The Proud, king of Rome, B. C. 624, nine books, containing the Roman destinies, and demanded for them three hundred pieces of gold. He derided her, for supposing that he would give so high a price for her books; she went away and burning three of them, returned and asked the same price for the other six; this being again denied, she burnt three more, and offered the remaining three, without lessening her demand. Upon which Tarquin, consulting the pontiffs, was advised to buy them. These books, called the "Sibylline Oracles," were in such esteem, that two magistrates were created to consult them upon extraordinary occasions. The books, and the story about them, were probably fabrications of the priests of Rome, to impose on that superstitious people, and increase their own importance, by occasionally quoting and interpreting these oracles. The story is also of importance in showing the spiritual influence the mind of woman exerted over that proud nation which owed its greatness to the sword. Even there the strength of man was fain to seek aid from the quicker intellect and more refined moral sense of woman.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Amelia, daughter of George III

Layout 2
AMELIA,
Youngest child of George the Third and Queen Charlotte. She was an amiable and accomplished princess, whose taste for the fine arts was only equalled by her fervent piety and pure benevolence. She was born in 1783, and died in 1810; and so much was she beloved by her royal father, that her early death is said to have had a serious effect upon his mind.
# A Beacon to the Society of Friends/End matter

BAXTER'S SAINTS' REST. Abridged by Isaac Crewdson, 8th edition, 1s. boards.
DOCTRINE OF THE NEW TESTAMENT on PRAYER. By ditto, 2s. boards.
FULLER ON RELIGIOUS DECLENSION. 2nd edition, in cloth, 1s.
INFLUENCE OF MAN UPON MAN. 3d. sewed in stiff cover.
A BEACON TO THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. 2s extra boards,—bound in Morocco Cloth, 2s. 6d.
A reduction in the above prices will be made when purchased in quantities of one dozen or upwards, (with the exception of the work entitled "Influence of Man upon Man,") on application to the Editor.
# A Beacon to the Society of Friends/Errata

ERRATA.
In some copies of this work are the following errors.
    Page 55, leave out 1st and 2nd, preceding the Italic head lines.
    " 84, line 7, read "ye" for "he."
    " 131, line 26, right hand column, read "memorial" for "monument."
    " 142, line 5, read "an" for "on."
# A Beacon to the Society of Friends/Preface

The Holy Spirit by Isaiah.
"SEARCH THE SCRIPTURES."—Jesus Christ.
"YE DO ERR, NOT KNOWING THE SCRIPTURES."—Jesus Christ.
# A Beacon to the Society of Friends/Extracts from the Sermons

The following extracts from the Sermons, are taken from the first volume of a Publication called the Quaker, which was put out by the followers of Elias Hicks.
It would exceed the limits of the present work, to comment upon every perversion of Christian doctrine, which these extracts from the Sermons contain. The main design has therefore been, to expose the errors from which the most danger was to be apprehended to our Society. The reader will please to bear this in mind at he goes along.
It seems also necessary to remark, that Italics are used in the quotations from Scripture, to mark Emphasis, and not for the purpose for which they are used in the Bible, namely, to distinguish words supplied by the translators.
# A Beacon to the Society of Friends

A
BEACON
TO THE
SOCIETY OF FRIENDS.
BY ISAAC CREWDSON.
LONDON:
HAMILTON, ADAMS AND CO.; DARTON AND HARVEY;
J. AND A. ARCH, AND E. FRY;
AND
HENRY SMITH, SAINT ANNE'S-SQUARE,
MANCHESTER.
1835.
Contents :
| | page |
| Preface | 3 |
| Address | 5 |
| Extracts from a Declaration | 13 |
| Extracts from the Sermons of Elias Hicks | 27 |
| Sermon I | 29 |
| Sermon II | 37 |
| Sermon III | 66 |
| Sermon IV | 77 |
| Sermon V | 96 |
| Sermon VI | 112 |
| Sermon VII | 123 |
| Sermon VIII | 128 |
| Sermon IX | 138 |
| Sermon X | 143 |
| Sermon XI | 150 |
| Conclusion | 153 |
| Errata | Errata |
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Isaiah

​ISAIAH. One of the Twelve Disciples called and chosen by Jesus to minister to the Nephites at the time of his visit to that people (A. C. 34). Isaiah was present near the temple in the land Bountiful when Jesus appeared, and was baptized by Nephi on the day following. He is not again mentioned by name in the sacred record.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Isaiah (II)

​ISAIAH. The Hebrew prophet. His prophecies were engraven on the plates obtained from Laban, and were greatly valued by Nephi and his righteous descendants. The following chapters from the Book of Isaiah are quoted in full in the Book of Mormon: chapters 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54. They are given to us very much as they appear in the Bible, with here and there an important addition, which had evidently been left out of the manuscripts from which the Bible, as we have it to-day, were originally taken. In a few instances the ​meaning of the passage is entirely altered; for instance: Thou hast multiplied the nation and not increased the joy (Isaiah, 9:3,) appears, Thou hast multiplied the nation and increased the joy. (II Nephi, 19:3.)
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Ishmael, Land of

​ISHMAEL, LAND OF. The first land of the Lamanites visited (B. C. 91) by Ammon, the ​missionary prince. It was then ruled over by a king named Lamoni. Its situation is not clearly stated; it was down from the land of Nephi (Lehi-Nephi). This leads to the thought that it was situated in the alluvial plains to the east of the Andes. It does not seem consistent with the narrative of Ammon's mission to believe it was situated in the strip of wilderness that lay between the mountains and the Pacific Ocean. Its relative position to other lands forbids this idea. Near the highway that connected Ishmael and Nephi, lay the land of Middoni. This is shown by the fact that when King Lamoni and Ammon were traveling from Ishmael towards Middoni they met Lamoni's father coming from Nephi. This leads to the conclusion that the same road from Ishmael led to both Nephi and Middoni. Nephi is called up from both the other lands. The land was named after the sons of Ishmael, from whom the then reigning dynasty were descended.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Ishmael (II)

​ISHMAEL. A descendant of Nephi living in the second century before Christ. He was the grandfather of the prophet Amulek. No particulars are given of his life or death.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Jacob

​JACOB. The elder of the two sons born to Lehi and Sariah (say between B. C. 599 and 595) ​while they were traveling in the Arabian wilderness. He was a mighty man of God, and, apparently, next to Nephi, the greatest and most devoted of all the sons of Lehi. When the little colony divided after the death of their patriarch, Jacob, who was yet young, followed Nephi, and was ordained by him a priest to the people. Undoubtedly he received the higher priesthood, or he could not have acted in the rites of the lesser priesthood, he being of the tribe of Manasseh, and not of Levi. He magnified this calling with much zeal and prudence, and Nephi records, at considerable length, extracts from his teachings. When Nephi died, Jacob appears to have taken charge of the spiritual concerns of the people, and to have presided over the church; he also became the custodian of the sacred treasures. He received many revelations, and was blessed with the spirit of prophecy. So great was his faith that he could command, in the name of Jesus, and the trees, the mountains, and the waves of the sea obeyed his word. For all this, some of the Nephi tes of his day were not strong in the Lord, they gave way to the spirit of greed and lust, and had to be sharply reproved by the word of the Lord through Jacob. In his day also the first anti-Christ, Sherem, appeared, a type of many who came after. But this presumptuous impostor was stricken by the power of God, and paid the penalty of his folly with his life, and Jacob had reason to rejoice in the eradication of his heresies, and the return of the Nephites to sound doctrine. Jacob lived to a good old age. We have no account of the time or circumstances of his death, but before he passed away he gave the sacred records into the keeping of his son Enos.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Jacob, City of

​JACOB, CITY OF. One of the cities sunk in the depths of the earth at the time of the great convulsions that attended the crucifixion of the Savior. Its iniquitous citizens had persecuted and slain the saints of God, and the Lord destroyed them from before His face, that the blood of the righteous might not come up unto Him any more against them.