OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Agaric

Edition of 1802.
​AGARIC of the oak, or the Agaricus Quercinus, L. is well known as a styptic, when applied to external wounds. M. Adouillet, an ​eminent French surgeon, has employed it, instead of ligatures, on the arteries, in cages of amputation, by applying small pieces of it to the mouths of these vessels, and afterwards covering the stump with lint.
This species of agaric may be usefully employed for the purpose of dying silks of a black colour: to succeed in the experiment, it ought to be cut in small pieces, and boiled in a solution of copperas, over a gentle fire, till the dye be sufficiently strong.
Another species of agaric, namely, the common puff-ball, has, by farriers also, been used as a styptic: and, in an experiment made upon a horse, it completely stopped, in a few minutes, a hemorrhage from one of the largest arteries. The wound afterwards healed, without any farther discharge.
We cannot, on this occasion, omit to remark, that persons living in retired situations, and particularly those employed in husbandry, as well as artizans working with sharp instruments, ought always to be provided with some styptic, which, at a distance from medical aid, and in a moment of emergency, may sometimes save an useful animal, and even the life of a fellow-creature, by its timely application.
The efficacy of agaric, as a styptic for external wounds, has, however, been disputed by Mr. Neale, a surgeon of the London Hospital, who published some observations on the subject, in the year 1757. He asserts, that he has seen it used on several occasions, and frequently employed it himself, without effect, nay, to the detriment of the patient.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Agglutination

Edition of 1802.
​Agglutination. See Cement.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Aegopodium Podagraria

Edition of 1802.
​Aegopodium Podagraria, L. See Gout-Weed, or Herb-Gerard.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Agility

Edition of 1802.
​Agility. See Athletic Art, or Gymnastic Exercises.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Agitation

Edition of 1802.
​AGITATION is the art of shaking a body, or tossing it backwards and forwards. In physics, this term is often used for a commotion of the parts of a natural body. Fermentation and efferescence are attended with a brisk agitation of the particles.
Agitation is also one of the chief causes or instruments of mixtion. By the agitation of the part of the blood and chyle, sanguification is in a great measure effected. Butter is also made out of milk by the same means; a separation of the oleous from the serous parts taking place, and a combination of the former among themselves. Digestion is supposed to be accomplished by an insensible kind of agitation.
This term is also used in medicine, to denote that species of ​exercise, commonly called swinging; which has been found serviceable in several complaints; and it is asserted, that even the tooth-ach and deafness have sometimes been removed by violent agitations of the body. We propose to make some farther observations on this species of exercise, under the article Swinging.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Aesculus Hippocastanum

Edition of 1802.
​Aesculus Hippocastanum, L. See Horse-Chesnut, and Flour.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nelson, Sydney

​NELSON, SYDNEY (1800–1862), composer, son of Solomon Nelson, was born in London on 1 Jan. 1800. Evincing musical ability when quite young, he was adopted by ​a gentleman who gave him a good musical and general education. He was for some time a pupil of Sir George Smart, and eventually became a teacher in London. He was in partnership with Jeffreys as a music-seller until 1843, when he was elected an associate of the Philharmonic Society. Subsequently he became a music publisher, but, being unsuccessful, he arranged a musical and dramatic entertainment with members of his family, and went on tour in North America, Canada, and Australia. He died in London on 7 April 1862, and was buried at West Ham. He was a prolific composer, and claimed to have written about eight hundred pieces, some of which were published under an assumed name. He composed a burletta, ‘The Grenadier,’ produced by Madame Vestris [q. v.] at the Olympic; ‘The Cadi's Daughter,’ performed after ‘Macbeth’ for Macready's farewell benefit; and ‘The Village Nightingale,’ words by H. T. Craven, his son-in-law. He had a grand opera, ‘Ulrica,’ in rehearsal at the Princess's under Maddox's management, but, owing to some dispute, it was not produced. He was the author of ‘Instructions in the Art of Singing’ (London, n.d.), and composed many duets, trios, pianoforte pieces, and songs, some of the latter, such as ‘The Pilot’ and ‘The Rose of Allandale,’ having attained considerable popularity.
J. C. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nelson, James

​NELSON, JAMES (1710–1794), author, born in 1710, followed the profession of an apothecary for fifty years in Red Lion Square, Holborn, London. He was well known in contemporary literary circles, and wrote two works which were highly praised by the critics. They are: 1. ‘An Essay on the Government of Children under three general heads: Health, Manners, and Education,’ London, 1753, in which the mistaken prejudices of the time on the subject are carefully refuted. 2. ‘The Affectionate Father, a sentimental Comedy; together with Essays on Various Subjects,’ London, 1786. In this various moral truths were taught in the form of a play. Nelson died in London on 19 April 1794.
G. P. M-y.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nelson, John (1726-1812)

​NELSON, JOHN (1726–1812), sculptor, born in 1726, was a native of Shropshire, where he executed several works, and was highly esteemed in his art both there and in the neighbouring counties. Among his works were the statue on the column erected in Hawkstone Park to the memory of Sir Rowland Hill, and the statue of Roger de Montgomery in Shrewsbury Castle. Nelson died at Shrewsbury on 17 April 1812, aged 86.
[Gent. Mag. lxxxii. 492; Redgrave's Dict. of Artists.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Summers, Charles

​SUMMERS, CHARLES (1827–1878), sculptor, son of George Summers, a mason, was born at East Charlton, Somerset, on 27 July 1827. One of his brothers attained success as a musician. Charles received little education, but showed early talent for sketching portraits. While employed at Weston-super-Mare on the erection of a monument he attracted the attention of Henry Weekes [q. v.], who took him into his studio and gave him his first lessons in modelling. He also received lessons from Musgrave Lewthwaite Watson [q. v.], and was employed after that artist's death in completing the immense group of Eldon and Stowell now in the library of University College, Oxford. In 1850 he won the silver medal of the Royal Academy, and in 1851 the gold medal for a piece, ‘Mercy interceding for the Vanquished.’
In 1853 Summers went out to Australia as a gold-digger at Turnagulla, Victoria, but, meeting with no success, he obtained employment as a modeller in connection with the Victorian houses of parliament, then in course of erection, and began work at his old art in Melbourne, where he gradually made progress. He was selected in 1864 for the important task of designing the memorial to Burke and Wills which now stands at the corner of Russel and Collins Street, Melbourne; the group was in bronze, in which he had never worked before, so that his success was the more remarkable.
In 1866 Summers returned to England, and from that time exhibited regularly in the Royal Academy. In 1876 he executed statues of the queen, the prince consort, and the Prince and Princess of Wales for the public library at Melbourne. He resided chiefly at Rome. He died on 30 Nov. 1878 at Paris, and was buried at Rome. He was married and left one son, an artist.
C. A. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Sumner, Robert Carey

​SUMNER, ROBERT CAREY (1729–1771), master of Harrow, born on 9 March 1728–9 at Windsor, was grandson of a Bristol merchant and nephew of John Sumner, canon of Windsor and head master of Eton College. Robert was educated at Eton College and at King's College, Cambridge, where he was admitted a scholar on 18 Dec. 1747 and a fellow on 28 Dec. 1750, graduating B.A. in 1752, and proceeding M.A. in 1755. He became assistant master at Eton in 1751, and afterwards master at Harrow. On 3 Aug. 1760 he married a sister of William Arden ‘of Eton,’ a scholar of King's College. In consequence of his marriage he vacated his fellowship. In 1768 he obtained the degree of D.D., and, dying on 12 Sept. 1771, was buried in Harrow church. He was the friend of Dr. Johnson and the master of Dr. Parr and Sir William Jones, both of whom in later years celebrated his praises (Field, Life of Parr, i. 16–18; Jones, Poeseos Asiaticæ Commentariorum Libri, p. v). He published ‘Concio ad Clerum’ (London, 1768, 4to), which Parr declared equal in point of latinity to any composition by any of his countrymen in the century.
[Harwood's Alumni Etonenses, p. 334; Grad. Cantabr. 1660–1786, p. 375; Gent. Mag. 1760 p. 394, 1825 i. 388; Registers of Eton College and King's College.]
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Sunman, William

William Sonmans in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
​SUNMAN or SONMANS, WILLIAM (d. 1708), portrait-painter, was one of the Netherland artists who followed Sir Peter ​Lely into England. After the death of Lely he obtained permission to paint the king's portrait, but, the work of John Riley [q. v.] being preferred to his, he retired to Oxford, where he found constant employment; there he always resided during term time, spending the rest of the year in London. He was commissioned by the university authorities to paint the series of portraits of founders now hung in ‘Duke Humphrey's’ library in the Bodleian. All the portraits are imaginary, ‘John Balliol’ being that of a blacksmith, and ‘Devorguilla’ that of Jenny Reeks, an Oxford apothecary's pretty daughter (Oxoniana, iii. 15, 16). At Wadham there is a portrait of a college servant named Mary George, aged 120, which was painted and presented by him. Sunman's portrait of Robert Morison [q. v.], the botanist, was engraved by Robert White as a frontispiece to his ‘Plantarum Historia Universalis Oxoniensis,’ 1680, for many of the plates in which work Sunman also made the drawings. He died in Greek Street, Soho, in July 1708, and was buried in St. Anne's churchyard on the 15th of that month.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Vertue's manuscript collections in Brit. Mus. Add. MS. 23068, f. 39; Walpole's Anecdotes, ed. Dallaway and Wornum; Burial Reg. of St. Anne's, Westminster.]
F. M. O'D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Surenne, John Thomas

​SURENNE, JOHN THOMAS (1814–1878), organist and professor of music, born in 1814, was the son of Gabriel Surenne, a Frenchman, who came to London in 1800, and settled in Edinburgh in 1817 as a teacher of French and professor of military history and antiquities in the Scottish Naval and Military Academy.
In 1831 Surenne, a pupil of Henri Herz, became organist to St. Mark's Episcopal Chapel, Portobello, and in 1844 he was appointed organist to St. George's Episcopal Chapel, Edinburgh. He became a popular and respected teacher of music and the composer of arrangements for the pianoforte, psalm-tunes, chants, and the catch ‘Mister Speaker.’ In 1841 he compiled ‘The Dance Music of Scotland,’ which reached five editions; in 1852 ‘The Songs of Scotland,’ without words; and in 1854 ‘The Songs of Ireland.’ Surenne was also associated with George Farquhar Graham [q. v.], the music historian, in the publication of the national music of Scotland.
Surenne died in Edinburgh on 3 Feb. 1878, in his sixty-fourth year.
[Baptie's Musical Biography, p. 227; Scotsman, 4 Feb. 1878; Musical Scotland, p. 182; information from Mr. D. S. Surenne; Surenne's works.]
L. M. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Surr, Thomas Skinner

​SURR, THOMAS SKINNER (1770–1847), novelist, baptised on 20 Oct. 1770, was the son of John Surr, citizen and wheelwright, a grocer by trade, of St. Botolph's, Aldersgate, by his wife Elizabeth, sister of Thomas Skinner, lord mayor of London in 1794. Surr was admitted to Christ's Hospital on 18 June 1778, and after his discharge on 7 Nov. 1785 became a clerk in the bank of England, where he rose to the position of principal of the drawing office. He married Miss Griffiths, sister-in-law of Sir Richard Phillips (1767–1840) [q. v.], and died at Hammersmith on 15 Feb. 1847.
He wrote several novels which contained portraits of well-known persons of his time. The celebrated Georgiana Cavendish, duchess of Devonshire [q. v.], is said to have been so mortified by being introduced under a fictitious name into his ‘Winter in London’ (1806) in the character of an inveterate gambler that it hastened her death. The work went through numerous editions, and was translated into French by Madame de Terrasson de Sennevas.
Surr's other works are:
* ‘Christ's Hospital; a Poem,’ London, 1797, 4to.
* ‘Barnwell’ (founded on Lillo's ‘London Merchant’), London, 1798, 12mo.
* ‘Splendid Misery,’ London, 1801, 12mo; 4th edit. 1807.
* ‘Refutation of certain Misrepresentations relative to the Nature and Influence of Bank Notes and of the Stoppage of Specie at the Bank of England on the Price of Provisions,’ London, 1801, 8vo.
* ‘The Magic of Wealth,’ London, 1815, 12mo.
* ‘Richmond, or Scenes in the Life of a Bow Street Officer,’ London, 1827, 12mo.
Several of his novels were translated into French and German. The allegation that to Surr Lord Lytton owed the materials for his novel ‘Pelham’ has not been substantiated.
[Private information; Gent. Mag. 1797 ii. 871, 963, 1847 i. 448; Notes and Queries, 5th ser. vii. 48, 174, 255, 339; Biogr. Dict. of Living Authors, p. 336; Pantheon of the Age, ii. 463.]
E. I. C.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Latin/Hieracium

Edition of 1802.
​Hieracium auricola, Narrow-leaved Hawkweed; H. Pilosella, Mouse-ear Hawkweed.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Latin/Hydrocephalus

Edition of 1802.
​Hydrocephalus, Water in the Head.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Latin:1

Edition of 1802.
| Acarus — Alopecurus | Alsine — Anthyllis | Aphanes — Asperula | Asphodelus — Bubon |
| Acarus Accipenser Acer Achillea Aconitum Acorus Actæa Adonis Adoxa Æsculus Æthusa Agaricus Agrimonia Agrostemma Agrostis Aira Ajuga Alauda Alcea Alcedo Alchemilla Alisma Allium Aloe Alopecurus | Alsine Althaea Alumina Alyssum Amaurosis Ammodytes Ammonia Amomum Ampelites Amygdalus Amylum Amyris Anagallis Anarrhicas Anas Anchusa Anemone Anethum Angelica Anguis Anthemis Anthericum Anthoxanthum Antirrhinum Anthyllis | Aphanes Aphis Aphthae Apis Apium Aquilegia Arabis Aranea Arbutus Arctium Ardea Areca Arenaria Argilla Aristolochia Arnica Arrachis Artemisia Artocarpus Arum Arundo Asarum Aspalathus Asperugo Asperula | Asphodelus Asplenium Aster Astragalus Atriplex Atropa Avena Balæna Ballota Barytes Bellis Berberis Beta Betula Bidens Blatta Boletus Borago Botrytis Brassica Briza Bromelia Bromus Bryonia Bubon |
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Latin:2

Edition of 1802.
| Bunium — Carum | Caryophyllus — Cochlearia | Cocos — Cuculus | Cucumis — Delphinus |
| Bunium Buxus Byssus Cacalia Cactus Cadmia Callitriche Caltha Cambogia Campanula Cancer Canis Cannabis Cantharides Capparis Capra Cardamine Cardialgia Cardium Carduus Carex Carlina Carpinus Carthamus Carum | Caryophyllus Cassia Castor Cavia Centunculus Cephalalgia Cerussa Cervus Chaerophyllum Charadrius Chelidonium Chenopodium Chlorosis Chrysomela Cicada Cichorium Cicuta Cinchona Cistus Citrus Clematis Clupea Coccinella Coccus Cochlearia | Cocos Coffea Colchicum Coluber Columba Comarum Conium Convallaria Convolvulus Conyza Copaifera Corallina Coriandrum Cornus Corvus Corylus Costae Crambe Cratægus Crithmum Crocus Crotolaria Croton Cucubalus Cuculus | Cucumis Cucurbita Culex Cuminum Cupressus Curculio Curcuma Cuscuta Cyclamen Cydonia Cynanche Cynara Cynoglossum Cynomia Cynosurus Cyperus Cyprinus Cystitis Cytisus Dactylis Daphne Datura Daucus Delphinium Delphinus |
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Latin/Heracleum

Edition of 1802.
​Heracleum angustifolium, Narrow-leaved Cow-parsnep; H. Sphondylium, Common Cow-parsnep.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Latin/Herpes

Edition of 1802.
​Herpes miliaris, Ring-worm.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Latin/Hydrocotyle

Edition of 1802.
​Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Marsh Pennywort.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Latin/Hydrargyrus

Edition of 1802.
​Hydragyrus, Mercury.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Latin/Hippuris

Edition of 1802.
​Hippuris vulgaris, Common Mare's-Tail.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Latin/Hordeum

Edition of 1802.
​Hordeum cœleste, Wallachian Barley; H. distichum, Summer Barley; H. distichum nudum, Large Naked Barley; H. frutescens, Bushy Barley; H. hexastichon, Six-rowed Barley; H. maritimum, Sea-barley; H. murinum, Wall Barley; H. pratense, Meadow Barley; H. vulgare, Common Barley; H. Zeocriton, Bearded Barley.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nourse, Edward

​NOURSE, EDWARD (1701–1761), surgeon, son of Edward Nourse, surgeon, of Oxford, and grandson of Edward Nourse of St. Michael's on Cornhill, London, was born in 1701 at Oxford, where his father had practised from 1686. He was apprenticed to John Dobyns, one of the assistant surgeons to St. Bartholomew's Hospital, on 6 Dec. 1717, and paid the sum of 161l. 5s. on apprenticeship. He was examined for his diploma at the Barber-Surgeons' Hall in Monkwell Street, London, 10 Dec. 1725, and received a diploma under the common seal of the company. Before this date the candidates had always entertained the court of examiners at supper, but on this occasion Nourse gave each examiner, and there were more than twelve, half a guinea to buy two pairs of gloves instead of the supper; and this method of payment prevailed thenceforward. When Mr. Dobyns, his master, died, he was on 22 Jan. 1731 elected assistant surgeon to St. Bartholomew's Hospital, where he was on the staff with John Freke [q. v.], and afterwards with his own pupil, Percival Pott [q. v.] He was elected surgeon to the hospital on 29 March 1745, and became the senior surgeon before his death. He was elected demonstrator of anatomy by the Barber-Surgeons, 5 March 1731, and held office till 5 March 1734; and in 1728 was elected F.R.S. He was the first surgeon at St. Bartholomew's Hospital who gave regular instruction in anatomy and surgery, and his only publication is a syllabus of his lectures, printed in 1729, and entitled ‘Syllabus totam rem anatomicam complectens et prælectionibus aptatus annuatim habendis; huic accedit syllabus chirurgicus quo exhibentur operationes quarum modus peragendarum demonstrandus.’ In these lectures he began with the general structure of the body, then treated of the bones in detail, then of the great divisions of the body, then of arteries, veins, and lymphatic glands; next of the urinary and generative organs, then of the muscles, of the brain and sense organs, of the spinal cord, of the arm and leg, of the uterus and fœtus, and concluded the course of twenty-three lectures by one ‘de œconomia animali.’ He died 13 May 1761.
[Original Minute Books of St. Bartholomew's Hospital; Records at Barbers' Hall; Young's Annals of the Barber-Surgeons, 1890, p. 376; Thomson's History of the Royal Society, 1812; Foster's Alumni Oxonienses, 1500–1714; Works.]
N. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nottingham, William of

​NOTTINGHAM, WILLIAM of (d. 1251), Franciscan, entered the Minorite order in his youth. His parents seem to have been in a good position, but even as a boy he played at begging for the love of God with his comrades. His brother, Augustine, also became a Franciscan, entered the service of Pope Innocent IV, and was made bishop of Laodicea. William seems to have attended Grosseteste's lectures at Oxford. He acted as vicar of Haymo, the English provincial, in 1239, and was himself elected fourth provincial minister in 1240. He was an earnest student of the scriptures, and developed the educational organisation of the order in England during his ministry by sending lecturers from the universities to all the larger convents. In 1244 he went to the Roman court, and obtained a papal letter to restrain the proselytising activity of the Dominicans. He probably attended the general chapter at Genoa at the same time, and experienced the hard fare of the Franciscans in Rome. In 1240 the general, John of Parma, held a chapter at Oxford, and put to the vote the question of absolving (or deposing) William of Nottingham; the friars voted unanimously that he should be confirmed. He was absolved in the general chapter at Metz, 1251. It was probably here that he carried a decree, ‘almost against the whole chapter,’ in favour of rejecting Innocent IV's ‘Expositio Regulæ’ for the earlier and more stringent ‘Expositio’ of Gregory IX. He was then sent to the pope on behalf of the order, but at Genoa his socius was smitten with the plague. William remained by him to tend him, caught the infection, and died (about July 1251). Meanwhile the English friars, indignant at his deposition, had unanimously re-elected him.
William appears in the chronicle of his friend, Thomas of Eccleston [see Eccleston, Thomas of], as a man of sound sense, considerable humour, and force of character, hating crooked courses, a faithful friend to those in trouble, ‘thinking nothing of incurring the anger of the powerful for the sake of justice.’ He is not to be confused with his namesake, the seventeenth provincial of the English Franciscans, who flourished in 1320. He wrote a commentary on the gospels, which is mentioned by Eccleston, and was well known in the middle ages. It follows the ‘Unum ex Quatuor’ or ‘Concordia Evangelistarum’ of Clement of Llanthony in its arrangement and divisions. The commentary (inc. prol. ‘Da mihi intellectum’) is preserved in Royal MS. 4 E II; Laud. Miscell. 165; Merton College, 156 and 157, and elsewhere.
[Monumenta Franciscana, vol. i.; The Grey Friars in Oxford (Oxf. Hist. Soc.); Engl. Hist. Rev. vi. 743 seq.]
A. G. L.