OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Pulcheria, (Ælia)

The public however was benefited by the vigourous wisdom of his sister, who, though only two years older, maintained, by meekness and discretion, that ascendant over him, which superior capacity always gives. She had devoted herself to a life of virginity, before she was quite fifteen, and persuaded her two younger sisters to do the same. At sixteen she took the name of Augusta; and, as she had always the prudence to preserve her brother's honour, she governed in his name with much success; for she was the only descendant of the great Theodosius who possessed any eminence of character. She was sincerely religious, and gave him the honour of completing the destruction of the idolatrous temples and worship, which was due to the spirit, firmness, and yet wise lenity of her measures.
That prudence which in others is the fruit of experience, was in Pulcheria the gift of nature. At one view, which was as sure as it was penetrating, she saw immediately how she ought to act, and executed her purposes with promptitude; she spoke and wrote elegantly in Greek and Latin. Adorned with all the graces of beauty, she resolved to consecrate herself to the service of God and the state, and divided her time between prayer, works of charity, and the affairs of the empire.
The eastern empire was agitated by factions, when first she stood at its helm; but it soon enjoyed a perfect peace under her wise administration. She taught ​her brother to respect the rights of property; inspiring him with this noble maxim, "the more princes abstained from touching the wealth of their people, the greater would be their resources in the wants of the state."
Weak and irresolute; Theodosius, suffering himself to be guided by his eunuchs, neglected to consult her, and the empire but too soon felt how different a hand held the reins of its government. But he died in his fiftieth year, leaving only a daughter, married to Valentinian III. Pulcheria now remained sole mistress of the Eastern empire, and gave herself in marriage, for political reasons, to Marcian, an old officer in the army, whom she made emperor. She lived two years after, maintaining the same excellent and dignified character; nor does it appear that her religious virtues suffered any diminution till her death, which happened in 444.
Her loss was deeply regretted. She alone had sustained the imperial dignity, under the reign of her weak and imbecile brother; and after his death, had placed the crown on a head worthy to wear it. When her counsels were attended to, the state was happy, and the church triumphant. During her life she was a mother to the poor, and left them her possessions at her death.
Histoire du Bas Empire.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Quistelli, (Lucretia)

QUISTELLI (LUCRETIA), an Italian Lady, of Mirandola, in the 16th Century,
Who learned design and painting of Alex. Allori, and followed the art with much honour and success. She wrote the Lives of some great Painters, which were much esteemed.
Abec. Pitt.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bernhardi, Friedrich von

See also Friedrich von Bernhardi on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BERNHARDI, FRIEDRICH VON (1849- ), German military leader and writer, was born Nov. 22 1849 at St. Petersburg. He took part in the war of 1870-1 as a young officer in the 14th Hussars. When the German troops entered Paris in March 1871 he was the first German to ride into the city. From 1891 to 1894 he was German military attaché at Berne and was subsequently head of the military history department of the Grand General Staff in Berlin. He was appointed general in command of the VII. Army Corps at Münster in Westphalia in 1907, but retired two years later and busied himself as a military writer. Wide-spread attention was excited by the memoirs of his father, the diplomatist and historian, Theodor von Bernhardi, which he published, and still more by his celebrated book Germany and the Next War which appeared in 1912. On the outbreak of war in 1914 he was again placed at the head of an army corps and fought with success first on the Stochod, where he stormed the bridgehead of Tsarecze and afterwards on the western front, in particular at Armentières.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bernhardt, Sarah

See also Sarah Bernhardt on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BERNHARDT, SARAH [Rosine Bernard] (1845- ), French actress (see 3.801), made a specially successful tour in America in 1906. In 1909 she played Jeanne d'Arc in Paris. In 1910 she again toured in America. In 1913 she was given the Cross of the Legion of Honour. Though lame as the result of an operation, she appeared in Nov. 1920 in Paris in a new play Daniel, by Louis Verneuil, and repeated this in London in April 1921.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bernstein, Eduard

See also Eduard Bernstein on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BERNSTEIN, EDUARD (1850- ), German Social-Democratic politician and writer, was born in Berlin Jan. 6 1850. From 1866 to 1878 he was employed in banks. Since 1872 he has been an active advocate and expounder of socialism. In 1878 he acted as private secretary to K. Höchberg, editor of the socialistic review Zukunft. From 1881 to 1890 he was on the editorial staff of the Social-Democrat, a leading organ of the German Social-Democratic party, which was published at Zurich because, owing to the anti-socialistic legislation, free expression for its views could not be found in Germany. He was expelled in 1888 and migrated to London, where he lived in intimate intercourse with Friedrich Engels and other followers of Karl Marx. He returned to Germany in 1901 and was elected deputy to the Reichstag for Breslau, a seat which he continued to hold till 1907. His numerous published works include: Die Voraussetzungen des Sozialismus und die Aufgaben der Sozialdemokratie (1899); Die Kommunistischen und Demokratisch-Sozialistischen Strömungen in England während des 17ten Jahrhunderts (1895); Zur Geschichte und Theorie des Sozialismus (1900); Ferdinand Lassalle und seine Bedeutung für die Arbeiterklasse (1904); Sozialismus und Demokratie in der grossen Englischen Revolution (1908) and an edition of Lassalle's speeches and writings with a biographical introduction (3 vols., 1892-3), etc. In these he dealt principally with the theoretical and historical aspects of socialism. In 1904-5 he
edited the monthly publication Dokumente des Sozialismus and in 1904 the weekly Das Neue Montagsblatt. In the conflict between the orthodox Marxists and the revisionists Bernstein was one of the foremost champions of the latter. His differences with Kautsky, the literary protagonist of the straitest sect of the Marxians, were gradually healed after Bernstein, like Kautsky, associated himself with the Independent Socialists in 1915, and still more when both of them broke with the extreme Independents, the self-styled Communists, who advocated government by councils on the Moscow pattern and the “dictatorship of the proletariat.” Immediately after the revolution Bernstein was appointed Secretary of State for the Treasury, an office which he held till Jan. 1919. He had again been a member of the Reichstag from 1912-8. Subsequently he left the Independents and returned to the fold of the governmental German Social-Democratic party.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bernstorff, Count Johann Heinrich von

See also Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BERNSTORFF, COUNT JOHANN HEINRICH VON (1862- ), German diplomatist and politician, was born in London Nov. 14 1862, the son of the Prussian diplomatist Count Albrecht von Bernstorff. He entered the diplomatic service in 1899, was secretary of legation successively at Belgrade, Dresden, St. Petersburg and Munich, and (1902-6) councillor of embassy in London. He then went as consul-general to Cairo, whence he proceeded as German ambassador in 1909 to Washington and remained there until America's declaration of war against Germany in April 1917. He made great efforts to facilitate mediation by President Wilson, but he did not receive the support he expected from authoritative quarters in Berlin. He himself has repudiated any active connection with the criminal plots and intrigues which were conducted by German agents, including the German military attaché, Boy-Ed, in America before the rupture of relations; he also maintains that he entirely disapproved of the German foreign secretary, Zimmermann's, monstrous proposals to Mexico. If so his position must have been an exceedingly difficult and anomalous one. On the American declaration of war he returned to Germany and was sent as ambassador to Constantinople, where he was employed until 1918. In various publications he has endeavoured to prove that Germany, if she had followed the proper policy, could have avoided war with America. This statement of his views excited much controversy in his own country. When the revolution broke out Bernstorff left the diplomatic service, but has since taken an active part in parliamentary politics as a member of the Democratic party in the Reichstag, and has also maintained a close connexion with the international press and with pacific post-war propaganda.
    (C. K.)
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Berthelot, Henri Mathias

See also Henri Mathias Berthelot on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BERTHELOT, HENRI MATHIAS (1861- ), French general, a son of the chemist, Marcellin P. E. Berthelot (see 3.811), was born at Feurs (Loire), Dec. 7 1861. At 20 years of age he entered St. Cyr, and in 1883 was appointed a sub-lieutenant in the 1st Regt. of Zouaves. Three years later he was promoted lieutenant. In Nov. 1891 he was made a captain and was transferred to the 99th Inf. Regiment. In 1907 he became a lieutenant-colonel and was posted to the 55th Inf. Regiment. He was then given a staff appointment, being promoted colonel in June 1911. In Dec. 1913 he was made a general of brigade. On the outbreak of the World War he was appointed head of the French operations staff at headquarters, and in this capacity he exercised a very marked influence on the course of events in Aug. 1914, so much so as to expose him later to the reproach of having been “the irresponsible commander-in-chief” during the disastrous battle of the Frontiers. In Nov. of the same year he was given command of a division. In Aug. 1915 he became commander of the XXXII. Army Corps, an appointment which he retained until Sept. 1916, when he was made chief of the French military mission to Rumania. Here his thoroughness was the principal factor in revising the Rumanian army, and the fruits of his work appeared in the campaign of 1917. In June 1917 he was made a grand officer of the Legion of Honour. After a brief mission to the United States he was, in July 1918, given command of the V. Army. This army he commanded in the battles on the Marne
and the Aisne, which initiated the final Allied offensives. Later, he was sent on a mission to the Balkans. In Oct. 1919 he was made governor of Metz.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bertolini, Pietro

See also Pietro Bertolini on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BERTOLINI, PIETRO (1853-1920), Italian statesman, was born at Montebelluna in 1853. He began his career as a barrister and student of economic and administrative questions, and entered parliament in 1891 as member for his native town. Two years later he became Under-Secretary for Finance in the Crispi Cabinet. He was afterwards Under-Secretary at the Ministry of the Interior in the Pelloux Cabinet (1898-1900), in which he was, so to speak, the representative of Baron Sonnino's party. On the fall of Gen. Pelloux he hoped to return to office in a future Sonnino ministry; but as the latter seemed ever less likely to become a reality, Bertolini lost patience and joined Sig. Giolitti. His conduct in abandoning his old chief was much criticised at the time, but his new patron chose him as Minister of Public Works in the Cabinet of 1907. He proved a capable administrator, but his qualities were taxed to the utmost by the terrible earthquake at Messina and Reggio in 1908. When Giolitti returned to power in 1911 he did not at first offer an appointment to Bertolini, but in the autumn of 1912 he entrusted him with the newly constituted Ministry of the Colonies. He failed, however, to show any exceptional qualifications for that position, and did little more than introduce some of the less desirable features of the Italian bureaucratic system into the new African possessions; the continued resistance of the Arabs in Libya was generally regarded as largely due to Bertolini's administrative errors. He was rapporteur for the extended suffrage bill, which first came into force with the general elections of 1913; the measure had been introduced to please the demagogic spirit which Giolitti wished to conciliate, but Bertolini must be given credit for the ingeniousness of the machinery which he devised for enabling illiterates to vote and for
avoiding electoral corruption as far as possible. On the outbreak of the World War Bertolini, as a faithful Giolittian, was an uncompromising neutralist, and came in for much obloquy in consequence. Throughout the war he remained in retirement, and failed to be reflected in 1919. Sig. Nitti appointed him senator and president of the Italian delegation on the Reparations Commission. He was the author of several valuable works on political and economic questions, notably a volume on local government in England. He died at Turin, Nov. 28 1920.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Besant, Annie

See also Annie Besant on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BESANT, ANNIE (1847- ), English theosophist, was born in London Oct. 1 1847, the daughter of William Page Wood. She married in 1867 the Rev. Frank Besant (d. 1917), afterwards vicar of Sibsey, Lincs., but obtained a separation from her husband in 1873. She had become an ardent free-thinker, and shortly afterwards she was prosecuted and convicted, together with Charles Bradlaugh (see 4.372), for publishing “blasphemous” literature. From 1874 to 1888 she worked in close association with Bradlaugh both in politics and in free-thought propaganda, as a lecturer and a writer of pamphlets over the signature of “Ajax.” Her increasing tendency towards socialism of the more revolutionary type occasioned a divergence between them after 1885, which was completed in 1889 by her adhesion to the Theosophical Society. She became a devoted pupil of Mme. Blavatsky (see 4.48), founded schools at Benares, and was elected president of the Theosophical Society in 1907. In later years her activities again assumed a political cast. She founded the Indian Home Rule League and became its president in 1916, and in 1917 she was president of the Indian National Congress. In addition to her numerous free-thought pamphlets and a large number of later works on theosophy, she published her Autobiography in 1893, The Religious Problem in India (1902) and other books.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Beseler, Hans von

See also Hans Hartwig von Beseler on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BESELER, HANS VON (1850- ), Prussian general and governor of Poland during the German occupation, was born April 27 1850 at Greifswald. He was one of those generals who, after having been placed upon the retired list, were recalled in 1914 to assume important commands. He conducted the siege of Antwerp, which he occupied on Oct. 9 1914. In 1915 he was employed on the eastern front, and on Aug. 19 of that year took Novogeorgievsk. From Aug. 27 1915 to Nov. 1918 he was German governor-general of Poland at Warsaw, in which capacity he endeavoured with diminishing success to organize a form of Polish national government and representation under German auspices, as also to form a Polish army under German control. The Armistice and the German Revolution put an end to the complicated attempts of Beseler and the Austrians to arrive at a modus vivendi with regard to Poland's political and territorial destiny. The revolutionary Soldiers' Councils asserted themselves, and the German governor-general with the German troops of occupation left the country.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Besnard, Paul Albert

See also Paul Albert Besnard on Wikipedia, the 11th edition, and the disclaimer.
BESNARD, PAUL ALBERT (1849- ), French painter, was born in Paris in 1849 and studied at the École des Beaux-Arts, winning the Prix de Rome in 1874. Until about 1880 he followed the academic tradition, but then broke away completely, and devoted himself to the study of colour and light as conceived by the impressionists. The naturalism of this group never appealed to his imagination, but he applied their technical method adapted to meet more complicated problems of light, such as a union of twilight and artificial light to ideological and decorative works on a darge scale towards which his residence in Rome had strongly inclined him. Such are his decorations at the Sorbonne, the École de Pharmacie, the Salle des Sciences at the Hôtel de Ville, the mairie of the first arrondissement, the Théâtre Français, the Petit Palais, and the chapel of Berck hospital, for which he painted twelve “Stations of the Cross.” A large panel, “Peace by Arbitration,” was completed seven days before the outbreak of war in 1914. A great virtuoso, he has handled with equal facility water-colour, pastel, oil-painting and etching. Partly under the influence of Gainsborough and Reynolds, whom he studied during a three-years stay in England, he has applied his methods to a brilliant series of portraits, especially of women. Notable among these are the “Portrait
de Théâtre” (Mme. Rejane), and “Mme. Roger Jourdain.” Recent work includes “Cardinal Mercier” (1917) and “The King and Queen of Belgium” (1919). His analysis and treatment of light is well seen in “La Femme qui se chauffe” in the Luxembourg, Paris, one of a large group of nude studies of which a recent example is “Une Nymphe au bord de la mer”; and in the work produced during and after a visit to India in 1911. His landscape work is represented by “L'ile heureuse,” and “Un Ruisseau dans la Montagne” (1920). A symbolist in his decorative work, Besnard's frank delight in the external world and his “chic” luminous technique bring him close to the 18th-century French painters. A foundation member of the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts in 1890, in 1913 he became a member of the Institute and commander of the Legion of Honour. He has succeeded Carolus Duran as director of the French Academy in Rome.
See also C. Mauclair, Paul Albert Besnard (1914); G. Mourey, Albert Besnard (1916).
(W. G. C.)
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Betham-Edwards, Matilda

See also Matilda Betham-Edwards on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
BETHAM-EDWARDS, MATILDA (1836-1919), British author, was born at Westerfield, Ipswich, March 4 1836. She studied French and German abroad and after some school-teaching in London, she settled down with her sister in Suffolk to manage the farm which had belonged to her father. Not content, however, with purely rural occupations, she contributed from time to time to Household Words, having the advantage at this time of the friendship of Charles Dickens and an early association with Charles and Mary Lamb, friends of her mother. On her sister's death she moved to London and wrote a number of novels of French life based on her frequent visits to France and her intimate knowledge of provincial French homes. In this way she did much to promote a better understanding between the two peoples. Her chief books are: The White House by the Sea (1857); Anglo-French Reminiscences (1898); East of Paris (1902); Home Life in France (1905); Literary Rambles in France (1907) and the posthumously published Mid-Victorian Memories (1919), which contains a personal sketch of its author by Sarah Grand. She died at Hastings Jan. 4 1919.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Hiam
### Hiam.
#### 嫌$^{-1}$

    Jealousy; suspicious; to displake.

#### 獫$^2$

    A hound; dog of chase.

#### 險$^2$

    Difficult; dangerous; deep abyss; steep; lofty.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Hip
### Hip.
#### 翕$^4$

    To unite together; harmonize; move; excite; abounding.

#### 噏$^4$

    To inhale; suck; drink.

#### 㩉$^4$

    To strike, pull or drag.

#### 歙$^4$

    To snuff up the nose.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Hiok
### Hiok.
#### 郁$^4$

    Elegant; name of a place.

#### 勗$^4$

    To stimulate to exertion.

#### 馥$^4$

    Fragrant odoriferous effluvia.

#### 頊$^4$

    Serious, attentive manner; gravity.

#### 毓$^4$

    To train up; educate; cause to grow.

#### 旭$^4$

    The light of morning; the rising sun.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Hiong
### Hiong.
#### 雄$^{-1}$

    The male of fowls; bold; daring; violent.

#### 凶$^1$

    Great wickedness; evil; calamity; to ruin.

#### 兇$^1$

    Malevolent; cruel; fear.

#### 𨠯$^1$

    Drunk; in rage and mad with intoxication.

#### 匃$^1$

    The breast; thorax.

#### 洶$^1$

    Sound of water bubbling up from a spring or flowing fast.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Hiap
### Hiap.
#### 協$^{-4}$

    Union; harmony; to unite.

#### 恊$^{-4}$

    Fear; apprehension; to intimidate.

#### 脇$^{-4}$脅$^{-4}$

    The sides of the body; ribs; to gather together; to receive.

#### 夾$^{-4}$

    To carry secretly; hold fast; grasp; by the side.

#### 俠$^{-4}$

    Generous and disinterested; to labor for the good of others.

#### 挾$^{-4}$

    To conceal; protect; carry under the arm; store up.

#### 梜$^{-4}$

    Wooden rails; sticks used as nippers; variegated wood.

#### 浹$^{-4}$

    To penetrate with moisture; enrich; to instil instructions.

#### 狹$^{-4}$

    Narrow; confined on each side.

#### 蛺$^{-4}$

    A small butterfly or moth.

#### 陜$^{-4}$

    Confined; a narrow pass.

#### 叶$^{-4}$

    To accord with; unite; to rhyme with.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Hiet
### Hiet.
#### 羯$^4$

    A strong violent sheep; a ram; to castrate.

#### 蝎$^4$

    A scorpion.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Hio
### Hio.
#### 僥$^{-1}$

    False; not genuine.

#### 徼$^{-1}$

    To go round, either to ward off, circumvent or obtain; to assume; a fence.

#### 邀$^{-1}$

    To screen; invite; seek to obtain; to want.

#### 梟$^{-1}$

    A bird said to be cruel to its parents; strong; wicket; to hang a man's head on a pole.

#### 曉$^2$

    Light; clear; intelligent; morning; to understand.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Hie
### Hie.
#### 頁$^{-4}$

    The head.

#### 葉$^{-4}$

    Leaves of trees; foliage.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Him
### Him.
#### 熊$^{-1}$

    A bear.

#### 歆$^1$

    To desire; long for.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Hien
### Hien.
#### 俔$^{-1}$

    Like; to be compared to.

#### 睍$^{-1}$

    Small pretty eyes; staring; to look furtively.

#### 賢$^{-1}$

    A wise man; a sage; virtuous; worthy.

#### 閑$^{-1}$

    A barrier; fence; a fold; to protect; great.

#### 閒$^{-1}$

    Leisure; repose; unemployed; a crevice; interval.

#### 嫺$^{-1}$

    Elegant; accustomed to.

#### 諠$^{-1}$

    False irregular; clamorous.

#### 𤣥$^{-1}$

    Azure; the color of the sky; a dark sombre color.

#### 伭$^{-1}$

    The strings of a bow. ​

#### 炫$^{-1}$

    Luminous; splendid.

#### 眩$^{-1}$

    Eyes wandering about; disorderly; disrespectful.

#### 衒$^{-1}$

    Boasting; pedantic; offering for sale.

#### 現$^1$

    Manifestation; to manifest; exhibit; plain; clear.

#### 顯$^2$

    Light; manifest; apparent; to illustrate; exhibit.

#### 絇$^3$

    An ornamental binding or sash; black; swift.

#### 憲$^{3-}$

    A ruler; officer; magistrate.

#### 獻$^{3-}$

    To offer; present to a superior; to sacrifice.

#### 釁$^{3-}$

    To smear with blood; fumigate; embalm; crime; wars; quarreling.