OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Article

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
ARTICLE, in grammar, a part of speech used before nouns to limit or define their application. In English a, or an, is usually called the indefinite article (the latter form being used before a vowel sound), and the, the definite article, but they are also described as adjectives. An was originally the same as one, and the as that. In Latin there were no articles, and Greek has only the definite article.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Army Schools

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ARMY SCHOOLS. See Military Education.
Source: Collier's New Encyclopedia 1. (1921) New York: P.F. Collier & Son Company. 267.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Arthur, Julia

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
ARTHUR, JULIA, an American actress, born in Hamilton, Ont., in 1869. She made her first professional appearance in “Richard III.” and for three seasons played Shakespearean roles. Her first New York success was at the Union Square Theater in “The Black Masque.” She later took the leading part in several successful plays and was received with equal favor in America and England. She played in Henry Irving's company with Ellen Terry. In 1898 she married Benjamin C. Cheney, Jr., and retired temporarily from the stage, to which, however, she has returned from time to time with considerable success.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Abilita

Abilita. (I.) Skill ; force of understanding.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Abrams, Miss

Abrams, Miss. A celebrated English singer and composer of songs. The air of "Crazy Jane" is the most popular of her compositions. Her sister, THEODOSIA ABRAMS, possessed a remarkably fine mezzo-soprano voice.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Abridgment

Abridgment. Diminution, contraction, reduction ; collecting in a small compass the chief parts of an overture or oratorio. To abridge will require a thorough knowledge of the subject, with tact to seize upon the prominent points, and reproduce them clearly and succinctly.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Abt, Franz

Abt, Franz. One of the most popular of the living song writers in Germany.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Abeltshauser

Abeltshauser. A composer of twelve quatuors for flutes, &c., published at Mentz 1822. He has also written quatuors for four horns.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Abingdon, Lord

Abingdon, Lord, was an excellent per-former on the flute, and composed for that instrument. He is said to have expended much money in fruitless attempts to support Bach and Abel's concerts. After the loss of � 1600, his lordship declined to volunteer any further pecuniary guaranty, and the profession determined to try their fortune in carrying them on. From 1785 to 1793, the performances continued to flourish; but the opposition established by Salomon, and the in-creasing taste for vocal music, put an end to the efforts of the professors in that year. This musician was piqued at being left out of' the professional concerts, and hearing that Haydn had been engaged by Lord Abingdon, and that he was disappointed by the termination of his lord-ship's management, Salomon brought Haydn to London. It is to this circumstance that the world probably owes those symphonies which are among the finest monuments of instrumental art. Haydn was engaged not only to compose. but to direct the performance of his productions; and thus he was roused by every motive, and excited by the highest instances of talent that could be engaged in his service.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Abos, Syr

Abos, Syr. Chapel-master at the conservatory of La Pieta, at Naples, about the year 1760. He composed the Opera of Tito Manlio, the favorite airs of which were published in Loudon, by Walsh, about the year 1756. He was a pupil of Allessandro Scarlatti.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Abraham

Abraham, teacher of the clarinet at Paris, composed a great many airs for his instrument, about the year 1788. He also published a method for the bassoon. He died in 1805.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Absatz

Absatz. (G.) A section or musical sentence
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Abell, John

Abell, John. An English musician, belonging to the Chapel Royal of Charles H. He was a good vocalist, celebrated for a fine counter-tenor voice, and for his skill on the lute. He preserved the natural tone of his voice to extreme old age. In 1701, he published a collection of songs in several languages, which he dedicated to the king. He continued in the chapel till the revolution, when he was discharged as being a Papist. Upon this he went abroad, and at War-saw met with a very extraordinary adventure. He was sent for to court; but evading to go by some slight excuse, was commanded to attend. At the palace, he was seated in a chair, the middle of a spacious hall, and suddenly drawn up to a great height, when the king and his attend-ants appeared in a gallery opposite to him. At the same instant, a number of wild bear, were turned in, when the king bade him choose, whether he would sing or be let down among the bears. Abel chose to sing, and declared afterwards that he never sang so well in his life. He afterwards sang in Holland, and other places in Germany, where he acquired considerable wealth, but squandered away his money, and was afterwards obliged to travel about the country on foot, with his lute slung on his back. In 1701 he published, in London, a collection of songs in several languages. There are two songs by this composer, in the fourth volume of " Pills to purge Melancholy."
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Southey, Robert

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​SOUTHEY, ROBERT, an English poet; born in Bristol, England, Aug. 12, 1774. Shortly after leaving Oxford he formed the acquaintance of Coleridge, the two friends marrying at the same time two sisters. After a short visit to Portugal, in 1796, he entered as a student of law at Gray's Inn. In 1801 he devoted himself to literature, and soon after took up his residence at Keswick, in Cumberland, where the remainder of his life was passed, he being thenceforth classed as one of the Lake poets. In 1807 he obtained a pension from the government, and on the death of Pye was appointed poet laureate. In 1839, two years after the death of his wife, he married Caroline Bowles. The latter years of his life were clouded by a mental imbecility which attended him to his death. His chief poems are: “Joan of Arc” (1796); “Thalaba” (1801); “Madoc” (1805); “The Curse of Kehama” (1810); “Roderick” (1814); “A Vision of Judgment” (1821); etc. Among his prose works are: “History of Brazil” (1810); “Life of Nelson” (1813); “Life of John Wesley” (1820); “History of the Peninsular War” (1823); “Sir Thomas More” (1829); “The Doctor” (1834-1837). Among his translations was “The Chronicle of the Cid.” His "Commonplace Book,” a posthumous publication in four volumes 8vo, is a marvelous monument of his reading and research. He died near Keswick, England, March 21, 1843.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Sow thistle

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
SOW THISTLE, the popular name given to a species of a genus of composite plants, Sonchus. There are about 50 species, mostly herbaceous, but some forming shrubs or small trees. Some of the first may be considered cosmopolitan, while the woody sorts are almost restricted to the Canaries and to the island of Madeira. The most common species in Great Britain is the common sow thistle, Sonchus oleraceus. It is very abundant as a weed, is greedily fed upon by many animals, and is sometimes used on the European continent as a pot-herb. It grows to a height of two or three feet, with a branching stem and small yellow flowers. The S. alpinus forms a tall and fine plant, with fresh and sharply defined foliage and large heads of beautiful blue flowers. The S. arvensis is found in Massachusetts and southern New York.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Spandau

Edition of 1921; disclaimer. See also Spandau Prison on Wikipedia.
​SPANDAU, a town and first-class fortress of Prussia; situated at the confluence of the Havel and the Spree; 8 miles W. by N. of Berlin. The principal defense of the capital on that side, it has very strong modern fortifications, including a citadel. In the “Julius tower” of this structure is preserved in gold the “Reichskriegsschatz”—$30,000,000 that the government, according to a law of 1871, keeps in reserve for a great war. Spandau before the World War was the seat of large government cannon foundries, factories for making gunpowder and other munitions of war, and has an arsenal. The town, one of the oldest of Brandenburg, was a favorite residence of the electors. It surrendered to the Swedes in 1634, to the French in 1806, and in 1813 to the Prussians. Pop. about 90,000.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Spanish Main

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​SPANISH MAIN (i. e., main land), a name given to the N. coast of South America from the Orinoco to Darien, and to the shores of the former Central American provinces of Spain contiguous to the Caribbean Sea. The name, however, is often popularly applied to the Caribbean Sea itself, and in this sense occurs frequently in connection with the buccaneers. See Buccaneer.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Southington

* related portals: Connecticut.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​SOUTHINGTON, a town of Connecticut, in Hartford co. It is on the New York, New Haven, and Hartford railroad. The principal industries are the manufacture of hardware, tools, screws, etc. The town contains the borough of the same name. Pop. (1910) 5,085; (1920) 8,440.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Span

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​SPAN, a measure of length, being the distance between the tips of the thumb and little finger when the fingers are expanded to their fullest extent. This space averages about 9 inches, which accordingly is the fixed measure given to the span.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Spaniel

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​SPANIEL, the name given to several varieties or breeds of dogs. Their distinguishing characteristics are a rather broad muzzle, remarkably long and full ears, hair plentiful and beautifully waved, particularly that of the ears, tail, and hinder parts of the thighs and legs. The prevailing color is liver and white, sometimes red and white or black and white, and sometimes deep brown, or black on the face and breast, with a tan spot over each eye. The English spaniel is a superior and very pure breed. The King Charles' dog is a small variety of the spaniel used as a lapdog. The Maltese dog is also a small species of spaniel. The water spaniels, large and small, differ from the common spaniel only in the roughness of their coats, and in uniting the aquatic propensities of the Newfoundland dog with the fine hunting qualities of their own race. Spaniels possess a great share of intelligence, affection, and obedience, which qualities, combined with much beauty, make them highly prized as companions.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Southern Cross

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​SOUTHERN CROSS, a constellation of the Southern Hemisphere, composed of four stars, one of which is of the first, and two of the second magnitude; they form an elongated figure, lying parallel to the horizon, nearly at the height of the pole. The largest of the four stars is the pole star of the S.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Spalding, Albert

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​SPALDING, ALBERT, an American violinist, born in Chicago, in 1888. He was educated in music in New York, Florence, and Paris, and made his first appearance in the latter city in 1905. Following this, he made a tour of the chief cities of Europe. He appeared with the Damrosch Orchestra in New York City in 1908 and followed this by a concert tour in the United States, and by tours in all of the principal cities of Europe, in Egypt, Cuba, and the West Indies. He was a composer of music for the violin. During the World War he served in the Signal Service as interpreter in Italy.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Gottfried Hagen

From volume 7 of the work.
Gottfried Hagen, town clerk of Cologne, and author of the Cologne "Reimchronik" (rhymed chronicle); died 1299. He filled many influential positions, and took an active part in the public life of his native city. Subsequently to the year 1268, he is mentioned repeatedly in documents as "Magister Godefridus clericus Coloniensis", "Notarius civitatis Coloniensis" pastor (plebanus) of St. Martin the Lesser at Cologne, and dean of the chapter of St. George. He gives his name with the title town-clerk (der stede schriver) at the end of his "Book of the City of Cologne" (Dit is dat boich van der stede Colne). This "Reimchronik" is a very remarkable work of some 3000 couplets; as a chronicle it is almost complete, if based at times on unreliable traditions. At earliest, it was written in 1270 with a supplement in 1271; it cannot have appeared later than the period between 1277 and 1287. After a legendary introduction, permeated with the idea of municipal liberty, it recounts the conflicts between the city of Cologne and the Archbishops Conrad and Engelbert II, and the feuds between the patrician party and the guilds in the years 1252-71. Its arrangement is simple, its style negligent, and its artistic merit slight, although it does not lack some lively descriptions. The importance of the chronicle lies in its contents. No other German city has records so complete and so full of life for this early period. For historical purposes, however, it should be used with great caution. It is true that the strictures formerly passed upon its reliability have proved to be very exaggerated. In rehearsing facts the work is fairly accurate, but Hagen is a thorough partisan, and an enthusiastic patriot. He was an adherent of the group of patricians led by his relatives, the "Overstolzen", and he opposed bitterly both the party of the "Weisen", the despised guilds, and also the archbishops of Cologne, who, as lords of the city, were the natural enemies of the development of Cologne into a free imperial city. Nevertheless, the bishops and still more the Holy See are always treated with respect. It cannot be said that Hagen forged facts, but he modified them, and his judgment is coloured to a high degree by party spirit. His curious book is not so much a chronicle as a pamphlet written for a purpose. It was highly esteemed in Cologne as a plea for municipal liberty. Several medieval chroniclers have drawn largely upon its contents. For a critical edition of the "Reimchronik", see Cardauns and Schröder in "Chroniken der niederrheinischen Städte: Köln", I, 1-236, in "Chroniken der deutschen Städte", XII (Leipzig, 1875); cf. III, 963.
See MERLO in Jahrbucher des Vereins von Altertumsfreunden im Rheinlande, LIX, 114, and especially KELLETER, Gottfried Hagen (Trier, 1894).
Hermann Cardauns.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Gottfried Lumper

From volume 9 of the work.
Benedictine patristic writer, born 6 Feb., 1747, at Füssen in Bavaria; died 8 March, 1800 (Hefele says 1801), at the Abbey of St. George at Billingen in the Black Forest. At an early age he commenced his education at the abbey school, received in the course of time the habit of the order, made his solemn profession in 1764, and was ordained priest in 1771. After this he never left the monastery except for occasional assistance in the sacred ministry. He was appointed director of the gymnasium, and professor of church history and dogmatic theology. Later he was made prior of his monastery. He was a man of irreproachable character, whom nothing could move from the path of duty, and at the same time possessed profound learning and untiring diligence. All his spare time he employed in the study of early Christian literature, and Catholic Germany owes him grateful remembrance especially for his great work, "Historia theologico-critica de vita, scriptis atque doctrina SS. Patrum aliorumque scriptorum eccl. trium priorum sæculorum", which be published in thirteen volumes at Augsburg between 1783 and 1789. Of less importance are his smaller works: A translation of "Historia religionis in usum prælectionum catholicarum" of Matthew Schröckh, of which two editions appeared at Augsburg in 1788 and 1790; also the two works in German, "Die römisch-kath. hl. Messe in deutscher Sprache", with various additional prayers (Ulm, 1784), and "Der Christ in der Fasten, d. i. die Fasten-Evangelia nach dem Buchstaben und sittlichen Sinne" (Ulm, 1786). He also gave valuable assistance in the publication of the periodical "Nova Bibliotheca Eccl. Friburgensis".
KLÜPFEL, Necrolog. sodal. et amic. lit. (Freiburg, 1809), p. 250; Allgem. deut. Biog., XIX, 635; HEFELE in Kirchenlex., s. v.; HURTER, Nomenclator, III (Innsbruck, 1895), 341.
FRANCIS MERSHMAN.
# Chronological Table and Index of the Statutes/Chronological Table/10Ann

* ↑ cc. 8, 7, 33., private, Ruff.
* ↑ c. 6., Ruff.
* ↑ c. 2., Ruff.
* ↑ c. 3., Ruff.
* ↑ c. 4., Ruff.
* ↑ c. 5., Ruff.
* ↑ c. 7., Ruff.
* ↑ c. 8., Ruff.
* ↑ c. 9., Ruff.
* ↑ c. 10., Ruff.
* ↑ cc. 1, 6, 34, 3.,private,Ruff.
* ↑ c. 19., Ruff.
* ↑ c. 26., Ruff.
* ↑ c. 11., Ruff.
* ↑ c. 12., Ruff.
* ↑ c. 13., Ruff.
* ↑ c. 21., Ruff.
* ↑ c. 14., Ruff.
* ↑ c. 15., Ruff.
* ↑ c. 16., Ruff.
* ↑ c. 17., Ruff.
* ↑ c. 18., Ruff.
* ↑ c. 20., Ruff.
* ↑ c. 22., Ruff.
* ↑ c. 23., Ruff.
* ↑ c. 24., Ruff.
* ↑ c. 25., Ruff.
* ↑ c. 27., Ruff.
* ↑ c. 28., Ruff.
* ↑ c. 29., Ruff.
* ↑ c. 30., Ruff.
* ↑ c. 31., Ruff.
* ↑ c. 32., Ruff
* ↑ c. 33., Ruff
* ↑ c. 34., Ruff
* ↑ cc. 9, 11, 10, 12., private., Ruff.
# Chronological Table and Index of the Statutes/Chronological Table/12Ann

* ↑ 12 Ann. St., 1., Ruff.
* ↑ c. 16., Ruff.
* ↑ c. 12., Ruff.
* ↑ c. 13., Ruff.
* ↑ c. 14., private, Ruff.
* ↑ c. 15., Ruff.
* ↑ c. 1., private, Ruff.
# Chronological Table and Index of the Statutes/Chronological Table

This following index tables are not part of the original document but have been added because the original multi-page table has been sectionalised, to assist searching.
For the Kingdom of England. :
| Monarch | Regnal Years | Link |
| Henry III | 1-57 | Hen3 |
| Edward I. | 1-35 | Edw1 |
| Edward II. | 1-20 | Edw2 |
| Temp Incert | | Temp Incert |
| Edward III. | 1-51 | Edw3 |
| Richard II. | 1-23 | Ric2 |
| Henry IV. | 1-14 | Hen4 |
| Henry V. | 1-10 | Hen5 |
| Henry VI. | 1-39 | Hen6 |
| Edward IV. | 1-23 | Edw4 |
| Richard III. | 1-3 | Ric3 |
| Henry VII. | 1-24 | Hen7 |
| Henry VIII. | 1-38 | Hen8 |
| Edward VI. | 1-7 | Edw6 |
| Mary I. | 1-6 | Mary |
| Elizabeth I. | 1-45 | Eliz |
| James I. | 1-23 | Jac1 |
| Charles I. | 1-24 | Cha1 |
| Charles II. | 1-37 | Cha2 |
| James. II. | 1-4 | Jac2 |
| William III. and Mary II. | 1-6 | Will&Mary |
| William III. | 7-14 | Will3 |
| Anne | 1-6 | Anne |
For the Kingdom of Great Britain (1707-1800)
| Monarch | Regnal Years | Calender Years |
| Anne | 06 07 08 09 010 11 12 13 | 1707-1714 |
| George I. | 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 | 1714-1727 |
| George II. | 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 | 1727-1760 |
| George III. | 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 39-40 41 | 1760-1800 |
* ↑ Certain statutes of uncertain date, passed in the time of Henry III to Edw II. These are usually placed at this point in collected editions.
* ↑ The laws passed by the Commonwealth parliament in the 12 years of the interregnum were not passed with royal assent.
* 1 2 No statues are listed for this year.
* ↑ for Statutes passed in the UK see next table.
For the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801-1921) :-
| Monarch | Regnal Years | Calander Years |
| George III. | 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Geo 3. & 1. Geo 4. (1819-1820) | 1801-1820 |
| George IV. | 60 Geo 3. & 1. Geo 4. (1819-1820) 1 1&2 3 4 5 6 7 7&8 9 10 11 Geo. 4.& 1 Will. 4. (1830.) |
| William IV. | 1 1&2 2&3 3&4 4&5 5&6 6&7 7 Will. 4. & 1 Vict. (1837) |
| Victoria. | 7 Will. 4. & 1 Vict. (1837). 1&2 (1837-8) 2&3 (1838-9) 3&4 (1840) 4&5 (1841) 5&6 (1842) 6 & 7 (1843) 7 & 8 (1844) 8 & 9 (1845) 9 & 10 (1846) 10 & 11 (1847) 11 & 12 (1847-8) 12 & 13 (1849) 13 & 14 (1850) 15 & 16 (1851) 15 & 16 (1852) 16 & 27 (1853) 17 & 18 (1854) 18 & 29 (1855) 19 & 20 (1856) 20 & 21 (1857) 20 & 21 (1858) 22 & 23 (1859) 23 & 24 (1860) 24 & 25 (1861) 25 & 36 (1862) 26 & 27 (1863) 27 & 28 (1864) 28 & 29 (1865) 29 & 30 (1866) 30 & 31 (1867) 31 & 32 (1871) 32 & 33 (1869) 33 & 34 (1870) 34 & 35 (1871) 35 & 36 (1872) 36 & 37 (1873) 37 & 38 (1874) 38 & 39 (1876) 39 & 40 (1876) 40 & 41 (1877) |
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Addition

Addition. The extra duration given to notes by affixed dots. A point set before or after a note adds to it half its original length, and a second point bears the same proportion to the first as the first does to the original note. Addition is denoted by a dot on the right side of a
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Adcock, James

Adcock, James, master to the choristers of King's College, Cambridge, was born in 1778, at Eton, in Buckinghamshire. In 1786, he was admitted a chorister of his majesty's Chapel of St. George, Windsor, and of the College of Eton, where he received his musical education under Dr. Aylward and Mr. Sexton, organist of St. George, Windsor. In 1797, he was elected one of the lay clerks of St. George's Chapel, and in 1799, was appointed to the same situation at Eton College, both of which places he gave up on being nominated lay clerk of' King's, Trinity, and St. John's Colleges, Cambridge. Adcock's principal compositions are glees; viz., "Three Glees, dedicated to Sir Patrick Blake," (Birchall ;) " Hark how the Bees," glee, four voices, (Preston ;) "Welcome Mirth," glee, three voices, (Goulding ;) &c. Adcock also published rudiments of singing, with about thirty solfeggi, to assist persons who wish to sing at sight.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Added lines

Added lines. Short additional lines either above or below the staff, which are used when more than nine degrees are wanted.
# Complete Encyclopaedia of Music/A/Addimari, Luigi

Addimari, Luigi, a Florentine noble-man, composed a musical drama, entitled "Roberto." He died in 1708.