OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Ferdinand III

From volume 6 of the work.
King of Leon and Castile, member of the Third Order of St. Francis, born in 1198 near Salamanca; died at Seville, 30 May, 1252. He was the son of Alfonso IX, King of Leon, and of Berengeria, the daughter of Alfonso III, King of Castile, and sister of Blanche, the mother of St. Louis IX.
In 1217 Ferdinand became King of Castile, which crown his mother renounced in his favour, and in 1230 he succeeded to the crown of Leon, though not without civil strife, since many were opposed to the union of the two kingdoms. He took as his counsellors the wisest men in the State, saw to the strict administration of justice, and took the greatest care not to overburden his subjects with taxation, fearing, as he said, the curse of one poor woman more than a whole army of Saracens. Following his mother's advice, Ferdinand, in 1219, married Beatrice, the daughter of Philip of Swabia, King of Germany, one of the most virtuous princesses of her time. God blessed this union with seven children: six princes and one princess. The highest aims of Ferdinand's life were the propagation of the Faith and the liberation of Spain from the Saracen yoke. Hence his continual wars against the Saracens. He took from them vast territories, Granada and Alicante alone remaining in their power at the time of his death. In the most important towns he founded bishoprics, reestablished Catholic worship everywhere, built churches, founded monasteries, and endowed hospitals. The greatest joys of his life were the conquests of Cordova (1236) and Seville (1248). He turned the great mosques of these places into cathedrals, dedicating them to the Blessed Virgin. He watched over the conduct of his soldiers, confiding more in their virtue than in their valour, fasted strictly himself, wore a rough hairshirt, and often spent his nights in prayer, especially before battles. Amid the tumult of the camp he lived like a religious in the cloister. The glory of the Church and the happiness of his people were the two guiding motives of his life. He founded the University of Salamanca, the Athens of Spain. Ferdinand was buried in the great cathedral of Seville before the image of the Blessed Virgin, clothed, at his own request, in the habit of the Third Order of St. Francis. His body, it is said, remains incorrupt. Many miracles took place at his tomb, and Clement X canonized him in 1671. His feast is kept by the Minorites on the 30th of May.
Ferdinand Heckmann.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Exuperius

From volume 5 of the work.
Exuperius (Exsuperius), Saint, Bishop of Toulouse in the beginning of the fifth century; place and date of birth unascertained; d. after 410. Succeeding St. Silvius as bishop, he completed the basilica of St. Saturninus, begun by his predecessor. St. Jerome praises him for his munificence towards the monks of Palestine, Egypt, and Libya, and for his charity to the people of his own diocese, who were then suffering from the depredations of the Vandals, Alans, and Suevi. Of great austerity and simplicity of life, he sought not his own, but gave what he had to the poor. For their sake he even sold the altar vessels and was compelled in consequence to carry the Sacred Host in an osier basket and the Precious Blood in a vessel of glass. In esteem for his virtues and in gratitude for his gifts, St. Jerome dedicated to him his "Commentary on Zacharias". Exuperius is best known in connection with the Canon of the Sacred Scriptures. He had written to Innocent I for instructions concerning the Canon and several points of ecclesiastical discipline. In reply, the pope honored him with the letter "Consulenti tibi", dated February, 405, which contained a list of the canonical Scriptures as we have them today, including the deuterocanonical books of the Catholic Canon. The assertion of non-Catholic writers that the Canon of Innocent I excluded the Apocrypha is not true, if they mean to extend the term Apocrypha to the deuterocanonical books.
The opinion of Baronius, that the bishop Exuperius was identical with the rhetor of the same name, is quite generally rejected, as the rhetor was a teacher of Hannibalianus and Dalmatius, nephews of Constantine the Great, over half a century before the period of the bishop. From St. Jerome's letter to Furia of Rome, in 394, and from the epistle of St. Paulinus to Amandus of Bordeaux, in 397, it seems probable that Exuperius was a priest at Rome, and later at Bordeaux, before he was raised to the episcopate, though it is possible that in both of these letters reference is made to a different person. Just when he became bishop is unknown. That he occupied the See of Toulouse in February, 405, is evident from the letter of Innocent I mentioned above; and from a statement of St. Jerome in a letter to Rusticus it is certain that he was still living in 411. It is sometimes said that St. Jerome reproved him, in a letter to Riparius, a priest of Spain, for tolerating the heretic Vigilantius; but, as Vigilantius did not belong to the Diocese of Toulouse, St. Jerome was probably speaking of another bishop.
Exuperius was early venerated as a saint. Even in the time of St. Gregory of Tours he was held in equal veneration with St. Saturninus. His feast occurs on September 28. The first martyrologist to assign it to this date was Usuard, who wrote towards the end of the ninth century.
LEO A. KELLY
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Felix of Nola

From volume 6 of the work.
Born at Nola, near Naples, and lived in the third century. After his father's death he distributed almost all his goods amongst the poor, and was ordained priest by Maximum Bishop of Nola. In the year 250, when the Decian persecution broke out, Maximus was forced to flee. The persecutors seized on Felix and he was cruelly scourged, loaded with chains, and cast into prison. One night an angel appeared to him and bade him go to help Maximus. His chains fell off, the doors opened, and the saint was enabled to bring relief to the bishop, who was then speechless from cold and hunger. On the persecutors making a second attempt to secure Felix, his escape was miraculously effected by a spider weaving her web over the opening of a hole into which he had just crept. Thus deceived, they sought their prey elsewhere. The persecution ceased the following year, and Felix, who had lain hidden in a dry well for six months, returned to his duties. On the death of Maximus he was earnestly desired as bishop, but he persuaded the people to choose another, his senior in the priesthood. The remnant of his estate having been confiscated in the persecution, he refused to take it back,and for his subsistence rented three acres of land, which he tilled with his own hands. Whatever remained over he gave to the poor, and if he had two coats at any time he invariably gave them the better. He lived to a ripe old age and died 14 January (on which day he is commemorated), but the year of his death is uncertain. Five churches were built in his honour, outside Nola, where his remains are kept, but some relics are also at Rome and Benevento. St. Paulinus, who acted as porter to one of these churches, testifies to numerous pilgrimages made in honour of Felix. The poems and letters of Paulinus on Felix are the source from which St. Gregory of Tours, Venerable Bede, and the priest Marcellus have drawn their biographies (see PAULINUS OF NOLA). There is another Felix of Nola, bishop and martyr under a Prefect Martianus. He is considered by some to be the same as the above.
AMBROSE COLEMAN
# Century Magazine/Volume 48/Issue 1

Volume 48, Issue 1 (May 1894).

## Contents

* Reminiscence, by Thomas Bailey Aldrich
* Dagnan-Bouveret, by William A. Coffin
* Minorchord, by Edgar Fawcett
* Pudd'nhead Wilson, by Mark Twain
* Fragments, by James Russell Lowell
* Contrasts of English and American Scenery, by E. S. Nadal
* Hunting an Abandoned Farm in Upper New England, by William Henry Bishop
* The Heart of the World, by William Prescott Foster
* A Loan of Half-Orphans, by Thomas A. Janvier
* Old Dutch Masters. Aelbert Cuyp, by Timothy Cole
* Notes of a Book-lover. Bookbindings of the Past, by Brander Matthews
* The Kearsarge, by James Jeffrey Roche
* "Their Exits and Their Entrances", by George A. Hibbard
* Love and May-Time, by Nathan Haskell Dole
* Across Asia on a Bicycle. Beyond the Bosporus, by Thomas Gaskell Allen, Jr., and William L. Sachtleben
* Witherle's Freedom, by Cornelia Atwood Pratt
* Coeur D'Alene, by Mary Hallock Foote
* Capture of the Slave-Ship "Cora", by Wilburn Hall
* Zmai Iovan Iovanovich, by Nikola Tesla
* Paraphrases from the Servian Translations after Translations by Nikola Tesla, by Robert Underwood Johnson
* Mr. Pate's Only Infirmity, by Richard Malcolm Johnston
* The Imitative Functions and their Place in Human Nature, by Josiah Royce
* Flash-Lights, by Lester Raynor
Topics of the Time
* What is Political Economy?
* The Foreign Element in Trades-Unions
* Popular Education in Citizenship
Open Letters
* The Common Sense of Civil Service Reform, by Theodore Roosevelt
* General Hill's Article on Stonewall Jackson, by Thomas L. Preston
* Stonewall Jackson at Port Republic, by R. S. Forston
* The Depletion of American Forests, by W. T. Elwell
* The English Language in America, by W. J. Stillman
* The Century Series of American Artists. Frederick W. Freer, by W. Lewis Fraser
In Lighter Vein
* Sleepy Man, by Charles G. D. Roberts
* Outlines, by Berry Benson
* Men and Women, by Junius Henri Browne
* The Evolution of a "Name", by Charles Battell Loomis
* The Tests, by Alice Wellington Rollins
# Century Magazine/Volume 48/Issue 1/Reminiscence

REMINISCENCE.
THOUGH I am native to this frozen zone That half the twelvemonth torpid lies, or dead; Though the cold azure arching overhead And the Atlantic's intermittent moan Are mine by heritage, I must have known Life otherwhere in epochs long since fled; For in my veins some Orient blood is red, And through my thought are lotus blossoms blown. I do remember … it was just at dusk, Near a walled garden at the river's turn (A thousand summers seem but yesterday!), A Nubian girl, more sweet than Khoorja musk, Came to the water-tank to fill her urn, And, with the urn, she bore my heart away!
Thomas Bailey Aldrich.
# Century Magazine/Volume 47/Issue 6/Old Dutch Masters. Meyndert Hobbema

he landscapes of Meyndert Hobbema were little known or appreciated until about a century after his death, and consequently the details of his life are few and scanty. He is said to have studied under Salomon van Ruisdael, though by others he is believed to have been the pupil of the greater Jacob van Ruisdael, nephew of the former. He certainly enjoyed the friendship and advice of the latter, whose junior he was by a few years, and, as might naturally be expected, his works bear a certain affinity to those of his famous contemporary. He was born in 1638, probably at Amsterdam, though the city of Haarlem, the town of Koeverden, and the village of Middelharnis in Holland are each said to have been his birthplace. He is known, however, to have resided at Amsterdam, and to have been married there in 1668, to which event his friend Jacob was a witness. He then recorded his age as thirty. He died in Amsterdam, December 14, 1709, and was buried there, ending his days in poverty and obscurity, his last lodging being in the Roosgraft, the street in which Rembrandt had died, just as poor, forty years before.
Only thirty-five years ago the best of his works were not valued at much more than thirty dollars, and often the signatures were effaced from them, and better known names, such as Ruisdael and Decker, were substituted. Now, however, his canvases are highly valued, and a work which before went begging at thirty dollars would probably fetch a thousand times as much. Hobbema ranks next to Ruisdael as a landscape-painter. Most of his works are in England.
The subject I have engraved is known as "The Avenue, Middelharnis, Holland." The long avenue of straight, lopped trees leads up to the village, in which the church tower is a conspicuous object. It is a faithful and characteristic glimpse of Holland, with its pastures, waterways, low horizons, and expansive and impressive skies. Above all, it is the sky which holds us here; we feel the vastness of the immense vault of heaven. The work is gray and neutral in coloring, yet clear, strong, and fresh. In this respect Hobbema stands about midway between the golden manner of Cuyp and the cool, sober style of Ruisdael. This painting is one of the finest of Hobbema’s, and is to be seen in the National Gallery, London. It is on canvas, and measures three feet, four and one half inches high, by four feet, seven and one half inches wide. The date upon it, 16—9, is read by some to be 1689, which would make it one of the latest of the artist’s signed pictures.
# Century Magazine/Volume 48

* Issue 1 (May 1894)
* Issue 2 (June 1894)
* Issue 3 (July 1894)
* Issue 4 (August 1894)
* Issue 5 (September 1894)
* Issue 6 (October 1894)
# Century Magazine/Volume 48/Issue 1/Love and May-Time

Love, gentle Love, I am weary of waiting!  Why hast thou lingered so long on the way? Birds 'mid the boskage are wooing and mating:  It is May!
Cold was the Winter, with snow-plumy pinions,  Holding our hearts in his insolent sway; Now he is gone to his icy dominions:  It is May!
Brooks down the hillsides are leaping and singing,  What makes their laughter so rollicking gay? Why are the hedges with merriment ringing?  It is May.
Love, gentle Love, I would welcome thee gladly,  Yet far aloof from my roof dost thou stray; I cannot sing, for my song would fall sadly:  It is May!
Love, gentle Love, bring me joy without measure!  Make me thy debtor this jubilant day; Here is my heart in exchange for thy treasure:  It is May! It is May!
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1935, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 88 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Century Magazine/Volume 48/Issue 2

Volume 48, Issue 2 (June 1894).

## Contents

* A Cumberland Vendetta, by John Fox, Jr.
* A Rose Rhyme to Juliet, by Frank Dempster Sherman
* Across Asia on a Bicycle. The Ascent of Mount Ararat, by Thomas Gaskell Allen, Jr. and William L. Sachtleben
* Apollo and Daphne, by Sara King Wiley
* Field Notes, by John Burroughs
* The Loosened Cord, by Alexander W. Drake
* Edison's Invention of the Kineto-Phonograph. Introduction, by Thomas A. Edison
* Edison's Invention of the Kineto-Phonograph, by Antonia Dickson and W. K. L. Dickson
* Old Dutch Masters. Adriaan Van Ostade, by Timothy Cole
* Visible Sound, by Ellen Knight Bradford
* A Loan of Half-Orphans, by Thomas A. Janvier
* Icebergs, by William Prescott Foster
* Pudd'nhead Wilson, by Mark Twain
* Huntington House, by Edmund Clarence Stedman
* Tissot's Illustrations of the Gospels, by Theodore Stanton
* The Mother of Ivan Tourgueneff, by Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen
* Maurice Boutet de Monvel, by Will H. Low
* On a Mission for Kossuth, by W. J. Stillman
* The Nesting-Place, by Edith M. Thomas
* Notes of a Book-lover. Bookbindings of the Present, by Brander Matthews
* The Magic Egg, by Frank R. Stockton
* The Government of German Cities, by Albert Shaw
* The Consular Service and the Spoils System, by Twelve ex-Ministers of the United States, James B. Angell, J. L. M. Curry, Edward Burd Grubb, John A. Kasson, Robert T. Lincoln, T. W. Palmer, William Walter Phelps, William L. Scruggs, Charles Emory Smith, Oscar S. Straus, John Russell Young
Topics of the Time
* A National Injury and Idiocy
* Bosses
* Hard Times and Business Methods
Open Letters
* The Reform of Secondary Education, by Nicholas Murray Butler
* An Honest Election Machine, by Herbert Browne Ames
* Military Drill in the Schools, by Benjamin F. Trueblood
* The Century Series of American Artists. Charles H. Davis, by W. Lewis Fraser
In Lighter Vein
* En Route, by M. S. Woodbury
* What Not to Do, by Ella Wheeler Wilcox
# Century Magazine/Volume 48/Issue 1/Minorchord

I. The flowers have their bold bees to woo them;  The brooks have their fresh rains to feed them; The nights have their stars to o'erstrew them  The dawns have their pure dews to bead them:  Yet my steps go darkling,  With but the dim sparkling Of memory's lamp, love, to lead them!
 II. The sea hath its waves to make sheen with;  The winds have their music to sigh with; The groves have their boughs to be green with;  The birds have their fleet wings to fly with:  But I, in my lonely  Allegiance, have only This deep-wounded heart, love, to die with!
# Century Magazine/Volume 48/Issue 1/The Kearsarge

In the gloomy ocean bed  Dwelt a formless thing, and said, In the dim and countless eons long ago,  "I will build a stronghold high,  Ocean's power to defy, And the pride of haughty man to lay low."
 Crept the minutes for the sad,  Sped the cycles for the glad, But the march of time was neither less nor more;  While the formless atom died,  Myriad millions by its side, And above them slowly lifted Roncador.
 Roncador of Caribee,  Coral dragon of the sea, Ever sleeping with his teeth below the wave;  Woe to him who breaks the sleep!  Woe to them who sail the deep! Woe to ship and man that fear a shipman's grave!
 Hither many a galleon old,  Heavy-keeled with guilty gold, Fled before the hardy rover smiting sore;  But the sleeper silent lay  Till the preyer and his prey Brought their plunder and their bones to Roncador,
 Be content, O conqueror!  Now our bravest ship of war War and tempest who had often braved before,  All her storied prowess past,  Strikes her glorious flag at last To the formless thing that builded Roncador!
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Carlo Cignani

From volume 3 of the work.
Cignani, Carlo, b. 1628, the most distinguished of three Bolognese painters of the same name, was a count and belonged to a noble family; he was the pupil of Albani and perhaps the most celebrated of the students, but at the same time he was strongly influenced by the teaching of the Carracci and by the works of Correggio. His first important work was the ornamentation for Cardinal Farnese of the great salon of his palace at Bologna. In the same city he painted scenes in the style of Correggio representing events in Bologna at the time of the plague. They are in the church of San Michele in Bosco, and each picture is supported by two angels of remarkable beauty. He executed a fine piece of interior decoration in the palace of the Duke of Parma and for it received the honour of knighthood. His great achievement is the painting of the "Assumption of the Virgin" in the cupola of Forlì cathedral. On this immense work he was engaged from 1681 to 1706, and on its completion was elected to high office in that town and appointed by Clement XI president of the Academy of Bologna. There is a grandeur and profundity, about his work hardly warranted by its actual excution. His colouring is suave, his drawing on the whole accurate but not devoid of clever trickery, and his paintings were executed with extraordinary facility, where are three of his works at Copenhagen, several in Vienna, his own portrait at Florence and others at Berlin and Munich. He died at Forlì in 1719.
(2) FELICE, his son, succeeded to the ample fortune left by his father, and practised his art rather from inclination than as an actual professional artist. He was born in 1660 and died in 1724; in Bologna in two of the churches are clever, dexterous, and well-coloured paintings which are his work.
(3) PAOLO was another pupil of the elder artist and his nephew. He was born at Bologna in 1709 and died in 1764. His style is effective, refined, and highly finished, but only three of his paintings are known to present-day critics.
GEORGE CHARLES WILLIAMSON
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Carlo Crivelli

From volume 4 of the work.
Italian painter. Little is known of his life, and his b. and d. are usually reckoned by his earliest and latest signed pictures, 1468-93. He may have been a pupil of Antonio and Bartolommeo Murano. Crivelli worked entirely in tempora, of which he was a master. He early attained a style of his own and his pictures, though sometimes stiff, are decorative and beautiful in colouring. He could not compose, in the modern sense, but was lavish in his treatment of single figures. Architectural features were often introduced by him and life-like fruits and flowers are placed in vivid relief against beautifully finished marbles. Crivelli, it would seem, worked for twenty-two years in cities lying within the Marches of Ancona, especially near Ascoli. He signed himself "Crivellus" and after 1490, when he was knighted by Ferdinand II of Naples, added "miles" to his signature. The cathedral of Ascoli has a "Virgin and Child" dated 1493. Among his earliest work is the altar-piece of San Silvestro, Massa, signed and dated 1468, while the "Coronation of the Virgin" (1493) in the Oggione Collection, Milan, is probably the latest. The National Gallery, London, has a number of Crivelli's paintings and the galleries of the Continent are also well supplied. His work is best seen in a half light and at a little distance. His more elaborated pictures are: "Madonna and Child", 1476, altar-piece for San Domenico, Ascoli (National Gallery, London); "The Dead Christ" (National Gallery); "Pietà" (Cathedral, Ascoli); "Madonna and Saints", 1491 (Berlin); "St. Francis of Assisi" (Brussels); "Pietà" (Vatican); "Virgin and Saints" (Lateran).
RUSHFORTH, Carlo Crivelli (London, 1900); BLANC, Histoire des peintres de tous les écoles (Paris, 1877).
LEIGH HUNT