OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Matilda, or Maud

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MATILDA, OR MAUD,
Empress of Germany and Queen of England, daughter of Henry the First, of England, and Matilda of Scotland, was born in 1102. At eight years of age, she was betrothed to Henry the Fifth, Emperor of Germany, and was sent to that country for education. The emperor dying without issue, in 1125, Matilda returned to her father's court, who, having lost his only son, caused all his nobles, prelates, etc., to swear fealty to her as his successor, in case he died without male issue; and in 1127, he married her to Geoffrey Plantagenet, eldest son of Fulke, Count of Anjou.
Matilda went to reside in Normandy, where, in 1132, her son, afterwards Henry the Second, was born. By the death of her father, in 1135, she became heiress of all his dominions in England and France. She was then at Anjou with her husband, of which circumstance her cousin Stephen, Earl of Blois, took advantage, and seized on the crown of England. The barons of Normandy also submitted to Stephen; but his administration soon becoming unpopular, Matilda, in 1139, landed in England, and a number of powerful barons declared in her favour. A civil war ensued, and in 1141, Stephen was taken prisoner, and Matilda crowned queen in the cathedral at Winchester. But no sooner was she seated on the throne, than her haughty and impolitic conduct irritated the nobles and estranged her friends. She refused to listen to their requests, or to the petition of the Londoners for the restoration of the laws of Edward the Confessor. Conspiracies were formed against her, and she was obliged, in 1148, to flee to Normandy, where she resided till her death. The art of government consists mainly in an accurate knowledge of the human heart; by which princes are enabled to conciliate the affections of those around them, and by graceful condescensions, win the regard of the lower orders, of whom the great body of the nation, emphatically called "the people," is composed. The German education of the Empress Matilda, as well as her pride, prevented her from duly estimating the importance of these things; and thus she failed in obtaining the crown of England, which was hers in the order of regular succession.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Maupin, N. Aubigny

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MAUPIN, N. AUBIGNY,
A celebrated singer at the Paris opera. She possessed great personal courage; and. On some occasions, assumed a man's dress to avenge insults offered to her. She left the stage in 1705, and died in 1707, aged thirty-three.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Mayo, Sarah C. Edgarton

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MAYO, SARAH C. EDGARTON,
Was born in Shirley, Massachusetts, in 1819. She began to write ​when very young, and for nine years edited an annual called "The Rose of Sharon." She also edited "The Ladies' Repository," published in Boston; and wrote several works, both in prose and verse; "The Palfreys;" "Ellen Clifford;" "The Poetry of Women;" and "Memoir and Poems of Mrs. Julia II. Scott," etc. Her maiden name was Edgarton. She married, in 1846, the Rev. A. D. Mayo, of Gloucester, Massachusetts, and continued her literary pursuits with increased advantages. Had her life been prolonged, she gave promise of being one of the most distinguished female writers of America; but death suddenly destroyed these bright hopes of earthly usefulness. She died, July 9th, 1848.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Matilda, of Scotland

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MATILDA,
Of Scotland, daughter of Malcolm Canmore, King of Scotland, and Margaret Atheling. a descendant of the Anglo-Saxon line of England's kings, was a beautiful and accomplished lady. She married Henry the First, and proved a wise and excellent queen. She was charitable to the poor, and always watchful to do what was most useful for her people. She caused bridges to be built, and roads to be made and repaired, while she acted as regent during her husband's absence in Normandy. As King Henry was obliged to pass most of his time in Normandy, then belonging to the English crown, in order to suppress the continual revolts of his subjects, the good Matilda was left to govern England in her own way. She was always popular; and at her decease. In 1118, she was "passionately lamented by every class of the people, to whom her virtues and wisdom had rendered her inexpressibly dear." She was mother of the Empress Matilda.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Megalostrata

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MEGALOSTRATA,
A Grecian poetess, a friend of Aleman, a Spartan lyric poet, flourished in the twenty-seventh Olympiad, about B. C 668. None of her poems remain, but there are satires written against her, which prove her talents were known and envied.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Orzeszko, Eliza

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ORZESZKO (or Orszeszko), ELIZA (1841–1910), Polish novelist (see 20.343), died in 1910.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vandevelde, William

See also Willem van de Velde the Younger on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​VANDEVELDE, WILLIAM (1633–1707), the younger, Dutch painter, a son of William Vandevelde, the elder, also a painter of sea-pieces, was born at Amsterdam in 1633. He was instructed by his father, and afterwards by Simon de Vlieger, a marine painter of repute at the time, and had achieved great celebrity by his art before he came to London. In 1674 he was engaged by Charles II., at a salary of Â£100, to aid his father in "taking and making draughts of sea-fights," his part of the work being to reproduce in colour the drawings of the elder Vandevelde. He was also patronized by the Duke of York and by various members of the nobility. He died in London on the 6th of April 1707. Most of Vandevelde's finest works represent views off the coast of Holland, with Dutch shipping. His best productions are delicate, spirited and finished in handling, and correct in the drawing of the vessels and their rigging. The numerous figures are tellingly introduced, and the artist is successful in his renderings of sea, whether in calm or storm.
Vandevelde was a most prolific artist: in addition to his paintings, of which Smith catalogues about three hundred and thirty, he executed an immense number of drawings, sketches and studies, which are prized by collectors.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vane

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​VANE (formerly spelt "fane," i.e. pennon, flag; cf. Ger. Fahne, Du. vaan, Fr. girouette, Ital. banderuola, Ger. Wetterjahne), the weathercock on a steeple. Vanes seem in early times to have been of various forms, as dragons, &c; but in the Tudor period the favourite design was a beast or bird sitting on a slender pedestal and carrying an upright rod, on which a thin plate of metal is hung like a flag, ornamented in various ways.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vandevelde, Adrian

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​VANDEVELDE, ADRIAN (1639–1672), Dutch animal and landscape painter, a brother of William Vandevelde (q.v.), the marine painter, was born at Amsterdam in 1639. He was trained in the studio of Jan Wynants, the landscape painter, where he made the acquaintance of Philip Wouwerman, who is believed to have aided him in his studies of animals, and to have exercised a powerful and beneficial influence upon his art. Having made exceptionally rapid progress, he was soon employed by his master to introduce figures into his landscape compositions, and he rendered a similar service to Hobbema, Ruysdael, Verboom and other contemporary artists. His favourite subjects are scenes of open pasture land, with sheep, cattle and goats, which he executed with admirable dexterity, with much precision of touch and truth of draughtsmanship, and with clear silvery colouring. He painted a few small but excellent winter scenes with skaters, and several religious subjects, such as the “Descent from the Cross,” for the Roman Catholic church in Amsterdam. In addition to his paintings, of which nearly two hundred have been catalogued, he executed about twenty etchings, several of which appear from their dates to have been done in his fourteenth year. They are simple but pleasing in tonality, and are distinguished by great directness of method and by delicacy and certainty of touch. Adrian Vandevelde died at Amsterdam in January 1672.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vandamme, Dominique René, Count

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​VANDAMME, DOMINIQUE RENÉ, Count (1770-1830), French soldier, was born at Cassel, near Dunkirk, on the 5th of November 1770. He enlisted in the army in 1786, served in Martinique in 1788 and on returning to France entered into the Revolutionary movement, raising a company of light infantry at his native place. His extraordinary bravery and vigour in the campaign of 1793 ensured his rapid promotion, and after Hondschoote he was made a general of brigade. He served in this rank in the campaigns of 1794 in the Low Countries, 1795 on the Rhine and 1796 in Germany, and at the outbreak of the war in 1799 he was promoted general of division. In that year and in 1800 he served under Brune, Moreau and Macdonald in Holland, Germany and Switzerland. He was renowned for his tenacity and fearlessness as a fighting general as well as for his frank, rough manners and plundering and dissolute life, but once he came under Napoleon's influence he was (unlike most of the Rhine Army officers) his absolutely devoted servant. In 1805, for his splendid leadership at Austerlitz, he was given the Grand Eagle of the Legion of Honour, and in 1806-7 he commanded a small corps of the Grande Armée which reduced the Silesian fortresses. In 1808 he was made count of Unebourg. In 1809 he served in the Eckmühl campaign with distinction, but in 1812, while commanding the Westphalian contingent he quarrelled with King Jerome Bonaparte and returned to France. He returned to the army in 1813. But his corps, sent against the line of retreat of the Allies at the time of the battle of Dresden, was entangled in the mountains, surrounded and after a fierce resistance compelled to surrender at Kulm (see Napoleonic Campaigns). In his captivity he appears to have been treated with especial harshness, and when the end of the war released him he was forbidden to enter Paris, and sent to Cassel by Louis XVIII. He was thus free of all obligations towards the Bourbons, and when Napoleon returned, joined him without hesitation. The emperor made him a peer of France and placed him at the head of the III. corps in the Army of the North (see Waterloo Campaign). After Waterloo, under Grouchy's command, he brought back his corps in good order to Paris and thence to the Loire. The Restoration first imprisoned and then exiled him, and unlike most of his comrades he was never reemployed as a general. He died at Cassel on the 15th of July 1830.
See Du Casse, Le General Vandamme et sa correspondance.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vanderlyn, John

See also John Vanderlyn on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​VANDERLYN, JOHN (1776-1852), American artist, was born at Kingston, New York, on the 15th of October 1776. He was employed by a print-seller in New York, and was first instructed in art by Archibald Robinson (1765-1835), a Scotsman who was afterwards one of the directors of the American Academy. He copied some of Gilbert Stuart's portraits, including one of Aaron Burr, who placed him under Gilbert Stuart as a pupil. In 1796 Vanderlyn went to Paris, and in 1805 to Rome, where he painted his picture of " Marius amid the Ruins of Carthage," which was shown in Paris, and obtained a gold medal there. This success caused him to remain in Paris for seven years, during which time he prospered greatly. In 1812 he showed a nude "Ariadne" (engraved by Durand, and now in the Pennsylvania Academy), which increased his fame. When Aaron Burr fled to Paris, Vanderlyn was for a time his only support. Vanderlyn returned to America in 1815, but did not meet with success; he worked very slowly, and neither his portraits nor various panorama which he exhibited brought him any considerable financial return. In 1842, through friendly influences, he was commissioned by Congress to paint " The Landing of Columbus " for one of the panels in the rotunda of the Capitol at Washington. Going to Paris, he employed to assist him a French artist, who, it is said, did most of the work. He died in absolute want at Kingston, New York, on the 23rd of September 1852. Vanderlyn was the first American to study in France instead of in England, and to acquire accurate draughtsmanship. He was more academic than his fellows; but, though faithfully and capably executed, his work was rather devoid of charm. He painted portraits of Presidents Washington (a copy of Stuart's portrait, for the National House of Representatives), Monroe, Madison, Jackson and Taylor, and of the statesmen Robert R. Livingston (New York Historical Society), John C. Calhoun and George Clinton.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Robinson, Edwin Arlington

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ROBINSON, EDWIN ARLINGTON (1869–), American poet, was born at Head Tide, Me., Dec. 22 1869. From the public schools of Gardiner, Me., he proceeded in 1891 to Harvard, but withdrew after two years to take a business position in New York City. From 1905 to 1910 he was connected with the N.Y. Customs House, and then returned to Gardiner to devote his time to literature, and especially to poetry. He became a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters.
His works include The Torrent and the Night After (1896); The Children of the Night (1897); Captain Craig (1902); The Town down the River (1910); Van Zorn (1914, a play); The Porcupine (1915, a play); The Man against the Sky (1916); Merlin (1917); Lancelot (1920); The Three Taverns (1920); Avon's Harvest (1921); Collected Poems (1921).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rogers, Benjamin Bickley

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​ROGERS, BENJAMIN BICKLEY (1828–1919), English classical scholar, was born at Shepton Montagu, Som., Dec. n 1828. Educated at Wadham College, Oxford, he was elected a fellow of the college in 1852 and was called to the bar in 1856. There he was on the high road to success, when increasing deafness obliged him to retire and devote himself exclusively to literature. He translated all the plays of Aristophanes, reproducing the Greek metres in the English version. He died at Twickenham Sept. 22 1919.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Riaz Pasha

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RIAZ PASHA (1835-1911), Egyptian statesman (see 23.281), died June 18 1911.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ribot, Alexandre Félix Joseph

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RIBOT, ALEXANDRE FELIX JOSEPH (1842-), French statesman (see 23.285). On Jan. 3 1909 M. Ribot was elected a member of the French Senate, and in Feb. of the following year was offered, but refused, the Ministry for Foreign Affairs in the Monis Cabinet. After the formation of M. Poincaré's Government on Jan. 14 1912 he took the place of M. Léon Bourgeois as president of the committee appointed to deal with the Franco-German treaty, the necessity for the ratification of which he demonstrated. In 1913 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the presidency of the Republic, and on the fall of M. Barthou's Government was invited by President Poincaré to form a Cabinet, but refused. In 1914 he became, with M. Jean Dupuy, leader of the Left Republican group which refused to accept the decisions of the Radical Socialist congress at Pau in Oct. 1913. On June 9 1914 he became prime minister and Minister of Justice, but his Government was bitterly assailed by the Radical Socialists as well as other groups, and only lasted one day.
With the outbreak of the World War M. Ribot's great reputation as an expert in finance and foreign affairs brought him effectively into office. On Aug. 27 1914 he became Minister of Finance in M. Viviani's Ministry of National Defence, an office which he retained when, on Oct. 28 1915, M. Briand succeeded M. Viviani as prime minister. On Feb. 7 1916 he visited London and held a conference with the Chancellor of the Exchequer at the Treasury. When Briand reconstituted his Cabinet, in Dec. 1916, Ribot retained the portfolio of Finance. On the fall of the Briand Ministry (March 17 1917) President Poincaré again
called upon M. Ribot to form a Government, and this time he consented, himself taking the portfolio of Foreign Affairs in addition to the premiership (March 19). In the statement of his policy made to the Chamber on March 21 he declared this to be “to recover the provinces torn from us in the past, to obtain the reparations and guarantees due to France, and to prepare a durable peace based on respect for the rights and liberty of peoples.” On July 31, in a reply to the German Chancellor Michaelis, he admitted that in 1917 an agreement had been made with the Tsar to erect the German territories on the left bank of the Rhine into an autonomous state, but denied that there had been any question of their annexation to France. His Government resigned office on Sept. 7; but he accepted the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the Painlevé Cabinet constituted six days later. He resigned office finally on Oct. 16, owing to the violent criticism of his refusal to fall into the “trap” of the German peace offers.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Robins, Elizabeth

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ROBINS, ELIZABETH (1865-), Anglo-American novelist and actress, was born at Louisville, Ky., Aug. 6 1865, and educated at Zanesville, O. She had had her early training as an actress in America with the Boston Museum stock company, and afterwards with Edwin Booth. Coming to London she first appeared in The Real Little Lord Fauntleroy in 1889, and between 1890 and 1896 she played in most of Ibsen's plays, in which she established her position on the stage. In 1902 she was Lucrezia in Stephen Phillips's Paolo and Francesca at the St. James's theatre, London. Her first novels, George Mandeville's Husband (1894), The New Moon (1895) and Below the Salt (1896), appeared over the pseudonym of C. E. Raimond, but in 1898 the success of The Open Question led to her publishing in her own name, her reputation as a writer being maintained in The Magnetic North (1904); A Dark Lantern (1905); Come and Find Me (1908); Camilla (1918) and The Messenger (1920). She took an active part in the agitation for woman suffrage. Her play Votes for Women was acted at the Court theatre, London, in 1907.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rhys, Sir John

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RHYS, SIR JOHN (1840-1915), British archaeologist and Celtic scholar, was born in Cardiganshire, the son of a yeoman farmer, and educated at the Bangor Normal College and Jesus College, Oxford. In 1877 he was elected professor of Celtic at Oxford, the first occupant of the newly created chair, and he held that post till his death. In 1895 he became principal of Jesus College. He was Hibbert lecturer in 1886, Rhind lecturer in archaeology at Edinburgh in 1899 and president of the anthropological section of the British Association in 1900. He also served on several royal commissions and was knighted in 1907. He died at Oxford Dec. 16 1915. His published works include Lectures on Welsh Philology (1877); Celtic Britain (1882, last ed. 1904); Celtic Heathendom (1886); Studies in the Arthurian Legend (1891); Celtic Folk-lore (1901); as well as editions of Welsh texts (with J. G. Evans); The Welsh People (with D. B. Jones, 1900), and numerous other papers and studies of Celtic inscriptions and literature. For his work on the Arthurian legend see 12.300, 321, 669.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ribot, Théodule Armand

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RIBOT, THÉODULE ARMAND (1839-1916), French psychologist (see 23.286), died in 1916.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Richards, Theodore William

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RICHARDS, THEODORE WILLIAM (1868-), American chemist, son of the artist William Trost Richards (see 23.299), was born at Germantown, Pa., Jan. 31 1868. He was educated at home, at Haverford College (S.B. 1885), Harvard (A.B. 1886; Ph.D. 1888), Göttingen, Leipzig and the Dresden Technical School. After passing through the various grades of promotion he was appointed professor of chemistry at Harvard in 1901 and was made director of the Wolcott Gibbs Memorial Laboratory in 1912. He was best known for his researches on atomic weights, of which he revised over a score, including that of radioactive lead. The results were generally accepted and for his contributions he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1914. He also gave much time to physicochemical investigation, especially concerning electrochemistry and chemical thermodynamics, piezochemistry and surface tension. Of these his contributions to atomic compressibility, to the relation between the change of heat capacity and the change of free and total energy, and to the thermodynamics of amalgams have perhaps been the most noteworthy. In 1907 he was Harvard exchange professor at Berlin, and in 1908 Lowell lecturer. He was president of the American Chemical Society (1914), the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1917) and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1919). He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and of most of the European academies. He received hon. degrees from Yale, Harvard, Haverford, Pittsburgh, Clark, Pennsylvania, Oxford, Manchester, Christiania, Prague and Berlin. He was awarded the Davy (1910), Faraday (1911), Willard Gibbs (1912), and Franklin (1916) medals. He was made a member of the National Research Council in 1916.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Robson, William Snowdon Robson, Baron

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​ROBSON, WILLIAM SNOWDON ROBSON, Baron (1832–1918), English lawyer and lord of appeal, was born at Newcastle-upon-Tyne Sept. 10 1852. He was educated at Caius College, Cambridge, where he took his degree in 1877. In 1880 he was called to the bar and entered politics, sitting as Liberal member for Bow and Bromley from 1885 to 1886, and for South Shields from 1895 to 1910. He earned a reputation as a distinguished and energetic advocate, and became a Q.C. in 1892. In 1905 he was knighted, and became solicitor-general in Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman’s Government, being made Attorney-General in 1908. In 1910 he was made a privy councillor, and became a lord of appeal and life peer. He resigned his office in 1912, and died at Battle, Sussex, Sept. 11 1918.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Little Jack-a-dandy

​III.
Little Jack-a-dandy Wanted sugar-candy, And fairly for it cried. But little Billy Cook, Who always reads a book, Shall have a horse to ride.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Little Poll Parrot

​XXX.
Little Poll Parrot Sat up in a garret, Eating toast and tea. A little brown mouse Jumped into the house And stole it all away.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Little Dicky Diller

​XIV.
Little Dicky Diller, Married a wife of siller, He took a stick and broke her back And sold her to the miller. The miller said he wouldn't have her, So he threw her into the river.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Little Jack Jingle

​XVI.
Little Jack Jingle, He used to live single. But when he got tired of this kind of life, He left off being single and lived with his wife.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Little Jack Horner

​XXXIX.
Little Jack Horner Sat in a corner, Eating his Christmas pie. He put in his thumb, And he pulled out a plum, And said, What a good boy am I!
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Little Miss Muffet

​LXXIII.
Little Miss Muffet Sat on a tuffet, Eating of curds and whey: There came a little spider, Who sat down beside her, And frightened Miss Muffet away.