# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Tooke, William (1744-1820)

​TOOKE, WILLIAM (1744–1820), historian of Russia, born on 29 or 30 Jan. 1744 (old style 18 Jan. 1743), was the second son of Thomas Tooke (1705–1773) of St. John's, Clerkenwell, by his wife Hannah, only daughter of Thomas Mann of St. James's, Clerkenwell, whom he married in 1738. The family claimed connection with Sir Bryan Tuke [q. v.] and George Tooke [q. v.] (Nichols, Lit. Anecdotes, ix. 164 et seq.).
William was educated at an academy at Islington kept by one John Shield. He soon turned his attention to literature, and in 1767 published an edition of Weever's 'Funeral Monuments' [see Weever, John]. In 1769 he issued in two volumes 'The Loves of Othniel and Achsah, translated from the Chaldee.' The 'translation' was merely a blind, and Tooke's object appears to have been to give an account of Chaldee philosophy and religion; he evinces an acquaintance with Hebrew. This was followed in 1772 by an edition of 'Mary Magdalen's Funeral Tears' by Robert Southwell [q. v.] In 1771 Tooke obtained letters of ordination both as deacon and priest from Bishop Terrick of London, and received from John Duncombe [q. v.] the offer of the living of West Thurrock, Essex, in the same year. This he declined on being appointed chaplain to the English church at Cronstadt. Three years later, on the resignation of Dr. John Glen King [q. v.], Tooke was invited by the English merchants at St. Petersburg to succeed him as chaplain there. In this position he made the acquaintance of many members of the Russian nobility and episcopate, and also of the numerous men of letters and scientists of all nationalities whom Catherine II summoned to her court (cf. Waliszewski, Autour d'un Trône: Catherine II, 1894, pp. 235 et seq.) He was a regular attendant at the annual diner de tolérance which the empress gave to the clergy of all denominations, and at which Gabriel, the metropolitan of Russia, used to preside (Tooke, Life of Catharine II, iii. 119). Among those whose acquaintance Tooke made was the French sculptor Falconet, then engaged on the statue of Peter the Great, and in 1777 he published 'Pieces written by Mons. Falconet and Mons. Diderot on Sculpture … translated from the ​French by William Tooke, with several additions,' London, 4to. On 5 June 1783 he was elected F.R.S. (Thomson, Hist. Royal Society, App. p. lix), and on 14 May 1784 was admitted sizar of Jesus College, Cambridge, but neither resided nor graduated (note from Mr. E. Abbott of Jesus College). Shortly afterwards he became member of the imperial academy of sciences at St. Petersburg and of the free economical society of St. Petersburg. While chaplain at St. Petersburg Tooke made frequent visits to Poland and Germany, some details of which are printed from his letters in Nichols's 'Literary Anecdotes' (ix. 168 et seq.). At Königsberg he made the acquaintance of Kant, the author of the 'Critique of Pure Reason.'
In 1792 Tooke was left a fortune by a maternal uncle, and returned to England to enjoy it and devote himself to literary production. His long residence at St. Petersburg, freedom of access to the imperial library there, and intimacy with Russian men of letters had given him exceptional facilities for the study of Russian history, and he now set to work to publish the results of his researches. He had already translated from the German 'Russia, or a compleat Historical Account of all the Nations which compose that Empire,' London, 4 vols. 1780–1783, 8vo. In 1798 appeared 'The Life of Catharine II, Empress of Russia; an enlarged translation from the French,' 3 vols. 8vo. More than half the work consisted of Tooke's additions. It was followed in 1799 by 'A View of the Russian Empire during the Reign of Catharine II and to the close of the present Century,' 3 vols. 8vo; a second edition appeared in 1800, and was translated into French in six volumes (Paris, 1801). In 1800 Tooke published a 'History of Russia from the Foundation of the Monarchy by Rurik to the Accession of Catharine the Second,' London, 2 vols. 8vo.
These works did not exhaust Tooke's literary activity. In 1795 he produced two volumes of 'Varieties of Literature,' and, encouraged by their success, followed it up in 1798 by a similar venture, 'Selections from Foreign Literary Journals.' He was principal editor, assisted by William Beloe [q. v.] and Robert Nares [q. v.], of the 'New and General Biographical Dictionary,' published in fifteen volumes in 1798; and in the same year he wrote 'Observations on the Expedition of General Bonaparte to the East,' 8vo. A few years later he began a translation in ten volumes of the sermons of the Swiss divine, George Joachim Zollikofer. The first two appeared in 1804 (2nd edit. 1807), two in 1806, two in 1807, and two in 1812; they were followed in 1815 by a translation of the same divine's 'Devotional Exercises and Prayers.' In 1814 Tooke served as chaplain to the lord mayor of London, Sir William Domville, and preached in that capacity several sermons, which were published separately (see Brit. Mus. Cat.) He contributed largely to the 'Monthly Review' and the 'Gentleman's Magazine,' and is credited with the authorship of the memoir of Sir Hans Sloane, written in French, and extant in Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 30066 (Cat. Addit. MSS. 1882, p. 30). His last work was 'Lucian of Samosata, from the Greek, with the Comments and Illustrations of Wieland and others,' London, 1820, 2 vols. 4to.
Tooke resided during his latter years in Great Ormond Street, Bloomsbury, but removed to Guilford Street just before his death, which took place on 17 Nov. 1820. He was buried on the 23rd in St. Pancras new burial-ground. An engraving by J. Collyer, after a portrait by (Sir) Martin Archer Shee, is prefixed to the 'Lucian.' Tooke married, in 1771, Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Eyton of Llanganhafal, Denbighshire, by whom he had issue two sons, Thomas [q. v.] and William [q. v.], and a daughter Elizabeth.
A. F. P.