# Peters v. Active Manufacturing Company (130 U.S. 626)/Opinion of the Court

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* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
130 U.S. 626
Peters v. Active Manufacturing Company
This is a suit in equity, brought in the circuit court of the United States for the Southern District of Ohio, by George M. Peters against the Active Manufacturing Company, a corporation, founded on the alleged infringement of letters patent No. 281, 553, granted to said Peters, July 17, 1883, on an application filed December 7, 1880, for an 'improvement in dies for making dash-frames.' A dash-frame is made of metal, and is to be used in constructing a dash-board for a carriage or other vehicle. The defenses set up in the answer are want of novelty, non-infringement, and also that the devices described and claimed in the patent were, before the alleged invention thereof of by Peters, old and well-known in forging, welding, and other metal-working, and that it required no invention to apply or adapt such devices to the old form and construction of dash-frames. Issue was joined, proofs were taken, and the circuit court, in its decree, found that the patent was 'void for want of invention,' and dismissed the bill. We concur in that conclusion.
The specification of the patent says: 'The principal object of my invention is to provide an efficient and useful method of welding the end bars of a metal dash-frame to the bottom rail, and a method by which the bottom rail of the dash is strengthened at the weld and at the portion of said rail to which the dash-foot is to be attached. Another object of my invention is to provide a means by which a recess is formed in the bottom rail, preparatory to punching said rail; to receive the bolt or other attachment which secures the dash-foot to the bottom rail, the operation of forming the recess being performed at the same time that the end-bar is welded to the bottom rail.' The entire operation set forth in the specification, of welding the bars to the rail, of strengthing the bottom rail of the dash, and of forming a recess in the bottom rail at the same time that the welding is done, is described in the specification as effected by one and the same simultaneous action of two opposing dies, an upper die and a lower die, placed face to face. The dies are provided with channels or depressions,-one, a, to receive the end bar of the frame, and the other, a1, to receive the bottom rail; the channels, a, a1, of one die coinciding with like channels in the other die, when the two dies are placed together. From the bottom of the depressions, a1, in the two dies rise tongues, a2, which, like the depressions, a, coincide with each other when the two dies are placed together; the tongues preferably not rising quite to the face of the dies, so that, when the dies are placed together, a slight space is left between the two tongues. The specification also states that, preferably, the tongues, a2, are so formed that when the dies are placed together the tongues will approach closer to each other at that portion of themselves which forms that part of the web in the lower bar which is to be punched through to receive the bolt or other device by which the dash-frame is connected to the foot or vehicle, than at any other point; in other words, the face of the tongues is inclined. The object of such a formation of the tongues is stated in the specification to be to make the web left in the bottom rail thinner in that portion of such rail where perforations are to be made to receive the bolts which secure the dash-foot to the frame, the web being in other portions preferably left of a uniform thickness; and one of the objects of thus making the web thin is to enable it to be more readily punched or otherwise perforated. By means of those dies a recess is formed in either side of the bottom rail, which recess corresponds with the tongues, a2, of the dies. The four claims of the patent are as follows: '(1) The combination, substantially as set forth, of the two dies having opposing angularly-joined depressions, a, a,1 and a tongue, a2, in the depression, a1, of either or both dies, (2) The combination, substantially as set forth, of the two dies having opposing angularly-joined depressions, a, a1, and a tongue, a2, in the depression, a2, of either or both dies, the depressions, a1, deepening to wards their junctions with the depressions, a. (3) The combination, substantially as before set forth, of the dies having opposing angularly-joined depressions, a, a1, and a tongue, a2, in either or both of the said depressions; the face of said tongue or tongues being inclined. (4) The combination, substantially as before set forth, of the dies having opposing angularly-joined depressions, a, a1, and a tongue, a2, in either or both of the said depressions; the depressions, a1, deepening towards their junctions with the depressions, a, and the face of the tongue or tongues being inclined.'
The whole of this alleged invention is based upon the idea, old and well known, that a metallic die, whether of a cameo or intaglio form, will, when impressed upon a piece of heated or yielding metal, leave the latter of the converse form of the die, and that, when two dies are brought together over a piece of heated or yielding metal, the latter will take the shape of the space existing between the contours of the two dies. It is an inevitable consequence of the use of two dies in such a way, on two pieces of metal of proper size, heated to a welding heat, that swaging or welding will take place by the impact of the dies; that, when the dies have tongues and depressions in them, the metal acted on by such tongues and depressions will take the shape, in form and thickness, of the space left between the tongues or the depressions; and that a greater or less thickness of metal will be the result, as the face of the tongues is more or less inclined. All this was old and common knowledge, and the whole of the operation resulting from such features is nothing but the well-known action of two dies so shaped as to give the desired conformation to the article acted upon by them. If it was desired to preserve a channel in the bottom rail of the dash-frame, when the bottom rail was made of channeled iron, it was obvious, and not a matter of invention, that the die must be provided with a tongue to fit into the channel, to prevent the filling up of the channel by the forcing into iy of metal by the action of the dies in welding the two pieces together. So, too, if it was desirable to make the welded parts thicker, and thus stronger, at the angle formed by the end bar and the bottom rail, it was obvious that the bottoms of the recesses in the dies must be deepened at such angle. That is all there is of the alleged invention of Peters. It appears from the testimony that it was not new, at the time of such alleged invention, to use channeled iron in making dash-frames; or new to weld channeled iron to flat or oval bars of iron; or new to use dies for swaging or welding together two pieces of iron. All that remained to be done in the present case, as in other cases, was to adapt the form of the dies to the shape desired in the article to be acted upon by them. Dies which act upon two pieces of metal which are capable of being welded to each other, and which are brought to a welding heat, necessarily will weld them together by the impact and action of the dies. There is no patentable invention in securing such result of welding or swaging, if there be no patentable invention in the construction and use of the dies to produce a given shape in the article acted upon by them. The decree of the circuit court is affirmed.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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