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# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Silas

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Silas: wood, a prominent member of the church at Jerusalem; also called Silvanus. He and Judas, surnamed Barsabas, were chosen by the church there to accompany Paul and Barnabas on their return to Antioch from the council of the apostles and elders (Acts 15:22), as bearers of the decree adopted by the council. He assisted Paul there in his evangelistic labours, and was also chosen by him to be his companion on his second missionary tour (Acts 16:19-24). He is referred to in the epistles under the name of Silvanus (2 Corinthians 1:19; 1 Thessalonians 1:1; 2 Thessalonians 1:1; 1 Peter 5:12). There is no record of the time or place of his death.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Siloam, Pool of

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Siloam, Pool of Sent or sending. Here a notable miracle was wrought by our Lord in giving sight to the blind (John 9:7-11). It has been identified with the Birket Silwan in the lower Tyropoeon valley, to the south-east of the hill of Zion.
The water which flows into this pool intermittingly by a subterranean channel springs from the "Fountain of the Virgin" (q.v.). The length of this channel, which has several windings, is 1,750 feet, though the direct distance is only 1,100 feet. The pool is 53 feet in length from north to south, 18 feet wide, and 19 deep. The water passes from it by a channel cut in the rock into the gardens below. (See [590]EN-ROGEL.)
Many years ago (1880) a youth, while wading up the conduit by which the water enters the pool, accidentally discovered an inscription cut in the rock, on the eastern side, about 19 feet from the pool. This is the oldest extant Hebrew record of the kind. It has with great care been deciphered by scholars, and has been found to be an account of the manner in which the tunnel was constructed. Its whole length is said to be "twelve hundred cubits;" and the inscription further notes that the workmen, like the excavators of the Mont Cenis Tunnel, excavated from both ends, meeting in the middle.
Some have argued that the inscription was cut in the time of Solomon; others, with more probability, refer it to the reign of Hezekiah. A more ancient tunnel was discovered in 1889 some 20 feet below the ground. It is of smaller dimensions, but more direct in its course. It is to this tunnel that Isaiah (8:6) probably refers.
The Siloam inscription above referred to was surreptitiously cut from the wall of the tunnel in 1891 and broken into fragments. These were, however, recovered by the efforts of the British Consul at Jerusalem, and have been restored to their original place.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Fire-arms

Edition of 1802.
​FIRE-ARMS, are those which are charged with powder and ball; such as musquets, carbines, pistols, cannons, &c.
In December 1780, a patent was granted to Mr. John Aitken, of Edinburgh, surgeon, for his invention of a new method of loading fire-arms, of whatever dimensions or forms, with two or more charges of powder and ball, and of discharging them in succession, by fire communicated through correspondent perforations, or touch-holes. This consists in lodging several charges of powder and shot in the fire-arms, whether cylindrical, conical, chambered, or otherwise; the hindmost extremity, or breech, being closed, while the anterior one, or muzzle, is open. The extension of the fire, in a posterior direction from the charge next the muzzle that is first inflamed, is intercepted by intermedia placed between the several charges, which are firmly rammed about or above the shot; and which are formed of any substance that possesses sufficient resistance, is compact, incombustible, and properly shaped. In the smaller fire-arms, namely, pistols, musquets, bluderbusses, &c. the patentee chiefly employs leather, or other thick stuffs. In the larger ones, such as cannons, mortars, &c. he makes use of various pastes, as being more commodious, and more easily procured. The charges are ignited through touch-holes, by the lock, or match, as occasion may demand, according to the size and condition of the tube.
A patent was likewise granted to James Wilson, Esq. of St. Martin's in the Fields, for his improvement in the construction of fire-arms, by which the powder will be effectually screened against the influence of the weather, at a less expence than by other method. His invention consists chiefly in fixing a semi-circular piece of brass or iron, about one line in breadth, over the touch-hole, and which rises upwards with a bevil from the side that joins the barrel. Thus the wet or moisture, which in common fire-arms insinuates itself between the barrel and the hammer or upper pan, where the powder is most exposed, is effectually prevented, and carried off on either side of the arch, or semi-circular piece of metal, by the channel, which is formed by the bevil when in contact with the barrel. This improvement is also applicable to old pans.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Fire-cocks

Edition of 1802.
​FIRE-COCKS, are contrivances for admitting water into pipes or reservoirs: churchwardens in London, and within the bills of mortality, are enjoined to fix them at proper distances in streets, together with painted characters on the opposite wall, pointing out such distance. They are also ordered to deposit in every house thus marked, an instrument or key for opening a plug, and likewise a large engine, and an hand-engine, under the penalty of 10l.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Firing-iron

Edition of 1802.
​FIRING-IRON, in farriery, is an instrument resembling the blade of a knife; which, being made red-hot, is applied to the hams, or to such other parts of a horse as may require it, for the purpose of cauterizing and discussing preternatural swellings, such as farcy, knots, &c.—This operation is called firing.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Firkin

Edition of 1802.
​FIRKIN, an English measure for liquids, which is the fourth part of a barrel; it contains eight gallons of ale, soap, or herrings, and nine gallons of beer.—Two firkins make a kilderkin.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Finch

Edition of 1802.
​FINCH, or Fringilla, L. a genus of birds, comprising one hundred and eight species, of which ten only are natives of this country; the principal of these are mentioned in their alphabetical order.—See Canary-bird, Gold-finch, Linnet, Sparrow, &c.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Fire-proof

Edition of 1802.
​FIRE-PROOF, a term which expresses the effect of certain applications to combustible substances, especially in buildings, with a view to prevent them from being reduced to ashes. This important object may also be attained by means of erecting whole houses with a mixture of earth and clay, well beaten together, as devised by M. Cointereau, in his "School of Architecture," (8vo. Hildburghausen, 1793, in German); an ingenious work that, we believe, was originally published in the French language. Although we are persuaded that such a method of raising edifices is not only durable and economical, but the buildings also are thus effectually secured from fire, yet it will be of great importance to afford security to combustible dwellings already erected. For this useful purpose, M. Boulard, architect, at Lyons, has lately discovered a very simple remedy, attended with little expence or trouble, and admirably calculated to defend wooden materials from being consumed by flames, though exposed to their influence for two hours. After many tedious experiments, he found that a solution of pot-ash is the most efficacious liquid for resisting the action of fire, longer than any other fluid. This observation induced him to apply that substance in a kind of paint or coating on wood, which was completely rendered fire-proof, in the following easy manner: Dissolve such a quantity of pot-ash in cold water as that fluid is capable of holding in solution, wash or daub with it all the boards, wainscoting, shingles, &c. which are intended to be prepared. Then dilute the same liquor with a little water; add to it such a portion of fine yellow clay as will make the mixture of the consistence of the common paint employed on wood; and lastly, stir ihto it a small quantity of flour-paste, in order to combine both substances intimately. With this mixture all wooden materials ought to be coated three or four times, similar to painted work. Thus, wood will be secured from the action of fire, though exposed to it for a time exceeding two hours; but the greatest advantage of this excellent preparation consists in the circumstance, that it prevents the wood from ever bursting into flames.—M. Boulard remarks, that 20lbs. of sifted yellow clay, 1 1/2lb. of flour for making the paste, ​and 1lb. of pot-ash, are sufficient to prepare a square rood (French measure and weight) of deal boards; so that the expences, when compared with the importance of the object, are indeed trifling. It is further deserving of notice, that even furniture made of wood, such as chairs, tables &c. and particularly the stair-cases and flooring of dwelling-houses, may be so far enabled to resist the ravages of the fire, that they are only reduced to coals, or embers, without spreading the conflagration by additional flames: meanwhile, there are gained, at least, two hours, during which all valuable effects may be removed to a place of safety, and the lives of the family at the same time rescued from all danger.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Filberds

Edition of 1802.
​Filberds. See Haselnut-tree.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/File

Edition of 1802.
​FILE, a tool employed by smiths and others, for the purpose of smoothing, polishing, or cutting metals.
This instrument is composed either of iron or forged steel, cut by means of a chisel and mallet, in small furrows of various depths, and in different directions, according to the grain or touch required. After being thus cut, it is tempered with a very hard and dry soot, which is diluted and worked up with urine, vinegar, and salt, to the consistence of mustard. The process of tempering consists in rubbing the files over with this preparation, covering then with loam, and then placing them in a charcoal fire, whence they are removed as soon as they become red-hot. Immediately after being taken out, they are immersed into cold spring water; and, when cold, cleaned with charcoal and a rag; after which operation, they are laid up in bran, to prevent them from becoming rusty.
Files are of different forms, sizes, cuts, and degrees of fineness, in proportion to the various uses and occasions for which they are designed; such are the common square, flat, triangular, or round files; the rough-toothed files, which are intended to cut more speedily than any other; and the fine-toothed file, which cuts more slowly, and is appropriated to finer workmanship.—The best and most durable instruments of this description are manufactured at Sheffield.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Fining

Edition of 1802.
​Fining: See Clarification.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Athlone

See also Athlone on Wikipedia; Athlone on Wikipedia, Athlone in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​ATHLONE, a market-town and parliamentary borough of Ireland, lying partly in West Meath and partly in Roscommon, 76 miles W. of Dublin. The River Shannon divides the town into two portions, which are connected by a handsome new bridge, opened in 1844. The rapids of the Shannon at this point are obviated by means of a canal about a mile long, which renders the navigation of the river practicable for 71 miles above the town. In the war of 1688 the possession of Athlone was considered of the greatest importance, and it consequently sustained two sieges, the first by William III. in person, which failed, and the second by General Ginkell, who, in the face of the Irish, forded the river and took possession of the town, with the loss of only fifty men. At the time of the last war with France it was strongly fortified on the Roscom mon side, the works covering 15 acres and containing two magazines, an ordnance store, an armoury with 15,000 stand of arms, and barracks for 1500 men. There are two parish churches, two Roman Catholic parochial chapels, a Franciscan and Augustinian chapel, Presbyterian, Baptist, and Methodist meeting-houses, a court-house, bridewell, a union work-house, and two branch banks. It has a woollen factory, as well as other industries, and an active trade is carried on with Shannon harbour and Limerick by steamers, and with Dublin by the Grand and Royal Canals and several railway lines, while the importance of its fairs and markets is increasing. There is also a valuable fishery in the river. Market-days, Tuesday and Saturday. The borough returns one member to parliament. Popula tion in 1871, 6566; constituency in 1873, 336. Thorn s Irish Almanac for 1875.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Athens (2.)

See also Athens, Ohio on Wikipedia; Athens, Georgia, and Athens, Ohio, on Wikipedia, Athens, Georgia, and Athens, Ohio, in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
ATHENS, the name of several towns in the United States of America, the chief of which are the following:—(1.) The capital of a county of the same name in the S.E. of the state of Ohio, finely situated on the Hocking River. It is the seat of the Ohio university, which was founded in 1804. Population of county, 23,768. (2.) The capital of Clarke county, Georgia, on the W. bank of the Oconee River. It is the seat of the Georgia university, which was founded in 1801, and the central town of a large cotton-growing district. Population in 1870, 4251, of whom 1967 were coloured.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Atherton

See also Atherton, Greater Manchester on Wikipedia; Atherton on Wikipedia, Atherton in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
ATHERTON, or Chowbent, a township in the parish of Leigh and hundred of West Derby, in Lancashire, 200 miles from London. It is one of those places which have grown to wealth and populousness through the extension of the cotton trade. Besides its factories, it has collieries and ironworks. Population in 1871, 7531.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Athias, Joseph

See also Joseph Athias on Wikipedia; Joseph Athias on Wikipedia, Joseph Athias in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
ATHIAS, Joseph, a celebrated rabbi and printer at Amsterdam, whose editions of the Hebrew Bible are noted for the general correctness of the text. Although he was a learned Hebraist, there are occasional errors in the points, especially in the edition of 1661, but many of these were corrected in that of 1667. He also printed several editions of the Bible in the corrupted Hebrew spoken by the Jews of Spain, Germany, Poland, and England. He died in 1700.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Athy

See also Athy on Wikipedia; Athy on Wikipedia, Athy in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​ATHY, a market-town of Ireland, county of Kildare, 34 miles S.W. of Dublin. It is a station on the Great j Southern and Western Railway, and is intersected by the i river Barrow, which is here crossed by a bridge of five j archea. It has a church, a Roman Catholic chapel, a j Presbyterian and a Methodist meeting-house, court-house, . jail, two banks, hospital, dispensary, barracks, &c. Adjoin ing the town is a small chapel, an ancient cemetery, and a small Dominican monastery. Previous to the Union it returned two members to the Irish parliament. The principal trade is in corn, which is ground at the neigh bouring mills. Population in 1871, 4510.
# Eugénie Grandet/Dedication

To Maria.
 May your name, that of one whose portrait is the noblest ornament  of this work, lie on its opening pages like a branch of sacred  box, taken from an unknown tree, but sanctified by religion, and  kept ever fresh and green by pious hands to bless the house.
 De Balzac.
# Eulalie

* "Eulalie" – handwritten manuscript, dated 1845.
* "Eulalie—A Song" The American Review: A Whig Journal of Politics, Literature, Art, and Science, vol. 2, July 1845. p. 79.
* "Eulalie" The Works of the Late Edgar Allan Poe, vol. 2, 1859. pp. 7–11.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Malcolm Laing

See also Malcolm Laing on Wikipedia; Malcolm Laing in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
LAING, Malcolm (1762–1818), a Scottish historian, was born at his paternal estate on the Mainland of Orkney in 1762. Having studied at the grammar school of Kirkwall and the university of Edinburgh, he was called to the bar in 1785, but never obtained an extensive practice as advocate. In 1793 he completed the last volume of Henry’s History of Great Britain, the portion which he wrote being, in its strongly liberal tone, at signal variance with the preceding tenor of the work. In 1800 he published a History of Scotland from the Accession of James VI. to the Reign of Queen Anne, a work of considerable research. In a dissertation prefixed to an edition of his History published in 1804 he endeavoured to prove the participation of Queen Mary in the murder of Darnley. In the same year he published an edition of the Historie and Life of King James the Sext. His only other publication is an edition of the Poems of Ossian. For a short period in 1807 Laing represented his native county in parliament. He died in November 1818.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Madison (Indiana)

See also Madison, Indiana on Wikipedia; the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
MADISON, a city of the United States, the county seat of Jefferson county, Indiana, is situated on the north bank of the Ohio, 90 miles below Cincinnati, and 44 above Louisville, with which it has daily steamboat communication. As the terminus of one of the divisions of the Jeffersonville, Madison, and Indianapolis Railroad, Madison commands extensive means of traffic; and its provision trade especially has attained important dimensions. Pork-packing is also carried on, and brass and iron foundries, tanneries, and flour-mills appear among the industrial establishments. The population was 8012 in 1850, 8130 in 1860, 10,709 in 1870, and 8945 in 1880.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Madison (Wisconsin)

See also Madison, Wisconsin on Wikipedia; the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
MADISON, a city of the United States, the capital of Wisconsin, and seat of justice of Dane county, lies towards the south of the State, in 43° 4′ N. lat. and 89° 21′ W. long., 75 miles west of Milwaukee. In the beauty of its situation it has few rivals, occupying as it does the undulating isthmus between Mendota and Menona, two of the lakes which give name to the Four Lake Region, connected with the Mississippi by Yahara or Catfish river and Rock river; and the cool summer climate, which it owes to the fact that it stands 788 feet above the level of the sea, and 210 feet above Lake Michigan, renders it a health resort of some value, especially for consumptive patients. The State capitol, situated in the midst of a finely wooded
park of 13 acres, is a rather imposing but hybrid edifice of white limestone crowned by a central dome rising 200 feet above the level of the basement; it was originally built in room of an earlier capitol in 1860, at a cost of $400,000, and has since been greatly enlarged. About a mile to the west of the capitol stand, on the high grounds known as College hill, the buildings of the Wisconsin university, an institution dating from 1850, and attended by about eight hundred students. Other buildings of note are the United States post-office and court-house, the soldiers orphans home, and at some distance from the city the State lunatic asylum. The Wisconsin Historical Society has a library of 58,000 volumes. Various lines belonging to the Chicago and North-Western Railway and to the Chicago, Milwaukee, and St Paul Railway meet at Madison; and the city has not only a good general trade, but manufactures ploughs and other agricultural implements, waggons, woollen goods, and flour. The population, which was only 1525 in 1850, appears in the three later censuses as 6611, 9176, and 10,325. When the site was selected (1836) for the capital of the territory of Wisconsin it was altogether unoccupied.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Manchester (2.)

See also Manchester, Connecticut on Wikipedia; the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
MANCHESTER, a town of the United States, in Hartford county, Connecticut, with a station on the New York and New England Railroad, 8 miles east of Hartford. Its spinning and weaving mills turn out annually 2,000,000 yards of gingham and 90,000 pairs of stockings; and its paper mills (upwards of a dozen in number) produce not only vast quantities of book paper but Government and bank-note paper for several nations. At South Manchester, 2½ miles distant, and reached by a branch line, are the silk factories of Messrs Cheney, which cover about 8 acres, and give employment to one thousand operatives. The factory village has been laid out by a landscape gardener; and connected with it are a public hall, a library and reading-room, and a free school. The population of the town has increased from 4223 in 1870 to 6462 in 1880.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Mandi

See also Mandi, India on Wikipedia; Mandi in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
MANDI, a native state in the Punjab, India, lying between 31° 23′ 45″ and 32° 4′ N. lat., and between 76° 40′ and 77° 22′ 30″ E. long., and bounded on the N. and E. by Kullu, on the S. by Suket, and on the W. by Kángrá. The country is very mountainous, being intersected by two great parallel ranges, reaching to an average height of from 5000 to 7000 feet above sea. The valleys between the hill ranges are very fertile, and produce all the ordinary grains, besides more valuable crops of rice, maize, sugar cane, poppy, and tobacco. Salt-mines contribute about one-third of the state revenue. Iron is found in places, and also gold in small quantities. The area of the state is estimated at about 1200 square miles, and a census in 1881 gives the population as 147,017. The chief, a Rájput by caste, enjoys an approximate income of £36,500, and the state pays a tribute to the British Government of £10,000 a year. Mandi town, the capital, is situated on the Biás, in 31° 43′ N. lat. and 76° 58′ E. long.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Maine

See also Maine (disambiguation) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
In the 9th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, Maine may refer to:
* The old province of Maine in France.
* The state of Maine in the United States.
* The Maine River in France.
* Sir Henry Maine.
* François P. G. Maine de Biran, French philosopher.
See also: Maine-et-Loire, the department of France, and the Maine Liquor Law.
# Early Western Travels, 1748-1846

* I - Journals of Conrad Weiser (1748), George Croghan (1750-1765) Christian Frederick Post (1758), and Thomas Morris (1764)
* II - John Long's Journal, 1768-1782