OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Anthoceros

See also Anthoceros on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Anthoceros. A genus of the plants known as liverworts which gives name to the group Anthocerotales. The group contains but few forms, but is of great interest from the fact that from it the mosses seem to have developed, and possibly the ferns and seed-plants also. The body (gametophyte) is a simple flat thallus, and produces a slender spore-case (sporophyte) which is remarkable for its continued growth in length and its green color. See Hepaticæ.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Anther

See also Stamen on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Anther (ăn' ther).That part of a stamen which produces the pollen. See Flower.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Anthracite

See also Anthracite coal on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Anthracite. See Coal.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Antarctic Exploration

See also Polar exploration on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Antarctic Exploration. Since the notable expedition in 1840, to the South Polar Seas, of Captain James Ross and Dr. (Sir Joseph) Hooker in the Erebus and Terror, there have been several researches in the region. In 1901–4, Captain R. F. Scott penetrated by sledges the interior of Victoria Land, and carried the British flag to 82° 17' S. Other expeditions embrace those of the German Antarctic Expedition (1901–03); the Swedish Expedition in the Antarctic, which was lost; and the Scottish-National Antarctic Expedition (1902–04) in the Scotia. A notable expedition was that of Lieutenant Shackleford, who sailed from England in Aug., 1907, and reached latitude 88° 23', Jan. 9, 1909. It remained for Roald Amundsen to win the long-sought prize. Sailing from Norway in 1910, he wintered in Whales Bay, and in Oct., 1911, started with a dog and sledge outfit for the south pole. Climbing the ice barrier to the great polar plateau and struggling over the great polar plain, he reached the pole Dec. 14–17, 1911.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Antheridium

See also Antheridium on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Antheridium (ăn' ther-ĭd' ĭ-ŭm). The male organ of plants. Within it are produced the sperms or their equivalents, which fertilize the female cells or eggs. The antheridium varies in structure in different groups of plants, being for the most part a single cell in the Thallophytes, and a several to many-celled structure in the higher groups. It is important to note that the antheridium holds no relation to the anther, the structure in the flower which produces pollen, for the anther is not a male organ. To avoid this confusion it has been proposed to change the name antheridium to spermary.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Anthony, Henry Bowen

See also Henry Bowen Anthony on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Anthony, Henry Bowen, American statesman, was born at Coventry, R. I., April 1, 1815, and died at Providence, R. I., September 2, 1884. Graduating at Brown University, he took early to journalism, and was for a time editor of the Providence Journal. In 1849–50 he was governor of Rhode Island, and, nine years later, he entered the United States senate, and was a member of that body until his death, serving frequently on important committees, and acting on several occasions as temporary president of the chamber.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Antarctic Ocean

See also Southern Ocean on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Antarctic Ocean, is the name of the ocean lying within the Antarctic circle. It was long thought impassable for ships on account of the ice, but of late years many voyages have been made and tracts of barren land observed. The features of the Antarctic Ocean are constant fogs and currents, unnumbered icebergs and the beautiful aurora borealis (which see).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Antelope

See also Antelope on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Antelope, an animal like the deer, belonging to a group between cattle and goats. Its horns are ringed and hollow and are not renewed annually. The size varies greatly, the pygmy antelopes of South Africa being only from eight to nine inches in height, while the largest kinds are from five to six feet. Antelopes are found in Europe, Asia, Africa and America. They are the fleetest as well as the most beautiful and graceful of quadrupeds. Two kinds are peculiar to North America—the Rocky Mountain goat, which is a true antelope, and the prong-horn. The latter stands apart from the true antelopes, from the circumstance that annually it sheds the outer sheath of its horns. There is an interior bony; core that remains permanent. These animals are distributed from the Missouri River to the Pacific and from 53° N. latitude southward into Mexico. At one time there were immense herds in the San Joaquin Valley in California. They are now abundant in northwestern Mexico. The common antelope is found in India and Eastern Asia. It is about two and a half feet high at the shoulders, with erect diverging horns bent in a spiral form. It is so swift that grayhounds cannot catch it, and it leaps easily a height of ten or twelve feet, while the length of its bound is often ten or twelve yards. The Chinese antelope is found in the deserts of Central Asia. Its flesh is very much prized. The gazelle of North Africa was known to the ancients, its beautiful black eyes being often spoken of by Arabian poets. In the Alps we find the chamois and in South Africa the eland, the largest of all the antelopes.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Okhotsk, Sea of

See also Sea of Okhotsk on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Okhotsk (ṓ-kōtsk′), Sea of, an arm of the Pacific, on the eastern coast of Siberia. It is 1,000 miles long and 600 broad, and contains several islands. It is seldom navigated.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Oklahoma City, Okla.

See also Oklahoma City, Oklahoma on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Oklahoma City, Okla., the capital and the most populous city in the state, on the North Canadian River. It is served by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé and Choctaw, Oklahoma and Gulf, the St. Louis and Santa Fé; Oklahoma and Western; Missouri, Kansas and Oklahoma; Texas and Oklahoma; Oklahoma Terminal; Oklahoma City and N. I.; and Rock Island and Pacific railroads. Water-power is derived from the rapids of the river. Industries include a cold-storage plant, packing-houses, flour-mills, cottongins, brickyards, grain elevators, box, cracker and soap and patent-medicine factories. It has a considerable trade in lumber and agricultural products. Oklahoma City has a fine public-school system as well as a parochial one. Among the institutions of learning are Epworth University, Sisters of Mercy College for girls and Oklahoma Military Institute. Besides these there are Carnegie Library, St. Anthony's Hospital, Sacred Heart Abbey and a number of good churches. Though founded only in 1889, the city has grown so rapidly that it already has a population of 64,205.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Old Curiosity Shop

See also The Old Curiosity Shop on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Old Curiosity Shop is a novel by Charles Dickens, published in 1840. The story centers around Little Nell, the grandchild of the keeper of the shop, and her weary quest for a safe retreat for her grandfather and herself. The grandfather, in an eager desire to secure a fortune for his grandchild, became addicted to gambling. Losing all his property and still crazed with the gambler's hope of winning, he borrows from Daniel Quilp, a malignant old dwarf, and thus comes into his power. Little Nell, realizing his position, takes him and a few personal belongings and secretly steals away, and with this double burden enters upon a wandering life which ends only with death. The story is one of a quiet, lovable, little girl surrounded with wild and grotesque though not impossible companions. Little Nell is said to have been a great favorite of the author. The story incidentally is a sermon on gambling.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Oka

See also Oka River on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Oka′, a river in Central Russia, the principal branch of the Volga. It flows northeast through the most fertile region of Russia, for 906 miles, to the Volga. It is navigable for part of the year only.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Olmsted, Frederick Law

See also Frederick Law Olmsted on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Olm′sted, Frederick Law, an American landscape-gardener, was born at Hartford, Conn., April 26, 1822. He studied engineering at Yale, and followed farming and gardening for a few years. Becoming interested in landscape-gardening, he traveled on foot through England in 1850 and in 1855 through France, Italy and Germany, to study parks and ornamental grounds. He published Walks and Talks of a Farmer in England, A Journey in the Slave States, A Journey Through Texas and A Journey in the Back Country, after a tour through the south and west. He is best known as the superintendent, with Mr. Vaux, of the laying out of Central Park, New York, and of the grounds around the capitol at Washington. He has also designed parks and public works at Chicago, Buffalo, Brooklyn, Boston, Milwaukee and Montreal, and acted as commissioner of Yosemite Park. He planned the laying out of Jackson Park, Chicago, for the Columbian Exposition. He was appointed by Lincoln on the commission to inquire into the sanitary condition of the United States army, serving three years (1861-63). He died on Aug. 28, 1903.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Oldham

See also Oldham on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Old′ham, a manufacturing city in Lancashire, England, nine miles from Manchester and 38 from Liverpool. It was a small village in 1760, its growth being due to its nearness to the Lancashire coal-fields and to its cotton manufactures. It has over 300 mills, and uses one fifth of all the cotton imported. It also makes hats, velvets and cords, and has large weaving-machine works, one of which employs 7,000 hands. There are public buildings, including a town hall, lyceum, school of science and arts and public baths and a fine park. Population 140,969.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Olaf, Saint

See also Olaf II of Norway on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ O′laf, Saint, one of the early Norwegian kings (1015-28), was born in 996. He distinguished himself by warlike expeditions on the coast of Normandy and of England. In 1015 he wrested the throne from Eric and Svend Jarl. His efforts to exterminate paganism by fire and sword cost the favor of his subjects, who offered their allegiance to Canute, king of Denmark, when he landed in Norway in 1028. Olaf fled to Russia, where he was given a band of 4,000 men, and, returning, attacked Canute, but was defeated and slain (1030 A. D.). His body was thought to possess miraculous powers, for which reason he was proclaimed the patron saint of Norway.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Oliver Twist

See also Oliver Twist on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Ol′iver Twist, a favorite novel by Charles Dickens which takes its title from the hero of the story, was first published in Bentley's Miscellany in serial form during 1837-9. Oliver Twist had been brought up in a workhouse of the worst type, and only escaped from his subsequent apprenticeship to an undertaker to fall into the clutches of Fagin the Jew and his gang of pickpockets. But through all temptations and sordid influences of environment Oliver remained simple, pure and uncontaminated. Oliver Twist has far more of plot and tragic power than the Pickwick Papers which preceded it. Its pathos is even greater than its humor.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Olives, Mount of

See also Mount of Olives on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Olives, Mount of, also called Mount Olivet, lies east of Jerusalem, separated from it by the narrow Valley of Jehoshaphat. Its name came from a beautiful grove of olive-trees, which formerly grew on its western slope, but has now almost disappeared. The brook called Kedron flows through the valley, and by the bridge crossing it is the Garden of Gethsemane. The mount is divided into three summits, the highest 361 feet above Jerusalem and 2,725 above the sea, and on the central summit is the village of Olivet. The northern peak is supposed to be the place where the angels appeared to the disciples after the resurrection of Christ, and was the site of the Roman encampment at the destruction of Jerusalem. The central peak is pointed out as the mount from which Christ ascended after his resurrection, the place where he had wept over Jerusalem and had taught his disciples the Lord's Prayer. St. Helena built a church there, the site of which is now occupied by a later one, called the Church of the Ascension, and near it is a Mohammedan mosque.
# The New York World-Telegram

The New York World-Telegram, later known as The New York World-Telegram and Sun, was a New York City newspaper from 1931 to 1966.

## Issues by date
### 1963

| Jul 1935 | Page | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 |
| Jul 1935 | Scan | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 |
* ↑ dec. 11,1963
# The New York World-Telegram/1935/07/11

See the scan index for this issue.
Articles
# The New Yorker

* related portals: The New Yorker, New York.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Commons category, quotes, textbook, Wikidata item.
The New Yorker is a current affairs and lifestyle magazine that includes cartoons, journalism, fiction, and poetry.

## Issues
### Volume 1 (1925)

* Issue 1, 1925-02-21
* Issue 2, 1925-02-28
* Issue 3, 1925-03-07
* Issue 4, 1925-03-14 (transcription project)
* Issue 5, 1925-03-21
* Issue 6, 1925-03-28
* Issue 7, 1925-04-04
* Issue 8, 1925-04-11
* Issue 9, 1925-04-18
* Issue 10, 1925-04-25
* Issue 11, 1925-05-02
* Issue 12, 1925-05-09
* Issue 13, 1925-05-16
* Issue 14, 1925-05-23
* Issue 15, 1925-05-30
* Issue 16, 1925-06-06
* Issue 17, 1925-06-13
* Issue 18, 1925-06-20
* Issue 19, 1925-06-27 (transcription project)
* Issue 20, 1925-07-04
* Issue 21, 1925-07-11
* Issue 22, 1925-07-18
* Issue 23, 1925-07-25
* Issue 24, 1925-08-01
* Issue 25, 1925-08-08
* Issue 26, 1925-08-15
* Issue 27, 1925-08-22
* Issue 28, 1925-08-29
* Issue 29, 1925-09-05
* Issue 30, 1925-09-12
* Issue 31, 1925-09-19
* Issue 32, 1925-09-26
* Issue 33, 1925-10-03
* Issue 34, 1925-10-10
* Issue 35, 1925-10-17
* Issue 36, 1925-10-24
* Issue 37, 1925-10-31
* Issue 38, 1925-11-07 (Note: the indicia refers to this as issue #37; this error will not be corrected for several issues, with no issue bearing the number 43. This error has been corrected at Wikisource)
* Issue 39, 1925-11-14
* Issue 40, 1925-11-21
* Issue 41, 1925-11-28
* Issue 42, 1925-12-05
* Issue 43, 1925-12-12
* Issue 44, 1925-12-19
* Issue 45, 1925-12-26
This work is a periodical and multiple copyrights apply. The period of publication may straddle the periods of different copyright laws. Both the issues themselves and the individual contributions to those issues may have different copyright statuses.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
Some of these works are still under copyright as they were published after 31 December 1928.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New Zealand Gazette

* related portals: The New Zealand Gazette.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Commons category.
Shortcut: NZG
The New Zealand Gazette was New Zealand’s first newspaper. The Gazette was first published in London under the auspices of the New Zealand Company on 21 August 1839. A revised edition was issued a fortnight later. The second issue was published on 18 April 1840 in Wellington, making it the first newspaper printed in New Zealand.
Content exists for this periodical, though at this stage it is not specifically organised beyond a basic hierarchy.
The pages listed below are an automatically generated listing.
Special:PrefixIndex/The New Zealand Gazette/

## Issues available

Please expand this list with {{Daily periodical month}} as works become available.
For individual articles which have not yet been backed with complete scans of their respective issues, and thus not yet featured in these issues, see Portal:The New Zealand Gazette.

## Index by date
### 1839

| Aug 1839 | Page | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 |
| Aug 1839 | Scan | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 |
# The New International Encyclopædia/Darwin, Francis

Edition of 1905. See also Francis Darwin on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DARWIN, Francis (1848—). An English botanist, a son of Charles Robert Darwin, born at Down, in Kent. He received his education at Trinity College, Cambridge, studied medicine at Saint George's Hospital in London, assisted Charles Darwin at Down, and in 1888 was made reader in botany at the University of Cambridge, besides a number of interesting papers on special botanical topics, he published the following works: Life and Letters of Charles Darwin (1887); Charles Darwin (1892); Practical Physiology of Plants, jointly with Acton (1894); Elements of Botany (1895). Charles Darwin's Practical Physiology of Plants was prepared with the son's aid.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dashkoff, Ekaterina Romanovna, Princess

Edition of 1905. See also Yekaterina Romanovna Vorontsova-Dashkova on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DASHKOFF, däsh'kṓf, Ekaterina Romanovna, Princess (1743-1810). A prominent figure in Russian political and literary circles during the latter half of the eighteenth century. She was the daughter of Count Vorontsoff, and was born March 28, 1743. At the age of fifteen she was married to Prince Dashkoff, an officer of the Imperial Guard. As lady-in-waiting and intimate friend of the Grand Duchess Catharine, the Princess appears to have taken an extraordinarily active part in the conspiracy of 1762, which resulted in placing her mistress on the throne as Catharine II. (q.v.). Prince Dashkoff died in 1761, and his widow gave herself up to her children, to literature, and to politics. A coldness between herself and the Empress now ended in a quarrel and in her retirement from the Court. After an extended tour through Germany, England, France, and Italy, during which she met almost all the great literary men of the day, the Princess returned to Russia in 1782, and was at once restored to Imperial favor. She was appointed director of the Russian Academy of Science, and in 1783 became first president of the Russian Academy, which was established through her efforts. On the death of Catharine II., in 1796, she was deprived of her offices, and ordered by Paul I. to retire to her estates at Novgorod. Later on she was allowed to reside in Moscow, where she died on January 16, 1810. In literature the Princess is remembered as the writer of several comedies, and as being mainly instrumental in inducing the Russian Academy to draw up a dictionary of the Russian language. The work was completed under her direction, and was in part written by her. Her memoirs have been edited by Mrs. W. Bradford (London, 1840).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Darwin, Erasmus

Edition of 1905. See also Erasmus Darwin on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DARWIN, Erasmus (1731-1802). An English physician and naturalist, the grandfather of Charles Darwin. He was born at Elton. He was a keen and philosophic observer of nature, and embodied much of his observations and thoughts in didactic verse, which form several long poems, whose style is stilted and fancifully elaborate. The principal of these is The Botanic Garden (1789), of which the second part, entitled “The Loves of the Plants,” became famous, and was translated into French and Italian. It contained many suggestions as to ‘protective mimicry’ and other features afterwards a part of the elaborated doctrine of the evolution of plants. In 1794-96 was published his Zoönomia, in prose, which was primarily a medical work, but contained many more general reflections, and received wide notice. Its ideas were so novel and revolutionary that, according to Samuel Butler, Paley's Natural Theology was aimed at it and extinguished for a time its influence. Charles Darwin wrote of it, in his Origin of Species: “It is curious how largely my grandfather anticipated the views and erroneous grounds of opinion of Lamarck;” and modern students see also that he anticipated much that Charles Darwin himself advanced to acceptance. Erasmus Darwin's views on evolution include the belief that all animals have originated from a single living ‘filament’; that changes are produced by differences of climate; that all animals undergo constant changes, and that many of their acquirements are transmitted to their posterity; that the contests of the males for the possession of the females lead to such results as were afterwards stated under the name of ‘sexual selection’; that many structures have been acquired as a means of security in a struggle for existence; and that a vast length of time has elapsed since these modifications began. The debt which Charles Darwin, Lamarck, and other exponents of the doctrines of organic evolution, owe to Erasmus Darwin has been carefully considered by Packard in his biography of Lamarck (New York, 1901), and by Krause in The Scientific Works of Erasmus Darwin (1879); also by Butler, Evolution, Old and New (London, 1879). A meagre biography by Anna Seward was published in London in
1804. Dr. Darwin's last work was Phytologia, or the Philosophy of Agriculture and Gardening (1799), in which he expresses a belief that plants have sensation and volition. He died at Derby. See Evolution.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Darwin, George Howard

Edition of 1905. See also George Darwin on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DARWIN, George Howard (1845—). An English geologist, son of Charles Robert Darwin. He was born at Down, Kent, and after graduating at Trinity College (1868), where he was later a fellow (1868-78), he was admitted to the bar. He did not practice, however, but devoted his entire attention to mathematical science, and particularly to experimental investigation on the pressure of loose sands, on changes in the level of the earth's surface, and minor earthquakes. His publications include papers on The Harmonic Analysis of Tidal Observations (1883); The Effects of Tidal Friction on the Earth and Moon; Periodical Orbits (1896); and Tides and Kindred Phenomena (1898). In 1882 he assisted Sir William Thomson in the preparation of a new edition of Thomson and Tait's Natural Philosophy. He was appointed Plumian professor of astronomy and experimental philosophy at Cambridge in 1883. Mr. Darwin was chosen a member of the Royal Society, and in 1885 became a member of the council of the Meteorological Office.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dash, La Comtesse

Edition of 1905. See also Countess Dash on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DASH, däsh, La Comtesse (Fr., Countess Dash). The nom-de-plume of Gabrielle Anne de Cisternes de Courtiras, Marquise de Saint-Mars, a French novelist.