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# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VI/Anatolius and Minor Writers/Theonas of Alexandria/Epistle of Theonas/Chapter II

II.
Therefore you ought to strive to the utmost of your power not to fall into a base or dishonourable, not to say an absolutely flagitious way of thinking, lest the name of Christ be thus blasphemed even by you. Be it far from you that you should sell the privilege of access to the emperor to any one for money, or that you should by any means place a dishonest account of any affair before your prince, won over either by prayers or by bribes. Let all the lust of avarice be put from you, which serves the cause of idolatry rather than the religion of Christ. No filthy lucre, no duplicity, can befit the Christian who embraces the simple and unadorned Christ. Let no scurrilous or base talk have place among you. Let all things be done with modesty, courteousness, affability, and uprightness, so that the name of our God and Lord Jesus Christ may be glorified in all.
Discharge the official duties to which you are severally appointed with the utmost fear of God and affection to your prince, and perfect carefulness. Consider that every command of the emperor which does not offend God has proceeded from God Himself; and execute it in love as well as in fear, and with all cheerfulness. For there is nothing which so well refreshes a man who is wearied out with weighty cares as the seasonable cheerfulness and benign patience of an intimate servant; nor, again, on the other hand, does anything so much annoy and vex him as the moroseness and impatience and grumbling of his servant. Be such things far from you Christians, whose walk is in zeal for the faith. But in order that God may be honoured in yourselves, suppress ye and tread down all your vices of mind and body. Be clothed with patience and courtesy; be replenished with the virtues and the hope of Christ. Bear all things for the sake of your Creator Himself; endure all things; overcome and get above all things, that ye may win Christ the Lord. Great are these duties, and full of painstaking. But he that striveth for the mastery is temperate in all things; and they do it to obtain a corruptible crown, but we an incorruptible.
* ↑ Eph. v. 4, 5.
* ↑ Nudum.
* ↑ [See note 1, p. 108, supra.]
* ↑ Qui zelo fidei inceditis.
* ↑ 1 Peter iv. 11.
* ↑ 1 Cor. ix. 25.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VI/Anatolius and Minor Writers/Theonas of Alexandria/Epistle of Theonas/Chapter V

V.
Nor will the diligence and care of that servant be less who has the custody of the robes and imperial ornaments. All these he should enter in a most exact catalogue, and he should keep a note of what they are and of what sort, and in what places stored, and when he received them, and from whom, and whether they are soiled or unsoiled. All these things he should keep in his diligence; he should often review again, and he should often go over them that they may be the more readily known again. All these he should have at hand, and all in readiness; and he should always give the clearest information on every matter on which it is sought, to his prince or his superior, whenever they ask about any thing; and all this at the same time in such wise that every thing may be done in humility and cheerful patience, and that the name of Christ may be praised even in a small matter.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VI/Anatolius and Minor Writers/Theonas of Alexandria/Translator's Biographical Notice

Theonas of Alexandria.
Translator’s Biographical Notice.
[a.d. 300.] Of this Theonas we know extremely little. Eusebius tells us that Maximus, who had held the episcopal office at Alexandria for eighteen years after the death of Dionysius, was succeeded by Theonas. That bishopric, we also learn, he held for nineteen years. His date is fixed as from about 282 to 300 a.d. The only thing of his that has come down to our time is his letter to Lucianus, the chief chamberlain, and a person in high favour with the emperor. This epistle, which is a letter of advice to that individual on the duties of his office, was first published in the Spicilegium of Dacherius, and again in Gallandi’s Bibliotheca. The name of the emperor is not given, neither does the letter itself tell us who the Bishop Theonas was who wrote it. Hence some have, without much reason, supposed another Theonas, bishop of Cyzicus, as the author. And some, such as Cave, have thought the emperor in question was Constantius Chlorus. But the whole circumstances suit Diocletian best. Some infer from the diction of the epistle, as we have it, that it is a translation from a Greek original.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Hist. Eccl., vii. 32.
* ↑ Præpositus cubiculariorum.
* ↑ See Neander’s Church History, vol. i. p. 197 (Bohn). [Christians began to be preferred for their probity. Diocletian’s reign at first gave the Church a long peace (see vol. iv. p. 126) of well-nigh ten years.]
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Phillips, Barnet

Edition of 1900.
​PHILLIPS, Barnet, journalist, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 9 Nov., 1828. He was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1847, studied in France and Germany, and became a journalist. Since 1872 he has been connected with the New York “Times” in a literary capacity. During 1878-'86 he was secretary of the American fish-cultural association, and in 1882 he was appointed honorary agent of the U. S. national museum, which place he still holds. Besides numerous articles on fish-culture and archælogy, he has published “The Struggle,” a novel (New York, 1878), and “Burning their Ships” (1879).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Phillips, James

Edition of 1900.
​PHILLIPS, James, educator, b. in Nevendon, Essex, England, 22 April, 1792; d. in Chapel Hill, N. C., 16 March, 1867. He was the son of Richard Phillips, a clergyman of the Church of England. The son came to the United States in 1818, taught for a time in Harlem, N. Y., and in 1826 became professor of mathematics in the University of North Carolina, where he remained till his death. He was licensed as a preacher of the Presbyterian church in 1833, ordained in April, 1835, and preached regularly at the New Hope church, a few miles from the university, till his death. He projected a complete course of mathematical studies, and prepared treatises on algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and kindred subjects.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Phillips, George

Edition of 1900.
​PHILLIPS, George, clergyman, b. in Rainham, Norfolk, England, in 1593; d. in Watertown, Mass., 1 July, 1644. He was a student at the University of Cambridge in 1613 and 1617, and settled at Boxted, Essex co., England, but became a non-conformist, and came to New England in June, 1630. He was the first minister of Watertown, Mass., from 30 July, 18630, till his death. He was a learned scholar and an able disputant, and published a work on “Infant Baptism” (1645).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Phillips, Henry M.

Edition of 1900.
​PHILLIPS, Henry M., lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 30 June, 1811; d. there, 3 Aug., 1884. His father was a lawyer in Philadelphia, and the son, after completing his course at the high-school of the Franklin institute, studied for the same profession and was admitted to the bar in 1831. In 1856 he was elected to congress from Pennsylvania, as a Democrat, and served one term. Mr. Phillips was chosen a trustee of Jefferson medical college in 1862, in 1867 appointed a member of the board of park commissioners, of which, in 1881, he became president, and in 1870 was made a member of the commission for the erection of municipal buildings for Philadelphia. He was chosen a director of the Philadelphia academy of music in 1870, and its president in 1872.—His nephew, Henry, author, b. in Philadelphia, 6 Sept., 1838; d. there, 6 June, 1895. He was educated at home and abroad, and admitted to the Philadelphia bar, but, owing to delicate health, was never able to follow his profession actively. His work had been mainly in archæology, philology, and numismatics. He ranks among the best authorities on these subjects in the United States, and was widely known in Europe, where two gold medals had been conferred on him for his writings. In 1862 he became treasurer, and in 1868 secretary, of the Numismatic and antiquarian society of Philadelphia, and after 1880 he had been secretary of the American philosophical society, and since 1885 its librarian. He was also a member of many learned societies at home and abroad, and in some cases is the only American that has been thus honored. His works on the paper currency of the American colonies and on American continental money were the first on those subjects, and the latter volume has been cited in the opinion of the U. S. supreme court in a decision on the legal-tender cases. Mr. Phillips had published, besides many papers, “History of American Colonial Paper Currency” (Albany, 1865); “History of American Continental Paper Money” (1866); “Pleasures of Numismatic Science” (Philadelphia, 1867); “Poems from the Spanish and German” (1878); “Faust” from the German of Chamisso (1881); and four volumes of translations from the Spanish, Hungarian, and German (1884-'7).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Pitman, Benn

Edition of 1900.
​PITMAN, Benn, stenographer, b. in Trowbridge, Wiltshire, England, 22 July, 1822. He was educated in his native town, and in 1837 assisted his brother in perfecting the latter's system of phonography. From 1843 till 1852 he lectured on the system throughout Great Britain, and had a large share in compiling his brother's text-books. At Isaac's request he came to the United States in January, 1853, to give instruction in phonography, and settled at Cincinnati, where he has since resided. In 1855 he discovered the process of producing relief copper-plates of engraved work by the galvanic process known as electrotypes, for which he was awarded a silver medal by the Cincinnati mechanics' institute in 1856. The following year he succeeded, in connection with Dr. J. B. Burns, in producing stereotype plates by the gelatine process in photo-engraving. From his arrival in this country until 1873 Mr. Pitman was chiefly engaged in reporting. In 1863-'7 he acted as the official stenographer during the trials of the assassin of President Lincoln, the “Sons of Liberty,” the “Ku-Klux Klan,” and other similar government prosecutions. He also edited and compiled the printed reports of these trials. In 1873 he abandoned reporting and became connected with the school of design, now the art academy, of the University of Cincinnati. His object was to secure the development of American decorative art and to open up a new profession for women. The display of wood-carving and painting on china sent to the Philadelphia centennial exhibition was the first attempt to give the public an idea of what had been accomplished. Over one hundred pieces were exhibited, including elaborately decorated cabinets, base-boards, bedsteads, doors, casings, mantels, picture-frames, and book-cases all the work of girls and women. Mr. Pitman for years lectured and taught in the same institution. Besides many elementary books of instruction on phonography, he has published “The Reporter's Companion” (Cincinnati, 1854); “The Manual of Phonography,” of which 250,000 copies have been issued (1855); “Trials for Treason at Indianapolis” and “The Assassination of President Lincoln, and the Trial of the Conspirators” (1865); and, with Jerome B. Howard, “The Phonographic Dictionary” (1883).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Pitman, Marie J.

Edition of 1900.
​PITMAN, Marie J., author, b. in Hartwick, n. Y., 17 March, 1850; d. in Paris, France, 30 Nov., 1888. She was the daughter of Lucius D. Davis, of the Newport, R. I., “Daily News,” was educated by private tutors, and in 1866 married Theophilus T. Pitman. Her pen-name was “Margery Deane,” and she wrote many children's stories and sketches of travel, was the Newport correspondent of the Boston “Transcript” and other journals, and the author of “Wonder World,” translations (New York, 1878), and “European Breezes” (Boston, 1880).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Pitou, Louis Ange

Edition of 1900.
​PITOU, Louis Ange, French author, b. in Châteaudun, France, in 1769; d. in France about 1828. He entered the priesthood, but after the beginning of the French revolution he abandoned his profession. He was a zealous royalist, was arrested sixteen times, and finally transported to Guiana under the Directory. Shortly after his arrival at Cayenne he escaped, and after many adventures among the natives he returned to France. He engaged in new conspiracies under the consulate, and was a few years in prison. He published “Relation de mon voyage à Cayenne et chez les anthropophages” (Paris, 1805). This work, although full of inaccuracies, excited the public curiosity, and a second enlarged edition was published (2 vols., 1808). After the return of the Bourbons, Pitou received a small pension.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Abbott, Charles Conrad

Edition of 1900. The 1891 edition also mentions his work Primitive Industry: or, Illustrations of the Hand-work in Stone, Bone, and Clay of the Native Races of the Northern Atlantic Seaboard of America (Salem, 1881).
​ ABBOTT, Charles Conrad, naturalist, b. in Trenton, N. J., 4 June, 1843. He was educated at Trenton academy, and studied medicine at the university of Pennsylvania, graduating in 1865. Dr. Abbott has very carefully investigated the first appearance of pre-historic man in this country, and has accumulated a valuable archæological ​collection containing 20,000 specimens, mainly stone implements, which is now in the Peabody museum, Cambridge, Mass. He is the author of “A Naturalist's Rambles about Home” (New York, 1884); “Upland and Meadow” (1886); “Wasteland Wanderings” (1887); “Days Out of Doors” (1889); “Outings at Odd Times” (1890); “Recent Rambles” (Philadelphia, 1892); “Travels on a Tree Top” (1894); “Birds about Us” (1895); “A Colonial Wooing”; “Bird-Land Echoes” (1896); “Notes of the Night” (New York, 1896); and “When the Century was New” (Philadelphia, 1897).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Abbott, Joseph Carter

Edition of 1900.
​ABBOTT, Joseph Carter, journalist, b. in Concord, N. H., 15 July, 1825; d. in Wilmington, N. C., 8 Oct., 1882. He studied at Phillips Andover academy, and subsequently under private instruction, covering the usual college course. He then read law in Concord, and was admitted to the bar in 1852, at which time he had already edited the "Daily American" for six months. He continued to edit this journal until 1857, and in the meantime (1855) he was appointed adjutant-general of New Hampshire, and in that capacity effectively reorganized the State militia. In 1859-'61 he assumed the editorship of the Boston "Atlas and Bee," but continued to discharge his duties as adjutant-general. He early joined the "Know Nothing" party, and during all these years was a frequent contributor to the magazines, being particularly interested in historical matters. He was a member of the commission for adjusting the boundary between New Hampshire and Canada. When the civil war broke out he showed great energy and efficiency in raising and organizing troops until, yielding to the desire for active service, he obtained a commission as lieutenant-colonel of the 7th regiment, New Hampshire volunteers. On various occasions he distinguished himself, but especially at the attack on Fort Fisher, N. C., where his brigade stormed successively several positions where the Confederates made a stand. He was promoted colonel 22 July, 1863, and commanded his regiment in active service until the summer of 1864, when he was placed in charge of a brigade and brevetted brigadier-general. After the war he removed to Wilmington, N. C., where he was a member of the constitutional convention, was elected U. S. senator by the Republicans for a partial term ending in 1871, served as collector of the port under President Grant, and was inspector of ports under President Hayes.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Abbot, Joseph Hale

Edition of 1900.
​ABBOT, Joseph Hale, educator, b. in Wilton, N. H., 26 Sept., 1802; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 7 April, 1873. He was graduated at Bowdoin college in 1822, was tutor there in 1825-'27, and from 1827 to 1833 professor of mathematics and teacher of modern languages in Phillips Exeter academy. He then taught a school for young ladies in Boston, and subsequently became principal of the high school in Beverly, Mass. He was a member, and for several years recording secretary, of the American academy of arts and sciences, to whose "Transactions" he contributed numerous scientific papers. He paid much attention to the solving of pneumatic and hydraulic problems, and published ingenious and original speculations on these subjects. In the "Ether Controversy" he was an advocate of the claims of Dr. Charles T. Jackson, and wrote warmly in his behalf. He was associated with Dr. Worcester in the preparation of ​his English Dictionary, and furnished many of the scientific definitions.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Abbot, Samuel (philanthropist)

Edition of 1900.
​ABBOT, Samuel, philanthropist, b. in Andover, Mass., 25 Feb., 1732 ; d. 12 April, 1812. He was a merchant in Boston, and by his perseverance, honesty, and methodical habits acquired great wealth, which he devoted to various religious and charitable purposes. He interested himself in the establishment of Andover theological seminary, and contributed $20,000 for that purpose, which amount he increased by $100,000 on his decease.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Abbott, Benjamin

Edition of 1900.
​ABBOTT, Benjamin, clergyman, b. on Long Island, N. Y., in 1732 ; d. in Salem, N. J., 14 Aug., 1796. The story of Mr. Abbott's life has for a hundred years been a typical one for the great denomination of which he was an early apostle. His father died while he was a lad, providing by will that his sons should learn trades. Benjamin was apprenticed to a hatter in Philadelphia, where he fell into evil ways and for a time led a wild life. Cutting short his apprenticeship, he went to New Jersey and joined one of his brothers on a farm, but continued his profligate career in spite of his marriage with a worthy member of the Presbyterian church. During all this time he was kind to his family, and a frequent if not regular attendant upon religious services. When he was thirty-three years old he had a frightful dream of future punishment, which, though it did not lead him at the time to mend his ways, came back to him several years afterward under the influence of an itinerant Methodist preacher, and, overwhelmed with terror, he suffered agonies of remorse until the preacher returned on his circuit, when he was converted and could not rest till he himself became a preacher. So earnest was he that his wife, long a church member, experienced renewed conviction of sin under her husband's powerful representations, and his influence over her was repeated in thousands of other cases wherever he went. With his wife and children he soon united with the Methodists, and became the most popular and successful preacher in the vicinity. Wonderful conversions of the most hardened characters took place wherever he preached, and in consequence of his chance appeals to individuals. The war for independence interfered with his work, as the Methodists were popularly suspected of disloyalty, and on several occasions he was threatened by excited soldiery. His personal force was such that he always preached down his assailants, and he once reduced to the attitude of peaceful auditors a hundred soldiers who had assembled to do him violence. For sixteen years he served as a local preacher, and in 1789 he became an itinerant, joining the Dutchess County (N. Y.) circuit. In 1791 he was on the Long Island circuit, in 1792 in Salem, N. J., and in 1793 was made an elder and sent to the Cecil circuit, Maryland. After this time his usefulness was impaired by ill health, but in the intervals of fever he went about as usual and performed his pastoral duties whenever his strength permitted. His life has ever been a stir- ring theme for the exhorters who have succeeded him, and in the minutes of conference for 1796 he is referred to as " one of the wonders of America, no man's copy, an uncommon zealot for the blessed work of sanctification, who preached it on all occasions and in all congregations."
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Abbott, Lyman

Edition of 1900.
​ABBOTT, Lyman, clergyman, b. in Roxbury, Mass., 18 Dec, 1835. He is the third son of Jacob Abbott, was graduated at the University of the City of New York in 1853, studied law, was admitted to the bar, and went into partnership with his brothers, Benjamin V. and Austin, in 1856. Becoming convinced that he was better qualified for the pulpit than for the bar, he studied theology with his uncle, the Rev. John S. C. Abbott, and entered the ministry in 1860. His first pastoral charge was the Congregational church in Terre Haute, Ind., where he remained until, in 1865, he was chosen secretary of the American Union (Freedmen's) Commission. This office called him to New York city, and occupied him until 1868. During a part of this period he was also pastor of the New England church in New York city, but he resigned in 1869 to devote himself to literature and journalism. He was joint author with his brothers of two novels (see Austin Abbott), and for several years he edited the "Literary Record" of "Harper's Magazine," at the same time conducting the "Illustrated Christian Weekly." This last-named duty he resigned to take charge of the "Christian Union," an independent weekly journal, in the editorship of which he was associated with Beecher. For several years he has been pastor of Plymouth church and editor of "The Outlook." His works include "Jesus of Nazareth: His Life and Teachings" (New York, 1869); "Old Testament Shadows of New Testament Truths" (1870); "A Dictionary of Bible Knowledge" (1872); "A Layman's Story" (1872); an "Illustrated Commentary on the New Testament," in four volumes (1875 et seq.); a Life of Henry Ward Beecher (1883); "For Family Worship," a book of devotions (1883); and "In Aid of Faith" (1886). He is also the author of several pamphlets, the most important being one on "The Results of Emancipation in the United States" (1867). He has edited two volumes of "Sermons by Rev. Henry Ward Beecher," and "Morning and Evening Exercises," selected from the writings of the same author.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Abbott, Robert Osborne

Edition of 1900.
​ABBOTT, Robert Osborne, surgeon, b. in Pennsylvania in 1824; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 16 June, 1867. He entered the army in 1849 as assistant surgeon, and in that capacity accompanied Magruder's battery to California. He subsequently served in the East, and also in Florida and Texas. During 1861 he was assistant to the chief medical purveyor in New York. In 1862 he was made medical director of the fifth army corps, and later in the same year was appointed medical director of the department of Washington, having charge of all the hospitals in and about the capital, together with all the hospital transports. The incessant and arduous duties of this office, which he held until November, 1866, seriously impaired his health. A six months' sick-leave failed to restore it, and he died a victim of over-work.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Abbot, Samuel (inventor)

Edition of 1900.
​ABBOT, Samuel, inventor, b. in Wilton, N. H., 30 March, 1786; d. there, 2 Jan., 1839. He was graduated at Harvard in 1808, studied law, and practised his profession, first at Dunstable and then at Ipswich, Mass. He was the inventor of a process by which starch is made from the potato, and was burned to death in his factory.