OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Rees, David

​REES, DAVID (1801–1869), independent minister and editor, son of Bernard and Anna Rees, was born on 14 Nov. 1801 at Gelli Lwyd in the parish of Trelech, Carmarthenshire. Having resolved to enter the independent ministry, he attended for a short time the grammar schools at Haverfordwest, Carmarthen, and Welshpool, and in 1825 was admitted to the independent college at the latter place. On 15 July 1829 he was ordained minister of Capel Als, Llanelly, in his native county, a position he held until his death. In 1835 the independent ministers of South Wales, dissatisfied with the political tone of the ‘Efengylydd,’ a monthly journal circulating largely among them, started the ‘Diwygiwr’ (‘Reformer’), with Rees as its editor. In this position he wielded great influence in South Wales for thirty years, advocating with vigour the abolition of church rates, the repeal of the corn laws, electoral reform, and disestablishment. Unlike many of his fellow-ministers, he was an advocate also of state aid for elementary instruction, and did much to reconcile the dissenters of South Wales to the principle. He took a prominent part in the public life of Llanelly, and founded three independent churches in the town. In 1865 he resigned his editorship, and died on 31 March 1869. He married, first, Miss Sarah Roberts of Llanelly, who died in 1857; and, secondly, Mrs. Phillips of Fountain Hall, who survived him. In 1871 a volume of his sermons and addresses, with a memoir by Rev. T. Davies, Llandeilo (prefixed), was published at Llanelly.
[Bywyd ac Ysgrifeniadau D. Rees, Llanelly 1871.]
J. E. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Rees, Rice

​REES, RICE (1804–1839), Welsh historical scholar, son of David and Sarah Rees, was born at Ton in the parish of Llan Dingad, Carmarthenshire, on 31 March 1804. He received his early education at Lampeter, matriculated at Oxford, from Jesus College, on 15 May 1822, and graduated B.A. in 1826 and M.A. in 1828. From 1825 to 1828 he was a scholar of his college, and in the latter year was elected fellow. In March 1827 St. David's College, Lampeter, had been opened, and Rees appointed professor of Welsh, tutor, and librarian; he was ordained deacon the same year and priest in 1828. He now devoted himself assiduously to Welsh studies, and in August 1834 won the prize offered at Cardiff Eisteddfod for the best account of the early founders of Welsh churches. The prize composition was expanded into the full and luminous ‘Essay on the Welsh Saints,’ published in 1836 (London), which is still authoritative for the early history of the Welsh church. In 1837 Rees graduated B.D., and in October 1838 was appointed domestic chaplain to Bishop John Banks Jenkinson [q. v.] He died suddenly, on 20 May 1839, at Newbridge-on-Wye while travelling from Casgob to Lampeter, and was buried in Llan Dingad churchyard. At the time of his death he was engaged upon two literary tasks—the preparation of an edition of the ‘Liber Landavensis,’ which devolved upon his uncle, William Jenkins Rees [q. v.], and the issue of a new edition of Vicar Prichard's ‘Canwyll y Cymry’ [see Prichard, Rhys], an enterprise completed in 1841 by his brother, William Rees, publisher, of Llandovery.
J. E. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Rees, Thomas (1815-1885)

​REES, THOMAS (1815–1885), independent minister, son of Thomas Rees and Hannah, daughter of Dafydd William, was born at Pen Pontbren in the parish of Llan Fynydd, Carmarthenshire, on 13 Dec. 1815. He was brought up with Dafydd William, and helped him in his work as a basket-maker. Joining the independent church at Capel Isaac, he began to preach in March 1832. In 1835 he found employment in the works at Aberdare; but, after a serious illness, he set up instead a small school. He was then invited to take charge of the independent church at Craig y Bargod, where he was ordained 15 Sept. 1836. He became successively minister of Ebenezer, Aberdare (August 1840); Siloa, Llanelly (March 1842); Cendl, Monmouthshire (June 1849); and Ebenezer, Swansea (April 1862). In 1862 Marietta College, Ohio, conferred upon him the degree of D.D., and in 1884 he was elected chairman of the Congregational Union of England and Wales, a position he did not live to fill. He died on 29 April 1885, and was buried at Sketty, near Swansea. On 25 Aug. 1838 he married Jane Williams of Pant Ffawyddog, Bedwellty, who died in 1876.
Though highly esteemed as a preacher, Rees was more widely known by his writings. He published a Welsh translation of Barnes's ‘Commentary on the New Testament,’ an annotated edition of the Bible (1876), ‘Miscellaneous Papers on Subjects relating to Wales’ (1867), a Welsh history (in con​junction with Dr. John Thomas) of the independent churches of Wales (Dolgelly, 1871–5), and an English ‘History of Protestant Nonconformity in Wales’ (1861; 2nd edit. 1883). The latter work embodies much original research, and is written, though from the puritan standpoint, with studied moderation.
J. E. L.
# Education

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Education."
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## Hong Kong fact sheets

* Education (March 2015)
* Education (April 2012)

### See also

* Portal:Education
# Education Law of the People's Republic of China

* Education Law of the People's Republic of China (1995)
* Education Law of the People's Republic of China (2009)
* Education Law of the People's Republic of China (2015)
* Education Law of the People's Republic of China (2021)
# Edrington v. Jefferson

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
111 U.S. 770
Edrington v. Jefferson
U. M. Rose and A. H. Garland, for appellant.
D. E. Myers and Wm. M. Sneed, for appellee.
WAITE, C. J.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Latin/Cavia

Edition of 1802.
​Cavia cobaya, Guinea Pig.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Latin/Cicuta

Edition of 1802.
​Cicuta virosa, Long-leaved Water Hemlock.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Latin/Citrus

Edition of 1802.
​Citrus, Citron; C. Aurantium, Orange; C. Decumana, Giant Citron; C. Lima, Lemon-tree; C. Medica, Citron-tree.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Latin/Colchicum

Edition of 1802.
​Colchicum autumnale, Meadow Saffron.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Latin/Copaifera

Edition of 1802.
​Copaifera Balsamum, Balsam of Copaiba-tree.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Latin/Cephalalgia

Edition of 1802.
​Cephalalgia, Head-ach.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Latin/Conium

Edition of 1802.
​Conium maculatum, CommonHemlock.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Latin/Charadrius

Edition of 1802.
​Charadrius Pluvialis, Common Plover.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Latin/Clematis

Edition of 1802.
​Clematis Vitalba, Traveller's Joy.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Latin/Columba

Edition of 1802.
​Columba œnas, Domestic Pigeon.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Swaine, Francis

​SWAINE, FRANCIS (d. 1782), marine-painter, was one of the earliest English artists whose sea-views possess any merit. He was an imitator of the younger Vandevelde, and his works may be classed with those of his contemporaries, Charles Brooking [q. v.] and Peter Monamy [q. v.] He enjoyed a considerable reputation, and was awarded premiums by the Society of Arts in 1764 and 1765. Swaine exhibited largely with the Incorporated Society and the Free Society from 1762 until his death, sending chiefly studies of shipping in both calm and stormy seas, harbour views, and naval engagements. He was very partial to moonlight effects. Some of his works were engraved by Canot, Benazech, and others, and there is a set of plates of fights between English and French ships, several of which are from paintings by him. Swaine resided at Strutton Ground, Westminster, until near the end of his life, when he removed to Chelsea. He died in 1782, and seven works by him were included in the exhibition of the Incorporated Society in the following year. Two pictures by Swaine are at Hampton Court.
[Edwards's Anecdotes; Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Seguier's Dict. of Painters; Exhibition Catalogues.]
F. M. O'D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Swaine, John

​SWAINE, JOHN (1775–1860), draughtsman and engraver, son of John and Margaret Swaine, was born at Stanwell, Middlesex, on 26 June 1775, and became a pupil first of Jacob Schnebbelie [q. v.] and afterwards of Barak Longmate [q. v.] He is best known by his excellent facsimile copies of old prints, of which the most noteworthy are the Droeshout portrait of Shakespeare, Faithorne's portrait of Thomas Stanley, Loggan's frontispiece to the Book of Common Prayer, and the plates to Ottley's ‘History of Engraving,’ 1816, and Singer's ‘History of Playing Cards,’ 1816. He was also largely engaged upon the illustrations to scientific, topographical, and antiquarian works. He drew and engraved the whole series of plates in Marsden's ‘Oriental Coins,’ 1823–5, and many subjects of natural history for the transactions of the Linnean, Zoological, and Entomological societies. There are a few contemporary portraits by him, including one of Marshal Blücher, after F. Rehberg. Swaine was a constant contributor of plates to the ‘Gentleman's Magazine’ for fifty years, commencing in 1804. He died in Dean Street, Soho, London, on 25 Nov. 1860. In 1797 he married the daughter of his master, Barak Longmate. She died in October 1822.
John Barak Swaine (1815?–1838), his only son, studied in the schools of the Royal Academy, and while still a boy did some good antiquarian work. Drawings by him, illustrating papers by Alfred John Kempe [q. v.], appeared in ‘Archæologia,’ 1832 and 1834. In 1833 he was awarded the Isis gold medal of the Society of Arts for an etching, and in that year drew, etched, and published a large plate of the east window of St. Margaret's, ​Westminster. In 1834, having taken up oil painting, he visited The Hague and Paris to study and copy in the galleries there. In Paris he painted much and also tried his hand successfully at wood engraving. He engraved in mezzotint Rembrandt's ‘Spanish Officer,’ also a picture by himself entitled ‘The Dutch Governess,’ and a portrait of A. J. Kempe. In 1837 he etched a plate of the altar window at Hampton-Lucy in Warwickshire. Swaine was a versatile artist of great promise, but died at the age of twenty-three in Queen Street, Golden Square, London, on 28 March 1838 (Gent. Mag. 1838, i. 552).
F. M. O'D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Sutton, Thomas (1767?-1835)

​SUTTON, THOMAS (1767?–1835), medical writer, was born in Staffordshire in 1766 or 1767. He commenced to study medicine in London, whence he proceeded to Edinburgh and finally to Leyden, where he graduated M.D. on 19 June 1787. He was admitted a licentiate of the College of Physicians on 29 March 1790, and soon afterwards was appointed physician to the army. Sutton eventually settled at Greenwich, where he became consulting physician to the Kent dispensary, and died in 1835. He was the first modern British physician to advocate bleeding and an antiphlogistic treatment of fever, and to him is due the discrimination of delirium tremens from the other diseases with which it had previously been confounded.
He was the author of:
* ‘Considerations regarding Pulmonary Consumption,’ London, 1799, 8vo.
* ‘Practical Account of a Remittent Fever frequently occurring among the Troops in this Climate,’ Canterbury, 1806, 8vo.
* ‘Tracts on Delirium Tremens,’ London, 1813, 8vo.
* ‘Letters to the Duke of York on Consumption,’ London, 1814, 8vo.
[Munk's Coll. of Phys. ii. 399; British and Foreign Medical Review, 1836, i. 44.]
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Swain, Joseph

​SWAIN, JOSEPH (1761–1796), hymn-writer, was born at Birmingham in 1761, and was apprenticed to an engraver of that town at an early age. The latter part of his apprenticeship, however, he served in London with his brother. In 1782 he came under conviction of sin, and on 11 May 1783 was baptised by John Rippon [q. v.] In December 1791 a baptist congregation was formed at Walworth, and Swain, being unanimously chosen pastor, was ordained on 8 Feb. 1792. As a preacher he was extremely acceptable, and his meeting-house was three times enlarged during his ministry. He died on 16 April 1796, leaving a widow and four children, and was buried in Bunhill Fields.
Swain was the author of:
* ‘A Collection of Poems on Various Occasions,’ London, 1781, 4to.
* ‘Redemption: a poem in five books,’ London, 1789, 8vo.
* ‘Experimental Essays,’ London, 1791, 12mo; new edit. with memoir, 1834, 8vo.
* ‘Walworth Hymns,’ London, 1792, 16mo; 4th edit. 1810.
* ‘Redemption: a poem in eight books’ (a different work from No. 2); 2nd edit. London, 1797, 8vo; 5th edit. Edinburgh, 1822, 12mo.
Many of Swain's ‘Walworth Hymns’ and some of those in his earlier ‘Redemption’ became very popular and are still in common use. The best known are those commencing ‘Brethren, while we sojourn here,’ ‘How sweet, how heavenly is the sight,’ ‘In expectation sweet,’ and ‘O Thou in whose presence my soul takes delight’ (Julian, Dict. of Hymnology).
[Memoir of Swain prefixed to Experimental Essays, 1834; Funeral Sermon by James Upton; Allibone's Dict. of Engl. Lit.]
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Sutton, Robert (1594-1668)

​SUTTON, ROBERT, first Baron Lexington (1594–1668), born in 1594, was the son of Sir William Sutton of Aram or Averham, Nottinghamshire, by Susan, daughter of Thomas Cony of Basingthorpe, Lincolnshire (Complete Peerage, by G. E. C. v. 73; Lexington Papers, 1851, pref.). Sutton represented Nottinghamshire in the parliament of 1625, and in the two parliaments called in 1640. He took the side of the king when the civil war began, but at first endeavoured to negotiate a treaty for the neutrality of the county with Colonel Hutchinson and the local parliamentary leaders (Life of Col. Hutchinson, ed. 1885, i. 167, 200, 357–62). He served throughout the war in the garrison of Newark until its surrender in 1646 (Cornelius Brown, Annals of Newark, pp. 164, 168). On 21 Nov. 1645 the king created Sutton Baron Lexington of Aram (Black, Oxford Docquets, p. 278). Sutton's loyalty involved him in great losses. His estate was sequestrated, and parliament ordered 5,000l. to be paid out of it to Lord Grey of Wark; till it was paid Grey was to enjoy all the profits of his estate (Calendar of Compounders, p. 1336). Lexington had become one of the securities for a loan raised in Newark for the service of Charles I, which led to further embarrassments (Calendar of Committee for Advance of Money, p. 881; Life of Col. Hutchinson, ii. 139). In 1654 he was a prisoner in the upper bench on an execution for 4,000l., having incurred heavy debts by his composition, and conveyed away all his estate except 300l. per annum (Calendar of Compounders, p. 1337). In 1655 Major-general Edward Whalley [q. v.] and the county committee demanded payment of the decimation tax of ten per cent. of his income. Sutton pleaded inability to ​pay, and petitioned the Protector. The major-general remonstrated against any leniency being shown to him, saying: ‘He is in this county termed the devil of Newark; he exercised more cruelty than any, nay, than all of that garrison, to the parliament soldiers when they fell into his power’ (Thurloe Papers, iv. 345, 354, 364). At the Restoration Lexington made several unsuccessful attempts to get compensation for his losses out of the estate of Colonel Hutchinson, and after many petitions succeeded in obtaining the repayment of the Newark loan (Life of Col. Hutchinson, ii. 260, 268, 273; Brown, Annals of Newark, p. 187).
Lexington died on 13 Oct. 1668, and was buried at Aram. He married three times: first, on 14 April 1616, Elizabeth, daughter of Sir George Manners of Haddon Hall, and sister of John, eighth earl of Rutland; secondly, Anne, daughter of Sir Guy Palmes of Lindley, and widow of Sir Thomas Browne, bart., of Walcott, Northamptonshire; and thirdly, on 21 Feb. 1661, Mary, daughter of Sir Anthony St. Leger, warden of the king's mint; she died in 1669, leaving a son Robert, second baron Lexington [q. v.]
C. H. F.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Reynolds, Thomas (1752-1829)

​ REYNOLDS, THOMAS (1752–1829), antiquary, born in 1752, was the son of Joseph Reynolds, a clergyman, of Marston Trussell, Northamptonshire, and belonged to the family of Dr. Edward Reynolds, bishop of Norwich [q. v.] He matriculated from Lincoln College, Oxford, on 18 Oct. 1769, and graduated B.A. in 1773, M.A. in 1777. In 1776 he was presented to the rectory of Little Bowden, Northamptonshire, which he held till his death, and to the vicarage of Dunton Bassett, Leicestershire, which he resigned in 1802. He was also vicar of Lubbenham from 1787 to 1800.
Reynolds wrote on Roman antiquities in the ‘Gentleman's Magazine,’ and in 1794 communicated to Nichols, for his ‘History of Leicestershire,’ observations on the Foss and Via Devana (vol. i. p. cliv) and remarks on Lubbenham and Farndon camps (ii. 700). His principal work was ‘Iter Britanniarum; or that part of the Itinerary of Antoninus which relates to Britain, with a new Comment,’ Cambridge University Press, 1799, 4to. The book was severely handled in the ‘British Critic’ in an article attributed to Whitaker. Reynolds had collected and arranged the material that had accumulated since the publication of Horsley's ‘Britannia,’ and Dr. William Bennet [q. v.], bishop of Cloyne, who examined the proof-sheets, declared that the author had made many ingenious observations, though he had the odd idea that he could judge better of Roman roads ‘by consulting books in his closet than by examining them on the spot’ (Nichols, Literary Illustrations, iv. 712).
Reynolds died on 24 Dec. 1829. He had married early in life. His eldest son, Joseph, died in 1805, in his nineteenth year (Gent. Mag. 1806, pt. ii. p. 775).
W. W.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Reynolds, William (1544?-1594)

​REYNOLDS, WILLIAM (1544?–1594), Roman catholic divine. [See Rainolds.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Rham, William Lewis

​RHAM, WILLIAM LEWIS (1778–1843), agriculturist, was born in Utrecht in 1778, his father being Dutch and his mother Swiss. When still young he came to England and afterwards attended Edinburgh University as a medical student, but, determining to seek holy orders, entered Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1806 (M.A. 1810), and was tenth wrangler. After taking holy orders he successively held the rectory of Fersfield, Norfolk, from 1803; the vicarage of Broad Hinton, Wiltshire, from 1804; a prebend of Bitton in Salisbury, from 1806; and the vicarage of Winkfield, Berkshire, from 1808. He remained at Winkfield till his death.
Rham was very popular with his rural parishioners, devoting himself to agricultural pursuits, upon which he became one of the greatest authorities of his day (cf. Donaldson, Agric. Biogr. p. 125). He was a member of the Royal Agricultural Society, and sat on its council and committees from its beginning in 1838.
To its journal Rham contributed several valuable papers on practical agriculture, including an ‘Essay on the Simplest and Easiest Mode of Analysing Soils’ (i. 46), which won a prize offered by the society. He maintained his connection with the continent by frequent visits, and his knowledge of continental methods is one of the features of his agricultural papers. As the result of one of these continental trips, when he walked from farm to farm and accepted the rough hospitality of the peasantry, he contributed to the agricultural section of the ‘Library of Useful Knowledge’ a manual on ‘Flemish Industry.’ He also contributed to publications like the ‘Gardeners' Chronicle’ and the ‘Penny Cyclopædia.’ A compilation of the articles which he wrote for the latter was published as ‘A Dictionary of the Farm,’ London, 1844, and went through five editions; the later ones being edited and supplemented by other hands. He also edited and revised an edition of Doyle's ‘Cyclopædia of Practical Husbandry,’ London, 1851.
His continental experience taught him the necessity of agricultural schools, and the school of industry which he opened at Wink​field in 1835 was conducted on principles which show that he anticipated later theories of education. The school, which accommodated fifty boys and fifty girls, was surrounded with four acres of land, upon which the pupils were taught manual labour and the science of agriculture. Workshops and workrooms adjoined, and there the boys were taught to handle tools and the girls had lessons in domestic work. The establishment was maintained by private subscription and the sale of produce.
Rham died at Winkfield on 31 Oct. 1843.
[Foster's Index Ecclesiasticus, p. 149; Dict. of the Farm, introductory notice; Journ. of the Royal Agricultural Society; Tremenheere's Report to the Council of Education, March 1843.]
J. R. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Reynolds, Thomas (fl.1541-1555)

​REYNOLDS, THOMAS (fl. 1541–1555), printer. [See under Raynalde, Thomas.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Reynolds-Moreton, Henry John

​REYNOLDS-MORETON, HENRY JOHN, second Earl of Ducie (1802–1853). [See Moreton.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Shepheard, George

Contains subarticle George Walwyn Shepheard (1804–1852).
​SHEPHEARD, GEORGE (1770?–1842), watercolour-painter and engraver, born about 1770, was a member of an old Herefordshire family. He studied in the schools of the Royal Academy, and painted rural scenery, chiefly views in Surrey and Sussex, in which he introduced pleasing groups of rustic figures; between 1811 and 1841 he exhibited works of this class at the Royal Academy. Shepheard also practised engraving, working in a mixed style, and executed, among other good prints, ‘Jenny’ and ‘Louisa,’ a pair after Bunbury, 1795; ‘Dogs’ and ‘The Fleecy Charge,’ after Morland; and ‘Lady Hamilton's Attitudes,’ fifteen plates after F. Rehberg. He published in 1814–15 a set of ‘Vignette Designs,’ drawn by himself and etched by G. M. Brighty. He died in 1842, aged 72.
George Walwyn Shepheard (1804–1852), his eldest son, also practised landscape-painting in watercolours, and travelled much on the continent. In 1838 he married an Italian lady at Florence. From 1837 to 1851 he was an exhibitor at the Royal Academy, sending chiefly views in France and Italy and studies of trees. He died at Brighton on 26 Jan. 1852.
F. M. O'D.