OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dietrich, Auguste Edgard

Edition of 1905. See also Auguste Edgard Dietrich on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DIETRICH, dē'trīK, Auguste Edgard (1846—). A French author, born at Nancy. From an early age he took a special interest in the German language and literature, and was the first to translate two of Max Nordau's works into French under the following titles: Les mensonges conventionnels de notre civilisation (1886) and Le mal du siècle (1890). He contributed to many French and foreign reviews, such as La Revue du Nord, La Jeune France, and Le Messager de Vienne, and translated Lady Blennerhasset's Madame de Staël et son temps (1890). His original publications include Les maîtresses de Louis XV. (1881) and Rouget de Lisle et la Marseillaise (1882). He also edited the Poésies de Jacques Richard (1885).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Diet (meeting)

Edition of 1905. See also Diet (assembly) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DIET (etymology same as preceding). A name at present applied to the legislative bodies in the German States, to the provincial assemblies in Austria, and to the Hungarian Parliament. These assemblies are called in German Landtag. The German Imperial Parliament bears the name of Reichtag, which word, when applied to the representative assembly of the old German Empire (Holy Roman Empire) figures in English works as Diet. The federal assembly of the Germanic Confederation (Bundesrat) is also styled Diet in English. The word Diet is also applied to the representative assemblies in the old kingdom of Poland and other countries. The Diet of the Holy Roman Empire was made up of the Sectoral College (q.v.), the princes of the Empire, spiritual and temporal, and the delegates of the free Imperial cities. The princes, save in the matter of electing the Emperor, had the same rights as the Electoral College. The powers of the free Imperial cities were quite limited, and were not even formally recognized until 1648. Each of the three colleges voted separately. When they agreed on a measure it was submitted to the Emperor for ratification or for rejection, but he had no power to modify it. No measure affecting the welfare of the Empire could be passed without the assent of the Diet. The regular meetings were held twice a year, usually in some chief town of the Empire. After the close of the Thirty Years' War the power of the body declined, though it continued to hold its meetings at Ratisbon down to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. Consult: Bryce, The Holy Roman Empire (London, 1871); Waitz, Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte (6 vols., Berlin, 1865-96); Turner, The Germanic Constitution (New York, 1888).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dieterici, Friedrich

Edition of 1905. See also Friedrich Dieterici on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DIETERICI, dē'te-rē'tsḗ. Friedrich (1821-1903). A German Orientalist, born in Berlin. He studied at the universities of Halle and Berlin, traveled extensively in the East, and in 1856 was appointed professor of Semitic literature in the University of Berlin. He won particular distinction by his researches in the Arabic language and literature. The long list of his published works include: Alfiyyah Carmen Grammaticum Auctore Ibn Malik cum Commentario Ibn Akil (1851); Mutanabii Carmina cum Commentario Wahidii (1858); Die Philosophie der Araber im neunten und zehnten Jahrhundert nach Christus (1876); and Die Abhandlungen der Ichwȧn Es-Safȧ in Auswahl (1883-86).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dickinson, Emily

Edition of 1905. See also Emily Dickinson on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DICKINSON, Emily (1830-86). An American poet, born at Amherst, Mass. She lived a secluded life, allowing her individuality the fullest development, and publishing almost nothing during her lifetime. She corresponded for many years with T. W. Higginson, and at her death he, with Mrs. Mabel Loomis Todd, edited a volume entitled Poems by Emily Dickinson (1890), which attracted considerable attention and was followed by another volume of poems, as well as by a volume of selected letters. In thought her introspective lyrics are striking if not impressive, but their author was almost oblivious of the demands of form.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dieterici, Karl Friedrich Wilhelm

Edition of 1905. See also Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Dieterici on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DIETERICI, Karl Friedrich Wilhelm (1790-1859). A German political economist. He was an engineer-geographer in Blücher's army from 1813 to 1815, was engaged in the Ministry of Public Instruction, became professor of political science in the University of Berlin, and in 1844 was placed at the head of the statistical bureau. He published a number of important works on political economy and statistics, among which may be mentioned: De Via et Ratione Œconomiam Politicam Docendi and Statistische Uebersicht der wichtigsten Gegenstände des Verkehrs und Verbrauchs im preussischen Staat und im deutschen Zollverband (1838).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dietrich, Christian Wilhelm Ernest

Edition of 1905. See also Christian Wilhelm Ernest Dietrich on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DIETRICH, dḗ'trĭK (also DIETRICI and DIETRICY), Christian Wilhelm Ernest (1712-74). A German artist, born at Weimar. As an artist he was but mediocre. His claim to distinction is that of an administrator. In 1746 he was made inspector of art galleries, in 1763 director of the manufactory of porcelain at Meissen, and in 1765 professor of the Academy of Dresden. In these capacities he did excellent service.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Rumsey, James

Edition of 1905. See also James Rumsey on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
RUMSEY, rŭm'zĭ, James (1743-92). An American mechanical engineer, born in Maryland. After applying himself to the study of mechanics and machinery, he became an inventor. In 1786, twenty-one years before Fulton built the Clermont, Rumsey exhibited on the Potomac, in the presence of Washington, a boat propelled by machinery, in which a pump worked by steam power drove a stream of water from the stern, and thus furnished the motive power. This idea, which originally was proposed by Bernoulli, has since figured in many schemes for propelling vessels. A society was formed to aid his project, of which Franklin was a member. He visited and gave exhibitions in England, and obtained patents for his invention in Great Britain, Holland, and France. His death occurred while he was preparing for further experiments. He also made improvements in mill machinery, and in 1788 published a Short Treatise on the Application of Steam.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Rötscher, Heinrich Theodor

Edition of 1905. See also Heinrich Theodor Rötscher on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
RÖTSCHER, rẽt'shẽr, Heinrich Theodor (1803-71). A German dramatic critic. He was born in Mittenwalde, studied at Berlin and Leipzig, and from 1828 to 1845 was professor in the Gymnasium of Bromberg. Then he became dramatic critic to the Spenersche Zeitung of Berlin. His principal work is the Kunst der dramatischen Darstellung (1841-40; 2d ed. 1864). Among his works may be mentioned Aristophanes und sein Zeitalter (1827) and Abhandlungen zur Philosophie der Kunst (1837-47), both strongly tinged with Hegelianism; Shakespeare in seinen höchsten Charaktergebilden (1864); Dramuturgische und ästhetische Abhandlungen (1864-67); and Seydelmanns Leben und Wirken (1845).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Rump Parliament

Edition of 1905. See also Rump Parliament on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
RUMP PARLIAMENT. The name given in English history to the remnant of the Long Parliament after the expulsion of the Presbyterian members by a body of soldiers under Thomas Pride (q.v.), on December 6, 1648. This remnant, fifty or sixty members belonging to the Independent Party, nominated a High Court of Justice of 135 members — of whom one-half refused to serve — to try the King for high treason. After the King's execution, the Rump abolished the House of Lords and established the Commonwealth, itself playing the role of Parliament, though it was in no sense representative. It sent Cromwell to establish its authority in Ireland and Scotland, passed the Navigation Act (1651), and began the Dutch war (1652). Cromwell dissolved it by force on April 20, 1653. During the disorders which followed Cromwell's death, the Rump was restored by the army. May 7, 1659, but upon its quarreling with the military leaders, was again dissolved, October 13th, only to be recalled in December of the same year. On February 21, 1660, Monk recalled the Presbyterian members who had been expelled by Pride's Purge, and the Long Parliament, thus restored, issued writs for a new free Parliament and voted its own dissolution on March 16, 1660. See bibliography under Long Parliament.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Rutgers, Henry

Edition of 1905. See also Henry Rutgers on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
RUTGERS, rŭt'gẽrz, Henry (1745-1830). An American patriot and philanthropist, born in New York City. He graduated at King's College (now Columbia University) in 1766, at the outbreak of the Revolution entered the Continental Army, in 1776 took part as a captain in the battle of White Plains, and after the war became successively major and colonel of New York militia. He also took an important part in State politics, and was elected to the Assembly as a Republican in 1784, 1800, 1801, 1802, and 1807. From 1802 to 1826 he was a regent of the University of the State of New York. In 1819 he was a member of a committee organized with a view to perfecting a method for checking the advance of slavery. He is probably best known as the benefactor of Rutgers College (q.v.). He also gave numerous sites for church purposes, and his charities were liberal.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Rutgers College

RUTGERS COLLEGE. An institution of higher learning, at New Brunswick, N. J., originally planned by Theodore James Frelinghuysen and Hendrik Fisher, in 1738, but not begun till 1755, when Theodore Frelinghuysen, the son of Theodore James, urged the formation of a college to be nurtured by the Dutch Church, and went to Holland to solicit aid. He died on his return voyage, and it was not until 1766 that the institution was chartered as Queen's College, in honor of Queen Charlotte. The present site of the college was secured in 1808, and the present Middle building, now known as Queen's College, was erected in 1809. In 1825 a gift from Colonel Henry Rutgers, of New York, gave new life to the institution, and the present name was given to the college. A grammar school was established at the same time as the college; medical degrees were conferred upon the students
of an affiliated medical faculty in New York as early as 1792; and in 1864 the scientific school was designated by the Legislature as the State College for the Benefit of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts, to which the act of 1887 added an agricultural experiment station. The classical and the scientific departments of the college are very closely related. In the Classical School the courses lead to the degree of Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Letters; in the Scientific School to that of Bachelor of Science. Graduate work leads to the degrees of M. A., Ph. D., and Sc. D. The degree of Civil Engineer is conferred for three years' satisfactory practice and study of engineering. Graduates of the Theological Seminary of New Brunswick may receive the degree of Bachelor of Divinity. The college has successfully developed a system of student self-government. In 1903 there were 62 classical and 161 scientific students, with a faculty of 30. The library contained 45,655 volumes. The endowment was $1,200,000, with an income of about $60,000. The fifteen buildings, including the Ceramics Building and the Ralph Voorhees Library, erected in 1902-03, were valued, with the grounds, at $1,000,000.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Rutebeuf

Edition of 1905. See also Rutebeuf on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
RUTEBEUF, rụt'bẽf' (c.l220-c.1285 ). A French poet of the thirteenth century. His real name is not known. He wrote, often satirically, about the foibles of his time, rebuking monks and nuns, confessing his own sins, and speculating upon life and death. Some of his ideas reappear in Villon two centuries later. Besides his satirical poems, Rutebeuf wrote a number of fabliaux and Le Miracle de Théophile, a sort of miracle play. Rutebeuf has the merit of a clear style, which is spicy and original when he is really interested. His Works have been edited, with a Life, by Jubinal (new ed. Paris. 1874-75). Consult also Clédat, Rutebeuf (Paris, 1891); Kressnel, Rutebeuf, ein französischer Dichter des XIII. Jahrhunderts (Cassel, 1894).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Russell, William Eustis

Edition of 1905. See also William Russell (governor) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
RUSSELL, William Eustis (1857-96). An American lawyer and Governor, born in Cambridge, Mass. He was educated at Harvard and at the Boston University Law School. In 1880 he became a member of the Boston law firm of Russell & Russell, of which his father and two brothers were already members. In 1885 he was chosen Mayor of his native city, and for two succeeding years was reëlected with no opposition. His effective administration of the city's affairs, particularly in the enforcement of the local-option law, attracted wide attention. At his third nomination for the office of Governor in 1890 he was elected, and was rëelected in 1891 and 1892, in each ease his victory being largely a personal one. His administration was marked by impartiality and lack of partisanship. In 1893 he resumed his law practice. Early in 1896 a strong movement became apparent in the Eastern States to nominate him for the Presidency, but his strong and freely expressed views in favor of a gold standard rendered its success impossible. A movement to name him for the Presidency on a Democratic gold-standard platform was checked by his sudden death in his camp in the Nova Scotia woods a week after the Chicago convention of that year.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Rutledge, John

Edition of 1905. See also John Rutledge on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
RUTLEDGE, John (1739-1800). An American statesman, born at Charleston, S. C. He studied law in London, and began to practice at Charleston in 1761. He sat in the Stamp Act Congress at New York in 1765, in the South Carolina convention in 1774, and the Continental Congress of 1774; was chairman of the committee which framed the new Constitution for South Carolina in 1776, and was first President (1776-98) under that Constitution. In 1779 he was Governor of the State, and during the siege of Charleston was given almost absolute power by the Legislature. On the surrender of the city in 1780 be joined the Army of the South, with which he remained till the end of the war. He was a member of Congress in 1782, and again in 1783, was Chancellor of his State in 1784, member of the convention which framed the Federal Constitution (1787) and of the State convention which adopted it. He was an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court (1789-91), was Chief Justice of South Carolina from 1791 to 1795, and in July, 1795, was appointed Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, but, owing to the loss of his reason, the appointment was not confirmed.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Räuber, Die

Edition of 1905. See also The Robbers on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ RÄUBER, roi′bẽr, Die (Ger., The Robbers). An early play of Schiller (1781), which, with many imperfections, attained great success by reason of its dramatic power. The hero, Karl Moor, a student in Leipzig, is disowned by his father through the machinations of his brother, and in desperation becomes the captain of a band of robbers. His exploits are directed toward righting wrongs and punishing misdeeds, and he becomes famous as an outlaw. Finally he returns to his home, rescues his father from his brother's cruelty, and in expiation of his deeds delivers himself up to the law.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ansbach

Edition of 1905. See also Ansbach on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ANSBACH, äns'bäG, or ANSPACH (originally Onolzbach). A town of Bavaria, capital of the circle of Middle Franconia (Mittelfranken), on the Rezat, 25 miles southwest of Nuremberg (Map: Germany, D 4). Its only notable buildings are the churches of St. Gumbert and St. John, and the castle, once the residence of the margraves of Ansbach, now used as a library and picture gallery. The town has several schools, a theatre, and a public slaughter house. It has manufactures of cotton and half-silken fabrics, tobacco, earthenware, playing cards, cutlery, and white lead; also a considerable trade in wool, flax, and corn. Ansbach sprang up around a Benedictine monastery founded by St. Gumbert in the eighth century. It was the capital of the principality of Ansbach, which from the close of the Middle Ages was for three centuries ruled by margraves of the Franconian branch of the House of Hohenzollern (of Brandenburg, later of Prussia). After belonging for a short time to Prussia, Ansbach and its territory, together with the Old principality of Bayreuth, which had also been ruled by margraves of the Hohenzollern line and had shared the fortunes of Ansbach, were transferred by Napoleon I. to Bavaria, Pop., 1890, 14,200; 1900, 17,555.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Anquetil Duperron, Abraham Hyacinthe

Edition of 1905. See also Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ANQUETIL DUPERRON, dụ'pắ'rôn', Abraham Hyacinthe (1731-1805) . A French Orientalist, born in Paris. He studied theology and Oriental languages, and in 1754 enlisted as a private soldier for India. There, after securing the support of the French Government, he passed seven years in the collection and collation of manuscripts, and studied the language and doctrines of the sacred books of the Parsees. He returned to France in 1762, was elected a member of the Academy of Inscriptions in 1763, and in 1771 published Zend-Avesta, ouvrage de Zoroastre, 3 volumes, the first translation of Parsee religious works ever made into a European language. His further publications include L'Inde en rapport avec l'Europe (1790), and Oupnek’hat (1804), a Latin translation of a Persian rendering of the Sanskrit Upanishads, noteworthy as the source of Schopenhauer's knowledge of the Indian philosophy, by which his own system was not slightly influenced.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Anschütz, Karl

Edition of 1905. See also Karl Anschütz on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ANSCHÜTZ, Karl (1815-70). A German musician. He was born in Coblentz, and in 1857 settled in New York, where he became well known chiefly as a conductor of opera and as a pioneer manager of German opera. He was also conductor of the Arion Society (1860-62).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Anson, George

Edition of 1905. See also George Anson, 1st Baron Anson on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​AN'SON, George, Lord (1697-1762). An English admiral and famous circumnavigator. He was born at Shugborough, Staffordshire, April 23, 1697. From an early period he manifested a predilection for a sea-life, and entered the navy at the age of fifteen. In 1716 he served as second lieutenant under Norris; next under Byng in 1718, against the Spaniards; and was made a captain in 1723. In 1739, when war with Spain broke out, he was recalled from the Carolina station, on which he had been placed since 1724, and received the command of the fleet in the South Sea. He sailed from England in September, 1740, with instructions to inflict whatever injury he could on the Spanish commerce and colonies. The preparations for this cruise had been made in the most slovenly manner. Both vessels and stores were bad and the sailors were old Chelsea pensioners; yet Anson, in spite of these disadvantages, achieved a brilliant reputation by the heroism, prudence, diligence, and humanity he displayed. After his little fleet of seven vessels had been scattered by a storm in doubling Cape Horn, he landed at Juan Fernandez, where he was soon joined by three of his ships, which arrived in a dismantled condition. ​While he remained on this island, he exhibited his native tenderness of character by the assiduity with which he cared for the sick. Under great disadvantages, he took several prizes, including a valuable Spanish galleon from Acapulco. Finally, with only one vessel left, he crossed the South Sea, doubled the Cape of Good Hope, and favored by good fortune, was hidden by a thick fog as he passed through the French fleet and entered the English Channel. He arrived at Spithead, June 15, 1744, and his accumulated treasure, amounting to £500,000, was landed at Portsmouth, sent up to London, and triumphantly paraded through the city in 32 wagons. He had circumnavigated the globe in three years and nine months, and his perilous cruise greatly extended the knowledge of navigation and geography. It has been described in his Voyage Round the World (editors Walter and Robins, 1748; new edition, 1853). As a reward for his services, Anson was made Rear-admiral of the Blue (1744), and in 1747, having defeated the French Admiral Jonquière, at Cape Finisterre, he was created Baron Soberton, and four years later first lord of the admiralty. In 1761 he was made admiral of the fleet. He died suddenly at Moor Park. Hertfordshire, June 6, 1762. Consult J. Barrow, Life of George, Lord Anson (London, 1839).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Anschütz, Heinrich

Edition of 1905. See also Heinrich Anschütz on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ANSCHÜTZ, än'shụts, Heinrich (1785-1865). A German actor. He was born at Luckau, and studied at the University of Leipzig, in which city he saw the performances of Iffland, Esslair, and other distinguished actors who occasionally played there. He began his career as an actor at Nuremberg in 1807, and finally became a member of the Hofburgtheater in Vienna. He played both heroic and character parts, and was for many years the central figure at the famous play-house with which he was so long identified. He published an autobiography under the title of Heinrich Anschütz, Erinnerungen aus dessen Leben und Wirken (Vienna, 1866).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ansgar

Edition of 1905. See also Ansgar on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ANSGAR, äns'gär (Anskar, or Anscharius) (801-865). A French prelate, styled “the Apostle of the North,” on account of his labors to introduce Christianity into Denmark, Sweden, and northern Germany. He was born near the monastery of Corbie, in the vicinity of Amiens, France. In this monastery and that of Korvei, in Westphalia, an offshoot of the former, he was educated, and in the latter he subsequently became preacher. His family belonged to the Frankish nobility, and under the patronage of Louis le Débonnaire he went, with his colleague Autbert, to preach the doctrines of Christianity among the heathen Northmen of Schleswig, where he suffered many persecutions, but had, nevertheless, such success that in 831 the Pope established an archbishopric in Hamburg, and Ansgar was appointed the first archbishop. Here he passed through many difficulties, being compelled to save his life by flight in 845, when the Northmen and Danes under Eric I. plundered Hamburg. He afterward made several missionary tours in Denmark and Sweden, and died February 3, 865, at Bremen, where a church was named after him. The Roman Catholic Church has canonized him. For his life, consult: G. H. Klippel (Bremen, 1845); Tappehorn (Münster, 1863).