OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Who's Who in China (3rd edition)/Lu Jung-chien

Colonel Lu Jung-chien
陸榮簽字花亭
Colonel Lu Jung-chien was born at Tientsin in 1878, his native home is Tungshan Hsien, Chekiang Province. He received his preliminary education at the Police School in Paoting, Chihli, graduating in 1902. Colonel Lu then entered the Tientsin Training School for Police and completed the course in 1903, after which he joined the Tientsin Police Administration. In 1904 Colonel Lu became Chief of the Fourth Precinct of the First Police Station in Tientsin and in 1905 he was promoted to be Chief of the Third Station. In 1908 Colonel Lu was appointed Chief of the General Affairs Section of the Kiangsu Constabulary and in, 1909 he was transferred to Hankow as Advisor on Police Matters. Leaving Hankow service in 1913, Colonel Lu was made Director of the Bureau of Commercial Taxes at Fengtai, near Peking. In 1914 he became Proctor of Oil Administration Transporting Office at Loyang. Later he was promoted to be its co-director. In April 1916 Colonel Lu went to Hunan in connection with the Mission to Pacify Western Hunan and in 1917 he returned to Chihli becoming Chief of the Auditing Bureau of the Directorate General of the Metropolitan Flood Relief and Conservancy of which the ex-Premier Hsiung Hsi-lin was the Director-General. In 1918 Colonel Lu was appointed ​Advisor to the Woosung and Shanghai Constabulary. In 1920 he became Chief of the Secret Service. In 1923 he was promoted to be Chief of the General Affairs Section of the same office. In November 1923, following the assassination of General Hsu Kuo-liang, Colonel Lu was appointed Acting Chief of the Woosung and Shanghai Constabulary, which position he is still holding. Colonel Lu has been awarded by the Peking government the Third Class Chiaho Decoration.
# Who's Who in China (3rd edition)/Lu Hsueh-pu

Mr. Lu Hsueh-p'u
威望溥字鉴泉
Mr. Lu, Hsueh-p’u was born at Tung Hsiang Hsien, Chekiang, in 1879. Mr. Lu obtained the literary degree of Chu Jen or M. A. in 1901 through competitive provincial examinations. Immediately after his successful examinations, he was awarded the rank of magistrate. In the last days of the Tsing dynasty Mr. Lu served as chief of the Foreign Affairs Section at Nanking when Tuan Fang was Viceroy of Liang Kiang, and held the same position in Tientsin upon his chief's transference to the North to become Viceroy of Peiyang. Later, he was appointed secretary to the Commissioner of Education in the province of Fengtien. In October, 1912, he was appointed junior secretary of the Ministry of Finance. Shortly afterwards he was asked to act concurrently as chief of the First Section of the Loan Department. In July, 1913, he was appointed to act as Chief of the Loan ​Department, and in January 1914 he was appointed Chief of the Confidential Affairs Section in the Bureau of Expenditure. In July of 1914 Mr. Lu was promoted to be Director of the Loan Department which position he has been successfully holding for the past six years. During this important period he participated in all important financial transactions, such as the negotiations for the Reorganization Loan of 1913, the successful issue of domestic loans in 1914 and the readjustment of all short term foreign debts in 1915. In May 1919 Mr. Lu was ordered to act as Vice-Minister of Finance. In December 1920 he was appointed Co-Director of the Internal Loan Bureau. In February 1921 Mr. Lu was conferred the Second Class Paokuang Chiaho. In March 1921 he was relieved of the Directorship of a Department in the Ministry of Finance. In December 1921 he was appointed Vice-Minister of Finance. In May 1922 Mr. Lu was relieved of the Vice-Ministership and in August 1922 he resigned from the post of Co-Director of the Internal Loans Bureau. Since his retirement front official work Mr. Lu has been active in banking enterprises.
# Who's Who in China (3rd edition)/Lo Yun-yen

Dr. R. Y. Lo
羅運类字耀東
(Lo Yun-yen)
Dr. R. Y. Lo was born at Kiukiang, Kiangsi Province, in 1890. He entered the William Nast College at Kiukiang in 1901 and graduated from it in 1907. While still a student he began teaching; he was teacher of the Kiukiang First Government School and also of the Wen Hua School from 1906 to 1907. From 1907 to 1909 he was teaching in the Teh Hua, Kiuk-kiang. Dr. Lo went to America in September 1909. He studied Liberal Arts in the Baldwin-Wallace College of Berea, Ohio and graduated from it in 1911. In June 1911 he won a first prize in an oratorical contest. He received the degree of B. A. that year. He was president of the Goethe Society during 1910-1911. From 1911 to 1914 Dr. Lo was at Syracuse University studying Economics and Political Science. He was taking a law course during 1914 at the University of Michigan. He received the degree of M. A. in 1912 and that of Ph. D. in 1914, the subject of his doctor's ​disseration being "The Social Teaching of Confucious". While in America in one summer vacation Dr. Lo made a lecture tour to the Northern States of America. After his return to China in September 1914, Dr. Lo took the chair of Sociology and Economics in William Nast College. His name became known to the government authorities and he was offered an advisorship in the Bureau of Foreign Affairs to the governor of Kiangsi, which post he accepted and held for several years. In 1920 the Methodist Episcopal Church in China sent him to Shanghai as editor of the Chinese Christian Advocate and the Young Peoples Friend. Dr. Lo is author of several books and a contributor to many periodicals both foreign and Chinese. In recent years he has travelled quite extensively, giving speeches to conferences and institutes, and as one of the Commission chairmen, he attained high success in the preparation of the report of “Commission IV” of the National Christian Conference which took place in the Shanghai Town Hall In May 1922. At present Dr. Lo is general editor of the Methodist Episcopal Church, vice-chairman of the China Christian Literature Council, lecturer in the comparative Law School of Soochow University, and a member of the Chinese Recorder's editorial board.
# Who's Who in China (3rd edition)/Lou Yu-tao

Mr. Y. T. Lou
要裕表字母音
(Lou Yu-tao)
Mr. Y. T. Lou was born at Shaoshing, Chekiang Province, in 1880. Since his youth he came to North China where his father was a very famous official who had been chief secretary to many Viceroys of Chihli including Yuan Shih-kai. Mr. Lou entered the Peking Government University in 1891 and graduated from there in 1900. In 1902 he attended the Anglo-Chinese College, Tientsin. He arrived in America in March 1903 partly as Attache to the Chinese Minister at Washington, D. C., and partly to study. Mr. Lou studied in the Oahu College unntil 1908. Then he went to study law at Yale University where he graduated with the degree of B. C. L. in 1911. In September that year he returned to China. From 1912 to 1913 Mr. Lou was Legal Advisor to the late Feng Kuo-chang who was then Tutuh of Chihli. During 1914-1915 he was in America as Provincial Delegate of Chihli of the Panama Pacific International Exposition. Mr. ​Lou has been and is still Secretary to Director-General of the Kailan Mining Administration since 1912; Legal Advisor to General Chi Hsieh-yuan of Kiangsu since April 1923; and Councillor of the Ministry of Communications since 1923. Mr. Lou has been awarded by the Peking government the Fourth Order of Chiaho. His address is 13 Ta Ching Lu, Hopei, Tientsin.
# Who's Who in China (3rd edition)/Lu Chin

General Lu Chin
陸錦字繡山
General Lu Chin was born at Tientsin in 1880. After his graduation from the Pei Yang Military Academy, he went to Japan where he first entered the Cheng School and then the Military Officers Academy. Upon his graduation General Lu returned to China and became a military officer. During the Ching Regime, he was first. Assistant Commander of the Artillery Regiment of the First Army Corps, then Chief of Staff to the Second Army Corps, then Director of the Staff Office of the Pei Yang Army, and finally was Councillor to the Shantung Military Training Office. In 1912, General Lu was Councillor to the Chihli Military Training Office and later became the Chief of Staff to the Military Governor of Chihli. From October 1913 he was Defence Commissioner of Tientsin until July 1914 when he was called to Peking to become a Junior Member of the Chiang Chun Fu. In 1914 a Model Regiment was formed in Peking, of which Yuan Shih-kai himself was honorary colonel, and General Lu was a colonel commanding one battalion. In 1917 he was appointed Assistant Chief of the General ​Staff and held that position for about two years. In January 1919 General Lu was given the brevet of Chiangchun or Marshal. In December 1919 he was made “Ming-Wu Chiangchun, a member of the College of Marshals. In January 1920 General Lu was conferred the First-Class Tashou Chiaho. In August 1920 he was appointed Acting Commander of the Ninth Division of the National Army. In October 1920 he was conferred the First-Class Tashou Paokuang Chiaho. In February 1921 General Lu was given the brevet rank of a Full General. In November 1922 he was appointed Chief Staff Officer to the High Inspecting Commissioner of Chihli, Shantung and Honan. In March 1923 General Lu was awarded the Fourth Order of Merit. In November 1923 he was made a Full General. Since January 1924 General Lu has been the Minister of War. In March 1924 he was relieved of the Commandership of the Ninth Division of the National Army.
# Zoological Illustrations/VolII-Pl111

CYPRÆA tessellata,
Mosaic Cowry.
Generic Character.
    "Testa lævigata, ovata, convexa, marginibus involutis, apertura longitudinalis, angustata, utrinque dentata, ad extremitates effusa. Spira minima, obtecta."—Lam. Ann. du Mus. vol. 16. p. 443.
    Animal marinum (Pectinibranchi). Penula dilatata, testam omnino obtegens. Tentacula depressa, subulata. Oculi juxta tentaculorum basin externam adsiti.—Adanson, H. N. du Senegal.
    Shell smooth, oval, convex, the margins turned inward; aperture longitudinal, narrow, toothed on both sides, the extremities effuse. Spire minute, concealed.—Lamarck.
    Animal marine; mantle dilated and folding over the whole shell. Tentacula depressed, subulate, at the external base of which are the eyes.—Adanson.
Specific Character.
    C. testâ obtusâ, gibbâ, aurantiacâ, ad latera tesseris albis fuscisque alternis tessellata.
    Shell obtuse, gibbous, orange, the sides with alternate tessellated spots of white and brown.
Amidst all the changes in systematic arrangement which Conchology has, of late years, undergone, the Cyprææ remain untouched; indeed, they present such a uniformity of character, that the most superficial observer cannot mistake them. A few species of Ovula, however, bear a strong resemblance to the genus, but may be known from not having teeth on each side the mouth. The Cowries are without exception the most beautiful of all shells, whether the richness and harmony of their colours, or the exquisite polish of their exterior, is considered; but (like many other things of more consequence) their beauty is depreciated by their frequency. The indefatigable Lamarck has described sixty-six species, only one of which inhabits the European seas. Adanson has furnished a minute account of the structure of the animal, and Bruguiere has given long and interesting details of its economy.
Mrs. Mawe is in possession of this very beautiful little shell; a string of them were presented her as coming from New Zealand: that which formed the centre was the only perfect specimen, and from that the figures were taken.
# Zoological Illustrations/VolII-Pl103

AMPULLARIA fasciata,
Banded Apple Snail.
Generic Character.
    Testa globosa, umbilicata. Spira depressa vel brevissima. Apertura integra, magna, ovata. Operculum testaceum vel corneum. Animal fluviatile.
    Shell globose, umbilicated. Spire depressed or very short. Aperture entire, large, oval. Operculum shelly or horny. Animal fluviatile.—Generic Type Helix ampullacea Lin.
Specific Character.
    A. testâ ovato-globosâ, olivaceâ, fasciis obscuro-purpureis angustis ornatâ; spirâ brevi, levatâ, apice acuto; labii margine tenui; umbilico mediocri.
    Shell ovate-globose, olive, with narrow bands of obscure purple; spire short, elevated, the tip acute; margin of the lip thin; umbilicus moderate.
    Am. fasciata. En. Meth. pl. 457. f. 3. f. 4. (reversed and young).
    Helix ampullacea. Linn. Lister, 130. f. 30. Seba, t. 38. f. 1 to 6, 58, 59. Chemnitz, 9. t. 128. f. 1135. Gualt. t. 1. R.
In the selection of generic characters, sufficiently important to separate Ampullaria from Paludina, great difficulty at present exists; as the fundamental principle on which they should be founded (the formation of the animal) is entirely wanting. It is only known that these shells, like the Paludinæ, are furnished with an operculum. The absence or presence of this organ has been found of the first generic importance; though the substance of which it is composed, as well as the form it assumes, can be considered only as indicating specific distinctions. This is proved from the fact, that among the Naticæ some have horny, and some shelly, opercula: in Phasianella, this part is, in some species, almost flat, in others remarkably convex; in Turbo, Lam. its form is even more variable, and in the present genus a similar uncertainty exists. One species alone has been positively described as having this part shelly, while in two others the operculum is as certainly known to be horny; to these last may be added a third, found by myself in the lakes of Pernambuco in Brazil, but to which I have not immediate access. The shells here figured were, however, received from the same place by Mrs. Mawe, and, I think, are of the identical species. The spire is sometimes worn, and the whole shell very thin.
Several fossil shells of this genus are mentioned as existing in the extinct volcanoes of Ronca, in bituminous marl near Pont St. Esprit, &c. as quoted (on the authority of the illustrious Cuvier) by Mr. Bowdich.
# Zoological Illustrations/VolII-Pl106

CURSORIUS Temminckii,
Black-bellied Courier.
Generic Character.
    Rostrum mediocre, ad apicem compressum, mandibulis arcuatis, basi depressâ, apice acuto, integro. Nares basales, ovatæ, aperturâ elongatâ, laterali. Pedes longi, digitis tribus anticis omninò divisis, interioribus brevissimis, ungue medio pectinato. Remigum penna prima longissima.—Typus Genericus Cursorius Europæus, Lath.
    Bill as long as the head; both mandibles arched, and towards the end compressed; base depressed, the tip acute and entire; nostrils basal, oval, the aperture oblong and lateral; legs long, with three toes in front entirely separated, the inner toes very short, the middle with the claw serrated; wings with the first quill longest.—Generic Type Cream-coloured Plover Latham.
Specific Character.
    C. colore columbino; vertice pectoreque ferrugineis; torquibus nuchalibus 2; torque inferiore, remigibus, abdomineque medio nigris; torque superiore abdominisque lateribus albis.
    Cream-coloured brown; top of the head and breast ferruginous; nuchal collar double; the lower, with the quills and middle of the body, black; the upper, and the sides of the body, white.
Dr. Latham first instituted this genus, of which two species were then known; M. Le Vaillant discovered another in Africa; and I am happy in now adding a fourth from the same country, in the possession of Mr. Leadbeater. No ornithologist has paid greater attention both to the natural affinities, and to the illustration of the genera allied with these birds, than Professor Temminck; and I therefore feel pleasure in naming this bird in honour of that excellent ornithologist, from whom whenever I have differed, it has been from the sole wish of eliciting truth. Total length from the bill to the tail eight inches; bill one inch from the gape, and half from the end of the nostrils; the colours of the bird are best seen in the figure; the middle of the body, and the quill feathers, deep black; legs three inches from the naked thigh to the tip of the middle toe, the claw of which is serrated internally; tail round; the middle feathers not spotted; the two next with a black dot near the tip, which, in the next pair, is further broken into two white dots; the outer pair white. These birds inhabit the arid tracts of Africa, at a distance from the sea, and run amazingly swift. One species has occasionally visited England.
# Zoological Illustrations/VolII-Pl108

RAMPHASTOS Dicolorus,
Yellow-billed Toucan.
Generic Character.—See Pl. 45.
Specific Character.
    R. niger, gulâ aureâ; fasciâ pectorali latâ tegminibusque rubris; rostro viridi-flavo, basi fasciâ nigrâ transversâ ornatâ; mandibulæ superioris margine laterali rubro; culmine plano.
    Black; throat golden-yellow; broad pectoral band and tail-covers red; bill greenish-yellow, the base with a transverse black band, and the lateral margins of the upper mandible red; the top flat.
    R. dicolorus. Gm. p. 356. Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 135. 2. Turton. vol. i. 211.
    Yellow throated Toucan. Lath. Syn. 1. 325. Turton. 1. 211. Brisson. Orn. 4. p. 411. pl. 31. f. 1. Buffon Pl. Enl. 269.
    Le petit Toucan à ventre rouge. Vaill. H. N. des Toucans, pl. 8. (optimè).
This is the smallest species of the genuine Toucans yet known, inhabiting, though sparingly, the northern and southern extremities of tropical America. It is a species which seems to have been well understood by Linnæus and the older ornithologists, though none of them have described the form or peculiarities of the bill; it is probably owing to this omission, that Dr. Shaw has created an imaginary species in General Zoology, under the name of R. pectoralis; compounded of the descriptions he gathered of this bird, and the Linnæan R. tucanus. Dr. Latham's description is also inaccurate; nor is it improved in the new edition of his Synopsis, probably from not having himself seen the bird. Of the figures, there is a masterly delineation by Barraband, in Le Vaillant's work, but those of Buffon and Brisson are not to be trusted.
Total length about sixteen inches: bill three and a half; it is shorter and much thicker along the back, than that of any other species; this part also is broad, and quite flat; the serratures of the margin small, and the upper mandible only edged with a line of red; the sides are compressed, and the colours greenish-yellow; the orbits chesnut-red, and the feet (as in all the Toucans when fresh) delicate fine blue.
Dr. Langsdorff favoured me with a specimen of this rare bird, shot by himself in Southern Brazil; the sexes have been dissected by that able naturalist, but to which the one here figured belongs, I am unacquainted.
# Zoological Illustrations/VolII-Pl110

CONUS cinctus,
Purple tipped Admiral Cone.
Generic Character.—See Pl. 65.
Specific Character.
    C. testâ suprà carinatâ, fulvâ, fasciis duobus albidis ornatâ; spiræ brevis, maculatæ, basi depressâ, anfractibus concavis sulcis duobus insculptis, suturâ alveatâ; basi granosâ, purpureâ.
    Shell above carinated, fulvous, with two whitish bands; spire short, spotted, the base depressed; the whorls concave with two depressed lines; suture channelled; base granulated, purple.
This is a very beautiful, and, at the same time, very rare shell; it formerly belonged to Mrs. Angus, at whose sale it passed into the cabinet of Mr. Dubois. Its general appearance resembles very much that of C. Maldivus Lam. known to our collectors by the name of the Spanish Admiral: the spire will, however, at once distinguish it; each volution is strongly concave in the middle, in which part are two or three delicate indented lines, very near each other, and following the volutions; the suture also is sufficiently open to be termed channelled; the spire is quite flattened at the base, (forming a sharp ridge round the top of the body whorl), and only prominent near the tip. In the Spanish Admiral Cone, the spire is quite smooth, the whorls being flat, and in all the specimens I have seen, (and they are many), the suture is quite closed up, though Lamarck (probably mistaking the present shell) says, "spirâ canaliculatâ;" the base, moreover, is narrowed, smooth, and black; not gibbous, granulated, (or striated,) and purple, as in this shell.
A variety in my own cabinet presents some differences; the base is but slightly granulated, and the tip not purple; these are, however, subordinate characters, and constitute it only a variety.
I shall take an early opportunity of pointing out the differences between C. generalis and Maldivus, two shells even more likely to be mistaken for each other than those above-mentioned.
# Zoological Illustrations/VolII-Pl104

NATICA punctata,
Spotted Natica.
Generic Character.—See Pl. 75.
Specific Character.
    N. testâ ovato-globosâ, crassâ, albâ, strigis undatis punctisque castaneis ornatâ; umbilico magno, aperto, simplici; columellæ basi obsoletâ.
    Shell ovate-globose, thick, white with waved stripes and minute chesnut dots; umbilicus large, open, simple; base of the pillar obsolete.
    Nerita punctata. Martini 11. pl. 197. f. 1903 and 4. Seba, pl. 38. f. 33? Gualt. pl. 67. f. M. and T. (good.)
    Gochet. Adanson Sen. pl. 13. f. 4.
The undulated brown lines in this shell, are sometimes broken into three irregular bands of either lines or spots, between which are numerous minute dots; in other varieties these dots are only round the suture, and in some totally wanting. Its most constant character rests on the umbilicus, which is rather large, very deep, and without any appearance of the base of the pillar. The mouth is also more contracted than usual. It is said by Adanson to be common on the coast of Senegal; and this observing naturalist adds, that the operculum is testaceous, of a pure white, and marked with numerous concentric grooves at the upper angle.
NATICA effusa.
    N. testâ depressâ, albâ, maculis castaneis ornatâ; spirâ brevissimâ; columellæ basi crassâ, planâ, ad labium interius sinu annexâ.
    Shell depressed, white, with chesnut spots; spire very small; umbilicus large, open, spreading; base of the pillar thick, flat, and united to the inner lip by a sinus.
In form, and sometimes in colour, this shell bears a close resemblance to the oval variety of N. mamilla (Nerita mamilla Lin.); but, the umbilicus, instead of being entirely closed up, is remarkably open, very deep, and the pillar forming an elevated ridge within; colour in the shells of this genus is a very secondary, and, in many cases, a most fallacious guide for the discrimination of the species; for this is sometimes pure white, and I have specimens of N. mamilla entirely orange. This is a rare shell, probably from India.