# Patents Act 1970

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THE PATENTS ACT 1970
(39 of 1970)
(19th September, 1970)
An Act to amend and consolidate the law relating to patents.
Be it enacted by Parliament in the twenty first year of the Republic of India as follows:-
CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY
Short title extent and commencement
1. (1) This Act may be called the Patents Act, 1970.
(2) It extends to the whole of India.
(3) It shall come into force on such date* as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint:
Provided that different dates may be appointed for different provisions of this Act, and any reference in any such provision to the commencement of this Act shall be construed as a reference to the coming into force of that provision.
Definition and interpretation
2. (1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,-
    a. "assignee" includes the legal representative of a deceased assignee and references to the assignee of the legal representative or assignee of that person;
    b. "Controller" means the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks referred to in section 73;
    c. "convention application" means an application for a patent made by virtue of section 135;
    d. "convention country" means a country notified as such under sub-section (1) of Section 133;
    e. "district court" has the meaning assigned to that expression by the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908'
    f. "exclusive licence" means a licence from a patentee which confers on the licensee, or on the licensee and persons authorised by him, to the exclusion of all other persons (including the patentee), any right in respect of the patented invention, and "exclusive licensee" shall be construed accordingly:
    g. "food" means any article of nourishment and includes any substance intended for the use of babies, invalids or convalescents as an article of food or drink;
    h. "Government undertaking" means any industrial undertaking carried on —
       (i) by a department of the Government, or
       (ii) by a corporation established by a Central, Provincial or State Act, which is owned or controlled by the Government, or
       (iii) by a Government company as defined in section 617 of the Companies Act, 1956,1 of 1956 and includes the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research and any other institution which is financed wholly or for the major part by the said Council;
    i. "High Court" means,-
       (i) in relation to the Union Territory of Delhi, ***the High Court of Delhi;
2[(ii) in relation to the Union Territory of Arunachal Pradesh and the Union Territory of Mizoram, the Gauhati High Court (the High Court of Assam, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Manipur and Tripura);]
(iii) in relation to the Union Territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the High Court at Calcutta;
(iv) in relation to the Union Territory of the [Lakshadweep], the High Court of Kerala;
(v) in relation to the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu and the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, the High Court at Bombay;
(vi) in relation to the Union Territory of Pondicherry, the High Court at Madras;
(vii) in relation to the Union Territory of Chandigarh, the High Court of Punjab and Haryana; and
(viii) in relation to any other State, the High Court for that State;
    j. "invention" means any new and useful-
    i. art, process, method or manner of manufacture;
    (ii) machine, apparatus or other article;
    (iii) substance produced by manufacture,
and includes any new and useful improvement of any of them, and an alleged invention;
    j. "legal representative" means a person who in law represents the estate of a deceased person;
    k. "medicine or drug" includes-
       i. all medicines for internal or external use of human beings or animals,
       ii. all substances intended to be used for or in the diagnosis, treatment, mitigation or prevention of diseases in human beings or animals,
       iii. all substances intended to be used or in the maintenance of public health, or the prevention or control of any epidemic disease among human beings or animals,
       iv. insecticides, germicides, fungicides, weedicides and all other substances intended to be used for the protection or preservation of plants,
    v. all chemical substances which are ordinarily used as intermediates in the preparation or manufacture of any of the medicines or substances above referred to;
       j. "patent" means a patent granted under this Act and includes for the purposes of sections 44, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 63, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 78, 134, 140, 153, 154, and 156 and Chapters XVI, XVII and XVIII, a patent granted under the Indian Patents and Designs Act, 1911;
       k. "patent agent" means a person for the time being registered under this Act as a ​patent agent;
    l. "patented article" and "patented process" mean respectively an article or process in respect of which a patent is in force;
    m."patentee" means the person for the time being entered on the register as the grantee or proprietor of the patent;
    n. "patent of addition" means a patent granted in accordance with section 54;
    o. "patent office" means the patent office referred to in section 74;
    p. "person" includes the Government;
    q. "person interested" includes a person engaged in, or in promoting, research in the same field as that to which the invention relates;
    r. "prescribed" means, in relation to proceedings before a High Court, prescribed by rules made by the High Court, and in other cases, prescribed by rules made under this Act;
    s. "prescribed manner" includes the payment of the prescribed fee;
    t. "priority date" has the meaning assigned to it by section 11;
    u. "register" means the register of patents referred to in section 67;
    v. "true and first inventor" does not include either the first importer of an invention into India, or a person to whom an invention is first communicated from outside India.
2. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires, any reference –
    a. To the Controller shall be construed as including a reference to any officer discharging the functions of the Controller in pursuance of section 73;
    b. To the patent office shall be construed as including a reference to any branch office of the patent office.
CHAPTER II
INVENTIONS NOT PATENTABLE
3. What are not inventions
The following are not inventions within the meaning of this Act,
    a. an invention which is frivolous or which claims anything obvious contrary to well established natural laws;
    b. an invention the primary or intended use of which would be contrary to law or morality or injurious to public health;
    c. the mere discovery of a scientific principle or the formulation of an abstract theory;
    d. the mere discovery of any new property of new use for a known substance or of the mere use of a known process, machine or apparatus unless such known process results in a new product or employs at least one new reactant;
    e. a substance obtained by a mere admixture resulting only in the aggregation of the properties of the components thereof or a process for producing such substance;
    f. the mere arrangement or re-arrangement or duplication of known devices each functioning independently of one another in a known way;
    g. a method or process of testing applicable during the process of manufacture for rendering the machine, apparatus or other equipment more efficient or for the improvement or restoration of the existing machine, apparatus or other equipment or for the improvement or control of manufacture;
    h. a method of agriculture or horticulture;
    i. any process for the medicinal, surgical, curative, prophylactic or other treatment of human beings or any process for a similar treatment of animals or plants to render ​them free of disease or to increase their economic value or that of their products.
4. Inventions relating to atomic energy not patentable No patent shall be granted in respect of an invention relating to atomic energy falling within sub-section (1) of Section 20 of the Atomic Energy Act, 1962.
33 of 1962
5.Inventions where only methods or processes of manufacture patentable
(1) In the case of inventions-
    a.claiming substances intended for use, or capable of being used, as food or as medicine or drug, or
    b.relating to substances prepared or produced by chemical processes (including alloys, optical glass, semi-conductors and inter-metallic compounds),
no patent shall be granted in respect of claims for the substances them selves, but claims for the methods or processes of manufacture shall be patentable.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), a claim for patent of an invention for a substance itself intended for use, or capable of being used, as medicine or drug, except the medicine or drug specified under sub-clause (v) of clause (1) of sub-section (1) of section 2, may be made and shall be dealt, without prejudice to the other provisions of this Act, in the manner provided in Chapter IVA.]
CHAPTER III
APPLICATIONS FOR PATENTS
6. Persons entitled to apply for patents
(1) Subject to the provisions contained in section 134, an application for a patent for an invention may be made by any of the following persons, that is to say,-
    a. by any person claiming to be the true and first inventor of the invention;
    b. by any person being the assignee of the person claiming to be the true and first inventor in respect of the right to make such an application;
    c. by the legal representative of any deceased person who immediately before his death was entitled to make such an application.
(2) An application under sub-section (1) may be made by any of the persons preferred to therein either alone or jointly with any other person.
7. Form of application
(1) Every application for a patent shall be for one invention only and shall be made in the prescribed form and filed in the patent office.
(2) Where the application is made by virtue of an assignment of the right to apply for a patent for the invention, there shall be furnished with the application, or within such period as may be prescribed after the filing of the application, proof of the right to make the ​application.
(3) Every application under this section shall state that the applicant is in possession of the invention and shall name the owner claiming to be the true and first inventor; and where the person so claiming is not the applicant or one of the applicants, the application shall contain a declaration that the applicant believes the person so named to be the true and first inventor.
(4) Every such application (not being a convention application) shall be accompanied by a provisional or a complete specification.
8. Information and undertaking regarding foreign applications
(1) Where an applicant for a patent under this Act is prosecuting either alone or jointly with any other person an application for a patent in any country outside India in respect of the same or substantially the same invention, or where to his knowledge such an application is being prosecuted by some person through whom he claims or by some person deriving title from him, he shall file along with his application -
    a. a statement setting out the name of the country where the application is being prosecuted, the serial number and date of filing of the application and such other particulars as may be prescribed; and
    b. an undertaking that, up to the date of the acceptance of his complete specification filed in India, he would keep the Controller informed in writing, from time to time, of details of the nature referred to in clause (a) in respect of every other application relating to the same or substantially the same invention, if any, filed in any country outside India subsequently to the filing of the statement referred to in the aforesaid clause, within the prescribed time.
(2) The Controller may also require the applicant to furnish, as far as may be available to the applicant, details relating to the objections, if any, taken to any such application as is referred to in sub-section (1) on the ground that the invention is lacking in novelty or patentability, the amendments effected in the specifications, the claims allowed in respect thereof and such other particulars as he may require.
9. Provisional and complete specifications
(1) Where an application for a patent (not being a convention application) is accompanied by a provisional specification, a complete specification shall be filed within twelve months from the date of filing of the application, and if the complete specification is not so filed the application shall be deemed to be abandoned: Provided that the complete specification may be filed at any time after twelve months but within fifteen months from the date aforesaid, if a request to that effect is made to the Controller and the prescribed fee is paid on or before the date on which the complete specification is filed.
(2) Where two or more applications in the name of the same applicant are accompanied by provisional specifications in respect of inventions which are cognate or of which one is a modification of another and the Controller is of opinion that the whole of such inventions are such as to constitute a single invention and may properly be included in one patent, he may allow one complete specification to be filed in respect of all such provisional specifications.
(3) Where an application for a patent (not being a convention application) is accompanied by a specification purporting to be a complete specification, the Controller may, if the applicant so requests at any time before the acceptance of the specification, direct that such specification shall be treated for the purposes of this Act as a provisional specification and proceed with the application accordingly.
​(4) Where a complete specification has been filed in pursuance of an application for a patent accompanied by a provisional specification or by a specification treated by virtue of a direction under sub-section (3) as a provisional specification, the Controller may, if the applicant so requests at any time before the acceptance of the complete specification, cancel the provisional specification and post-date the application to the date of filing of the complete specification.
10 Contents of specifications
(1) Every specification, whether provisional or complete, shall describe the invention and shall begin with a title sufficiently indicating the subject-matter to which the invention relates.
(2) Subject to any rules that may be made in this behalf under this Act, drawings may, and shall, if the Controller so requires, be supplied for the purposes of any specification, whether complete or provisional; and any drawings so supplied shall,unless the Controller otherwise directs, be deemed to form part of the specification, and references in this Act to a specification shall be construed accordingly.
(3) If, in any particular case, the Controller considers that an application should be further supplemented by a model or sample of anything illustrating the invention or alleged to constitute an invention, such model or sample as he may require shall be furnished before the acceptance of the application, but such model or sample shall not be deemed to form part of the specification.
(4) Every complete specification shall-
    a. fully and particularly describe the invention and its operation or use and the method by which it is to be performed;
    b. disclose the best method of performing the invention which is known to the applicant and for which he is entitled to claim protection;and
    c. end with a claim or claims defining the scope of the invention for which protection is claimed.
(5) The claim or claims of a complete specification shall relate to a single invention, shall be clear and succinct and shall be fairly based on the matter disclosed in the specification and shall, in the case of an invention such as is referred to in section 5, relate to a single method or process of manufacture.
(6) A declaration as to the inventorship of the invention shall, in such cases as may be prescribed, be furnished in the prescribed form with the complete specification or within such period as may be prescribed after the filing of that specification.
(7) Subject to the foregoing provisions of this section, a complete specification filed after a provisional specification may include claims in respect of developments of, or additions to, the invention which was described in the provisional specification, being developments or additions in respect of which the applicant would be entitled under the provisions of section 6 to make a separate application for a patent.
11. Priority dates of claims of a complete specification
(1) There shall be a priority date for each claim of a complete specification.
(2) Where a complete specification is filed in pursuance of a single application accompanied by-
    a. a provisional specification; or
    b. a specification which is treated by virtue of a direction under sub-section (3) of section 9 as a provisional specification,and the claim is fairly based on the matter disclosed in the specification referred to in clause (a) or clause (b), the priority date ​of that claim shall be the date of the filing of the relevant specification.
(3) Where the complete specification is filed or proceeded with in pursuance of two or more applications accompanied by such specifications as are mentioned in sub-section (2) and the claim is fairly based on the matter disclosed.
    a. in one of those specifications, the priority date of that claim shall be the date of the filing of the application accompanied by that specification;
    b. partly in one and partly in another, the priority date of that claim shall be the date of the filing of the application accompanied by the specification of the later date.
(4) Where the complete specification has been filed in pursuance of a further application made by virtue of sub-section (1) of section 16 and the claim is fairly based on the matter disclosed in any of the earlier specifications, provisional or complete, as the case may be, the priority date of that claim shall be the date of the filing of that specification in which the matter was first disclosed.
(5) Where, under the foregoing provisions of this section, any claim of a complete specification would, but for the provisions of this sub-section, have two or more priority dates, the priority date of that claim shall be the earlier or earliest of those dates.
(6) In any case to which sub-sections (2), (3), (4) and (5) do not apply, the priority date of a claim shall, subject to the provisions of section 137, be the date of filing of the complete specification.
(7) The reference to the date of the filing of the application or of the complete specification in this section shall, in cases where there has been a post-dating under section 9 or section 17 or, as the case may be, an ante-dating under section 16, be a reference to the date as so post-dated or ante-dated.
(8) A claim in a complete specification of a patent shall not be invalid by reason only of-
    a. the publication or use of the invention so far as claimed in that claim on or after the priority date of such claim; or
    b. the grant of another patent which claims the invention, so far as claimed in the first mentioned claim, in a claim of the same or a later priority date.
CHAPTER IV
EXAMINATION OF APPLICATIONS
12. Examination of application
(1) When the complete specification has been led in respect of an application for a patent, the application and the specification relating thereto shall be referred by the Controller to an Examiner for making a report to him in respect of the following matters, namely:-
    a. whether the application and the specification relating thereto are in accordance with the requirements of this Act and of any rules made thereunder;
    b. whether there is any lawful ground of objection to the grant of the patent under this Act in pursuance of the application;
    c. the result of investigations made under section 13; and
    d. any other matter which may be prescribed.
(2) The Examiner to whom the application and the specification relating thereto are referred under sub-section (1) shall ordinarily make the report to the Controller within a period of eighteen months from the date of such reference.
​13. Search for Anticipation by previous publication and by prior claim
(1) The Examiner to whom an application for a patent is referred under section 12 shall make investigation for the purpose of ascertaining whether the invention so far as claimed in any claim of the complete specification-
    a. has been anticipated by publication before the date of filing of the applicant’s complete specification in any specification filed in pursuance of an application for a patent made in India and dated on or after the 1st day of January, 1912;
    b. is claimed in any claim of any other complete specification published on or after the date of filing of the applicant’s complete specification,being a specification filed in pursuance of an application for a patent made in India and dated before or claiming the priority date earlier than that date.
(2) The Examiner shall, in addition, make such investigation as the Controller may direct for the purpose of ascertaining whether the invention, so far as claimed in any claim of the complete specification, has been anticipated by publication in India or elsewhere in any document other than those mentioned in sub-section (1) before the date of filing of the applicant’s complete specification.
(3) Where a complete specification is amended under the provisions of this Act before it has been accepted, the amended specification shall be examined and investigated in like manner as the original specification.
(4) The examination and investigations required under section 12 and this section shall not be deemed in any way to warrant the validity of any patent, and no liability shall be incurred by the Central Government or any officer thereof by reason of, or in connection with, any such examination or investigation or any report or other proceedings consequent thereon.
14. Consideration of Report of examiner by Controller
Where, in respect of an application for a patent, the report of the Examiner received by the Controller is adverse to the applicant or requires any amendment of the application or of the specification to ensure compliance with the provisions of this Act or of the rules made thereunder, the Controller, before proceeding to dispose of the application in accordance with the provisions hereinafter appearing, shall communicate the gist of the objections to the applicant and shall, if so required by the applicant within the prescribed time, give him an opportunity of being heard.
15. Power of Controller to refuse or require amended applications in certain cases
(1) Where the Controller is satisfied that the application or any specification filed in pursuance thereof does not comply with the requirements of this Act or of any rules made thereunder, the Controller may either-
    a. refuse to proceed with the application; or
    b. require the application, specification or drawings to be amended to his satisfaction before he proceeds with the application.
(2) If it appears to the Controller that the invention claimed in the specification is not an invention within the meaning of, or is not patentable under, this Act, he shall refuse the application.
(3) If it appears to the Controller that any invention, in respect of which an application for a patent is made, might be used in any manner contrary to law, he may refuse the ​application, unless the specification is amended by the insertion of such disclaimer in respect of that use of the invention, or such other reference to the illegality thereof, as the Controller thinks fit.
16. Power of Controller to make orders respecting division of application
(1) A person who has made an application for a patent under this Act may, at any time before the acceptance of the complete specification, if he so desires, or with a view to remedy the objection raised by the Controller on the ground that the claims of the complete specification relate to more than one invention, file a further application in respect of an invention disclosed in the provisional or complete specification already filed in respect of the first mentioned application.
(2) The further application under sub-section (1) shall be accompanied by a complete specification, but such complete specification shall not include any matter not in substance disclosed in the complete specification filed in pursuance of the first mentioned application.
(3) The Controller may require such amendment of the complete specification filed in pursuance of either the original or the further application as may be necessary to ensure that neither of the said complete specifications includes a claim for any matter claimed in the other.
Explanation – For the purposes of this Act, the further application and the complete specification accompanying it shall be deemed to have been filed on the date on which the complete specification in pursuance of the first mentioned application had been filed, and the further application shall, subject to the determination of the priority date under subsection (4) of section 11, be proceeded with as a substantive application.
17. Power of Controller to make order respecting dating of application
(1) Subject to the provisions of section 9, at any time after the filing of an application and before acceptance of the complete specification under this Act, the Controller may, at the request of the applicant made in the prescribed manner, direct that the application shall be post-dated to such date as may be specified in the request, and proceed with the application accordingly :
Provided that no application shall be post-dated under this sub-section to a date later than six months from the date on which it was actually made or would, but for the provisions of this sub-section, be deemed to have been made.
(2) Where an application or specification (including drawings) is required to be amended under clause (b) of sub-section (1) of section 15, the application or specification shall, if the Controller so directs, be deemed to have been made on the date on which the requirement is complied with or where the application or specification is returned to the applicant, on the date on which it is re-filed after complying with the requirement.
18. Power of Controller in cases of anticipation
(1) Where it appears to the Controller that the invention so far as claimed in any claim of the complete specification has been anticipated in the manner referred to in clause (a) of sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) of section 13, he may refuse to accept the complete specification unless the applicant-
    a. shows to the satisfaction of the Controller that the priority date of the claim of his complete specification is not later than the date on which the relevant document was published; or
    b. amends his complete specification to the satisfaction of the Controller.
​(2) If it appears to the Controller that the invention is claimed in a claim of any other complete specification referred to in clause (b) of sub-section (1) of section 13, he may, subject to the provisions hereinafter contained, direct that a reference to that other specification shall be inserted by way of notice to the public in the applicant’s complete specification unless within such time as may be prescribed,
    a. the applicant shows to the satisfaction of the Controller that the priority date of his claim is not later than the priority date of the claim of the said other specification; or
    b the complete specification is amended to the satisfaction of the Controller.
(3) If it appears to the Controller, as a result of an investigation under section 13 or otherwise,-
    a. that the invention so far as claimed in any claim of the applicant’s complete specification has been claimed in any other complete specification referred to in clause (a) of sub-section (1) of section 13; and
    b. that such other complete specification was published on or after the priority date of the applicant’s claim,
then, unless it is shown to the satisfaction of the Controller that the priority date of the applicant’s claim is not later than the priority date of the claim of that specification, the provisions of sub-section (2) shall apply thereto in the same manner as they apply to a specification published on or after the date of filing of the applicant’s complete specification.
(4) Any order of the Controller under sub-section (2) or sub-section (3) directing the insertion of a reference to another complete specification shall be of no effect unless and until the other patent is granted.
19. Powers of Controller in case of potential infringement.
(1) If, in consequence of the investigations required by the foregoing provisions of this Act or of proceedings under section 25, it appears to the Controller that an invention in respect of which an application for a patent has been made cannot be performed without substantial risk of infringement of a claim of any other patent, he may direct that a reference to that other patent shall be inserted in the applicant’s complete specification by way of notice to the public, unless within such time as may be prescribed-
    a. the applicant shows to the satisfaction of the Controller that there are reasonable grounds for contesting the validity of the said claim of the other patent; or
    b. the complete specification is amended to the satisfaction of the Controller.
(2) Where, after a reference to another patent has been inserted in a complete specification in pursuance of a direction under sub-section (1)-
    a. that other patent is revoked or otherwise ceases to be in force; or
    b. the specification of that other patent is amended by the deletion of the relevant claim; or
    c. it is found, in proceedings before the court or the Controller, that the relevant claim of that other patent is invalid or is not infringed by any working of the applicant’s invention, the Controller may, on the application of the applicant, delete the reference to that other patent.
20. Powers of Controller to make orders regarding substitution of applicants, etc.
(1) If the Controller is satisfied, on a claim made in the prescribed manner at any time ​before a patent has been granted, that by virtue of any assignment or agreement in writing made by the applicant or one of the applicants for the patent or by operation of law, the claimant would, if the patent were then granted, be entitled thereto or to the interest of the applicant therein, or to an undivided share of the patent or of that interest, the Controller may, subject to the provisions of this section, direct that the application shall proceed in the name of the claimant or in the names of the claimants and the applicant or the other joint applicant or applicants, accordingly as the case may require.
(2) No such direction as aforesaid shall be given by virtue of any assignment or agreement made by one of two or more joint applicants for a patent except with the consent of the other joint applicant or applicants.
(3) No such direction as aforesaid shall be given by virtue of any assignment or agreement for the assignment of the benefit of an invention unless-
    a. the invention is identified therein by reference to the number of the application for the patent; or
    b. there is produced to the Controller an acknowledgement by the person by whom the assignment or agreement was made that the assignment or agreement relates to the invention in respect of which that application is made; or
    c. the rights of the claimant in respect of the invention have been finally established by the decision of a court; or
    d. the Controller gives directions for enabling the application to proceed or for regulating the manner in which it should be proceeded with under sub-section (5).
(4) Where one of two or more joint applicants for a patent dies at any time before the patent has been granted, the Controller may, upon a request in that behalf made by the survivor or survivors, and with the consent of the legal representative of the deceased, direct that the application shall proceed in the name of the survivor or survivors alone.
(5) If any dispute arises between joint applicants for a patent whether or in what manner the application should be proceeded with, the Controller, may upon application made to him in the prescribed manner by any of the parties, and after giving to all parties concerned an opportunity to be heard, give such directions as he thinks fit for enabling the application to proceed in the name of one or more of the parties alone or for regulating the manner in which it should be proceeded with, or for both those purposes, as the case may require.
21. Time for putting application in order for acceptance.
(1) An application for a patent shall be deemed to have been abandoned unless within fifteen months from the date on which the first statement of objections to the application or complete specification is forwarded by the Controller to the applicant or within such longer period as may be allowed under the following provisions of this section the applicant has complied with all the requirements imposed on him by or under this Act, whether in connection with the complete specification or otherwise in relation to the application.
Explanation – Where the application or any specification or, in the case of a convention application, any document filed as part of the application has been returned to the applicant by the Controller in the course of the proceedings, the applicant shall not be deemed to have complied with such requirements unless and until he has re-filed it.
(2) The period of fifteen months specified in sub-section (1) shall, on request made by the applicant in the prescribed manner and before the expiration of the period so specified, be extended for a further period so requested (hereafter in this section referred to as the extended period), so, however, that the total period for complying with the requirements of ​the Controller does not exceed eighteen months from the date on which the objections referred to in sub-section (1) are forwarded to the applicant.
(3) If at the expiration of the period of fifteen months specified in sub-section (1) or the extended period-
    a. an appeal to the High Court is pending in respect of the application for the patent for the main invention, or
    b. in the case of an application for a patent of addition, an appeal to the High Court is pending in respect of either that application or the application for the main invention,
the time within which the requirements of the Controller shall be complied with shall, on an application made by the applicant before the expiration of the said period of fifteen months or the extended period, as the case may be, be extended until such date as the High Court may determine.
(4) If the time within which the appeal mentioned in sub-section (3) may be instituted has not expired, the Controller may extend the period of fifteen months, or as the case may be, the extended period, until the expiration of such further period as he may determine:
Provided that if an appeal has been filed during the said further period, and the High Court has granted any extension of time for complying with, the requirements of the Controller, then, the requirements may be complied with within the time granted by the Court.
22. Acceptance of complete specification
Subject to the provisions of section 21, the complete specification filed in pursuance of an application for a patent may be accepted by the Controller at any time after the applicant has complied with the requirements mentioned in sub-section (1) of that section, and, if not so accepted within the period allowed under that section for compliance with those requirements, shall be accepted as soon as may be thereafter:
Provided that the applicant may make an application to the Controller in the prescribed manner requesting him to postpone acceptance until such date [not being later than eighteen months from the date on which the objections referred to in sub-section (1) of section 21 are forwarded to the applicant] as may be specified in the application, and, if such application is made, the Controller may postpone acceptance accordingly.
23. Advertisement of acceptance of complete specification
On the acceptance of a complete specification, the Controller shall give notice thereof to the applicant and shall advertise in the Official Gazette the fact that the specification has been accepted, and thereupon the application and the specification with the drawings (if any) filed in pursuance thereof shall be open to public inspection.
24. Effect of acceptance of complete specification
On and from the date of advertisement of the acceptance of a complete specification and until the date of sealing of a patent in respect thereof, the applicant shall have the like privileges and rights as if a patent for the invention had been sealed on the date of advertisement of acceptance of the complete specification:
Provided that the applicant shall not be entitled to institute any proceedings for infringement until the patent has been sealed.
(CHAPTER IVA)
EXCLUSIVE MARKETING RIGHTS
24A. Application for grant of exclusive rights – (1) Notwithstanding anything contained ​in sub-section (1) of section 12, the Controller shall not, under that sub-section, refer an application in respect of a claim for a patent covered under sub-section (2) of section 5 to an Examiner for making a report till the 31st day of December, 2004 and shall, where an application for grant of exclusive right to sell or distribute the article or substance in India has been made in the prescribed form and manner and on payment of prescribed fee, refer the application for patent, to an Examiner for making a report to him as to whether the invention is not an invention within the meaning of this Act in terms of section 3 or the invention is an invention for which no patent can be granted in terms of section 4.
(2) Where the Controller, on receipt of a report under sub-section (1) and after such other investigation as he may deed necessary, is satisfied that the invention is not an invention within the meaning of this Act in terms of section 3 or the invention is an invention for which no patent can be granted in terms of section 4, he shall reject the application for exclusive right to sell or distribute the article or substance.
(3) In a case where an application for exclusive right to sell or distribute an article or a substance is not rejected by the Controller on receipt of a report under sub-section (1) and after such other investigation, if any, made by him, he may proceed to grant exclusive right to sell or distribute the article or substance in the manner provided in section 24B.
Explanation:- It is hereby clarified that for the purpose of this section, exclusive right to sell or distribute any article or substance under this section shall not include an article or substance based on the system on Indian Medicine as defined in clause (e) of sub-section (1) of section 2 of he Indian Medicine Central Council Act, 1970 (48 of 1970), and where such article or substance is already in the public domain.
24(B). Grant of exclusive of rights – (1) Where a claim for patent covered under subsection 2 of section 5 has been made and the applicant has –
    a. where an invention has been made whether in India or a country other than India and before filing search a claim, filed an application for the same invention claiming identical article or substance in a convention country on or after the Ist day of January, 1995 and the patent and the approval to sell or distribute the article or substance on the basis of appropriate tests conducted on or after the Ist day of January, 1995 in that country has been granted or after the date of making claim for patent covered under sub-section 2 of section 5; or
    b. where an invention has been made in India and before filing search a claim, made a claim for patent on or after the Ist day of January, 1995 for method or a process of manufacture for that invention relating to identical article or substance and has been granted in India the patent therefor on or after the making the claim for patent covered under sub-section 2 of section 5, and has been received the approval to sell or distribute the article or substance from the authority specify in this behalf by the Central Government, then, we shall have the exclusive right by himself, his agents or licencee to sell or distribute in India the article or the substance on or from the date of approval granted by the Controller in this behalf till a period of five years or till the date of grant of patent or the date of rejection of application for the grant of patent, whichever is earlier.
(2) Where, the specifications of an invention relatable to an article or a substance covered under sub-section (2), of Section 5 have been recorded in a document or the invention has been tried or used, or, the article or the substance has been sold, by a person, before a claim for a patent of that invention is made in India or in a convention country, then, the sale or distribution of the article or substance by such person, after the claim referred to above is made shall not be deemed to ​be an infringement of exclusive right to sell or distribute under sub-section (1).
Provided that nothing in this sub-section shall apply in a case where a person makes or uses an article or a substance with a view to sell or distribute the same the details of invention relatable thereto were given by a person who was holding an exclusive right to sell or distribute the article or substance.
24C. Compulsory licences – The provisions in relation to compulsory licences in Chapter XVI shall, subject to the necessary modifications, apply in relation to an exclusive right to sell or distribute under Section 24B as they apply to, and in relation to , a right under a patent to sell or distribute and for that purpose the following modifications shall be deemed to have been made to the provisions of that Chapter and all their grammatical variations and cognate expressions shall be construed accordingly, namely:
    a. throughout Chapter XVI,
       (i)working of the invention shall be deemed to be selling or distributing of the article or substance;
       (ii) reference to "patents" shall be deemed to be references to "right to sell or distribute";
       (iii) references to "patented article" shall be deemed to be references to "an article for which exclusive right to sell or distribute has been granted";
    b. three years from the date of sealing of a patent in section 84 shall be deemed to be two years from the date of approval by the Controller for exclusive right to sell or distribute under section 24B;
    c. the time which has elapsed since the sealing of a patent under section 85 shall be deemed to be the time which has elapsed since the approval by the Controller for exclusive right to sell or distribute under section 24B;
    d. clauses (d) and (e) of section 90 shall be omitted.
24D. Special provision for selling or distribution –
1. Without prejudice to the provisions of any other law for the time being in force, where, at any time after an exclusive right to sell or distribute any article or substance has been granted under sub-section 91) of Section 24B, the Central Government is satisfied that it is necessary or expedient in public interest o sell or distribute the article or substance by a person other than a person to whom exclusive right has been granted under sub-section (1) of Section 24B; it may, by itself or through any person authorized in writing by it in this behalf, sell or distribute the article or substance.
2. The Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette and at any time after an exclusive right to sell or distribute an article or a substance has been granted, direct, in the public interest and for reasons to be stated, that the said article or substance shall be sold at a price determined by an authority specified by it in this behalf.
24E. Suit relating to infringement – All suits relating to infringement of a right under section 24B shall be dealt with in the same manner as if they are suits concerning infringement of patent under Chapter XVIII.
​24F. Central Government and its officers not to be liable- The examination and investigations required under this Chapter shall not be deemed in any way to warrant the validity of any grant of exclusive right to sell or distribute, and not liability shall be incurred by the Central Government or any officer thereof by reason of, or in connection with, any such examination or investigation or any report or other proceedings consequent thereon.]
CHAPTER V
OPPOSITION TO GRANT OF PATENT
25. Opposition to grant of patent
(1) At any time within four months from the date of advertisement of the acceptance of a complete specification under this Act (or within such further period not exceeding one month in the aggregate as the Controller may allow on application made to him in the prescribed manner before the expiry of the four months aforesaid) any person interested may give notice to the Controller of opposition to the grant of the patent on any of the following grounds, namely
    a. that the applicant for the patent or the person under or through whom he claims, wrongfully obtained the invention or any part thereof from him or from a person under or through whom he claims;
    b. that the invention so far as claimed in any claim of the complete specification has been published before the priority date of the claim –
       i. in any specification filed in pursuance of an application for a patent made in India on or after the 1st day of January, 1912; or
       ii. in India or elsewhere, in any other document:
Provided that the ground specified in sub-clause (ii) shall not be available where such publication does not constitute an anticipation of the invention by virtue of sub-section (2) or sub-section (3) of section 29;
    a. that the invention so far as claimed in any claim of the complete specification is claimed in a claim of a complete specification published on or after the priority date of the applicant’s claim and filed in pursuance of an application for a patent in India, being a claim of which the priority date is earlier than that of the applicant’s claim;
    b. that the invention so far as claimed in any claim of the complete specification was publicly known or publicly used in India before the priority date of that claim.
Explanation – For the purposes of this clause, an invention relating to a process for which a patent is claimed shall be deemed to have been publicly known or publicly used in India before the priority date of the claim if a product made by that process had already been imported into India before that date except where such importation has been for the purpose of reasonable trial or experiment only;
    c. that the invention so far as claimed in any claim of the complete specification is obvious and clearly does not involve any inventive step, having regard to the matter ​
published as mentioned in clause (b) or having regard to what was used in India before the priority date of the applicant’s claim;
d. that the subject of any claim of the complete specification is not an invention within the meaning of this Act, or is not patentable under this Act;
e. that the complete specification does not sufficiently and clearly describe the invention or the method by which it is to be performed;
f. that the applicant has failed to disclose to the Controller the information required by section 8 or has furnished the information which in any material particular was false to his knowledge;
g. that in the case of a convention application, the application was not made within twelve months from the date of the first application for protection for the invention made in a convention country by the applicant or a person from whom he derives title;
but on no other ground.
(2) Where any such notice of opposition is duly given, the Controller shall notify the applicant and shall give to the applicant and the opponent an opportunity to be heard before deciding the case.
(3) The grant of a patent shall not be refused on the ground stated in clause (c) of sub-section (1) if no patent has been granted in pursuance of the application mentioned in that clause; and for the purpose of any inquiry under clause (d) or clause (e) of that subsection, no account shall be taken of any secret use.
26. In cases of "obtaining" Controller may treat applications as application of opponent (1) Where in any opposition proceeding under this Act –
a. the Controller finds that the invention, so far as claimed in any claim of the complete specification, was obtained from the opponent in the manner set out in clause (a) of sub-section (1) of section 25 and refuses the application on that ground, he may, on request by such opponent made in the prescribed manner, direct that the application shall proceed in the name of the opponent as if the application and the specification had been filed by the opponent on the date on which they were actually filed;
b. the Controller finds that a part of an invention described in the complete specification was so obtained from the opponent and passes an order requiring that the specification be amended by the exclusion of that part of the invention, the opponent may, subject to the provisions of sub-section (2), file an application in accordance with the provisions of this Act accompanied by a complete specification for the grant of a patent for the invention so excluded from the applicant’s specification, and the Controller may treat such application and specification as having been filed, for the purposes of this Act relating to the priority dates of claims of the complete specification, on the date on which the corresponding document was or was deemed to have been filed by the earlier applicant, but for all other purposes the application of the opponent shall be proceeded with as an application for a patent under this Act.
(2) Where an opponent has, before the date of the order of the Controller requiring the amendment of a complete specification referred to in clause (b) of sub-section (1), filed an application for a patent for an invention which includes the whole or a part of the invention held to have been obtained from him and such application is pending, the Controller may treat such application and specification in so far as they relate to the invention held to have been obtained from him, as having been filed, for the purposes of this Act relating to the ​priority dates of claims of the complete specification, on the date on which the corresponding document was or was deemed to have been filed by the earlier applicant, but for all other purposes the application of the opponent shall be proceeded with as an application for a patent under this Act.
27. Refusal of Patent without opposition.
If at any time after the acceptance of the complete specification filed in pursuance of an application for a patent and before the grant of a patent thereon it comes to the notice of the Controller otherwise than in consequence of proceedings in opposition to the grant under section 25, that the invention, so far as claimed in any claim of the complete specification, has been published before the priority date of the claim-
    a. in any specification filed in pursuance of an application for a patent made in India and dated on or after the 1st day of January, 1912;
    b. in any other document in India or elsewhere,
the Controller may refuse to grant the patent unless, within such time as may be prescribed, the complete specification is amended to his satisfaction:
Provided that the Controller shall not refuse to grant the patent on the ground specified in clause (b) if such publication does not constitute an anticipation of the invention by virtue of sub-section (2) or sub-section (3) of section 29.
28. Mention of inventor has such in Patent.
(1) If the Controller is satisfied, upon a request or claim made in accordance with the provisions of this section,-
    a. that the person in respect of or by whom the request or claim is made is the inventor of an invention in respect of which application for a patent has been made, or of a substantial part of that invention; and
    b. that the application for the patent is a direct consequence of his being the inventor,
the Controller shall, subject to the provisions of this section, cause him to be mentioned as inventor in any patent granted in pursuance of the application in the complete specification and in the register of patents:
Provided that the mention of any person as inventor under this section shall not confer or derogate from any rights under the patent.
(2) A request that any person shall be mentioned as aforesaid may be made in the prescribed manner by the applicant for the patent or (where the person alleged to be the inventor is not the applicant or one of the applicants) by the applicant and that person.
(3) If any person [other than a person in respect of whom a request in relation to the application in question has been made under sub-section (2)] desires to be mentioned as aforesaid, he may make a claim in the prescribed manner in that behalf.
(4) A request or claim under the foregoing provisions of this section shall be made not later than two months after the date of advertisement of acceptance of the complete specification or within such further period (not exceeding one month) as the Controller may, on an application made to him in that behalf before the expiration of the said period of two months and subject to the payment of the prescribed fee, allow.
(5) No request or claim under the foregoing provisions of this section shall be entertained if it appears to the Controller that the request or claim is based upon facts which, if proved in the case of an opposition under the provisions of clause (a) of sub-section (1) of section 25 by the person in respect of or by whom the request or claim is made, would have entitled him to relief under that section. ​(6) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (5), where a claim is made under sub-section (3), the Controller shall give notice of the claim to every applicant for the patent (not being the claimant) and to any other person whom the Controller may consider to be interested; and before deciding upon any request or claim made under sub-section (2) or sub-section (3), the Controller shall, if required, hear the person in respect of or by whom the request or claim is made, and, in the case of a claim under sub-section (3), any person to whom notice of the claim has been given as aforesaid.
(7) Where any person has been mentioned as inventor in pursuance of this section, any other person who alleges that he ought not to have been so mentioned may at any time apply to the Controller for a certificate to that effect, and the Controller may, after hearing, if required, any person whom he may consider to be interested, issue such a certificate, and if he does so, he shall rectify the specification and the register accordingly.
CHAPTER VI
ANTICIPATION
29. Anticipation by previous publication.
(1) An invention claimed in a complete specification shall not be deemed to have been anticipated by reason only that the invention was published in a specification filed in pursuance of an application for a patent made in India and dated before the 1st day of January, 1912.
(2) Subject as hereinafter provided, an invention claimed in a complete specification shall not be deemed to have been anticipated by reason only that the invention was published before the priority date of the relevant claim of the specification, if the patentee or the applicant for the patent proves-
    a. that the matter published was obtained from him, or (where he is not himself the true and first inventor) from any person from whom he derives title, and was published without his consent or the consent of any such person; and
    b. where the patentee or the applicant for the patent or any person from whom he derives title learned of the publication before the date of the application for the patent, or, in the case of a convention application, before the date of the application for protection in a convention country, that the application or the application in the convention country, as the case may be, was made as soon as reasonably practicable thereafter:
Provided that this sub-section shall not apply if the invention was before the priority date of the claim commercially worked in India, otherwise than for the purpose of reasonable trial, either by the patentee or the applicant for the patent or any person from whom he derives title or by any other person with the consent of the patentee or the applicant for the patent or any person from whom he derives title.
(3) Where a complete specification is filed in pursuance of an application for a patent made by a person being the true and first inventor or deriving title from him, an invention claimed in that specification shall not be deemed to have been anticipated by reason only of any other application for a patent in respect of the same invention made in contravention of the rights of that person, or by reason only that after the date of filing of that other application the invention was used or published, without the consent of that person, by the applicant in respect of that other application, or by any other person in consequence of any disclosure of any invention by that applicant.
30. Anticipation by previous communication to Government. ​An invention claimed in a complete specification shall not be deemed to have been anticipated by reason only of the communication of the invention to the Government or to any person authorised by the Government to investigate the invention or its merits, or of anything done, in consequence of such a communication, for the purpose of the investigation.
31. Anticipation by public display, etc.
An invention claimed in a complete specification shall not be deemed to have been anticipated by reason only of-
    a. the display of the invention with the consent of the true and first inventor or a person deriving title from him at an industrial or other exhibition to which the provisions of this section have been extended by the Central Government by notification in the Official Gazette, or the use thereof with his consent for the purpose of such an exhibition in the place where it is held; or
    b. the publication of any description of the invention in consequence of the display or use of the invention at any such exhibition as aforesaid; or
    c. the use of the invention, after it has been displayed or used at any such exhibition as aforesaid and during the period of the exhibition, by any person without the consent of the true and first inventor or a person deriving title from him; or
    d. the description of the invention in a paper read by the true and first inventor before a learned society or published with his consent in the transactions of such a society,
if the application for the patent is made by the true and first inventor or a person deriving title from him not later than six months after the opening of the exhibition or the reading or publication of the paper, as the case may be.
32. Anticipation by Public working. An invention claimed in a complete specification shall not be deemed to have been anticipated by reason only that at any time within one year before the priority date of the relevant claim of the specification, the invention was publicly worked in India -
    a. by the patentee or applicant for the patent or any person from whom he derives title;or
    b. by any other person with the consent of the patentee or applicant for the patent or any person from whom he derives title,
if the working was effected for the purpose of reasonable trial only and if it was reasonably necessary, having regard to the nature of the invention, that the working for that purpose should be effected in public.
33. Anticipation by use and Publication after Provisional specification.
(1) Where a complete specification is filed or proceeded with in pursuance of an application which was accompanied by a provisional specification or where a complete specification filed along with an application is treated by virtue of a direction under sub-section (3) of section 9 as a provisional specification, then, notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the Controller shall not refuse to grant the patent, and the patent shall not be revoked or invalidated, by reason only that any matter described in the provisional specification or in the specification treated as aforesaid as a provisional specification was used in India or published in India or elsewhere at any time after the date of the filing of that specification.
(2) Where a complete specification is filed in pursuance of a convention application, then, notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the Controller shall not refuse to grant the ​patent, and the patent shall not be revoked or invalidated, by reason only that any matter disclosed in any application for protection in a convention country upon which the convention application is founded was used in India or published in India or elsewhere at any time after the date of that application for protection.
34. No anticipation if circumstances are only as described in Sections 29,30,31 and 32.
Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the Controller shall not refuse to accept a complete specification for a patent or to grant a patent, and a patent shall not be revoked or invalidated by reason only of any circumstances which, by virtue of section 29 or section 30 or section 31 or section 32, do not constitute an anticipation of the invention claimed in the specification.
CHAPTER VII
PROVISIONS FOR SECRECY OF CERTAIN INVENTIONS
35. Secrecy direction relating to inventions relevant for defuses purposes.
(1) Where, in respect of an application made before or after the commencement of this Act for a patent, it appears to the Controller that the invention is one of a class notified to him by the Central Government as relevant for defence purposes, or, where otherwise the invention appears to him to be so relevant, he may give directions for prohibiting or restricting the publication of information with respect to the invention or the communication of such information to any person or class of persons specified in the directions.
(2) Where the Controller gives any such directions as are referred to in sub-section (1), he shall give notice of the application and of the directions to the Central Government, and the Central Government shall, upon receipt of such notice, consider whether the publication of the invention would be prejudicial to the defence of India, and if upon such consideration, it appears to it that the publication of the invention would not so prejudice, give notice to the Controller to that effect, who shall thereupon revoke the directions and notify the applicant accordingly.
(3) Without prejudice to the provisions contained in sub-section (1), where the Central Government is of opinion that an invention in respect of which the Controller has not given any directions under sub-section (1), is relevant for defence purposes, it may at any time before acceptance of the complete specification notify the Controller to that effect,and thereupon the provisions of that sub-section shall apply as if the invention were one of the class notified by the Central Government, and accordingly the Controller shall give notice to the Central Government of the directions issued by him.
36. Secrecy directions to be periodically reviewed.
(1) The question whether an invention in respect of which directions have been given under section 35 continues to be relevant for defence purposes shall be re-considered by the Central Government within nine months from the date of issue of such directions and thereafter at intervals not exceeding twelve months, and if, on such re-consideration it appears to the Central Government that the publication of the invention would no longer be prejudicial to the defence of India it shall forthwith give notice to the Controller accordingly and the Controller shall thereupon revoke the directions previously given by him.
(2) The result of every re-consideration under sub-section (1), shall be communicated to the applicant within such time and in such manner as may be prescribed.
37. Consequences of secrecy directions. ​(1) So long as any directions under section 35 are in force in respect of an application
    a. the Controller shall not pass an order refusing to accept the same; and
    b. notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, no appeal shall lie from any order of the Controller passed in respect thereof:
Provided that the application may, subject to the directions, proceed up to the stage of the acceptance of the complete specification, but the acceptance shall not be advertised nor the specification published,and no patent shall be granted in pursuance of the application.
(2) Where a complete specification filed in pursuance of an application for a patent for an invention in respect of which directions have been given under section 35 is accepted during the continuance in force of the directions, when
    a. if, during the continuance in force of the directions, any use of the invention is made by or on behalf of, or to the order of the Government, the provisions of sections 100, 101 and 103 shall apply in relation to that use as if the patent had been granted for the invention; and
    b. if it appears to the Central Government that the applicant for the patent has suffered hardship by reason of the continuance in force of the directions, the Central Government may make to him such payment (if any) by way of solatium as appears to the Central Government to be reasonable having regard to the novelty and utility of the invention and the purpose for which it is designed, and to any other relevant circumstances.
(3) Where a patent is granted in pursuance of an application in respect of which directions have been given under section 35, no renewal fee shall be payable in respect of any period during which those directions were in force.
38. Revocation of secrecy directions and extension of time.
When any direction given under section 35 is revoked by the Controller, then, notwithstanding any provision of this Act specifying the time within which any step should be taken or any act done in connection with an application for the patent, the Controller may, subject to such conditions, if any, as he thinks fit to impose, extend the time for doing anything required or authorised to be done by or under this Act in connection with the application,whether or not that time has previously expired.
39. Omitted
Liability for contravention of section 35 or section 39.
40. Omitted
41. Finality of orders of Controller and Central Government
All orders of the Controller giving directions as to secrecy as well as all orders of the Central Government under this Chapter shall be final and shall not be called in question in any court on any ground whatsoever.
42. Savings respecting disclosure of Government
CHAPTER VIII
GRANT AND SEALING OF PATENTS AND RIGHTS CONFERRED THEREBY
43. Grant and sealing of patents
(1) Where a complete specification in pursuance of an application for a patent has been accepted and either
    a. the application has not been opposed under section 25 and the time for the filing of the opposition has expired; or
    b. the application has been opposed and the opposition has been finally decided in favour of the applicant; or
    c. the application has not been refused by the Controller by virtue of any power vested in him by this Act,
the patent shall, on request made by the applicant in the prescribed form, be granted to the applicant or, in the case of joint application, to the applicants jointly, and the Controller shall cause the patent to be sealed with the seal of the patent office and the date on which the patent is sealed shall be entered in the register.
(2) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (1) and of the provisions of this Act with respect to patents of addition, a request under this section for the sealing of a patent shall be made not later than the expiration of a period of six months from the date of advertisement of the acceptance of the complete specification:
Provided that –
    a. where at the expiration of the said six months any proceeding in relation to the application for the patent is pending before the Controller or the High Court, the request may be made within the prescribed period after the final determination of that proceeding;
    b. where the applicant or one of the applicants has died before the expiration of the time within which under the provisions of this sub-section the request could otherwise be made, the said request may be made at any time within twelve months after the date of the death or at such later time as the Controller may allow.
(3) The period within which under sub-section (2) a request for the sealing of a patent may be made, may, from time to time, be extended by the Controller to such longer period as may be specified in an application made to him in that behalf, if the application is made and the prescribed fee paid within that longer period:
Provided that the first mentioned period shall not be extended under this sub-section by more than three months in the aggregate.
Explanation. – For the purposes of this section a proceeding shall be deemed to be pending so long as the time for any appeal therein (apart from any future extension of that time) has not expired, and a proceeding shall be deemed to be finally determined when the time for any appeal therein (apart from any such extension) has expired without the appeal being brought.
44. Amendment of patent granted to deceased applicant
Where at any time after a patent has been sealed in pursuance of an application under this Act, the Controller is satisfied that the person to whom the patent was granted had died, ​or, in the case of a body corporate, had ceased to exist, before the patent was sealed, the Controller may amend the patent by substituting for the name of that person the name of the person to whom the patent ought to have been granted, and the patent shall have effect, and shall be deemed always to have had effect, accordingly.
45. Date of Patent
(1) Subject to the other provisions contained in this Act, every patent shall be dated as of the date on which the complete specification was filed: Provided that a patent which is granted in pursuance of an application to which any directions issued under section 78C of the Indian Patents and Designs Act, 1911 applied immediately before the commencement of this Act, shall be dated as of the date of the filling of the complete specification or the date of such commencement whichever is later.
(2) The date of every patent shall be entered in the register.
(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in this section, no suit or other proceeding shall be commenced or prosecuted in respect of an infringement committed before the date of advertisement of the acceptance of the complete specification.
46. Form, extent and effect of patent.
(1) Every patent shall be in the prescribed form and shall have effect throughout India.
(2) A patent shall be granted for one invention only: Provided that it shall not be competent for any person in a suit or other proceeding to take any objection to a patent on the ground that it has been granted for more than one invention.
47. Grant of patents of be subject to certain conditions
The grant of a patent under this Act shall be subject to the condition that
    1. any machine, apparatus or other article in respect of which the patent is granted or any article made by using a process in respect of which the patent is granted, may be imported or made by or on behalf of the Government for the purpose merely of its own use;
    2. any process in respect of which the patent is granted may be used by or on behalf of the Government for the purpose merely of its own use;
    3. any machine, apparatus or other article in respect of which the patent is granted or any article made by the use of the process in respect of which the patent is granted, may be made or used, and any process in respect of which the patent is granted may be used, by any person, for the purpose merely of experiment or research including the imparting of instructions to pupils; and
    4. in the case of a patent in respect of any medicine or drug, the medicine or drug may be imported by the Government for the purpose merely of its own use or for distribution in any dispensary, hospital or other medical institution maintained by or on behalf of the Government or any other dispensary, hospital or other medical institution which the Central Government may, having regard to the public service that such dispensary, hospital or medical institution renders, specify in this behalf by notification in the Official Gazette.
48. Rights of patentees
(1) Subject to the other provisions contained in this Act, a patent granted before the commencement of this Act, shall confer on the patentee the exclusive right by himself, his agents or licensees to make, use, exercise, sell or distribute the invention in India.
(2) Subject to the other provisions contained in this Act and the conditions specified in ​section 47, a patent granted after the commencement of this Act shall confer upon the patentee-
    a. where the patent is for an article or substance, the exclusive right by himself, his agents or licensees to make, use, exercise, sell or distribute such article or substance in India;
    b. where a patent is for a method or process of manufacturing an article or substance, the exclusive right by himself, his agents or licensees to use or exercise the method or process in India.
49. Patents rights not infringed when used on foreign vessels, etc., temporarily or accidentally in India
(1) Where a vessel or aircraft registered in a foreign country or a land vehicle owned by a person ordinarily resident in such country comes into India (including the territorial waters thereof) temporarily or accidentally only, the rights conferred by a patent for an invention shall not be deemed to be infringed by the use of the invention-
    a. in the body of the vessel or in the machinery, tackle, apparatus or other accessories thereof, so far as the invention is used on board the vessel and for its actual needs only; or
    b. in the construction or working of the aircraft or land vehicle or of the accessories thereof,
as the case may be.
(2) This section shall not extend to vessels, aircraft or land vehicles owned by persons ordinarily resident in a foreign country the laws of which do not confer corresponding rights with respect to the use of inventions in vessels, air crafts or land vehicles owned by persons ordinarily resident in India while in the ports or within the territorial waters of that foreign country or otherwise within the jurisdiction of its courts.
50. Rights of co-owners of patents
(1) Where a patent is granted to two or more persons, each of those persons shall, unless an agreement to the contrary is in force, be entitled to an equal undivided share in the patent.
(2) Subject to the provisions contained in this section and in section 51, where two or more persons are registered as grantee or proprietor of a patent, then, unless an agreement to the contrary is in force, each of those persons shall be entitled, by himself or his agents, to make, use, exercise and sell the patented invention for his own benefit without accounting to the other person or persons.
(3) Subject to the provisions contained in this section and in section 51 and to any agreement for the time being in force, where two or more persons are registered as grantee or proprietor of a patent, then, a licence under the patent shall not be granted and a share in the patent shall not be assigned by one of such persons except with the consent of the other person or persons.
(4) Where a patented article is sold by one of two or more persons registered as grantee or proprietor of a patent, the purchaser and any person claiming through him shall be entitled to deal with the article in the same manner as if the article had been sold by a sole patentee.
(5) Subject to the provisions contained in this section, the rules of law applicable to the ownership and devolution of movable property generally shall apply in relation to patents; and nothing contained in sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) shall affect the mutual rights or obligations of trustees or of the representatives of a deceased person or their rights or ​obligations as such.
(6) Nothing in this section shall affect the rights of the assignees of a partial interest in a patent created before the commencement of this Act.
51. Power of Controller to give directors to co-owners
(1) Where two or more persons are registered as grantee or proprietor of a patent, the Controller may, upon application made to him in the prescribed manner by any of those persons, give such directions in accordance with the application as to the sale or lease of the patent or any interest therein, the grant of licences under the patent, or the exercise of any right under section 50 in relation thereto, as he thinks fit.
(2) If any person registered as grantee or proprietor of a patent fails to execute any instrument or to do any other thing required for the carrying out of any direction given under this section within fourteen days after being requested in writing so to do by any of the other persons so registered, the Controller may, upon application made to him in the prescribed manner by any such other person, give directions empowering any person to execute that instrument or to do that thing in the name and on behalf of the person in default.
(3) Before giving any directions in pursuance of an application under this section, the Controller shall given an opportunity to be heard-
    a. in case of an application under sub - section (1), to the other person or persons registered as grantee or proprietor of the patent
    b.in the case of an application under sub-section (2), to the person in default.
(4) No direction shall be given under this section so as to affect the mutual rights or obligations of trustees or of the legal representatives of a deceased person or of their rights or obligations as such, or which is inconsistent with the terms of any agreement between persons registered as grantee or proprietor of the patent.
52. Grant of patent to true and first inventor where it has been obtained by another in fraud of him
(1) Where a patent has been revoked on the ground that the patent was obtained wrongfully and in contravention of the rights of the petitioner or any person under or through whom he claims, or, where in a petition for revocation, the court, instead of revoking the patent, directs the complete specification to be amended by the exclusion of a claim or claims in consequence of a finding that the invention covered by such claim or claims had been obtained from the petitioner, the court may, by order passed in the same proceeding, permit the grant to the petitioner of the whole or such part of the invention which the court finds has been wrongfully obtained by the patentee, in lieu of the patent so revoked or is excluded by amendment.
(2) Where any such order is passed, the Controller shall, on request by the petitioner made in the prescribed manner grant to him -
(i) in cases where the court permits the whole of the patent to be granted, a new patent bearing the same date as the patent revoked bearing the same date and number as the patent revoked;
(ii) in cases where the court permits a part only of the patent to be granted, a new patent for such part bearing the same date as the patent revoked and numbered in such manner as may be prescribed:
Provided that the Controller may, as a condition of such grant, require the petitioner to file a new and complete specification to the satisfaction of the Controller describing and claiming that part of the invention for which the patent is to be granted. ​(3) No suit shall be brought for any infringement of a patent granted under this section committed before the actual date on which such patent was granted.
53. Term of Patent
(1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the term of every patent granted under this Act shall -
    a. in respect of an invention claiming the method or process of manufacture of a substance, where the substance is intended for use, or is capable of being used, as food or as a medicine or drug, be five years from the date of sealing of the patent,
or seven years from the date of the patent whichever period is shorter; and
    b. in respect of any other invention, be fourteen years from the date of the patent.
(2) A patent shall cease to have effect notwithstanding anything therein or in this Act on the expiration of the period prescribed for the payment of any renewal fee, if that fee is not paid within the prescribed period or within that period as extended under this section.
(3) The period prescribed for the payment of any renewal fee shall be extended to such period, not being more than six months longer than the prescribed period, as may be specified in a request made to the Controller if the request is made and the renewal fee and the prescribed additional fee paid before the expiration of the period so specified.
CHAPTER IX
PATENTS OF ADDITION
54. Patents of addition
(1) Subject to the provisions contained in this section, where an application is made for a patent in respect of any improvement in or modification of an invention described or disclosed in the complete specification filed therefor (in this Act referred to as the "main invention") and the applicant also applies or has applied for a patent for that invention or is the patentee in respect thereof, the Controller may, if the applicant so requests, grant the patent for the improvement or modification as a patent of addition.
(2) Subject to the provisions contained in this section, where an invention, being an improvement in or modification of another invention, is the subject of an independent patent and the patentee in respect of that patent is also the patentee in respect of the patent for the main invention, the Controller may, if the patentee so requests, by order, revoke the patent for the improvement or modification and grant to the patentee a patent of addition in respect thereof, bearing the same date as the date of the patent so revoked.
(3) A patent shall not be granted as a patent of addition unless the date of filing of the complete specification was the same as or later than the date of filing of the complete specification in respect of the main invention.
(4) A patent of addition shall not be sealed before the sealing of the patent for the main invention; and if the period within which, but for the provisions of this sub-section, a request for the sealing of a patent of addition could be made under section 43 expires before the period within which a request for the sealing of the patent for the main invention may be so made, the request for the sealing of the patent of addition may be made at any time within the last mentioned period.
55. Term of Patents of addition
(1) A patent of addition shall be granted for a term equal to that of the patent for the main ​invention, or so much thereof as has not expired, and shall remain in force during that term or until the previous cesser of the patent for the main invention and no longer:
Provided that if the patent for the main invention is revoked under this Act, the court, or, as the case may be, the Controller, on request made to him by the patentee in the prescribed manner, may order that the patent of addition shall become an independent patent for the remainder of the term for the patent for the main invention and thereupon the patent shall continue in force as an independent patent accordingly.
(2) No renewal fee shall be payable in respect of a patent of addition, but, if any such patent becomes an independent patent under sub-section (1), the same fee shall thereafter be payable, upon the same dates, as if the patent had been originally granted as an independent patent.
56. Validity of Patents of Addition
(1) The grant of a patent of addition shall not be refused, and a patent granted as a patent of addition shall not be revoked or invalidated, on the ground only that the invention claimed in the complete specification does not involve any inventive step having regard to any publication or use of -
    a. the main invention described in the complete specification relating thereto; or
    b. any improvement in or modification of the main invention described in the complete specification of a patent of addition to the patent for the main invention or of an application for such a patent of addition,
and the validity of a patent of addition shall not be questioned on the ground that the invention ought to have been the subject of an independent patent.
(2) For the removal of doubts it is hereby declared that in determining the novelty of the invention claimed in the complete specification filed in pursuance of an application for a patent of addition regard shall be had also to the complete specification in which the main invention is described.
CHAPTER X
AMENDMENT OF APPLICATIONS AND SPECIFICATIONS
57. Amendment of application and specification before Controller
(1) Subject to the provisions of section 59, the Controller may, upon application made under this section in the prescribed manner by an applicant for a patent or by a patentee, allow the application for the patent or the complete specification to be amended subject to such conditions, if any, as the Controller thinks fit:
Provided that the Controller shall not pass any order allowing or refusing an application to amend an application for a patent or a specification under this section while any suit before a court for the infringement of the patent or any proceeding before the High Court for the revocation of the patent is pending, whether the suit or proceeding commenced before or after the filing of the application to amend.
(2) Every application for leave to amend an application for a patent or a specification under ​this section shall state the nature of the proposed amendment, and shall give full particulars of the reasons for which the application is made.
(3) Every application for leave to amend an application for a patent or a specification under this section made after the acceptance of the complete specification and the nature of the proposed amendment shall be advertised in the prescribed manner.
(4) Where an application is advertised under sub-section (3), any person interested may, within the prescribed period after the advertisement thereof, give notice to the Controller of opposition thereto; and where such a notice is given within the period aforesaid,the Controller shall notify the person by whom the application under this section is made and shall give to that person and to the opponent an opportunity to be heard before he decides the case.
(5) An amendment under this section of a complete specification may be, or include, an amendment of the priority date of a claim.
(6) The provisions of this section shall be without prejudice to the right of an applicant for a patent to amend his specification to comply with the directions of the Controller issued before the acceptance of the complete specification or in the course of proceedings in opposition to the grant of a patent.
58. Amendment of specification before High Court
(1) In any proceeding before the High Court for the revocation of a patent, the High Court may, subject to the provisions contained in section 59, allow the patentee to amend his complete specification in such manner and subject to such terms as to costs, advertisement or otherwise, as the High Court may think fit, and if in any proceedings for revocation the High Court decides that the patent is invalid, it may allow the specification to be amended under this section instead of revoking the patent.
(2) Where an application for an order under this section is made to the High Court, the applicant shall give notice of the application to the Controller, and the Controller shall be entitled to appear and be heard, and shall appear if so directed by the High Court.
(3) Copies of all orders of the High Court allowing the patentee to amend the specification shall be transmitted by the High Court to the Controller who shall on receipt thereof cause an entry thereof and reference thereto to be made in the register.
59. Supplementary provisions as to amendment of application or specification
(1) No amendment of an application for a patent or a complete specification shall be made except by way of disclaimer, correction or explanation, and no amendment thereof shall be allowed, except for the purpose of correcting an obvious mistake, and no amendment of a complete specification shall be allowed the effect of which would be that the specification as amended would claim or describe matter not in substance disclosed in the specification before the amendment, or that any claim of the specification as amended would not fall wholly within the scope of a claim of the specification before the amendment.
(2) Where after the date of advertisement of acceptance of a complete specification, any amendment of the specification is allowed by the Controller or by the High Court,
    a. the amendment shall for all purposes be deemed to form part of the specification;
    b. the fact that the specification has been amended shall be advertised in the Official Gazette; and
    c. the right of the applicant or patentee to make amendment shall not be called in ​question except on the ground of fraud.
(3) In construing the specification as amended, reference may be made to the specification as originally accepted.
CHAPTER XI
RESTORATION OF LAPSED PATENTS
60. Applications for restorations of lapsed patents
(1) Where a patent has ceased to have effect by reason of failure to pay any renewal fee within the prescribed period or within that period as extended under sub-section (3) of section 53, the patentee or his legal representative, and where the patent was held by two or more persons jointly, then, with the leave of the Controller, one or more of them without joining the others, may, within one year from the date on which the patent ceased to have effect, make an application for the restoration of the patent.
(2) The provisions of sub-section (1) shall also apply to patents granted before the commencement of this Act, subject to the modification that for the reference to the prescribed period or to sub-section (3) of section 53, there shall be substituted a reference to the period prescribed therefor under the Indian Patents and Designs Act, 1911 or to subsection (2) of section 14 of that Act.
(3) An application under this section shall contain a statement, verified in the prescribed manner, fully setting out the circumstances which led to the failure to pay the prescribed fee, and the Controller may require from the applicant such further evidence as he may think necessary.
61. Procedure for disposal of applications for restoration of lapsed patents
(1) If, after hearing the applicant in cases where the applicant so desires or the Controller thinks fit, the Controller is prima facie satisfied that the failure to pay the renewal fee was unintentional and that there has been no undue delay in the making of the application,he shall advertise the application in the prescribed manner; and within the prescribed period any person interested may give notice to the Controller of opposition thereto on either or both of the following grounds, that is to say,
    a. that the failure to pay the renewal fee was not unintentional; or
    b. that there has been undue delay in the making of the application.
(2) If notice of opposition is given within the period aforesaid, the Controller shall notify the applicant, and shall give to him and to the opponent an opportunity to be heard before he decides the case.
(3) If no notice of opposition is given within the period aforesaid or if in the case of opposition, the decision of the Controller is in favour of the applicant, the Controller shall, upon payment of any unpaid renewal fee and such additional fee as may be prescribed, restore the patent and any patent of addition specified in the application which has ceased to have effect on the cesser of that patent.
(4) The Controller may, if he thinks fit as a condition of restoring the patent, require that an entry shall be made in the register of any document or matter which, under the provisions of this Act, has to be entered in the register but which has not been so entered.
62. Rights of Patentees of lapsed patents which have been restored.
(1) Where a patent is restored, the rights of the patentee shall be subject to such ​provisions as may be prescribed and to such other provisions as the Controller thinks fit to impose for the protection or compensation of persons who may have begun to avail themselves of, or have taken definite steps by contract or otherwise to avail themselves of the patented invention between the date when the patent ceased to have effect and the date of the advertisement of the application for restoration of the patent under this Chapter.
(2) No suit or other proceeding shall be commenced or prosecuted in respect of an infringement of a patent committed between the date on which the patent ceased to have effect and the date of the advertisement of the application for restoration of the patent.
CHAPTER XII
SURRENDER AND REVOCATION OF PATENTS
63. Surrender of Patents.
(1) A patentee may, at any time by giving notice in the prescribed manner to the Controller, offer to surrender his patent.
(2) Where such an offer is made, the Controller shall advertise the offer in the prescribed manner, and also notify every person other than the patentee whose names appears in the register as having an interest in the patent.
(3) Any person interested may, within the prescribed period after such advertisement, give notice to the Controller of opposition to the surrender, and where any such notice is given the Controller shall notify the patentee.
(4) If the Controller is satisfied after hearing the patentee and any opponent, if desirous of being heard, that the patent may properly be surrendered, he may accept the offer and, by order, revoke the patent.
64. Revocation of Patents.
(1) Subject to the provisions contained in this Act, a patent, whether granted before or after the commencement of this Act, may, on the petition of any person interested or of the Central Government or on a counter-claim in a suit for infringement of the patent, be revoked by the High Court on any of the following grounds, that is to say
    a. that the invention, so far as claimed in any claim of the complete specification, was claimed in a valid claim of earlier priority date contained in the complete specification of another patent granted in India;
    b. that the patent was granted on the application of a person not entitled under the provisions of this Act to apply therefor:
    Provided that a patent granted under the Indian Patents and Designs Act, 1911 shall not be revoked on the ground that the applicant was the communicate or the importer of the invention in India and therefore not entitled to make an application for the grant of a patent under this Act;
    c. that the patent was obtained wrongfully in contravention of the rights of the petitioner or any person under or through whom he claims;
    d. that the subject of any claim of the complete specification is not an invention within the meaning of this Act;
    e. that the invention so far as claimed in any claim of the complete specification is not new, having regard to what was publicly known or publicly used in India before the ​priority date of the claim or to what was published in India or elsewhere in any of the documents referred to in section 13;
Provided that in relation to patents granted under the Indian Patents and Designs Act, 1911, this clause shall have effect as if the words "or elsewhere" had been omitted;
f. that the invention so far as claimed in any claim of the complete specification is obvious or does not involve any inventive step, having regard to what was publicly known or publicly used in India or what was published in India or elsewhere before the priority date of the claim:
Provided that in relation to patents granted under the Indian Patents and Designs Act, 1911, this clause shall have effect as if the words "or elsewhere" had been omitted;
g. that the invention, so far as claimed in any claim of the complete specification, is not useful;
h. that the complete specification does not sufficiently and fairly describe the invention and the method by which it is to be performed, that is to say, that the description of the method or the instructions for the working of the invention as contained in the complete specification are not by themselves sufficient to enable a person in India possessing average skill in, and average knowledge of, the art to which the invention relates, to work the invention, or that it does not disclose the best method of performing it which was known to the applicant for the patent and for which he was entitled to claim protection;
i. that the scope of any claim of the complete specification is not sufficiently and clearly defined or that any claim of the complete specification is not fairly based on the matter disclosed in the specification;
j. that the patent was obtained on a false suggestion or representation;
k. that the subject of any claim of the complete specification is not patentable under this Act;
l. that the invention so far as claimed in any claim of the complete specification was secretly used in India, otherwise than as mentioned in sub-section (3), before the priority date of the claim;
m.that the applicant for the patent has failed to disclose to the Controller the information required by section 8 or has furnished information which in any material particular was false to his knowledge;
n. that the applicant contravened any direction for secrecy passed under section 35(***) or made or caused to be made an application for the grant of a patent outside India in contravention of section 39;
o. that leave to amend the complete specification under section 57 or section 58 was obtained by fraud.
(2) For the purposes of clauses (e) and (f) of sub-section (1)-
a. no account shall be taken of secret use; and
b. where the patent is for a process or for a product as made by a process described or claimed, the importation into India of the product made abroad by that process shall constitute knowledge or use in India of the invention on the date of the importation, except where such importation has been for the purpose of reasonable trial or experiment only.
(3) For the purpose of clause (l) of sub-section (1), no account shall be taken of any use of the invention a. for the purpose of reasonable trial or experiment only; or ​
    b. by the Government or by any person authorised by the Government or by a Government undertaking, in consequence of the applicant for the patent or any person from whom he derives title having communicated or disclosed the invention directly or indirectly to the Government or person authorised as aforesaid or to the Government undertaking; or
    c. by any other person, in consequence of the applicant for the patent or any person from whom he derives title having communicated or disclosed the invention, and without the consent or acquiescence of the applicant or of any person from whom he derives title.
(4) Without prejudice to the provisions contained in sub-section (1), a patent may be revoked by the High Court on the petition of the Central Government, if the High Court is satisfied that the patentee has without reasonable cause failed to comply with the request of the Central Government to make, use or exercise the patented invention for the purposes of Government within the meaning of section 99 upon reasonable terms.
(5) A notice of any petition for revocation of a patent under this section shall be served on all persons appearing from the register to be proprietors of that patent or to have shares or interests therein and it shall not be necessary to serve a notice on any other person.
65. Revocation of Patent or amendment of complete specification on directions from Government in cases relating to atomic energy
(1) Where at any time after acceptance of a complete specification, the Central Government is satisfied that an application for a patent or a patent is for an invention relating to atomic energy for which no patent can be granted under sub-section (1) of section 20 of the Atomic Energy Act, 1962, it may direct the Controller to refuse to proceed further with the application or to revoke the patent, as the case may be, and thereupon the Controller, after giving notice to the applicant or, as the case may be, to the patentee and every other person whose name has been entered in the register as having an interest in the patent, and after giving them an opportunity of being heard, may refuse to proceed further with the application or may revoke the patent.
(2) In any proceedings under sub-section (1), the Controller may allow the applicant for the patent or the patentee to amend the complete specification in such manner as he considers necessary instead of refusing to proceed with the application or revoking the patent.
66. Revocation of patent in public interest Where the Central Government is of opinion that a patent or the mode in which it is exercised is mischievous to the State or generally prejudicial to the public, it may, after giving the patentee an opportunity to be heard, make a declaration to that effect in the Official Gazette and thereupon the patent shall be deemed to be revoked.
CHAPTER XIII
REGISTER OF PATENTS
67. Register of patents and particulars to be entered therein.
(1) There shall be kept at the patent office a register of patents, wherein shall be entered ​
    a. the names and addresses of grantees of patents;
    b. notifications of assignments, extensions, and revocations of patents; and
    c. particulars of such other matters affecting the validity or proprietorship of patents as may be prescribed.
(2) No notice of any trust, whether express, implied or constructive, shall be entered in the register, and the Controller shall not be affected by any such notice.
(3) Subject to the superintendence and directions of the Central Government, the register shall be kept under the control and management of the Controller.
(4) For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that the register of patents existing at the commencement of this Act shall be incorporated in, and form part of, the register under this Act.
68. Assignments, etc, not to be valid unless in writing and registered
An assignment of a patent or of a share in a patent, a mortgage, licence or the creation of any other interest in a patent shall not be valid unless the same were in writing and the agreement between the parties concerned is reduced to the form of a document embodying all the terms and conditions governing their rights and obligations and the application for registration of such document is filed in the prescribed manner with the Controller within six months from the commencement of this Act or the execution of the document, whichever is later or within such further period not exceeding six months in the aggregate as the Controller on application made in the prescribed manner allows:
Provided that the document shall, when registered, have effect from the date of its execution.
69. Registration of assignments, transmissions etc..
(1) Where any person becomes entitled by assignment, transmission or operation of law to a patent or to a share in a patent or becomes entitled as a mortgagee, licensee or otherwise to any other interest in a patent, he shall apply in writing in the prescribed manner to the Controller for the registration of his title or, as the case may be, of notice of his interest in the register.
(2) Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-section (1), an application for the registration of the title of any person becoming entitled by assignment to a patent or a share in a patent or becoming entitled by virtue of a mortgage, licence or other instrument to any other interest in a patent may be made in the prescribed manner by the assignor, mortgagor, licensor or other party to that instrument, as the case may be.
(3) Where an application is made under this section for the registration of the title of any person the Controller shall, upon proof of title to his satisfaction,
    a. where that person is entitled to a patent or a share in a patent, register him in the register as proprietor or co-proprietor of the patent, and enter in the register particulars of the instrument or event by which he derives title; or
    b. where that person is entitled to any other interest in the patent, enter in the register notice of his interest, with particulars of the instrument, if any, creating it:
Provided that if there is any dispute between the parties whether the assignment,mortgage, licence, transmission, operation of law or any other such transaction has validly vested in such person a title to the patent or any share or interest therein, the Controller may refuse to take any action under clause (a) or, as the case may be, under clause (b), until the rights of the parties have been determined by a competent court.
(4) There shall be supplied to the Controller in the prescribed manner for being filed in the patent office copies of all agreements, licences and other documents affecting the title to ​any patent or any licence thereunder authenticated in the prescribed manner and also such other documents as may be prescribed relevant to the subject matter:
Provided that in the case of a licence granted under a patent, the Controller shall, if so requested by the patentee or licensee, take steps for securing that the terms of the licence are not disclosed to any person except under the order of a court.
(5) Except for the purposes of an application under sub-section (1) or of an application to rectify the register, a document in respect of which no entry has been made in the register under sub-section (3) shall not be admitted by the Controller or by any court as evidence of the title of any person to a patent or to a share or interest therein unless the Controller or the court, for reasons to be recorded in writing, otherwise directs.
70. Power of registered grantee or proprietor to deal with patent
Subject to the provisions contained in this Act relating to co-ownership of patents and subject also to any rights vested in any other person of which notice is entered in the register, the person or persons registered as grantee or proprietor of a patent shall have power to assign, grant licences under, or otherwise deal with, the patent and to give effectual receipts for any consideration for any such assignment, licence or dealing:
Provided that any equities in respect of the patent may be enforced in like manner as in respect of any other movable property.
71. Rectification of register by High Court
(1) The High Court may, on the application of any person aggrieved
    a. by the absence or omission from the register of any entry; or
    b. by any entry made in the register without sufficient cause; or
    c. by any entry wrongly remaining on the register; or
    d.by any error or defect in any entry in the register, make such order for the making, variation or deletion, of any entry therein as it may think fit.
(2) In any proceeding under this section the High Court may decide any question that may be necessary or expedient to decide in connection with the rectification of the register.
(3) Notice of any application to the High Court under this section rectifying the register shall direct that notice of the rectification shall be served upon the Controller in the prescribed manner who shall upon receipt of such notice rectify the register accordingly.
72. Register to be open for inspection.
(1) Subject to the provisions contained in this Act and any rules made thereunder, the register shall at all convenient times be open to inspection by the public; and certified copies, sealed with the seal of the patent office, of any entry in the register shall be given to any person requiring them on payment of the prescribed fee.
(2) The register shall be prima facie evidence of any matters required or authorised by or under this Act to be entered therein.
CHAPTER XIV
PATENT OFFICE AND ITS ESTABLISHMENT
(1) The Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks appointed under subsection (1) of section 4 of the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958, shall be the Controller of Patents for the purposes of this Act.
(2) For the purposes of this Act, the Central Government may appoint as many Examiners and other officers and with such designations as it thinks fit.
(3) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the officers appointed under sub-section (2) shall discharge under the superintendence and directions of the Controller such functions of the Controller under this Act as he may, from time to time by general or special order in writing, authorise them to discharge.
(4) Without prejudice to the generality of the provisions of sub-section (3), the Controller may, by order in writing and for reasons to be recorded therein withdraw any matter pending before an officer appointed under sub-section (2) and deal with such matter himself either de novo or from the stage it was so withdrawn or transfer the same to another officer appointed under sub-section (2) who may, subject to special directions in the order of transfer, proceed with the matter either de novo or from the stage it was so transferred.
74. Patent office and its branches
(1) For the purposes of this Act, there shall be an office which shall be known as the patent office.
(2) The patent office provided by the Central Government under the Indian Patents and Designs Act, 1911, shall be the patent office under this Act.
(3) The head office of the patent office shall be at such place as the Central Government may specify, and for the purpose of facilitating the registration of patents there may be established, at such other places as the Central Government may think fit, branch offices of the patent office.
(4) There shall be a seal of the patent office.
75. Restriction on employees of patent office as to right or interest in patents.
All officers and employees of the patent office shall be incapable, during the period for which they hold their appointments, to acquire or take, directly or indirectly, except by inheritance or bequest, any right or interest in any patent issued by that office.
76. Officers and employees not to furnish information, etc.
An officer or employee in the patent office shall not, except when required or authorised by this Act or under a direction in writing of the Central Government or the Controller or by order of a court, –
    a. furnish information on a matter which is being, or has been, dealt with under this Act or under the Indian Patents and Designs Act, 1911; or
    b. prepare or assist in the preparation of a document required or permitted by or under this Act or under the Indian Patents and Designs Act, 1911, to be lodged in the patent office; or
    c. conduct a search in the records of the patent office. ​
CHAPTER XV
POWERS OF CONTROLLER GENERALLY
77. Controller to have certain powers of civil court
(1) Subject to any rules made in this behalf, the Controller in any proceedings before him under this Act shall have the powers of a civil court while trying to suit under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, in respect of the following matters, namely:–
    a. summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person and examining him on oath;
    b. requiring the discovery and production of any document;
    c. receiving evidence on affidavits;
    d. issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses or documents;
    e. awarding costs;
    f. reviewing his own decision on application made within the prescribed time and in the prescribed manner;
    g. setting aside an order passed ex-parte on application made within the prescribed time and in the prescribed manner;
    h. any other matter which may be prescribed.
(2) Any order for costs awarded by the Controller in exercise of the powers conferred upon him under sub-section (1) shall be executable as a decree of a civil court.
78. Power of Controller to correct clerical errors etc
(1) Without prejudice to the provisions contained in sections 57 and 59 as regards amendment of applications for patents or complete specifications and subject to the provisions of section 44, the Controller may, in accordance with the provisions of this section, correct any clerical error in any patent or in any specification or other document filed in pursuance of such application or in any application for a patent or any clerical error in any matter which is entered in the register.
(2) A correction may be made in pursuance of this section either upon a request in writing made by any person interested and accompanied by the prescribed fee, or without such a request.
(3) Where the Controller proposes to make any such correction as aforesaid otherwise than in pursuance of a request made under this section, he shall give notice of the proposal to the patentee or the applicant for the patent, as the case may be, and to any other person who appears to him to be concerned, and shall give them an opportunity to be heard before making the correction.
(4) Where a request is made under this section for the correction of any error in a patent or application for a patent or any document filed in pursuance of such an application, and it appears to the Controller that the correction would materially alter the meaning or scope of the document to which the request relates and ought not to be made without notice to persons affected thereby, he shall require notice of the nature of the proposed correction to be advertised in the prescribed manner.
(5) Within the prescribed time after any such advertisement as aforesaid any person interested may give notice to the Controller of opposition to the request, and, where such notice of opposition is given, the Controller shall give notice thereof to the person by whom ​the request was made, and shall give to him and to the opponent an opportunity to be heard before he decides the case.
79. Evidence how to be given and power of Controller in respect thereof
Subject to any rules made in this behalf, in any proceeding under this Act before the Controller, evidence shall be given by affidavit in the absence of direction by the Controller to the contrary, but in any case in which the Controller thinks it right so to do, he may take oral evidence in lieu of or in addition to, evidence by affidavit, or may allow any party to be cross-examined on the contents of his affidavit.
80. Exercise of discretionary powers by Controller
Without prejudice to any provision contained in this Act requiring the Controller to hear any party to the proceedings thereunder or to give any such party an opportunity to be heard, the Controller shall give to any applicant for a patent, or for amendment of a specification (if within the prescribed time the applicant so requires) an opportunity to be heard before exercising adversely to the applicant any discretion vested in the Controller by or under this Act.
81. Disposal by Controller of applications for extension of time
Where under the provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder the Controller may extend the time for doing any act, nothing in this Act shall be deemed to require him to give notice to or hear the party interested in opposing the extension, nor shall any appeal lie from any order of the Controller granting such extension.
CHAPTER XVI
WORKING OF PATENTS, COMPULSORY LICENCES,
LICENCES OF RIGHT AND REVOCATION
82. Definition of `patented articles’ and "patentee"
In this Chapter, unless the context otherwise requires,
    a. "patented article" includes any article made by a patented process;and
    b. "patentee" includes an exclusive licensee.
83. General principle applicable to working of patented inventions
Without prejudice to the other provisions contained in this Act, in exercising the powers conferred by this Chapter, regard shall be had to the following general considerations, namely-
    a. that patents are granted to encourage inventions and to secure that the inventions are worked in India on a commercial scale and to the fullest extent that is reasonably practicable without undue delay; and
    b. that they are not granted merely to enable patentees to enjoy a monopoly for the importation of the patented article.
84. Compulsory licences
(1) At any time after the expiration of three years from the date of the sealing of a patent, any person interested may make an application to the Controller alleging that the ​reasonable requirements of the public with respect to the patented invention have not been satisfied or that the patented invention is not available to the public at a reasonable price and praying for the grant of a compulsory licence to work the patented invention.
(2). An application under this section may be made by any person notwithstanding that he is already the holder of a licence under the patent and no person shall be estopped from alleging that the reasonable requirements of the public with respect to the patented invention are not satisfied or that the patented invention is not available to the public at a reasonable price by reason of any admission made by him, whether in such a licence or otherwise or by reason of his having accepted such a licence.
(3) Every application under sub-section (1) shall contain a statement setting out the nature of the applicant’s interest together with such particulars as may be prescribed and the facts upon which the application is based.
(4) In considering the application filed under this section the Controller shall take into account the matters set out in section 85.
(5) The Controller, if satisfied that the reasonable requirements of the public with respect to the patented invention have not been satisfied or that the patented invention is not available to the public at a reasonable price, may order the patentee to grant a licence upon such terms as he may deem fit.
(6) Where the Controller directs the patentee to grant a licence he may as incidental thereto exercise the powers set out in section 93.
85. Matter to taken into account in granting compulsory licences
In determining whether or not to make an order in pursuance of an application filed under section 84, the Controller shall take into account,-
(i) the nature of the invention, the time which has elapsed since the sealing of the patent and the measures already taken by the patentee or any licensee to make full use of the invention;
(ii) the ability of the applicant to work the invention to the public advantage;
(iii) the capacity of the applicant to undertake the risk in providing capital and working the invention, if the application were granted, but shall not be required to take into account matters subsequent to the making of the application.
86. Endorsement of patent with the words "Licences of Rights"
(1) At any time after the expiration of three years from the date of the sealing of a patent, the Central Government may make an application to the Controller for an order that the patent may be endorsed with the words "Licences of right" on the ground that the reasonable requirements of the public with respect to the patented invention have not been satisfied or that the patented invention is not available to the public at a reasonable price.
(2) The Controller, if satisfied that the reasonable requirements of the public with respect to the patented invention have not been satisfied or that the patented invention is not available to the public at a reasonable price, may make an order that the patent be endorsed with the words "Licences of right".
(3) Where a patent of addition is in force, any application made under this section for an endorsement either of the original patent or of the patent of addition shall be treated as an application for the endorsement of both patents, and where a patent of addition is granted in respect of a patent which is already endorsed under this section, the patent of addition ​shall also be so endorsed.
(4) All endorsements of patents made under this section shall be entered in the register and published in the Official Gazette and in such other manner as the Controller thinks desirable for bringing the endorsement to the notice of manufacturers.
87. Certain patents demand to be endorsed with the words "Licences of Rights"
(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act,-
    a. every patent in force at the commencement of this Act in respect of inventions relating to-
(i) substances used or capable of being used as food or as medicine or drug;
(ii) the methods or processes for the manufacture or production of any such substance as is referred to in sub-clause (i);
(iii) the methods or processes for the manufacture or production of chemical substances (including alloys, optical glass, semi-conductors and inter-metallic compounds),
shall be deemed to be endorsed with the words "Licences of right" from the commencement of this Act or from the expiration of three years from the date of sealing of the patent under the Indian Patents and Designs Act, 1911, whichever is later; and
(b) every patent granted after the commencement of this Act in respect of any such invention as is referred to in section 5 shall be deemed to be endorsed with the words "Licences of right" from the date of expiration of three years from the date of sealing of the patent.
(2) In respect of every patent which is deemed to be endorsed with the words "Licences of right" under this section, the provisions of section 88 shall apply.
88. Effect of endorsement of patent with the words is "Licences of Rights".
(1) Where a patent has been endorsed with the words "Licences of right", any person who is interested in working the patented invention in India may require the patentee to grant him a licence for the purpose on such terms as may be mutually agreed upon, notwithstanding that he is already the holder of a licence under the patent.
(2) If the parties are unable to agree on the terms of the licence, either of them may apply in the prescribed manner to the Controller to settle the terms thereof.
(3) The Controller shall, after giving notice to the parties and hearing them and after making such inquiry as he may deem fit, decide the terms on which the licence shall be granted by the patentee.
(4) The Controller may at any time before the terms of the licence are mutually agreed upon or decided by the Controller, on application made to him in this behalf by any person who has made any such requisition as is referred to in sub-section (1), permit him to work the patented invention on such terms as the Controller may, pending agreement between the parties or decision by the Controller, think fit to impose.
(5) In the case of every patent in respect of an invention referred to in sub-clause (i), or sub-clause (ii), of clause (a) of sub-section (1) of section 87 and deemed to be endorsed with the words "Licences of right" under clause (a) or clause (b) of that sub-section, the royalty and other remuneration reserved to the patentee under a licence granted to any person after such commencement shall in no case exceed four per cent of the net exfactory sale price in bulk of the patented article (exclusive of taxes levied under any law for the time being in force and any commissions payable) determined in such manner as may be prescribed. ​(6) Save as otherwise provided in sub-section (5), the provisions of sub-sections (1), (2),(4) and (5) of section 93 (regarding the powers of the Controller) and of sections 94 and 95 shall apply to licences granted under this section as they apply to licences granted under section 84.
89. Revocation of patents by the Controller for non-working. (1) Where, in respect of a patent, a compulsory licence has been granted or the endorsement "Licences of right" has been made or is deemed to have been made, the Central Government or any person interested may, after the expiration of two years from the date of the order granting the first compulsory licence or, as the case may be, the date of the grant of the first licence under section 88, apply to the Controller for an order revoking the patent on the ground that the reasonable requirements of the public with respect to the patented invention have not been satisfied or that the patented invention is not available to the public at a reasonable price.
(2) Every application under sub-section (1) shall contain such particulars as may be prescribed and the facts upon which the application is based, and, in the case of an application other than by the Central Government, shall also set out the nature of the applicant’s interest.
(3) The Controller, if satisfied that the reasonable requirements of the public with respect to the patented invention have not been satisfied or that the patented invention is not available to the public at a reasonable price, may make an order revoking the patent.
(4) Every application under sub-section (1) shall ordinarily be decided within one year of its being presented to the Controller.
90. When reasonable requirements of the public deemed not satisfied For the purposes of sections 84, 86 and 89, the reasonable requirements of the public shall be deemed not to have been satisfied-
    a. if, by reason of the default of the patentee to manufacture in India to an adequate extent and supply on reasonable terms the patented article or a part of the patented article which is necessary for its efficient working or if, by reason of the refusal of the patentee to grant a licence or licences on reasonable terms,-
    (i) an existing trade or industry or the development thereof or the establishment of any new trade or industry in India or the trade or industry of any person or classes of persons trading or manufacturing in India is prejudiced; or
    (ii) the demand for the patented article is not being met to an adequate extent or on reasonable terms from manufacture in India; or
    (iii) a market for the export of the patented article manufactured in India is not being supplied or developed; or
    (iv) the establishment or development of commercial activities in India is prejudiced; or
    b. if, by reason of conditions imposed by the patentee (whether before or after the commencement of this Act) upon the grant of licences under the patent, or upon the purchase, hire or use of the patented article or process, the manufacture, use or sale of materials not protected by the patent, or the establishment or development of any trade or industry in India, is prejudiced; or
    c. if the patented invention is not being worked in India on a commercial scale to an adequate extent or is not being so worked to the fullest extent that is reasonably practicable; or
    d. if the demand for the patented article in India is being met to a substantial extent by ​
    importation from abroad by-
(i) the patentee or persons claiming under him; or
(ii) persons directly or indirectly purchasing from him; or
(iii) other persons against whom the patentee is not taking or has not taken proceedings for infringement; or
(e) if the working of the patented invention in India on a commercial scale is being prevented or hindered by the importation from abroad of the patented article by the patentee or the other persons referred to in the preceding clause.
91. Power of Controller to adjourn applications for compulsory licenses, etc., in certain cases
(1) Where an application under section 84, section 86 or section 89, as the case may be, is made on the ground mentioned in clause (c) of section 90 and the Controller is satisfied that the time which has elapsed since the sealing of the patent has for any reason been insufficient to enable the invention to be worked on a commercial scale to an adequate extent or to enable the invention to be so worked to the fullest extent that is reasonably practicable, he may, by order adjourn the further hearing of the application for such period not exceeding twelve months in the aggregate as appears to him to be sufficient for the invention to be so worked: Provided that the in any case where the patentee establishes that the reason why a patented invention could not be worked as aforesaid before the date of the application was due to any State or Central Act or any rule or regulation made thereunder or any order of the Government imposed otherwise than by way of a condition for the working of the invention in India or for the disposal of the patented articles or of the articles made by the process or by the use of the patented plant, machinery, or apparatus, then, the period of adjournment ordered under this sub-section shall be reckoned from the date on which the period during which the working of the invention was prevented by such Act, rule or regulation or order of Government as computed from the date of the application, expires.
(2) No adjournment under sub-section (1) shall be ordered unless the Controller is satisfied that the patentee has taken with promptitude adequate or reasonable steps to start the working of the invention in India on a commercial scale and to an adequate extent.
92.Procedure for dealing with applications under sections 84, 86 and 89
(1) Where the Controller is satisfied, upon consideration of an application under section 84, section 86 or section 89, that a prima facie case has been made out for the making of an order, he shall direct the applicant to serve copies of the application upon the patentee and any other person appearing from the register to be interested in the patent in respect of which the application is made, and shall advertise the application in the Official Gazette.
(2) The patentee or any other person desiring to oppose the application may, within such time as may be prescribed or within such further time as the Controller may on application (made either before or after the expiration of the prescribed time) allow, give to the Controller notice of opposition.
(3) Any such notice of opposition shall contain a statement setting out the grounds on which the application is opposed.
(4) Where any such notice of opposition is duly given, the Controller shall notify the applicant, and shall give to the applicant and the opponent an opportunity to be heard before deciding the case. ​93. Powers of Controller in granting compulsory licences
(1) Where the Controller is satisfied on application made under section 84 that the manufacture, use or sale of materials not protected by the patent is prejudiced by reason of conditions imposed by the patentee upon the grant of licences under the patent, or upon the purchase, hire or use of the patented article or process, he may, subject to the provisions of that section, order the grant of licences under the patent to such customers of the applicant as he thinks fit as well as to the applicant.
(2) Where an application under section 84 is made by a person being the holder of a licence under the patent, the Controller may, if he makes an order for the grant of a licence to the applicant, order the existing licence to be cancelled, or may, if he thinks fit, instead of making an order for the grant of a licence to the applicant, order the existing licence to be amended.
(3) Where on an application made under section 84, the Controller orders the grant of a licence, he may, for reasons to be recorded in writing, direct that the licence shall operate-
    a. to deprive the patentee of any right which he may have as patentee to make, use, exercise or vend the invention or to grant licences under the patent;
    b. to revoke all existing licences in respect of the invention.
(4) Where two or more patents are held by the same patentee and an applicant for a compulsory licence establishes that the reasonable requirements of the public have not been satisfied with respect to some only of the said patents, then, if the Controller is satisfied that the applicant cannot efficiently or satisfactorily work the licence granted to him under those patents without infringing the other patents held by the patentee, he may, by order, direct the grant of a licence in respect of the other patents also to enable the licensee to work the patent or patents in regard to which a licence is granted under section 84.
(5) Where the terms and conditions of a licence have been settled by the Controller, the licensee may, at any time after he has worked the invention on a commercial scale for a period of not less than twelve months, make an application to the Controller for the revision of the terms and conditions on the ground that the terms and conditions settled have proved to be more onerous than originally expected and that in consequence thereof the licensee is unable to work the invention except at a loss:
Provided that no such application shall be entertained a second time.
94. General purposes for granting compulsory licences
The powers of the Controller upon an application made under section 84 shall be exercised with a view to securing the following general purposes, that is to say,-
    a. that patented inventions are worked on a commercial scale in India without undue delay and to the fullest extent that is reasonably practicable;
    b. that the interests of any person for the time being working or developing an invention in India under the protection of a patent are not unfairly prejudiced.
95. Terms and conditions of compulsory licences
(1) In settling the terms and conditions of a licence under section 84, the Controller shall endeavour to secure-
(i)that the royalty and other remuneration, if any, reserved to the patentee or other person beneficially entitled to the patent, is reasonable, having regard to the nature of the invention, the expenditure incurred by the patentee in making the invention or in developing it and obtaining a patent and keeping it in force and other relevant factors; ​(ii) that the patented invention is worked to the fullest extent by the person to whom the licence is granted and with reasonable profit to him;
(iii) that the patented articles are made available to the public at reasonable prices.
(2) No licence granted by the Controller shall authorise the licensee to import the patented article or an article or substance made by a patented process from abroad where such importation would, but for such authorisation, constitute an infringement of the rights of the patentee.
(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (2), the Central Government may, if in its opinion it is necessary so to do in the public interest, direct the Controller at any time to authorise any licensee in respect of a patent to import the patented article or an article or substance made by a patented process from abroad (subject to such conditions as it considers necessary to impose relating among other matters to the royalty and other remuneration, if any, payable to the patentee, the quantum of import, the sale price of the imported article and the period of importation), and thereupon the Controller shall give effect to the directions.
96. Licensing of related patents
(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the other provisions of this Chapter, at any time after the sealing of a patent, any person who has the right to work any other patented invention either as patentee or as licensee thereof, exclusive or otherwise, may apply to the Controller for the grant of a licence of the first mentioned patent on the ground that he is prevented or hindered without such licence from working the other invention efficiently or to the best advantage possible.
(2) No order under sub-section (1) shall be made unless the Controller is satisfied -
(i) that the applicant is able and willing to grant, or procure the grant to the patentee and his licensees if they so desire, of a licence in respect of the other invention on reasonable terms; and
(ii) that the other invention has made a substantial contribution to the establishment or development of commercial or industrial activities in India.
(3) When the Controller is satisfied that the conditions mentioned in sub-section (1) have been established by the applicant, he may make an order on such terms as he thinks fit granting a licence under the first mentioned patent and a similar order under the other patent if so requested by the proprietor of the first mentioned patent or his licensee.
(4) The provisions of sections 92 and 110 shall apply to licences granted under this section as they apply to licences granted under section 84.
97. Special provisions for compulsory licences on notifications by Central Government
(1) If the Central Government is satisfied in respect of any patent or class of patents in force that is necessary or expedient in the public interest that compulsory licences should be granted at any time after the sealing thereof to work the invention or inventions, it may make a declaration to that effect in the Official Gazette, and thereupon the following provisions shall have effect, that is to say -
(i) the Controller shall on application made at any time after the notification by any person interested grant to the applicant a licence under the patent on such terms as he thinks fit;
(ii) in settling the terms of a licence granted under this section, the Controller shall endeavour to secure that the articles manufactured under the patent shall be available to the public at the lowest prices consistent with the patentees deriving a reasonable ​advantage from their patent rights.
(2) The provisions of sections 92, 93, 94 and 95 shall apply in relation to the grant of licences under this section as they apply in relation to the grant of licences under section 84.
98. Order for licence to operate as a deed between parties concerned
Any order for the grant of a licence under this Chapter shall operate as if it were a deed granting a licence executed by the patentee and all other necessary parties embodying the terms and conditions, if any, settled by the Controller.
CHAPTER XVII
USE OF INVENTIONS FOR PURPOSES OF GOVERNMENT
AND ACQUISITION OF INVENTIONS BY
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
99. Meaning of use of inventions for purposes of Government
(1) For the purposes of this Chapter, an invention is said to be used for the purposes of Government if it is made, used, exercised or vended for the purposes of the Central Government, a State Government or a Government undertaking.
(2) Without prejudice to the generality of the provisions of sub-section (1), -
    a. the importation, by or on behalf of the Government, of any invention being a machine, apparatus or other article covered by a patent granted before the commencement of this Act, for the purpose merely of its own use; and
    b. the importation, by or on behalf of the Government, of any invention being a medicine or drug covered by a patent granted before the commencement of this Act
(i) for the purpose merely of its own use; or
(ii) for the purpose of distribution in any dispensary, hospital or other medical institution maintained by or on behalf of the Government or in any other dispensary, hospital or other medical institution which the Central Government may, having regard to the public service which such other dispensary, hospital or medical institution renders, specify in this behalf by notification in the Official Gazette,
shall also be deemed, for the purposes of this Chapter, to be use of such invention for the purposes of Government.
(3) Nothing contained in this Chapter shall apply in respect of any such importation making or using of any machine, apparatus or other article or of any such using of any process or of any such importation, using or distribution of any medicine or drug, as may be made by virtue of one or more of the conditions specified in section 47.
100. Power of Central Government to use inventions for purposes of Government
(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, at any time after an application for a patent has been filed at the patent office or a patent has been granted, the Central Government and any person authorised in writing by it, may use the invention for the purposes of Government in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter. ​(2) Where an invention has, before the priority date of the relevant claim of the complete specification, been duly recorded in a document, or tested or tried, by or on behalf of the Government or a Government undertaking, otherwise than in consequence of the communication of the invention directly or indirectly by the patentee or by a person from whom he derives title, any use of the invention by the Central Government or any person authorised in writing by it for the purposes of Government may be made free of any royalty or other remuneration to the patentee.
(3) If and so far as the invention has not been so recorded or tried or tested as aforesaid, any use of the invention made by the Central Government or any person authorised by it under sub-section (1), at any time after the acceptance of the complete specification in respect of the patent or in consequence of any such communication as aforesaid, shall be made upon terms as may be agreed upon either before or after the use, between the Central Government or any person authorised under sub-section (1) and the patentee, or, as may in default of agreement be determined by the High Court on a reference under section 103:
Provided that in the case of any such use of any patent in respect of any medicine or drug or article of food the royalty and other remuneration shall in no case exceed four per cent of the net ex-factory sale price in bulk of the patented article (exclusive of taxes levied under any law for the time being in force and any commissions payable) determined in such manner as may be prescribed.
(4) The authorisation by the Central Government in respect of an invention may be given under this section, either before or after the patent is granted and either before or after the acts in respect of which such authorisation is given or done, and may be given to any person, whether or not he is authorised directly or indirectly by the applicant or the patentee to make, use, exercise or vend the invention or import the machine, apparatus or other article or medicine or drug covered by such patent.
(5) Where an invention has been used by or with the authority of the Central Government for the purposes of Government under this section, then, unless it appears to the Government that it would be contrary to the public interest so to do, the Government shall notify the patentee as soon as practicable of the fact and furnish him with such information as to the extent of the use of the invention as he may, from time to time, reasonably require; and where the invention has been used for the purposes of a Government undertaking, the Central Government may call for such information as may be necessary for this purpose from such undertaking.
(6) The right to make, use, exercise and vend an invention for the purposes of Government under sub-section (1) shall include the right to sell the goods which have been made in exercise of that right, and a purchaser of goods so sold, and a person claiming through him, shall have the power to deal with the goods as if the Central Government or the person authorised under sub-section (1) were the patentee of the invention.
(7) Where in respect of a patent which has been the subject matter of an authorisation under this section, there is an exclusive licensee as is referred to in sub-section (3) of section 101, or where such patent has been assigned to the patentee in consideration of royalties or other benefits determined by reference to the use of the invention (including payments by way of minimum royalty), the notice directed to be given under sub-section (5) shall also be given to such exclusive licensee or assignor, as the case may be, and the reference to the patentee in sub-section (3) shall be deemed to include a reference to such assignor or exclusive licensee.
101. Rights of third parties in respect of use of invention for purposes of ​Government
(1) In relation to any use of a patented invention, or an invention in respect of which an application for a patent is pending, made for the purposes of Government-
    a. by the Central Government or any person authorised by the Central Government under section 100; or
    b. by the patentee or applicant for the patent to the order made by the Central Government.
the provisions of any licence, assignment or agreement granted or made, whether before or after the commencement of this Act, between the patentee or applicant for the patent (or any person who derives title from him or from whom he derives title) and any person other than the Central Government shall be of no effect so far as those provisions-
(i) restrict or regulate the use for the purposes of Government of the invention, or of any model, document or information relating thereto, or
(ii) provide for the making of payments in respect of any use of the invention or of the model, document or information relating thereto for the purposes of Government (including payments by way of minimum royalty),
and the reproduction or publication of any model or document in connection with the said use for the purposes of Government shall not be deemed to be an infringement of any copyright subsisting in the model or document.
(2) Where the patent, or the right to apply for or obtain the patent, has been assigned to the patentee in consideration of royalties or other benefits determined by reference to the use of the invention (including payments by way of minimum royalty), then, in relation to any use of the invention made for the purposes of Government by the patentee to the order of the Central Government, sub-section (3) of section 100 shall have effect as if that use were made by virtue of an authority given under that section; and any use of the invention for the purposes of Government by virtue of sub-section (3) of that section shall have effect as if the reference to the patentee included a reference to the assignor of the patent, and any sum payable by virtue of that sub-section shall be divided between the patentee and the assignor in such proportion as may be agreed upon between them or as may in default of agreement be determined by the High Court on a reference under section 103.
(3) Where by virtue of sub-section (3) of section 100, payments are required to be made by the Central Government or persons authorised under sub-section (1) of that section in respect of the use of an invention for the purposes of Government and where in respect of such patent there is an exclusive licensee authorised under his licence to use the invention for the purposes of Government, such sum shall be shared by the patentee and such licensee in such proportions, if any, as may be agreed upon between them or as may in default of agreement be determined by the High Court on a reference under section 103 to be just, having regard to any expenditure incurred by the licensee
    a. in developing the said invention; or
    b. in making payments to the patentees other than royalties or other benefits determined by reference to the use of the invention including payments by way of minimum royalty in consideration of the licence.
102. Acquisition of inventions and patents by the Central Government
(1) The Central Government may, if satisfied that it is necessary that an invention which is the subject of an application for a patent or a patent should be acquired from the applicant or the patentee for a public purpose, publish a notification to that effect in the Official Gazette, and thereupon the invention or patent and all rights in respect of the invention or ​patent shall, by force of this section, stand transferred to and be vested in the Central Government.
(2) Notice of the acquisition shall be given to the applicant, and, where a patent has been granted, to the patentee and other persons, if any, appearing in the register as having an interest in the patent.
(3) The Central Government shall pay to the applicant, or, as the case may be, the patentee and other persons appearing on the register as having an interest in the patent such compensation as may be agreed upon between the Central Government and the applicant, or the patentee and other persons; or, as may, in default of agreement, be determined by the High Court on a reference under section 103 to be just having regard to the expenditure incurred in connection with the invention and, in the case of a patent, the term thereof, the period during which and the manner in which it has already been worked (including the profits made during such period by the patentee or by his licensee whether exclusive or otherwise) and other relevant factors.
103. Reference to High Court of disputes as use for purposes of Government
(1) Any dispute as to the exercise by the Central Government or a person authorised by it of the powers conferred by section 100, or as to terms for the use of an invention for the purposes of Government thereunder or as to the right of any person to receive any part of a payment made in pursuance of sub-section (3) of that section or as to the amount of compensation payable for the acquisition of an invention or a patent under section 102, may be referred to the High Court by either party to the dispute in such manner as may be prescribed by the rules of the High Court.
(2) In any proceedings under this section to which the Central Government is a party, the Central Government may,-
    a. if the patentee is a party to the proceedings, petition by way of counter-claim for revocation of the patent on any ground upon which a patent may be revoked under section 64; and
    b. whether a patentee is or is not a party to the proceedings, put in issue the validity of the patent without petitioning for its revocation.
(3) If in such proceedings as aforesaid any question arises whether an invention has been recorded, tested or tried as is mentioned in section 100, and the disclosure of any document regarding the invention, or of any evidence of the test or trial thereof, would, in the opinion of the Central Government, be prejudicial to the public interest,the disclosure may be made confidentially to the advocate of the other party or to an independent expert mutually agreed upon.
(4) In determining under this section any dispute between the Central Government and any person as to terms for the use of an invention for the purposes of Government, the High Court shall have regard to any benefit or compensation which that person or any person from whom he derives title, may have received, or may be entitled to receive, directly or indirectly in respect of the use of the invention in question for the purposes of Government.
(5) In any proceedings under this section, the High Court may at any time order the whole proceedings or any question or issue of fact arising therein to be referred to an official referee, commissioner or an arbitrator, on such terms as the High Court may direct, and references to the High Court in the foregoing provisions of this section shall be construed accordingly.
(6) Where the invention claimed in a patent was made by a person who at the time it was made was in the service of the Central Government or of a State Government or was an ​employee of a Government undertaking and the subject-matter of the invention is certified by the relevant Government or the principal officer of the Government undertaking to be connected with the work done in the course of the normal duties of the Government servant or employee of the Government undertaking, then, notwithstanding anything contained in this section, any dispute of the nature referred to in sub-section (1) relating to the invention shall be disposed of by the Central Government conformably to the provisions of this section so far as may be applicable, but before doing so the Central Government shall give an opportunity to the patentee and such other parties as it considers have an interest in the matter to be heard.
CHAPTER XVIII
SUITS CONCERNING INFRINGEMENT OF PATENTS
104. Jurisdiction
No suit for a declaration under section 105 or for any relief under section 106 or for infringement of a patent shall be instituted in any court inferior to a district court having jurisdiction to try to suit:
Provided that where a counter-claim for revocation of the patent is made by the defendant,the suit, along with the counter-claim, shall be transferred to the High Court for decision.
105. Power of Court to make declaration as to non-infringement
(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in section 34 of the Specific Relief Act, 1963, any person may institute a suit for a declaration that the use by him of any process, or the making, use or sale of any article by him does not, or would not, constitute an infringement of a claim of a patent against the patentee or the holder of an exclusive licence under the patent, notwithstanding that no assertion to the contrary has been made by the patentee or the licensee, if it is shown-
    a. that the plaintiff has applied in writing to the patentee or exclusive licensee for a written acknowledgement to the effect of the declaration claimed and has furnished him with full particulars in writing of the process or article in question; and
    b. that the patentee or licensee has refused or neglected to give such an acknowledgement.
(2) The costs of all parties in a suit for a declaration brought by virtue of this section shall, unless for special reasons the court thinks fit to order otherwise, be paid by the plaintiff.
(3) The validity of a claim of the specification of a patent shall not be called in question in a suit for a declaration brought by virtue of this section, and accordingly the making or refusal of such a declaration in the case of a patent shall not be deemed to imply that the patent is valid or invalid.
(4) A suit for a declaration may be brought by virtue of this section at any time after the date of advertisement of acceptance of the complete specification of a patent, and references in this section to the patentee shall be construed accordingly.
106. Power of Court to grant relief in cases of groundless threat of infringement proceedings
(1) Where any person (whether entitled to or interested in a patent or an application for a patent or not) threatens any other person by circulars or advertisements or by ​communications, oral or in writing addressed to that or any other person, with proceedings for infringement of a patent, any person aggrieved thereby may bring a suit against him praying for the following reliefs, that is to say -
    a. a declaration to the effect that the threats are unjustifiable;
    b. an injunction against the continuance of the threats; and
    c. such damages, if any, as he has sustained thereby.
(2) Unless in such suit the defendant proves that the acts in respect of which the proceedings were threatened constitute or, if done, would constitute, an infringement of a patent or of rights arising from the publication of a complete specification in respect of a claim of the specification not shown by the plaintiff to be invalid, the court may grant to the plaintiff all or any of the reliefs prayed for.
Explanation – A mere notification of the [existence] of a patent does not constitute a threat of proceeding within the meaning of this section.
107. Defences etc., in suits for infringement
(1) In any suit for infringement of a patent, every ground on which it may be revoked under section 64 shall be available as a ground for defence.
(2) In any suit for infringement of a patent by the making, using or importation of any machine, apparatus or other article or by the using of any process or by the importation, use or distribution of any medicine or drug, it shall be a ground for defence that such making, using importation or distribution is in accordance with any or more of the conditions specified in section 47.
108. Reliefs in suits for infringement
The reliefs which a court may grant in any suit for infringement include an injunction(subject to such terms, if any, as the court thinks fit) and, at the option of the plaintiff, either damages or an account of profits.
109. Rights of exclusive licencee to take proceedings against infringement
(1) The holder of an exclusive licence shall have the like right as the patentee to institute a suit in respect of any infringement of the patent committed after the date of the licence, and in awarding damages or an account of profits or granting any other relief in any such suit the court shall take into consideration any loss suffered or likely to be suffered by the exclusive licensee as such or, as the case may be, the profits carried by means of the infringement so far as it constitutes an infringement of the rights of the exclusive licensee as such.
(2) In any suit for infringement of a patent by the holder of an exclusive licence under sub-section (1), the patentee shall, unless he has joined as a plaintiff in the suit, be added as a defendant, but a patentee so added as defendant shall not be liable for any costs unless he enters an appearance and takes part in the proceedings.
110. Right of licencee under section 84 to take proceedings against infringement
Any person to whom a licence has been granted under section 84 shall be entitled to call upon the patentee to take proceedings to prevent any infringement of the patent, and, if the patentee refuses or neglects to do so within two months after being so called upon, the licensee may institute proceedings for the infringement in his own name as though he were the patentee, making the patentee a defendant; but a patentee so added as defendant shall not be liable for any costs unless he enters an appearance and takes part in the proceedings. ​111. Restoration on power of Courts to grant damages or account of profits for infringement
(1) In a suit for infringement of a patent, damages or an account of profits shall not be granted against the defendant who proves that at the date of the infringement he was not aware and had no reasonable grounds for believing that the patent existed.
Explanation – A person shall not be deemed to have been aware or to have had reasonable grounds for believing that a patent exists by reason only of the application to an article of the word "patent", "patented" or any word or words expressing or implying that a patent has been obtained for the article, unless the number of the patent accompanies the word or words in question.
(2) In any suit for infringement of a patent the court may, if it thinks fit, refuse to grant any damages or an account of profits in respect of any infringement committed after a failure to pay any renewal fee within the prescribed period and before any extension of that period.
(3) Where an amendment of a specification by way of disclaimer, correction or explanation has been allowed under this Act after the publication of the specification, no damages or account of profits shall be granted in any proceeding in respect of the use of the invention before the date of the decision allowing the amendment, unless the court is satisfied that the specification as originally published was framed in good faith and with reasonable skill and knowledge.
(4) Nothing in this section shall affect the power of the court to grant an injunction in any suit for infringement of a patent.
112. Restriction of power of Court to grant injunction in certain cases
If in proceedings for the infringement of a patent endorsed or deemed to be endorsed with the words "Licences of right" (otherwise than by the importation of the patented article from other countries) the infringing defendant is ready and willing to take a licence upon terms to be settled by the Controller as provided in section 88, no injunction shall be granted against him, and the amount if any recoverable against him by way of damages shall not exceed double the amount which would have been recoverable against him as licensee if such a licence had been granted before the earliest infringement.
113. Certificate of validity of specification and costs of subsequent suits for infringement thereof
(1) If in any proceedings before a High Court for the revocation of a patent under section 64 the validity of any claim of a specification is contested and that claim is found by the Court to be valid, the Court may certify that the validity of that claim was contested in those proceedings and was upheld.
(2) Where any such certificate has been granted, then, if in any subsequent suit before a court for infringement of that claim of the patent or in any subsequent proceeding for revocation of the patent in so far as it relates to that claim, the patentee or other person relying on the validity of the claim obtains a final order or judgement in his favour, he shall be entitled to an order for the payment of his full costs, charges and expenses of and incidental to any such suit or proceeding properly incurred so far as they concern the claim in respect of which the certificate was granted, unless the court trying the suit or proceeding otherwise directs:
Provided that the costs as specified in this sub-section shall not be ordered when the party disputing the validity of the claim satisfies the court that he was not aware of the grant of the certificate when he raised the dispute and withdrew forthwith such defence when he ​became aware of such a certificate.
(3) Nothing contained in this section shall be construed as authorising courts hearing appeals from decrees or orders in suits for infringement or petitions for revocation to pass orders for costs on the scale referred to therein.
114. Relief for infringement of partially valid specification
(1) If in proceedings for infringement of a patent it is found that any claim of the specification, being a claim in respect of which infringement is alleged, is valid, but that any other claim is invalid, the court may grant relief in respect of any valid claim which is infringed:
Provided that the court shall not grant relief except by way of injunction save in the circumstances mentioned in sub-section (2).
(2) Where the plaintiff proves that the invalid claim was framed in good faith and with reasonable skill and knowledge, the court shall grant relief in respect of any valid claim which is infringed subject to the discretion of the court as to costs and as to the date from which damages or an account of profits should be reckoned, and in exercising such discretion the court may take into consideration the conduct of the parties in inserting such invalid claims in the specification or permitting them to remain there.
115. Scientific advisers
(1) In any suit for infringement or in any proceeding before a court under this Act, the court may at any time, and whether or not an application has been made by any party for that purpose, appoint an independent scientific adviser to assist the court or to inquire and report upon any such question of fact or of opinion (not involving a question of interpretation of law) as it may formulate for the purpose.
(2) The remuneration of the scientific adviser shall be fixed by the court and shall include the costs of making a report and a proper daily fee and any day on which the scientific adviser may be required to attend before the court, and such remuneration shall be defrayed out of moneys provided by Parliament by law for the purpose.
CHAPTER XIX
APPEALS
116. Appeals
(1) No appeal shall lie from any decision, order or correction made of issued under this Act by the Central Government, or from any act or order of the Controller for the purpose of giving effect to any such decision, order or direction.
(2) Save as otherwise expressly provided in sub-section (1), an appeal shall lie to a High Court from any decision, order or direction of the Controller under any of the following provisions, that is to say,
section 15, section 16, section 17, section 18, section 19, section 20, section 25, section 27, section 28, section 51, section 54, section 57, section 60, section 61, section 63, subsection (3) of section 69, section 78, section 84, section 86, section 88 (3), section 89, section 93, section 96 and section 97.
(3) Every appeal under this section shall be in writing and shall be made within three months from the date of the decision, order or direction, as the case may be, of the Controller, or within such further time as the High Court may in accordance with the rules ​made by it under section 158 allow.
117. Procedure for bearing of appeals
(1) Every appeal before a High Court under section 116 shall be by petition and shall be in such form and shall contain such particulars as may be prescribed by rules made by the High Court under section 158.
(2) Every such appeal shall be heard by a single judge of the High Court. Provided that any such Judge may, if he so thinks fit, refer the appeal at any stage of the proceeding to a Bench of the High Court.
(3) Every such appeal shall be heard as expeditiously as possible and endeavor shall be made to decide the appeal within a period of twelve months from the date on which it is filed.
CHAPTER XX
PENALTIES
118. Contravention of secrecy provisions relating to certain inventions
If any person fails to comply with any direction given under section 35 (***) or makes or causes to be made an application for the grant of a patent in contravention of section 39, he shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extended to two years, or with fine or with both.
119. Falsification of entries in register etc.
If any person makes, or causes to be made, a false entry in any register kept under this Act, or a writing falsely purporting to be a copy of an entry in such a register, or produces or tenders, or causes to be produced or tendered, in evidence any such writing knowing the entry or writing to be false, he shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both.
120. Unauthorized claim of patents rights
If any person falsely represents that any article sold by him is patented in India or is the subject of an application for a patent in India, he shall be punishable with fine which may extend to five hundred rupees.
Explanation 1.- For the purposes of this section, a person shall be deemed to represent-
    a. that an article is patented in India if there is stamped, engraved or impressed on, or otherwise applied to, the article the word "patent" or "patented" or some other word expressing or implying that a patent for the article has been obtained in India;
    b. that an article is the subject of an application for a patent in India, if there are stamped, engraved or impressed on, or otherwise applied to, the article the words "patent applied for", "patent pending", or some other words implying that an application for a patent for the article has been made in India.
Explanation 2. – The use of words "patent", "patented", "patent applied for", "patent pending" or other words expressing or implying that an article is patented or that a patent has been applied for shall be deemed to refer to a patent in force in India, or to a pending application for a patent in India, as the case may be, unless there is an accompanying indication that the patent has been obtained or applied for in any country outside India. ​121. Wrongful use of words "patent office"
If any person uses on his place of business or any document issued by him or otherwise the words "patent office" or any other words which would reasonably lead to the belief that his place of business is, or is officially connected with, the patent office, he shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to six months, or with fine, or with both.
122. Refusal of failure to supply information
(1) If any person refuses or fails to furnish-
    a. to the Central Government any information which he is required to furnish under sub-section (5) of section 100,
    b. to the Controller any information or statement which he is required to furnish by or under section 146,
he shall be punishable with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees.
(2) If any person, being required to furnish any such information as is referred to in sub-section (1), furnishes information or statement which is false, and which he either knows or has reason to believe to be false or does not believe to be true, he shall be punishable with imprisonment which may extend to six months, or with fine, or with both.
123. Practice by non-registered patent agents
If any person contravenes the provisions of section 129, he shall be punishable with fine which may extend to five hundred rupees in the case of a first offence and two thousand rupees in the case of a second or subsequent offence.
124. Offences by companies
(1) If the person committing an offence under this Act is a company, the company as well as every person in charge of, and responsible to, the company for the conduct of its business at the time of the commission of the offence shall be deemed to be guilty of the offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly:
Provided that nothing contained in this sub-section shall render any such person liable to any punishment if he proves that the offence was committed without his knowledge or that he exercised all due diligence to prevent the commission of such offence.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), where an offence under this Act has been committed by a company and it is proved that the offence has been committed with the consent or connivance of, or that the commission of the offence is attributable to any neglect on the part of any director, manager, secretary or other officer of the company, such director, manager, secretary or other officer shall also be deemed to be guilty of that offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly.
Explanation – For the purposes of this section,-
    a. "company" means any body corporate and includes a firm or other association of individuals; and
    b. "director", in relation to a firm, means a partner in the firm.
CHAPTER XXI
PATENT AGENTS
125. Register of patent agents
The Controller shall maintain a register to be called the register of patent agents in which shall be entered the names and addresses of all persons qualified to have their names so entered under section 126.
126. Qualifications for registration as patent agents
(1) A person shall be qualified to have his name entered in the register of patent agents if he fulfils the following conditions, namely:-
    a. he is a citizen of India;
    b. he has completed the age of 21 years;
    c. he has obtained a degree from any University in the territory of India or possesses such other equivalent qualifications as the Central Government may specify in this behalf, and, in addition,
(i) is an advocate within the meaning of the Advocates Act, 1961; or
(ii) has passed the qualifying examination prescribed for the purpose;
(d) he has paid such fee as may be prescribed.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), a person who has been practicing as a patent agent before the 1st day of November, 1966 and has filed not less than five complete specifications before the said day, shall, on payment of prescribed fee, be qualified to have his name entered in the register of patent agents.
127. Rights of patent agents
Subject to the provisions contained in this Act and in any rules made thereunder, every patent agent whose name is entered in the register shall be entitled-
    a. to practise before the Controller; and
    b. to prepare all documents, transact all business and discharge such other functions as may be prescribed in connection with any proceeding before the Controller under this Act.
128. Subscription and verification of certain documents by patent agents
(1) Subject to the provisions contained in sub-section (2) and to any rules made under this Act all applications and communications to the Controller under this Act may be signed by a patent agent authorised in writing in this behalf by the person concerned.
(2) The following documents, namely,-
(i) applications for patents;
(ii) applications for the restoration of lapsed patents;
(iii) applications for the sealing of patents after the time allowed or that purpose by or under sub-section (2), or sub-section (3) of section 43 has expired;
(iv) applications for leave to amend;
(v) applications for compulsory licences or for revocation; and
(vi) notices of surrender of patents,
shall be signed and verified in the manner prescribed by the person making such applications or giving such notices: ​Provided that if such person is absent from India, they may be signed and verified on his behalf by a patent agent authorised by him in writing in that behalf.
129. Restrictions on practice as patent agents
(1) No person, either alone or in partnership with any other person, shall practise, describe or hold himself out as a patent agent, or permit himself to be so described or held out, unless he is registered as a patent agent or, as the case may be, unless he and all his partners are so registered.
(2) No company or other body corporate shall practice, describe itself or hold itself out as patent agents or permit itself to be so described or held out.
Explanation – For the purposes of this section, practice as a patent agent includes any of the following acts, namely: –
    a. applying for or obtaining patents in India or elsewhere;
    b. preparing specifications or other documents for the purposes of this Act or of the patent law of any other country;
    c. giving advice other than of a scientific or technical nature as to the validity of patents or their infringement.
130. Removal from register patent agents and restoration
(1) The Central Government may remove the name of any person from the register when it is satisfied, after giving that person a reasonable opportunity of being heard and after such further inquiry, if any, as it thinks fit to make -
(i) that his name has been entered in the register by error or on account of misrepresentation or suppression of material fact;
(ii) that he has been convicted of any offence and sentenced to a term of imprisonment or has been guilty of misconduct in his professional capacity which in the opinion of the Central Government renders him unfit to be kept in the register.
(2) The Central Government may, on application and on sufficient cause being shown, restore to the register the name of any person removed therefrom.
131. Power of Controller to refuse to deal with certain agents
(1) Subject to any rules made in this behalf, the Controller may refuse to recognise as agent in respect of any business under this Act –
    a. any individual whose name has been removed from, and not restored to, the register;
    b. any person who has been convicted of an offence under section 123;
    c. any person, not being registered as a patent agent, who in the opinion of the Controller is engaged wholly in acting as agent in applying for patents in India or elsewhere in the name or for the benefit of the person by whom he is employed;
    d. any company or firm, if any person whom the Controller could refuse to recognise as agent in respect of any business under this Act, is acting as a director or manager of the company or is a partner in the firm.
(2) The Controller shall refuse to recognize as agent in respect of any business under this Act any person who neither resides nor has a place of business in India.
132. Savings in respect of other persons authorized to act as agent
Nothing in this Chapter shall be deemed to prohibit –
    a. the applicant for a patent or any person, not being a patent agent who is duly authorised by the applicant from drafting any specification or appearing or acting ​
    before the Controller; or
b. an advocate, not being a patent agent, from taking part in any proceedings under this Act otherwise than by way of drafting any specification.
CHAPTER XXII
INTERNATIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
133. Notification as to convention countries
(1) With a view to the fulfillment of a treaty, convention or arrangement with any country outside India which affords to applicants for patents in India or to citizens of India similar privileges as are granted to its own citizens in respect of the grant of patents and the protection of patent rights, the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, declare such country to be a convention country for the purposes of this Act.
(2) A declaration under sub-section (1) may be made for the purposes either of all or of some only of the provisions of this Act, and a country in the case of which a declaration made for the purposes of some only of the provisions of this Act is in force shall be deemed to be a convention country for the purposes of those provisions only.
134. Notification as to countries not providing for reciprocity
Where any country specified by the Central Government in this behalf by notification in the Official Gazette does not accord to citizens of India the same rights in respect of the grant of patents and the protection of patent rights as it accords to its own nationals, no national of such country shall be entitled, either solely or jointly with any other person,-
    a. to apply for the grant of a patent or be registered as the proprietor of a patent;
    b. to be registered as the assignee of the proprietor of a patent; or
    c. to apply for a licence or hold any licence under a patent granted under this Act.
135. Convention applications
(1) Without prejudice to the provisions contained in section 6, where a person has made an application for a patent in respect of an invention in a convention country (hereinafter referred to as the "basic application"), and that person or the legal representative or assignee of that person makes an application under this Act for a patent within twelve months after the date on which the basic application was made, the priority date of a claim of the complete specification, being a claim based on matter disclosed in the basic application, is the date of making of the basic application.
Explanation. – Where applications have been made for similar protection in respect of an invention in two or more convention countries, the period of twelve months referred to in this sub-section shall be reckoned from the date on which the earlier or earliest of the said applications was made.
(2) Where applications for protection have been made in one or more convention countries in respect of two or more inventions which are cognate or of which one is a modification of another, a single convention application may, subject to the provisions contained in section 10, be made in respect of those inventions at any time within twelve months from the date of the earliest of the said applications for protection: ​Provided that the fee payable on the making of any such application shall be the same as if separate applications have been made in respect of each of the said inventions,and the requirements of clause (b) of sub-section (1) of section 136 shall, in the case of any such application,apply separately to the applications for protection in respect of each of the said inventions.
136. Special provisions relating to convention applications
(1) Every convention application shall
    a. be accompanies by a complete specification;and
    b. specify the date on which and the convention country in which the application for protection, or as the case may be, the first of such applications was made; and
    c. state that no application for protection in respect of the invention had been made in a convention country before that date by the applicant or by any person from whom he derives title.
(2) Subject to the provisions contained in section 10, a complete specification filed with a convention application may include claims in respect of developments or,or additions to,the invention in respect of which the application for protection was made in a convention country, being developments or additions in respect of which the applicant would be entitled under the provisions of section 6 to make a separate application for a patent.
(3) A convention application shall not be post-dated under sub-section (1) of section 17 to a date later than the date on which under the provisions of this Act the application could have been made.
137. Multiple priorities
(1) Where two or more applications for patents in respect of inventions have been made in one or more convention countries and those inventions are so related as to constitute one invention, one application may be made by any or all of the persons referred to in sub-section (1) of section 135 within twelve months from the date on which the earlier or earliest of those applications was made,in respect of the inventions disclosed in the specifications which accompanied the basic application.
(2) The priority date of a claim of the complete specification,being a claim based on matters disclosed in one or more of the basic applications, is the date on which that matter was first so disclosed.
(3) For the purposes of this Act,a matter shall be deemed to have been disclosed in a basic application for protection in a convention country if it was claimed or disclosed (otherwise than by way of disclaimer or acknowledgement of a prior art) in that application,or any documents submitted by the applicant for protection in support of and at the same time as that application,but no account shall be taken of any disclosure effected by any such document unless a copy of the document is filed at the patent office with the convention application or within such period as may be prescribed after the filing of that application.
138. Supplementary provisions as to convention applications
(1) Where a convention application is made in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter,the applicant shall furnish,in addition to the complete specification, copies of the specifications or corresponding documents filed or deposited by the applicant in the patent office of the convention country in which the basic application was made,certified by the official chief or head of the patent office of the convention country, or otherwise verified to ​the satisfaction of the Controller, along with the application or within three months thereafter, or within such further period as the Controller may on good cause allow.
(2) If any such specification or other document is in a foreign language, a translation into English of the specification or document, verified by affidavit or otherwise to the satisfaction of the Controller, shall be annexed to the specification or document.
(3) For the purposes of this Act, the date on which an application was made in a convention country is such date as the Controller is satisfied, by certificate of the official chief or head of the patent office of the convention country or otherwise, in the date on which the application was made in that convention country.
139. Other provisions of Act to apply to convention applications
Save as otherwise provided in this Chapter, all the provisions of this Act shall apply in relation to a convention application and a patent granted in pursuance thereof as they apply in relation to an ordinary application and a patent granted in pursuance thereof.
CHAPTER XXIII
MISCELLANEOUS
140. Avoidance of certain restrictive conditions
(1) It shall not be lawful to insert –
(i) in any contract for or in relation to the sale or lease of a patented article or an article made by a patented process; or
(ii) in a licence to manufacture or use a patented article; or
(iii) in a licence to work any process protected by a patent, a condition the effect of which may be -
    a. to require the purchaser, lessee, or licensee to acquire from the vendor, lessor, or licensor, or his nominees, or to prohibit from acquiring or to restrict in any manner or to any extent his right to acquire from any person or to prohibit him from acquiring except from the vendor, lessor, or licensor or his nominees, any article other than the patented article or an article other than that made by the patented process; or
    b. to prohibit the purchaser, lessee or licensee from using, or to restrict in any manner or to any extent the right of the purchaser, lessee or licensee, to use an article other than the patented article or an article other than that made by the patented process, which is not supplied by the vendor, lessor or licensor or his nominee; or
    c. to prohibit the purchaser, lessee or licensee from using or to restrict in any manner or to any extent the right of the purchaser, lessee or licensee to use any process other than the patented process,
and any such condition shall be void.
(2) A condition of the nature referred to in clause (a) or clause (b) or clause (c) of sub-section (1) shall not cease to be a condition falling within that sub-section merely by reason of the fact that the agreement containing it has been entered into separately, whether before or after the contract relating to the sale, lease or licence of the patented article or process.
(3) In proceedings against any person for the infringement of a patent, it shall be a defence ​to prove that at the time of the infringement there was in force a contract relating to the patent and containing a condition declared unlawful by this section:
Provided that this sub-section shall not apply if the plaintiff is not a party to the contract and proves to the satisfaction of the court that the restrictive condition was inserted in the contract without his knowledge and consent, express or implied.
(4) Nothing in this section shall -
    a. affect a condition in a contract by which a person is prohibited from selling goods other than those of a particular person;
    b. validate a contract which, but for this section, would be invalid;
    c. affect a condition in a contract for the lease of, or licence to use, a patented article, by which the lessor or licensor reserves to himself or his nominee the right to supply such new parts of the patented article as may be required or to put or keep it in repair.
(5) The provisions of this section shall also apply to contracts made before the commencement of this Act if, and in so far as, any restrictive conditions declared unlawful by this section continue in force after the expiration of one year from such commencement.
141. Determination of certain contracts
(1) Any contract for the sale or lease of a patented article or for licence to manufacture, use or work a patented article or process, or relating to any such sale, lease or licence, whether made before or after the commencement of this Act, may at any time after the patent or all the patents by which the article or process was protected at the time of the making of the contract has or have ceased to be in force, and notwithstanding anything to the contrary in the contract or in any other contract, be determined by the purchaser, lessee, or licensee, as the case may be, of the patent on giving three months notice in writing to the other party.
(2) The provisions of this section shall be without prejudice to any right of determining a contract exercisable apart from this section.
142. Fees
(1) There shall be paid in respect of the grant of patents and applications therefor, and in respect of other matters in relation to the grant of patents under this Act, such fees as may be prescribed by the Central Government.
(2) Where a fee is payable in respect of the doing of an act by the Controller, the Controller shall not do that act until the fee has been paid.
(3) Where a fee is payable in respect of the filing of a document at the patent office, the document shall be deemed not to have been filed at the office until the fee has been paid.
(4) Where a principal patent is granted later than two years from the date of filing of the complete specification, the fees which have become due in the meantime may be paid within a term of three months from the date of the recording of the patent in the register.
143. Restrictions upon publication of specification
Subject to the provisions of Chapter VII, an application for a patent, and any specification filed in pursuance thereof, shall not, except with the consent of the applicant, be published by the Controller or be open to public inspection at any time before the date of advertisement of acceptance of the application in pursuance of section 23. ​144. Reports of Examiners to be confidential
The reports of Examiners to the Controller under this Act shall not be open to public inspection or be published by the Controller; and such reports shall not be liable to production or inspection in any legal proceeding unless the court certifies that the production or inspection is desirable in the interests of justice, and ought to be allowed.
145. Publication of patented inventions
The Controller shall issue periodically a publication of patented inventions containing such information as the Central Government may direct.
146. Power of Controller to call for information from patentees
(1) The Controller may, at any time during the continuance of the patent, by notice in writing, require a patentee or a licensee, exclusive or otherwise, to furnish to him within two months from the date of such notice or within such further time as the Controller may allow, such information or such periodical statements as to the extent to which the patented invention has been commercially worked in India as may be specified in the notice.
(2) Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-section (1), every patentee and every licensee (whether exclusive or otherwise) shall furnish in such manner and form and at such intervals (not being less than six months) as may be prescribed statements as to the extent to which the patented invention has been worked on a commercial scale in India.
(3) The Controller may publish the information received by him under sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) in such manner as may be prescribed.
147. Evidence of entries, documents, etc.
(1) A certificate purporting to be signed by the Controller as to any entry, matter or thing which he is authorised by this Act or any rules made there under to make or do, shall be prima facie evidence of the entry having been made and of the contents thereof and of the matter or thing having been done or omitted to be done.
(2) A copy of any entry in any register or of any document kept in the patent office or of any patent, or an extract from any such register or document, purporting to be certified by the Controller and sealed with the seal of the patent office shall be admitted in evidence in all courts, and in all proceedings, without further proof or production of the original.
(3) The Controller or any other officer of the patent office shall not, in any legal proceedings to which he is not a party, be compellable to produce the register or any other document in his custody, the contents of which can be proved by the production of a certified copy issued under this Act or to appear as a witness to prove the matters therein recorded unless by order of the court made for special causes.
148. Declaration by infant, lunatic, etc.
(1) If any person is, by reason of minority, lunacy or other disability, incapable of making any statement or doing anything required or permitted by or under this Act, the lawful guardian, committee or manager (if any) of the person subject to the disability, or if there be none, any person appointed by any court possessing jurisdiction in respect of his property, may make such statement or a statement as nearly corresponding thereto as circumstances permit, and do such thing in the name and on behalf of the person subject to the disability.
(2) An appointment may be made by the court for the purposes of this section upon the petition of any person acting on behalf of the person subject to the disability or of any other person interested in the making of the statement or the doing of the thing. ​149. Service of notions, etc., by post
Any notice required or authorised to be given by or under this Act and any application or other document so authorised or required to be made or filed, may be given, made or filed by post.
150. Security for costs
If any party by whom notice of any opposition is given under this Act or by whom application is made to the Controller for the grant of a licence under a patent neither resides nor carries on business in India,the Controller may require him to give security for the costs of the proceedings, and in default of such security being given may treat the opposition or application as abandoned.
151. Transmission of orders of courts to Controller
(1) Every order of the High Court on a petition for revocation, including orders granting certificates of validity of any claim, shall be transmitted by the High Court to the Controller who shall cause an entry thereof and reference thereto to be made in the register.
(2) Where in any suit for infringement of a patent or in any suit under section 106 the validity of any claim or a specification is contested and that claim is found by the court to be valid or not valid, as the case may be, the court shall transmit a copy of its judgement and decree to the Controller who shall on receipt thereof cause an entry in relation to such proceeding to be made in the prescribed manner in a supplemental record.
(3) The provisions of sub-sections (1) and (2) shall also apply to the court to which appeals are preferred against decisions of the courts referred to in those sub-sections.
152. Transmission of copies of specification, etc., and inspection thereof
Copies of all such specifications, drawings and amendments left at the patent office as become open to public inspection under the provisions of this Act, shall be transmitted, as soon as may be, after the printed copies thereof are available, to such authorities as the Central Government may appoint in this behalf, and shall be open to the inspection of any person at all reasonable times at places to be specified by those authorities and with the approval of the Central Government.
153. Information relating to patents
A person making a request to the Controller in the prescribed manner for information relating to any such matters as may be prescribed as respects any patent specified in the request or as respects any application for a patent so specified shall be entitled, subject to the payment of the prescribed fee, to have information supplied to him accordingly.
154. Loss or destruction of patents
If a patent is lost or destroyed, or its non-production is accounted for to the satisfaction of the Controller, the Controller may at any time, on application made in the prescribed manner and on payment of the prescribed fee, cause a duplicate thereof to be sealed and delivered to the applicant.
155. Reports of Controller to be placed before Parliament
The Central Government shall cause to be placed before both Houses of Parliament once a year a report respecting the execution of this Act by or under the Controller.
156. Patent to bind Government
Subject to the other provisions contained in this Act, a patent shall have to all intents the like effect as against Government as it has against any person. ​157. Right of Government to sell or use forfeited articles
Nothing in this Act shall affect the power of the Government or of any person deriving title directly or indirectly from the Government to sell or use any articles forfeited under any law for the time being in force.
157A. Protection of Security of India
Not withstanding anything contain in this act, The Central Government shall -
    (a) not disclose any information relating to any Patentable invention or any application relating to the grant of a patent under this act, which it considers prejudicial to the interest of security of India;
    (b) take action including the revocation of any patent which it considers necessary in the interest of security of India;
Provided that the Central Government shall, before taking any action under this clause, issues a notifiction in the Official Gazette declaring its intention to take such action.
Explanation - For the purpose of this section, the expression "security of India" means any action necessary for the security of India which-
    (i) relates to fissionable materials or the materials from which they are derived; or
    (ii) relates to the traffic in arms, ammunition and implements of war and to such traffic in other goods and materials as is carried on directly or indirectly for the purpose of supplying a millitary establishment; or
    (iii) is taken in time of war or other emergency in matter of international relations:
158. Power of High Court to make rules
The High Court may make rules consistent with this Act as to the conduct and procedure in respect of all proceedings before it under this Act.
159. Power of Central Government to make rules
(1) The Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, make rules for carrying out the purposes of this Act.
(2) Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, the Central Government may make rules to provide for all or any of the following matters, namely:
(i) the form and manner in which any application for a patent, any specifications or drawings and any other application or document may be filed in the patent office;
(ii) the time within which any act or thing may be done under this Act, including the manner in which and the time within which any matter may be advertised under this Act;
(iii) the fees which may be payable under this Act and the manner of payments of such fees;
(iv) the matters in respect of which the Examiner may make a report to the Controller;
(v) the form of request for the sealing of a patent;
(vi) the form and manner in which and the time within which any notice may be given under this Act;
(vii) the provisions which may be inserted in an order for restoration of a patent for the protection of persons who may have availed themselves of the subject matter of the patent after the patent had ceased;
(viii) the establishment of branch offices of the patent office and the regulation generally of ​the business of the patent office, including its branch offices;
(ix) the maintenance of the register of patents and the matters to be entered therein;
(x) the matters in respect of which the Controller shall have powers of a civil court;
(xi) the time when and the manner in which the register and any other document open toinspection may be inspected under this Act;
(xii) the qualifications of, and the preparation of a roll of, scientific advisers for the purpose of section 115;
(xiii) the manner in which any compensation for acquisition by Government of an invention may be paid;
(xiv) the manner in which the register of patent agents may be maintained; and conduct of qualifying examinations for patent agents; and matters connected with their practice and conduct, including the taking of disciplinary proceedings against patent agents for misconduct;
(xv) the regulation of the making, printing, publishing and selling of indexes to, and abridgments of, specifications and other documents in the patent office; and the inspection of indexes and abridgments and other documents;
(xvi) any other matter which has to be or may be prescribed.
(3) The power to make rules under this section shall be subject to condition of the rules being made after previous publication.
160. Rules to be placed before Parliament
Every rule made under this Act shall be laid, as soon as may be after it is made, before each House of Parliament while it is in session for a total period of thirty days which may be comprised in one session or in two successive sessions, and, if before the expiry of the session in which it is so laid or in the session immediately following, both Houses agree in making any modification in the rule or both Houses agree that the rule should not be made, the rule shall thereafter have effect only in such modified form or be of no effect, as the case may be; so, however, that any such modification or annulment shall be without prejudice to the validity of anything previously done under that rule.
161. Special provisions with respect to certain applications deemed to have been refused under Act 2 of 1911
(1) Where, as a result of action taken by the Controller under section 12 of the Atomic Energy Act, 1918, or under section 20 of the Atomic Energy Act, 1962, an application for a patent made before the commencement of this Act could not be accepted within the time specified for the purpose in the Indian Patents and Designs Act, 1911 (hereafter in this section referred to as the repealed Act), and, consequently, was deemed to have been refused by reason of sub-section (4) of section 5 of the repealed Act, the application may, if the applicant or, if he is dead his legal representative makes a request in that behalf to the Controller in the prescribed manner within three months from the commencement of this Act, be revived and shall be disposed of as if it were an application pending at the commencement of this Act to which the provisions of this Act apply by reason of sub-section (3) of section 162. ​(2) The Controller may, before proceeding to act upon any such request as is referred to in sub-section (1), refer the matter to the Central Government for directions as to whether the invention is one relating to atomic energy and shall act in conformity with the directions issued by it.
(3) Where in pursuance of any such application as is referred to in sub-section (1) a patent is granted, the rights of the patentee shall be subject to such conditions as the Controller thinks fit to impose for the protection or compensation of persons who may have begun to avail themselves of, or have taken definite steps by contract or otherwise to avail themselves of, the patented invention before the date of advertisement of the acceptance of the complete specification.
(4) A patent granted in pursuance of any such application as is referred to in sub-section (1) shall be dated as of the date on which the request for reviving such application was made under sub-section (1).
162. Repeal of Art 2 of 1911 in so far as it relates to patents and savings
(1) The Indian Patents and Designs Act, 1911, in so far as it relates to patents, is hereby repealed, that is to say, the said Act shall be amended in the manner specified in the Schedule.
(2) Notwithstanding the repeal of the Indian Patents and Designs Act, 1911, in so far as it relates to patents-
    a. the provisions of section 21A of that Act and of any rules made thereunder shall continue to apply in relation to any patent granted before the commencement of this Act in pursuance of that section, and
    b. the renewal fee in respect of a patent granted under that Act shall be as fixed thereunder.
(3) Save as otherwise provided in sub-section (2), the provisions of this Act shall apply to any application for a patent pending at the commencement of this Act and to any proceedings consequent thereon and to any patent granted in pursuance thereof.
(4) The mention of particular matters in this section shall not prejudice the general application of the General Clause Act, 1897, with respect of repeals.
(5) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, any suit for infringement of a patent or any proceeding for revocation of a patent, pending in any court at the commencement of this Act, may be continued and disposed of, as if this Act had not been passed.
163. 2 of 1911
In sub-section (1) of section 4 of the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958, the words and figures "and the Controller of Patents and Designs for the purposes of the Indian Patents and Designs Act, 1911" shall be omitted.
THE SCHEDULE
(See Section 162)
AMENDMENTS TO THE INDIAN PATENTS AND DESIGNS ACT, 1911
    1. Long title – Omit "Inventions and"
    2. Preamble – Omit "inventions and"
    3. Section 1 – In sub-section (1) omit "Indian Patents and".
    4. Section 2-
    a. omit clause (1);
    b. in clause (2) omit "(as respects designs)";
    c. for clause (3), substitute-
       ‘(3) "Controller" means the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks appointed under sub-section (1) of Section 4 of the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958’;
    d. in clause (5) for "trade mark as defined in section 478", substitute "trade mark as defined in clause ( -) of sub-section (1) of Section 2 of the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958";
    e. omit clause (6);
    f. in clause (7), after sub-clause (ee), insert,-
    g. "(f) in relation to the Union territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Goa, Daman and Diu, and High Court at Bombay;
(g) in relation to the Union territory of Pondicherry, the High Court at Madras.";
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