OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Antoine Pagi

From volume 11 of the work.
Pagi, Antoine, and his nephew François, two French ecclesiastical historians. Antoine, b. March 31, 1624, at Rognes in the Department of Bouchesdu-Rhone; d. June 5, 1699 at Aix. After studying with the Jesuits at Aix, he entered the monastery of the Conventual Franciscans at Arles, and made solemn profession on January 31, 1641. For some time he devoted himself to preaching, but at the age of twenty-nine years he was elected provincial, an office which he held four times. He devoted his spare time to the study of history. Discerning numerous chronological errors, and frequently misstatements of facts in the "Annales ecclesiastici" of Baronius, he made it his life-work to correct them and otherwise elucidate the valuable work. Pagi's first volume was printed during his lifetime (Paris, 1689); the remaining three volumes, reaching till the year 1198, the last year in the work of Baronius, were completed in manuscript shortly before his death. The whole work was edited in four volumes by his nephew Francois Pagi: "Critica historico-chronologica in universos annales ecclesiasticos em. et rev. Caesaris Card. Baronii" (Geneva, 1705; second ed., 1727). Mansi embodied it in his edition of the "Annales" of Baronius (Lucca, 1736-59). Though, on the whole, the "Critica" manifests great care and an unusual knowledge of history, it is not entirely free of errors. His other works are: "Dissertatio hypatica seu de consulibus caesareis" (Lyons, 1682), printed also in "Apparatus in Annales ecclesiasticos" (Lucca, 1740), pp. 1-136; "Dissertatio de die et anno mortis S. Martini ep. turonensis", and a few minor treatises in defense of his "Dissertatio hypatica", in which he had set down various rules for determining the consulship of the Roman emperors, and which had been attacked by Cardinal Noris and others. He also edited: "D. Antonii Paduani O. Min. sermones hactenus inediti" (Avignon, 1685).
François , b. September 7, 1654, at Lambesc in Provence; d. January 21, 1721, at Orange. After studying with the Oratorians at Toulon, he became a Conventual Franciscan. was three times provincial, and assisted his uncle in the correction of the "Annales" of Baronius. Besides editing the "Critica" of his uncle he wrote a history of the popes up to the year 1447: "Breviarium historico-chronologico-criticum illustriora Pontificum romanorum gesta, conciliorum generalium acta. complectens" (4 vols., Antwerp, 1717-27). The history was continued in two volumes by his nephew, Antoine Pagi, the Younger (Antwerp, 1748-53).
Michael Ott.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Antoine d'Abbadie

From volume 1 of the work.
​Abbadie, [Antoine d', astronomer, geodetist, genographer, physician, numismatist, philologian, born 1810; died March 20, 1897. While still a young man, he conceived the Arnauld d'Abaddie project of exploring Africa. Having prepared himself by six years' study, he spent ten years exploring Ethiopia, and achieved scientific results of the greatest value. D'Abbadie was a fervent Catholic, and during his explorations in Ethiopia made every effort to plant there the Catholic Faith. It was at his suggestion and that of his brother Arnauld, companion and colabourer of Antoine, that Gregory XVI sent missionaries to carry on the work. He published in the "Revue des Questions Scientifiques," the organ of the society, a work on the abolition of African slavery. He gave his estate, called Abbadia, in southern France, to the Academy of Sciences of Paris, to carry on research. His will provided, furthermore, for the establishment of an observatory at Abbadia, where a catalogue of 500,000 stars must be made, the work to be confided to religious and to be completed before 1950. His principal writings are: "Catalogue raisonné de manuscrits éthiopiens" (Paris, 1859); "Résumé Géodésique des positions déterminées en Ethiopie" (Paris, 1859); "Géodésie d'Ethiopie ou Triangulation d'une partie de la haute Ethiopie" (4 vols., Paris, 1860–73); "Observations relatives à la physique du globe, faites au Brésil et en Ethiopie" (Paris, 1873); "Dictionnaire de la langue Amariñña."—II. Abbadie, Arnauld Michel d', geographer, younger brother of preceding, b. in Dublin, Ireland, 1815; d. 8 November, 1893. In 1837 he accompanied his brother's expedition to Abyssinia, where he soon acquired considerable influence, and never failed to employ it in the interest of the Catholic missions. His most important work is "Douze ans dans la haute Ethiopie" (Paris, 1868).
Martial de Salviac, Les Galla: Grande Nation Africaine (Paris, 1901, 44, 45); Lettres d'Antoine d'Abbadie à Montalembert et au cardinal préfet de la Propagande (1843–45); Revue des Questions Scientifiques (April, 1897).
Thomas J. Shahan.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Termoli

From volume 14 of the work.
(THERMULARUM)
Located on the Italian coast of the Adriatic, having a small harbour near the mouth of the Petraglione. In ancient days it was called Buca; in 1567 it was put to fire and sword by the Turks. Termoli contains a fine Gothic cathedral. It is first mentioned as a diocese in 946, when Benefetto, an usurper of the episcopal see, was forced to withdraw by order of Agapitus II; the earliest; known legitimate bishop was Scio (969). Among his successors were: Jacopo Cini, O. P. (1379), author of a commentary on the "Sentences"; Domencio Girada (1381), a learned Servite theologian; Fedrico Merzio (1602), a collaborator of Baronius. In 1818 this see was united with Guardia Alferia, a small town near Cerrato, which had its first bishop in 1075 and its last in 1775. Termoli is suffragan of Benevento, and contains 19 parishes, 54 secular priests, and 1 convent of nuns.
CAPPELLETTI, Le chiese d'Italia, XIX.
U. BENIGNI
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Three Rivers

From volume 14 of the work.
DIOCESE OF THREE RIVERS (TRIFLUVIANENSIS)
Formed from the Archdiocese of Quebec, to which it is now suffragan, founded on 8 June, 1852. The diocese at first comprised on the northern shore of the St. Lawrence, the Counties of Champlain and of St. Maurice - the County of Maskinongé being at that time a part of the County of St. Maurice; on the southern bank, the Counties of Yamaska, Nicolet, Drummond, and twenty-four townships in the County of Sherbrooke. Later on, this territory was divided, especially for the erection of the diocese of Sherbrooke and of the Vicariate-Apostolic of Pontiac. Lastly, in July 1885, all the parishes of the southern shore were erected into the Diocese of Nicolet. It now comprises forty-three parishes and eight missions. The Catholic population is 84,000; non-Catholic 800, of whom 600 are Protestants.
The first bishop, Mgr. Thomas Cooke, died in 1870 and was succeeded by Mgr. Louis-Francois Lafleche, administrator of the diocese from 1869-1898, year of his death. Mgr. F.-X. Cloutier is the present and third Bishop of Three Rivers; born at Ste-Genevieve de Batiscan, Champlain, Quebec, 2 November, 1848, he was ordained priest, 22 September, 1872, appointed Bishop of Three Rivers, 8 May, 1899, and consecrated on 25 July following by Mgr. L.-N. Begin, Archbishop of Quebec. The diocese contains 100 secular priests; 1 convent of Franciscan Fathers; 1 house of Oblate Fathers; 10 schools of brothers; commercial colleges, academies, etc., 4 under the direction of the Brothers of the Christian Schools, 3 under the direction of the Brothers of Christian Instruction, 2 under the direction of the Brothers of St. Gabriel, 1 under the direction of the Brothers of the Sacred Heart. There is also a juniorate in charge of the Brothers of Christian Instruction.
The institutes of women are: Ursulines, 7 convents; Sisters of the Congregation of Notre-Dame, 2 convents; Sisters of the Assumption, 4 convents; Sisters of the Good Shepherd, 1 convent; Gray Nuns of the Cross, 1 convent; Daughters of Jesus, 2 convents, 1 kindergarten for boys and 13 schools for girls and boys; the Sisters of Charity of Providence, with 4 orphanages, 2 boarding-schools for girls, 4 asylums, and 1 hospital; Dominican Sisters of the Holy Rosary, 1 orphanage, they also have charge of 2 religious institutions; Sisters Adorers of the Precious Blood, 1 monastery.
The churches, mostly all of them remodeled, are remarkable in structure and in size. The cathedral, erected in 1854, and restored in 1904, is a magnificent monument of Gothic architecture. The schools in each parish are numerous and well conducted. the Seminary of Three Rivers, founded in 1860, has a yearly attendance of 300 students. Religious and benevolent societies are numerous and flourishing. The diocese has also literary circles, Young Men's Associations, savings' banks, parochial libraries, and temperance societies.
N. MARCHAND
# Catalogue of Books Suitable for a Popular Library/Sports and amusements

790. SPORTS AND AMUSEMENTS.
Beard, D. C. American boy’s book of sports.
It tells all about the newest things in kites, games, marbles, boat making and a multitude of other pleasures.
― American boy’s handy-book.
The book is based upon personal experiments and experiences and is free from technical terms.
― Jack of all trades, or new ideas for American boys.
There is not a thing described in this book which has not been proved practical by himself or some boy or boys.
Beard, L. and A. B. American girl’s handy-book.
Everything a girl can possibly do in all seasons of the year has been thought of, suggestions being offered for work as well as play.
Bingham, N. W. Book of athletics and out-of-door sports.
Discussion which would be intelligible and of interest only to experts, as well as definitions and descriptions for the benefit of the wholly uninitiated, have been generally avoided.
Campbell, H. American girl’s home book of work and play.
Will be found useful and entertaining for young girls. A chapter on candy-making has proved itself practical and profitable.
Depping, G. Wonders of bodily strength and skill.
# Catalogue of Women

English-language translations of Γυναικῶν Κατάλογος include:
* Catalogue of Women, translation by Wikisource
* The Catalogues of Women and the Eoiae, 1914 translation by H.G. Evelyn-White.
# Catalogue of plants found in Spitzbergen by Captain Scoresby

"Catalogue of plants found in Spitzbergen by Captain Scoresby" is an 1820 paper written by Robert Brown, which lists the plants discovered during WIlliam Scoresby's voyages in the Arctic.
* Appendix 5: "Catalogue of plants found in Spitzbergen by Captain Scoresby" in Scoresby, William (1820), An account of the Arctic regions and northern whale fishery 1:65–76.
* "Catalogue of plants found in Spitzbergen by Captain Scoresby" in Bennett, John Joseph (ed.) (1866) The miscellaneous botanical works of Robert Brown, Esq., D.C.L., F.R.S. 1: 179—181.
# Catalogue of Books Suitable for a Popular Library/Social science

300. SOCIAL SCIENCE.
# Catalogue of Books Suitable for a Popular Library/Useful arts

600. USEFUL ARTS.
# Biographical Sketches of Dekkan Poets/Adharvanacharya

ADHARVANACHARYA.
This Was a very ancient poet, he was born in three thousand and odd years of the Kaleyug— ​he was A perfect master of the Sanscrit and Telugu languages and composed an abridgement of the Bharata history: no complete copy of the work can now be procured, but several detached parts of it are quoted by several authors ancient and modern.
# Biographical Sketches of Dekkan Poets/Andhra Kalidas

ANDHRA KALIDAS.
A Telugu poet and an inhabitant of a tract of of country bordering on the Krishna river. From his infancy he studied Telugu and Sanscrit and in due time became a poet of considerable merit. Andhra Kalidas travelled through various countries and translated the Sankara Vejaya into Telugu—this work is still in existence and very extensively circulated in the Telugu country.—As there was a poet of the name of Kalidas at the Court of Bhoja Raja, this poet added the word Andhra to his name and called himself Andhra Kalidas, as a distinctive appellation.
# Biographical Sketches of Dekkan Poets/Abbanakavi

ABBANA KAVI.
Was born in the Telugu country, his reading ​was very extensive, for he had perused the works of a great many authors who had written, in the Sanscrit or vernacular language, he became himself a poet of talents far beyond mediocrity, he translated into Telugu the story of Pururava out of the Purans which treats of the birth of Pururava Chakravatri, sovereign of India of the lunar race, and of his reign and marriage, these subjects are comprised in three chapters.
# Biographical Sketches of Dekkan Poets/Annayachari

ANNAYACHARI.
This poet was born in the Telugu country, he was well versed in all the histories contained in the Purans: he composed a work in two books called "Pitamaha Charitra," the subject of which is taken from the Purans and contains the history of Brahma the creator.
# Biographical Sketches of Dekkan Poets/Appakavi

APPAKAVI.
This was a Telugu poet, and a native of the Telugu country. He wrote a work on prosody, called "Appakavi Chandesu," or "Andra Prayaoga Ratnakara," which was reckoned an excellent treatise on the prosody of the Telugu dialect, after this he wrote another work, called "Bridna Sambhavam," which is the account of the birth and parentage of Brinda, the chaste wife of a giant: the sect of Madhava worship this goddess by planting a sprig of the Tulasi shrub in a clod of mould. The story is taken from the Bhagvat, and is in great repute among the Hindus of that province—the manner of the death of this poet is unknown, nor have the names of any other of his works been preserved.
# Biographical Sketches of Dekkan Poets/Agastyar

AGASTYAR.
This was a celebrated Tamul poet. The learned Hindus in the South of India are in doubt whether he is to be identified with the celebrated Agastya Mahamuni, or is some other person sprung from the Sudra cast. He wrote a Tamol grammar, the first on that language that was ever written, and called it Agastya.—Vyakaranam, which consists of five modes of Yalakanum, vrz. Yalutta, Chollu, Parulu, Appu, and Alankaru, he also composed several other works. On Hindu mythology, philosophy, medicine, alchemy and on religious rites, and formula of prayers. The remote age in which Agastyar lived has caused the materials to compile his biography to be very scanty, unless we give more heed, than due to the legendery accounts handed down respecting him.
# Biographical Sketches of Dekkan Poets/Akshobhya Dekshat

AKSHOBHYA DEKSHUT.
Was a Mardhava bramia and inhabitant of Sravanore. He studied philosophy from a very early age, and is said to have been a proficient in the Karnatic, and Maharata languages. The whole of his time was occupied in literary pursuits. He wrote several works on the tenets of the Mardhava sect, but his compositions are very scarce and hard to be now procured. He was an able controvertist, and defended his own system of Theology, with considerable talent. He is reported to have died in his native village Sravanore.
# Biographical Sketches of Dekkan Poets/Adhikanan

ADHIKANAN.
This was also another brother of Avayar, he was so fortunate as to be brought up by a prince, and was consequently admitted into the kingly tribe, he wrote numerous poems on various subjects.
# Biographical Sketches of Dekkan Poets/Anam Bhatt

ANAM BHATT.
This poet was a bramin, and born, according to tradition, in the village called Garikapad, which was formerly in the dominions of Nizam Ally Khan, but is now under the control of the Raja of Chintapilli. He flourished in the fifteenth Century of Salivahana, during the reign of the Chalukya Kings. For twelve successive years he, studied logic, in the schools of Kundinipura, or Kondavede, during which time he made great progress in his learning, and in time wrote a commentary, or a treatise on logic, called "Tarka Sangraha:—the exposition in question consisted of about two thousand verses, which were sent round for examination, and perusal to all the celebrated logicians in the Tulugu country. This work obtained universal approbation, and after it had been carefully revised, he employed various copyists to transcribe it, for the purpose of being distributed to different quarters.
Anam Bhatt established a school for logic in his native town, where his scholars went through a regular course of instruction, and were made ​proficients in the science above-named, his own commentaries was the book principally used in this academy. When he was fifty-five years of age, Anam Bhatt, together with several of his disciples visited the mountain of Srisaile, where a celebrated idol of Seva was established; on his return he employed his time entirety in his studies, except a few hours in the morning and evening, which he alloted to devotion and religious exercises.
This poet did not visit the Court of any kind, nor seek rewards from any men of note, being content to maintain himself and family on his patrimony, which was ample and quite adequate to all his wants. He lived happy, and contended, and had many children, who all survived him.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Alessandro Piccolomini

From volume 12 of the work.
Littérateur, philosopher, astronomer, b. 13 June, 1508; d. 12 March, 1578. He passed his youth in the study of literature and wrote several comedies ("Amor costante", "Alessandro", "Ortensio"), translated into Italian verse Ovid's "Metamorphoses", part of the "Æneid", Aristotle's "Poetics" and "Rhetoric", composed a hundred sonnets (Rome, 1549), and other rhyme. He repudiated in later years "Raffaello" or "Dialogo della creanza donne" as too licentious. In 1540 he became professor of philosophy at Padua, where he wrote "Istituzione di tutta la vita dell' uomo nato nobile e in città libera", "Filosofia naturale" in which he followed the theories of ancient and medieval philosophers, while in his "Trattato della grandezza della terra e dell' acqua" (Venice, 1558), he combatted the Aristotelean and Ptolemaic opinion that water was more extensive than land, thereby provoking, with Antonio Berga, professor at Mondovi, a controversy, in which he was assisted by Giambattista Bennedetti. In astronomy ("Sfera del mondo", "Delle stelle fisse", "Speculazioni de' pianeti") he adhered to the Ptolemaic theory. He also wrote on the reform of the calendar (1578), and a commentary on the mechanics of Aristotle. To counteract "Raffaella" he wrote his "Orazione in lode delle donne" (Rome, 1549). His fame extended beyond Italy. Gregory XIII, in 1574, appointed him titular Bishop of Patræ and coadjutor to Francesco Bandini, Archbishop of Siena, who survived him.
FABIANI, Vita di Alessandro Piccolomini (Siena, 1749 and 1759); TIRABOSCHI, Storia della letteratura italiana, VII, pt. i.
U. BENIGNI
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Alessandro Tassoni

From volume 14 of the work.
Italian poet, born at Modena in 1565; died there in 1635. He spent his life in the service of prelates and princes in Italy, acting as secretary or in some similar capacity. His fame depends chiefly upon the undoubted success of his mock-heroic poem, the "Secchia rapita" (1614), which deals in a pretendedly serious way with a mighty struggle between the citizens of two adjoining towns in Italy over the purloining of a well-bucket. The comic and the serious are skilfully blended throughout and the methods of the ancient epic description are faithfully copied. While in a measure the poem develops germs of the mock-heroic already perceptible in Italian literature back as far as the fourteenth century, it is more particularly significant as marking a natural outcome of poetizing on chivalrous, romantic subjects, such as Ariosto and Tasso had treated, once these subjects ceased to be regarded with any degree of seriousness as meet for artistic treatment. The "Secchia rapita" belongs to the same category as the ancient "Battle of the Frogs and Mice", Lope de Vega's "Gatomaquia", Boileau's "Lutrin" and Pope's "Rape of the Lock", and ranks worthily with them. The patriotic Italian's dislike of the arrogant invading Spaniard is clear in his "Filippiche contra gli Spagnuoli"; his views on literary criticism and his disapproval of the bad taste Of his time may be seen in his "Considerazioni sopra le rime del Petrarca" and his "Pensieri diversi". There are various editions of the "Secchia rapita", e. g., Paris (1622); Modena (1744), with a life by Muratori; Florence (1861), with a study by Carducci; Florence (1887); with the addition of certain minor writings in prose and verse.
RONCA, La Secchia rapita di Alessandra Tassoni (Caltanisetta, 1884); CHICCO, L'umorismo e la Secchia rapita (Parma, 1894).
J. D. M. FORD.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Alexander

From volume 1 of the work.
​Alexander, name of seven men.—(1) Alexander the Great, King of Macedon, 336–323 b.c. He is mentioned in I Mach., i, 1–10; vi, 2. He is also supposed to be spoken of in Dan., ii, 39; vii, 6; viii, 5–7; xi, 3, 4.—(2) Alexander Balas, eleventh King of Syria, 150–145 b.c. His struggle for the throne, his promises to Jonathan, his pro-Jewish policy may be learned from I Mach., x, 1–89. He was vanquished by his father-in-law, Ptolemy Philometor of Egypt, and Syria thus passed into the hands of Demetrius II (I Mach., xi, 1–19).—(3) Alexander, a son of Simon of Cyrene mentioned by St. Mark (xv, 21) who carried the Cross after Jesus.—(4) Alexander, who was a member of the court that tried Peter and John (Acts, iv, 6); some identify him with Alexander Lysimachus the brother of Philo and friend of Claudius before he ascended the throne.—(5) Alexander, a Jew or a Jewish Christian (Acts, xix, 33, 34), who attempted to defend St. Paul in his Ephesian difficulty; some identify him with the son of Simon of Cyrene.—(6) Alexander, an Ephesian Christian who apostatized (I Tim., i, 20), and who together with Hymeneus was dellvered up to Satan by the Apostles.—(7) Alexander, a coppersmith of Ephesus (II Tim., iv, 14, 15), who did much evil to St. Paul; some identify him with the Alexander mentioned under the preceding number.
Hagen, Lexicon Biblicum (Paris, 1905); Vigouroux and Jacquier in Vig. Dict. de la Bible (Paris, 1895); Hast., Robertson and Moss in Dict. of the Bible (New York, 1903).
A. J. MAAS.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Alesso Baldovinetti

From volume 2 of the work.
A notable Florentine painter, b. in Florence, 14 October, 1427; d. there, 29 August, 1499. His father was a wealthy merchant, but leaving the paternal business he registered himself, at the age of twenty-one, as a member of the Academy of Saint Luke. He called himself a pupil of Paolo Uccelli, and according to Vasari, was the master of the famous Ghirlandajo. He experimented much with colours in fresco and oil, but his remaining works are badly preserved. He had the reputation of being the best worker in mosaic of his day.
Baldovinetti assisted Andrea del Castagno and Domenico Veneziano in the frescoes, since destroyed, of Santa Maria Nuova in Florence. Among his works which remain is a large fresco of "The Adoration of the Shepherds" in the cloisters of Santa Annunziata. His was the design for the portrait of Dante by Domenico del Michelino in the duomo. The large panel painting of "The Holy Trinity Adored by Saints Gualberto and Benedetto", now in the Academy at Florence, was executed for the church of Santa Trinita in that city. He painted on the walls of the choir of that edifice scenes, not now extant, from the Old Testament, containing numerous portraits of his contemporaries. In the chapel of San Miniato, Florence, are frescoes of angels, prophets, and evangelists. The same edifice also contains an "Annunciation". In the galleries of the Uffizi are an "Enthroned Virgin and Child with Saints", and a most decorative and quaintly graceful "Annunciation". His portrait by himself is in the gallery at Bergamo and Girlandajo painted it near his own in his frescoes in Santa Maria Novella, Florence.
Pierotti, Ricordi di A. Baldovinetti (Lucca, 1868); Bryan, Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (London and New York, 1903-05).
AUGUSTUS VAN CLEEF