OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Pug

Edition of 1905. See also Pug on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PUG (variant of puck, from Ir. puca, Welsh pwca, pwei, goblin, sprite). A small, smooth, short-nosed house-dog, introduced into England probably from Holland, to which country it seems to have come, according to general testimony, from the East Indies. The breed was well established in England by the year 1700, and continued so from the reign of William II. to George II. By the first quarter of the nineteenth century pugs had nearly or quite disappeared from Great Britain. The fawn variety was reintroduced from Holland, and now there are two recognized strains — the Fawn and the Black (the latter brought from China about 1875 by Lady Brassey). An inferior quality has long been bred in Italy and in France, where they were called ‘carlins,’ after a celebrated Harlequin. The pug is essentially a house-dog, and a very good one, and for that purpose a smaller dog than the standard allowed in competition (13 to 17 pounds) is the better. The general appearance is that of a large-headed, smooth-coated, black-faced, pug-nosed, bright little dog,
compact in form, with well-knit proportions and well-developed muscles. In color he is (in the ordinary variety) fawn all over, except on the muzzle or ‘mask,’ the ears, the moles on his cheeks, the ‘thumb-mark’ or ‘diamond’ on his forehead, and his back trace, which should all be as black as possible. His face is deeply wrinkled, and he carries his tail curled as tightly as possible over his hips. His coat must be short, smooth, soft, and glossy, neither hard nor woolly.
The ‘black pug’ differs only in color; he is entirely black.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Putnam

Edition of 1905. See also Putnam, Connecticut on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PUT'NAM. A city and one of the county seats of Windham County, Conn., 34 miles north of Norwich, and 28 miles west by north of Providence, R. I., on the Quinebaug River, and at the junction of the New York, New Haven and Hartford and the Norwich and Worcester railroads (Map: Connecticut, H 2). It has a public library and the Day Kimball Hospital. The Cargill Falls in the vicinity are of scenic interest. Putnam is situated in an agricultural region, but is interested chiefly in iron-working and in the manufacture of cotton and woolen goods, silks, boots and shoes. The government is vested in a mayor, elected biennially, and a unicameral council. Putnam was incorporated in 1855 and obtained its present city charter in 1895. Population, in 1900, 6667.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Pulitzer, Joseph

Edition of 1905. See also Joseph Pulitzer on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PU'LITZER, Joseph (1847—). An American journalist, born at Budapest, Hungary. He was privately educated, and emigrated to the United States in 1864. He served in 1864-65 in a Federal cavalry regiment, after hardships arrived in Saint Louis, was a reporter there for Carl Schurz's Westliche Post, a Republican journal, and later became managing editor of the paper, in which he also obtained a proprietary interest. In addition to his activity in journalism, he studied law, and, having been admitted to practice in Missouri, became somewhat prominent in local politics, and in 1869 was elected to the State Legislature. He was also a member of the Missouri constitutional convention of 1874. In 1876-77 he was Washington correspondent of the New York Sun, and in 1878 purchased the Saint Louis Dispatch, which, combined by him with the Evening Post (Saint Louis) as the Post-Dispatch, became an important journal of the West. The New York World, which he acquired in 1883 and with which his name became chiefly identified, attained under his direction a very large circulation. In 1884 he was elected to the Federal House of Representatives as a Democrat from the Ninth New York District, but not very long afterwards resigned to give his undivided attention to business affairs. He made several donations to educational and charitable causes, and in 1903 provided an endowment fund for a school of journalism at Columbia University.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Purim

Edition of 1905. See also Purim on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PU'RIM. One of the later Jewish festivals, for which the Jewish Church accepts the Book of Esther as the historical basis. According to this book, the festival was instituted to commemorate the deliverance of the Jews of Persia from a massacre with which they were threatened in the days of Xerxes (B.C. 485-465) at the instigation of Haman, the King's prime minister. It is celebrated on the 14th and 15th of the month Adar and is preceded by a day of fasting as preparation. (Cf. Esther iv. 15-17.) Scholars who hold that the Book of Esther (q.v.) is largely or purely fictitious, think that it may have been written to justify and account for a fast and festival, the origin of which was lost in obscurity. What the earlier significance of fast and festival was is conjectural in the absence of definite data. They are thought to be of Babylonian origin. The occurrence in the spring suggests a solar festival, the fast representing the death of winter, while the festival marks the joyous return of spring. Thus interpreted Haman and Vashti symbolize the disappearance of the old year; Mordecai and Esther, hailed as King and Queen, are the new favorites who bring in fertility and renewal of vegetation. The feast of Purim corresponds in time with a festival, mentioned in the Books of the Maccabees, in celebration of a victory gained by Judas Maccabæus, on the 13th of Adar, B.C. 161, over Nicanor (I. Mac. vii. 49; II. Mac. xv. 36). This seems to have been earlier a festival in honor of the dead. See Festivals.
The name Purim is explained in the Book of Esther as ‘lots,’ and the application of it to the festival as due to the fact that Haman cast lots to determine a day favorable for the extermination of the Jews (Esther iii. 7; ix. 26). This is probably merely a piece of folk-etymology and illustrates the obscurity as to the meaning of the name at the time of composition of the book. In Babylonian there is a word puru, one meaning of which seems to have been ‘a round stone,’ and then ‘lot,’ from the use of stones in divination. Possibly the Jewish author of the Book of Esther, living in Persia or Babylonia, had this word in mind, but it does not necessarily follow that purim* is identical with puru. The problem may be solved if a festival be discovered among Babylonians or Persians bearing the name purim*, or something sufficiently like it to account for the Jewish form.
As celebrated by Orthodox Jews, the Purim festival is a time of feasting and merry-making. It begins as soon as the stars appear on the evening of the 14th of Adar. Candles are lighted. Consult: Lagarde, Purim, ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Religion (Göttingen, 1887); Erbt, Die Purimsage in der Bibel (Berlin, 1900); Frazer, The Golden Bough, vol. iii. (2d ed., London, 1900).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Put Yourself in His Place

Edition of 1905. See also Put Yourself in His Place on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PUT YOURSELF IN HIS PLACE. A novel by Charles Reade (1870). It is a story of an English manufacturing town, in which Henry Little, a workman and inventor, is persecuted by the trades unions, jealous because he was better trained than his fellows. Squire Raby, Little's uncle, is a forcible character, and a pleasant love-story offsets the labor troubles.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Putnam, Frederic Ward

Edition of 1905. See also Frederic Ward Putnam on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PUTNAM, Frederic Ward (1839—). An American anthropologist, born in Salem, Mass. In 1856 he was curator of ornithology in Essex Institute (Salem), and published a List of the Birds of Essex County; and in the same year he entered Lawrence Scientific School and took a special course under Louis Agassiz, to whom he was assistant until 1864. He was in charge of the Museum of Essex Institute from 1864 to 1867, then superintendent of the East India Marine Society, and afterwards director of the Peabody Academy of Sciences. He was instructor in the School of Natural History on Penikese Island in 1874, and in the same year was appointed assistant in the Kentucky Geological Survey. In 1875 he was made curator of the Peabody Museum of Archæology and Ethnology of Harvard University, and was afterwards appointed Peabody professor of American archæology and ethnology. He was chief of the Department of Ethnology of the World's Columbian Exposition and in 1894 he became curator of anthropology in the American Museum of Natural History of New York City. His researches in American Archæology covered a wide field, including extensive explorations in Ohio, where he was instrumental in having the Great Serpent Mound preserved, and in New Jersey. He originated the Naturalist's Directory in 1865, and was one of the founders of the American Naturalist in 1867, and in 1898 he was president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Pugatcheff, Yemelyan Ivanovitch

Edition of 1905. See also Yemelyan Pugachev on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PUGATCHEFF, pōō'gȧ-chĕf, Yemelyan Ivanovitch (c.1726-75). A leader of a great popular uprising in Russia, known as Pugatchefshtchina. He was a Cossack of the Don, and fought against the Prussians in the Seven Years' War, and in the campaign against Turkey in 1769. On his return he was arrested for helping his brother-in-law to escape across the Don. Fearing punishment, he ran away to the Cossacks of the Terek, where he heard persistent rumors that Peter III. was still alive. Strikingly resembling the murdered Czar in personal appearance, he pretended to be that sovereign, and declared his purpose of reasserting his right to the crown and of dethroning Catharine II. He issued a proclamation in the name of Peter III. in 1773, and in the same year the rebellion began. He attached to his cause the Raskolniks, whose religion he embraced, and won over several Finnish and Tatar tribes, and a large number of the peasantry. After the capture of many fortresses on the Ural and the Don, Orenburg among them, he marched against Moscow, but was sold by some of his companions for 100,000 rubles. After trial he was executed in Moscow. His insurrection is said to have cost 100,000 lives.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Pug (Jonson)

Edition of 1905. See also The Devil is an Ass on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PUG. A demon in human form in Ben Jonson's comedy The Devil's an Ass, a mischievous creature resembling Shakespeare's Puck.
# The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898/Volume 8/Expedition to Tuy

EXPEDITION TO TUY
When we went upon this expedition to Tuy, the Indians surrendered of their own free will, and no blood was shed, solely through the efforts of two religious who accompanied Don Luys. Then they gave only their tribute of recognition in beads and a trifle of adulterated gold. And so that it might not appear that the tribute was to be collected immediately, they were given one year's respite, within which the Spaniards would return to collect it. They bound themselves to pay it. In order not to break faith, we shall not return there until the time limit has expired; and, even then, I shall see to it that when we return they shall not be oppressed in any way, in order to compel them to give the whole tribute. They shall give only what they are willing to, because we have furnished them no instruction; nor have we effected a settlement, as I expected—because of the few people we have, on account of the death of many of them, and because I am deliberating whether I should make a settlement in Tuy itself, as it is the capital, or at place thirty or forty leagues from Cagayan, up the river, opposite Tuy, and midway between Cagayan and Tuy. This year we shall go thither, and and I hope, with God's help, to found the settlement and attain the success that is desirable. As I had to ​encounter the Zambales, who were attacking me, everything could not be done. The land there is very fertile, and the climate more temperate than this. The Indians are robust, intelligent, and energetic. All the houses are large and quite well constructed. The villages contain about five hundred or more inhabitants. Two crops of rice are gathered, one being irrigated, and the other allowed to grow by itself. The land contains deer, buffaloes, swine, goats, poultry, anise, ginger, cotton, and many wild fruits. The people display more politeness and good manners than all the others. They have places set apart where they discuss public matters. They say that public affairs must not be discussed in the houses with women. When asked if they had enemies, they answered, "Yes, we would have them if we would leave our land to commit depredations. But we are not like you Castilians, who rob everywhere." They recognize no king among themselves, nor any other sovereignty than to have a chief in each village, who is over all, and whom all of that one village alone recognize. I trust, God helping, that this plan may be fully carried out this year. Sealed at Manila, June 1, 1592.
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# The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898/Volume 8/Documents of 1593

DOCUMENTS OF 1593
Sources: Both of these documents are obtained from the original MSS. in the Archivo general de Indias.
Translations: These are made by James A. Robertson.
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# The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898/Volume 8/Letter of congratulation

LETTER OF CONGRATULATION
TO THE BISHOP, CLERGY, AND PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES
Venerable brother and beloved son, health and apostolic blessing.
The lofty works of divine power, that in the earthly realm take place not by human but by heavenly means, very often are wont to display themselves from the very outset; while matters that through divine wisdom as leader and mistress tend to a spiritual end, the health that is of our souls, in the meanwhile lie unrecognized, or, if unveiled, seem of such trivial import as not to be viewed in their grandeur even by the keenest of minds, until aroused thereto chiefly by the splendor of their results. This, as oftentimes before, has happened now at this very time in the conversion to gospel truth of the New World, of both the Indias, and especially of the Philippine Islands. Wherefore we are uplifted in great wonder at the most bountiful results wrought therein secretly by divine wisdom, from the first discovery of those countries. Previously we had learned of this, in truth, from the letters of many persons and from report; now however, that the divine goodness has raised our insignificance to the summit of apostolic dignity, we have heard it also from the ambassador, ​our beloved son Alphonsus Sanchez, a professed priest of the Society of Jesus—sent in your name first to Sixtus V, pope, of happy memory; then to the following Roman pontiffs, our predecessors; and lately to us—from whom, in private conversations which we frequently have held with him, we have learned more in detail . . . From conversation, too, with the same Alphonsus we have learned of your purposes and deeds in the foundation of churches, the spread of divine worship, the training of natives, the establishment of schools, the practice of useful arts, the appointment of magistrates, the defense of missionaries, the protection of new converts, and, in fine, the permanence of those commonwealths—which as so many members and parts thereof you have brought about through the union of the New World with the Old.
Now, however, in order that you may have some recompense for your love and good-will toward us, and enjoy some reward for your endeavors and toils, by the authority of almighty God and of the holy apostles Peter and Paul, and by our own, in virtue of these presents, we take you all and singular and all that you have, into our trust and protection, and that of the apostolic see; and we send you through the same Alphonsus our apostolic blessing. . . .
Given at Rome, at St. Peter's, under the seal of the Fisherman, March 25, 1592, in the first year of our pontificate.
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# The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898/Volume 8/Bibliographical Data

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DATA
The papal decree of 1591 is taken from Hernaez's Colección de bulas, i, p. 108; the account of encomiendas, from Retana's Archivo del bibliófilo filipino, iv, pp. 41-111; the letter by Clement VIII, from Hernaez, ii, p. 357. All the remaining documents of this volume are obtained from the Archivo general de Indias, Sevilla, being translated from the original MSS. or from transcriptions thereof; the pressmarks are as follows:
1. Collection of tributes (1591).—See Bibliographical Data for VOL. VII.
2. Conquest of Mindanao.—"Simancas—Secular; Audiencia de Filipinas; cartas y expedientes del cabildo secular de Manila vistos en el Consejo; años 1570 á 1640; est. 67, caj. 6, leg. 27."
3. Ordinance regarding Chinese stuffs.—"Simancas—Secular; Audiencia de Filipinas; cartas y expedientes del gobernador de Filipinas vistos en el Consejo; años 1567 á 1599; est. 67, caj. 6, leg. 6."
4. Letter by Dasmariñas (1591). - The same as No. 3.
5. Fortification of Manila.—The same as No. 3.
6. Investigations at Manila.—"Simancas—Filipinas; descubrimientos, descripciones y poblaciones ​de las Yslas Filipinas; años 1582 á 1606; est. 1, caj. 1, leg. 3|29."
7. Opinions of the religious orders.—"Simancas—Secular; Cartas y expedientes del presidente y oidores de dicha Audiencia vistos en el Consejo; años 1583 á 1599; est. 67, caj. 6, leg. 18."
8. Letters from Dasmariñas (1592); also all the remaining documents of that year.—The same as No. 7.
9. Letter from Felipe II (1593).—"Audiencia de Filipinas; registros de oficio y partes; reales ordenes dirigidas á las autoridades y particulares del distrito de la Audiencia; años de 1568 á 1605; est. 105, caj. 2, leg. 11."
10. Two royal decrees.—(1) Is a part of No. 9; (2) The same as No. 6.
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# The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898/Volume 8/Documents of 1591

DOCUMENTS OF 1591
The collection of tributes in the Filipinas (concluded). Domingo de Salazar, and others; January–March.
Liberty of the Indians in the Philippinas. Gregory XIV; April 18.
Articles of contract for the conquest of Mindanao. G. P. Dasmariñas and Estevan Rodriguez de Figueroa; May 12.
Ordinance forbidding the Indians to wear Chinese stuffs. G. P. Dasmariñas and others; April 9–May 20.
Account of the encomiendas in the Philippinas Islands. [G. P. Dasmariñas]; May 31.
Letter to Felipe II. [G. P. Dasmariñas]; June 20.
The fortification of Manila. G. P. Dasmariñas; June 20.
Investigations at Manila concerning trade with Macan. Melchor de Baeça, and others; May 23–November 19.
Sources: All but two of these documents are obtained from original MSS. in the Archivo general de Indias, Sevilla. The papal decree is found in Hernaez's Colección de bulas, i, p. 108; the account of encomiendas is taken from Retana's Archivo del bibliófilo flipino, iv, pp. 41-111.
Translations: Such part of the first document as appears in this volume is translated by Norman F. Hall; the second is by Rev. T. C. Middleton, O.S.A., of Villanova College; the third and fifth, by James A. Robertson; the fourth, by Herman G. A. Brauer, of the University of Wisconsin; the sixth, by José M. and Clara M. Asensio; the seventh, by Henry B. Lathrop, of the University of Wisconsin; the eighth, by Alfonso de Salvio, of Harvard University.
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# The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898/Volume 8/Documents of 1592

DOCUMENTS OF 1592
Sources: All these documents are obtained from original MSS. in the Archivo general de Indias, Sevilla.
Translations: In the first document, the opinion of the Augustinians is translated by Joseph FitzGerald; that of the Franciscans, by Victoria G. Peacock; the remainder, by James A. Robertson. The second document is translated by Rev. T. C. Middleton, O.S.A., Villanova College; the third, by José M. and Clara M. Asensio. In the eighth document, the first letter is translated by Helen E. Thomas; the third, by Mary F. Foster. The remaining documents of this group are translated by James A. Robertson.
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# The New Student's Reference Work/Tartary

See also Tartary on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Tar′tary, the name given formerly to a broad belt of territory reaching from the Seas of Japan and Okhotsk to the Caspian or perhaps to the Don. Khiva was formerly called Independent Tartary; and the Crimea was called Little Tartary, also Crim Tartary, from the name of the tribe which settled there in the 13th century. The name is applied now, if at all, to the Turkestani region.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tasmania

See also Tasmania on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Tasmania (tăz-mā′nĭ-ȧ), (formerly known as Van Diemen’s Land), is an island lying south of Victoria, Australia and separated from it by Bass Strait. It is one of the original states of the Commonwealth of Australia (q. v.). The colony is a British possession, and at the beginning of the century was a penal settlement. Transportation of criminals to it ceased in 1853. Its area is 26,385 square miles, including Macquarie, divided into 18 counties. The aborigines are extinct. The capital is Hobart, on the south of the island, with a population of 24,655. The other chief town is Launceston (18,077). The principal occupations are agriculture and stock-raising; wool, wheat, hay and oats being the chief exports. Fruit is successfully cultivated, especially apples and pears, which in size, appearance and variety surpass those of Britain. The climate is healthy and temperate. The island contains tin, coal, gold and silver. Education is unsectarian, and compulsory for all children between seven and fourteen. Government is exercised by a responsible ministry, with a parliament consisting of two chambers. A resident governor represents the crown. Population about 190,000.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Taschereau, His Eminence Elezear Alexander

See also Elzéar-Alexandre Taschereau on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Taschereau (ta′sh’-rō′), His Eminence Elezear Alexander, the first Canadian cardinal, was born at Ste. Marie-de-la-Beauce, Quebec, Feb. 17, 1820, his father being a judge of the queen’s bench and his mother the daughter of the speaker of the first legislative assembly of Canada. He was educated at Quebec and Grand Seminaries, ordained in 1842, for four years a professor, later director and at last superior of Grand Seminary, and in 1860 director of Laval University as well. Vicar-general of the archdiocese of Quebec in 1863, he was consecrated archbishop in 1871 and elevated to the cardinalate in 1886. He died in Quebec, April 12, 1898.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Taschereau, Hon. Sir Henry E.

See also Henri Elzéar Taschereau on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Taschereau, Hon. Sir Henry E., was born in 1836. He was called to the bar of Quebec in 1857, and was a member of the Quebec legislature from 1861 to 1867. He was appointed a judge of the superior court of the province in 1871 and in 1878 a judge of the supreme court of Canada. He has written several textbooks on law. He became chief-justice of the court, and recently resigned.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tashkend

See also Tashkent on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Tashkend (tȧsh′kĕnd′), a city of Russian Turkestan (q. v.), on Saralka River. It stands in a rich plain, and is surrounded by a wall 12 miles around, which is pierced by 12 gates. The houses of mud, thatched with reeds, are scattered among gardens and vineyards. A fortified castle, which is the home of the governor, mosques, colleges, old temples and a bazar are the chief buildings. Gunpowder, silk, cotton-goods and iron are manufactured. A large trade is carried on with Bokhara, Mongolia and the Russian provinces of Orenburg and Petropavlovsk. Tashkend is an important military point and was long coveted by the Russians, who captured it in 1854. Population 155,673. See Vambery’s Travels in Central Asia.