OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Diary of ten years eventful life of an early settler in Western Australia and also A descriptive vocabulary of the language of the aborigines/A descriptive vocabulary of the language in common use amongst the aborigines of Western Australia/Part 1/A

​A, long, as in Fāther; ă, short, or a, at the end of a word, as the first a in Mămma. See preface.
Ăb, or Ăp.—An abbreviation of Ăbbin. A particle which, when affixed to words, expresses to be, or to become; as Djulăp, Bugorăp, Garrangăb, to become bad, or a champion, or angry.
Ăbba—A word of friendly salutation with the natives about Augusta, accompanied by the act of rubbing the breast with the hand, and spitting at the same time. This was, perhaps, at first a superstitious ceremony on their part, to avert any evil consequences which might ensue from holding any communication with beings whom they probably, at that time, considered to be preternatural. There does not appear to be any established mode of salutation customary among themselves. To hold up the open hands is used now by the white and black people as a sign of amity; but this is chiefly to show that the hand is unarmed, or the disposition friendly. Green boughs were presented to the settlers at York, by the natives, on the occasion of their first interview.
Ăbbin—Getting; becoming. Gwabbăbbin, becoming good; Durdakabbin, getting well, recovering from sickness.
Adjo, p.p.—I, an imperfect pronunciation of Ngadjo.
Adjul—I will. See Ngadjul.
Ăk, or Ok—Of; an affix denoting possession–as Winatak Gatta, the head of Winat.
Allija, or Alli, pron.—It; that is it.
Amar, s.—A hole or pool of water in a rock. In many parts of the country, where there are no rivers nor springs, the water from the winter rains is retained in deep crevices or holes worn into the surface of the rock. These reservoirs are carefully noted, and are relied upon as the principal resources of the natives, in dry and rocky situations, during the summer months.
Ăn, or Annin—An affix used to express action, or the act of doing; as Gurad, short; Guaradan, shorten, or make short; Minytwallakannin, to put a new face on; to alter.
​Ăng, affix—Of; from; out of; belonging to; and when the antecedent ends in a vowel, some consonant is often interposed for sound's sake; as Gabbi, water; Gabbilang, aquatic; Juko, Jukobang; Bilo, Bilorbang.
Anga, s.—The beard. See Nganga.
Anna, p.p.—Me. See Nganna.
Anya, p.p.—I. See Nganya.
Ăp, or Up—An affix used to denote a locality fit for, or used as, a resting place; as Mangaga ăp, the resting place at Mangaga.
Ardă, ad.—Gratuitously, without object; idly; merely; only; nothing particular. This is a word of very frequent use. What are you doing? Nothing. Where are you going? Nowhere. What do you want? Nothing. In all such cases Ardă is the proper answer.
| Ardak, ad. | } | Low down; downwards.—See Ngardak. |
| Ardăkăt V. | } | Low down; downwards.—See Ngardak. |
Arndin, or Arndinyang, a.—(V.) Sick; ill; sore.
# Diary of ten years eventful life of an early settler in Western Australia and also A descriptive vocabulary of the language of the aborigines/A descriptive vocabulary of the language in common use amongst the aborigines of Western Australia/Part 1/I

I. (Sounded as in Fatigue. See Preface.)
Idal-ya, feathers.
Idi-yal, pron.—(Vasse dialect.) I myself, See Ngadjul.
id-yal, s.—A shrimp.
Igan, v.—Pres. part., Igan; past tense, Igan. To alarm; to disturb; to drive.
I-i, ad.—Yes; sign of assent: pronounced guturally with the lips nearly closed, and the chin projected forwards.
Ijan, v.—To mock; to make game of.
Ijarăp, s.—The snapper-fish, caught in great abundance on banks or shoals near the coast.
Ijow, v.—Pres. part., Ijowin; past tense, Ijaga. To place; to put; to produce, as animals their young, a tree its fruit, a hen her eggs.
llakilak, ad.—At once; immediately.
Ilar, a.—Dry; not wet.
Ilyn, s.—Flesh; muscle.
llyn-gădak, a.—Stout; fleshy.
​Il-yan, part.—Obscured, as a track, or steps, which one is desirous of following up; also as a person's voice may be drowned or obscured, by others talking purposely loud, and hindering what is said from being heard.
Il-yanok—Local name of one of the family denominations.
Inbi, s.—A species of Unio; the fresh-water muscle.
Indat, ad.—Together; in company.
Indi, pron.—(Vasse dialect.) Who; the same as Ngando.
Initch—(K.G.S.) A brilliant fire.
Injal, ad.—A form of Winjal; where.
Injar, a.—Dry; parched up.
Injarăn, v.—Pres. part., Injarannin; past tense, Injaranaga. To make dry.
Injarănăn, v.—To dry up.
Inji, ad.—A form of Wingi; where.
Inji s.—The peeled ornamental sticks worn by the natives at the Yallor, or native dance.
Inyene, ad.—(Vasse.) Here.
Ira, a.—Upright; upwards.
Ira, ad.—Up. Applied to going to a place, "up the country."
Irab, v.—Pres. part., Irabin; past tense, Irabin. To arise; to get up. Compounded of Ira, upright, and Abbin, to become.
Irap, v.—Arise; get up.
Ira-yugow, v.—Stand up.
Ira-yugowin, s.—The lower teeth; so called from their standing upright. Compounded of Ira, upright, and Yugowin, standing.
Irilbarra, s.—Ice. Glass is now so called.
Iring-win, part.—Frowning.
Irodu. s.—Nyroca australis. White-winged duck.
Irrgo. s.—A small white bivalve shell; used by the natives for sharpening their spears when they cannot procure glass.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Heath, Charles (1785-1848)

​HEATH, CHARLES (1785–1848), engraver, born in 1785, was illegitimate son of James Heath [q. v.], the engraver. He received instruction in engraving from his father, and an etched head done by him at the age of six is in the print room at the British Museum. He proved an apt pupil, helping to carry to perfection the style of small plates for book illustration initiated by his father. He was early in life a fellow of the Society of British Artists, and contributed for some years to their exhibitions, but subsequently left the society. His small plates for the numerous popular editions of English classics are executed with great taste and delicacy, and in some of his portraits, such as that of ‘Lady Peel’ after Sir Thomas Lawrence, he attained great excellence. In his larger plates he was less uniformly successful; among these were ‘Puck’ and ‘The Infant Hercules’ after Reynolds, ‘Sunday Morning’ after M. W. Sharp, ‘The Girl at the Well’ after R. Wes​tall, ‘The Bride’ after C. R. Leslie, ‘A Gentleman of the time of Charles I’ after Vandyck, ‘Ecce Homo’ after C. Dolce, ‘Europa’ after W. Hilton, and ‘Christ Healing the Sick in the Temple’ after B. West, a large engraving which took him some years to complete. In May 1826 his collection of engravings was dispersed by auction, apparently from pecuniary difficulties. Heath, though not the originator, was the chief promoter of the well-known illustrated ‘Annuals,’ and kept a large school of assistants working under his superintendence. The later years of his life were almost entirely occupied in the production of the ‘Keepsake,’ the ‘Picturesque Annual,’ the ‘Literary Souvenir,’ the ‘Book of Beauty,’ the ‘Amulet,’ and publications on a similar scale, such as Turner's ‘England and Wales.’ The engravings in these works are executed with marvellous technical skill and fidelity, but being somewhat cold and mechanical in appearance failed to maintain their hold on public taste. Heath engraved but little with his own hand in them. Among his pupils were the well-known engravers Doo and Watt. Heath died on 18 Nov. 1848, in his sixty-fourth year, leaving a family, of whom one son became an engineer and another was brought up to his father's profession. In April 1840 a second sale was held of his stock engravings executed since 1825.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Dodd's manuscript Hist. of Engravers (Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 33401); Gent. Mag. 1849, new ser. xxxi. 100; Art Journal, 1848; Brit. Mus. Cat.; private information.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Heath, Christopher

​HEATH, CHRISTOPHER (1802–1876), minister of the catholic apostolic church, Gordon Square, London, was born in London on 26 March 1802. His grandfather, Benjamin Heath, was a velvet manufacturer at Birmingham. His father, John Heath, was a surgeon in the navy, who, after being present in Lord Howe's action of 1 June 1794, left the sea service and practised at 69 Hatton Garden as a surgeon dentist. The son, Christopher, entered St. Paul's School, London, 1 Nov. 1813; in 1817 became a pupil under his father, and eventually succeeded to his profession. He was brought up in the church of England, but being attracted by the preaching of Edward Irving at the Caledonian Chapel, Cross Street, Hatton Garden, became a member of his congregation there in May 1832. He removed with Irving when he took his congregation to Newman Street Hall on 24 Oct. 1832, and was called to be an elder of the church. Some time after Irving's death (3 June 1835) Heath was appointed to succeed him as angel or minister of the congregation, being ordained by John Bate Cardale [q. v.], the apostle. Upon this he gave up his profession, and moved to 14 Newman Street, adjoining the church. In course of time, finding that the Newman Street Hall was small and inconvenient, in conjunction with his deacons he obtained plans from Raphael Brandon for an early English building in Gordon Square. Of this he laid the first stone in 1851, and it was opened on Christmas-eve 1853, being at that time probably the most beautiful ecclesiastical building erected in England since the Reformation. The west end of the church was, however, never finished, owing to want of funds. Here he and his congregation continued to be the central point in London of the catholic apostolic church (commonly called the Irvingite church). He paid official visits to the branch churches in France, Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, and Denmark. But his main work was in London, where, besides the care of his large flock, he had much responsibility as a trustee and administrator of church funds. He was a man of great energy and industry, and much trusted for his firmness, tact, and patience. He died of congestion of the lungs at 3 Byng Place, Gordon Square, on 1 Nov. 1876. On 20 Nov. 1827 he married Eliza, daughter of James Barclay; she died at 40 Gordon Square, on 3 July 1884, aged 78; by her he had a large family. Of his sons, Christopher Heath was a well-known surgeon in London.
G. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Heath, Dunbar Isidore

​HEATH, DUNBAR ISIDORE (1816–1888), heterodox divine, born in 1816, was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. as fifth wrangler in 1838, and commenced M.A. in 1841 (Graduati Cantabr. ed. 1884, p. 245). He was elected a fellow of his college, and was presented to the college living of Brading in the Isle of Wight. There he preached in 1859, and published in 1860, a series of ‘Sermons on Important Subjects,’ which were alleged to be derogatory to the Thirty-nine Articles. Heath maintained, contrary to the articles, first, that justification by faith is the putting every one in his right place by our Saviour's trust in the future, and that the faith by which man is justified is not his faith in Christ, but the faith of Christ himself; secondly, that Christ's blood was not poured out to propitiate his Father; thirdly, that forgiveness of sins has nothing at all to do with the gospel; and fourthly, that the ideas and phrases ‘guilt of ​sin,’ ‘satisfaction,’ ‘merit,’ ‘necessary to salvation,’ ‘have been foisted into modern theology without sanction from Scripture.’ Accordingly, in 1860, a suit was instituted against him in the court of arches by direction of his diocesan, Charles Richard Sumner, bishop of Winchester. Judgment was delivered in the case of Burder v. Heath on 2 Nov. 1861, when the defendant was declared to have forfeited his living under the statute of 13 Eliz. c. 12. An appeal was made to the judicial committee of the privy council, and the judgment, delivered on 6 June 1862, confirmed the decision of the lower court, and Heath was deprived of the vicarage of Brading. After his deprivation Heath lived in retirement, and died at Esher, Surrey, on 27 May 1888.
Besides editing for some time the ‘Journal of Anthropology,’ Heath wrote: 1. ‘A brief Account of the Scottish and Italian Missions to the Anglo-Saxons. Collected from Bede and the best historians, and thrown into the form of a Chronicle,’ London, 1845, 8vo. 2. ‘The Future Human Kingdom of Christ; or Man's Heaven to be this earth,’ 2 vols. London, 1852–3, 8vo. 3. ‘Our Future Life,’ London, 1853, 8vo. 4. ‘The Exodus Papyri. With an historical and chronological introduction by Miss Corbaux,’ London, 1855, 8vo. 5. ‘A Record of the Patriarchal Age; or the Proverbs of Aphobis, B.C. 1900, now first translated from the Egyptian,’ Ryde [1858], 12mo. 6. ‘Sermons on Important Subjects,’ Ryde [1860], 12mo. 7. ‘A Defence of my Professional Character,’ London [1862], 8vo. 8. ‘Phœnician Inscriptions,’ part i. London, 1873, 8vo.
[Athenæum, 9 June 1888, p. 728; Cambridge Chronicle, 15 June 1888, p. 7; Crockford's Clerical Directory, 1882, p. 497; Guardian, 6 June 1888, p. 825; Irving's Annals of our Time, p. 627; Isle of Wight Observer, 9 June 1888, p. 5, 16 June p. 6; Men of the Time, 1884; Times, 18 June 1861 p. 11, col. 4, 19 June p. 11, col. 5, 2 Aug. p. 9, col. 6, 4 Nov. p. 9, col. 1, 18 Nov. p. 9, col. 3, 9 June 1862 p. 9, col. 1, p. 11, col. 2.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Heath, Charles (1761-1831)

Date of death 1830 in the ODNB.
​HEATH, CHARLES (1761–1831), topographer, was a native of Hurcott, near Kidderminster, Worcestershire, where his father owned extensive paper mills. About 1791 he set up as a printer at Monmouth, and prepared a number of topographical works on the neighbourhood. These he printed at his own press, and all ran through many editions. Heath was twice mayor of Monmouth. After his death (7 Jan. 1831) his fellow-townsmen erected a monument above his grave in St. Mary's churchyard, Monmouth, and the inscription stated that his books ‘first brought into the notice of tourists’ the many picturesque points of interest in the neighbourhood. His works included historical and descriptive accounts of the town of Monmouth (1804), of the Kymin Pavilion and Beaulieu Grove (1807, 1809), of Tintern Abbey (1793, 1806), of the town and castle of Chepstow (1793, 1805, and 1808), and of Raglan Castle (1797; 11th edition, 1829). He also wrote ‘An Excursion down the Wye from Ross to Monmouth.’
[Gent. Mag. 1831, pt. i. p. 92; J. P. Anderson's Book of British Topography; information kindly communicated by H. A. Evans, esq., of Tutshill Lodge, Chepstow.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hearn, William Edward

​HEARN, WILLIAM EDWARD, LL.D. (1826–1888), legal and economical writer, born, 22 April 1826, at Belturbet, co. Cavan, was son of the vicar of Killague in the same county. He was educated at the royal school at Enniskillen and Trinity College, Dublin, where he was first senior moderator in classics and first junior moderator in logic and ethics. After being professor of Greek in Queen's College, Galway, from 1849 to 1854, he was in the latter year nominated as the first professor of modern history, modern literature, logic, and political economy in the new university of Melbourne. He was called to the Irish bar in 1853, and to the bar of Victoria in 1860. On the reorganisation of the school of law in 1873 he resigned his professorship and became dean of the faculty of law, and from May to October 1886 was chancellor of the university. In 1878 he was elected to represent the central province of Victoria in the legislative council. While in parliament his energies were mainly devoted to codification of the law. In 1879 he introduced the Duties of the People Bill, a code of criminal law; in 1881 the Law of Obligations Bill, a code of duties and rights as between subject and subject; in 1884 the Substantive General Law Consolidation Bill. All these bills were in 1887 referred to a joint select committee of both houses for report, and their adoption was recommended, but owing to Hearn's ill-health they were dropped for the time. Hearn was a member of the church of England, and as a layman took a prominent part in the working of the diocese of Melbourne. In 1886 he was appointed Q.C. He died 23 April 1888.
Hearn wrote:
* ‘The Cassell Prize Essay on the Condition of Ireland,’ London, 1851.
* ‘Plutology, or the Theory of the Efforts to satisfy Human Wants,’ 1864.
* ‘The Government of England, its Structure and its Development,’ 1867; 2nd edit. 1887; an important and valuable work, which is referred to by Mr. Herbert Spencer as one of those which have helped to graft the theory of evolution on history.
* ‘The Aryan Household, its Structure and its Development; an Introduction to Comparative Jurisprudence,’ 1879; his most important work, which, in the author's words, was intended ‘to describe the rise and the progress of the principal institutions that are common to the nations of the Aryan stock.’
* ‘Payment by Results in Primary Education,’ 1872.
* ‘The Theory of Legal Rights and Duties; an Introduction to Analytical Jurisprudence,’ 1885.
Hearn also made some brilliant contributions to the local press.
[A very full obituary notice is contained in the Australasian of 28 April 1888; Athenæum, 28 April 1888; Brit. Mus. Cat.]
J. W-s.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hearne, Thomas (1744-1817)

​HEARNE, THOMAS (1744–1817), water-colour painter, was born at Brinkworth near Malmesbury, in 1744. He came in early youth to London, where in 1763 he was awarded a premium by the Society of Arts. In 1765 he was apprenticed to Liam Woollett, the engraver, with whom he stayed for six years. In 1771 he accompanied to the Leeward Islands Sir Ralph Paynes, Lord Lavington, the newly appointed governor, and remained there three years and a half, making drawings of the characteristic features of the islands. This work employed him for two years after his return , and turned the direction of his art from engraving to drawing in water-colours. In 1777, in conjunction with William Byrne [q. v.], he commenced the most important undertaking of his life. 'The Antiquities of Great Britain'. This work occupied him till 1781. For it he executed all the drawings, fifty-two in number, and they were exhibited at the gal​lery in Spring gardens. During the extensive tour throughout Great Britain which the work necessitated, Hearne studied nature with care, investing his topographical drawings with effects of light and atmosphere seldom attempted by previous draughtsmen in water-colour. He may thus be said to have done much to revive attention to Gothic architecture, and to have been one of the founders of the English school of water-colours. His art had much influence on Girtin and Turner, both of whom copied his drawings at the houses of Dr. Thomas Munro [q. v.] and John Henderson, senior, the well-know connoisseurs and patrons of young artists. From 1781 to 1802 he exhibited drawings of landscape and antiquarian remains at the Royal Academy. He was a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. He died in Macclesfield Street, Soho, on 13 April 1817, and was buried at Bushey.
There Is a fine collection of his drawings in the British Museum, and there are others at South Kensington.
C. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hearder, Jonathan

​HEARDER, JONATHAN (1810–1876), electrician, born at Plymouth in 1810, was well known as a popular lecturer throughout the west of England. Though nearly blind, owing to an accident when experimenting in his youth with a fulminating compound, he acquired a thorough knowledge of practical chemistry and electricity, and was for many years intimately associated with Sir William Snow Harris [q. v.] in his researches. Hearder devised several improvements in connection with the induction coil and the application of electricity to medical purposes. He also invented and patented a sub-oceanic cable, which proved to be almost identical with that subsequently chosen for transatlantic telegraphy. Another invention was a thermometer for lead soundings at sea which should indicate the depth of water by its pressure. Hearder's attainments, however, were not exclusively scientific, and his success as a lecturer was due not only to his knowledge of facts, but to his skill as an experimenter and his genial manner. He took a special interest in the Plymouth Institution, and had an excellent knowledge of local antiquities and history. He acted for many years as electrician to the South Devon Hospital. Hearder died in Plymouth of a paralytic attack on 16 July 1876.
[Ann. Reg. for 1876; Athenæum, July 1876; Plymouth Gazette, 19 July 1878.]
R. E. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hearne, Samuel

​HEARNE, SAMUEL (1745–1792), traveller, born in London in 1745, served as midshipman in the royal navy 1756–63, some of the time under Captain Samuel (afterwards Viscount) Hood [q. v.] He then entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company, and in 1768–70 made three voyages of exploration for them in the north-west. On 15 July 1771 he began a survey of the Coppermine River, which he reached after a journey of thirteen hundred miles on foot, proceeded as far as the Great Slave Lake, and after the sorest privations made his way back to Prince of Wales's Fort 30 June 1772. He supposed that in this journey he had reached the northern coast of North America, and stood on the shores of the ‘Hyperborean Sea.’ He received the thanks of the Hudson's Bay Company and a handsome gratuity. In 1774 he established Fort Cumberland in the interior; in 1775 he was appointed governor of the company's station known as Prince of Wales's Fort, and was made prisoner at its capture by the French naval commander, La Perouse, in 1782 (see Gent. Mag. 1782, pp. 501, 546). He returned to England in 1787, and died in 1792. He is described as a man of enlightened and benevolent character, as well as of great courage and perseverance, and a close observer. After his death his ‘Account of a Journey from Prince of Wales's Fort in Hudson's Bay to the North-West, undertaken … for the discovery of Copper Mines, a North-West Passage, &c.,’ was published in London in 1795, and another edition in Dublin in 1796. A German version is given in Sprengel's ‘Nachrichten.’
[Rose's New Biog. Dict. vol. xii.; Drake's American Biog. Dict.; Hearne's Journey, &c., London, 1795, 4to, which contains a refutation of Alex. Dalrymple's charges of inaccuracy in Hearne's latitudes; Brit. Mus. Cat. of Printed Books.]
H. M. C.