OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Free Willers

FREE-WILLERS, Arminians, characterized by their adherence to the doctrine of Free-will, as implying a self-determining power in the mind. Dr. Clarke defines liberty to be 'a power of self-motion, or self-determination,' which definition implies that in your volitions we are not acted upon. Activity, and being acted upon, are incompatible with one another. In whatever instances we cannot be acted upon. A being, in receiving a change of its state from the exertion of its state from the exertion of an adequate force, is not an agent. Man, therefore, could not be an agent, were all could not be an agent, were all his volitions derived from any force, or the effects of any mechanical causes. In this case, it would be no more true that he ever acts, than it is true of a ball, that it acts when struck by another ball. To prove that a self-determining power belongs to the will, it is urged that we ourselves are conscious of possessing such liberty. We blame and condemn ourselves for our actions; have an inward sense of guilt, shame, and remorse of conscience; which feelings are inconsistent with the scheme of necessity. We universally agree that some actions deserve praise, and others blame; for which there would be no foundation, if we were invincibly determined in every volition. Approbation and blame are consequent upon free actions only. It is an article in the christian faith, that Dog will render rewards and punishments to men for their actions in this life. We cannot maintain his justice in this particular, if men's actions be necessary, either in their own nature, or by divine decrees and influence. Activity and self-determining power are also alleged to be the foundation of all morality, and the greatest possible happiness. See Necessarians.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ See Locke on Free Will. Letters between Clarke and Leibnitz. The Correspondence between Drs. Priestley and Price.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Freethinkers

FREETHINKERS, an appellation assumed by certain persons, who disbelieved Christianity, and boasted their freedom from religious prejudices. See Deists.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Franciscans

FRANCISCANS, an order of friars founded in 1209, by St Francis of Assini, who had led a dissolute life, but a fit of sickness produced an entire change in his method of living; and at the age of twenty one he solemnly determined to practise the most rigorous self-denial; and had the courage to support that resolution, without the least deviation, during a life of forty six years. Absolute poverty was his fundamental rule, which he rigorously enjoined on all his followers. Some years afterwards, this rule was relaxed by the indulgence of several popes; but this occasioned a schism in the order and divided them into two parties. Those who adhered strictly to the austere rules of their founder were called Fraticelli, or Little Brothers, which name Francis himself had assumed out of humility, and prescribed it to his followers. They were also called Spiritual, while the others were styled Brethren of the Community. This religious order acquired great reputation and influences and it is said that previous to the death of St. Francis it amounted to more than fifty thousand persons. The Franciscans maintained that the Virgin Mary was born without original sin, which the Dominicans denying, occasioned a contention, which ended much to the disgrace of the latter. See Dominicans.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Mosheim, Eccles. Hist. vol. iii. p. 192. Eustace's Classical Tour through Italy, vol. ii. p197.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Fraticelli

FRATICELLI, i. e. Little Brothers, a sect which appeared in Italy about 1298, and spread all over Europe. They pretended that ecclesiastics ought to have no possessions of their own. This term had been honourably applied, as we have seen, to the spiritual or stricter kind of Franciscans; but, when used in reference to the Catharists and Waldenses, was considered as a term of reproach and ridicule.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Broughton, vol. i. p. 427.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/French Prophets

FRENCH PROPHETS. They first appeared in Dauphiny and Vivarais. In the year 1688, five or six hundred protestants, of both sexes, gave themselves out to be prophets inspired of the Holy Ghost, and they soon amounted to many thousands. They had strange fits, which came upon them with tremblings and faintings, as in a swoon, which made them reel and stagger till they dropped. They beat themselves, fell on their backs, shut their eyes, and heaved their breasts, as in fits; and when they came out of these trances said, they saw the heavens open, the angels paradise, and hell; and then began to prophesy.
The burden of their dicourses was, Repent, amend your lives: the end of all things draweth nigh! The walls of their assemblies, and, when in the open air, the hills rebounded with their loud cries for mercy; and with imprecations against the priests, the church, and the pope, with predictions of the appoaching fall of popery.
In the year 1706, three or four of these prophets came over into England, and brought their prophetic spirit with them, which discovered itself by extacies, agitations, and inspirations under them, as it had done in France; and they propagated the like spirit to others, so that before the year was out, there were two or three hundred of these prophets in and about London, of both sexes, of all ages; men, women, and children; and they had delivered four or five hundred prophetic warnings.
The great thing they pretended by their spirit was, to give warning of the near approach of the kingdom of God, the happy times of the church, the millenium-state. Their message was, that the grand jubilee, the acceptable year of the Lord, the accomplishment of those numerous passages in scripture concerning the new heavens, and the new earth, &c. was now even at the door-that this great work was to be wrought on the part of man by spiritual arms, only, proceeding from the mouths of those who should, by inspiration of the Spirit, be sent forth in great numbers, to labour in the vineyard-that this mission of his servants should be witnessed to by signs and wonders from heaven, by a deluge of judgments on the wicked throughout the world; as famine, earthquakes, &c.-that the exterminating angels should root out the tares, and leave upon earth only good corn; and that the works of men being thrown down, there should be but one Lord, one faith, one heart, and one voice, among mankind. They declared, that all these great things would be manifest over the whole earth within the term of three years.
These prophets also pretended to the gift of languages, of discerning the secrets of the heart; the power of conferring the same spirit on others, and the gift of healing by the laying on of hands. To prove that they were really inspired by the Holy Ghost, they alleged the complete joy and satisfaction they experienced, the spirit of prayer which was poured forth upon them, and the answer of their prayers by the Most High.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Chauncey's Works, vol. iii. p. 2-39. Prophetical Warnings of the Eternal Spirit. A Brand snatched from the burning, &c.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Abbassah

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ABBASSAH,
A sister of Haroun al Raschid, caliph of the Saracens, A. D. 786, was so beautiful and accomplished, that the caliph often lamented he was her brother, thinking that no other husband could be found worthy of her. To sanction, however, a wish he had of conversing at the same time with the two most enlightened people he knew, he married her to his vizier Giafar, the Barmecide, on condition that Giafar should not regard her as his wife. Giafar, not obeying this injunction, was put to death by order of the enraged caliph, and Abbassah was dismissed from his court. She wandered about, sometimes reduced to the extreme of wretchedness, reciting her own story in song; and there are still extant some Arabic verses composed by her, which celebrate her misfortunes. In the divan entitled Juba, Abbassah's genius for poetry is mentioned; and a specimen of her composition, in six Arabic lines, addressed to Giafar, her husband, whose society she was restricted by her brother from enjoying, is to be found in a book written by Ben Abon Haydah. She left two children, twins, whom Giafar, before his death, had sent privately to Mecca to be educated.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Abella

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ABELLA,
A female writer born at Salerno, in Italy, in the reign of Charles the Sixth of France, in 1380. She wrote several works on medicine; and, among others, a treatise De atra bili, which was very highly esteemed.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Abisch, Anna Barbara

Anna Maria Barbara Abesch
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ABISCH, ANNA BARBARA,
Was, like her father, a Swiss painter on glass. The Benedictine monastery of Muri, in the canton of Aragau, contains many specimens of her ability in this branch of decorative art.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Acca, or Arca-Laurentia

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ACCA, OR ARCA-LAURENTIA,
Was wife of the shepherd Faustulus, and nurse to Remus and Romulus. She was defied by the Romans, to whom the flamen of Jupiter once a year offered a sacrifice, on a holiday instituted to her honour. She lived about B. C. 760.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Acciaioli, Magdalen

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ACCIAIOLI, MAGDALEN,
A native of Florence, celebrated for her beauty and genius. She was a great favourite of Christina, duchess of Tuscany, and wrote poems in a very pleasing and elegant style. She died in 1610.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Abdy, Mrs.

* related authors: Maria Abdy.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
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ABDY, MRS.
The name of this lady has long been familiar to the readers of English periodical literature, to which she is a constant and valued contributor. Annuals, Pocket-books, Monthly Magazines, and all publications of that class and character, devoted to the advancement of intellectual culture, morality, and especially of religion, to which the service of her spiritual gifts are in a great measure consecrated. Her verse is full of that serenity and cheerfulness which only a warm faith can inspire.
Mrs. Abdy has written several tales which would do credit to many of the high names in literature; her moral is always sound ​and practical; her characters equally remote from insipidity or exaggeration, while a gentle humour pervades the whole; that termed "The Long Engagement" is one of the happiest specimens of her style. A volume of her collected poems has been printed, but not published, being only for private circulation.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Abijah

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ABIJAH,
The wife of Ahaz, and mother of Hezekiah, king of Judah. She is called in the book of Kings, Abi; and by Josephus, Abia.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Abingdon, Frances

Frances Abington / Frances Barton
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ABINGDON, FRANCES,
An eminent, English actress, whose maiden name was Barton, was born in 1735. Some part of her earlier life she is said to have spent in great poverty, and when about fifteen, she joined a company of strolling players. In 1752, she was engaged at the Haymarket, London, where she was received with great applause. In 1755, she married Mr. James Abingdon, and in 1759, she left London for Dublin, where she was long the chief theatrical favourite. Her forte was in comedy; and as the finished lady, or romping chambermaid, she was equally at home. In 1761, Mrs. Abingdon left her husband to reside with Mr. Needham, who bequeathed her part of his fortune at his death. In 1799, she quitted the stage, and died at London in 1815.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Abishag

Avishag
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ABISHAG,
The Shunamite, a beautiful young virgin, who cherished David, king of Israel, in his old age, and was afterwards desired by his son Adonijah, as a wife; which request caused him to be put to death by the command of Solomon, who looked upon it as an indication that Adonijah wished in other respects also to take the place of David, their father. A learned commentator thus tells the story:—"The king, (David,) though he had been so robust in his youth, seemed to decay daily. His afflictions, labours, fatigues, and perpetual wars, had exhausted him so much, that entering on his seventieth year, his natural heat seemed on the point of being extinguished; while his mind was as vigorous as ever, and he still governed with so much wisdom and authority, as made his life previous. His physicians, in order to prolong it, hit upon an expedient which succeeded, at least, for some time. All Israel was sought through to find out a proper person, and the choice fell on Abishag, the Shunamite, a young, beautiful, and virtuous woman. He made her his wife, and she was with him both ​night and day.'" That Abishag was considered the honourable wife of king David, and was so according to the customs of that age, there is no doubt.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Antigone

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ANTIGONE,
Was daughter of Œdipus, king of Thebes, by his sister Jocasta. This incestuous union brought a curse on the innocent Antigone; yet she never failed in her duty to her father, but attended him in his greatest misfortunes. She was slain by the usurper Creon, whose son Hæmon, being in love with her, killed himself upon her tomb. Her death was avenged on Creone by Theseus, and her name has been immortalized in a tragedy by Sophocles. She lived about B. C. 1250.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Antonia Minor

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ANTONIA MINOR,
Sister of the preceding, was born B. C. 36. She married Drusus, ​brother of Tiberius, whose mother, Liyia, had married the emperor Augustus. After a victorious campaign in Germany, Drusus died when on his way to Rome to receive the reward of his exploits. The despair of Antonia at this affliction knew no bounds. Their union and virtues, in a dissolute court, had been the admiration of Rome. Three children, Germanicus, Claudius, afterwards emperor, and Livia, or Livilia, were the fruits of this marriage.
Antonia, though widowed in the bloom of beauty and the pride of life, refused all the splendid connections which courted her acceptance; and, rejecting the solicitations of Augustus to reside at his court, she passed her time in retirement, and in educating her children. She gained the respect and confidence of Tiberius, who had succeeded Augustus, by informing him of a conspiracy formed by his favourite Sejanus against his life.
Domestic calamities seemed to pursue this princess. Her son Germanicus, endowed with every noble quality, adored by the army, the idol of the people, and the presumptive heir to the throne, died suddenly in Syria, probably poisoned by order of the emperor. Agrippina, wife of Germanicus, returned to Rome, bearing in an urn the ashes of her husband, and joined With Antonia in vainly demanding vengeance of the Senate.
Claudius, her younger son, dishonoured the family by his stupidity and vices; and Livilia was convicted of adultery and the murder of her husband. She was given up by Tiberius to Antonia, who, with the spirit of the ancient Romans, confined her in a room and left her to perish of hunger.
Antonia died in the early part of the reign of her grandson Caligula, who, by his neglect and open contempt, is supposed to have hastened her death. She was probably about seventy-five when she died. Of her private life little is known. She was celebrated for her beauty, chastity, and integrity. Pliny speaks of a temple dedicated to her.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Aretaphila

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ARETAPHILA,
Of Cyrene, wife of Phædimus, a nobleman of that place, lived about, B. C. 120. Nicocrates, having usurped the government of Cyrene, caused Phædimus to be slain, and forcibly espoused his widow, of whose beauty he had become enamoured. Cyrene groaned under the cruelty of the tyrant, who was gentle and kind only to Aretaphila. Determined to free her country from this cruel yoke, Aretaphila obtained several poisons in order to try their strength. Her drugs were discovered, and her design suspected, and she was put to the torture, but resolutely refused to confess. Her husband afterwards, moved by her sufferings, entreated her forgiveness, which she refused.
Aretaphila had one daughter by her first marriage, whom she had united to Lysander, brother of Nicocrates, and through whom she persuaded Lysander to rebel against the tyrant. He was successful in his attempt, and Nicocrates was deposed and assassinated. But alter Lysander's accession to the throne, he neglected ​Aretaphila's advice, and imitated the craeltics and the tyranny of his brother.
Disappointed in her son-in-law, she sent secretly to Anabus, a prince of Lybia, to ask him to invade Cyrene, and free it of its oppressors. When Anabus had arrived near Cyrene, Aretaphila, in a secret conference with him, promised to place Lysander in his hands, if he would retain him prisoner as a tyrant and usurper For this service, she promised him magnificent gifts and a present in money. She then insinuated into the mind of Lysander, suspicions of the loyalty of his nobles and captains, and prevailed on him to seek an interview with Anabus, in order to make peace.
This he did, and was made prisoner, and eventually destroyed by drowning. It was then decreed that the administration of the government should be given to Aretaphila, assisted by a council of the nobles. But she declined the honour; preferring the privacy of domestic life, she retired to her own habitation amidst the prayers and blessings of the people.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Arbouville, Countess d'

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ARBOUVILLE, COUNTESS D',
Who died in April, 1850, was a woman of real genius. Her writings appeared in Paris, at first anonymously, she being by nature particularly sensitive, and unwilling to be known as a candidate for literary honours. Her first work, entitled "Resignation," was published in 1840. This was followed by the "Village Doctor," "La Histoire Hollandaise," and a volume of poems called "The Manuscript of my Aunt," the introduction of which is a touching little story of early death. The poems of this writer, like her prose works, are of a tender, elegant, and mournful character; a poetic melancholy inspires her every thought, and colours every picture which she draws. Her best production is the "Histoire Hollandaise." This tale is beautifully written; it is like a strain of mournful music that rends the very soul of the reader. The death of Madame d'Arbouville must be deplored as a loss to the reading world, which reasonably anticipated yet more admirable things from her pen.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Archidamia

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ARCHIDAMIA,
The daughter of king Eleonymas of Sparta, was famed for her patriotism and her courage. When Pyrrhus marched against Lacedemon, it was resolved by the Senate that all the women should be sent out of the city; but Sparta's women would not listen to this proposition. Sword in hand, they entered, with their leader, Archidamia, the senate chamber, and administered to the city fathers a severe reproof for their Want of confidence in woman's patriotism, and declared that they would not leave the city nor survive its fall, if that should take place.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Antonia Major

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ANTONIA MAJOR,
The eldest daughter of Marc Antony and Octavia, sister to Augustus, was born B. C. 89. She married L. Domitius. Some of the most illustrious persons in Rome were descended from her. It was her misfortune that the infamous Messalina and Nero were her grandchildren.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Apollonia, St.

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APOLLONIA, ST.,
A martyr at Alexandria, A. D. 248. In her old age, she was threatened with death if she did not join with her persecutors in pronouncing certain profane words. After beating her, and knocking out her teeth, they brought her to the fire, which they had lighted without the city. Begging a short respite, she was set free, and immediately threw herself into the fire, and was consumed.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Archinta, Margherita

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ARCHINTA, MARGHERITA
Was born at Milan towards the beginning of the sixteenth century. She was of noble birth, but more distinguished for her talent than for this accident of nature. She composed many lyric poems, and pieces of music, according to the taste of that age.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Moorehead, John

From volume 2 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Morales, Cristofero

From volume 2 of the work.
​MORALES, Cristofero, born at Seville in the early part of the 16th century, and appointed a member of the papal chapel about 1540 by Paul III. His published works, dating between the years 1539 and 1569, consist of 16 Masses (in 2 books), Magnificats, and several Motets published in various collections. Morales 'despised all worldly, to say nothing of light, music, and had nothing to do with it, regarding with anger those who applied that noble gift of God, the power of making music, to frivolous, and even to objectionable uses.' Ambitious that his works should be worthy of God and the papal chapel, he surely gained his end, and for nearly 350 years they have been annually sung in the place for which he designed them. In modern score Eslava gives six pieces; Rochlitz some extracts from a mass; Schlesinger the celebrated motet 'Lamentabatur Jacob,' which Adami describes as a 'marvel of art'; Martini three movements from the Magnificats. Two motets (à 3) 'Domine Deus' and 'Puer est natus' and a Magnificat are in score in the British Museum in Burney's Musical Extracts, vol. iv. (Add. MSS. 11,584).
[ J. R. S.-B. ]
* ↑ Adami's 'Osservazioni per ben regolare il coro della Capp. Pontif.' (Roma, Rossi 1711). The date of the 2nd book of Masses is here quoted as 1544. In the dedication to the Pope, Morales writes 'quod cum me jam pridem inter Chori tui musicos collocaveris.'
* ↑ From preface to 2nd book of Masses.
* ↑ 'Mottetti etc che si cantano nella Capella Sistlna e nella Basilica Vaticana'—a MS. in the British Museum (Egerton Collection 2460–61) containing a Magnificat sung on the vigil of Epiphany, and the motet 'Lamentabatur Jacob,' sung on the 4th Sunday in Lent.
* ↑ Sammlung Gesangstücke, vol. i. nos. 27, 29.
* ↑ In 'Musica Sacra,' Berlin 1853. Each motet can be had separately.
* ↑ 'Esemplare … di contrappunto' (Bologna 1774). The three movements are used as theoretical examples, and numerous notes added on questions which they illustrate.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Moralt

From volume 2 of the work.
​MORALT. Four brothers of great celebrity in Munich, celebrated for their rendering of Haydn's quartets.
The first, Joseph, born 1775, entered the court band in 1797, and became Kapellmeister in 1800, which post he held till his death in 1828.
The next brother, Johann Baptist, born 1777 [App. p.719 "Jan 10"], entered the same band in 1792, was the second violin in the quartet, and also composed two symphonies for orchestra, some 'Symphonic concertantes,' and 'Leçons méthodiques' for the violin, two string quartets, besides a MS. Mass, etc. He died in 1825.
Philipp, the violoncello of the quartet, born 1780, was in the band from 1795 to his death Mar. 18, 1847. He had a twin-brother, Jacques, who played in the orchestra, but not in the celebrated quartet.
Georg, the tenor-player, was born in 1781 and died 1818.
[ J. A. F. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Montigny-Rémaury, Caroline

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. C. ]