OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Care and Management of Rabbits/Chapter 17

XVII
LITTERS AND THEIR SIZE
LITTERS AND THEIR SIZE
We have already had something to say elsewhere about the size of litters, but this is a matter which cannot be too strongly overemphasized.
The size and the frequency of the litters has everything to do with success in raising rabbits. People often do not stop to take this into consideration.
The rabbit is naturally a very prolific animal. Nature seems to try to compensate for the natural losses due to enemies and other conditions which combine to destroy litters in the natural state by sending a large number of youngsters to the mother doe.
The average litter of the good breeding doe will run all the way from five to thirteen and I have heard of does having as many as fifteen and seventeen at one time. It is nothing out of the way for a doe to have nine at a time. ​I had one doe that always brought forth nine little fellows at a breeding.
Of course the size of the litter may be somewhat due to the strength and age of the buck, but at one time I tested a buck by breeding him to two does one right after the other. When the litters arrived there were nine in each litter. The two does were sisters and came from the doe which habitually brought nine to a litter. I do not know whether the trait descended from mother to daughter. That is something for the experts to decide.
But the point is this: While litters are generally large, it should not be taken for granted that Nature intends the mother doe to raise all that come. Many will die in the natural state and old plainsmen tell me that the jack rabbit seldom raises more than a pair to the litter. This also seems to be true of the cotton tail and the brown hare of the Northern woods.
If you want to lose them just as Nature calculated, why try and experiment and see how ​many of each litter your doe will raise. Fancy stock should never exceed three does to the litter, and every breeder will tell you this.
Where you wish to save all of the stock from an especially valuable doe it is not necessary to kill off all of the litter. You can use nurse does. By this you breed another doe or two at the same time you do the good doe and then kill the offspring of the ordinary does and give them some of the litter of the good doe to raise. In this way a large litter from valuable stock can all be saved as a rule.
It is useless to argue that you merely want the youngsters for meat stock anyway and have concluded to keep all the youngsters. If you will give one doe six rabbits to raise and then give another one three to raise, the doe with the three rabbits will produce youngsters that will outweigh six nursed by another at the same age. Try it and convince yourself. The more youngsters you permit a doe to raise, the less the size and the slower the development. If you have ever raised pigs ​you will understand why this is. It is simply a lack of proper nourishment and nothing else.
The moral is to keep the size of the litters down by selecting on the second or third day after birth, the largest and best youngsters in the litter and destroying the rest.
# Care and Management of Rabbits/Chapter 18

XVIII
WEANING
WEANING
In the weaning of the young stock is where most beginners meet their stumbling block. Too many people have the idea, fostered by the dishonest claims of certain breeders who are trying to overemphasize the possibilities of the rabbit, that it is necessary for the doe to nurse the young only four weeks. After that they expect to breed her again and have another litter out of the way in another eight weeks.
Do not be so foolish. There is money to be made in keeping rabbits, but it is not to be made that way. In fact, that is a good way to lose all you have invested. The young rabbit needs the nursing of the mother doe longer than that. It's digestive system is not developed sufficiently at four weeks to enable it to handle the hay and grain which an adult rabbit is eating. One knows ​that a baby, for instance, cannot be fed solids until it is twelve months old. Suppose that someone would try to wean a baby from milk entirely at six months. Would it be peculiar if that youngster should pass away?
Yet people are constantly trying to fly in the face of Nature by doing this very thing with their rabbits. There is nothing to be gained in weaning the youngsters sooner than eight weeks. And if you practice this religiously you will find at the end of the year that you have had very little of the infant mortality you hear other breeders complaining so much about.
One of the largest breeders of New Zealand Reds in the country states that he weans the youngsters at seven weeks of age, allows the doe to rest a week, then breeds her again, provided it is in the breeding season, which is late winter to early summer, or in the fall. During the summer months he does not breed at all.
And he never does this unless he is rushed ​for time and a little behind on his schedule. With his fancy show stock he does not breed but twice a year and allows the doe to nurse the young for nearly three months. Each doe is allowed to handle only three youngsters. What does this prove to the beginner?
It should at least point out the fact that it pays to go slow in the breeding business and to take your does into consideration. I have seen excellent breeding does absolutely ruined in a season's forcing for some of the wonderful results that some dealers are claiming are possible with rabbits.
It is true that "pigs is pigs" but it is better to take Nature in consideration if you want to build substantially and achieve lasting and permanent success.
The young stock will commence to eat as soon as they get their eyes open and get out of the nest box, but they still need the help of the mother's milk.
By the time they are seven or eight weeks old they will be in a position to handle the ​grain and mash in fair shape and you can then successfully wean them. But by all means continue feeding them milk, if at all possible.
The litter is weaned by simply taking the doe away from the youngsters and putting her in a separate hutch. The litter should be left in the same hutch in which they were born. They will be better satisfied and results will be better than if you move them.
# Bigelow v. RKO Radio Pictures

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.

## Dissenting Opinion

    Frankfurter
United States Supreme Court
327 U.S. 251
Bigelow v. RKO Radio Pictures
Argued: Feb. 7, 1946. --- Decided: Feb 25, 1946
See 327 U.S. 817, 66 S.Ct. 815.
[Syllabus from pages 251-253 intentionally omitted]
Mr.Thomas C. McConnell, of Chicago, Ill., for petitioners.
Mr. Edward F. McClennen, of Boston, Mass., for respondents.
Mr. Chief Justice STONE delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Biggers v. Tennessee

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
390 U.S. 404
Biggers v. Tennessee
Certiorari to the Supreme Court of Tennessee
No. 237. Argued: January 15, 1968. --- Decided: March 18, 1968
— Tenn. —, 411 S.W. 2d 696, affirmed by an equally divided Court.
Michael Meltsner argued the cause for petitioner. With him on the briefs were Jack Greenberg, Anthony G. Amsterdam, Avon N. Williams and Z. Alexander Looby.
Thomas E. Fox, Deputy Attorney General of Tennessee, argued the cause for respondent. On the brief were George F. McCanless, Attorney General, and Robert F. Hedgepath, Assistant Attorney General.
PER CURIAM.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Bigelow v. Old Dominion Copper Mining & Smelting Company

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
225 U.S. 111
Bigelow v. Old Dominion Copper Mining & Smelting Company
Argued: March 5 and 6, 1912. --- Decided: May 27, 1912
[Syllabus from pages 111-113 intentionally omitted]
Messrs. John C. Spooner, George Rublee, Joseph P. Cotton, Jr., Charles H. Tyler, Owen D. Young, Burton E. Eames, and William C. Rice for plaintiff in error.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 113-124 intentionally omitted]
Messrs. Louis D. Brandeis and Edward F. McClennen for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice Lurton delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Castle Rackrent/Glossary/20

GLOSSARY 20. BARRACK-ROOM.
—Formerly it was customary, in gentlemen's houses in Ireland, to fit up one large bedchamber with a number of beds for the reception of occasional visitors. These rooms were called Barrack-rooms.
# Castle Rackrent/Glossary/19

GLOSSARY 19. FLAM.
—Short for flambeau.
# Castle Rackrent/Glossary/26

GLOSSARY 26. WE GAINED THE DAY BY THIS PIECE OF HONESTY.
—In a dispute which occurred some years ago in Ireland, between Mr. E. and Mr. M., about the boundaries of a farm, an old tenant of Mr. M.'s cut a SOD from Mr. M.'s land, and inserted it in a spot prepared for its reception in Mr. E.'s land; so nicely was it inserted, that no eye could detect the junction of the grass. The old man, who was to give his evidence as to the property, stood upon the inserted sod when the VIEWERS came, and swore that the ground he THEN STOOD UPON belonged to his landlord, Mr. M.
The Editor had flattered himself that the ingenious contrivance which Thady records, and the similar subterfuge of this old Irishman, in the dispute concerning boundaries, were instances of 'CUTENESS unparalleled in all but Irish story: an English friend, however, has just mortified the Editor's national vanity by an account of the following custom, which prevails in part of Shropshire. It is discreditable for women to appear abroad after the birth of their children till they have been CHURCHED. To avoid this reproach, and at the same time to enjoy the pleasure of gadding, whenever a woman goes abroad before she has been to church, she takes a tile from the roof of her house, and puts it upon her head: wearing this panoply all the time she pays her visits, her conscience is perfectly at ease; for she can afterwards safely declare to the clergyman, that she 'has never been from under her own roof till she came to be churched.'
# Castle Rackrent/Glossary/18

GLOSSARY 18. I THOUGHT TO MAKE HIM A PRIEST.
—It was customary amongst those of Thady's rank in Ireland, whenever they could get a little money, to send their sons abroad to St. Omer's, or to Spain, to be educated as priests. Now they are educated at Maynooth. The Editor has lately known a young lad, who began by being a post-boy, afterwards turn into a carpenter, then quit his plane and work-bench to study his HUMANITIES, as he said, at the college of Maynooth; but after he had gone through his course of Humanities, he determined to be a soldier instead of a priest.
# Castle Rackrent/Glossary/2

GLOSSARY 2. LET ALONE THE THREE KINGDOMS ITSELF.
—LET ALONE, in this sentence, means put out of consideration. The phrase, let alone, which is now used as the imperative of a verb, may in time become a conjunction, and may exercise the ingenuity of some future etymologist. The celebrated Horne Tooke has proved most satisfactorily, that the conjunction but comes from the imperative of the Anglo-Saxon verb (BEOUTAN) TO BE OUT; also, that IF comes from GIF, the imperative of the Anglo-Saxon verb which signifies TO GIVE, etc.
# Castle Rackrent/Glossary/22

GLOSSARY 22. THE CURRAGH
—is the Newmarket of Ireland.
# Castle Rackrent/Glossary/25

GLOSSARY 25. A RAKING POT OF TEA.
—We should observe, this custom has long since been banished from the higher orders of Irish gentry. The mysteries of a raking pot of tea, like those of the Bona Dea, are supposed to be sacred to females; but now and then it has happened that some of the male species, who were either more audacious, or more highly favoured than the rest of their sex, have been admitted by stealth to these orgies. The time when the festive ceremony begins varies according to circumstances, but it is never earlier than twelve o'clock at night; the joys of a raking pot of tea depending on its being made in secret, and at an unseasonable hour. After a ball, when the more discreet part of the company has departed to rest, a few chosen female spirits, who have footed it till they can foot it no longer, and till the sleepy notes expire under the slurring hand of the musician, retire to a bedchamber, call the favourite maid, who alone is admitted, bid her PUT DOWN THE KETTLE, lock the door, and amidst as much giggling and scrambling as possible, they get round a tea-table, on which all manner of things are huddled together. Then begin mutual railleries and mutual confidences amongst the young ladies, and the faint scream and the loud laugh is heard, and the romping for letters and pocket-books begins, and gentlemen are called by their surnames, or by the general name of fellows! pleasant fellows! charming fellows! odious fellows! abominable fellows! and then all prudish decorums are forgotten, and then we might be convinced how much the satirical poet was mistaken when he said—
There is no woman where there's no reserve.
The merit of the original idea of a raking pot of tea evidently belongs to the washerwoman and the laundry-maid. But why should not we have LOW LIFE ABOVE STAIRS as well as HIGH LIFE BELOW STAIRS?
# Castle Rackrent/Glossary/21

GLOSSARY 21. AN INNOCENT
—in Ireland, means a simpleton, an idiot.
# Castle Rackrent/Glossary/23

GLOSSARY 23. THE CANT
—The auction.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Antoine Gaubil

* related authors: Antoine Gaubil.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
From volume 6 of the work.
A French Jesuit and missionary to China, b. at Gaillac (Aveyron), 14 July, 1689; d. at Peking, 24 July, 1759. He entered the Society of Jesus, 13 Sept., 1704, was sent to China, where he arrived 26 June, 1722, and thenceforth resided continuously at Peking until his death. His Chinese name was Sun Kiun-yung. He had taken Parennin's place as head of the school in which Manchus were taught Latin, to act as interpreters in Russian affairs. Gaubil, the best astronomer and historian among the French Jesuits in China during the eighteenth century, carried on an extensive correspondence with the savants of his day, among them Féret and Delisle. His works are numerous, and are even yet highly praised. Among them is "Traité de l'Astronomie Chinoise" in the "Observations mathématiques", published by Pére Souciet (Paris, 1729-1732). From Chinese sources Gaubil translated the history of Jenghis Khan (Historie de Gentchiscan (Paris, 1739) and part of the annals of the T'ang Dynasty (in "Mémoires concernant les Chinois". vols. XV and XVI); he also wrote a treaty on Chinese chronology (Traité de la Chronologie Chenoise, Paris, 1814), and executed a good translation of the second of the Chinese classics, the "Book of History" (Shoo-king), edited by De Guignes (Paris, 1770).
Gaubil left a great number of manuscripts now kept in the Observatory and Naval Depot (Paris) and in the British Museum (London). From three manuscript volumes kept formerly at the Ecole Sainte-Geneviève (Paris) the present writer published "Situation de Holin en Tartarie" (T'oung Pao, March, 1893) and "Situation du Japon et de la Corée" (T'oung Pao, March, 1898). Abel Rémusat in "Nouveaux Mélanges Asiatiques" (II, p. 289), wrote of Gaubil: "More productive than Parennin and Gerbillion, less systematical than Prémare and Foucquet, more conscientious than Amiot, less light-headed and enthusiastic than Cibot, he treated thoroughly, scientifically, and critically, every question he handled." His style is rather fatiguing as Gaubil, in studying the Chinese and Manchu languages, had forgotten much of his native tongue.
Henri Cordier.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Antoine Henri de Bérault-Bercastel

From volume 2 of the work.
A writer of church history, b. 22 November, 1720, at Briey, Lorraine; d. about 1794 at Noyon, France. At an early age he entered the Society of Jesus, but left it after his ordination to the priesthood. He was made parish priest of Omerville and later a canon of Noyon. His most important work is entitled "Histoire de l'église" and was issued at Paris, 1778-90, in twenty-four volumes. The history gives a circumstantial account of the Church from the time of its founding up to the year 1721. It is not so much intended for students and learned investigators as for educated Christians, and especially for those priests whose professional cares do not allow them time to carry on higher studies. On account of its general usefulness his work has had a large circulation; in spite of many defects, especially in the later volumes, it has often been republished, as at Maastricht (1780-91), at Toulouse (1811). It has also been translated into foreign languages; it was published in Italian at Venice (1793), and in German at Vienna (1784). Various scholars have continued the history or have issued it in a condensed form. Instances are the edition of Guillon (Besancon, and Paris, 1820-21), that of Pelier de la Croix (Ghent, 1829-33), and that of Robiano (Lyons and Paris, 1835 and 1842). The best edition, with a continuation up to 1844, was edited by Henrion (Paris, 1844). The best condensed edition was edited by Gams (Innsbruck, 1854-60).
HURTER, Nomenclator, III, 347.
PATRICIUS SCHLAGER
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Antoine Galland

From volume 6 of the work.
French Orientalist and numismatist, b. at Rollot, near Montdidier, in Picardy, 1646, d. at Paris, 1715. When he was four years old his father died leaving him in poverty, but through his diligence and industry he won protection which enabled him to pursue his studies at Noyon and later at Paris. He was already known as a scholar at the age of twenty-four, when de Nointel, the French ambassador at Constantinople, took him to the East to study the faith of the Greeks, several articles of which were the subject of a controversy between Arnault and the Protestant minister Claude. In 1675 Galland accompanied Nointel to Jerusalem, and in 1679 he was charged by Colbert, and, after his death by Louvois, with scientific researches in the Levant, with title of king's antiquary. He profited by these journeys to become familiar with modern Greek, and to learn Turkish, Persian, and Arabic. In 1701 he was admitted to the Academy of Inscriptions and Medals, and in 1709 he was appointed to the chair of Arabic at the Collège de France. We are indebted to him for numerous letters, notes, observations and remarks on the coins and inscriptions of Greek and Latin antiquity, many of which have been inserted in Banduri's "Bibliotheca nummaria". He collaborated in Herbelot's "Bibliothèque Orientale", which he brought to a conclusion after the death of its author. He is chiefly famous for his translation of the eastern tales, "The Arabian Nights" (Paris, 1704-08). This graceful though inaccurate translation, the first which had appeared in Europe until that time, brought great fame to its author. At his death he left many manuscripts, a number of which have been published, e.g., "Indian tales and fables of Pidpaï and Lokman"; the "History of the princes of the line of Tamerlane", translated from the work of the Persian historian Abdel-rezzac: "Ottoman History", translated from the Turkish of Naïm Effendi; "History of Ghengis-Khan", from the Persian history of Nurkhoud; "Numismatic Dictionary", etc.
MICHAUD, Biographie universelle; DE BOZE, Histoire de l¹Académie royale des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, depuis son établissement, avec les éloges des Académiciens morts depuis son renouvellement (Paris, 1740); MAURY, Les académies d¹autrefois; L¹ancienne académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (Paris, 1882).
A. FOURNET
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Antoine Massoulié

From volume 10 of the work.
Theologian, born at Toulouse, 28 Oct., 1632; died at Rome, 23 Jan., 1706. At an early age he entered the order of St. Dominic, in which he held many important offices; but above all these, he prized study, teaching, and writing, for the love of which he refused a bishopric and asked to be relieved of distracting duties. It was said that he knew by heart the Summa of St Thomas. He devoted himself with such earnestness to the study of Greek and Hebrew that he could converse fluently in both of these languages. His knowledge of Hebrew enabled him to overcome in public debate two Jewish Rabbis, one at Avignon in 1659, the other at Florence in l695. The latter became an exemplary Christian, his conversion being modestly ascribed by Massoulié to prayer more than to successful disputation. His published works and some unpublished manuscripts (preserved in the Casanatense Library at Rome) may be divided into two classes: those written in defence of the Thomistic doctrine of physical premotion, relating to God's action on free agents, and those written against the Quietists, whom he strenuously opposed, both by attacking their false teaching and also by explaining the true doctrine according to the principles of St. Thomas. His principal works are: "Divus Thomas sui interpres de divina motione et libertate creata" (Rome, 1692); "Oratio ad explicandam Summan theologicam D. Thomae" (Rome, 1701); "Méditationes de S.Thomas sur les trois vies, purgative, illuminative et unitive" (Toulouse, 1678); "Traité de la véritable oraison, où les erreurs des Quiétistes sont réfutées" (Paris, 1699); "Traité de l'amour de Dieu" (Paris, 1703).
D.J. KENNEDY
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Antoine Touron

From volume 15 of the work.
Dominican biographer and historian, born at Graulhet, Tarn, France, on 5 September, 1686; died at Paris, 2 September, 1775. Of this author but little has been written, though the number and merit of his works have caused his name to become illustrious, particularly in his order. He was the son of a merchant, and seems to have joined the Dominicans at an early age. After the completion of his studies he taught philosophy and theology to the students of his province (Toulouse); but the later years of his life were devoted to biography, history, and apologetics. From his pen we have twenty-nine volumes, dealing largely with the history of the Dominican order and the biographical sketches of its notable men. His writings are valuable contributions to Dominican literature, and essential to students of Dominican history. Père Mortier, in his "Histoire des maîtres généraux de l'ordre des frères prêcheurs", now in course of publication, has made generous use of his "Histoire des hommes illustres...". Touron's writings include his "Vie de saint Thomas d'Aquin" (considered his best work); "Vie de saint Dominique avec une hist. abrégée des ses premiers disciples"; "Hist. des hommes illustres de l'ordre de saint Dominique"; "De la providence, traité hist., dogmat. et mor."; "La main de Dieu sur les incrédules, ou hist. abrégée des Israélites", a work in which he shows that as often as the Chosen People proved false to their Divine vocation, they were punished by God; "Parallèle de l'incrédule et du vrai fidèle"; "La vie et l'esprit de saint Charles Borromée"; "La verité vengée en faveur de saint Thomas"; and "Hist. génerale de l'Amérique depuis sa découverte", which is really an ecclesiastical history of the New World.
Mortier, Hist. des maîtres gén. de l'ordre des frères prêcheurs (5 vols., Paris, 1903-11), passim; Hurter, Nomenclator literarius, III (Innsbruck, 1895),164-5.
Victor F. O'Daniel.