OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Woman of the Century/Mary Agnes Dalrymple Bishop

​BISHOP, Mrs. Mary Agnes Dalrymple, journalist, born in Springfield, Mass., 12th August, MARY AGNES DALRYMPLE BISHOP. 1857. She is the only child of John Dalrymple and his wife. Prances Ann Hewitt. She has always been proud of her old Scotch ancestry and her ability to trace the family back from Scotland to France, where, early in the twelfth century, William de Darumpill obtained a papal dispensation to marry his kinswoman, Agnes Kennedy. It is scarcely a century since her grandfather came to this country. On her maternal side she traces her ancestry to the Mayflower, which brought over her several-times-removed grandmother May. In local papers her childhood poems were printed readily, but the reading of Horace Greeley's "Recollections of a Busy Life," in which he has some good advice for youthful writers, caused her to determine not to be tempted to allow her doggerel to be published, and for years she adhered to her determination. When she was less than two years old, her parents removed with her to Grafton. Worcester county, Mass., and at the age of sixteen years she became the local editor of the Grafton "Herald." Beginning the week following her graduation, she taught in the public schools of Grafton and Sutton for many years. During that time she gave lectures quite frequently in the vicinity and often appeared in the home drama, making her greatest success as "Lady Macbeth." Miss Dalrymple was a frequent contributor to the ' Youth's Companion " and other publications, never adopting a pen-name and rarely using her own name or initials. In 1887 she accepted an editorial position on the "Massachusetts Ploughman." The position offered her had never been taken by a woman, and, indeed, the work that she did was never attempted previously, for she had the charge of almost the entire journal from the first. A few months after she accepted the position, the proprietor died, and the entire paper was in her hands for six months. In the autumn the paper was purchased by its present owner, but the chief editorial work remained in her hands. The paper was enlarged from four to eight pages in the meantime and, as Defore, was published each week. In the autumn of 1889 she became the wife of Frederick Herbert Bishop, a Boston business man. Together they engage in literary pursuits and the work and pleasure of life along its varied lines. Their home is located on Wollaston Heights. Mrs. Bishop does not content herself with editorial work, but is interested in literature in general. She is one of the few newspaper women who is a practical reportorial stenographer. She is a member of the executive committee of the New England Woman's Press Association, of which she was one of the first members.
# Woman of the Century/Mary A. Wray

​WRAY, Mrs. Mary A., actor, born in 1805 and died in Newtown, N. Y., 5th October, 1892. Her maiden name was Retan. She became the wife of Mr. Wray in 1826, and soon afterward she went on the stage, making her debut as a dancer in the Chatham Street Theater, in New York City. She made rapid progress in the dramatic art. and appeared as Lady Macbeth with Edwin Forrest in the Walnut Street Theater, Philadelphia, Pa. She then played for six years in the Old Bowery Theater, in New York City, where she supported Junius Brutus Booth, the father of Edwin Booth. She traveled through the South with a company in which Joseph Jefferson and John Ellsler appeared in Charleston, S. C. In 1848 she was a member of the Seguin Opera Company. In 1864 she retired from the stage. Her family consisted of four children. One of her sons was known on the minstrel stage as "Billy Wray." He lost his life in the burning of the "Evening Star," on the way from New York to New Orleans, in 1866. Her other son, Edward, died in the same year in Illinois. Two daughters and a number of grandchildren survive her. Mrs. Wray was for over thirty-five years a member of the American Dramatic Fund. She was a woman of conspicuous talents and high character, and was, at the time of her death, the oldest representative of the American stage.
# Woman of the Century/Mary Alderson Chandler

​CHANDLER, Mrs. Mary Alderson, educator, born near Le Raysville, Pa., 16th April, 1849. Her birth place was twenty miles from any town of importance, the only connection with which was the rumbling stage-coach. When other children of her age were profiting by the railroad, the telegraph, music, art, literature and other facilities for unconscious growth and education, she, benightedly, was looking through the little windows of the stone house, dreaming of another world beyond the hills. Her parents were plain English people, whose wealth, they used to say, lay chiefly in their children, of whom there were eight boys and three girls. Her education was begun in the district school, and afterwards she spent two years in the State Normal School, Mansfield, Pa., graduating with the honors of her class in the spring of 1868. She then began her work as a teacher. The first three years of public-school service were spent in western Pennsylvania, the following nine in California. She was everywhere successful. Being largely endowed with enthusiasm, she invariably left in her wake the spirit of progress. Deciding to become a specialist, she went to Philadelphia as a student. While there she met Willard M. Chandler, whose wife and co-worker she became, and whom she accompanied to Boston, her present home. Mr. Chandler was a gentleman of refinement, intelligence, breadth of thought and unusual power as an orator. Their lives were full of promise, but in a short time he died of consumption. Necessity, a strong commander, decided that stenography, which she had learned more as an aid to her husband than otherwise, should then become her vocation. Summoning courage, she threw herself into that educational work and turned out stenographers of so rare a quality as to attract general attention. That led to the publication of her "Graded Lessons" (Boston, 1889), for which her penetrating mind had discovered the greatest ​need. Foreseeing the time when shorthand would become a part of a common-school education, she devoted herself to the problem of preparing a work specially adapted to that end, and which she published,
MARY ALDERSON CHANDLER. "Practical Shorthand for Schools and Collages" (Boston, 1891). By her strictly logical development she has brought that complicated subject within the ready comprehension of all.
# Woman of the Century/Mary Alice Dowd

​DOWD, Miss Mary Alice, poet and educator, born in Frankford, Greenbrier county. W. Va , 16th December, 1855. Her parents were school-teachers of Puritan descent, their ancestors having landed in New England about the year 1630. In both families were found officers and privates of the Revolutionary army. On her father's side she is related to the well-known family of Field and the old English family of Dudley. She was the youngest of four children Her early home was among the Berkshire Hills, whence her parents removed to Westfield, Mass., a town noted for its schools. Alice was a delicate child, and her parents scarcely dared to hope that ?he would be spared to MARY ALICE DOWD. years of maturity. Shy and reserved, she early showed a great love of nature and a deep appreciation of all natural beauty. She was educated at home and in the public schools of Westfield. She was graduated from the English and classical departments of the high school, taking the two courses simultaneously. In the normal school she studied optionals with the prescribed branches and composed a class hymn sung at her graduation Since that time she has been constantly employed as a teacher. During the past eleven years she has held her present position of first assistant in the high school of Stamford, Conn. Of scholarly attainments, she has helped many young men to prepare for college. She has taken several courses in the Sauveur Summer School of Languages and has especially fitted herself to give instruction in German. In the greatest sorrow of her life came to her in the sudden death of her mother. She has published one volume of verse, "Vacation Verses" (Buffalo, 1891).
# Woman of the Century/Mary Alicia Owen

​OWEN, Miss Mary Alicia, folk-lore student and author, born in St. Joseph, Mo., 29th January, 1858. She is the daughter of the late James A. Owen, the lawyer and writer on finance, and Agnes Jeannette, his wife. MARY ALICIA OWEN. From an early age she manifested a fondness for literary pursuits, but it is only within the last ten years that that fondness has induced her to choose letters as a profession. She began with the writing of modest verses and ballads, followed by newspaper correspondence, book-reviewing, and finally by work as literary editor of a weekly paper. After several years of successful newspaper work, she turned her attention to the writing of short stories, and. under the pen-name "Julia Scott," as well as her own name, contributed to nearly all of the leading periodicals, "Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper." "Peterson's Magazine," the "Overland Monthly" and the "Century." For the last few years she has chiefly devoted herself to the collection of the curious and romantic myths and legends of the Mississippi Valley. Her most notable success has been the discovery of Voodoo stories and ritual. Her papers on that subject were read before the American Folk-Lore Society, in its annual meeting in Philadelphia, before the Boston Folk-Lore Society, and in the International Folk-Lore Congress in London, Eng. Her book of folk-tales appeared simultaneously in America and England. She is at present engaged on "A Primer of Voodoo Magic," for the English Folk-Lore Society, and "The Myths of the Rubber Devil," for the Chicago Folk- Lore Society. Her home is in St. Joseph, Mo.
# Woman of the Century/Mary Abigail Dodge

​DODGE, Miss Mary Abigail, author, widely known by her pen-name. "Gail Hamilton," born in Hamilton, Mass , in 1830. She received a thorough education, and in 1851 became instructor in physical science in the high school in Hartford, Conn. She was next a governess in the family of Dr. Gamaliel Bailey, of Washington, D. C., and was a regular contributor to his journal, the "National Era." In the years 1865 to 1867, inclusive, she was one of the editors of "Our Young Folks." Since 1876 she has lived principally in Washington. She has contributed much to prominent magazines and newspapers, and the name "Gail Hamilton" attached to an essay is a guarantee that it is full of wit and aggressiveness. Her published volumes include "Country Living and Country Thinking" (1862), "Gala-Days" (1863). "A New Atmosphere" and "Stumbling Blocks" (1864), "Skirmishes and Sketches" (1865). "Red-Letter Days in Apple-thorpe" and "Summer Rest" (1866), "Wool-Gathering" (1867), "Woman's Wrongs, a Counter-irritant." (1868), " Battle of the Books" (1870), "Woman's Worth and Worthlessness" (1871), "Little Folk Life" (1872). "Child World" (2 vols.. 1872 and 1873), "Twelve Miles from a Lemon" (1873). "Nursery Noonings" (1874), "Sermons to the Clergy" and "First Love is Best" (1875), "What Think Ye of Christ?" (1876), "Our Common-School System " (1880), "Divine Guidance, Memorial of Allen W. Dodge," (1881), "The Insuppressible Book" (1885), and "A Washington Bible Class" (1891). In 1877 she contributed to the New York "Tribune" a notable series of vigorous letters on civil service reform. Miss Dodge commands a terse, vigorous, direct style. She cuts through shams and deceits with an easy and convincing blow that leaves no room for doubt. Her essays are countless and cover almost every held of comment and criticism.
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 95

PAPILIO Memnon.
PAPILIO Memnon,
Memnon Butterfly.
Fam. Papilionidæ. Sub-Fam. Papilionæ. Genus Papilio.—Sw.
(Typical form or Sub-genus.)
Sub-Generic Characters.
Wings without tails; the anterior horizontally lengthened, entire; the posterior margin concave; posterior wings perpendicularly lengthened, the margin rounded and scolloped; antennæ long. Larva smooth; Pupa braced in an erect position.
Sub-Types of form. 1. Typical, Memnon. 2. Sub-typical, Erectheus. 3. Aberrant, Pammon, Drusius? Codrus.
Specific Character.
Wings black, rayed with blue-grey; inferior wings beneath with two rows of marginal black spots on a pale ground, and four red spots at the base.
Papilio Memnon, Linn. Auct. Ency. Meth. 1. p. 29. No. 10. Cramer, pl. 91. f. c.
Although of sombre colours, this butterfly is imposing in its size, and highly interesting. It is, in fact, that form which is pre-eminently typical of the whole of the Latriellian Papilionidæ. It seems to be common throughout India and particularly so in Java, from whence we possess several specimens. Dr. Horsfield's elaborate work has furnished us with figures of the caterpillar and chrysalis.
In now first defining some of the natural groups of the modern Genus Papilio, it may be as well to state that we give the results of minute analysis, the details of which we hope to lay before the public on a future occasion. In regard to the nomenclature, we have adopted the following principles, suggested to us by a scientific friend of no ordinary authority, as tending to facilitate recollection, without altering well known specific names. Each genus or sub-genus will be named after that species which is its peculiar type; and the new specific name of this species will imply one of its supposed natural analogies. Thus the sub-genus Protesilaus, derives its name from the typical species, while the specific name, now proposed of Leilus, points out the analogy of the group to Urania Fab. The sub-genus we now define, as being in our estimation, pre-eminently typical, retains the name of the genus. It seems also a geographic group, since all the species yet discovered belong to the old world.
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 96

CARACOLLA acutissima. Two-toothed Disk-Snail.
CARACOLLA acutissima,
Two-Toothed Disk Snail.
Class Mollusca. Order Phytophages. Swains.
Generic (?) Character.
Animal with four tentaculæ, the lower pair very short; Shell discoid, greatly depressed; the spire but slightly raised above the body whorl; aperture large, oblique, angulated; the lower portion generally dentated; the margin thickened and reflected.
Specific Character.
Shell imperforate, with the spiral whorls flattened obliquely, the body whorl acutely carinated, and convex beneath: outer lip reflected; with from 1 to 2 tuberculated teeth near the extremity.
Caracolla acutissima. Lam. Syst. 6. p. 2. p. 95. Knorr. vol. 4 pl. 5. f. 2. 3.
Encycl. Meth. pl. 462. f. 1. a. b.?
Helicodonta. A. de Fèrrusac. pl. 58. f. 2.
Helix caracolla. Guerin. Iconog. du Règ. Anim. Mol. pl. 6. f. 1.
It is seldom we can deliniate more than the covering of testacious animals, particularly where the species are natives of tropical countries. In the present instance we owe this power to the singular fact of this snail having survived a voyage from Jamaica, and peered out upon an English sun. It is now near forty years ago since an intelligent correspondent of our honoured father sent him from Jamaica, a box of land shells: they were carefully packed in moist decayed wood, and enclosed the living animals. The season was summer and the voyage short; the box was immediately opened, and by placing the shells in luke-warm water, the animals of every one slowly emerged from their shells. Of their ultimate fate we know not: but that celebrated artist and entomologist, the late Mr. Lewin, then a guest in the house, executed highly finished drawings upon vellum of each species; and from one of these our present figures are faithfully copied. At the request of our friend Dr. Leach, a copy was also made by some one and transmitted to Baron de Fèrussac, for his great work upon Land shell, where it will be found engraved at pl. 58. fig. 2. M. Guerin has re-copied this latter figure, but as both are inaccurate, without any fault of these gentlemen, (who never saw the original drawing of Lewin) we have now represented it correctly.
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plate 99

ACHATINELLA. Pl. 1. 1, Pica. 2, Perversa. 3, Acuta
ACHATINELLA Pica,
The Bead Snails.
Class Mollusca. Order Phytophages. Lam. Sw. Genus ——?
Sub-Generic Character.
Shell oblong-conic, spiral, Columella with the base thickened and truncate, inner lip none; outer lip internally thickened; aperture without teeth. Nob.
Type Monodonta seminigra Lam.
Specific Character.
Shell trochiform, black; apex and base of the pillar white.
Monodonta semi-nigra Lam.
Achatina pica. Swains. Monog. in Brands Journal, April, 1828, p. 84.
Achatinella is a very peculiar group of land shells, found only in the Pacific Islands. They are all small, and so remarkably beautiful, that the natives use them for ornaments. It was under this form that seven different species came into our possession on the return of Captain, now Lord Byron, from his voyage to the South Seas. As the systematic conchologist will find them fully described in the Journal above quoted, we now only illustrate them by figures.
ACHATINELLA perversa, fig. 2.
Specific Character.
Shell reversed, sub-trochiform, fulvous brown with darker transverse bands and longitudinal lines; apex and suture white.
Achatinella perversa. Swains. Monog. No. 2, p. 84.
Our figures of this elegant species are somewhat larger than nature.
ACHATINELLA Acuta, Fig. 3.
Specific Character.
Shell ovate-oblong, chesnut, with a marginal fulvous band; spire somewhat lengthened, acute, the tip black.
Achatinella acuta Sw. Monog. No. 3, p. 84.
Shell somewhat pyriform, the spire being pointed, and considerably longer than the aperture: In these respects it differs considerably from the two preceding, but the great peculiarity of the twisted and truncated columella or pillar, sufficiently points it out as belonging to this group.
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Plates 24 and 25

| Lingula anatina. Plate 24. | Lingula hians. Plate 25. |
LINGULA anatina.
Class Mollusca.—Order Brachiopoda (Macleay). Generic Character.—Lam. Sys. 61, 257.
Specific Character.
Valves of equal breadth, much depressed, and longitudinally sulcated; the basal extremities approximating.
Lingula anatina. Cuv. Bulletin, No. 52*. Ann. du Mus. v. 1, p. 69*. Lam. Syst. 61, 258.
Lingula anatina. Sw. in Phil. Mag. 62, p. 403, Dec. 1823.
Icones. Ency. Meth. Pl. 250, f. 1, a, b, c. Chemn. Pl. 172, 1675, 1677. Seba. 3 tab. 16, f. 4*.
The nature of the animal inhabiting the shell of Lingula remained unknown, until the illustrious Cuvier detected its affinity with Terebratula, Crania, and those singular bivalve shells forming the order Brachiopoda of Mr. Macleay. The valves have neither teeth or ligament, but are united by muscles, and supported on a fleshy peduncle, three or four inches in length, by which the animal is attached to marine bodies.
We believe that under the common name of Anatina, two species have been included. Their respective peculiarities were published, some time ago, in the Journal above alluded to; and are now more fully illustrated by figures, and by such specific distinctions as are exhibited by the shells. Both species appear to inhabit the Indian Ocean.
LINGULA hians.
Valves narrowed towards their base, convex, and generally smooth; both extremities widely gaping.
We do not recollect to have seen this species so frequent in collections as the preceding; it is always smaller, more convex in the middle, and generally smooth. Mrs. Mawe favoured us with fine specimens of both, for delineation.
# Zoological Illustrations Series II/Volume II

TO HIS MOST CHRISTIAN MAJESTY,
Louis Philippe,
KING OF THE FRENCH,
Whom as a Private Gentleman, exiled by despotism from his native country, enjoyed that respect which the dignity of virtue can alone ensure; whom, as a Prince, descended from a race of Kings, gained the affections of a whole people;—as the King of a great and intellectual nation, enjoys the love and veneration of the wise and the good; and as a true Patron of Science, munificently encourages, both privately and publicly, all who are engaged in its pursuit,
THIS VOLUME
OF
ZOOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS,
Is dedicated,
WITH SENTIMENTS OF THE HIGHEST ADMIRATION
AND OF THE GREATEST RESPECT,
BY THE AUTHOR.
PREFACE.
The present state of science in Britain, the usual subject of our preface, has recently been discussed by powerful writers; and has drawn from others, equally eminent, bitter reflections. As regards Zoology, there is a great show of patronage. Zoological gardens, and new societies have sprang up: cheap publications, on popular natural history, appear daily; and professors have been installed at the two London Universities. Yet what has resulted? We have lecturers expounding systems they do not comprehend, and we have professors maintaining that a walk into the fields will make "a very good naturalist." Meantime nearly every periodical work on pure science has languished or died away. The Zoological Journal has been discontinued, although nominally patronized by a society enjoying an enormous annual receipt. The fact, indeed, is but too apparent, that the science of the country, speaking generally, has become superficial, while "neither literature nor art has been encouraged in our opulent Island, half as much as they have been by some of the petty kingdoms of the Continent."
But the political horizon is happily brightening, and the change will ultimately affect all. The stream of national patronage has long been prevented from branching off and fertilizing spots, now impoverished and neglected. Natural History, more than any other science, requires such aid; because it is inapplicable to the purposes of life; and while its study is attended with enormous expence, its acquirement leads to nothing tangible. It is a melancholy fact, that while our present laws crush individual exertion, by extorting a large number of free copies of the most costly works, undertaken by their authors without the slightest hope of remuneration,—the Government of France assigns for subscriptions to such publications, an annual sum of £10,000. But on questions regarding the patronage of science, Great Britain, unfortunately, is poorer than any nation in Europe.
* ↑ Babbage (On the Decline of Science), Quarterly Review.
* ↑ Herschel. Sir Humphrey Davy. Sir Nicholas Harris. Millengen. (Ancient Coins). See also Lowdon's Natural His. Mag. Nov. 1831. p. 481.
* ↑ Northern Zool. 2. p. xliv.
* ↑ Montague's Orn. Dict. new edition, preface.
* ↑ Athæneum Journal, Jan. 1832. p. 32.
* ↑ Ibid., p. 37.