OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists/Abauzit, Firmin

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​Abauit, Firmin, Swiss writer. Born (France) Nov. 11, 1679. Educated Geneva. The Abauzit family, of Arabic extraction, was Protestant, and the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685) compelled it to fly from France to Switzerland. Firmin made brilliant progress in every branch of culture at Geneva, and he completed his education by a tour of Europe, in the course of which he won the esteem of Bayle, Newton, and many of the most distinguished men of the time. William III tried to retain him at London, but he returned to Switzerland. He refused the offer of a chair in the Academy and all paid offices, and was for fifty years honorary librarian for the city of Geneva and one of the most eminent scholars in Europe. Leibnitz and Voltaire greatly esteemed him; and Rousseau, who rarely praised anybody, inserts a remark able eulogium of Abauzit in his Nouvelle Heloise. His Deistic views are expressed in his Rèflexions impartiales sur les evangiles (1774), but his more pronounced manuscripts were burned by his heirs. There are English translations of his Miscellanies (1774) and his Essays (1823). Died March 20, 1767.
# A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists/Abbe, Professor Ernst

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​Abbe, Professor Ernst, German physicist and philanthropist. B. Jan. 23, 1840. Ed. Jena and Gottingen Universities. After a few years as assistant at Göttingen University Observatory, he began, in 1863, to teach mathematics, physics, and astronomy at Jena University, and in 1870 he was appointed professor. Eight years later he became Director of the Astronomical and Meteorological Observatories at Jena. His connection with the famous Zeiss optical works, the world-repute of which was mainly due to Abbe s discoveries, had begun in 1866. He was admitted to partnership in 1875; and in 1891, at the death of Zeiss, he became sole proprietor. Being a man of singularly high character and social idealism, Abbe then drew up one of the most generous schemes (the "Carl Zeiss Stiftung") of profit-sharing in Europe. Indeed, he virtually handed over the immense concern to the workers and the University. Up to date the University has derived more than 100,000 from the scheme. Professor Haeckel, his intimate friend, describes him as " a Monistic philosopher and social reformer, with just the same ideas and aims as the late Francisco Ferrer" (F. Ferrer, by Leonard Abbott, 1910, p. 75). Abbe was one of the greatest promoters of optical science in the second half of the nineteenth century. D. Jan. 1905.
# A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists/Abbot, Francis Ellingwood

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​Abbot, Francis Ellingwood, American writer. B. Nov. 6, 1836. Ed. Harvard University and Meadville Theological School. He entered the Unitarian ministry in 1863, but abandoned it five years later and founded The Index, a journal of "free religious inquiry" or "scientific theism." It was transferred to Boston in 1874, and Abbot edited it until 1880. By his Impeachment of Christianity (1872) and other works, his journal, and his numerous lectures, he rendered great service to the cause of Rationalism (on Theistic lines) in ​the United States. He was first President of the American National Liberal League. D. 1903.
# A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists/Abbott, George Frederick

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​Abbott, George Frederick, B.A., Hellenist, Knight Commander of the Hellenic Order of the Redeemer. Ed. Cambridge (Emmanuel College), where he was prizeman in Greek. In 1900-1901 he investigated the folklore of Macedonia on behalf of his University, and he published the results in his Macedonian Folklore (1903). He has since written numerous volumes on Greece and Turkey, and his work has been honoured with a title by the Greek Government. His Philosophy of a Don (1911) contains much caustic and entertaining Rationalism. He deprecates aggressiveness on the genial ground that "the actual Ruler of the Universe compares very favourably with some of his predecessors " (p. 31).
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Sina, Louis

​SINA, Louis, born in 1778, played 2nd violin to Schuppanzigh in Prince Lichnowsky's youthful quartet [see vol. i. p. 132] and later in the Rasoumowsky quartet, when the Count himself did not play.
[ A. W. T. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Sinfonie-Cantate

[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Sink-a-pace

​SINK-A-PACE—also written Cinque-pace, Cinqua-pace, Cinque Pass, Cinque Pas, Sinqua-pace, Sinque-pace and Sincopas—a name by which the original Galliard was known. Prætorius (Syntagma Mus. vol. iii. chap. ii. p. 24) says that a Galliard has five steps and is therefore called a Cinque Pas. These five steps, or rather combinations of steps, are well described in Arbeau's 'Orchésographie' (Langres, 1588). In later times the Galliard became so altered by the addition of new steps, that the original form of the dance seems to have been distinguished by the name Cinq Pas. It is frequently mentioned by the Elizabethan writers, well-known examples being the allusions in Shakespeare's 'Much Ado about Nothing' (Act ii. Sc. i), Twelfth Night (Act i. Sc. 3), Marston's 'Satiromastix' (Act i), and Sir John Davies' 'Orchestra' (stanza 67). The following less-known quotation is from the Histriomastix (Part 1) of Prynne (who was especially bitter against this dance): 'Alas there are but few who finde that narrow way … and those few what are they? Not dancers, but mourners: not laughers, but weepers; whose tune is Lachrymæ, whose musicke, sighes for sinne; who know no other Cinqua-pace but this to Heaven, to goe mourning all the day long for their iniquities; to mourne in secret like Doves, to chatter like Cranes for their owne and others sinnes.' The following example of a Cinque-pace is given by Wolfgang Caspar Printz, in his 'Phrynis Mitilenæus, oder Satyrischer Componist' (Dresden, 1696), as a specimen of 'Trichonum Iambicum.' A longer example will be found in Dauney's edition of the 15th-century Skene MS. (Edinburgh, 1838).
[ W. B. S. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Sinico

From volume 3 of the work.
[ A.C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Simrock

[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Sinclair, John

[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Singer's Library, The

[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Florilegium Portense

From volume 1 of the work.
​FLORILEGIUM PORTENSE. A collection of sacred vocal music of the 16th century, in separate parts, published in 2 vols. by Bodenschatz in 1618 and 21, and containing in all 265 pieces. [Bodenschatz.]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Flute-work

From volume 1 of the work.
​FLUTE-WORK. Under this head are grouped all the flue-stops, of whatever kind, shape, or tone, that are not classed as Principal-work, or Gedact-work, and it also includes various modifications of these two classes of stops. [Flue-work.] Thus when the 'scale' of the pipes of a cylindrical stop is reduced below the proportion essential to secure the broad and full Diapason tone, and the sound becomes delicate as in a Dulciana, or crisp as in a Gamba; or when it is increased beyond the Diapason scale, and the tone becomes thick or less resonant as in the Block-flöte, the stop becomes a member of the 'flute-work.' Also, if the covers of the pipes of a closed metal-stop be punctured, and a narrow tube—in Germany called a reed, in France a chimney—be inserted, the stop then becomes a member of the flute-work under the name Rohr-flöte, Flûte à cheminée, or 'Metal stopped-Diapason (or Flute) with chimneys.' A unison cylindrical stop will be occasionally met with labelled as a member of the flute-work. All stops the pipes of which taper upwards, as the Spitz-flöte and Gemshorn; all three- or four-sided open wood pipes, as the Hohl-flöte, Clarabella, Wald-flute, Oboe-flute, and Suabe-flute; and most string-toned stops, as Salicional and Viol d'Amore,—are members of the Flute-work.
[ E. J. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Florimo, Francesco

[ A. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Flowers, George

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Flud, Robert

[ M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Flue-work

From volume 1 of the work.
[ E. J. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Flute d'Amour

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. S. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Flügel

From volume 1 of the work.
[ A. J. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Czerny, Karl

From volume 1 of the work.
[ C. F. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Cæsar, Julius

From volume 1 of the work.
​CÆSAR, Julius, M.D., of an ancient family of Rochester, many of whom are interred in the cathedral there, was an amateur composer in the 17th century. Some catches by him appear in the collection entitled 'The Pleasant Musical Companion.'
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/D

From volume 1 of the work.
​D.The second note of the natural scale. In solfaing it is called Re. The scale of D major contains F♯ and C♯, and its relative minor is B; that of D minor contains B♭, and its relative major is F. The dominant of D is A.
Among the most important compositions in D major are the Missa Solennis and 2nd Symphony of Beethoven; Handel's Dettingen Te Deum; Mozart's Parisian Symphony. In D minor there are a noble Toccata and Fugue by Bach; the Choral Symphony, Schumann's Do. No. 4, Pianoforte Concertos by Mendelssohn and Brahms, etc.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Czerwenka, Joseph

From volume 1 of the work.
[ M. C. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Czakan

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. S. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Czar und Zimmermann

From volume 1 of the work.
​CZAR UND ZIMMERMANN. Opera in 3 acts, by Lortzing; produced in Berlin 1854 [App. p.602 "1837"], and at the Gaiety Theatre, London, translated, as 'Peter the Shipwright,' April 15, 1871.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Cyclus

​CYCLUS. See Liederkreis.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Cæsar

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/D'Albert, Charles

​D'ALBERT, Charles Louis Napoleon, son of François Benoit d' Albert, was born at Menstetten, near Altona, Hamburg, Feb. 25, 1809. His father was a captain of cavalry in the French army. On his death in 1816 the mother and son emigrated to England. She was a good musician, and her son's first musical education—in Mozart and Beethoven—was due to her. He then had lessons in the piano from Kalkbrenner, and in composition from Dr. Wesley, and afterwards learnt dancing at the King's Theatre, London, and the Conservatoire, Paris. On his return to England he became ballet-master at the King's Theatre, and at Covent Garden. He soon relinquished these posts, and devoted himself to teaching dancing and composing dance-music, in which he was very successful, and achieved a wide reputation. He ultimately settled at Newcastle-on-Tyne, married there in 1863, and for many years was a resident in the North of England and in Scotland. He published 'Ball-room Etiquette,' Newcastle, 1835; and a large number of dances, beginning with the 'Bridal Polka,' 1845; all of these were very great favourites, especially the 'Sweetheart's Waltz,' 'Sultan's Polka,' and 'Edinburgh Quadrille.' In the latter years of his life he removed to London, where he died May 26, 1886.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Cymbals

From volume 1 of the work.
[ V. de P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Howard, Samuel

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Howell, James

From volume 1 of the work.
​HOWELL, James, was born at Plymouth. Possessing a fine voice he was, at an early age, taught singing, and at 10 years of age sang in public. He was brought to London in 1824 and in the next year admitted a pupil of the Royal Academy of Music, where he studied singing under Rovedino and afterwards under Crivelli, and the pianoforte and clarinet under T. M. Mudie. He subsequently learned the double bass under Anfossi, and made such rapid progress that he decided upon making it his especial instrument. He continued a pupil of the Academy for about 5 years, during part of which time he acted as sub-professor of the double bass. On the cessation of his pupilage he was appointed a Professor and afterwards Associated honorary member of the Academy. He soon took his place in all the best orchestras, and on the death of Dragonetti in 1846 succeeded him as principal. [App. p.680 "Died Aug. 5, 1879."]
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Hopper

From volume 1 of the work.
[ A.J.H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Hosanna

From volume 1 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Hothby, John

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
[ A. H.-H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Horn, Karl Friedrich

From volume 1 of the work.
​HORN, Karl Friedrich, was born at Nordhausen, Saxony, 1762. After studying music under Schroter at Nordhausen, he came in 1782 to London, where Count Brühl, the Saxon ambassador, patronised him, and introduced him as a teacher amongst the English nobility. Having published his first work, 'Six Sonatas for the Pianoforte,' he was appointed music master in ordinary to Queen Charlotte and the Princesses, an office which he held until 1811. In 1808, in conjunction with Samuel Wesley, he commenced the preparation of an English edition of J. S. Bach's 'Wohltemperirte Clavier,' which was published in 1810. In 1823 he succeeded William Sexton as organist of St. George's Chapel, Windsor, and died Aug. 5, 1830. Horn composed some 'Military Divertimentos,' 'Twelve Themes with Variations for the Pianoforte, with an accompaniment for Flute or Violin,' and several sets of Sonatas. He was also author of a Treatise on Thorough Bass.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Hortense, Eugénie de Beauharnais

From volume 1 of the work.
[ M. C. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Horsley, William

From volume 1 of the work.
​HORSLEY, William, Mus. Bac., born in London, Nov. 15, 1774, having at the age of 16 chosen music as a profession, was articled for five years to Theodore Smith, a pianist and minor composer, from whom he received but small instruction and much ill usage. He profited greatly however by his intimacy with the three brothers Pring and Dr. Callcott, his association with whom led him to the practice of purely vocal composition, and he soon produced many excellent glees, canons and rounds, besides services and anthems. He became organist of Ely Chapel, Holborn. In 1798 a suggestion of his resulted in the establishment of the Concentores Sodales. About the same time he was appointed assistant organist to Dr. Callcott at the Asylum for Female Orphans, upon which he resigned his appointment at Ely Chapel. On June 18, 1800, he graduated Mus. Bac. at Oxford, his exercise being an anthem, 'When Israel came out of Egypt.' On the revival of the Vocal Concerts in 1801, Horsley produced several new compositions, and for several years continued to supply them, not only with glees and songs, but also with instrumental pieces, amongst which were three symphonies for full orchestra. In 1802, Callcott having resigned the organistship of the Asylum, Horsley was appointed his successor. In 1812 he was chosen organist of the newly-erected Belgrave Chapel, Halkin Street, Grosvenor Place, which he held in conjunction with the Asylum. In 1837, on the death of R. J. S. Stevens, he became organist of the Charter House, still retaining his other appointments. Horsley published five Collections of Glees; a Collection of 40 Canons; a Collection of Psalm Tunes with Interludes, 1828; many single glees and songs, sonatas and other pieces for the piano-forte, and 'An Explanation of the Major and Minor Scales.' He contributed several glees to Clementi and Co.'s 'Vocal Harmony,' the second edition of which was issued under his care. He edited a Collection of the Glees, etc., of Dr. Callcott, to which he prefixed a memoir of the composer and an analysis of his works, and Book I. of Byrd's 'Cantiones Sacræ' (for the Musical Antiquarian Society). Horsley holds a deservedly high rank among glee composers. His 'By Celia's arbour,' 'See the chariot at hand,' 'Mine be a cot' 'Cold is Cadwallo's ​tongue,' 'O Nightingale,' and others, have long held, and will doubtless long continue to hold, a foremost place in the estimation of lovers of that class of composition. He died June 12, 1858. He married Elizabeth Hutchins, eldest daughter of Dr. Calcott, who survived him until Jan. 20, 1875. During Mendelssohn's visit to England in 1829 he began an acquaintance with the Horsley family which ripened into an intimate friendship, as is evident from the letters printed in 'Goethe and Mendelssohn.'
[ W. H. H. ]
* ↑ See Letter Jan. 17, 1839, in 'Goethe and Mendelssohn,' 116.
* ↑ Ibid. March 15, 1841.
* ↑ A selection from this work was performed at the Crystal Palace March 25, 1876.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Hornpipe

From volume 1 of the work.
​HORNPIPE. An English dance, probably called after an obsolete instrument, of which nothing but the name is known. The 'College Hornpipe' is a well-known and spirited specimen. It is in two sections of 8 bars, each ending with three beats of the foot, like the Branle. [See p. 289.] We quote the first section; there is no repeat, but the tune closes with the three hut bars of the quotation.
[App. p.679 "The last four quavers of [bar 6] should be C, B, A, G, i. e. a third higher than the notes given."]
Hornpipes were much written in the last century, and Dr. Stainer (Dict. of Musical Terms) and Mr. Chappell (Popular Music) give specimens with various dates from 1700 to 1800. The older ones are in 3-2 time; the later ones, as above, in common time.
Handel ends the 7th of his 12 Grand Concertos with one which may serve as a specimen of the Hornpipe artistically treated.
In his 'Semele' the Chorus 'Now Love, that everlasting boy,' is headed alla Hornpipe.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Saintly Women/Briolaya

​B. Briolaya, Oct. 28, V. † c. 1500. Cistercian nun at Ebora, in Portugal. Remarkable for silence. She is praised by several hagiologists, but has no authorized worship. Arturus calls her “Saint.” Bucelinus calls her “Blessed.” Boll., AA. SS., Præter.
# A Dictionary of Saintly Women/Britta (1)

​SS. Britta (1) and Maura, July 3. Honoured at Tours. See Brigid (14).
# A Dictionary of Saintly Women/Christina (8)

​St. Christina (8), May 18. 12th century. Queen of Sweden. Of the Stenkil family; her father was Biorn of Denmark; her mother, Catherine, daughter of St. Ingo IV. and St. Ragnhild, king and queen of Sweden (1118-1129). Christina married first, Jarislav Haraldson, prince of Holmgard; and secondly, Eric IX., called "The Saint," and "The Lawgiver" (1155-1161 according to Haydn; 1141-1151 according to Butler); also called Henry, a Swedish nobleman, son of Iadward. He assisted Ingo to conquer the Finns, and sent St. Henry, bishop of Upsala, an Englishman and friend of Nicholas Breakspear, to instruct the people and convert them to Christianity. Henry is therefore called the Apostle of Finland, where he fell a martyr to his mission. On the death of King Swerker, or Smercher, Eric was chosen king on account of his virtues and prowess. Eric was content with his own property; he levied no taxes, and would not even accept the third of the confiscations, which belonged to the kings. He collected the laws into a code for his people, and won their lasting affection by his wise and upright rule. His cousin, Henry Scateler, son of Sueno, king of the Danes, claimed to be heir to the throne of Sweden through his mother, and having raised troops and bribed some influential persons among the Swedes, devised the death of the unsuspecting saint. While Eric was hearing Mass on Ascension Day, his attendants came and told him that the hostile army was near, but he would not go out to battle until the Mass was ended. Then he went bravely against the enemy, and was killed or taken alive, fighting, and beheaded next day. On the spot where he fell, a spring of water arose, which works marvellous cures. He is regarded as a martyr of justice and order. He was the chief patron saint of Sweden until the Reformation, and is still remembered with affection. His tomb is preserved undefaced, and King Eric's code is regarded with respect. Christina survived many years in great sanctity. She left two sons and two daughters, of whom Knut was afterwards king of Sweden, and Margaret was queen of Norway. Vastovius, Vitis Aquilonia, Butler and Baillet each give the Life of St. Eric, but do not call Christina, or her parents or grandparents, saints. Her worship is probably local; it is mentioned in Analecta Juris Pontificii, iii. 1834. Benzelstiema's History of Sweden, by Olof Dalin, ii. p. 127, Dähnert's German version. Vita S. Erici, in Fant and Annerstedt. Script. Rer. Suecicarum.
# A Dictionary of Saintly Women/Doda (3)

​St. Doda (3), Dole, or Dolla, Sept. 28, V. Perhaps M. Sister of St. Quiteria. The village of Dole in tho ancient diocese of Auch, where her relics are venerated, is called after her. Stilting, in AA.SS.
# A Dictionary of Saintly Women/Brita

​St. Brita, Brigid (19).
# A Dictionary of Saintly Women/Christina (7)

​St. Christina (7), Nov. 26, Sept. 7, Dec. 5, Aug. 11, Marcb 3, V. † about 1100. Abbess of Romsey. Daughter of Prince Edward, and of Agatha, who was a nun with her at Romsey. Granddaughter of King Edmund II. of England. Sister of St. Margaret, queen of Scotland. She educated her nieces Edith or Matilda, queen of England, and Mary, countess of Boulogne. She compelled them to wear the dress of nuns, but they did not take monastic vows. Memorial of Ancient British Piety. Bishop Forbes, Kalendars: Analecta, iii. col. 1834. Bucelinus, Men. Ben., Aug. 11. Ferrarius. Wion, Lignum Vitæ. Eckenstein.
# A Dictionary of Saintly Women/Briid

​St. Briid, Brigid (2).
# A Dictionary of Saintly Women/Brites

​St. Brites, Beatrice.
# A Dictionary of Saintly Women/Doda (2)

​St. Doda (2), ancestor of Charlemagne. Wife of St. Arnulf of Metz, a great patron saint of the French. She was a woman of noble birth, and great wealth and piety. She was married in 609 to Arnulf, who held positions of the highest importance and trust under Theodebert II. and Clothaire. Amulf and Doda had two sons, Clodulfus (one of the many SS. Cloud), bishop of Metz, and Ansigisilus, who married St. Begga, daughter of Pepin of Landen. Soon after the birth of her second son, Doda became a nun at Trèves. Arnulf wished to join St. Romaric and became a monk, but the king and the people could not dispense with his services. About 612 the bishopric of Metz was forced upon him, although he was a layman, but he was still retained as the king's chief adviser and minister. He died a monk about 640. Many years after their separation, Arnulf and Doda had to meet to settle some of their affairs. She was so afraid that her presence might revive his mundane affections that she shaved her head; her precaution was successful,—he was horrified at the sight of her.
At July 18, Bosch the Bollandist gives two lives of St. Arnulf, the earliest of which is by a contemporary author. He also gives an inscription in which she is called "St. Doda Herezogin von Schbbeina St. Arnulphen Gemachel." But he does not seem to attach much credit to this last. Doda is commemorated with her son St. Cloud, in Greven and Usuard. Clarus, Die Heilige Mathilde. Butler. Baillet. Smith and Wace.
# A Cap of Lead across the sky

A Cap of Lead across the sky Was tight and surly drawn We could not find the mighty Face The Figure was withdrawn —
A Chill came up as from a shaft Our noon became a well A Thunder storm combines the charms Of Winter and of Hell.