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# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Toynbee, Arnold

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​TOYNBEE, ARNOLD (1852–1883), English social reformer and economist, second son of Joseph Toynbee (1815–1866), ​a distinguished surgeon, was born in London on the 23rd of August 1852. He had originally intended to enter the army, but ill health and a growing love of books changed his plans, and he settled down to read for the bar. Here again the same causes produced a change of purpose, and he entered as a student at Pembroke College, Oxford. Finding himself by no means at ease in that college he migrated after two years to Balliol College. Continued ill health prevented his reading for honours, but he made so deep an impression on the authorities of his college that on taking his degree he was appointed lecturer and tutor to students preparing for the Indian civil service. He devoted himself to the study of economics and economic history. He was active also as a practical social reformer, taking part in much public work and delivering lectures in the large industrial centres on economic problems. He overtaxed his strength, and after lecturing in London in January 1883 he had a complete break-down, and died of inflammation of the brain at Wimbledon on the 9th of March.
Toynbee had a striking influence on his contemporaries, not merely through his intellectual powers, but by his strength of character. He left behind him a beautiful memory, filled as he was with the love of truth and an ardent and active zeal for the public good. He was the author of some fragmentary pieces, published after his death by his widow, under the title of The Industrial Revolution. This volume deserves attention both for its intrinsic merit and as indicating the first drift of a changing method in the treatment of economic problems. He, however, fluctuated considerably in his opinion of the Ricardian political economy, in one place declaring it to be a detected “intellectual imposture,” whilst elsewhere, apparently under the influence of Bagehot, he speaks of it as having been in recent times “only corrected, re-stated, and put into the proper relation to the science of life,” meaning apparently, by this last, general sociology. He saw that the great help in the future for the science of economics must come from the historical method, to which in his own researches he gave preponderant weight. Toynbee’s interest in the poor and his anxiety to be personally acquainted with them led to his close association with the district of Whitechapel in London, where the Rev. Canon S. A. Barnett (q.v.) was at that time vicar—an association which was commemorated after his death by the social settlement of Toynbee Hall, the first of many similar institutions erected in the East End of London for the purpose of uplifting and brightening the lives of the poorer classes.
See F. C. Montague’s Arnold Toynbee (Johns Hopkins University Studies, 1889); Lord Milner’s Arnold Toynbee: a Reminiscence (1901); and L. L. Price’s Short History of Political Economy in England for a criticism of Toynbee as an economist.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Trachis

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​TRACHIS, a city of ancient Greece, situated at the head of the Malian Gulf in a small plain between the rivers Asopus and Melas, and enclosed by the mountain wall of Oeta which here extended close to the sea and by means of the Trachinian Cliffs completely commanded the main road from Thessaly. The position was well adapted as an advanced post against invaders from the north, and furthermore guarded the road up the Asopus gorge into the Cephissus valley. Strangely enough, it is not recorded what part Trachis played in the defence of Thermopylae against Xerxes. Its military importance was recognized in 427 B.C. by the Spartans, who sent a garrison to guard the Trachinian plain against the marauding highland tribes of Oeta and built a citadel close by the Asopus gorge with the new name of Heraclea. The Spartans failed to safeguard Heraclea against the Oetaeans and Thessalians, and for a short time were displaced by the Thebans (420), After a bloody defeat at the hands of the neighbouring mountaineers (409) the Spartan governor quarrelled with the native settlers, whom he expelled in 399. Four years later Thebes used her new predominance in central Greece to restore the Trachinians, who retained Heraclea until 371, when Jason of Pherae seized and dismantled it. The fortress was rebuilt, and after 280 served the Aetolians as a bulwark against Celts and Macedonians. It was captured in 191 by the Romans, but restored to the Aetolian League until 146. Henceforth the place lost its importance; in Strabo’s time the original site was apparently deserted, and the citadel alone remained inhabited.
Strabo p. 428; Herodotus vii. 198–203; Thucydides iii. 92, v. 51–52; Diodorus xiv. 38, 82; Livy xxxvi. 22–24. W. Leake, Travels in Northern Greece, iii. 24–31 (London, 1835); G. B. Grundy, Great Persian War, pp. 261–264 (London, 1901). (M. O. B. C.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Trabeated

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​TRABEATED, the architectural term given to those styles in which the architrave or beams (Lat. trabs) is employed instead of the arch, in the latter case the term “arcuated” being used. The principal trabeated styles are the Egyptian, Persian, Greek, Lycian, nearly all the Indian styles, the Chinese, Japanese and South American styles, in all cases owing their origin to the timber construction, for which reason the term post-and-lintel architecture is sometimes applied to it.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Riverside

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​RIVERSIDE, a city of southern California, U.S.A., and the county-seat of Riverside county, situated on the Santa Ana river, in the San Bernardino valley. Pop. (1890) 4683; (1900) 7973 (1525 foreign-born); (1910) 15,212. It is served by the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé, the Southern Pacific and the San Pedro, Los Angeles & Salt Lake railways. The city occupies a slope (about 800–1000 ft. above sea-level), rising toward the east is beautifully built and is a winter and health resort. In the Albert S. White Park there is a notable collection of cacti; and Huntington Park is high and rocky, is well planted with trees and has a finely shaded automobile drive. Magnolia Avenue, bordered with pepper-trees, is 10 m. long and 130 ft. wide; and Victoria Avenue is similarly parked and lined with semi-tropical trees. Riverside is the seat of an important (non-reservation) boarding-school for Indians, Sherman Institute (1903), which in 1908 had 699 student sf Riverside is devoted to the cultivation of oranges, lemons and other subtropical fruits, and has a large trade in these products. It is in the centre of the finest orange district of the state; near Huntington Park is the state citrus experiment station (1906), with an experimental orchard of 20 acres. The cultivation of navel oranges was first introduced from Brazil into the United States at Riverside in 1873; the two original trees, protected by an iron railing, were still standing in 1909. The domestic water supply is obtained from artesian wells. In 1870 the site of the present city, then called Jurupa Rancho, the name of the old Spanish grant, was purchased by the Southern California Colony Association. The settlement was chartered in 1883 as a city, with limits including about 56 sq. m. Riverside county was not organized until ten years later. From 1895 there were no saloons in the city.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rivers, Earl

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​RIVERS, EARL, an English title held in succession by the families of Woodville or Wydeville, Darcy and Savage. In 1299 John Rivers, or de Ripariis, was summoned to parliament as a baron, and his son John was similarly summoned by Edward II. The earldom was created for Sir Richard Woodville in 1466 and remained in this family until 1491. (For the three earls of his line see below.) As borne by the Woodvilles the title was not derived from the name of a place, but from an ancient family name, Redvers, or Reviers, members of this family, whose arms are quartered on the Rivers shield, having been sometime earls of Devon.
From 1626 to his death in 1640 the earldom was held by Thomas Darcy, Viscount Colchester, from whom it descended by special remainder to his grandson John (c. 1610-1654), the son of his daughter Elizabeth (d. 1651) by her marriage with Sir Thomas Savage (d. 1635), who was created Viscount Savage in 1626. John's son Thomas (c. 1626-1694) was the 3rd earl, and his grandson Richard the 4th earl (see below). The title became extinct when John, the 5th earl, died about 1735.
A new barony of Rivers, held by the family of Pitt and its later representative, that of Pitt-Rivers, was in existence from 1776 to 1880.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/River Brethren

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​RIVER BRETHREN, the name of a group of three Christian communities in the United States of America, descended from Swiss settlers near the Susquehanna river in Pennsylvania in 1750. The first pastor was Jacob Engle, who became head of the community in 1770. Their system is based on literal obedience to the commands of the New Testament, and they have points of similarity both with the Mennonites and with the Dunkards. They practise foot-washing and baptism by trine immersion; are strict sabbatarians and simple in their manner of life. The three branches are: (1) The Brethren in Christ, who are the most elaborately organized and are numerous in Ohio, Pennsylvania and Kansas; they have also formed churches in New York and in Canada, and missions in South Africa, India and Texas. In 1909 they had 174 ministers, and 65 churches with 3675 communicants. (2) The Old Order, or Yorker Brethren, consists of a small body which separated from the main body in 1843 and maintained more strictly the original practice. They are found specially in York county, Pennsylvania (whence the name "Yorkers"). In 1909 they had 24 ministers, 9 churches, and 423 communicants. (3) The United Zion's Children date from 1853, when a small body left the parent communion on minor questions of administration. They had in 1909 22 ministers and 28 churches with 749 communicants, all in Pennsylvania.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/River-hog

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​RIVER-HOG, a sportsman's name for the African wild pigs of which the southern representative is known to the Boers as the bosch-vark (“bush-pig”). They constitute a genus, Potamochoerus, nearly allied to the typical pigs of the genus Sus (see Swine), from which they are distinguishable by the presence in the males of a long horny ridge below the eye; while they are further characterized by their thick coat of bristly and often brightly coloured hair, and by tufts of long bristles at the tips of the elongated and pointed ears. The southern P. choeropotamus, of southern and east Africa, is typically a greyish-brown animal, but one of its eastern representatives is orange-red. In north-east Africa occurs the allied P. johnstoni, while in Kordofan and Abyssinia this is in turn replaced by P. hassama. The most remarkable member of the group is, however, the red river-hog, P. porcus, which is a heavy, short-legged species remarkable for its bright red colour, the great length of the ear-tufts and the white rings round the eyes. It is a native of the great forest-tracts, extending from Senegambia, Liberia and Angola on the W., to Monbuttu in the E. Very noteworthy is the occurrence of a small yellow-haired representative of the group (P. larvatus) in Madagascar, which evidently must have reached its present habitat from the mainland. (R. L.*)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rivers, Richard Woodville, Earl

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​RIVERS, RICHARD WOODVILLE, or Wydeville, Earl (d. 1469), was a member of a family of small importance long settled at Grafton in Northamptonshire. His father, Richard Woodville, was a squire to Henry V., and afterwards the trusted servant of John of Bedford, in whose interest he was constable of the Tower during the troubles with Humphrey of Gloucester in 1425. The younger Richard Woodville was knighted by Henry VI. at Leicester in 1426. He served under Bedford in France, and after his master’s death married his widow Jacquetta of Luxemburg. The mésalliance caused some scandal, but Woodville enjoyed the king’s favour and continued to serve with honour in subordinate positions in France. He also distinguished himself at jousts in London (Chronicles of London, 146, 148). On the 9th of May 1448 Henry VI. created him Baron Rivers. His associations made him a strong Lancastrian. For some years he was lieutenant of Calais in Henry’s interests. In 1459, when stationed at Sandwich to prevent a Yorkist landing, he was surprised by Sir John Dinham, and taken prisoner with his son Anthony to the earl of Warwick at Calais. He was, however, released in time to fight for Henry VI. at Towton. Early in the reign of Edward IV. Rivers recognized that the Lancastrian cause was lost and made his peace with the new king. The marriage of his eldest daughter, Elizabeth, widow of Sir John Grey of Groby, to Edward on the 1st of May 1464, secured the fortunes of his family. Rivers was appointed treasurer on the 4th of March 1466, and a little later created earl. Elizabeth found great alliances for her younger brothers and sisters, and the Woodville influence became all-powerful at court. The power of this new family was very distasteful to the old baronial party, and especially so to Warwick. Early in 1468 Rivers’s estates were plundered by Warwick’s partisans, and the open war of the following year was aimed to destroy the Woodvilles. After the king’s defeat at Edgecot, Rivers and his second son, John, were taken prisoners at Chepstow and executed at Kenilworth on the 12th of August 1469. Rivers had a large family. His third son, Lionel (d. 1484), was bishop of Salisbury. All his daughters made great marriages: Catherine, the sixth, was wife of Henry Stafford, 2nd duke of Buckingham (q.v.).
Bibliography.—The chief contemporary authorities are the Paston Letters, ed. Dr James Gairdner, The Chronicles of London, ed. C. L. Kingsford (1905), and the Chronicles of Commines and Waurin. See also some notices in Calendars of State Papers, Venetian, ed. Rawdon Browne. For modern accounts see Sir James Ramsay’s Lancaster and York (1892), The Political History of England, vol. iv., by Professor C. Oman, and The Complete Peerage, by G. E. C[okayne]. For Earl Anthony’s connexion with Caxton consult William Blades’s Life of Caxton (1861–63). (C. L. K.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Riverina

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​RIVERINA, a large tract of pastoral country between the rivers Murray and Darling in New South Wales, Australia. It gives name to the see of an Anglican bishop who has his seat at Hay. The chief towns are Deniliquin, Hay, Moulamein, Oxley and Booligal.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rives, William Cabell

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​RIVES, WILLIAM CABELL (1793–1868), American political leader and diplomat, was born in Nelson county, Virginia, on the 4th of May 1793. He attended Hampden-Sidney and William and Mary colleges, was admitted to the bar, and practised in Nelson county (till 1821) and afterwards in Albemarle county. In politics a Democrat, he served in the state constitutional convention in 1816, in the Virginia House of Delegates in 1817–19 and in 1822, and in the Federal House of Representatives in 1823–29. From 1829 to 1832 he was minister to France; in 1833 he entered the United States Senate, but in the following year resigned. From 1836 to 1845 he again served in the Senate, and in 1849–53 he was again minister to France. In February 1861 he was a delegate to the Peace Conference in Washington; he opposed secession, but was loyal to his state when it seceded, and was one of its representatives in the Confederate Congress during the Civil War. He died at the country estate of Castle Hill, Albemarle county, Virginia, on the 25th of April 1868. Rives was the author of several books, the most important being his Life and Times of James Madison (3 vols., Boston, 1859–68), the completion of which was prevented by his death. He was the father of Alfred Landon Rives (1830–1903), an engineer of some prominence, whose daughter, Amélie Rives (1863– ), became well known as a novelist, her best known book being The ​Quick or the Dead? (1888); she married John A. Chanler in 1888, and after their divorce married in 1896 Prince Pierre Troubetzkoy of Russia.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Averell, Adam

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​Averell, Adam, Rev., a distinguished Primitive Wesleyan Methodist minister, was born at Mullan, County of Tyrone, 7th May 1754. His father was a landed proprietor. He early studied for the ministry of the Established Church, was appointed to a curacy, and then married. Becoming acquainted with Wesley, he resigned his preferment, so as to be free to extend his religious ministrations wherever he felt called. About 1797, after having being married about seven years, his wife separated from him, apparently from religious incompatibility. He made her an ample allowance, relinquished the personal care of his property, and unreservedly devoted himself to preaching in different parts of the country. His journal, which proves him to have been a man of exceeding earnestness and great piety, is full of interesting particulars concerning the condition of Ireland in his day. He was a profound believer in special providences. For nearly thirty years he was president of the Primitive Wesleyan Conference. Mr. Averell died at Mount Salem, near Clones, 16th January 1847, at the advanced age of 92.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Baldwin, Richard

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​Baldwin, Richard, D.D,, was appointed Provost of Trinity College in 1717. Little is known concerning his early life, further than that he obtained a Scholarship at the College in 1686, and a Fellowship seven years later. For forty-one years he governed the institution, and upon his decease (aged 92, on 30th September 1758) he bequeathed to it his fortune—upwards of £80,000. A fine marble monument was erected to his memory in the Examination Hall. The will was disputed by his English relatives, but was decided in favour of the College, in 1820, after sixty-two years' litigation.
* ↑ Graduates of the University of Dublin, to 6th December 1868: Rev. James H. Todd, D.D. Dublin, 1869.
* ↑ Hiberniæ, Liber Munerum Publicorum, ab an. 1152 usque ad 1827. [Rowley Lascelles.] 2 vols. London, 1824.
* ↑ University of Dublin; History, with Biographical Notices. William B. S. Taylor. London, 1845.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Babington, William

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​ Babington, William, M.D., F.R.S., a chemist and mineralogist, was born near Coleraine in 1756. He began to practise medicine in London about 1797, and lectured on chemistry at Guy's Hospital. He wrote several works on mineralogy, one of the principal of which was New System of Mineralogy (1799). He was one of the founders of the Geographical Society, of which he was chosen President in 1822. He died in 1833.
* ↑ Authors, Dictionary of British and American: S. Austin Allibone. 3 vols. Philadelphia, 1869–'71.
* ↑ Biographical Dictionary: Lippincott. New York.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Ashford, William

* related portals: William Ashford.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
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​Ashford, William, a distinguished landscape painter, and first President of the Royal Hibernian Academy, was born in Birmingham, 1746, and settled in Ireland, 1764. He resided in College-green. "His works were many, and were justly appreciated. His early pictures were somewhat in the manner of Claude." He died at Sandymount-park, 17th April 1824, and was interred in Donnybrook old churchyard.
* ↑ Gandon, James, Life: Thomas J. Mulvany. Dublin, 1846.
* ↑ Manuscript and Special Information, and Current Periodicals.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Atharne

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​Atharne, a reputed poet and courtier of the 1st century, who resided at Beinn Edair (Howth). He made an expedition round Ireland, demanding exorbitant "gifts" for the recital of his lays—King Eochaidh is said to have given an eye to satisfy him! On the way, he was attacked at Ath-Cliath (Dublin) by his late hosts, to recover some of their "presents." In the engagement that ensued, Conall Cearnach fought on his side. On one occasion Atharne fought and killed Mesgedra, whose wife Buana died soon after of fright at the sight of her husband's head. This was at the ford of Clane. Atharne buried them near by, preserving their brains in a lime ball—the same with which Conor MacNessa was afterwards killed.
* ↑ Irish Writers to 1750; Edward O'Reilly. Dublin, 1820.
* ↑ Ware, Sir James, Works: Walter Harris. 2 vols. Dublin, 1764.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Authorities

The figures prefixed to the authorities in the following list correspond to the small references throughout the Compendium. The numbers in parentheses indicated the volume, series, or year. Where the number or volume of serial publications was not indicated, reference was implied to the number or volume shortly following the date on which the subject of the notice died.
The 478 authorities may be thus classified: — 100 have been in almost constant requisition; 90 were referred to occasionally; 170 were fully used in single lives; whilst 118 were but slightly referred to in one or two notices, or were simply referred to in their introductions.
The arrangement of this list, put together as the work proceeded, is in many respects imperfect; but once made it was not possible to alter.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Baillie, William

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​Baillie, William, Captain, an amateur engraver of some note, was born in Ireland in 1736. He passed the early part of his life in the army, from which he retired with the rank of Captain of Cavalry. Thenceforward he devoted himself to the arts, and was for many years considered one of the most enlightened connoisseurs of his time. His best productions are those executed in the style of Rembrandt. Bryan's Dictionary gives a list of his principal plates.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Ball, Robert

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​Ball, Robert, LL.D., a naturalist, was born at Cove, now Queenstown, County of Cork, 1st April 1802. He early showed a predilection for natural history. On attaining his majority he took an active part in the public affairs of Youghal, where he then resided. He applied himself to medicine with the intention of adopting it as his profession, but was induced to relinquish it and enter the civil service in Dublin, where he held situations in various government departments until 1854, when he retired on a pension. Meanwhile he prosecuted his scientific investigations, and acquired a high reputation as a naturalist. From 1837 he occupied the post of Secretary to the Zoological Society, and soon afterwards became Treasurer of the Royal Irish Academy. In 1840 he was appointed director of the museum of Trinity College, to which he presented his valuable private collection. Dr. Ball filled honourable positions in most of the scientific societies of Dublin, besides receiving many honorary degrees, both home and foreign. His degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him, honoris causâ, by the University in 1850. Dr. Ball was a man greatly esteemed and beloved. He died rather suddenly, 30th March 1857, aged 54.
* ↑ Biographical Dictionary, Imperial: Edited by John F. Waller. 3 vols. London, N. D.
* ↑ Graduates of the University of Dublin, to 6th December 1868: Rev. James H. Todd, D.D. Dublin, 1869.