OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Ramsay, Martha Laurens

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RAMSAY, MARTHA LAURENS,
Was born In Charleston, South Carolina, November 3rd., 1759. She was the daughter of Henry Laurens, whose ancestors were Huguenots. She spent ten years in England and France, during the latter part of which time she resided at Paris with her father, who was acting there as minister plenipotentiary from the United States. While there, her father gave her five hundred guineas, the greater part of which she employed in purchasing French Testaments for distribution, and in establishing a school. She returned to Charleston in 1785, and in 1787 married Dr. David Ramsay. . Mrs. Ramsay was a woman of piety, learning, and great benevolence. She assisted her husband in his literary pursuits, fitted her sons for college, and performed all her domestic duties in the most exemplary manner, showing herself a pattern for her sex, and proving how salutary the enlightened moral influence of woman may become. She died in June, 1811, aged fifty-one.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Reeve, Clara

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REEVE, CLARA,
Was born in 1745, at Ipswich, daughter of a clergyman. An early admiration of Horace Walpole's "Castle of Otranto" induced Miss Reeve to imitate it in a Gothic story entitled "The Old English Baron." Mr. Chambers, in his Cyclopaedia, says of this work,—"In some respects the lady has the advantage of Walpole: her supernatural machinery is better managed, so as to produce mysteriousness and effect, but her style has not the point or elegance of that of her prototype. Miss Reeve wrote several other novels, 'all marked,' says Sir Walter Scott, 'by excellent good sense, pure morality, and a competent command of those qualities which constitute a good romance.' They have failed, however, to keep possession of public favour, and the fame of the author rests on her 'Old English Baron,' which is now generally printed along with the story of Walpole."
"The Old English Baron" was published in 1777. and Miss Reeve died in 1803.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Raytra, Feletto Eleonora, of Casale

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RAYTRA, FELETTO ELEONORA, OF CASALE,
Was the wife of George Feletto, Counsellor of Villa and Lord of Melazzo. She was very much praised by contemporary authors, and has left many small poems, remarkably well written. She flourished in 1559; but no dates of the events of her life are to be obtained.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Rebekah

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REBEKAH,
Daughter of Bethuel, and wife of Isaac the patriarch, is one of the most interesting female characters the Bible exhibits for the example and instruction of her sex. Her betrothal and marriage are graphic pictures of the simple customs of her maiden life, and her own heart-devotion to the will of God. No wonder her beauty, modesty, and piety, won the love and confidence of Isaac at once. She was his only wife, and thus highly favoured above those who were obliged to share the heart of a husband with handmaidens and concubines. The plague-spot of polygamy which has polluted even the homes of the chosen of God did not fasten its curse on her bridal tent. So distinguished was this example, that ever since, the young married pair have been admonished to be, as "Isaac and Rebecca, faithful." ​The first portion of her history, contained in Genesis, chap. xxiv. (any synopsis would mar its beauty,) has won for her unqualified approbation; while commentators and divines are almost as unanimous in censuring her later conduct. But is this censure deserved? Let us examine carefully before we venture to condemn what the Bible does not.
Rebekah must have been either perfectly assured she was working under the righteous inspiration of God, or she was willing to bear the punishment of deceiving her husband rather than allow him to sin by attempting to give the blessing where God had withheld it. That the result was right is certain, because Isaac acknowledged it when, after the deception was made manifest, he said of Jacob—"Yea, and he shall be blessed."
When, to avoid the murderous hatred of Esau, Jacob fled from his home, the Lord met him in a wondrous vision, where the promise made to Abraham and to Isaac was expressly confirmed to this cherished son of Rebekah; thus sealing the truth of her belief and the importance of her perseverance; and not a word of reproof appears on the holy page which records her history. She did not live to see her son's triumphant return, nor is the date of her decease given; but she was buried in the family sepulchre at Macpelah; and as Isaac had no second wife, she was doubtless mourned. It has been urged that because her death was not recorded, therefore she had sinned in regard to her son. No mention is made of the death of Deborah, or Ruth, or Esther—had they sinned?
There are no perfect examples among mankind; but in the comparison of Isaac and Rebekah, the wife is, morally, superior to her husband; and appears to have been specially entrusted by God with the agency of changing the succession of her sons, and thus building up the house of Israel. Sec Genesis, chapters xxvi. xxvii. xxviii.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Recamier, Jeanne Francoise Julie Adelaide Bernaral

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RECAMIER, JEANNE FRANCOISE JULIE ADELAIDE BERNARAL,
Was born at Lyons in 1778, and was probably the most beautiful and graceful woman of her day. She married in 1795, M. Recamier, a man of large fortune. Her house, at that time, was resorted to by all the marked characters of Europe; and her drawing-room celebrity is perhaps the first of the age. Her father was imprisoned for some treasonable dealings with the Chouans, in his capacity of administrator of the ports. Madame Recamier solicited his pardon from Napoleon, who granted his aquittal, but refused to reinstate him. This fascinating woman was accustomed to obtain everything she asked for, and she could never forgive Bonaparte for resisting her, though on a point where, what her party termed his severity, seemed reasonable and necessary. Her friends deny this statement, and declared that she never demanded more than her father's liberty; and that the real origin of the animosity manifested by her to the hero, was an ill-conditioned jealousy on his part, which made him vexed at all admiration bestowed on others, even when a pretty woman was its object Madame Recamier was fondly attached to the celebrated Madame de Stael, and courageously proved her friendship by going to Coppet at a time when it was intimated to her that this measure would prevent her returning to ​Paris; as Napoleon included the friends of Madame de Stael among his own enemies.
It was at Coppet that Prince Augustus of Prussia, brother of the late king, became violently enamoured of the beautiful Frenchwoman; he even attempted to persuade her to obtain a divorce from M. Recamier, that she might become his princess. Her religious principles would not allow her to listen with approval to this proposal. After leaving Coppet, Madame Recamier resided at Lyons two years. As she determined to take no steps for the repeal of her exile, she decided upon a journey to Italy. There, as everywhere else, she was received with universal and lively admiration. Painters copied her loveliness; Canova has perpetuated her features in marble. Madame Recamier's sentence of banishment was never reversed. She returned to Paris with the Bourbons. After the death of Madame de Stael she took up her residence at the Abbaye aux Bois, where, though out of the tumult of dissipated society, she enjoyed the intimate friendship and constant visits of an extended circle of literary and otherwise distinguished persons. Among these may be mentioned Chateaubriand and Guizot.
For some years before her death she became blind, an affliction which she bore with the greatest serenity; never complaining of it, except as it prevented her attentions to her Mends. She died on the 10th. of May, 1849, of the cholera. Her distinguished traits were an extreme sweetness of disposition and tenderness of heart, which obtained her the affection of all about her. It should be noted that she was quite unspoiled by the homage that was always paid to her extraordinary beauty.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Reiske, Ernestine Christine

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REISKE, ERNESTINE CHRISTINE,
Whose maiden name was Müller, was the wife of Johann Jacob Reiske. She was born, April 2nd., 1735, at Kumberg, a small town near Wittemberg, in Prussian Saxony. In 1755, she became acquainted with Reiske at Leipzic, where she was making a visit. Her beauty, modesty, goodness, and love of literature, attracted the eminent scholar, and, although he was twenty years her senior, they became very much attached to each other; but, owing to the war then raging in Saxony, they were not married till 1764. ​In order to help her husband in his literary labours, Christine acquired under his instructions a thorough knowledge of Latin and Greek, which rendered her of the greatest assistance to him. She copied and collated his manuscripts, arranged the various readings that he had collected, and read and corrected the proof-sheets of his works. Her attachment for him and her respect for his memory are strongly shown in the supplement to his autobiography, which she completed from the 1st. of January, 1770, till his death on the 14th. of August, 1744. The gratitude of Reiske, and the ardour of his affection, are not less strongly expressed, both in the autobiography just mentioned and in the prefaces to some of his works. After the death of Reiske, his wife published several works that he had left unfinished, and also two works of her own, one called "Hellas," in 1778; and the other entitled "Zur Moral: aus dem Griechischen ubersatzt von E. C. Reiske;" a work containing translations from the Greek to the German. After her husband's death, she lived successively at Leipzic, Dresden, and Brunswick; and died at Kamberg, July 27th., 1798, aged sixty-three.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Read, Catharine

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READ, CATHARINE,
Was an English lady, who distinguished herself by portrait-painting, both in oil and crayons. One of her first and best performances, was the likeness of Queen Charlotte, painted immediately after her arrival in England. Another remarkable portrait of her painting, was that of the female historian, Mrs. Macaulay, represented in the character of a Roman matron, weeping over the lost liberties of her country. About 1770, Miss Read went to the East Indies, where she resided some years; but on her return, still continued to exercise her profession to extreme old age. She died about 1786.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Renard, Cecile

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RENARD, CECILE,
The history of this young girl exhibits the moral phenomenon of the apathy to all that human nature usually shrinks from, which may be produced by living in the constant atmosphere of danger and dismay. Her fate and conduct somewhat, at first sight, resemble those of Charlotte Corday; but upon examination, nothing can be more different. Charlotte Corday, enthusiastic, animated, energetic, set about her purpose in the most sanguine hopes of sacrificing herself for her country; while the aunless act of Cecile seemed to result from disgust of life, and despair of improvement in public affairs. She was born at Paris, the daughter of a stationer. She and her eldest brother occupied themselves in the business of the shop, while the two others were enlisted in the army. Without possessing remarkable beauty, her appearance was very striking and agreeable. She was twenty years of age when she stepped out of the obscurity of private life, and brought herself into the history of Robespierre. It has been said that her hatred to the latter arose from his causing the execution of a young man to whom she was attached; this is an anecdote that wants confirmation, and it is impossible to admit it as a fact. The truth is, she was educated in an aversion to the terrible order of things then prevalent; her imagination was struck with the torrents of blood, the frightful shocks, that daily occurred; and her family, attached to the royalist party, made its losses, and the horrors of the existing government, a constant theme of their private conversations. Her fancy became morbid, her reason perverted, until she considered life an insufferable burden; and she resolved to free herself from it, in a way that should manifest her opinions. With this object, on the 23rd. of May, 1794, she went to the house of Robespierre, carrying a bundle. When they told her he was out, she declared he neglected his duties, and that for her part she would give all she possessed to have a king. This, in those days, was enough to have cost her a hundred lives, if she had had them. She was taken to the comité, and asked what she wanted with Robespierre? "I wanted to see how a tyrant looks." Why she wanted a king? "Because we have five hundred tyrants, and I prefer one king." ​Why she carried a bundle? "Because, as I expected to go to prison, I wanted a change of clothes." Two knives were found in her bundle—she was asked if she intended to assassinate Robespierre? She said, "No; that she always carried a knife, and in this case had taken the second by mistake; but that they might think as they pleased about it." Being asked who were her accomplices, she denied having any, or the existence of any plot. An old aunt of Cecile's, an ex-nun, together with her father and brothers, were involved in her condemnation. Cecile, dragged to the scaffold, never wavered an instant in her firmness; this girl of twenty met death with the resolution and unmoved demeanour of a stoic.
# A Course in Miracles/Manual for Teachers/Who Are God's Teachers?
### Who Are God's Teachers?

A teacher of God is anyone who chooses to be one. His qualifications consist solely in this; somehow, somewhere he has made a deliberate choice in which he did not see his interests as apart from someone else's. Once he has done that, his road is established and his direction is sure. A light has entered the darkness. It may be a single light, but that is enough. He has entered an agreement with God even if he does not yet believe in Him. He has become a bringer of salvation. He has become a teacher of God.
They come from all over the world. They come from all religions and from no religion. They are the ones who have answered. The Call is universal. It goes on all the time everywhere. It calls for teachers to speak for It and redeem the world. Many hear It, but few will answer. Yet it is all a matter of time. Everyone will answer in the end, but the end can be a long, long way off. It is because of this that the plan of the teachers was established. Their function is to save time. Each one begins as a single light, but with the Call at its center it is a light that cannot be limited. And each one saves a thousand years of time as the world judges it. To the Call Itself time has no meaning. There is a course for every teacher of God. The form of the course varies greatly. So do the particular teaching aids involved. But the content of the course never changes. Its central theme is always, "God's Son is guiltless, and in his innocence is his salvation." It can be taught by actions or thoughts; in words or soundlessly; in any language or in no language; in any place or time or manner. It does not matter who the teacher was before he heard the Call. He has become a savior by his answering. He has seen someone else as himself. He has therefore found his own salvation and the salvation of the world. In his rebirth is the world reborn.
This is a manual for a special curriculum, intended for teachers of a special form of the universal course. There are many thousands of other forms, all with the same outcome. They merely save time. Yet it is time alone that winds on wearily, and the world is very tired now. It is old and worn and without hope. There was never a question of outcome, for what can change the Will of God? But time, with its illusions of change and death, wears out the world and all things in it. Yet time has an ending, and it is this that the teachers of God are appointed to bring about. For time is in their hands. Such was their choice, and it is given them.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Guglielmi, Pietro

From volume 1 of the work.
​GUGLIELMI, Pietro, born at Massa-Carrara in 1727 [App. p.661 "May"]. His father was an accomplished musician and Maestro di Capella to the Duke of Modena. At the age of 18 he was sent to supplement his home training at the Neapolitan Conservatorio, where he had the advantage of the tutorship of Durante. Volatility of temperament rather than stupidity hindered his progress in harmony, and it only required a single incident, sufficiently exciting to induce twenty-four hours of self-concentration, to make him at once evince his superiority to all his class-fellows. As soon as he left the Conservatorio he started on a tour through the principal cities of Italy, beginning with Turin, where he brought out his earliest opera (1755). Everywhere his genius was cordially acknowledged, and his best works met with general applause. He is known however to have made a great number of failures, which were probably the result of that careless workmanship to which artists of his self-indulgent and pleasure-loving habits are prone. From Italy he went to Dresden, Brunswick, and finally to London, whither his wife appears to have accompanied him, and where his success seems to have been checked by the intrigues of a musical cabal. In 1777 he returned to Naples to find that Cimarosa and Paisiello, each in the height of his fame, had eclipsed between them a reputation which his own fifteen years of absence had allowed to wane. It is to his credit that the necessity of struggling against these two younger rivals spurred Guglielmi to unwonted effort, and that the decade during which he divided with them the favour of the Neapolitan public was the culminating epoch of his mental activity. Wearied of the stage, Guglielmi finally in 1793 accepted the post of Maestro at the Vatican, and died in harness at Rome in 1804 [App. p.661 "Nov. 19"].
[ E. H. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Guidetti, Giovanni

From volume 1 of the work.
[ F. G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Guarducci, Tommasso

From volume 1 of the work.
[ J. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Guest, Ralph

From volume 1 of the work.
​GUEST, RALPH, was born in 1743 at Basely, Shropshire. At a very early age he became a member of the choir in the church of his native place. On attaining his majority he came to London and engaged in commercial pursuits; ​but the love of music induced him to enter in addition the choir of Portland Chapel. After five years he removed to Bury St. Edmunds, and entered into business on his own account. From Ford, organist of St. James's Church, Bury, he learned organ-playing, and in 1805 was appointed choir-master at St. Mary's there, and later, on the erection of an organ there, its organist. He then devoted himself entirely to the profession of music. He published 'The Psalms of David,' arranged for every day in the month, retaining many of the old psalm tunes and adding about sixty new ones. He subsequently published a supplement under the title of 'Hymns and Psalms,' with music composed and adapted by him. He also composed many songs. He resigned his appointment as organist in 1822, and died, at the advanced age of 88 years, in June 1830.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Guglielmi, Signora

From volume 1 of the work.
[ J. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Gudehus, Heinrich

[ A. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Guerrero, Francisco

From volume 1 of the work.
​GUERRERO, Francisco, one of the chief representatives of the early Spanish school of composers, was born at Seville in 1528, and received his education first from an elder brother, and then from the great Morales. At the age of 18 he was made chapel-master at Jaen, a few years afterwards obtained a similar position at Malaga; and finally succeeded Fernandez in the cathedral at Seville. At the age of 60 he undertook a pilgrimage to Palestine, an account of which was afterwards published with the title 'El viage de Jerusalem que hizo Francisco Guerrero,' etc. (Alcala 1611). Guerrero died in 1599 at the advanced age of 81. His most important works were published under the title, 'Liber primus Missarum F. Guerero Hispalensis Odei phonasco autore' (Paris, Du Chemin 1566). This contains 4 masses in 5 parts, viz. 'Sancta et immaculata'; 'In te Domine speravi'; 'Congratulamini mihi'; 'Super flumina Babylonis.' 5 masses in 4 parts, viz. 'De B. Virgine'; 'Dormendo un giorno'; 'Inter vestibulum'; 'Beata Mater'; and 'Pro Defunctis.' Also the motets 'Ave virgo sanctissima' (5 parts), 'Usquequo Domine' (6 parts), and 'Pater Noster' (8 parts).
There is a copy of the book in the Imperial Library at Vienna. Sandoval, in his life of Charles V, tells us that Guerrero presented this volume to the Emperor, and that monarch's musical reputation chiefly rests on the fact that, after hearing one of these compositions, he called Guerrero 'a thief and a plagiarist, while his singers stood astonished, as none of them had discovered these thefts till they were pointed out by the Emperor.' But they may possibly have discovered, notwithstanding their respectful astonishinent, that Guerrero was guilty of nothing more than using the ordinary mannerisms of a particular school.
[ J. R. S. B. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Guicciardi, Giulietta

From volume 1 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Hoyland, John

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Hoyle, John

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W.H.H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Huber, Hans

[ M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Hullah, John

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Hudson, Robert

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Huguenots, Les

From volume 1 of the work.
​HUGUENOTS, LES. Opera in 5 acts; words by Scribe and Deschamps, music by Meyerbeer. Produced at the Académie Feb. 29, 1836; in London, first by a German company, at Covent Garden, April 20, 1842; in Italian at Covent Garden as 'Gli Ugonotti,' July 20, 1848; in English at the Surrey Theatre, Aug. 16, 1849. Like 'William Tell,' the opera is always greatly shortened in performance.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Howgill, William

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Hueffer, Francis

​HUEFFER, Francis, Ph. D., author and musical critic, was born in 1845. After studying modern philology and music in London, Paris, Berlin, and Leipzig, he fixed his residence in London and devoted himself to literary work. His first articles appeared in the late 'North British Review,' in the 'Fortnightly Review' (when under Mr. John Morley's editorship), and ​in the 'Academy,' of which he became assistant editor. At a time when England hesitated to acknowledge the genius of Wagner, Mr. Hueffer brought home to amateurs the meaning of the modern developments of dramatic and lyrical composition by the publication, in 1874, of his 'Richard Wagner and the Music of the Future.' Mr. Hueffer was in 1878 appointed musical critic of 'The Times,' and consistently followed up his advocacy of the modern in art by supporting the claims of living English musicians. He has also written librettos for several of our rising composers. Thus 'Colomba' and 'The Troubadour,' were written for Mr. Mackenzie, and 'The Sleeping Beauty' for Mr. Cowen. He has lately undertaken the English version of Boito's 'Otello,' where his task has been to translate the adaptation of Shakespeare's play as made by the young Italian poet and composer for Verdi's opera.
[ L. M. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Hume, Tobias

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]