OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Achsel

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Achsel. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Achsel, feminine, ‘shoulder,’ from the equivalent Middle High German ahsel, Old High German ahsala, feminine; compare Anglo-Saxon eaxl, Old Icelandic ǫxl, feminine, ‘shoulder'; Gothic *ahsla, feminine, is wanting. It is probable that the Teutonic word is connected with the Old Aryan Achse; Latin axilla (Olr. oxal), ‘arm-pit,’ and âla, ‘arm-pit, wing,’ are also cognate with it. In Old Teutonic, Gothic *ahsla (Aryan *akslâ) has a still wider family, since forms with Teutonic ô, Aryan â in the stem belong to it; compare Anglo-Saxon ôxn, ôcusla, ‘arm-pit,’ and Old High German wohsana, Middle High German üehse, wohse, feminine, ‘arm-pit,'Du. oksel,’ shoulder.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Ablats

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Ablats. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Ablats, masculine, ‘sluice, remission,’ from Middle High German ablâȥ, masculine, Old High German áblâȥ, neuter, ‘indulgence, remission, pardon’; compare Gothic áflêts, masculine, ‘remission, pardon.’ allied to af-lẽtan, ‘to remit, pardon,’ Old High German ob-lâȥȥan.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Pedant

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Pedant | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Pedant, m., ‘pedant,’ ModHG. only, from Fr. pédant, Ital. pedante, of which the orig. meaning was ‘instructor’ (the ultimate source is Gr. παιδεύειν). “How the word obtained its modern sense is easily seen.”
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Peitsche

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Peitsche | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Peitsche, f., ‘whip, lash,’ early ModHG., from Bohem. bič (Pol. bicz).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Pelle

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Pelle | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Pelle, f. (LG.), equiv. to Du. pel, E. peel.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Pech

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Pech | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Pech, n., from the equiv. MidHG. pëch, bëch (comp. Papst), OHG. pëh, bëh, n., ‘pitch’; MidHG. pfich (very rare), from OHG. *pfih, unless it is a phonetic transcription of the Lat. or LG. word. It corresponds to OSax. pik, n., Du. pik, pek, AS. pič, n., E. pitch; OIc. bik. The Teut. cognates are based on a Lat.-Rom. word; Lat. picem, acc. of pix (with regard to the oblique case as the base comp. Kreuz). Compared with Kreuz from crŭcem, the preservation of the guttural as k and of the vowel quantity in the stem is an important element in the history of the word. Lat. pĭcem was naturalized at a much earlier period in G. than crŭcem, probably in the 7th cent. Comp. further Ital. pece, Fr. poix, ‘pitch,’ from Lat. picem (nom. pix).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Pein

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Pein | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Pein, f., from the equiv. MidHG. pîne, pîn, OHG. pîna, f., ‘pain, punishment, torture’; adopted during the OHG. period on the introduction of Christianity from Lat. poena, which was pronounced pêna in MidLat. (comp. Ital. pena); MidLat. ê appears in HG. as î in other cases also (see Kreide and Feier), Comp. OSax. pîna, Du. pijn, AS. pîn, E. pine (a later variant of pain); also OIr. pían (gen. péne).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Pelikan

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Pelikan | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Pelikan, m., ‘pelican,’ from MidHG. pellicân, m., formed from Lat. pelicanus.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Pedell

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Pedell | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Pedell, m., ‘beadle, messenger of a court or council,’ first occurs in early ModHG.; from MidLat. bidellus, pedellus; bedelli universitatum is recorded in 1350. As the usher of a court of justice the word bedellus appears as early as the 13th cent., and, like its Rom. cognates (Ital. bidello, Fr. bedeau, ‘beadle’), is derived from OHG. bital, pital (MidHG. bitel), a derivative of OHG. bitten, ‘to invite, cite.’ See Büttel.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Pegel

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Pegel | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Pegel, m., ‘water-mark,’ ModHG. only, from the similar LG. form; comp. Du. pegel, ‘gauge-mark, standard,’ and peil, ‘gauge-mark, scale on which the height of the water is marked.’ These words are derived, like AS. pœgel, E. pail, from a Teut. root pag, which also appears in Alem. pfeχte, pfeχe, ‘to gauge.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Paß

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Paß | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Paß, m., ‘pass, mountain road, passport,’ ModHG. only, from Du. pas, ‘step, passage, pass.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Pekesche

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Pekesche | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Pekesche, f., ‘laced coat, hussar's jacket,’ from Pol. bekiesza.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/riechen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry riechen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ riechen, verb, ‘to smell,’ from Middle High German riechen, Old High German riohhan, strong verb, ‘to smoke, steam, emit vapour, smell’; compare Dutch ruiken, rieken, ‘to smell,’ Anglo-Saxon reócan, ‘to smoke, emit vapour,’ Old Icelandic rjúka, ‘to smoke, exhale.’ The Teutonic root rū̆k signified ‘to smoke’; see further under Rauch and Geruch. In the non-Teutonic languages the stem is not found.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/ringen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry ringen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ ringen, verb, ‘to encircle; wring, wrestle, strive,’ from Middle High German ringen, ‘to move to and fro, exert oneself, wind,’ Old High German ringan, from an earlier *wringan; compare Dutch wringen, ‘to wring, squeeze,’ Anglo-Saxon wringan, English to wring; Gothic *wriggan is implied by wruggô, ‘snare.’ The root wring, identical with the root wrank (see renken), meant originally ‘to turn in a winding manner, move with effort.’ With this are connected Modern High German Ranke, English wrong, Middle English wrang, ‘bent, perverted, wrong’ (Old Icelandic rangr, ‘bent, wrong,’ Modern Dutch wrang, ‘sour, bitter’), and English to wrangle. Perhaps würgen (root wrg) is allied; English to ring is, however, not connected, since it comes from Anglo-Saxon hringan.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/rinnen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry rinnen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ rinnen, verb, ‘to run, flow, leak, drop, from Middle High German rinnen, Old High German rinnan, ‘to flow, swim, run.’ This verb is common to Teutonic in the same sense; Gothic rinnan, Anglo-Saxon irnan, English to run, Dutch runnen, Old Saxon rinnan; the original sense of all these is ‘to move on rapidly.’ The nn of Gothic rinnan is usually regarded as a part of the present stem for no (compare Greek δάκνω, Latin sper-no), and a root ren, run, is assumed, which is preserved in Anglo-Saxon ryne (from *runi-).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/ruchlos

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry ruchlos. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ ruchlos, adjective, ‘infamous, flagitious,’from Middle High German ruoche-lôs, ‘unconcerned, reckless,’ allied to Middle High German ruoche, feminine, ‘care, carefulness’; compare English reckless; see ruhen and geruben.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/ruchtbar

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry ruchtbar. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ ruchtbar, ruchbar, adjective, ‘notorious, Modern High German only, from Low German, as is indicated by the Low German and Dutch cht for the High German ft; allied to Middle High German ruoft, ‘fame, reputation’; see anrüchig, berüchtigt, and Gerücht.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/rucken

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry rucken. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ rucken, verb, ‘to coo’ (of pigeons), allied to Middle High German ruckezen, ‘to coo,’ and rucku, interjection, ‘coo!’ (of pigeons); onomatopoetic forms.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/rotten

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry rotten. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ rotten (1.), verb, ‘to root out,’ formed from the earlier Middle German roten, a variant of Middle High German riuten, ‘to root out’; compare Bavarian rieden, Swiss ussrū̆de, ‘to root out.’
rotten (2.), verb, ‘to cause to rot or decay, Modern High German only, from the equivalent Low German and Dutch rotten; see rösten (2).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/richten

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry richten. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ richten, verb, ‘to regulate, direct, judge, condemn,’ from Middle High German and Old High German rihten, ‘to set right,’ denominative from recht.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/roh

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry roh. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ roh, adjective, ‘rude, raw, crude, rough,’ from Middle High German rô (inflected râwer), Old High German rô (insl. râwêr), ‘raw, uncooked, rude’ (for earlier hrū̆wa-); compare the equivalent Old Saxon hrâ, Dutch raauw, Anglo-Saxon hreá, English raw, Old Icelandic hrár (for *hrávr), ‘raw, uncooked.’ This adjective, which is wanting in Gothic (*hrawa-, *hrêwa-), points to a Teutonic root hrū̆, from pre-Teutonic krū̆, which appears in numerous forms, such as Latin cruor, cruentas, crûdus (for *cruvidus?), Greek κρέας, ‘flesh,’ Sanscrit kravis, ‘raw meat,’ Sanscrit krûras, ‘bloody,’ Old Slovenian krŭvi, Lithuanian kraújas, ‘blood.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/rot

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry rot. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ rot, adjective, ‘red,’ from the equivalent Middle High German and Old High German rôt, adjective; corresponding to the equivalent Gothic rauþs, Old Icelandic rauðr, Anglo-Saxon reád, English red (Anglo-Saxon also reód, Old Icelandic rjóðr, ‘red’), Dutch rood, Old Saxon rôd. Gothic and common Teutonic rauda-, from pre-Teutonic roudho-, is a graded form of the widely-diffused Aryan root rū̆dh, ‘to be red,’ which appears also in Modern High German Rost (2), as well as in Old High German rutichôn, ‘to be reddish,’ Middle High German rō̆ten, ‘to redden,’ and Middle High German rŏt, ‘red’; also in Gothic gariudjô, ‘shamefacedness,’ and perhaps Gothic *bi-rusnjan, ‘to honour,’ Anglo-Saxon rudu, ‘redness,’ and rûd, ‘red,’ English rud (Anglo-Saxon rudduc, English ruddock). In the non-Teutonic languages, besides the words adduced under Rost (2), the following are the principal cognates: Sanscrit rudhirá-s, ‘red,’ rôhita, ‘red’ (for *rôdhita); Greek ἐρυθρός, ‘red,’ ἔρευθος, ‘redness, flush,’ ἐρυσίπελας, ‘erysipelas,’ ἐρεύθω, ‘to redden’ (Old Icelandic rjóða; Anglo-Saxon reódan, ‘to redden, kill’); Latin ruber (rubro- for *rudhro-, Greek ἐρυθρός, like barba for *bardhâ, see Bart), rufus, ‘red,’ rubidus, ‘dark red,’ rubeo, ‘to blush with shame’; Old Slovenian rŭdrŭ, ‘red,’ rŭděti sę, ‘to blush’; Lithuanian rùdas, rùsvas, ‘reddish brown,’ raúdas, raudónas, ‘red,’ raudà, ‘red colour.’ It is noteworthy that red in several of these languages is a sign of shame. Moreover, the Teutonic cognates may be explained from an Aryan root rut, which appears also in Latin rŭt-ilus, ‘reddish.’ — Derivatives Rötel, masculine, ‘red chalk,’ from Middle High German rœtel, rœtelstein, masculine, English ruddle; compare the equivalent Latin rubrĭca, from ruber. — Röteln, plural, ‘measles.’ —
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IV/Origen/Introductory Note/Exegetical Works

The works of the great Adamantinus may be classed under the following divisions:
(1) Exegetical Works.
These comprise Σχόλια, brief notes on Scripture, of which only fragments remain: Τόμοι, Commentaries, lengthened expositions, of which we possess considerable portions, including those on Matthew, John, and Epistle to the Romans; and about 200 Homilies, upon the principal books of the Old and New Testaments, a full list of which may be seen in Migne’s edition. In these works his peculiar system of interpretation found ample scope for exercise; and although he carried out his principle of allegorizing many things, which in their historical and literal signification offended his exegetical sense, he nevertheless maintains that “the passages which hold good in their historical acceptation are much more numerous than those which contain a purely spiritual meaning.” The student will find much that is striking and suggestive in his remarks upon the various passages which he brings under review. For an account of his method of interpreting Scripture, and the grounds on which he based it, the reader may consult the fourth book of the treatise On the Principles.

## Footnotes

* ↑ [De Princip., b. iv. i. 19. S.]
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IV/Origen/Origen Against Celsus/Book I
## Contents

* Preface
* Chapter I
* Chapter II
* Chapter III
* Chapter IV
* Chapter V
* Chapter VI
* Chapter VII
* Chapter VIII
* Chapter IX
* Chapter X
* Chapter XI
* Chapter XII
* Chapter XIII
* Chapter XIV
* Chapter XV
* Chapter XVI
* Chapter XVII
* Chapter XVIII
* Chapter XIX
* Chapter XX
* Chapter XXI
* Chapter XXII
* Chapter XXIII
* Chapter XXIV
* Chapter XXV
* Chapter XXVI
* Chapter XXVII
* Chapter XXVIII
* Chapter XXIX
* Chapter XXX
* Chapter XXXI
* Chapter XXXII
* Chapter XXXIII
* Chapter XXXIV
* Chapter XXXV
* Chapter XXXVI
* Chapter XXXVII
* Chapter XXXVIII
* Chapter XXXIX
* Chapter XL
* Chapter XLI
* Chapter XLII
* Chapter XLIII
* Chapter XLIV
* Chapter XLV
* Chapter XLVI
* Chapter XLVII
* Chapter XLVIII
* Chapter XLIX
* Chapter L
* Chapter LI
* Chapter LII
* Chapter LIII
* Chapter LIV
* Chapter LV
* Chapter LVI
* Chapter LVII
* Chapter LVIII
* Chapter LIX
* Chapter LX
* Chapter LXI
* Chapter LXII
* Chapter LXIII
* Chapter LXIV
* Chapter LXV
* Chapter LXVI
* Chapter LXVII
* Chapter LXVIII
* Chapter LXIX
* Chapter LXX
* Chapter LXXI
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IV/Origen/Origen Against Celsus/Book I/Chapter I

Chapter I.
The first point which Celsus brings forward, in his desire to throw discredit upon Christianity, is, that the Christians entered into secret associations with each other contrary to law, saying, that “of associations some are public, and that these are in accordance with the laws; others, again, secret, and maintained in violation of the laws.” And his wish is to bring into disrepute what are termed the “love-feasts” of the Christians, as if they had their origin in the common danger, and were more binding than any oaths. Since, then, he babbles about the public law, alleging that the associations of the Christians are in violation of it, we have to reply, that if a man were placed among Scythians, whose laws were unholy, and having no opportunity of escape, were compelled to live among them, such an one would with good reason, for the sake of the law of truth, which the Scythians would regard as wickedness, enter into associations contrary to their laws, with those like-minded with himself; so, if truth is to decide, the laws of the heathens which relate to images, and an atheistical polytheism, are “Scythian” laws, or more impious even than these, if there be any such. It is not irrational, then, to form associations in opposition to existing laws, if done for the sake of the truth.  For as those persons would do well who should enter into a secret association in order to put to death a tyrant who had seized upon the liberties of a state, so Christians also, when tyrannized over by him who is called the devil, and by falsehood, form leagues contrary to the laws of the devil, against his power, and for the safety of those others whom they may succeed in persuading to revolt from a government which is, as it were, “Scythian,” and despotic.
* ↑ τὴν καλουμένην ἀγάπην.
* ↑ ἀθέσμους.
* ↑ παρανομίαν.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IV/Origen/Introductory Note/Dogmatic Works

(4) Dogmatic Works.
These include the Στρωματεῖς, a work composed in imitation of the treatise of Clement of the same name, and consisting originally of ten books, of which only three fragments exist in a Latin version by Jerome; a treatise on the Resurrection, of which four fragments remain; and the treatise Περὶ ’Αρχῶν, De Principiis, which contains Origen’s views on various questions of systematic theology. The work has come down to us in the Latin translation of his admirer Rufinus; but, from a comparison of the few fragments of the original Greek which have been preserved, we see that Rufinus was justly chargeable with altering many of Origen’s expressions, in order to bring his doctrine on certain points more into harmony with the orthodox views of the time. The De Principiis consists of four books, and is the first of the works of Origen in this series, to which we refer the reader.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Migne, vol. i. pp. 102–107.
* ↑ Migne, vol. i. 91–100.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IV/Origen/Introductory Note/Practical Works

(5) Practical Works.
Under this head we place the little treatise Περὶ Εὐχῆς, On Prayer, written at the instance of his friend Ambrose, and which contains an exposition of the Lord’s Prayer; the Λόγος προτρεπτικὸς  εἰς μαρτύριον, Exhortation to Martyrdom, composed at the outbreak of the persecution by Maximian, when his friends Ambrose and Protoctetus were imprisoned. Of his numerous letters only two have come down entire, viz., that which was addressed to Julius Africanus, who had questioned the genuineness of the history of Susanna in the apocryphal additions to the book of Daniel, and that to Gregory Thaumaturgus on the use of Greek philosophy in the explanation of Scripture, although, from the brevity of the latter, it is questionable whether it is more than a fragment of the original.  The Φιλοκαλία, Philocalia, was a compilation from the writings of Origen, intended to explain the difficult passages of Scripture, and executed by Basil the Great and Gregory of Nazianzum; large extracts of which have been preserved, especially of that part which was taken from the treatise against Celsus. The remains were first printed at Paris in 1618, and again at Cambridge in 1676, in the reprint of Spencer’s edition of the Contra Celsum. In the Benedictine edition, and in Migne’s reprint, the various portions are quoted in footnotes under the respective passages of Origen’s writings.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Both of these are translated in the first volume of Origen’s works in this series.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IV/Origen/Origen Against Celsus
## Contents

* Book I
* Book II
* Book III
* Book IV
* Book V
* Book VI
* Book VII
* Book VIII
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IV/Origen/Introductory Note/Critical Works

(2) Critical Works.
The great critical work of Origen was the Hexapla or Six-columned Bible; an attempt to provide a revised text of the Septuagint translation of Old Testament Scripture. On this undertaking he is said to have spent eight-and-twenty years of his life, and to have acquired a knowledge of Hebrew in order to qualify himself for the task. Each page of this work consisted, with the exception to be noticed immediately, of six columns. In the first was placed the current Hebrew text; in the second, the same represented in Greek letters; in the third, the version of Aquila; in the fourth, that of Symmachus; in the fifth, the text of the LXX., as it existed at the time; and in the sixth, the version of Theodotion.  Having come into possession also of certain other Greek translations of some of the books of Scripture, he added these in their appropriate place, so that the work presented in some parts the appearance of seven, eight, or nine columns, and was termed Heptapla, Octopla, or Enneapla, in consequence. He inserted critical marks in the text of the LXX., an asterisk to denote what ought to be added, and an obelus to denote what ought to be omitted; taking the additions chiefly from the version of Theodotion. The work, with the omission of the Hebrew column, and that representing the Hebrew in Greek letters, was termed Tetrapla; and with regard to it, it is uncertain whether it is to be considered a preliminary work on the part of Origen, undertaken by way of preparation for the larger, or merely as an excerpt from the latter. The whole extended, it is said, to nearly fifty volumes, and was, of course, far too bulky for common use, and too costly for transcription. It was placed in some repository in the city of Tyre, from which it was removed after Origen’s death to the library at Cæsarea, founded by Pamphilus, the friend of Eusebius. It is supposed to have been burnt at the capture of Cæsarea by the Arabs in 653 a.d. The column, however, containing the version of the LXX. had been copied by Pamphilus and Eusebius, along with the critical marks of Origen, although, owing to carelessness on the part of subsequent transcribers, the text was soon again corrupted.  The remains of this work were published by Montfaucon at Paris, 1713, 2 vols. folio; by Bahrdt at Leipsic in 1769; and is at present again in course of publication from the Clarendon press, Oxford, under the editorship of Mr. Field, who has made use of the Syriac-Hexaplar version, and has added various fragments not contained in prior editions. (For a full and critical account of this work, the English reader is referred to Dr. Sam. Davidson’s Biblical Criticism, vol. i. ch. xii., which has been made use of for the above notice.)