OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hodgson, Studholme

​HODGSON, STUDHOLME (1708–1798), field-marshal, stated to have been a Cumberland man, entered the army as ensign 1st foot guards (in Captain Francis Williamson's company) 2 Jan. 1728, became lieutenant and captain in the regiment 3 Feb. 1741, and captain and lieutenant-colonel in 1747 (Home Office Mil. Entry Book, xiii. f. 389, xviii. f. 213, xxi. f. 315). He was a friend of General Oglethorpe, and was aide-de-camp to the Duke of Cumberland at Fontenoy and Culloden. Henry Conway and others of the staff nicknamed him ‘the old boy,’ on account of his long-standing seniority. When a number of new regiments were added to the army in 1756, Hodgson was appointed to raise the regiment originally numbered as the 52nd, afterwards the 50th foot, and now the royal West Kent regiment, the rendezvous of which was at Norwich; in 1757 he commanded a brigade in the Rochfort expedition. He retained the colonelcy of the 52nd until 1759, in which year he became major-general, and was transferred to the colonelcy of the 5th foot. In 1761 he commanded the expedition against Belle Isle. He arrived off Belle Isle on 25 March, and the famous siege was ended, after a most gallant defence, by the surrender of the castle on 7 June 1761. He received high compliments from the king and Pitt for a service which had a decided influence upon the peace negotiations. He was appointed governor of Fort George and Fort Augustus in 1765, and in 1768 was transferred to the colonelcy 4th king's own foot. Before he left the 5th foot there was founded the regimental ‘order of merit,’ which still exists in that corps (now the Northumberland fusiliers), and is the only institution of the kind now extant in the British army. Hodgson became a general in 1778, was in succession colonel of the 4th Irish or Black Horse, now 7th dragoon guards, and 11th dragoons, now hussars, and on 30 July 1796 was created a field-marshal. Hodgson died at his residence in Old Burlington Street, London, on 20 Oct. 1798, aged 90. There is a portrait of Hodgson in mezzotint engraved in 1759.
Hodgson married Catherine, second daughter of Lieutenant-General Thomas Howard, and sister of Field Marshal Sir George Howard [q. v.] She died 16 April 1798, having had three sons and two daughters. One son, John Hodgson (1757–1846) [q. v.], is separately noticed.
[Home Office Mil. Entry Books in Public Record Office, London; Army Lists; H. Howard of Corby's Indications, &c., of the Howard Family, privately printed; Bromley's Cat. of Engraved Portraits, p. 379; Maclachlan's Order Book of William, Duke of Cumberland (London, 1876). For accounts of the siege of Belle Isle see Mahon's and Hume and Smollett's Histories of England, and a manuscript journal of the siege in the library, Royal Artillery Institution, Woolwich. Hodgson's Letters to the Duke of Newcastle in 1761–2 are among Brit. Mus. Add. MSS. 32, 944, 32, 954–5, 32, 962, 32, 966. For an account of the order of merit in 5th foot see Cannon's Hist. Rec. 5th, or Northumberland Fusiliers, pp. 37–8. Notice of death is given in Gent. Mag. 1798, pt. ii. 914, with references to previous vols.]
H. M. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hodgson, John (1757-1846)

​HODGSON, JOHN (1757–1846), general, colonel 4th king's own foot, son and heir of Studholme Hodgson [q. v.], by Catharine, second daughter of Lieutenant-general Sir Thomas Howard, was born in 1757, educated at Harrow, and in 1779 obtained an ensigncy in his father's regiment, in which he served very many years in North America, and was wounded in command of it in Holland in 1799. He was subsequently governor of Bermuda and of Curaçoa, which latter appointment he held until the settlement was restored to the Dutch at the general peace. He was repeatedly thanked by government for his colonial services. He was colonel in succession of the 3rd garrison battalion, the 83rd, and his old corps, the 4th king's own. He became a full general in 1830. He married Catherine Krempion of St. Petersburg, a sister of the Countess of Terrol, and had a numerous family. Like his father he attained a great age, and died at his residence in Welbeck Street, London, 14 Jan. 1846, from the effects of a cold caught while out shooting. Hodgson's second son, John Studholme, is separately noticed.
Another son, Studholme John Hodgson (d. 1890), general, entered the army in 1819 as ensign in the 50th foot, and served many years in Ceylon, India, and Burma, in the 45th, 39th, and 19th regiments. For some time he commanded the forces in Ceylon and the Straits Settlements, and in Ceylon administered the civil government as well. In 1856 he became colonel of the 54th, and in 1876, like his father and grandfather, colonel of the royal Lancaster regiment. He died at Torquay 31 Aug. 1890.
[Cannon's Hist. Rec. 4th King's Own Foot; Colburn's United Serv. Mag. 1840, pp. 319–20; Army Lists; Times, 3 Sept. 1890; Army and Navy Gazette, 6 Sept. 1890.]
H. M. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hodgson, Joseph (1756-1821)

​HODGSON, JOSEPH, D.D. (1756–1821), Roman catholic divine, son of George Hodgson and his wife, Mary Hurd of London, was born on 14 Aug. 1756, and was educated at Sedgley Park School, Staffordshire, and the English College of Douay, where he was admitted on 18 Dec. 1769. He was retained in the college as professor, first of philosophy, and then of divinity. He occupied the post of vice-president when the French revolutionists seized the college, and was imprisoned, with the rest of the professors and the students, first at Arras and afterwards at Doullens. On their liberation in 1795 he came to London, and was appointed one of the priests at St. George-in-the-Fields. Subsequently he was removed to Castle Street, and became vicar-general to Bishop Douglass and afterwards to Bishop Poynter. He also had the spiritual care of the ladies' school at Brook Green, Hammersmith, where he died on 30 Nov. 1821.
He wrote a ‘Narrative of the Seizure of Douay College, and of the Deportation of the Seniors, Professors, and Students to Doullens.’ Printed in the ‘Catholic Magazine and Review’ (Birmingham, 1831–2), vols. i. and ii., with a continuation by other hands. It constitutes the principal part of ‘Le Collége Anglais de Douai pendant la Révolution Française (Douai, Équerchin, et Doullens), traduit de l'Anglais, avec une introduction et des notes par M. l'Abbé L. Dancoisne,’ Douai, 1881, 12mo.
[Gillow's Dict. of English Catholics, iii. 319; Husenbeth's Hist. of Sedgley Park School, p. 24.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hodgson, William (1745-1851)

Date of birth given as 1763/4? in the ODNB.
​HODGSON, WILLIAM, M.D. (1745–1851), politician and author, born in 1745, was descended from an ancient border family, and in early life studied medicine in Holland, where he developed a taste for botany. On his return to England he attended with success, through a severe illness, a member of Lord Holland's family, but he declined Lord Holland's offer of an appointment. He adopted extreme political views, chiefly derived from the French philosophers, and Franklin and Bolivar were among his warmest friends. On 9 Dec. 1793 he was tried at the Old Bailey on charges of having proposed as a toast ‘The French Republic,’ and of having ‘compared the king to a German hog butcher.’ He was found guilty and was sentenced to be confined in Newgate for two years, to pay a fine of 200l., and to find securities in 400l. for two years longer. After regaining his liberty he relinquished politics for literature and science. He died in Hemmington Terrace, Islington, on 2 March 1851, at the age of 106.
Hodgson published: 1. ‘The Picture of the Times,’ 3rd edit. 1795. 2. ‘The Commonwealth of Reason. By W. Hodgson, now confined in the Prison of Newgate, London, for sedition,’ London, 1795, 8vo. 3. ‘The System of Nature,’ from the French of Mirabaud, London, 1795, 8vo. 4. ‘The Case of W. Hodgson, now confined in Newgate for the payment of 200l. after having suffered two years' imprisonment on a charge of sedition, considered and compared with the existing laws of the country,’ London, 1796, 8vo. 5. ‘Proposals for publishing by subscription a treatise called the Female Citizen, or a Historical … Enquiry into the Rights of Women’ [London, 1796?], small sheet, 8vo. 6. ‘The Temple of Apollo, being a Selection of the best Poems from the most esteemed Authors,’ Lond. 1796, 8vo. 7. ‘Memoranda: intended to aid the English Student in the acquirement of the niceties of French Grammar,’ London, 1817, 12mo. 8. ‘A critical Grammar of the French and English Languages; with tabular elucidations,’ London, 1819, 12mo. 9. ‘Flora's Cabinet’ [1835?] in which the ​relation of chemistry to the flower garden is scientifically elucidated. 10. ‘The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte, once Emperor of the French,’ London [1841], 8vo. 11. Articles on chemistry in the ‘Guide to Knowledge.’ 12. ‘A Derivative and Terminal Dictionary,’ left unfinished at his death.
[Annual Register, 1851, pt. ii. 268; Biog. Dict. of Living Authors, p. 160; Gent. Mag. 1851, pt. i. p. 560; Watt's Bibl. Brit.; Notes and Queries, 6th ser. ix. 475.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hodgson, James

​HODGSON, JAMES (1672–1755), mathematical teacher and writer, was born in 1672. In 1703 he was elected fellow, and in 1733 one of the council, of the Royal Society. For many years before his death he was master of the Royal School of Mathematics at Christ's Hospital. Hodgson was a friend of John Flamsteed [q. v.], married his niece, and took part in the controversies in which Flamsteed was engaged. When Flamsteed died Hodgson assisted his widow in the publication of her husband's works, and he appears as co-editor of the ‘Atlas Cœlestis,’ published in 1729. The share, however, which Joseph Crosthwaite had in preparing Flamsteed's posthumous works for the press was never acknowledged. Hodgson died on 25 June 1755, leaving a widow and several children. His portrait by T. Gibson was engraved in mezzotint by G. White. He wrote, besides papers in the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ (vols. xxxvii–xlix.), 1. ‘The Theory of Navigation,’ 1706, 4to. 2. ‘The Laws of Stereographick Projection …,’ printed in ‘Miscellanea Curiosa,’ vol. ii., 1708, 8vo. 3. ‘A System of the Mathematics,’ 1723. 4. ‘The Doctrine of Fluxions founded on Sir Isaac Newton's Method …,’ 1736, 4to. 5. ‘An Introduction to Chronology,’ 1747, 8vo. 6. ‘A Treatise on Annuities,’ 1747. 7. ‘The Theory of Jupiter's Satellites,’ 1750. He also prefixed a short treatise on ‘The Theory of Perspective’ to the English translation of the French jesuit's work on perspective, a fourth edition of which was published in 1765.
[Gent. Mag. 1755, p. 284; Life of Flamsteed in this Dict.; Baily's Account of the Rev. John Flamsteed; Thomson's Hist. of Roy. Soc.; Roy. Soc. Lists; Noble's Granger, iii. 359; Bromley's Cat. of British Portraits.]
W. A. J. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hodgson, John Studholme

​HODGSON, JOHN STUDHOLME (1805–1870), major-general in H.M.'s Bengal army, born at Blake Street, York, in May 1805, was second son of John Hodgson (1757–1846) [q. v.] Educated at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, Hodgson entered the 23rd regiment of the Bengal native infantry as ensign on 3 Feb. 1822. Two years later (1 May 1824) he became lieutenant in the 12th regiment, and was promoted to a captaincy on 21 June 1834. Hodgson was on sick leave from the effects of numerous tiger wounds when the first Sikh war broke out (December 1845), but he determined to join his regiment, which was then in the field. Finding the communications interrupted, and unable to procure assistance, he walked a distance of thirty miles, narrowly escaping attack from the enemy and insurgent peasantry. He served through the campaign of 1845–6, including the battle of Sobraon, where he was wounded. He received the medal and clasp, and was selected to raise the first Sikh ​regiment embodied in the British service. On 9 Nov. 1846 he was made brevet-major of the 1st Sikh infantry, and commanded the regiment in the second Sikh war (1848–9) against the Sikh insurgents, a task of peculiar difficulty, which he performed with eminent success. Among other conspicuous services he led the attack upon the rajah of the Jusween Dhoon on the night of 2 Dec. 1848, and took and destroyed his fort of Ukrot. For this action he was specially commended, and received the brevet rank of lieutenant-colonel (7 June 1849). The governor-general, in general orders, Simla, 15 Sept. 1849, expressed high approbation of the conduct of the 1st Sikh infantry throughout the war.
In 1850 Hodgson was selected to organise, with the rank of brigadier, the Punjab irregular force. In 1853 he successfully directed military operations against the hill tribes, west of the Derajat. While in command of the Derajat frontier he was chosen to succeed Sir Colin Campbell in command of the Peshawer frontier. He was advanced to the rank of lieutenant-colonel 25 April 1858, and major-general 23 July 1861. In 1865 Hodgson retired from active service, and settling in London died there in 1870.
[War Services of Major-General John Studholme Hodgson, privately printed, Brighton, 1865; private information.]
G. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hodgson, Joseph (1788-1869)

​HODGSON, JOSEPH (1788–1869), surgeon, son of a Birmingham merchant, was born at Penrith, Cumberland, in 1788, and was educated at King Edward VI's Grammar School, Birmingham. After serving an apprenticeship to a medical man at Birmingham, Hodgson, whose father had fallen into distress, was enabled by an uncle's generosity to commence study at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London. He obtained the diploma of the College of Surgeons in 1811, and gained in the same year the Jacksonian prize for an essay ‘On Wounds and Diseases of the Arteries and Veins.’ Commencing practice in King Street, Cheapside, he eked out his income by taking pupils and by writing for, and acting for some years as editor of, the ‘London Medical Review.’ His well-known work on the arteries and veins was published in 1815, and was translated into several foreign languages. Disappointed by his progress in London, Hodgson in 1818 removed to Birmingham, and was elected surgeon to the General Dispensary and to the General Hospital. He held the latter appointment till 1848. He took a prominent part in founding the Birmingham Eye Infirmary in 1824, and was at first the only surgeon there. He had a large practice in Birmingham, and was very successful as a lithotomist. In 1849 he returned to London with a considerable fortune. He was elected a member of the council of the College of Surgeons, and examiner in surgery to London University and the College of Surgeons. In 1851 he was president of the Medico-Chirurgical Society, and in 1864 president of the College of Surgeons; he was also a fellow of the Royal Society. He died on 7 Feb. 1869, aged 81. His wife had died twenty-four hours earlier. He was an able surgeon of the old school, averse to innovations, medical and political, and consequently involved in early life in many quarrels. His diagnosis was very accurate, but cautious. In later years he was remarkable for his suavity and kindness of manner. His only work, besides some papers in the ‘Transactions of the Medico-Chirurgical Society,’ was his treatise on ‘Diseases of the Arteries and Veins,’ already referred to.
[Lancet, 1861, i. 243; Medical Times, 1869, i. 206; J. F. Clarke's Autobiographical Recollections.]
G. T. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Foulkes, Peter

​FOULKES, PETER, D.D. (1676–1747), scholar and divine, was the third son of Robert Foulkes of Llechryd, Denbighshire, deputy baron of the court of exchequer of Chester, by Jane Ameredith of Landulph, Cornwall. He was admitted king's scholar at Westminster in 1690, and was elected thence to a Westminster studentship at Christ ​Church in 1694. While an undergraduate he published, in conjunction with John Freind and under Aldrich's auspices, an edition of ‘Æschines against Ctesiphon and Demosthenes on the Crown,’ with a Latin translation (Oxford, 1696). He took the degrees of B.A. in 1698, M.A. in 1701. He was chosen censor at Christ Church in 1703, in preference to Edmund Smith, the poet, and was junior proctor for 1705. His cousin, Dr. William Jane, regius professor of divinity, who died in 1707, left him residuary legatee and devisee of his property, which included land in Liskeard and Bodmin, and was supposed to be worth ten or twelve thousand pounds; consequently he was a grand compounder for the degrees of B.D. and D.D. in 1710. He was appointed canon of Exeter in 1704, and became sub-dean in 1723, chancellor in May 1724, and precentor in 1731. Of Christ Church he was made canon in November 1724, and was sub-dean from 1725 to 1733. He was instituted rector of Cheriton Bishop, Devonshire, in 1714, and vicar of Thorverton in 1716. Andrew Davy of Medland, Cheriton Bishop, who died in 1722, left him the manor of Medland and other lands in trust for his second son, William Foulkes. He married first in 1707 Elizabeth Bidgood of Rockbeare, Devonshire, who died in 1737; and secondly, on 26 Dec. 1738, Anne, widow of William Holwell, and daughter of Offspring Blackall, bishop of Exeter. He died 30 April 1747, and was buried in Exeter Cathedral.
Besides the work already mentioned he published a Latin poem in ‘Pietas Universitatis Oxoniensis in obitum augustissimæ et desideratissimæ Reginæ Mariæ,’ Oxford, 1695; another on the east window in Christ Church in ‘Musarum Anglicanarum Analecta,’ Oxford, 1699, ii. 180; another (No. 15) in ‘Pietas Universitatis Oxoniensis in obitum serenissimi Regis Georgii I et gratulatio in augustissimi Regis Georgii II inaugurationem,’ Oxford, 1727; ‘A Sermon preached in the Cathedral Church of Exeter, Jan. 30, 1723, being the day of the martyrdom of King Charles I,’ Exeter, 1723.
E. C-n.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Foulkes, Robert

​FOULKES, ROBERT (d. 1679), murderer, ‘became,’ says Wood, ‘a servitor of Christ Church College, Oxford, in Michaelmas term 1651, where he continued more than four years, under the tuition and government of presbyterians and independents. Afterwards entering into the sacred function he became a preacher, and at length vicar of Stanton Lacy in his own county of Shropshire, and took to him a wife’ (Athenæ Oxon. ed. Bliss, iii. 1195). He seduced a young lady who resided with him, took a lodging for her in York Buildings in the Strand, and there made away with the child that was born. The next morning he went down into Shropshire. His companion eventually made a full confession. Foulkes was tried and convicted at the Old Bailey sessions, 16 Jan. 1678–9. After receiving sentence he manifested great penitence, and was visited by several eminent divines, among whom was Burnet. William Lloyd, dean of Bangor, who came to him the very evening after his condemnation, managed to obtain for him, through Compton, bishop of London, a few days' reprieve, which he employed in writing forty pages of cant, entitled ‘An Alarme for Sinners: containing the Confession, Prayers, Letters, and Last Words of Robert Foulkes, … with an Account of his Life. Published from the Original, Written with his own hand, … and sent by him at his Death to Doctor Lloyd,’ 4to, London, 1679. He speaks of his unfortunate companion with ill-concealed malignity. On the morning of 31 Jan. 1678–9 he was executed at Tyburn, ‘not with other common felons, but by himself,’ and was buried by night at St. Giles-in-the-Fields.
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fountainhall, Lord

​FOUNTAINHALL, Lord (1646–1722). [See Lauder, Sir John.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Foulis, James (d.1549)

​FOULIS, Sir JAMES (d. 1549), judge, was son and heir of James de Foulis, skinner, of Edinburgh, by his wife Margaret, daughter of Sir James Henderson of Fordell, Fifeshire, advocate to James IV. In 1519 he acquired from the Master of Glencairn the lands of Colinton, from which his family afterwards took its description. He was chosen a lord of session 12 Nov. 1526, being then member of parliament for Edinburgh, and when the College of Senators was instituted was admitted a member of it 27 May 1532, having since 1527 been king's advocate conjointly with but subordinate to Sir Adam Otterburn. In 1529 he had been private secretary to James V. From the first he was clerk register of the college, and as such was present in parliament in most years from 1535 to 1546. As such officer he was charged by license of parliament to cause the acts of the parliament to be printed by any person he should choose. From 1532 to 1546 he was a commissioner for holding parliament, and was a member of the secret council in 1542. In 1543 he was a commissioner to negotiate a marriage between Mary and Prince Edward. He was knighted in 1539, was succeeded by Thomas Marjoribanks of Ratho, 8 Feb. 1548, and died before 4 Feb. 1549. By his wife, Catherine Brown, he was father of Henry Foulis, depute-marishal, whose son James was grandfather of Sir James Foulis, lord Colinton [q. v.]
J. A. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fountayne, John

​FOUNTAYNE, JOHN, D.D. (1714–1802), dean of York, born in 1714, second son of John Fountayne of Melton in South Yorkshire, by Elizabeth, daughter of Francis Carew of Beddington, Surrey, was great-grandson of John Fountaine, the judge [q. v.] He graduated B.A. at St. Catharine's Hall, Cambridge, in 1735, proceeded M.A. in 1739, being installed prebendary of Salisbury on 16 April of the same year. He was appointed by patent of 3 Jan. 1740-1 to a canonry of Windsor, which he resigned in 1748, having the previous year been appointed dean of York. He took the degree of D.D. in 1751. On the death of his elder brother in 1739 he succeeded to the manor of Melton. He closed a long and uneventful life at the deanery on 14 Feb. 1802. Fountayne married first, in 1744, Ann, daughter of William Bromley, speaker of the House of Commons; secondly, Frances Maria, daughter of Thomas Whichcote of Harpswell, Lincolnshire; and thirdly, in 1754, Ann, only daughter of Charles Montagu of Papplewick, Nottinghamshire. By his first wife he had no issue; by his second, who died on 22 Aug. 1750, he had one daughter only, viz. Frances Maria, who married, on 27 Feb. 1773, William Tatton of Withenshaw, Cheshire, who took the name of Egerton; by his third wife he had two sons, both of whom died unmarried, and three daughters, of whom the eldest and youngest died unmarried, and the second married Richard Wilson, second son of Dr. Christopher Wilson, bishop of Bristol. Fountayne published: 1. A sermon on the Lisbon earthquake in 1755. 2. A fast sermon in 1756.
J. M. R.