OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Hydrozoa

See also Hydrozoa on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Hy′drozo′a. Sometimes casual visitors at the seacoast gather certain animal forms from rocks and submerged objects, and press them on paper under the name of seaplant or seamoss. This shows how much some of the hydrozoa resemble delicately branching plants. The general stem is usually horny and hollow. At various points are small, tubular polyps resembling the fresh-water hydra in form and structure. While it is solitary, they are colonial. In this group also the polyps have become modified into several kinds of persons. The feeding persons—with tubular body disc and tentacles—are the most typical. The reproductive persons are often shaped like small jellyfish, and are set free from the colony when fully formed. They are called medusoids. There are in some colonies, in addition to the above, protective persons, swimming persons and stinging persons. These are all modified polyps, and the variety of form gives rise to what is called polymorphism. The hydrozoa make a natural division of the subkingdom Cœlenterata (which see). See Hydra.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Iberian Peninsula

See also Iberian Peninsula on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Iberian Peninsula. The westernmost of the three peninsulas that project southwards from Europe into the Mediterranean. It is named for the ancient inhabitants, whom the Greeks and Romans called Iberi. Owing to the Pyrenees Mountains and the general position of the peninsula it has been somewhat shut out from the life of the rest of Europe.
# The Prince (Byerley)/Dedication

NICCOLO MCHIAVELLI,
CITIZEN AND SECRETARY OF FLORENCE,
TO THE MOST ILLUSTRIOUS
Lorenzo De medicis,
DUKE OF URBINO, &c. &c.
THOSE who are solicitous of acquiring the favour of a prince, generally present him with whatever they possess that is most rare, curious, or valuable; as horses, arms, precious stones, &c. of a value commensurate with the dignity of the personage to whom they pay homage. For my part, my anxiety to present myself before you, with the best proof of my devotion, has not enabled me to discover, amongst all I possess, any thing that I esteem more, or ​account so valuable, as a knowledge of the actions of celebrated men; a knowledge acquired by a long experience of modern times, and by an assiduous perusal of the ancients. The observations which I made with all the accuracy, reflection, and care of which I was capable, are contained in the small volume which I now address to you; not because I conceive it worth your acceptance, but because I am persuaded that your goodness will not refuse the offering; inasmuch as it was out of my power to present you with any thing more interesting than a work which will enable you to attain, in a short period, all the experience that I acquired in the space of many years continual meditation and sufferings in the school of adversity.
You will not find in this fragment either a glowing or lofty style, nor indeed any of those vain ornaments with which authors seek to embellish their works. If mine has the good fortune to interest you, it will be only from the ​importance of the subject, or, possibly, also by the solidity of the reflections, as well as by the truth of the facts which are therein related.
It will, perhaps, appear temerity in me (a man of obscure birth) to dare give rules of conduct to those who govern; but as the painter, when about to sketch a mountainous country, places himself on the plain, and ascends an eminence to draw the landscape of a vale, even so I conceive that a person must be a prince to know the nature and character of a people, and a plebeian to know that of princes.
I am therefore, bold enough to hope that you will accept this feeble tribute in favour of the intention with which it is offered; and you will do justice to the ardent desire I feel to see you fill with glory those high destinies, to which fortune and your splendid talents have called you. ​If you from your elevated rank, deign to look on me, and on the persecutions of which I am the victim, you will convince yourself of my innocence and the injustice of my enemies.
NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI.
# The Prince (Byerley)/Chapter 5

CHAP. V.
How we ought to govern Cities and Principalities which before they were conquered were governed by their own Laws.
When the states which we have acquired, placed in the circumstances we have described, have been used to live free and to be governed by their own laws, he who has conquered has three ways of preserving them.
The first, is to destroy them.
The second, to inhabit them.
The third to grant them their laws, to draw a tribute from them, and to establish in them a small number of persons to form a government which may keep the country in peace. This new government created by the prince will be sensible that it exists only by his favour and his power, and it is therefore interested to do every thing in its power to maintain it. Besides, we can more easily preserve a city accustomed to enjoy its liberty by employing in it only a small number of its citizens than by any other means.
The Lacedemonians and the Romans furnish us ​with examples of those different ways of retaining a state.
The first governed Athens and Thebes by founding in them a government composed of a few persons; nevertheless they again lost those two cities.
The Romans, to make sure of Capua, Carthage, and Numantia, destroyed them and did not lose them.
They were, on the contrary, desirouş to hold Greece as they had held the Spartans, by restoring its liberty and its laws: this mode did not however succeed. They were compelled to destroy several cities in this province in order to retain it; for there is indeed no other certain way of preserving them. Whoever becomes master of a city accustomed to enjoy its liberty, and does not destroy it, ought to expect to be destroyed by it. In all its revolts it has always the cry of liberty for its rallying point and its refuge, as well as its ancient institutions, which neither length of time nor benefits can efface: do what we may, take whatever precautions we can, if we only divide the inhabitants, and do not disperse them, this name of liberty will never depart from their memory or from their hearts, no more than their ancient institutions, but they will immediately recur to it on the slightest occasion. We see what was done at Pisa after so many years passed under the yokę of the Florentines. ​But when cities or provinces have been used to live under a prince, and that his race becomes extinct, already bowed to obedience, deprived of their ancient sovereign, incapable of agreeing together in giving themselves a new one, and still lefs susceptible of becoming free, they are much more tardy in taking up arms, and present the prince with more means of assuring and attaching them to himself.
In republics, on the contrary, hatred is stronger and more active, the desire of vengeance more animated, and the remembrance of their ancient liberty will not permit them to enjoy a single instant repose; so that the surest means is either to live among them, or to destroy them.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Falkland Islands

See also Falkland Islands on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Falkland Islands (fa̤k′land), a cluster of islands in the south Atlantic, some 250 miles east of Patagonia. The group consists of East and West Falkland, with an area of 6,500 square miles, and about 100 small islands. Some of the islands are filled with myriads of penguins, and the governor has been called the king of the Penguins. The population in 1911 was 2,272. The climate is healthful, and resembles the Orkneys, off Scotland. There are no trees on the islands, neither is coal found there, but peat is plentiful. The chief industry is sheep-raising. The islands were first sighted by Davis in 1592 and received their present name in 1689 from Captain Strong in honor of Lord Falkland, his friend. The chief town is Port Stanley. Since 1833 the islands have belonged to Great Britain.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Fall River

See also Fall River, Massachusetts on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Fall River, a city of Massachusetts, 49 miles south of Boston, noted as a great cotton-manufacturing center. It contains nearly 42 cotton mills, and more cotton goods are made here than at any other point in America. A very important industry is the dyeing and finishing of textiles, and others are foundry and machine-shop products, etc. It has fine public schools, with a teaching force of 300 and an attendance of 17,100 pupils. The city has a free public library of about 40,000 volumes. Population, 119,295, an increase of over 60 per cent. in 20 years.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Faraday, Michael

See also Michael Faraday on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Faraday (făr′ȧ-dắ), Michael, the leading physicist of the English-speaking races during the first half of the 19th century, was born in the suburbs of London on Sept. 22, 1791, and died at Hampton Court on Aug. 25, 1867. At 14 he was apprenticed to a bookbinder, and there managed to educate himself largely from the books which were brought in for binding. Having attracted the attention of Sir Humphry Davy by a set of notes which he had prepared on some lectures heard at the Royal Institution, he received an appointment as assistant in chemistry at the Royal Institution. This was the beginning of that remarkable scientific career which led Sir Humphry Davy in his later years to reply to the query: “What do you consider the greatest scientific discovery you have ever made?” “Michael Faraday.” Among Faraday's principal achievements may be mentioned: The discovery of the laws of electromagnetic induction. (See Electricity); of those of electrostatic induction; and of those of electrolysis. (See Electrolysis); of the properties of paramagnetic and diamagnetic bodies; and of a connection between light and electricity, viz., the electromagnetic rotation of polarized light.
Every student should read his Experimental Researches in Electricity. His papers on electrolysis have been edited and reprinted by Professor Goodwin in Harper's Scientific Memoirs.
Faraday was a man of the highest character and beloved by every one who knew him. Many learned societies at home and abroad sought to honor themselves by honoring him. There is a true sense in which Faraday's work was completed by Maxwell, who clothed Faraday's ideas in mathematics, and by Hertz who showed by experiment (1888) that Maxwell's mathematical inferences were correct.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Fallieres, Clement Armand

See also Armand Fallières on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Fallieres, Clement Armand, French politician and legislator, born at Mezin in the Department of Lat-et-Garonne in 1841. He now is president of France, having been elected to that office on January 17th, 1906. At 30 he was elected mayor of Nérac, and in 1876 he became a representative in the national chamber of deputies. He was a member of many of the cabinets from 1880 to 1892. He was elected to the senate in 1890 and subsequently acted as president of that body.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Falls of Montmorenci

See also the disclaimer.
​ Falls of Montmorenci. See Quebec.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Faneuil Hall

See also the disclaimer.
​ Faneuil Hall. See Boston.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Fargo

See also Fargo, North Dakota on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Fargo, a city of North Dakota, the county-seat of Cass County, opposite Moorehead, Minn., situated on the Red River, 254 miles west of Duluth. It is an important commercial and railroad center, having six banks and numerous other public institutions. The region about is a great wheat district, equipped with the latest and most approved farm machinery, and makes Fargo one of the great distributing centers of the U. S. for farm-equipment, as well as a manufacturing point of many articles used in farmwork. Besides a United States land-office, Fargo has the North Dakota Agricultural College, Experiment Station, a Congregational college, a Roman Catholic academy and a number of fine churches and public schools, a handsomely equipped High School, offering manual training as well as several courses. It was a small village in 1874, but now is the largest city in the state. Population 14,331.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Farinelli, Carlo

See also Farinelli on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Farinelli (fä′rḗ-nĕl′ḗ), Carlo, was one of the best singers of the 18th century. He was born at Naples or at Andria, on Jan. 24, 1705. He sang before nearly all of the European monarchs of his time, and through his voice gained wonderful power over Philip V of Spain, which gave him almost the place of a prime-minister. He died at Bologna on July 15, 1782.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Fawkes, Guy

See also Guy Fawkes on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Fawkes, Guy, a conspirator, born in 1570, concerned in the Gunpowder plot, for which he was hanged on Jan. 31, 1606. See Gunpowder Plot.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Feast

See also Festival on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Feast. See Festival.
# The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787/Volume 3/Appendix A/CCXLVII

​ⅭⅭⅩⅬⅦ. James Madison to Edmund Randolph.
N. Y. Aug. 21. 89.
I find in looking over the notes of your introductory discourse in the Convention at Philada that it is not possible for me to do ​justice to the substance of it. I am anxious for particular reasons, to be furnished with the means of preserving this as well as the other arguments in that body, and must beg that you will make out & forward me the scope of your reasoning. You have your notes I know & from these you can easily deduce the argument on a condensed plan. I make this request with an earnestness wch. will not permit you either to refuse or delay a compliance.
# The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787/Volume 3/Appendix A/CCXVI

​ⅭⅭⅩⅥ. Alexander Hamilton in the New York Convention.
June 20, 1788.
In order that the committee may understand clearly the principles on which the general Convention acted, I think it necessary to explain some preliminary circumstances. Sir, the natural situation of this country seems to divide its interests into different classes. There are navigating and non-navigating states. The ​Northern are properly navigating states: the Southern appear to possess neither the means nor the spirit of navigation. This difference of situation naturally produces a dissimilarity of interests and views respecting foreign commerce. It was the interest of the Northern States that there should be no restraints on their navigation, and they should have full power, by a majority in Congress, to make commercial regulations in favor of their own, and in restraint of the navigation of foreigners. The Southern States wish to impose a restraint on the Northern, by requiring that two thirds in Congress should be requisite to pass an act in regulation of commerce. They were apprehensive that the restraints of a navigation law would discourage foreigners, and, by obliging them to employ the shipping of the Northern States, would probably enhance their freight. This being the case, they insisted strenuously on having this provision ingrafted in the Constitution; and the Northern States were as anxious in opposing it. On the other hand, the small states, seeing themselves embraced by the Confederation upon equal terms, wished to retain the advantages which they already possessed. The large states, on the contrary, thought it improper that Rhode Island and Delaware should enjoy an equal suffrage with themselves. From these sources a delicate and difficult contest arose. It became necessary, therefore, to compromise, or the Convention must have dissolved without effecting any thing. Would it have been wise and prudent in that body, in this critical situation, to have deserted their country? No. Every man who hears me, every wise man in the United States, would have condemned them. The Convention were obliged to appoint a committee for accommodation. In this committee, the arrangement was formed as it now stands, and their report was accepted. It was a delicate point, and it was necessary that all parties should be indulged. Gentlemen will see that, if there had not been a unanimity, nothing could have been done; for the Convention had no power to establish, but only to recommend, a government. Any other system would have been impracticable. Let a convention be called to-morrow; let them meet twenty times,—nay, twenty thousand times; they will have the same difficulties to encounter, the same clashing interests to reconcile. …
The first thing objected to is that clause which allows a representation for three fifths of the negroes. … The regulation complained of was one result of the spirit of accommodation which governed the Convention; and without this indulgence no union could possibly have been formed.
# The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787/Volume 3/Appendix A/CCXLIV

​ⅭⅭⅩⅬⅣ. Abraham Baldwin in the House of Representatives.
June 19, 1789.
I am well authorized to say, that the mingling the powers of the President and Senate was strongly opposed in the convention which had the honor to submit to the consideration of the United States, and the different States, the present system for the Government of the Union. Some gentlemen opposed it to the last; and finally, it was the principal ground on which they refused to give it their signature and assent. One gentleman called it a monstrous and unnatural connexion, and did not hesitate to affirm it would bring on convulsions in the Government.
# The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787/Volume 3/Appendix A/CCXLIX

​ⅭⅭⅩⅬⅨ. Anecdote of Washington and Jefferson.
There is a tradition that, on his return from France, Jefferson called Washington to account at the breakfast-table for having agreed to a second chamber. ‘Why,’ asked Washington, ‘did you pour that coffee into your saucer?’ ‘To cool it,’ quoth Jefferson. ‘Even so,’ said Washington, ‘we pour legislation into the senatorial saucer to cool it.’
# The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787/Volume 3/Appendix A/CCXLV

​ⅭⅭⅩⅬⅤ. Sherman to John Adams.
July 20, 1789.
Wherever the chief magistrate may appoint to office without control, his government may become absolute, or at least aggressive; therefore the concurrence of the senate is made requisite by our constitution.
# The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787/Volume 3/Appendix A/CCXLVI

​ⅭⅭⅩⅬⅥ. Roger Sherman in the House of Representatives.
August 14. 1789.
Mr. Sherman said, if they were now forming a constitution, he should be in favor of one representative for forty thousand, rather than thirty thousand. The proportion by which the several States are now represented in this House was founded on the former calculation. In the convention that framed the constitution, there was a majority in favor of forty thousand, and though there were some in favor of thirty thousand, yet that proposition did not obtain until after the constitution was agreed to, when the President had expressed a wish that thirty thousand should be inserted, as more favorable to the public interest; during the contest between thirty and forty thousand, he believed there were not more than nine States who voted in favor of the former.
# The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787/Volume 3/Appendix A/CCXLVIII

​ⅭⅭⅩⅬⅧ. Roger Sherman in the House of Representatives.
August 21, 1789.
[On motion] to add to the articles of amendment the following: “Congress shall not alter, modify; or interfere in the times, places, or manner of holding elections of Senators, or Representatives, except when any State shall refuse or neglect, or be unable, by invasion or rebellion, to make such election.” …
Mr. Sherman observed, that the Convention were very unanimous in passing this clause; that it was an important provision, and if it was resigned it would tend to subvert the Government.
# The New York Times/1916/11/22/$11,000 Verdict for Widow

$11,000 VERDICT FOR WIDOW.
RIVERHEAD, L. I., Nov. 21.—A jury in the Supreme Court here today gave to Mrs. Jessie A. Purick a verdict of $11,000 in her suit against the Port Jefferson Electric Light Company for $50,000 for the death of her husband, C. Fred Purick, a merchant of Port Jefferson. This is the largest verdict ever given in a damage action in Suffolk County. Mr. Purick was killed in the bath room of his home last January by coming into contact with a lighting fixture. The plaintiff showed that owing to defective equipment the wires entering the Purick home contained 2,300 volts, instead of 110.
Mrs. Harriot Stanton Blatch got a $5,000 verdict in an action against the same company last week for the death of her husband, William H. Blatch, who was killed on the lawn of Channing Pollock, the playwright, at Shoreham, in August, 1915. Mr. Blatch attempted to remove a wire that had fallen across the path. Mrs. Blatch sued for $100,000.
William Wheeler, superintendent of the Lighting Company, committed suicide with electrical current in the company’s plant last May, after he had been served with complaints in the damage suits.
# The New York Times/1916/11/22/218 Ships Sunk in Month

218 SHIPS SUNK IN MONTH.
BERLIN, Nov. 21, (via London, Nov. 22.)—An official communication issued today gives this information concerning ships of enemy and neutral countries which have been captured or sunk by submarines or blown up by mines during the war:
“During October 146 hostile merchantmen of 306,500 tons have been brought into port or sunk by submarines or torpedo boats of the Central Powers or lost owing to mines. Neutral merchantmen numbering 72 and of 87,000 tons were sunk because they were carrying contraband to the enemy.
“Since the beginning of the war 3,322,000 tons of hostile shipping, of which 2,550,000 tons were English, have been lost owing to the war measures of the Central Powers.”
# The New York Times/1916/11/22/40,000 Mill Hands Get Wage Increase

40,000 MILL HANDS GET WAGE INCREASE
BOSTON, Nov. 21.—A 10 per cent. wage increase in all the mills of the American Woolen Company, which employs 35,000 hands in New England and New York State, was announced at the headquarters of the company here tonight. At the same time the Arlington Mills, whose big cotton plant at Lawrence employs 5,000 hands, announced “a higher scale of wages,” the amount of which was not specified. It was believed that the new scale would be similar to that made public last night by the Cotton Manufacturer’s Association of New Bedford, granting their 33,000 employes a 10 per cent. raise.
Franklin W. H. Hobbs, President of the Arlington Mills, in announcing the new scale of his company, said:
“The increase is in accordance with the policy of the corporation to adapt its scale of wage to improved conditions of business, and keep it at least on a parity with the bast wage scale among its competitors in New England.”
ADAMS, Mass., Nov. 21.—Wage increases of 10 per cent., effective Dec. 4, were announced today by several cotton mills in this vicinity. Notices to this effect were posted by William B. Plunkett, who controls four mills in this town: W. C. Plunkett & Sons, Greylock Manufacturing Company, with mills at Greylock, Williamstown, and North Pownal, Vt., and the Hoosac Cotton Company of North Adams.
Several thousand operatives are affected. The promised increase will be the third of the calendar year, making the total advance 25 per cent.