OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Muskrat

See also Muskrat on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Musk′rat or Mus′quash, a water-rat peculiar to North America, found from Labrador to Alaska and south to Louisiana and Arizona. Although adapted to an aquatic life, muskrats spend much time on the shores of the lakes and rivers they inhabit. The animal is the largest of the rat family, being about one foot long without the tail, which is six or eight inches in length. The latter is different from the tail of any other rat, being scaly and flattened from above downward. The fur is a dark, glossy brown above, paler and more silky underneath, is of commercial value; in the present scarcity of fur much is sold as mink and martin; when dyed, as French seal. Muskrats are great divers and swimmers, and resemble the beaver in being clever house-builders. They live in burrows in the bank, with one or more entrances under water. For winter they build dome-shaped houses of sedges and grasses plastered together with mud. These project above the surface of the water, but the entrances are underneath; here they sleep and bring up their food to eat at leisure. They feed mainly on roots and stems of water-plants. They raise their young in homes high up on the banks, there being two or three litters a season. Otter and mink are among their enemies, and the great horned-owl is a deadly foe. Warning of approaching danger is said to be communicated from one to another by slapping the water with the rubbery tail. The tail is used as rudder and propeller in swimming, and furnishes a “third leg” when the muskrat stands upright on shore, as he has a habit of doing, presenting a most amusing figure when looking the landscape over. The muskrat gets its name from its pronounced odor. The name is also applied to the desman of the Old World and a rat of India. All of these animals have a musky odor. See Stone and Cram: American Animals and Hornaday: American Natural History.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Musquash

See also Muskrat on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Musquash. See Muskrat.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Musset, Alfred de

See also Alfred de Musset on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Musset (mü′ sā́′), Alfred de, was born at Paris, Nov. 11, 1810, the son of an officer in the war-office. At 19 he published his Tales of Spain and Italy, a volume of unequal verse. In 1833 appeared two of his greatest works, the tragical comedies, André del Sarto and Marianne’s Caprices. Next followed the famous poem of Rolla. He always was as unsteady in character as in genius, and the feverish activity that sometimes seized him spent itself in splendid plans and unfinished poems. In 1840 his health broke down, and he wrote but little. As Heine said, he was “a young man with a splendid past;” he felt himself an old man at 30. The success of his play, A Caprice, in 1847, put life into him for a short time. He died at Paris of heart-disease, May 1, 1857. The Night of May and The Night of October are perfect and undying lyrics. As a poet of passion he comes close to Byron in power. His plays have not their equals in 19th-century literature for originality, wit and real dramatic genius. His largest prose-work was the famous Confession of a Child of the Age; but greater are his short stories and tales, as Emmeline, Pierre and Camille, Mademoiselle Mimi Pinson and Margot. De Musset’s whole work fills but ten small volumes, but they include some of the finest poetry, greatest plays and best short stories in French literature.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Muskmelon

See also Muskmelon on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Musk′mel′on, various forms of Cucumis melo, a genus of the gourd family and native to southern Asia. The cultivation of muskmelons has become a very important commercial enterprise in North America. There are two general types in the market: (1) the furrowed kinds with hard rind, known as cantaloupes, and (2) the netted kinds with softer rinds, known as nutmeg-melons. The nutmeg-melons are those most commonly seen in the early markets; while the cantaloupes are longer-seasoned varieties. An important strain of the nutmeg type has recently become prominent under the name of osage-melons, which were developed in southern Michigan. Musk-melons are a staple food among the inhabitants of Persia, Egypt and Italy. Musk-melon growing is extensively carried on in the southern states, and the Mississippi valley in general is peculiarly adapted to the industry. However, New Jersey as yet supplies half of the market-crop. See Cucumis.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mussel

See also Mussel on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Mussel (mŭs′l), the common name for a number of bivalve mollusks. The common mussel of salt water (Mytilus), living along the shores of the northern Atlantic, is often eaten in Europe, but rarely in America. It is abundant between high and low water marks, and is usually anchored by a tuft of yellowish silken filaments (Lyssus) spun from glands in its body. The common freshwater clam is the fresh-water mussel. These mollusks belong to the group of Lamellibranchiata.
# The Place of Hairy Death

* "The Place of Hairy Death" in Weird Tales, 23 (2) (February 1934)
* "The Place of Hairy Death," published in 100 Creepy Little Creature Stories (1994)
# The Place of Magic in the Intellectual History of Europe

STUDIES IN HISTORY, ECONOMICS AND PUBLIC LAW
EDITED BY THE FACULTY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE OF COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
THE PLACE OF MAGIC
IN THE
INTELLECTUAL HISTORY OF EUROPE
BY
LYNN THORNDIKE, Ph.D.,
Sometime University Fellow in European History
New York
THE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, AGENTS
London: P. S. King & Son
1905
Copyright, 1905,
by
LYNN THORNDIKE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ERRATA.
Page 21, line 19, instead of verbe read verbo.
Page 49, lines 9 and 10, instead of marvelour read marvelous.
Page 58, at close of first foot-note, instead of 66 read 67.
Page 71, line 10 of foot-note, instead of άλλὰ read ἀλλὰ.
Page 101, line 8 of foot note, instead factorum read fatorum.
Page 105, line 2 of second foot-note, instead of εἷυαι read εἷναι.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1965, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 58 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Place

"Blossoms as old as May I scatter here"
* "The Place" in A treasury of war poetry, British and American poems of the world war, 1914-1919 (1917)
* "The Place" in The Complete Poems of Francis Ledwidge (1919)
# The Prairie Traveller, a Hand-book for Overland Expeditions

The different Routes to California and Oregon. -- Their respective Advantages. -- Organization of Companies. -- Elections of Captains. -- Wagons and Teams. -- Relative Merits of Mules and Oxen. -- Stores and Provisions. -- How packed. -- Desiccated and canned Vegetables. -- Pemmican. -- Anti-scorbutics. -- Cold Flour. -- Substitutes in case of Necessity. -- Amount of Supplies. -- Clothing. -- Camp Equipage.
Marching. -- Treatment of Animals. -- Water. -- Different methods of finding and purifying it. -- Journadas. -- Methods of crossing them. -- Advance and Rear Guards. -- Selection of Camp. -- Sanitary Considerations. -- Dr. Jackson's Report. -- Picket Guards. -- Stampedes. - - How to prevent them. -- Corraling Wagons.
Repairing broken Wagons. -- Fording Rivers. -- Quicksand. -- Wagon Boats. -- Bull Boats. - - Crossing Packs. -- Swimming Animals. -- Marching with loose Horses. -- Herding Mules. - - Best Methods of Marching. -- Herding and guarding Animals. -- Descending Mountains. -- Storms. -- Northers.
Packing. -- Saddles. -- Mexican Method. -- Madrina, or Bellmare. -- Attachment of the Mule illustrated. -- Best Method of Packing. -- Hoppling Animals. -- Selecting Horses and Mules. -- Grama and bunch grass. -- European Saddles. -- California Saddle. -- Saddle Wounds. -- Alkali. -- Flies. -- Colic. -- Rattlesnake Bites. -- Cures for the Bite.
Bivouacs. -- Tente d'Abri. -- Gutta-percha Knapsack Tent. -- Comanche Lodge. -- Sibley Tent. -- Camp Furniture. -- Litters. -- Rapid Traveling. -- Fuel. -- Making Fires. -- Fires on the Prairies. -- Jerking Meat. -- Making Lariats. -- Making Caches. -- Disposition of Fire- arms. -- Colt's Revolvers. -- Gun Accidents. -- Trailing. -- Indian Sagacity.
Guides and Hunters. -- Delawares and Shawnees. -- Khebirs. -- Black Beaver. -- Anecdotes. -- Domestic Troubles. -- Lodges. -- Similarity of Prairie Tribes to the Arabs. -- Method of making War. -- Tracking and pursuing Indians. -- Method of attacking them. -- Telegraphing by Smokes.
Hunting. -- Its Benefits to the Soldier. -- Buffalo. -- Deer. -- Antelope. -- Bear. -- Big-horn, or Mountain Sheep. -- Their Habits, and Hints on the best Methods of hunting them.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Piracy

See also Piracy on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Pi'racy is robbery on the high seas, and, although considered a crime at the present time by all nations, formerly the sea-rover was as much a pirate as a trader. The Phœnicians combined piracy with lawful seafaring enterprise. In the days of Homer piracy was considered a respectable, even a dignified, calling, and the Greeks had a natural genius for it. Cilicia was long the headquarters for Mediterranean piracy, until in 67 B. C. Pompey made his memorable expedition against the pirates with great naval and military forces. The Norse vikings were the terror of western coasts and waters from the 8th to the 11th Christian centuries. The Hanseatic League was formed for mutual defense against the Baltic and other pirates. Later the Moslem rovers scourged the Mediterranean, commingling naval war on a large scale with peddling, thieving and stealing people as slaves. Algiers was a stronghold of pirates till well into the 19th century, and in the 17th century the English Channel swarmed with Algerine pirates. In 1635 these corsairs entered Cork Harbor, and carried off a boat with eight fishermen, to be sold as slaves in Algiers. The buccaneers preyed mainly on the Spanish commerce with the Spanish-American colonies. Captain Kidd, (q. v.), who was sent out against pirates in 1696 by a private company in London, was found to be playing the game of pirate himself, was arrested and tried for piracy and murder, found guilty and hanged on May 23, 1701. The original of Scott's Pirate was John Gow, who, though bold and successful under the guise of friendship, was proved to be a great villain, and with nine of his men was executed. So late as 1864 five men were hanged in London for murder and piracy. The African slave-trade was not considered piracy by the law of nations, though the United States and Great Britain declared it to be such by statute, and after 1840 Austria, Prussia and Russia made the same declaration. The home of professional piracy is now confined to the Malay Peninsula.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Pinero, Sir Arthur Wing

See also Arthur Wing Pinero on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Pinero, Sir Arthur Wing, the son of a solicitor, was born in London, May 24, 1855. Like Shakespeare, he was an actor but he left the stage in 1881 and since then has devoted himself entirely to play-writing. He began his stage career in 1874 at the Theatre Royal in Edinburgh. Two years later he went to London on an engagement at the Globe Theatre. Then, for five years, he was a member of the Lyceum Company. He was knighted in 1909.
His first production, to attract general attention, was “The Money Spinner”, which was produced at the St. James's theatre, London, in 1880. His most celebrated play is “The Second Mrs. Tanqueray”, which was first played at the same theatre in 1893. It at once created wide discussion, both because of the art displayed in the work and the nature of the subject, which deals with the sex problem.
In the general opinion of critics it places the author among the very first of living dramatists.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Pittsburg, Kans.

See also Pittsburg, Kansas on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Pitts′burg, Kans., a city and railroad center in Crawford County, southeastern Kansas, 50 miles east of Independence. It is on the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fé; Kansas City Southern; Missouri Pacific; and St. Louis and San Francisco railroads. In the vicinity are rich coal-lands and mineral deposits, coal-mines and zinc-works. There are good schools, churches, banks and a state normal school in which manual training is a prominent feature. Population 14,755.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Pittsfield, Mass.

See also Pittsfield, Massachusetts on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Pitts′field, Mass., a city of western Massachusetts, county-seat of Berkshire County, named in honor of William Pitt, was settled in 1743. Situated on a plateau 1,100 feet in altitude and surrounded by Hoosac and Taconic Mountains, Pittsfield possesses natural beauties rarely surpassed. Its great beauty has attracted people of wealth and taste who have built costly residences here. It contains a marble courthouse, a handsome athenæum, a costly museum and beautiful schoolhouses. Its manufactures include woolen goods, silk, cotton goods, shoes, electrical goods and paper mills. Population 32,121.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Pius V

See also Pope Pius V on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Pi′us V, originally named Michele Ghislieri, was born of poor parents at Bosco near Milan in 1504, and at 14 entered the Dominican order. His merits were recognized by Pope Paul IV, who appointed him bishop of Sutri and Nepi in 1556 and cardinal in the following year. Being chosen pope in 1566, he labored to restore discipline and morality at Rome, prohibited bullfights and other objectionable amusements, and regulated the taverns. He also zealously maintained the inquisition, and sought to suppress heresy with a strong hand wherever it was found. But the most important event of his pontificate was the expedition which he organized in connection with Spain and Venice against the Turks, which resulted in the great naval victory of Lepanto, Oct. 7, 1571. He died in the following year, and was canonized by Clement XI in 1712.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Pitt, William (son)

See also William Pitt the Younger on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Pitt, William, second son of the great Earl of Chatham, was born on May 28, 1759, in Kent, while his father was in the house of commons and the most honored man in England. Owing to ill-health he was educated at home, his father carefully superintending his studies and training him in those lines which would best fit him for a brilliant career in Parliament. To this was due that wonderful command of choice and accurate English which Pitt possessed above all the orators of his time. He entered Parliament, Jan. 23, 1781, and his first speech made a great impression. Burke said: “He is not a chip of the old block, but the old block itself.” A member of the opposition said to Fox: “Pitt will be one of the first men in Parliament.” Fox replied: “He already is the first.” Although but 23 and poor, he refused the office of vice-treasurer of Ireland, saying he would accept nothing but a seat in the cabinet. Although this speech caused wide-eyed astonishment at the time, three months later he was in the cabinet as chancellor of the exchequer. A year later George III urged him to act as premier and choose his associates, but with rare judgment and self-restraint Pitt declined the dazzling offer. However, on the speedy fall of the coalition ministry then formed, with Fox and North as joint secretaries of state, the king arbitrarily appointed Pitt chancellor of the exchequer and first lord of the treasury. The best judges in the political world then considered his position hopeless, and foretold a briefer ministry than even the last three had been. He was opposed by North, Sheridan and Burke, who united against him, but his dauntless courage, skill and firmness won, and on March 25, 1784, Parliament was dissolved and Pitt, only 25 years of age, was elected minister. He was one of England's most powerful premiers, and held sway for 20 years. (See England and France). He died at Putney, Jan. 23, 1806, and was buried beside his father in Westminster Abbey. See biography by Lord Stanhope and Pitt, in the Twelve English Statesmen Series, by Lord Rosebery.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Pittston, Pa.

See also Pittston, Pennsylvania on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Pitt′ston, Pa., city, in Luzerne County, on Susquehanna River and in the center of the rich anthracite region of northeastern Pennsylvania. Its manufactories, which have the advantage of abundant and cheap fuel, include machine-shops, planing, knitting, flour and paper-mills, stove and steel-range works, terra-cotta works, ladies' underwear factory, dye-works and pressed-brick works. West Pittston, across the river and connected with it, is the chief residential part of the city. It also has electric connection with Nanticoke, Plymouth and Wilkes-Barre, and has the service of four railroads. Pittston was named after William Pitt, and was settled about 1770. Population 16,267.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Pius VI

See also Pope Pius VI on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Pius VI, originally named Giovanni Angelo Braschi, was born at Cesena, Italy, Dec. 27, 1717, and on the death of Clement XIII in 1775 he was chosen to the pontificate. His administration was enlightened and judicious, and to him Rome owed many substantial improvements. Soon after his accession, however, he was involved in serious conflict with Emperor Joseph of Austria and with Leopold of Tuscany, by whom he was deprived of a considerable portion of his supremacy. Soon afterwards came the French Revolution and the confiscation of all church-property in France. In 1797 peace was secured by the treaty of Tolentino; but new causes of contention soon arose, and in 1798 the French marched upon Rome and took possession of the castle of St. Angelo. Pius was called upon to renounce his temporal sovereignty, and on his refusal to do so was imprisoned and carried to Florence. On the threatened advance of the Austro-Russian army in the following year he was transferred to Grenoble and thence to Valence on the Rhône, where he died, Aug. 29, 1799.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Pius VII

See also Pope Pius VII on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Pius VII, originally Gregorio Luigi Barnaba, was born at Cesena, Italy, Aug. 14, 1742, and became pope in 1800. Rome, which had been occupied by the French for two years, was restored to the papal authority, and next year the French troops were withdrawn from the city. In 1804 Napoleon compelled Pius to come to Paris to consecrate him as emperor. He was well-received, but in less than six months after his return to Rome French troops seized Ancona, and in 1809 General Miollis entered Rome and took possession of the Castle of St. Angelo. The usurpation was consummated in the following year by a decree annexing Rome and all the papal territory to the French empire. After the downfall of Napoleon the Congress of Vienna restored his territories, and on May 24, 1814, he re-entered Rome, the remainder of his reign being devoted to wise measures of internal administration. Throughout his life Pius was a model of gentleness, benevolence and Christian charity. He died on August 20, 1823.
# The Poetical Works of the Right Hon. George Granville, Lord Lansdowne/43

THE WILD BOAR’S DEFENCE.
A boar who had enjoy’d a happy reign For many a year, and fed on many a man, Call’d to account, ſoft’ning his ſavage eyes, Thus, ſuppliant, pleads his cauſe before he dies. “For what am I condemn’d? My crime ’s no more5 To eat a man than yours to eat a Boar. We ſeek not you, but take what chance provides, Nature and mere neceſſity our guides. You murder us in ſport, then diſh us up For drunken feaſts, a reliſh for the cup.10 We lengthen not our meals; but you muſt feaſt, Gorge till your bellies burſt—Pray, who ’s the beaſt? With your humanity you keep a fuſs, But are in truth worſe brutes than all of us. We prey not on our kind, but you, dear Brother!15 Most beastly of all beasts, devour each other. Kings worry kings, neighbour with neighbour ſtrives, Fathers and ſons, friends, brothers, huſbands, wives, By fraud or force, by poiſon, ſword, or gun, Deſtroy each other, ev’ry mother’s ſon.”20
# The Poetical Works of the Right Hon. George Granville, Lord Lansdowne/44

BACCHUS DISARMED. To Mrs. Laura Dillon, now Lady Falkland.
Bacchus! to arms, the enemy ’s at hand, Laura appears; ſtand to your glaſſes, ſtand; The god of Love the god of Wine defies, Behold him in full march in Laura’s eyes: Bacchus! to arms; and, to reſiſt the dart,5 Each with a faithful brimmer guard his heart. Fly, Bacchus! fly, there ’s treaſon in the cup, For Love comes pouring in with ev’ry drop; I feel him in my heart, my blood, my brain; Fly, Bacchus! fly, reſiſtence is in vain,10 Or craving quarter: crown a friendly bowl To Laura’s health, and give up all thy ſoul.12
# The Poetical Works of the Right Hon. George Granville, Lord Lansdowne/48

CHLOE.
Chloe ’s the wonder of her ſex, ’T is well her heart is tender; How might ſuch killing eyes perplex, With virtue to defend her!4
But Nature, graciouſly inclin’d, With lib’ral hand to pleaſe us, Has to her boundleſs beauty join’d A boundleſs bent to ease us.8