OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Müller, Wilhelm

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​MÜLLER, WILHELM (1794–1827), German lyric poet, was born at Dessau on the 7th of October 1794, the son of a shoemaker. He was educated at the gymnasium of his native town and at the university of Berlin, where he devoted himself to philological and historical studies. In 1813–1814 he took part, as a volunteer, in the national rising against Napoleon. In 1817 he visited Italy, and in 1820 published his impressions in Rom, Römer und Römerinnen. In 1818 he was appointed teacher of classics in the Dessau school, and in 1820 librarian to the ducal library. He died at Dessau on the 30th of September 1827. Müller’s earliest lyrics are contained in a volume of poems, Bundesblüten, by several friends, which was published in 1816. His literary reputation was made by the Gedichte aus den hinterlassenen Papieren eines reisenden Waldhornisten (2 vols., 1821–1824), and the Lieder der Griechen (1821–1824). The latter collection was Germany’s chief tribute of sympathy to the Greeks in their struggle against the Turkish yoke, a theme which inspired many poets of the time. Two volumes of Neugriechische Volkslieder, and Lyrische Reisen und epigrammatische Spaziergänge, followed in 1825 and 1827. Müller also wrote a book on the Homerische Vorschule (1824; 2nd. ed., 1836), translated Marlowe’s Faustus, and edited a Bibliothek der Dichtungen des 17. Jahrhunderts (1822–1827; 10 vols.). His poetic genius was kindred to that of the composer Schubert, who set many of his lyrics to music.
Wilhelm Müller’s Gedichte were first collected in 1837 (4th ed., 1858); edited by his son, F. Max Müller (1868); there are also numerous more recent editions, notably one in Reclam’s Universalbibliothek (1894); critical edition by J. T. Hatfield (1906). Müller’s Vermischte Schriften were edited with a biography by G. Schwab (3 vols., 1830). See F. Max Müller’s article in the Allgemeine deutsche Biographie; O. Franck, “Zur Biographie des Dichters W. Müller” (Mitteilungen des Vereins für anhaltische Geschichte, 1887); J. T. Hatfield, “W. Müllers unveröffentlichtes Tagebuch und seine ungedruckten Briefe” (Deutsche Rundschau, 1902).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Connaught, Arthur William Patrick Albert, Duke of

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​CONNAUGHT, ARTHUR WILLIAM PATRICK ALBERT, Duke of (1850–), third son and seventh child of Queen Victoria, was born at Buckingham Palace on the 1st of May 1850. Being destined for the army, the young prince was entered at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, in 1866, and gazetted to the Royal Engineers on the 19th of June 1868. In the following November he was transferred to the Royal Artillery, and on the 3rd of August 1869 to the Rifle Brigade. He became captain in 1871, and, transferred to the 7th Hussars in 1874, was promoted major in 1875, and returned to the Rifle Brigade as lieutenant-colonel in September 1876. He was promoted colonel and major-general in 1880, lieutenant-general in 1889, and general in 1893. He accompanied the expeditionary force to Egypt in 1882, and commanded the Guards brigade at the battle of Tel-el-Kebir. He was mentioned three times in despatches, received the C.B. ​and was thanked by parliament. In 1886 the duke went to India and commanded the Bombay army until 1890, when he returned home. He commanded the southern district from 1890 to 1893, and that of Aldershot from 1893 to 1898. On the departure of Lord Roberts for South Africa the duke succeeded him as commander-in-chief of the forces in Ireland, 9th of January 1900. On attaining his majority in 1871 an annuity of £15,000 was granted to Prince Arthur by parliament, and in 1874 he was created duke of Connaught and Strathearn and earl of Sussex. On the 13th of March 1879 he married Princess Louise Marguerite of Prussia, third daughter of Prince Frederick Charles, and received an additional annuity of £10,000. The duke and duchess represented Queen Victoria at the coronation of the tsar Nicholas II. at Moscow in 1896. On the reorganization of the war office and the higher commands in 1904, the duke was appointed to the new office of inspector-general to the forces, from which he retired in 1907, being then given the new post of commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean, stationed at Malta, which he held until 1909.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Conneaut

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​CONNEAUT, a city of Ashtabula county, Ohio, U.S.A., on Lake Erie at the mouth of Conneaut Creek, and about 68 m. N.E. of Cleveland. Pop. (1890) 3241; (1900) 7133 (1227 foreign born); (1910) 8319. It is served by the New York, Chicago & St Louis (which has railway repair shops here), the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern, and the Bessemer & Lake Erie railways, and by car ferries which ply between Conneaut and Rondeau and Port Stanley on the Canadian side of Lake Erie. There is a beautiful public park of 20 acres on the lake shore. Conneaut is situated in a grain-growing and dairying region; it has an excellent harbour to and from which coal and ore are shipped, and is a sub-port of entry. The city has planing mills, flour mills, brick works, tanneries, canneries and manufactories of electric and gas fixtures, electric lamps and tungsten gas lamps. The municipality owns and operates its electric-lighting plant. In 1796 surveyors for the Connecticut Land Co. built a log storehouse here, but the permanent settlement dates from 1798; in 1832 Conneaut was incorporated, and it became a city in 1898.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Connaught

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​CONNAUGHT, a province of Ireland occupying the Midwestern portion of the island, and having as the greater part of its eastern boundary the river Shannon, over its middle course. It includes the counties Mayo, Sligo, Leitrim, Galway and Roscommon (qq.v. for topography, &c.). According to the legendary chronicles of Ireland, Connaught (Connacht) was given by the Milesian conquerors of the country to the Damnonians, and the Book of Leinster gives Tinne mac Conrath (20 B.C.) as the first of the list of the kings of all Connaught, whose realm at its greatest extent included also the district of Brenny or Breffny, corresponding to the modern county of Cavan. The Damnonian dynasty held its own till the 4th century A.D., when it was ousted by the Milesian Muireadhach Tireach, king paramount (airdrigh) of Ireland from 331 to 357. Henceforth the annals of Connaught are of little interest until the end of the 12th century, when William de Burgh received a grant of lands in Connaught from King John as lord paramount of Ireland. In the quarrel between Cathal Carrach and Cathal Crovderg for the throne he supported either side in turn, with the result that he lost his Connaught estates in 1203. In 1207, however, his son Richard received a grant from King Henry III. of the forfeited lands of the king of Connaught, and thenceforth the history of the province is closely bound up with that of the great family of Burgh (q.v.). In 1461 Connaught, with Ulster, fell nominally to the crown, in the person of Edward IV., as heir of Lionel, duke of Clarence, and his wife, daughter and heiress of William de Burgh, 3rd earl of Ulster (d. 1333). In the wild districts of the west of Ireland, however, legal titles were easier to claim than to enforce, and from 1333 onward Connaught was in fact divided between the de Burghs, Bourcks or Burkes (MacWilliam “Oughters” and MacWilliam “Eighters”), assimilated now to the Irish in dress and manners, and the native kings of the ancient Milesian dynasty, which survived till 1464. It was not till the 16th century that Connaught began to be effectively brought under English rule. A stage in this direction was marked by the conversion in 1543 of the MacWilliam Eighter, Ulick Bourck, into a noble on the English model as earl of Clanricarde; though it was not till 1603 that the MacWilliam Oughter became Viscount Mayo. Meanwhile, about 1580, Connaught was for the most part divided into shires by Sir Henry Sidney, who also brought into existence the administration of Connaught and Munster by presidents, which continued for seventy years. The county Clare (hitherto Thomond or North Munster) was now annexed to Connaught, and continued to belong to it down to the Restoration.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Connellite

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​CONNELLITE, a rare mineral species, a hydrous copper chloro-sulphate. Cu$_{15}$(Cl,OH)$_4$SO$_{16}$·15H$_2$O, crystallizing in the hexagonal system. It occurs as tufts of very delicate acicular crystals of a fine blue colour, and is associated with other copper minerals of secondary origin, such as cuprite and malachite. Its occurrence in Cornwall was noted by Philip Rashleigh in 1802, and it was first examined chemically by Arthur Connell in 1847. Outside Cornwall it has been found only in Namaqualand in South Africa.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Conn, Lough

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​CONN, LOUGH, a lake of western Ireland, in Co. Mayo. Its length (N.N.W. to S.S.E.) is 9 m. and its extreme breadth rather over 4 m., but two promontories projecting from opposite shores about the centre narrow it to less than 1 m. On the south a passage so narrow as to be bridged communicates with Lough Cullin; the current through this channel, normally from Conn to Cullin, is sometimes reversed. The total length of the two loughs is nearly 12 m. They drain eastward by a short channel tributary to the Moy, and the principal affluents are the Deel and the Manulla. Lough Conn lies 42 ft. above sea-level. It contains a few islands, and its shores are generally low, but the isolated mass of Nephin (2646 ft.) rises finely on the west. The lake is in favour with anglers.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Meyer, Heinrich August Wilhelm

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​MEYER, HEINRICH AUGUST WILHELM (1800–1873), German Protestant divine, was born at Gotha on the 10th of January 1800. He studied theology at Jena, and eventually became (1841) pastor, member of the consistory, and superintendent at Hanover. He died on the 21st of June 1873. He is chiefly noted for his valuable Kritischexegetischer Kommentar zum Neuen Testament (16 vols.), which began to appear in 1832, was completed in 1859 with the assistance of J. E. Huther, Friedrich Düsterdieck and G. K. G. Lünemann, and has been translated into English. New editions have been undertaken by such scholars as A. B. Ritschl, B. Weiss, H. Wendt, K. F. G. Heinrici, W. Beyschlag and F. A. E. Sieffert.
Meyer also published an edition of the New Testament, with a translation (1829) and a Latin version of the symbolical books of the Lutheran Church (1830).
He is not to be confounded with Johann Friedrich von Meyer (1772–1849), the senator of Frankfort, who published a translation of the Bible in 1819 (Die heilige Schrift in berichtigter Übersetzung mit kurzen Anmerkungen; 2nd ed., 1823; 3rd ed., 1855).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mews, Peter

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​MEWS, PETER (1619–1706), English royalist and divine, was born at Caundle Purse in Dorset on the 25th of March 1619, and was educated at the Merchant Taylors’ school, and at St John’s College, Oxford, of which he was scholar and fellow. When the Civil War broke out in 1642 he joined the Royalist army, and, having been made a captain, was taken prisoner at Naseby; but he was soon released and in 1648 sought refuge in Holland. He became friendly with Charles I.’s secretary, Sir Edward Nicholas, and being skilful at disguising himself was very useful to the Royalists during the rule of Oliver Cromwell, undertaking two, journeys to Scotland in 1653. Before this Mews had been ordained. Taking the degree of D.C.L. and regaining his fellowship at Oxford after the Restoration, he became archdeacon of Huntingdon, vicar of St Mary’s, Reading, and chaplain to the king; then, having obtained two other livings, he was made canon of Windsor, canon of St David’s, and archdeacon of Berkshire. In 1667, when at Breda arranging peace between England and Holland, he was chosen president of St John’s College, Oxford, in succession to his father-in-law, Dr Richard Baylie, afterwards becoming vice-chancellor of the university and dean of Rochester. Appointed bishop of Bath and Wells in 1672, Mews resigned his presidency in 1673, and in 1684 he was elected bishop of Winchester, a position which this “old, honest cavalier,” as Thomas Hearne calls him, filled until his death on the 9th of November 1706. The bishop is buried in Winchester cathedral. Mews lent his carriage horses to pull the cannon at a critical moment during the battle of Sedgemoor, where he was wounded whilst accompanying the royal army. He was, however, in sympathy with the seven bishops, and was only prevented by illness from attending their meeting; and as visitor of Magdalen College, Oxford, he supported the fellows in their resistance to James II., admitted their nominee, John Hough, to the presidency, and restored the ejected fellows in October 1688. ​He took the oaths to William and Mary in 1689. In the absence of Compton, bishop of London, Mews took the chief part at the consecration of Tillotson as archbishop of Canterbury in 1691.
See S. H. Cassan, Lives of the Bishops of Winchester (1827); and the Nicholas Papers, edited by G. F. Warner (1886–1897).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mexico (state)

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​MEXICO, a state of the republic of Mexico, bounded N. by Hidalgo, E. by Tlaxcala and Puebla, S. by Morelos and Guerrero, and W. by Michoacán. Pop. (1900), 934,468, largely Indian. Area, 9247 sq. m., a large part of which lies within that great depression of the Mexican plateau known as the Valley of Mexico. Enclosed within its boundaries, except on the south, is the Federal District and capital city of Mexico with an area of 463 sq. m., which is not included in that of the state. The state is divided into two unequal parts by the Sierra de Ajusco and Montes de las Cruces, which form a wooded ridge across it from east to west, with a general elevation of about 10,000 ft. above sea-level, or about 2500 above the plateau level. These ranges are part of a broken irregular chain which sometimes bears the name of Anahuac. A considerable part of the northern plateau consists of a broad plain, once the bed of a great lake but now covered with swamps, sodden meadows and lakes. The surrounding country drains into this depression, but an artificial outlet has been created by the opening of the Tequixquiac tunnel. Beyond its margin the plateau drains westward to the Pacific through the Lerma, and north-east to the Gulf through the San Juan and Pánuco. South of the Sierra de Ajusco the country is roughly mountainous and drains to the Pacific through tributaries of the Balsas. Within the lacustrine depression of the north are the lakes of Zumpango, San Cristobal, Xaltocán, Chalco, Xochimilco, and Texcoco, the latter three lying partly or wholly in the Federal District. Texcoco has the lowest level and its water is brackish and undrinkable, though that of the streams flowing into it and of the other lakes is sweet. Lake Xochimilco is celebrated for its “floating gardens” or chinampas (see Mexico, Federal District of). The principal industries of the state are agricultural, and the principal products are cereals, sugar, maguey (from which “pulque” is made), coffee, and fruit. Stock-raising has also had a profitable development, owing to the proximity of the national capital. The manufacturing industries are important; among the manufactures are cotton and woollen fabrics, flour, dairy products, glass-ware, pottery, bricks, wines and spirits. The making of “pulque” from the sap of the maguey plant (Agave americana) is the chief industry of the state, and the product is exported in large quantities to the national capital. The state is traversed by the Central, National, Mexican International and Interoceanic railways, and by short lines from the national capital to neighbouring towns. The capital is Toluca, and other important towns are Zumpango (pop. 5942 in 1900), 30 m. N. of the national capital, Tenango del Valle (5881 in 1900), 15 m. S.E. of Toluca, and Lerma (estimated, 7200), near the western frontier of the state.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mexico (Missouri)

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​MEXICO, a city and the county-seat of Audrain county, Missouri, U.S.A., N.E. of the centre of the state, and about 110 m. N.W. of St Louis. Pop. (1890), 4789; (1900), 5099, including 948 negroes and 111 foreign-born; (1910), 5939. It is served by the Chicago & Alton, the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and the Wabash railway systems. Mexico is the seat of Hardin College and Conservatory of Music (Baptist, 1873), for young women, an institution founded and endowed by Charles H. Hardin (1820–1892), governor of the state in 1872–1874, and of the Missouri Military Academy (1889). The city is situated in the blue grass region of Missouri, and is a shipping-point for horses and mules. Among the manufactures are Hour, shoes and fire-clay products. Mexico was laid out as “New Mexico” in 1836, and became the county-seat under its present name in 1837. It was incorporated as a town in 1855, was entered by the Wabash road in 1858 and by the Alton in 1872, and was first chartered as a city in 1874.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Meyer, Christian Erich Hermann von

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​MEYER, CHRISTIAN ERICH HERMANN VON (1801–1869), German palaeontologist, was born at Frankfort-on-the-Main, on the 3rd of September 1801. In 1832 he issued a work entitled Palaeologica, and in course of time he published a series of memoirs on various fossil organic remains: mollusca, crustacea, fishes and higher vertebrata. His more elaborate researches were those on the Carboniferous amphibia, the Permian reptiles, the Triassic amphibia and reptiles, and the reptiles of the Lithographic slates; and the results were embodied in his great work Zur Fauna der Vorwelt (1845–1860), profusely illustrated with plates drawn on stone by the author. He was associated with W. Dunker and K. A. Zittel in the publication of the Palaeontographica, which began in 1851. He was awarded the Wollaston medal by the Geological Society of London in 1858. He died on the 2nd of April 1869.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mexborough

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​MEXBOROUGH, an urban district in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, on the Don, 11 m. N.E. of Sheffield on the Great Central and Midland railways. Pop. (1891), 7734; (1901), 10,430. The Don affords water communication with the Humber. The church of St John the Baptist has Early English portions. The large industrial population is mainly employed in glass, pottery and iron works, and in the neighbouring stone-quarries. The Castle Hill is crowned with some fine earthworks of uncertain date.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nees von Esenbeck, Christian Gottfried

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​NEES VON ESENBECK, CHRISTIAN GOTTFRIED (1776–1858), German botanist and entomologist, was born at Erbach on the 14th of February 1776, and was educated at Darmstadt and at Jena, where he took the degree of M.D. After spending some time in medical practice he was appointed professor of botany in Erlangen in 1816. Three years later he became professor of natural history in Bonn, and in 1831 he was appointed to the chair of botany in the university of Breslau. In 1848 he entered political life and made himself so obnoxious to the government that in 1851 he was deprived of his professorship, and in consequence the latter years of his life were spent in great poverty. He died in Breslau on the 16th of March 1858.
For about forty years he edited the Nova acta of the “Acad. Leopold-Carolina,” in which several of his own papers were published. His earliest memoirs dealt with the ichneumons, and he published a Monographie der Ichneumone in 2 vols. in 1828, and Hymenopterorum Ichneumonibus affinium monographiae, in 2 vols. in 1834. His other separate works include: Die Algen des süssen Wassers nach ihren Entwickelungsstufen dargestellt (1814); Das System der Pilze und Schwämme (1816); Naturgeschichte def europäischen Lebermoose, in 4 vols. (1833–1838); “Agrostologia Brasiliensis,” in the Flora Brasiliensis; and a Systema Laurinearum (1836). He also wrote numerous monographs in Flora, in Linnaea and in other scientific German magazines, either alone or along with other well-known botanists. His best-known works are those that deal with the Fungi, the Hepaticae and the Glumiferae, in all which groups he made valuable additions to knowledge.
His brother Theodor Friedrich Ludwig (1787–1837), inspector of the botanic gardens at Leiden, and afterwards professor of pharmacy at Bonn, also wrote numerous papers on botanical subjects, dealing more particularly with medicinal plants and their products.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Negapatam

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​NEGAPATAM, a seaport of British India, in the Tanjore district of Madras, forming one municipality with Nagore, a port 3 m. N. at the mouth of the Vettar river. Pop. (1901) 57,190. It carries on a brisk trade with the Straits Settlements and Ceylon, Steamers running once a week to Colombo. The chief export is rice. Negapatam is the terminus of a branch of the South Indian railway, and contains large railway workshops. It is also a depot for coolie emigration. Negapatam was one of the earliest settlements of the Portuguese on the Coromandel coast. It was taken by the Dutch in 1660, becoming their chief possession in India, and by the English in 1781. From 1799 to 1845 it was the headquarters of Tanjore district. There is a large population of Labbais, Mahommedans of mixed Arab descent, who are keen traders. Jesuit and Wesleyan missions are carried on.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Negaunee

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​NEGAUNEE, a city of Marquette county, Michigan, U.S.A., about 12 m. W. by S. of Marquette and 3 m. E. of Ishpeming, in the N. part of the upper peninsula. Pop. (1904) 6797; (1910) 8460. It is served by the Chicago & North-Western, the Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic, and the Lake Superior & Ishpeming railways. It is built on a ridge called Iron Mountain, 1564 ft. above sea-level, and under and near it are some of the most productive iron-ore deposits in the state, the mining of which is the principal industry of the city. The settlement of Negaunee began about 1870, and the city was chartered in 1873. The name is a Chippewa word meaning “first” or “he goes before,” and is said to have been chosen at the request of the Pioneer Iron Company as an equivalent for “Pioneer.”
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Negri, Ada

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​NEGRI, ADA (1870–), Italian poet, was born at Lodi, of an artisan family, and became a village school-teacher. Her first book of poems, Tempeste (1891), tells the helpless tragedy of the forsaken poor, in words of vehement beauty. Her second volume of lyrics, Fatalità (1893), confirmed her reputation as a poet, and led to her appointment to the normal school at Milan; but her later verse, while striking in its sincerity, suffered by a tendency to repetition and consequent mannerism.