# Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary 1908/Preface

PREFACE.
This is the third English Dictionary which the present Editor has prepared, and he may therefore lay claim to an unusually prolonged apprenticeship to his trade. It is surely unnecessary for him to say that he believes this to be the best book of the three, and he can afford to rest content if the Courteous Reader receive it with the indulgence extended to his Library Dictionary, published in the spring of 1898. It is based upon that work, but will be found to possess many serviceable qualities of its own. It is not much less in content, and its greater relative portability is due to smaller type, to thinner paper, and still more to a rigorous compression and condensation in the definitions, by means of which room has been found for many additional words.
The aim has been to include all the common words in literary and conversational English, together with words obsolete save in the pages of Spenser, Shakespeare, Milton, and the Authorised Version of the Bible. An attempt has been made also to include the common terms of the sciences and the arts of life, the vocabulary of sport, those Scotch and provincial words which assert themselves in Burns, Scott, the Brontës, and George Eliot, and even the coinages of word-masters like Carlyle, Browning, and Meredith. Numberless compound idiomatic phrases have also been given a place, in each case under the head of the significant word.
Correctness in technical matters has been ensured by consulting such books as Smyth's Sailor's Word-Book, Voyle's Military Dictionary, Wilson's Stock-Exchange Glossary, Lee's Glossary of Liturgical and Ecclesiastical Terms, &c. Besides books of this class, the Editor has made constant use of special books such as Schmidt's Shakespeare-Lexicon, Calderwood's edition of Fleming's Vocabulary of Philosophy, Jamieson's Scottish Dictionary, the Stanford Dictionary of Anglicised Words and Phrases, Yule and Burnell's Anglo-Indian Glossary, Addis and Arnold's Catholic Dictionary, and the Dictionaries of the Bible of Sir William Smith and Dr Hastings.
In Latin, his authority is Lewis and Short; in Greek, Liddell and Scott; in Romance Philology, Diez and Scheler; in French, Littré; in Spanish, Velazquez; in German, Weigand and Flügel; in Gaelic, Macleod and Dewar, and M'Bain; in Hebrew, Gesenius.
In English etymology the Editor has consulted Professor Skeat's Dictionary and his Principles of English Etymology—First and Second Series; the magistral New English Dictionary of Dr James A. H. Murray and Mr Henry Bradley, so far as completed; and the only less valuable English Dialect Dictionary of Professor Wright (begun 1896).
Two complete American English Dictionaries still hold the first place as works of reference, Professor Whitney's Century Dictionary and Funk and Wagnall's Standard Dictionary.
The Editor has great pleasure in acknowledging his personal obligations to his brothers, the Rev. Robert P. Davidson, B.A., of Trinity College, Oxford, and David G. Davidson, M.D., Edinburgh; and to his equally capable and courteous colleagues, Mr J. R. Pairman and David Patrick, LL.D., Editor of Chambers's Encyclopædia.
T. D.
EXPLANATIONS TO THE STUDENT.
The Arrangement of the Words.—Every word is given in its alphabetical order, except in cases where, to save space, derivatives are given after and under the words from which they are derived. Each uncompounded verb has its participles, when irregular, placed after it. Exceptional plurals are also given. When a word stands after another, with no meaning given, its meanings can be at once formed from those of the latter, by adding the signification of the affix: thus the meanings of Darkness are obtained by prefixing the meaning of ness, state of being, to those of Dark.
Many words from French and other tongues, current in English usage, but not yet fairly Anglicised, are inserted in the list of Foreign Phrases, &c., at the end, rather than in the body of the Dictionary.
The Pronunciation.—The Pronunciation is given immediately after each word, by the word being spelled anew. In this new spelling, every consonant used has its ordinary unvarying sound, no consonant being employed that has more than one sound. The same sounds are always represented by the same letters, no matter how varied their actual spelling in the language. No consonant used has any mark attached to it, with the one exception of th, which is printed in common letters when sounded as in thick, but in italics when sounded as in then. Unmarked vowels have always their short sounds, as in lad, led, lid, lot, but, book. The marked vowels are shown in the following line, which is printed at the top of each page:—
fāte, fär; mē, hėr; mīne; mōte; mūte; mōōn; then.
The vowel u when marked thus, ü, has the sound heard in Scotch bluid, gude, the French du, almost that of the German ü in Müller. Where more than one pronunciation of a word is given, that which is placed first is more accepted.
The Spelling.—When more than one form of a word is given, that which is placed first is the spelling in current English use. Unfortunately our modern spelling does not represent the English we actually speak, but rather the language of the 16th century, up to which period, generally speaking, English spelling was mainly phonetic, like the present German. The fundamental principle of all rational spelling is no doubt the representation of every sound by an invariable symbol, but in modern English the usage of pronunciation has drifted far from the conventional forms established by a traditional orthography, with the result that the present spelling of our written speech is to a large extent a mere exercise of memory, full of confusing anomalies and imperfections, and involving an enormous and unnecessary strain on the faculties of learners. Spelling reform is indeed an imperative necessity, but it must proceed with a wise moderation, for, in the words of Mr Sweet, 'nothing can be done without unanimity, and until the majority of the community are convinced of the superiority of some one system unanimity is impossible.' The true path of progress should follow such wisely moderate counsels as those of Dr J. A. H. Murray:—the dropping of the final or inflexional silent e; the restoration of the historical -t after breath consonants; uniformity in the employment of double consonants, as in traveler, &c.; the discarding of ue in words like demagogue and catalogue; the uniform levelling of the agent -our into -or; the making of ea = ĕ short into e and the long ie into ee; the restoration of some, come, tongue, to their old English forms, sum, cum, tung; a more extended use of z in the body of words, as chozen, praize, raize; and the correction of the worst individual monstrosities, as foreign, scent, scythe, ache, debt, people, parliament, court, would, sceptic, phthisis, queue, schedule, twopence-halfpenny, yeoman, sieve, gauge, barque, buoy, yacht, &c.
Already in America a moderate degree of spelling reform may be said to be established in good usage, by the adoption of -or for -our, as color, labor, &c.; of -er for -re, as center, meter, &c.; -ize for -ise, as civilize, &c.; the use of a uniform single consonant after an unaccented vowel, as traveler for traveller; the adoption of e for œ or æ in hemorrhage, diarrhea, &c.
The Meanings.—The current and most important meaning of a word is usually given first. But in cases like Clerk, Livery, Marshal, where the force of the word can be made much clearer by tracing its history, the original meaning is also given, and the successive variations of its usage defined.
The Etymology.—The Etymology of each word is given after the meanings, within brackets. Where further information regarding a word is given elsewhere, it is so indicated by a reference. It must be noted under the etymology that whenever a word is printed thus, Ban, Base, the student is referred to it; also that here the sign—is always to be read as meaning 'derived from.' Examples are generally given of words that are cognate or correspond to the English words; but it must be remembered that they are inserted merely for illustration. Such words are usually separated from the rest by a semicolon. For instance, when an English word is traced to its Anglo-Saxon form, and then a German word is given, no one should suppose that our English word is derived from the German. German and Anglo-Saxon are alike branches from a common Teutonic stem, and have seldom borrowed from each other. Under each word the force of the prefix is usually given, though not the affix. For fuller explanation in such cases the student is referred to the list of Prefixes and Suffixes in the Appendix.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS DICTIONARY.
| aor. | aorist. | geol. | geology. | perh. | perhaps. |
| abbrev. | abbreviation. | geom. | geometry. | pers. | person. |
| abl. | ablative. | ger. | gerundive. | pfx. | prefix. |
| acc. | according. | gram. | grammar. | phil., philos. | philosophy. |
| accus. | accusative. | gun. | gunnery. | philol. | philology. |
| adj. | adjective. | her. | heraldry. | phon. | phonetics. |
| adv. | adverb. | hist. | history. | phot. | photography. |
| agri. | agriculture. | hort. | horticulture. | phrenol. | phrenology. |
| alg. | algebra. | hum. | humorous. | phys. | physics. |
| anat. | anatomy. | i.e. | that is. | physiol. | physiology. |
| app. | apparently. | imit. | imitative. | pl. | plural. |
| arch. | archaic. | imper. | imperative. | poet. | poetical. |
| archit. | architecture. | impers. | impersonal. | pol. econ. | political economy. |
| arith. | arithmetic. | indic. | indicative. | poss. | possessive. |
| astrol. | astrology. | infin. | infinitive. | Pr.Bk. | Book of Common |
| astron. | astronomy. | inten. | intensive. | Pr.Bk. | Prayer. |
| attrib. | attributive. | interj. | interjection. | pr.p. | present participle. |
| augm. | augmentative. | interrog. | interrogative. | prep. | preposition. |
| B. | Bible. | jew. | jewellery. | pres. | present. |
| biol. | biology. | lit. | literally. | print. | printing. |
| book-k. | book-keeping. | mach. | machinery. | priv. | privative. |
| bot. | botany. | masc. | masculine. | prob. | probably. |
| c. (circa) | about. | math. | mathematics. | Prof. | Professor. |
| c., cent. | century. | mech. | mechanics. | pron. | pronoun; |
| carp. | carpentry. | med. | medicine. | pron. | pronounced; |
| cf. | compare. | metaph. | metaphysics. | pron. | pronunciation. |
| chem. | chemistry. | mil. | military. | prop. | properly. |
| cog. | cognate. | Milt. | Milton. | pros. | prosody. |
| coll., colloq. | colloquially. | min. | mineralogy. | prov. | provincial. |
| comp. | comparative. | mod. | modern. | q.v. | which see. |
| conch. | conchology. | Mt. | Mount. | R.C. | Roman Catholic. |
| conj. | conjunction. | mus. | music. | recip. | reciprocal. |
| conn. | connected. | myth. | mythology. | redup. | reduplication. |
| contr. | contracted. | n., ns. | noun, nouns. | refl. | reflexive. |
| cook. | cookery. | nat. hist. | natural history. | rel. | related; relative. |
| corr. | corruption. | naut. | nautical. | rhet. | rhetoric. |
| crystal. | crystallography. | neg. | negative. | sculp. | sculpture. |
| dat. | dative. | neut. | neuter. | Shak. | Shakespeare. |
| demons. | demonstrative. | n.pl. | noun plural. | sig. | signifying. |
| der. | derivation. | n.sing. | noun singular. | sing. | singular. |
| dial. | dialect, dialectal. | N.T. | New Testament. | spec. | specifically. |
| Dict. | Dictionary. | obs. | obsolete. | Spens. | Spenser. |
| dim. | diminutive. | opp. | opposed. | subj. | subjunctive. |
| dub. | doubtful. | opt. | optics. | suff. | suffix. |
| eccles. | ecclesiastical history. | orig. | originally. | superl. | superlative. |
| e.g. | for example. | ornith. | ornithology. | surg. | surgery. |
| elect. | electricity. | O.S. | old style. | term. | termination. |
| entom. | entomology. | O.T. | Old Testament. | teleg. | telegraphy. |
| esp. | especially. | p., part. | participle. | Tenn. | Tennyson. |
| ety. | etymology. | p.adj. | participial adjective. | Test. | Testament. |
| fem. | feminine. | paint. | painting. | theat. | theatre; theatricals. |
| fig. | figuratively. | paleog. | paleography. | theol. | theology. |
| fol. | followed; following. | paleon. | paleontology. | trig. | trigonometry. |
| fort. | fortification. | palm. | palmistry. | ult. | ultimately. |
| freq. | frequentative. | pa.p. | past participle. | v.i. | verb intransitive. |
| fut. | future. | pass. | passive. | voc. | vocative. |
| gen. | genitive. | pa.t. | past tense. | v.t. | verb transitive. |
| gener. | generally. | path. | pathology. | vul. | vulgar. |
| geog. | geography. | perf. | perfect. | zool. | zoology. |
| Amer. | American. | Fris. | Frisian. | Norw. | Norwegian. |
| Ar. | Arabic. | Gael. | Gaelic. | O. Fr. | Old French. |
| A.S. | Anglo-Saxon. | Ger. | German. | Pers. | Persian. |
| Austr. | Australian. | Goth. | Gothic. | Peruv. | Peruvian. |
| Bav. | Bavarian. | Gr. | Greek. | Pol. | Polish. |
| Beng. | Bengali. | Heb. | Hebrew. | Port. | Portuguese. |
| Bohem. | Bohemian. | Hind. | Hindustani. | Prov. | Provençal. |
| Braz. | Brazilian. | Hung. | Hungarian. | Rom. | Romance. |
| Bret. | Breton. | Ice. | Icelandic. | Russ. | Russian |
| Carib. | Caribbean. | Ind. | Indian. | Sans. | Sanskrit. |
| Celt. | Celtic. | Ion. | Ionic. | Scand. | Scandinavian. |
| Chal. | Chaldean. | Ir. | Irish. | Scot. | Scottish. |
| Chin. | Chinese. | It. | Italian. | Singh. | Singhalese. |
| Corn. | Cornish. | Jap. | Japanese. | Slav. | Slavonic. |
| Dan. | Danish. | Jav. | Javanese. | Sp. | Spanish. |
| Dut. | Dutch. | L. | Latin. | Sw. | Swedish. |
| Egypt. | Egyptian. | Lith. | Lithuanian. | Teut. | Teutonic. |
| Eng. | English. | L. L. | Low or Late Latin. | Turk. | Turkish. |
| Finn. | Finnish. | M. E. | Middle English. | U.S. | United States. |
| Flem. | Flemish. | Mex. | Mexican. | W. | Welsh. |
| Fr. | French. | Norm. | Norman. | | |