OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Scrip

See also Scrip on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SCRIP, properly any written document; the word is a corruption of “ script ” (Lat. scribere, to write), possibly from an assimilation with “ scrip,” a pilgrim's bag or wallet, which is borrowed from the Scandinavian (cf. Nor. skreppa, knapsack), and is ultimately cognate with “ scrap,” shred. In commercial usage, “ scrip ” is a document or certificate issued by a public company when instalments upon its shares are payable at different dates, or the whole amount to be paid has not been called up; Such a document entitles the person named to be treated as the allottee of the shares mentioned; it is transferable, and entitles the allottee on payment of all the calls to a share certificate. Scrip requires a penny stamp impressed upon it. The word is frequently loosely used for the share certificates or shares collectively.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Scout

See also Scout on Wikipedia; scout at Wiktionary; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
SCOUT (from O. Fr. escouter, mod. écouter, Lat. auscultare, to listen), a soldier sent out to watch the enemy and bring information of his numbers, movements, whereabouts, &c. The name has also been applied to a particular class of light speedy cruisers in the British navy. After the South African War of 1899-1902, the importance of military scouting received much attention in England in consequence of the prominence given to it by Major-General Baden-Powell, of Mafeking fame. Under the latter's auspices an unofficial attempt to foster the qualities required was made by the institution of the Boy Scouts, a voluntary organization which, starting in 1908, had by 1910 enrolled many hundreds of thousands of boys throughout the United Kingdom, with branches overseas.
Various birds of the auk family, such as the guillemot and the puffin, are known as “scouts.” The name is also given colloquially to college servants at Oxford and Harvard Universities. It then answers to the “gyp” of Cambridge, Trinity College, Dublin, and Durham, which has been variously explained as short for “gipsy,” as taken from γίψ, vulture, from a supposed reference to a grasping character, or as representing an old word “gippo” (Fr. jupeau, tunic), used of a scullion or kitchen servant.
In the above senses, “scout” must be distinguished from the word meaning to flout, or reject with ridicule and scorn, which is derived from the Icel. skùta, taunt, jeer.
In the military sense, see Sir R. S. Baden-Powell, Scouting, and Scouting for Boys. The Boy Scouts' movement in England has official papers in the weekly Scout and monthly Headquarters Gazette.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Screw-pine

See also Screw pine on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SCREW-PINE, the popular name for plants of the genus Pandanus, which are shrubs or trees of peculiar habit, having a main stem and a few branches at the ends of which is a tuft of long, stiff, narrow leaves closely arranged in three strongly twisted lines. The stem forms stout roots, which grow obliquely downwards to the soil, and owing to the decay of the lower part of the stem the plant is often supported merely by these strong prop-like roots. The ripe fruits are borne in often very large spherical or cylindrical heads, which are often extremely hard. The genus is the principal one of the family Pandanaceae, a small order of Monocotyledons, which is widely distributed through the tropics of the Old World, especially in the islands of the Malay Archipelago and of the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Dominicans

DOMINICANS, a religious order, in some places called Jacobins, and in others Predicants, or preaching friars. The Dominicans take their name from their founder, Dominic de Guzman, a Spaniard, born in 1170, at Calaroga, in Old Castile. He was first canon and archdeacon of Orsuna; and afterwards preached with great zeal and vehemence against the Albigenses in Languedoc, where he laid the first foundation of his order, which was confirmed in 1216, by a bull of Honorius III. under the title of St. Augustin, to which Dominic added several precepts and observances. He obliged the brethren to take a vow of absolute poverty, and to abandon entirely all their revenues and possessions, and assume the title of Preaching Friars, because public instruction was the main end of their institution. This order long retained a high degree of authority. But their influence began to decline towards the beginning of the sixteenth century, in consequence of their pretended apparitions and miracles, to terminate their dispute with the Franciscans. See Franciscans.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Mosheim, vol. iv. p. 19.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Donatists

DONATISTS, a denomination which arose by a schism in the fourth century. They derived their name from Donatus, a learned bishop of Numidia. They maintained that their community was alone to be considered as the true church, and avoided all communication with others, as degenerated and impure. They re-baptized those came over to their party from other churches, and, if ministers, re-ordained them. They were much persecuted by the orthodox, though they agreed with them in point of faith, and are not charged with immorality. They remained till the sixth century.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Mosheim, vol. i. p. 333.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Dorrellites

DORRELLITES, the followers of Dorrel, a sectary, who appeared at Leyden in Massachusetts in 1797, and pretended to be a prophet, sent to supersede the dispensation of Jesus Christ, and claimed divine worship in his stead. It appears, from an account of his tenets, which was taken down from his own mouth, by the Rev. John Taylor of Deerfield, that he denied the foreknowledge of God, and his almighty power. "Jesus Christ," said he, "is to substance a spirit, and is God. He took a body, died, and never rose from the dead. None of the human race will ever rise from their graves. The resurrection spoken of in scripture, is only one from sin to spiritual life, which consists in perfect obedience to God. Written revelation is a type of the substance of the true revelation, which God makes to those whom he raises from spiritual death. The substance is God revealed in the soul; those who have it are perfect, are incapable of sinning, and have nothing to do with the Bible." Dorrel denied future judgment; and asserted, that neither prayer nor any other worship is necessary.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ See Mass. Spy, 1798
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Druids

*DRUIDS, the priests or ministers of religion among the Gauls. They were chosen out of the best families, and divided into different classes -bards, who were both poets and musicians- priests and divines- and moral philosophers, who were instructors of youth and sometimes judges. They wore long white robes and chaplets, carried wands, with a mystic symbol round their necks, called the druid's egg. They admitted no images in their religious worship, which was performed in groves of oak; but they paid peculiar honours to the misletoe.
Mr. Bryant maintains that the sun was the grand object of their worship, and that Stonehenge exhibits the remains of one of their vast temples, consisting of massy stones in a circular form in the open air, sometimes poised on each other in the manner of rocking stones.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Ency. Brit.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Dissidents

*DISSIDENTS, a term applied to the reformed churches in Poland. By the pacta conventa they claim a free toleration of their religion, but this has been often interrupted.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Buck's Theol. Dict.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Docetae

DOCETAE, a sect in the first and second centuries, who held that Jesus Christ was born, lived in the world, died, and rose again, not in reality, but in appearance only. See Gnostics.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Broughton, vol. i. p. 339
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Dositheans

*DOSITHEANS. The founder of this sect was a magician of Samaria, who pretended to be the Messiah. He had thirty disciples answering to the days of the month, and among them a woman, whom he called the moon.
They practised circumcision, and rigid fastings, and in whatever attitude the Sabbath found them, they remained during its continuance. At last to make it believed he was taken to heaven, he retired into a secret cavern, and starved himself to death; some remains of this sect were found in Egypt in the sixth century.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ <Mosheim, vol. i. p. 139, 140.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Dulcinists

DULCINISTS, the followers of Dulcinius of Lombardy, in the fourteenth century; who, after predicting the downfal of the Pope, took arms to fulfil his own prophecy, and perished miserably in the attempt. He joined the Apostolics and became a leader in their sect before he founded one of his own.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Mosheim, vol. iii. p. 91.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Gastoldi, Giovanni

From volume 1 of the work.
[ F. G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Gassmann, Florian

From volume 1 of the work.
[ F. G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Gaveaux, Pierre

From volume 1 of the work.
[ G. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Gavotte

From volume 1 of the work.
​GAVOTTE. A French dance, the name of which is said to be derived from the Gavots, or people of the pays de Gap in Dauphine. Its original peculiarity as a danse grave was that the dancers lifted their feet from the ground, while in former dances graves they walked or shuffled—(Littré). It is in common time, of moderately quick movement, and in two parts, each of which is, as usual with the older dances, repeated. In the original form of the dance the first part consisted of four and the second of eight bars; when introduced as one of the movements of a suite, it has no fixed number of bars. The following is ​the first strain of the first gavotte in Bach's Suite in D:—
[ E. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Gawler

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Gawthorn, Nathaniel

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Gasparini, Francesco

From volume 1 of the work.
​GASPARINI, Francesco, born at Lucca in 1665 [App. 646 "Mar 5, 1668"], according to Fétis, but the date is possibly somewhat too early. He was a pupil, first of Corelli and afterwards of Bernardo Pasquini, was Maestro di Coro at the Ospedale di Pietà in Venice, and a member of the Accademia Filarmonica. In 1725 [App. p.646 "1735"] he was elected maestro by the Chapter of St. John Lateran, but he was already in broken health at the time of his appointment, and retired upon halfpay in August of the following year. He retained his post nominally, with Girolamo Chiti for a coadjutor, until April 1727 [App. p.646 "1737"], when he died. The celebrated Benedetto Marcello was his pupil for many years both at Venice and at Rome, and a correspondence between them, continued up to a few weeks before the death of Gasparini, testifies to the esteem in which the great scholar held his master. A professional conflict between Gasparini and A. Scarlatti, the origin of which was unknown to Baini, took the form of an exchange of cantatas, by no means a regretable method of retort between rival and disputative artists. [[App. p.646 "These dates are given by Cerù in his 'Cenni storici dell' insegnamento della musica in Lucca.'"]
[ E. H. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Gates, Bernard

From volume 1 of the work.
​GATES, Bernard. Second son of Bernard Gates of Westminster, Gent. Born probably in 1685; is mentioned in 1702 as one of the Children of the Chapel Royal; was made a Gentleman of the same in 1708 in place of John Howell, who died July 15, and Master of the Choristers, Michaelmas 1740, vice J. Church; resided in James Street, Westminster. In 1758 he retired to North Aston, Oxon, where he died, Nov. 15, 1773, aged 88 [App. p.646 "in his 88th year"]. He was buried in the North Cloister at Westminster, 'near his wife and daughter.' He held the sinecure office, now abolished, of Tuner of the Regals in the King's household—see his epitaph at Aston.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Fladt, Anton

From volume 1 of the work.
[ M. C. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Fischhoff

From volume 1 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Fitzwilliam, Edward

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Flageolet (Harmonic Notes)

From volume 1 of the work.
​FLAGEOLET. The French and Italian term for the harmonic notes in the violin and other instruments of that tribe; doubtless so called because in quality they resembled the flageolet. [Harmonics.]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Fish, William

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Fisher, John

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Fischer (Family)

From volume 1 of the work.
​FISCHER. A family of singers of the 18th and 19th centuries. The founder was Ludwig, a Bass, of whom Otto Jahn (Mozart, 2nd ed. i. 661, 630) speaks as 'an artist of extraordinary gift, for compass, power, and beauty of voice, and artistic perfection both in singing and playing, probably the greatest German bass-singer.' He was born at Mayence, 1745, and well known ​at the theatres of Munich (1778), Vienna (79), Paris (83), Italy (84), Berlin (88), etc. He died at Berlin, July 10, 1825. He was the original Osmin in the 'Entführung,' and had a compass of two octaves and a half 'all round, even, and in tune' (Reichardt).
[ M. C. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Flamand-Grétry

From volume 1 of the work.
[ M. C. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Elegy

From volume 1 of the work.
[ J. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Elford, Richard

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Elijah

From volume 1 of the work.
​ELIJAH (Elias in German)—'an oratorio on words from the Old Testament' (op. 70)—was Mendelssohn's 2nd oratorio. The idea appears to have occurred to him when reading the passage 'and the Lord passed by' (1 Kings xix. 11). 'Would not that be splendid for an oratorio?' said he to Hiller. This, if the case, must have been before Nov. 2, 1838, when, from his letter to Schubring, he had evidently gone far into the subject. The score has no dates. On Aug. 5, 1846, the orchestral parts were rehearsed by Mendelssohn at Leipzig; Aug. 10 he had a vocal rehearsal at Moscheles' house, London; then two full ones [App. p.626 "band rehearsals"] at Hanover Square; Aug. 24 a full rehearsal at Birmingham; and on Wednesday the 26th it was first performed. Various alterations and additions were made afterwards, including the trio 'Lift thine eyes' and the last chorus. He was helped by Schubring in the selection of the words. The English words by Mr. Bartholomew were sent to him as he worked, and were the subject of a long correspondence.
The first performance in Germany was at Hamburg in October 1847, conducted by Krebs.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Electric Action

From volume 1 of the work.
​ELECTRIC ACTION. Under the head Key-movement a description is given of the usual forms in which communication is established between the claviers of an organ and the soundboard pallets which admit wind for the service of the pipes.
There are some situations, however, in which it is difficult or even impossible to establish a satisfactory connection by means of the ordinary mechanism; or if possible is scarcely desirable on account of drawbacks which may easily be foreseen. Apart from the tendency to derangement inevitable in the numerous parts of an extended movement of the kind under consideration, the trackers when so very long are apt to expand with the damp and shrink with the drought; and if in tracker-work, traversing a distance of 30 feet or more, the total alteration amounts to no more than one eighth of an inch, that is quite sufficient to cause a thorough disarrangement. The normal depth for the touch of an organ is three eighths of an inch. If reduced by one eighth—to a quarter of an inch—the pallets are opened imperfectly, the wind admitted is insufficient, and the organ sounds out of tune: if increased by that much—to half an inch—some of the pallets are drawn slightly open, and hummings or 'cypherings' are the result.
Some other means of communication, which should if possible be less under the influence of atmospheric variation, and therefore better adapted to withstand the frequent sudden changes of our climate, as well as for other reasons, thus became a great desideratum, and two were devised—first the electric action,' and then the 'pneumatic tubular transmission system.'
[ E. J. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Eli

​ELI. See under Naaman, vol. ii. p. 440 a.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Elisa

From volume 1 of the work.
​ELISA, OU LE VOYAGE AU MONT BERNARD. Opera in two acts; words by Saint-Cyr, music by Cherubini; produced at the Theatre Feydeau, Dec. 13, 1794.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Elisi, Filippo

From volume 1 of the work.
[ J. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Eisteddfod

From volume 1 of the work.
[ C. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Eitner, Robert

From volume 1 of the work.
[ F. G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Ein' Feste Burg

From volume 1 of the work.
​EIN' FESTE BURG. Luther's version of Psalm xlvi. The hymn was probably written at Coburg 1530; the tune seems to have appeared first in 'Psalmen und geistliche Lieder,' Strassburg, Wolfgang Köphl, probably 1538. The form of the tune now in use is that given by Sebastian Bach in various cantatas, especially in that for the 'Festo Reformationis' (Bachgesellschaft, xviii. No. 80), and differs somewhat from Luther's original. The words have also been modernised. We give both words and melody in their first shape from von Winterfeld's 'Luther's deutsche geistliche Lieder.'
[ G. ]
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thornton, Henry

See also Henry Thornton (reformer) on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​THORNTON, HENRY (1760–1815), English banker and economist, was born on the 10th of March 1760. In 1784 he became a member of the banking firm of Downie, Free, & Thornton, with which he was associated till his death on the 16th of January 1815. In 1783 he was elected member of parliament for Southwark, a constituency which he represented for the rest of his life. Although an indifferent speaker, he soon acquired a high reputation as an authority on financial matters. This reputation he continued by An Inquiry into the Nature and Effects of the Paper Currency of England (1802), defending the legislature in suspending cash payments. He strongly supported the income tax on its original imposition in 1798, but was in favour of a graduated system, and indeed paid his own income tax “on the scale of his ideal, not his legal debt.” He was one of the founders of the Sierra Leone Company (see Sierra Leone) and its chairman until the colony was taken over by the English government.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thornycroft, William Hamo

See also Hamo Thornycroft on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​THORNYCROFT, WILLIAM HAMO (1850–), British sculptor. A pupil of his father, Thomas Thornycroft, and of the Royal Academy schools, he was still a student when he was called upon to assist his father in carrying out the important fountain in Park Lane, London. He accordingly returned in 1871 to England from Italy, where he was studying, and modelled the figures of Shakespeare, Fame and Clio, which were rendered in marble and in bronze. In the following year he exhibited at the Royal Academy “Professor Sharpley,” in marble, for the memorial in University College; and “Mrs Mordant,” a relief-a form of art to which he has since devoted much attention. The “Fame,” already mentioned, was shown in 1873. Believing that the pendulum had overshot its swing from conventional classicality towards pictorial realism, he turned from the “fleshy” school towards the Greek, while realizing the artistic necessity for modern feeling. In 1875 his “Warrior Bearing a Wounded Youth from the Field of Battle” gained the gold medal at the Royal Academy schools, and when exhibited in 1876 it divided public attention with the “Tennyson” of Woolner and “Wellington monument” sculptures of Alfred Stevens, now in St Paul’s Cathedral. Then followed the dramatic “Lot’s Wife,” in marble (1878), and “Artemis” (1889), which for grace, elegance and purity of taste the sculptor never surpassed. He was thereupon elected an associate of the Royal Academy, and more than justified the selection by his “Teucer” of the following year, a bronze figure of extraordinary distinction which, bought for the Chantrey collection, is now in the National (Tate) Gallery of British Art. It is simple and severe, classic yet instinct with life and noble in form; and in it he touched the high-water mark of his career. Turning to the ideal, in works entirely modern in motive and treatment, Hamo Thornycroft produced “The Mower” (1884) and “A Sower” (1886); the “Stanley Memorial” in the old church at Holyhead partakes of the same character. Among the sculptor’s principal statues are “The Bishop of Carlisle” (1895; Carlisle Cathedral), “General Charles Gordon” (Trafalgar Square, London), “Oliver Cromwell” (Westminster), “Dean Colet” (a bronze group—early Italianate in feeling—outside St Paul's School, Hammersmith), “King Alfred” (a colossal memorial for Winchester), the “Gladstone Monument” (in the Strand, London) and “Dr Mandell Creighton, Bishop of London” (bronze, erected in St Paul’s Cathedral). Mr Thornycroft’s other memorials, such as the “Queen Victoria Memorial” (Karachi), the “War Memorial” (at Durban) and the “Armstrong Memorial” (at Newcastle), are well known, and his portrait Statuary and medallions are numerous. He was elected a full academician in 1888, and an honorary member of the Royal Academy of Munich. He was awarded a medal of honour at the Paris Exhibition, 1900.
See M. H. Spielmann, British Sculpture and Sculptors of To-day (London, 1901).  (M. H. S.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thorpe, Benjamin

See also Benjamin Thorpe on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​THORPE, BENJAMIN (1782–1870), English Anglo-Saxon scholar, was born in 1782. After studying for four years at Copenhagen University, under the Danish philologist Rasmus Christian Rask, he returned to England in 1830, and in 1832 published an English version of Cædmon’s metrical paraphrase of portions of the Holy Scriptures, which at once established his reputation as an Anglo-Saxon scholar. In 1834 he published Analecta Anglo-Saxonica, which was for many years the standard textbook of Anglo-Saxon in English, but his best-known work is a Northern Mythology in three volumes (1851). His was the first complete good translation of the elder Edda (1866). His other works include Ancient Laws and Institutes of England (1840), an English translation of the laws enacted under the Anglo-Saxon kings; The Holy Gospels in Anglo-Saxon (1842); Codex Exoniensis (1842), a collection of Anglo-Saxon poetry with English translation; an English translation of Dr Lappenburg’s History of England under the Anglo-Saxon Kings (1845); Anglo-Saxon Poems of Beowulf (1855), a translation; an edition for the “Rolls” series of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (1861); and Diplomatarium Anglicum aevi saxonici (1865), a collection of ​