OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/John Jacob Astor

See also John Jacob Astor on Wikipedia; John Jacob Astor in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
ASTOR, John Jacob, an enterprising American merchant, founder of the Astor Library at New York, was born at the village of Walldorf near Heidelberg, on the 17th July 1763. His father was a peasant, and his early years were spent in the common labours of the farm. At sixteen he joined an elder brother, a musical instrument maker, in London, and at twenty sailed for the United States. On the voyage he became acquainted with a fur-trader, by whose advice he devoted himself to the same business. By his energy, industry, and sound judgment he gradually enlarged his schemes, did business in all the fur markets of the world, and amassed an enormous fortune,—the largest up to that time made by any American. He devoted many years to carrying out a project for organising the fur trade from the Lakes to the Pacific Ocean, and thence by way of the Sandwich Islands to China and India. In 1811 he founded at the mouth of the Columbia River a settlement, named after him Astoria, which was intended to serve as the central depot; but in the following year the settlement was taken and occupied by the English. The incidents of this undertaking are the theme of Washington Irving's Astoria. A series of disasters frustrated the gigantic scheme. Astor made vast additions to his wealth by investments in land in New York city. He made many charitable bequests by his will, and among them a gift of $50,000 to the poor of his native village in Germany. But the deed by which he will be chiefly remembered was the foundation and endowment by his will of the Astor Library at New York, for which he bequeathed the sum of $400,000. The building, erected in Lafayette Place (1850-53), is in the Byzantine style of architecture. Washington Irving was appointed first president, and the formation and arrangement of the library was entrusted to Mr J. G. Cogswell. The building has since been enlarged at the cost of the eldest son of the founder. Mr Astor spent the last twenty five years of his life in retirement, and died at New York, March 29, 1848.
# Enforcement Act of 1870

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* related portals: United States Congress.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article.
This act was signed into law on May 30, 1870 by President Ulysses S. Grant. The act prohibited discrimination by state officials in voter registration on the basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Established penalties for interfering with a person’s right to vote. Gave federal courts the power to enforce the act. Authorized the President to employ the use of the army to uphold the act and the use of federal marshals to bring charges against offenders for election fraud, the bribery or intimidation of voters, and conspiracies to prevent citizens from exercising their constitutional rights.
Forty-first Congress of the United States of America
At the Second Session
AN ACT
To enforce the Right of Citizens of the United States to vote in the several States of this Union, and for other Purposes.
16 Stat. 140-146, H.R. 1293
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Engel v. Davenport

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
271 U.S. 33
Engel v. Davenport
Argued: Jan. 26, 1926. --- Decided: April 12, 1926
Mr. H. W. Hutton, of San Francisco, Cal., for petitioner.
Messrs. Edward J. McCutchen, Farnham P. Griffiths, McCutchen, Olney, Mannon & Greene, all of San Francisco, Cal., for respondents.
Mr. Justice SANFORD delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

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# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Deucalion

See also Deucalion on Wikipedia; Deucalion on Wikipedia, Deucalion in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​DEUCALION, in Greek legend, corresponds to the Biblical Noah. A great flood had destroyed the whole race of men except Deucalion and his wife Pyrrha, who saved themselves in a boat or ark, from which they landed on Mount Othrys, or, as it was afterwards said, on Mount Parnassus. They were then commanded by Zeus to cast behind them the bones of their mother, i.e., the stones of the hill side, and from the stones thrown by Deucalion sprang men, from those thrown by Pyrrha, women. Hence men were called Xaot, " stone race." Deucalion s son Hellen was the founder of the race of Hellenes. The chief locality of this legend was Thessaly ; it existed also at Dodona, where Deucalion was thought to have introduced the worship of Zeus.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Dessau

See also Dessau on Wikipedia; Dessau on Wikipedia, Dessau in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​DESSAU, the chief town of the duchy of Anhalt, in North Germany, is situated in 51 51 6" N. lat. and 12 18 E. long., on the left bank of the Mulde, nearly twQ miles from its confluence with the Elbe, and 67 miles south-west of Berlin, with which it is connected by railway. The town has three suburbs. Of its gates the Zerbster Thor, with the statues of Otto the Rich and Albert the Bear, alone remains. The ducal palace, which stands in fine pleasure-grounds, contains a collection of historical curiosities, and a gallery of pictures, including works by Cimabue, Lippi, Rubens, Titian, and Vandyck. Among the other buildings are the palace of the hereditary prince, the theatre and concert room, the administrative offices, bank, gymnasium, musical academy, Amelia and Wilhelmine Institutes, two hospitals, and the Schlosskirche, adorned with paintings by Lucas Cranach, in the most in teresting of which (the Last Supper) are portraits of several Reformers. The manufactures of Dessau are woollen, linen, and cotton goods, hats, leather, tobacco, and organs and other musical instruments ; and there is a consider able trade in corn. In the environs are the ducal villas of Georgium and Luisium, the gardens of which, as well as those of the neighbouring town of Worlitz, are much admired. Dessau was probably founded by Albert the Bear ; it was already a town in 1213. It first began to grow into importance at the close of the 17th century, in consequence of the religious emancipation of the Jews in 1686, and of the Lutherans in 1697. Moses Mendelssohn, the philosopher, was born at Dessau in 1729. The popu lation in 1875 was 19,621.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Detmold

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DETMOLD, the chief town of the principality of Lippe, in North Germany, is situated on the Werre, at the foot of the Teutoburger-Wald, in 51 56 N. lat. and 8 50 E. long. The foundations of the older portion of the town were laid in 1300, and those of the newer in 1709. Among the chief buildings and institutions are the new palace, in the Renaissance style, erected about 1550, the town-house, house of correction, penitentiary, military hospital, gymnasium, the industrial, commercial, and free schools, the theatre, museum of natural science, and public library. The lead ing industries are linen-weaving, tanning, brewing, horse- dealing, and the quarrying of marble and gypsum. About three miles to the south-west of the town is the Grotenburg, with Bandel s colossal statue of Hermann or Arminius, the leader of the Cherusci. Detmold (Thiatmelli) was in 783 the scene of a conflict between the Saxons and the troops of Charlemagne. The population in 1875 was 6982.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Deuteronomy

See also Book of Deuteronomy on Wikipedia; Deuteronomy on Wikipedia, Deuteronomy in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
DEUTERONOMY. See Pentateuch.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Desiderio da Settignano

See also Desiderio da Settignano on Wikipedia; Desiderio da Settignano on Wikipedia, Desiderio da Settignano in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​DESIDERIO DA SETTIGNANO, sculptor, was born nearly at the beginning of the 15th century, and died in all probability in 1485. Vasari s statement, that he died at the age of twenty-eight, is altogether a mistake. Settignano is a village on the southern slope of the hill of Fiesole, still surrounded by the quarries of sandstone of which the hill is formed, and still inhabited, as it was 400 years ago, by a race of " stone-cutters," several of whom, though not disdaining the title of " lapicida," earned for themselves honoured places in the roll of Florentine ​sculptors. Desiderio was for a short time a pupil of Donatello, and he seems to have worked also with Mino da Fiesole, with the delicate and refined style of whose works those of Desiderio seem to have a closer affinity than with the perhaps more masculine tone of Donatello. Vasari especially praises the works of Desiderio for their grace and simplicity which, as the critic remarks, are a gift of nature, and can be acquired by no study. He particularly extols the sculptor s treatment of the figures of women and children, and the eulogy applies equally to the genius and manner of Mino da Fiesole. It does not appear that Desiderio ever worked elsewhere than at Florence ; and it is there that those who are interested in the Italian sculpture of the Eenaissance must Beek the few but remarkable works of his chisel, which have survived the changes and chances of four centuries.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Desterro

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​DESTERRO, NOSSA SENHORA DO DESTERRO, or SANTA CATHARINA, a city of Brazil, the chief town of the province of Santa Catharina ; on the west coast of the island from which the province derives its name, in 27 30 S. lat. and 48" 30 W long. It is a small but strongly fortified place, with an excellent harbour, some foreign commerce,
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Deutz

See also Deutz, Cologne on Wikipedia; Deutz on Wikipedia, Deutz in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​DEUTZ (Latin, Tuitium), an old town of Rhenish Prussia, on the right bank of the Rhine, opposite to Cologne, with which it is connected by two bridges. It contains the church of St Heribert, built in the 17th century, a Protestant church, cavalry barracks, artillery magazines, and gas, porcelain, machine, and carriage factories. The fortifications of the town form part of the defences of Cologne. The population in 1875 was 14,513. To the east of Deutz is the manufacturing suburb of Kalk, with about 8,500 inhabitants. The old castle in Deutz was in 1002 made a Benedictine monastery by Heribert, archbishop of Cologne. Permission to fortify tke town was in 1230 granted to the citizens by the archbishop of Cologne, between whom and the counts of Berg it was in 1240 divided. It was burnt in 1376, 1445, and 1583 ; and in 1678, after the peace of Nimeguen, the fortifications were demolished. They were rebuilt in 1816. See COLOGNE.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Desert

See also Desert on Wikipedia; Desert on Wikipedia, Desert in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
DESERT. See Physical Geography.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Deutschkrone

See also Wałcz on Wikipedia; Wałcz on Wikipedia, Deutschkrone in the 11th edition; and the disclaimer.
​DEUTSCHKRONE, Arenskrone, or Walcz, a town of Prussia, at the head of a district in the government of Marienwerder, situated between the two lakes of Arens and Radau, about 15 miles north-west of Schneidemiihl, a railway junction 60 miles north of Posen. Besides being the seat of the public offices for the district, it possesses a Jewish synagogue, and a progymnasium established in the old Jesuit College ; and it manufactures woollens, tiles, brandy, and beer. Population in 1871, 6146.
# Executive Order 1059

more info.
Superseded by Executive Order 1159, January 27, 1910.
Signed by President William H. Taft Wednesday, April 7, 1909
Mrs. Nannie M. Wayland may be reinstated in the classified service in the Treasury Department without regard to the length of tune that she has been separated from the service.
The White House,
    April 7, 1909.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 1061

more info.
Also see the opinion from Lloyd W. Bowers, and President Taft's final opinion on December 27, 1909.
Signed by President William H. Taft Thursday, April 8, 1909
A number of distillers and importers of spirits and whisky, represented by Lawrence Maxwell, Esq., Hon. Joseph H. Choate, Alfred Lucking, Warwick M. Hough and Hon. W. W. Armstrong, having appealed to the President for a hearing with respect to the order issued by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, known as Order No. 723, pursuant to the rules and regulations for the enforcement of the Food and Drugs Act and Food and Inspection Decision No. 65, promulgated and made by the Secretary of Agriculture under date of May 14, 1908, claiming that the provisions of said order are in violation of the terms of the said Act in that they-require to be branded as imitations or compounds or otherwise whiskies which have well settled names in the trade, and which it was not the intention of Congress by the said Food and Drugs Act to require to be described by any other designation; and certain distillers of whisky having appeared by Edmund W. Taylor and the Hon. John G. Carlisle, after consideration the matter is hereby referred to Hon. Lloyd W. Bowers, Solicitor General of the United States, to take testimony and report to the President his opinion upon the following points, namely:
I.
What was the article called whisky as known (1) to the manufacturers, (2) to the trade, and (3) to the consumers at and prior to the date of the passage of the Pure Food Law?
II.
What did the term whisky include?
III.
Was there included in the term whisky any maximum or minimum of congeneric substances as necessary in order that distilled spirits should be properly designated whisky?
IV.
Was there any abuse in the application of the term whisky to articles not properly falling within the definition of that term at and prior to the passage of the Pure Food Law, which it was the intention of Congress to correct by the provisions of that Act?
V.
Is the term whisky as a drug applicable to a different product than whisky as a beverage? If so, in what particulars?
The Solicitor General will from time to time determine the extent and character of the hearing and will report with his opinion the evidence taken by him pursuant hereto.
    April 8, 1909.
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# Executive Order 10585

more info.
See the Notes section for a listing of Executive Orders affected by or related to the issuance of this Executive Order.
Signed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower Saturday, January 1, 1955
Federal Register page & date: 20 FR 17, Tuesday, January 4, 1955
Executive Order 10585 of January 1, 1955
Designating the Date of Termination of Combatant Activities in Korea and Waters Adjacent Thereto
By virtue of the authority vested in me by section 112(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, January 31, 1955, as of midnight thereof, is hereby designated as the date of termination of combatant activities in the zone comprised of the area described in Executive Order No. 10195 of December 20, 1950 (15 F.R. 9177).

## Notes

Shortcut: WS:USEO

### See Related

* Executive Order 10195, December 20, 1950
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Executive Order 1060

more info.
Amends Executive Order 984, December 1, 1908.
Signed by President William H. Taft Wednesday, April 7, 1909
The Executive Order of December 1, 1908, in regard to the admission of deaf-mutes to Civil Service examinations is amended to read as follows:
    Deaf-mutes may be admitted to examinations for all places in the classified civil service of the United States whose duties in the opinion of the heads of the several Executive Departments they may be considered capable of performing, and each department will furnish to the Civil Service Commission a list of such positions, which list shall not be changed without previous notice to the Commission and in accordance with which the Commission shall certify or withhold from certification deaf-mutes as they are reached in their order.
The White House,
       April 7, 1909.

## Notes

For a list of the positions which all the departments reported, see the 26th Annual Report of the United States Civil Service Commission, page 40.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 10600

more info.
See the Notes section for a listing of Executive Orders affected by or related to the issuance of this Executive Order.
Signed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower Tuesday, March 15, 1955
Federal Register page & date: 20 FR 1569, Wednesday, March 16, 1955
By virtue of the authority vested in me by section 2 of the Act of July 20, 1942, 56 Stat. 662, and section 301 of title 3 of the United States Code, paragraphs 1, 2, and 3 of Executive Order No. 9260 of October 29, 1942, are hereby amended to read as follows:
    ``1. The decoration of the Legion of Merit shall be awarded by the President of the United States or at his direction to members of the armed forces of the United States and members of the armed forces of friendly foreign nations, who, after the proclamation of an emergency by the President on September 8, 1939, shall have distinguished themselves by exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services.
    ``2. Awards of the decoration of the Legion of Merit may be proposed to the President by the Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of the Navy, and the Secretary of the Air Force, each acting upon the recommendation of an officer of the armed forces of the United States who has personal knowledge of the services of the person recommended.
    ``3.
       ``(a) The decoration of the Legion of Merit, in the degrees of Commander, Officer, and Legionnaire, shall be awarded by the Secretary of Defense, or his designee, after concurrence by the Secretary of State, to members of the armed forces of friendly foreign nations.
       ``(b) Recommendations for awards of the Legion of Merit, in the degree of Chief Commander, to members of the armed forces of friendly foreign nations shall be submitted by the Secretary of Defense, after concurrence by the Secretary of State, to the President for his approval.´´

## Notes
### Amends

* Executive Order 9260, October 29, 1942
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# Executive Order 106

more info.
Signed by President William McKinley Wednesday, July 6, 1898
The President's Address to the People for Thanksgiving and Prayer
To the People of the United States of America:
At this time, when to the yet fresh remembrance of the unprecedented success which attended the operations of the United States fleet in the bay of Manila on the 1st day of May last are added the tidings of the no less glorious achievements of the naval and military arms of our beloved country at Santiago de Cuba, it is fitting that we should pause and, staying the feeling of exultation that too naturally attends great deeds wrought by our countrymen in our country's cause, should reverently bow before the throne of divine grace and give devout praise to God, who holdeth the nations in the hollow of His hands and worketh upon them the marvels of His high will, and who has thus far vouchsafed to us the light of His face and led our brave soldiers and seamen to victory.
I therefore ask the people of the United States, upon next assembling for divine worship in their respective places of meeting, to offer thanksgiving to Almighty God, who in His inscrutable ways, now leading our hosts upon the waters to unscathed triumph; now guiding them in a strange land, through the dread shadows of death, to success, even though at a fearful cost; now bearing them, without accident or loss, to far distant climes, has watched over our cause and brought nearer the success of the right and the attainment of just and honorable peace.
With the nation's thanks let there be mingled the nation's prayers that our gallant sons may be shielded from harm alike on the battlefield and in the clash of fleets, and be spared the scourge of suffering and disease while they are striving to uphold their country's honor; and withal let the nation's heart be stilled with holy awe at the thought of the noble men who have perished as heroes die, and be filled with compassionate sympathy for all those who suffer bereavement or endure sickness, wounds, and bonds by reason of the awful struggle. And above all, let us pray with earnest fervor that He, the Dispenser of All Good, may speedily remove from us the untold afflictions of war and bring to our dear land the blessings of restored peace and to all the domain now ravaged by the cruel strife the priceless boon of security and tranquillity.
Executive Mansion,
    Washington, July 6, 1898.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 106-1

more info.
Signed by President William McKinley Saturday, August 6, 1898
Ordered, That the graves of our soldiers at Santiago shall be permanently marked. The present marking will last but a short time, and before its effacement occurs suitable and permanent markers should be put up.
The Secretary of War is charged with the execution of this order.
Executive Mansion,
    Washington, August 6, 1898.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Enquiry into Plants/Volume 1/Chapter 26

Further notes on the propagation of trees.
To return to the other trees:—in propagating them they set the cuttings upside down, as with vine-shoots. Some however say that that makes no difference, and least of all in propagating the vine; while others contend that the pomegranate thus propagated has a bushier growth and shades the fruit better, and also that it is then less apt to shed the flower. This also occurs, they say, with the fig; when it is set upside down, it does not shed its fruit, and it makes a more accessible tree and it does not shed its fruit, even if one breaks off the top as it begins to grow.
Thus we have given a general sketch of what we find about methods of propagation, and of the ways in which these trees are reproduced.
* ↑ ἀνάπαλιν conj. Sch.; τἀνάπαλιν Ald. cf. C.P. 2. 9. 4; Geop. 10. 45; Plin. 17. 84.
* ↑ οὖν ins. H.
* ↑ δασύνεσθαι: see LS. reff. s.v. δασύς.
* ↑ cf. C.P. 2. 9. 3.
* ↑ εὐβατωτέραν (i.e. 'more manageable'). The reference is to a method of keeping the tree dwarf (Bod.). Plin. l.c. has scansilem (so also G), which seems to be a rendering of εὐβατ. εὐβατοτέραν U.
* ↑ τὸ ἄκρον conj. R. Const. after G; τὸν καρπὸν UMVP$_2$Ald.
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