OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/MacCulloch, Horatio

See also Horatio McCulloch on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​MACCULLOCH, HORATIO (1805–1867), Scottish landscape painter, was born in Glasgow. He studied for a year under John Knox, a Glasgow landscapist of some repute, was then engaged at Cumnock, painting the ornamental lids of snuff-boxes, and afterwards employed in Edinburgh by Lizars, the engraver, to colour the illustrations in Selby’s British Birds and similar works. Meanwhile he was working unweariedly from nature, greatly influenced in his early practice by the water-colours of H. W. Williams. Returning to Glasgow in some four or five years, he was employed on several large pictures for the decoration of a public hall in St George’s Place, and he did a little as a theatrical scene-painter. About this time he was greatly impressed with a picture by Thomson of Duddingston. Gradually MacCulloch asserted his individuality, and formed his own style on a close study of nature; his works form an interesting link between the old world of Scottish landscape and the new. In 1829 MacCulloch first figured in the Royal Scottish Academy’s exhibition, and year by year, till his death on the 24th of June 1867, he was a regular exhibitor. In 1838 he was elected a member of the Scottish Academy. The subjects of his numerous landscapes were taken almost exclusively from Scottish scenery.
Several works by MacCulloch were engraved by William Miller and William Forrest, and a volume of photographs from his landscapes, with an excellent biographical notice of the artist by Alexander Fraser, R.S.A., was published in Edinburgh in 1872.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Leadhillite

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​LEADHILLITE, a rare mineral consisting of basic lead sulphato-carbonate, Pb$_4$SO$_4$(CO$_3$)$_2$(OH)$_2$. Crystals have usually the form of six-sided plates (fig. 1) or sometimes of acute rhombohedra (fig. 2); they have a perfect basal cleavage (parallel to P in fig. 1) on which the lustre is strongly pearly; they are usually white and translucent. The hardness is 2.5 and the sp. gr. 6.26–6.44. The crystallographic and optical characters point to the existence of three distinct kinds of leadhillite, which are, however, identical in external appearance and may even occur intergrown together in the same crystal: (a) monoclinic with an optic axial angle of 20°; (b) rhombohedral (fig. 2) and optically uniaxial; (c) orthorhombic (fig. 1) with an optic axial angle of 723/4°. The first of these is the more common kind, and the second has long been known under the name susannite. The fact that the published analyses of leadhillite vary somewhat from the formula given above suggests that these three kinds may also be chemically distinct.
| Fig. 1. | Fig. 2. |
Leadhillite is a mineral of secondary origin, occurring with cerussite, anglesite, &c., in the oxidized portions of lead-bearing lodes; it has also been found in weathered lead slags left by the Romans. It has been found most abundantly in the Susanna mine at Leadhills in Scotland (hence the names leadhillite and susannite). Good crystals have also been found at Red Gill in Cumberland and at Granby in Missouri. Crystals from Sardinia have been called maxite.  (L. J. S.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Leadhills

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​LEADHILLS, a village of Lanarkshire, Scotland, 53/4 m. W.S.W. of Elvanfoot station on the Caledonian Railway Company’s main line from Glasgow to the south. Pop. (1901) 835. It is the highest village in Scotland, lying 1301 ft. above sea-level, near the source of Glengonner Water, an affluent of the Clyde. It is served by a light railway. Lead and silver have been mined here and at Wanlockhead, 11/2 m. S.W., for many centuries—according to some authorities even in Roman days. Gold was discovered in the reign of James IV., but though it is said then to have provided employment for 300 persons, its mining has long ceased to be profitable. The village is neat and well built, and contains a masonic hall and library, the latter founded by the miners about the middle of the 18th century. Allan Ramsay, the poet, and William Symington (1763–1831), one of the earliest adaptors of the steam engine to the purposes of navigation, were born at Leadhills.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Leamington

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​LEAMINGTON, a municipal borough and health resort of Warwickshire, England, on the river Leam near its junction with the Avon, 98 m. N.W. from London, served by the Great Western and London & North Western railways. Pop. (1901) 26,888. The parliamentary boroughs of Leamington and Warwick were joined into one constituency in 1885, returning one member. The centres of the towns are 2 m. apart, Warwick lying to the west, but they are united by the intermediate parish of New Milverton. There are three saline springs, and the principal pump-rooms, baths and pleasant gardens lie on the right bank of the river. The chief public ​buildings are the town hall (1884), containing a free library and school of art; and the Theatre Royal and assembly room. The parish church of All Saints is modernized, and the other churches are entirely modern. The S. Warwickshire hospital and Midland Counties Home for incurables are here. Leamington High School is an important school for girls. There is a municipal technical school. Industries include iron foundries and brickworks. The town lies in a well-wooded and picturesque country, within a few miles of such interesting towns as Warwick, Kenilworth, Coventry and Stratford-on-Avon. It is a favourite hunting centre, and, as a health resort, attracts not only visitors but residents. The town is governed by a mayor, 8 aldermen, and 24 councillors. Area, 2817 acres.
Leamington was a village of no importance until about 1786, when baths were first erected, though the springs were noticed by Camden, writing about 1586. The population in 1811 was only 543, The town was incorporated in 1875. The name in former use was Leamington Priors, in distinction from Leamington Hastings, a village on the upper Leam. By royal licence granted in 1838 it was called Royal Leamington Spa.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Leap-Year

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​LEAP-YEAR (more properly known as bissextile), the name given to the year containing 366 days. The astronomers of Julius Caesar, 46 B.C., settled the solar year at 365 days 6 hours. These hours were set aside and at the end of four years made a day which was added to the fourth year. The English name for the bissextile year is an allusion to the result of the interposition of the extra day; for after the 29th of February a date “leaps over” the day of the week on which it would fall in ordinary years. Thus a birthday on the 10th of June, a Monday, will in the next year, if a leap-year, be on the 10th of June, a Wednesday. Of the origin of the custom for women to woo, not be wooed, during leap-year no satisfactory explanation has ever been offered. In 1288 a law was enacted in Scotland that “it is statut and ordaint that during the rein of hir maist blissit Megeste, for ilk yeare knowne as lepe yeare, ilk mayden ladye of bothe highe and lowe estait shall hae liberte to bespeke ye man she likes, albeit he refuses to taik hir to be his lawful wyfe, he shall be mulcted in ye sum ane pundis or less, as his estait may be; except and awis gif he can make it appeare that he is betrothit ane ither woman he then shall be free.” A few years later a like law was passed in France, and in the 15th century the custom was legalized in Genoa and Florence.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Leaf-insect

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​LEAF-INSECT, the name given to orthopterous insects of the family Phasmidae, referred to the single genus Phyllium and characterized by the presence of lateral laminae upon the legs and abdomen, which, in association with an abundance of green colouring-matter, impart a broad and leaf-like appearance to the whole insect. In the female this deceptive resemblance is enhanced by the large size and foliaceous form of the front wings which, when at rest edge to edge on the abdomen, forcibly suggest in their neuration the midrib and costae of an ordinary leaf. In this sex the posterior wings are reduced and functionless so far as flight is concerned; in the male they are ample, membranous and functional, while the anterior wings are small and not leaf-like. The freshly hatched young are reddish in colour; but turn green after feeding for a short time upon leaves. Before death a specimen has been observed to pass through the various hues of a decaying leaf, and the spectrum of the green colouring matter does not differ from that of the chlorophyll of living leaves. Since leaf-insects are purely vegetable feeders and not predaceous like mantids, it is probable that their resemblance to leaves is solely for purposes of concealment from enemies. Their egg capsules are similarly protected by their likeness to various seeds. Leaf-insects range from India to the Seychelles on the one side, and to the Fiji Islands on the other.  (R. I. P.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/League

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​LEAGUE. 1. (Through Fr. ligue, Ital. liga, from Lat. ligare, to bind), an agreement entered into by two or more parties for mutual protection or joint attack, or for the furtherance of some common object, also the body thus joined or “leagued” together. The name has been given to numerous confederations, such as the Achaean League (q.v.), the confederation of the ancient cities of Achaia, and especially to the various holy leagues (ligues saintes), of which the better known are those formed by Pope Julius II. against Venice in 1508, often known as the League of Cambrai, and against France in 1511. “The League,” in French history, is that of the Catholics headed by the Guises to preserve the Catholic religion against the Huguenots and prevent the accession of Henry of Navarre to the throne (see France: History). “The Solemn League and Covenant” was the agreement for the establishment of Presbyterianism in both countries entered into by England and Scotland in 1643 (see Covenanters). Of commercial leagues the most famous is that of the Hanse towns, known as the Hanseatic League (q.v.). The word has been adopted by political associations, such as the Anti-Corn Law League, the Irish Land League, the Primrose League and the United Irish League, and by numerous social organizations. “League” has also been applied to a special form of competition in athletics, especially in Association football. In this system clubs “league” together in a competition, each playing every other member of the association twice, and the order of merit is decided by the points gained during the season, a win counting two and a draw one.
2. (From the late Lat. leuga, or leuca, said to be a Gallic word; the mod. Fr. lieue comes from the O. Fr. liue; the Gaelic leac, meaning a flat stone posted as a mark of distance on a road, has been suggested as the origin), a measure of distance, probably never in regular use in England, and now only in poetical or rhetorical language. It was the Celtic as opposed to the Teutonic unit, and was used in France, Spain, Portugal and Italy. In all the countries it varies with different localities, and the ancient distance has never been fixed. The kilometric league of France is fixed at four kilometres. The nautical league is equal to three nautical miles.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Leake, William Martin

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​LEAKE, WILLIAM MARTIN (1777–1860), British antiquarian and topographer, was born in London on the 14th of January 1777. After completing his education at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and spending four years in the West Indies as lieutenant of marine artillery, he was sent by the government to Constantinople to instruct the Turks in this branch of the service. A journey through Asia Minor in 1800 to join the British fleet at Cyprus inspired him with an interest in antiquarian topography. In 1801, after travelling across the desert with the Turkish army to Egypt, he was, on the expulsion of the French, employed in surveying the valley of the Nile as far as the cataracts; but having sailed with the ship engaged to convey the Elgin marbles from Athens to England, he lost all his maps and observations when the vessel foundered off Cerigo. Shortly after his arrival in England he was sent out to survey the coast of Albania and the Morea, with the view of assisting the Turks against attacks of the French from Italy, and of this he took advantage to form a valuable collection of coins and inscriptions and to explore ancient sites. In 1807, war having broken out between Turkey and England, he was made prisoner at Salonica; but, obtaining his release the same year, he was sent on a diplomatic mission to Ali Pasha of Iannina, whose confidence he completely won, and with whom he remained for more than a year as British representative. In 1810 he was granted a yearly sum of £600 for his services in Turkey. In 1815 he retired from the army, in which he held the rank of colonel, devoting the remainder of his life to topographical and antiquarian studies, the results of which were given to the world in the following volumes: Topography of Athens (1821); Journal of a Tour in Asia Minor (1824); Travels in the Morea (1830), and a supplement, Peloponnesiaca (1846); Travels in Northern Greece (1835); and Numismata Hellenica (1854), followed by a supplement in 1859. A characteristic of the researches of Leake was their comprehensive minuteness, which was greatly aided by his mastery of technical details. His Topography of Athens, the first attempt at a scientific treatment of the subject, is still authoritative in regard to many important points (see Athens). He died at Brighton on the 6th of January 1860. The marbles collected by him in Greece were presented to the British Museum; his bronzes, vases, gems and coins were purchased by the university of Cambridge after his death, and are now in the Fitzwilliam Museum. He was elected F.R.S. and F.R.G.S., received the honorary D.C.L. at Oxford (1816), and was a member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences and correspondent of the Institute of France.
See Memoir by J. H. Marsden (1864); the Architect for the 7th of October 1876; E. Curtius in the Preussische Jahrbücher (Sept., 1876); J. E. Sandys, Hist. of Classical Scholarship, iii. (1908), p. 442.
# Lawyer's and Magistrate's Magazine

The Lawyer's and Magistrate's Magazine is a periodical, published in three volumes from 1792 to 1794.
* Volume 1, for the year 1790 (1792) External scan External scan
* Volume 2, for the year 1791 (1792) External scan External scan
* Volume 3, for the year 1791 (1794) External scan
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Lay this Laurel on the One

* "Lay this laurel on the one" in Poems: Second Series (1891)
* "Lay this laurel on the one" in The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson (1924)
# Lay v. Lay

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
248 U.S. 24
Lay v. Lay
Argued: Nov. 4, 1918. --- Decided: Nov 18, 1918

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Lay a garland

Popular poem from the play The Maid's Tragedy (1610)
* In The Maid's Tragedy (1610)
* In The Sketchbook of Geoffrey Crayon (1819), by Washington Irving
* "Song from 'The Maid's Tragedy'" in The Hundred Best Poems (lyrical) in the English language, second series, (ed.) by Adam Luke Gowans (1904)
* "Aspatia's Song" in the Oxford Book of English Verse 1250-1900 (ed.) by Arthur Quiller-Couch (1931)
* "Aspatia's Song" in the Oxford Book of English Verse 1250-1918 (ed.) by Arthur Quiller-Couch (1940)
# Lay by your Reason

* "A New Song; To the Tune of, Lay by your Pleading, &c" (broadside ballad, undated)
* "Lay by your Reason" in Political Ballads of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (1860)
# Lord Eliot Convention

* related portals: Spain.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
The Lord Eliot Convention, or simply the Eliot Convention or Eliot Treaty (Spanish: Convenio Lord Eliot), was an April 1835 agreement brokered by Edward Eliot, 3rd Earl of St Germans between the two opposing sides of the First Carlist War. It had as its aim not to end the war itself but to end the indiscriminate executions by firing squad that had been committed by both sides.Warning: template has been deprecated.
CONVENTION concluded, under British Mediation, between the Commanders-in-Chief of the Belligerent Armies in Spain. Signed at Asarta, 26th/Logroño, 27th, April 1835.
Stipulations proposed by Lord Eliot, H.B.M.’s Commissioner, and which will serve as a rule to the Commanders-in-Chief of the Belligerent Armies in the Provinces of Guipuscoa, Alava, and Biscay, and in the Kingdom of Navarre.
Preservation of Lives of Prisoners
Periodical exchange of Prisoners
Number of Prisoners exchanged to be equal.
Exchange according to Rank
Towns selected for detention of Prisoners to be respected.
Political Prisoners to be tried in conformity with the Laws.
Sick and Wounded to be respected
Stipulations to be binding in all Provinces of the Monarchy.
Strict observance of Convention.
Head-quarters of Asarta, 26th/Logroño, 27th, April 1835.
THOMAS ZUMALACARREGUI. ELIOT.
GERONIMO VALDÉS. ELIOT.
In the presence of J. GURWOOD, Lieut.-Colonel in the service of H.B.M.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Lord Beaupré

Originally published under the title "Lord Beauprey".
* "Lord Beauprey" in Macmillan's Magazine 65 (390–392) (April–June 1892):
** "Lord Beauprey" in Macmillan's Magazine 65 (390) (April 1892): 465–474.
** "Lord Beauprey" in Macmillan's Magazine 66 (391) (May 1892): 64–74.
** "Lord Beauprey" in Macmillan's Magazine 66 (392) (June 1892): 133–144.
    — First publication in any form
* "Lord Beaupré" in The Private Life, The Wheel of Time, Lord Beaupré, The Visits, Collaboration, Owen Wingrave (London: James R. Osgood, McIlvaine & Co., 1893): 129–212.
    — First English book edition.
* "Lord Beaupré" in The Private Life, Lord Beaupré, The Visits (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1893): 79–196.
    — First American book edition
* "Lord Beaupré" in Lord Beaupré, The Visits, The Wheel of Time and Other Tales (London: Macmillan & Co., 1923): 3–72.
    — Volume 27 of The Novels and Stories of Henry James, the first posthumous collection of James' works.
# Lord Halifax to Franklin D. Roosevelt (March 10, 1941)

BRITISH EMBASSY, WASHINGTON, D. C.
PERSONAL AND MOST SECRET
March 10th, 1941
Dear Mr. President,
I enclose herein a copy of a Personal and Most Secret message from the Prime Minister which has just been received at the Embassy. The second half of this message, which deals with a different subject, has been received in corrupt form, but will be forwarded to you as soon as possible.
I have been instructed in forwarding this message to you to make it clear that in case the United States Government should contemplate giving His Majesty's Government diplomatic support in Angora, Moscow and Belgrade on the lines suggested by the Prime Minister, it is most important that the United States representatives in those capitals should say nothing about the British military move towards the Balkans.
Believe me, Dear Mr. President, Yours very sincerely,
The Honourable Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States of America, Washington, D.C.
This work is in the public domain worldwide because it was created by a public body of the United Kingdom with Crown Status and commercially published before 1974.
See Crown copyright artistic works, Crown copyright non-artistic works and List of Public Bodies with Crown Status.
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# Kansas: A Cyclopedia of State History/Albia

​Albia, a small hamlet of Washington county, is situated near the Nebraska line, 10 miles north of Morrowville, from which place mail is delivered by the rural free delivery system. Endicott, Neb., is the nearest railroad station.
# Kansas: A Cyclopedia of State History/Air

​Air, a small hamlet of Lyon county, is located on Elm creek in Waterloo township, about 20 miles northeast of Emporia, the county seat, and 5 miles from Admire, which is the most convenient railroad station, and from which it receives mail by rural free delivery.
# Kansas: A Cyclopedia of State History/Alabama Colony

​Alabama Colony.—In 1856, in several Southern states, movements were made to encourage and promote emigration to Kansas, hoping thereby to advance the cause of slavery in Kansas. A Kansas executive committee was formed in Alabama, and considerable money raised for the purpose of giving free transportation to all southerners who would go for the purpose of settling. In Aug., 1856, Capt. Henry D. Clayton left Eufaula, Ala., with 29 emigrants for Kansas, being joined by others at different places along the route, until 90 persons were added by the time the colony reached Atlanta, Ga. The colonists were taken to Nashville by rail, and from there by steamboat down the Cumberland river, up the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, reaching Kansas City on Sept. 2. Among the colonists were four families who came with the view of joining the “Georgia Colony” which had recently been driven out of Kansas into Missouri. On account of the disturbed conditions in the territory the emigrants, soon after landing, organized a military company, with Mr. Clayton as captain; J. H. Danforth, first lieutenant; W. W. Mosely, second lieutenant; J. C. Gorman, C. W. Snow, S. G. Reid and B. B. Simons, as first to fourth sergeants respectively; W. H. Baldwin, W. S. Reynolds, W. L. Stewart and W. R. Kaen, as first to fourth corporals; and P. M. Blue, W. T. G. Cobb, James Coxwell, A. Haygood, J. L. Hailey, R. P. Hamilton, J. J. Kitchen, A. P. McLeod, J. W. Guinn, Charles O'Hara, W. A. Pinkston, T. H. Rich, T. F. Rogers, T. Semple, D. R. Thomas and M. Westmoreland, as privates.
This company was in active service in the territory for a short time, but at the solicitation of Gov. Geary disbanded. Peace being established in the territory the next step was to locate the settlers, which was done in Shawnee county, about 4 miles south of Tecumseh, upon the California road from Westport, and about 14 miles from Lecompton, then the capital of the territory.
The executive committee which raised the money to send the settlers to the territory estimated the cost to be about $50 a head, but by taking deck passage on the steamboats it was found that the cost per capita did not exceed $30. The money saved on this item was distributed to the colonists most in need of help, while $500 was paid over to the Missouri executive committee, A. G. Boone, secretary, to be used “not only ​in purchasing munitions of war” to advance slavery in Kansas, but also in furnishing provisions to the distressed (southern) settlers, many of whom were recently driven from their homes along the border. Several of the colonists returned to the South without setting foot on Kansas soil.
After seeing the colony settled, Mr. Clayton returned to Alabama, and issued a report of sixteen pages in which he gave detailed statements of the doings and expenses incident to the settlement. According to the report something over $7,000 was raised for the purpose, of which $3,739.83 was expended.