OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nattes, John Claude

​NATTES, JOHN CLAUDE (1765?–1822), topographical draughtsman and water-colour painter, is stated to have been born in 1765, and to have been a pupil of Hugh ​Primrose Deane, the Irish landscape-painter. Nattes worked as a topographical draughtsman, travelling all over Great Britain and also in France. His method of colouring causes his drawings to be ranked among the earliest examples of water-colour painting in this country, though there is little artistic merit in his productions. He published the following works, illustrated by himself: ‘Hibernia Depicta,’ 1802; ‘Scotia Depicta,’ 1804; ‘Select Views of Bath, Bristol, Malvern, Cheltenham, and Weymouth,’ 1805; ‘Bath Illustrated,’ 1806; ‘Views of Versailles, Paris, and St. Denis,’ 1809 (?). Other drawings of his were engraved for the ‘Beauties of England and Wales,’ the ‘Copperplate Magazine,’ and Howlett's ‘Views in the County of Lincoln.’ Nattes was an occasional exhibitor at the Royal Academy from 1782 to 1804. In the latter year he was one of the artists associated in the foundation of the ‘Old’ Society of Painters in Water-colours. He contributed to their exhibitions up to 1807, in which year he was convicted of having exhibited drawings that were not his own work. Nattes was therefore expelled from the society. He resumed exhibiting at the Royal Academy up to 1814, and died in London in 1822. He lived at No. 49 South Molton Street.
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nassau, Henry

​NASSAU, HENRY, Count and Lord of Auverquerque (1641–1708), general, born in 1641, was third son of Louis, count of Nassau (illegitimate son of Maurice, prince of Orange, grand-uncle of William III, king of England), by his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Count de Horn. Henry accompanied William, prince of Orange, on his visit to Oxford in 1670, and received from the university the degree of D.C.L. (20 Dec.). He attended William with great devotion during his illness in the spring of 1675, and saved his life at the risk of his own at the battle of Mons, 13 Aug. (N.S.) 1678. In recognition of this service he was presented by the States-General with a gold-hilted sword, a gold inlaid pair of pistols, and a pair of gold horse-buckles. He came to England in 1685 as William's special envoy to congratulate James II on his accession, attended William to England in 1688 as captain of his bodyguard, was appointed in February 1688–9 his master of the horse, and the same year was naturalised by act of parliament. He fought at the battle of the Boyne, 1 July 1690, and afterwards occupied Dublin with nine troops of horse, and served at Limerick. Advanced to the rank of major-general 16 March 1690–1, he served in the subsequent campaign in Flanders, and distinguished himself by the gallant manner in which he rescued the remains of Mackay's division at the battle of Steinkirk, July 1692.
In February 1692–3 he was appointed deputy stadtholder, and in the summer of 1697 was promoted to the rank of general in the English army. William on his deathbed thanked him for his long and faithful services. In command of the Dutch forces, with the rank of field-marshal, he co-operated with Marlborough, whose entire confidence he enjoyed, in the earlier campaigns of the ​war of the Spanish succession, and died in the camp before Lille on 17 Oct. (N.S.) 1708. He was buried at Owerkerk (Auverquerque) in Zealand, of which place he was lord.
Nassau married Isabella van Aersen, daughter of Cornelius, lord of Sommelsdyck and Plaata, who survived him, and died in January 1720. By her Nassau had issue five sons, the eldest of whom died in his lifetime, and one daughter. Nassau's only daughter, Isabella, became in 1691 the second wife of Charles Grenville, lord Lansdowne, afterwards second Earl of Bath. His second son, Henry (d. 1754), was raised to the peerage by letters patent of 24 Dec. 1698, by the titles of Baron Alford, Viscount of Boston, and Earl of Grantham. He married Henrietta, daughter of Thomas Butler, styled Earl of Ossory, by whom he had issue two sons, who died without issue, and three daughters, of whom the youngest, Henrietta, married, on 27 June 1732, William, second earl Cowper.
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Natares, Edmund

​NATARES or NATURES, EDMUND (d. 1549), master of Clare Hall, Cambridge, born in Richmondshire (Yorkshire), was admitted probably to Catharine Hall, Cambridge, about 1496. He graduated B.A. in 1500, M.A., by special grace, 1502, B.D. 1509, and D.D. 1516. He became a fellow of Catharine Hall, and in 1507 was one of the proctors for the university. Seven years later, 20 Oct. 1514, he was elected master of Clare Hall, and held that post till his resignation (libera cassatio) in 1530. During his mastership the master's chamber and the college treasury were burned down (1521). The whole buildings now belonging to the master were erected four years later at Natares's ​expense (Clare Coll. MSS.; see Willis and Clark, i. 79). During these years he was four times vice-chancellor of the university, 1518, 1521, 1526–7; and in this capacity he presided at the preliminary trial for heresy of Robert Barnes [q. v.] for his sermon preached on 24 Dec. 1525, at St. Edward's Church (Cooper, Annals of Cambridge, i. 314, seq.) Foxe styles ‘Dr. Notaries’ a rank enemy to Christ, and one of those who railed against Master Latimer.
In 1517 he became rector of Weston Colville, Cambridgeshire, and on 26 June 1522 was presented at Winchester to the rectory of Middleton-upon-Tees, Durham, void by the death of John Palswell (State Papers, 14 Henry VIII, 2356). In August of the same year he was included in a list of twenty people appointed to be surveyors in survivorship of mines in Devonshire and Cornwall (ib. pp. 24, 82). Natares's successor (William Bell) in the Middleton-upon-Tees rectory was instituted in 1549, ‘post mortem Natres.’ ‘He gave an estate or money to Clare Hall for an annual sermon at Weston Colville’ (Cooper).
W. A. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nasmyth, Patrick

​NASMYTH, PATRICK (1787–1831), landscape-painter, born in Edinburgh on 7 Jan. 1787, was the eldest son of Alexander Nasmyth [q. v.] the painter, and his wife Barbara Foulis. He early displayed a turn for art, and was fond of playing truant from school in order that he might wander in the fields and sketch the scenes and objects that surrounded him. He received his earliest instruction in art from his father, and studied with immense care and industry, painting with his left hand after his right had been incapacitated by an injury received while on a sketching expedition with the elder Nasmyth. He also suffered from deafness, the result of an illness produced by sleeping in a damp bed when he was about seventeen years of age. From 1808 to 1814 he exhibited his works in the rooms of the Society of Associated Artists, Edinburgh; and he contributed to the Royal Institution, Edinburgh, 1821–8, and to the Scottish Academy in 1830 and 1831. In 1808 he removed to London, but he did not exhibit in the Royal Academy till 1811 (compare catalogues), when he was represented by a ‘View of Loch Katrine,’ and he afterwards contributed at intervals till 1830. In 1824 he became a foundation member of the Society of British Artists, with whom, as also in the British Institution, he exhibited during the rest of his life. His earliest productions dealt chiefly with Scottish landscape, but in the neighbourhood of London he found homely rustic scenes better suited to his brush. He delighted to render nature in her humbler aspects, painting hedgerow subjects with great care and delicacy, his favourite tree being the dwarfed oak. He also closely studied the Dutch landscape-painters, and imitated their manner with such success that he has been styled ‘the English Hobbema,’ so precise and spirited is his touch, so brilliant are the skies that appear above the low-toned fields and foliage in his pictures. In all monetary matters he was singularly careless, and he seems to have fallen into habits of dissipation which undermined his constitution. While recovering from an attack of influenza he caught a chill as he was sketching a group of pollard willows on the Thames; and he died at Lambeth on 17 Aug. 1831, propped up in bed at his own request, that he might witness ​a thunderstorm that was then raging. He was buried in St. Mary's Church, where the Scottish artists in London erected a stone over his grave. Patrick Nasmyth is one of the characters ‘brought upon the scene as sketches from the life’ in John Burnet's ‘Progress of the Painter’ (London, 1854). Since his death the reputation of his works has greatly increased. One of the finest, ‘Haselmere,’ sold for 1,300 guineas at Christie's in 1892, and his ‘Turner's Hill, East Grinstead,’ realised 987l. at Christie's in 1886. He is represented in the National Gallery by five works, in the South Kensington Museum by three, and in the National Gallery of Scotland by one. His portrait, a chalk drawing by William Bewick, is in the National Portrait Gallery, London.
J. M. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wadding, Peter

​WADDING, PETER (1581?–1644), jesuit, born at Waterford in 1581 or 1583, was son of Thomas Wadding and his wife, Mary Vallesia. Both father and mother are said to have been of good family. Luke Wadding [q. v.] was his first cousin. Peter studied humanities for seven years in Ireland, and then proceeded to Douai, where he graduates M.A., and subsequently doctor of both laws as well as of divinity. He was admitted to the Company of Jesus on 24 Oct. 1601 by Father Oliveræus, the provincial of Flanders, and commenced his novitiate at Tournay on 28 Nov. following. Eventually he became professor of theology first at Louvain, and then at Antwerp. While at Antwerp Wadding had a controversy with the famous Arminian Simon Bisscop or Episcopius (1583-1643). The disputations of both were published in Dutch after their death in one volume, entitled ‘Twee brieven van den gelerden Peter Wading in sijn leven Jesuit tot Antwerpen: d’eene, van den Regel des Geloofs; d’andere, van den beeldendienst …’ Amsterdam, 1649, 4to (British Museum). Subsequently Wadding was transferred to Prague, becoming professor of theology and chancellor of the university there. His position involved him in disputes with the archbishop of Prague on the latter's claim to be chancellor of, and to exercise jurisdiction over, the university. On 30 Nov. 1632 Wadding completed a ‘Brevis Refutatio Calumniarum quas Collegio Societatis Jesu Pragensi impegit scriptor famosi libelli cui titulus “Flagellum Jesuitarum,” præsertim in negotio Academiæ Pragnensis…’ Nissa, 1634, 4to. This was followed by a solid work of 656 pages, entitled ‘R. P. Petri Wadingi Waterfordiensis Hibernie Soc. Jesu S. Theologiæ professoris, olim in Lovaniensi nunc in Pragensi Academia professoris Tractatus de Incarnatione,’ Antwerp, 1636, 8vo. In the following year he published an ‘Oratio Pragæ dicta,’ congratulating Ferdinand III on his election as emperor. The last years of his life were spent at Gratz, where also he was professor of theology and chancellor,. He died there on 13 Sept. 1644.
Besides the works mentioned, Wadding’s contemporary fellow Jesuit, Ribadeneira, says he published under a pseudonym, ‘Carmina varia et alia spectantia ad disciplinas humaniores,’ and ‘Tractatus aliquos contra Hæreticos’ (Ribadeneira, Bibl. Scriptt. Soc. Jesu, 1643, p.402). A manuscript volume in the Bodleian Library contains various other treatises by him (Tanner, p.744).
[Works in Brit. Museum Library; Foley’s Collections, vii. 799; Ware’s Irish Writers, ed. Harris; Webb’s Compendium of Irish Biogr.; authorities cited.]
A. F. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Talbot, Thomas (fl.1580)

​TALBOT, THOMAS (fl. 1580), antiquary, was the second son of John Talbot (d. 1551) of Salebury, Lancashire, by his second wife, Anne, daughter of Richard Banaster of Altham (Cotton MS. Vespasian D. xvii. 49; Whitaker, Whalley, ii. 377). He does not seem to have been educated at Oxford, though Wood notices him and says he was called ‘Limping Talbot’ on account of his lameness. Before 1580 he had become clerk of the records in the Tower, and probably he was the ‘learned’ Mr. Talbot referred to by Dr. John Dee [q. v.] in 1582 (Diary, Camden Soc. pp. 15, 16). He was an original member of the Society of Antiquaries (Archæologia, vol. i. pp. xii, xvii), and occurs in Francis Tate's list of members in 1590 (Stowe MS. 1045, f. 2). Talbot was indefatigable in his researches into the records under his charge, and Camden wrote: ‘Not to conceal my obligations to any, I must acknowledge myself under very great ones to Thomas Talbot, a diligent examiner of records and perfect master of our antiquities’ (Britannia, ed. Gough, vol. i. p. cxlviii). None of Talbot's collections are known to have been published. The principal are: collections relating to abbeys, extracts from chronicles and pedigrees (including that of his own family) in Cottonian MS. Vespasian D. xvii.; a collection of historical and constitutional antiquities in Harleian MS. 2223; a collection of abstracts from ‘Inquisitiones post mortem’ relating to Yorkshire families in Additional MS. 26717; an account of the proceedings of the court of claims at the coronations of Richard II, Henry IV, and Henry V in Lansdowne MS. 279; a ‘Catalogus Archicamerariorum Angliæ’ in Ashmolean MS. 792; collections of pedigrees in Ashmolean MSS. 799 i. and 1107; ‘Collectanea e Rotulis in Turri Lond. servatis’ in Ashmolean MS. 799, ii.; notes from his genealogical collections are extant in Rawlinson MS. B. 103. It is probable that many other antiquarian collections, the authorship of which has not been determined, were by Talbot (cf. Cat. Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 26717).
[Authorities cited; Catalogues of the Cottonian, Harleian, Lansdowne, Additional MSS. at Brit. Mus., and Ashmolean MSS. in the Bodleian Library, Oxford; Wood's Athenæ Oxon. i. 125.]
A. F. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Talboys, David Alphonso

​TALBOYS, DAVID ALPHONSO (1790?–1840), bookseller, born about 1790, established himself as a bookseller in Bedford. He subsequently removed his business to Oxford, where he became known for his intimate acquaintance with the value and merits of books generally. He also materially aided the study of history in England by his excellent translations of Heeren's ‘Researches into the Politics, Intercourse, and Trade of the Carthaginians, Ethiopians, and Egyptians’ (1832), and of the same author's ‘Manual of the Political System of Europe’ (1834). On 1 Dec. 1827 he was admitted to the privileges of a member of the university. He took a leading part in the affairs of the city of Oxford, was a councillor of the east ward, and served the office of sheriff. He died at Oxford on 23 May 1840, leaving a widow and seven children. He was the author of ‘Oxford Chronological Tables of Universal History,’ 1835, fol.; 1840, fol.; and, besides the works of Heeren mentioned, translated Adelung's ‘Historical Sketch of Sanscrit Literature,’ Oxford, 1832, 8vo, making numerous additions and corrections.
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Talbot, Thomas (1771-1853)

​TALBOT, THOMAS (1771–1853), colonist, fourth son of Richard Talbot (d. 1788) of Malahide Castle, co. Dublin, and younger ​brother of Admiral Sir John Talbot [q. v.], was born at Malahide in 1771. He entered the army on 24 May 1783 as an ensign in the 66th foot, became lieutenant on 27 Sept. 1783, and was on half-pay from 1784 to 1787, when he was gazetted to the 24th foot. On 21 Nov. 1793 he was promoted captain in the 85th foot, ordered to Canada, and attached to the staff of John Graves Simcoe [q. v.], who had just entered on the government of Upper Canada. He became major on 6 March 1794 and lieutenant-colonel of the 5th foot on 12 Jan. 1796.
Enthusiastic by temperament, he threw himself into Simcoe's plans for developing the territory of Upper Canada; and on 25 Dec. 1800 he sold his commission and obtained a grant of five thousand acres for the purpose of a settlement on the northern shore of lake Erie, about 150 miles from Simcoe's new capital (now Toronto). In 1802 he commenced his settlement in this position, naming it Port Talbot. In a few years he conceived a larger scheme which was to be supported by free grants of land from the government, and, after a visit to England to obtain colonists, extended his settlement in 1809, receiving from the government grants of two hundred acres for every fifty definitely settled. In 1810 the first settlement began to make way, and in 1812 he commenced another on the same principles. From that time his progress was continuous, until twenty-eight townships had been settled by him, and Talbot Street became the main artery along the northern side of Lake Erie. Several Canadians of some note were natives of these settlements. For a long time 21 May was celebrated in Port Talbot as ‘Founder's Day.’
During 1812–14, Talbot commanded the militia of the district in the war with the United States. Subsequently he became a member of the legislative council. Mrs. Jameson saw him in 1837 at his house, which he called Castle Malahide, and gives a favourable picture of his eccentricities. In his eightieth year he paid a twelve-months' visit to England. He died at Port Talbot on 6 Feb. 1853.
[Bryce's History of the Canadian People, p. 294; Edward Talbot's Five Years in Canada, 1824, pp. 104–5; Pope's Memoirs of Sir J. A. Macdonald, ii. 272; Mrs. Jameson's Winter Studies and Summer Rambles in Canada, 1838; Rose's Cyclopædia of Canadian Biography.]
C. A. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nairne, Robert

​NAIRNE, Sir ROBERT, of Strathord, first Lord Nairne (1600–1683), lord of session, was representative of a family which claimed descent from Michael de Nairne, who on 10 Feb. 1406–7 was witness to a charter of Robert, duke of Albany. He was the eldest son of Robert Nairne of Muckersie, and afterwards of Strathord, both in Perthshire, by Margaret, daughter of Sir John Preston of Penicuick, Midlothian, lord-president of the court of session. Like his father, he became a member of the Faculty of Advocates. With other royalists he was captured by a detachment from General Monck at Alyth, Forfarshire, 28 Aug. 1651, and sent a prisoner to the Tower, where he remained till the Restoration. By Charles II he was appointed one of the lords of session, 1 June 1661, receiving also the honour of knighthood; and on 11 Jan. 1671 he was appointed one of the court of justiciary. On 23 Jan. 1681 he was created a peer of Scotland by the title of Baron Nairne, to himself for life, and after his decease to his son-in-law, Lord William Murray, who assumed the surname of Nairne [see under Nairne, John, third Lord Nairne]. At the trial of the Earl of Argyll in 1681 Nairne was compelled from fatigue to retire while the pleadings on the relevancy were still proceeding. The judges who remained being equally divided as to the relevancy, and the Duke of Queensberry, who presided, being unwilling to vote, Nairne was sent for to give his vote. According to Wodrow he fell asleep while the pleadings for the relevancy were being read to him, but being awakened after this ceremony had been performed, voted for the relevancy of the indictment (Sufferings of the Kirk of Scotland, iii. 336). On 10 April 1683 Lord Castlehill was appointed to be one of the criminal lords in place of Lord Nairne, who was excused from attendance on account of his great age. ‘This,’ according to Lauder of Fountainhall, ‘provoked the old man to reflect that when he was lying in the Tower for the king Castlehill was one of Oliver Cromwell's pages and servants, and Nairne died within six weeks after this’ (Historical Notices, p. 435). By his wife Margaret, daughter of Patrick Graham of Inchbrakie, Perthshire, he had an only daughter, Margaret, married to Lord William Murray, who became second Baron Nairne.
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nadin, Joseph

​NADIN, JOSEPH (1765–1848), deputy-constable of Manchester, son of Joseph Nadin, a farmer, was born at Fairfield, Derbyshire, in 1765. At the age of twelve he began work at Stockport, and subsequently was successful in business as a cotton-spinner. During the time that the cotton operatives were making raids on cotton mills in Lancashire and elsewhere, for the purpose of destroying machinery, Nadin made himself conspicuous in detecting the plotters and bringing them to justice. He was prevailed upon in 1801 to take the office of deputy-constable of Manchester, and he thereby became chief executive officer to the governing body of the town, which was then under the court-leet of the manor.
His life as a public officer was eventful and dangerous, and he was a zealous, able, and courageous servant of the authorities. Some said that he was the real ruler of ​Manchester, and that the magistrates thought they exercised a wholesome authority when, at his suggestion, they sought to repress by every means of coercion the rising demand for political and social rights. The course he took with regard to Samuel Bamford [q. v.] and other reformers, as well as in the ‘Peterloo’ meeting in 1819, rendered him very unpopular; but he earned the gratitude of the ruling classes, by whom he was presented with costly testimonials. He figures as a sort of Jonathan Wild in Mrs. Banks's novel of ‘God's Providence House.’ He had a magnificent physique, as is shown both by his portraits and by a graphic passage in Bamford's ‘Life of a Radical,’ where, however, he is described as coarse, illiterate, and ill-mannered. He amassed considerable property, and on his retirement from office in 1821 he went to live on an estate which he possessed at Cheadle, in Cheshire. He died there on 4 March 1848, aged 83, and was buried in St. James's Church, Manchester. He married Mary Rowlinson in 1792, and left several children.
C. W. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Naftel, Paul Jacob

​NAFTEL, PAUL JACOB (1817–1891), painter in water-colours, born at Guernsey on 10 Sept. 1817, was son of Paul and Sophia Naftel of Guernsey. He resided during the earlier part of his life in Guernsey, where he was educated; and, although a self-taught artist, was appointed professor of drawing at Elizabeth College. Becoming known for his delicate and refined studies in water-colour, he was elected an associate of the ‘Old’ Society of Painters in Water-colours on 11 Feb. 1856, and a full member on 13 June 1859. He did not settle in England till 1870, when he resided at 4 St. Stephen's Square, Westbourne Park, London, continuing to practise as a drawing-master, and to be a prolific exhibitor at the exhibition of the ‘Old’ Society. He subsequently moved to 76 Elm Park Road, Chelsea, and later to a house at Strawberry Hill, where he died on 13 Sept. 1891. Naftel's subjects were in his earlier days the scenery of his native Channel Islands, and latterly views in the United Kingdom and Italy. They were remarkable for tender and light effects rather than strength, and in his earlier days he was lavish in his use of body colour. He made the designs to illustrate Ansted and Latham's book on the ‘Channel Islands,’ 1862. Naftel married, first, Miss Robilliard of Alderney; and, secondly, Isabel, youngest daughter of Octavius Oakley [q. v.], water-colour painter.
Naftel, Maud (1856–1890), painter, daughter of the above by his second wife, was born on 1 June 1856. At first a pupil of her father, she afterwards studied at the Slade School of Art in London, and in Paris under M. Carolus Duran. She attained distinction as a painter in water-colours, and was especially noted for her paintings of flowers. She was elected an associate of the ‘Old’ Society of Painters in Water-colours in March 1887, but died in her father's house at Elm Park Road, on 18 Feb. 1890. She published a book on ‘Flowers and how to paint them.’
L. C.