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# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Paton, James (d.1684)

John Paton in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
​PATON, JAMES (d. 1684), covenanter, was born at Meadowbank in the parish of Fenwick, Ayrshire, where his father had a farm. Until near manhood he was employed in agricultural pursuits. According to one account he went as a volunteer to Germany, and served with such distinction in the wars of Gustavus Adolphus that he was raised to the rank of captain. According to another, he was present with the Scots army at Marston Moor. With the rank of captain, he fought with great gallantry against Montrose at Kilsyth, 15 Aug. 1645, and escaped uninjured during the flight. After the defeat of Montrose at Philiphaugh on 13 Sept. he returned home to Fenwick. He took part with the people of Fenwick in opposing General Middleton in 1648. With other Scottish covenanters he, however, supported the king against Cromwell in 1650 and, accompanying him in 1651 into England, fought for him at the battle of Worcester on 3 Sept. After the Restoration he fought, in command of a party of covenanting cavalry, on 28 Sept. 1666, at Rullion Green, where he had a personal encounter with Sir Thomas Dalyell [q. v.] He was also at the battle of Bothwell Bridge 22 June 1679. He was excepted out of the indemnities passed after both battles, but succeeded in lurking safely in various hiding places, until in 1684 he was taken in the house of a covenanter, Robert Howie. Dalyell on meeting him is said to have stated that he was both glad and sorry for him. The fact that he had fought for the king at Worcester atoned in Dalyell's eyes for much that was unjustifiable in his subsequent behaviour. He severely rebuked an insult that was offered him, and is supposed to have exerted special influence to procure his pardon. Lauder of Fountainhall mentions that Paton ‘carried himself very discreetly before ​the justices’ (Historical Notices, p. 535). He was sentenced to be hanged at the Grassmarket on 23 April, but was reprieved till 9 May. He was then willing to have taken the test, but a quorum of the privy council could not be obtained to reprieve him.
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Patrick, Simon (d.1613)

​PATRICK, SIMON (d. 1613), translator, matriculated as a pensioner at Peterhouse, Cambridge, on 21 May 1561, and was a member at Elizabeth's visitation in August 1564. His grandson, Simon Patrick (1626–1707) [q. v.], bishop of Ely, describes him in his autobiography as ‘a gentleman of good quality,’ in possession of ‘an estate of between four and five hundred pounds a year,’ who, being ‘a person of religion and learning,’ travelled ‘in his younger days,’ and ‘translated two books in the beginning of the last century out of the french tongue, of which he was a perfect master.’ His estate was at Caistor, Lincolnshire, where, in 1587, he lost his first wife, Mary, and in 1601 his second wife, Dorothea; his third survived him. He was the father of fifteen children, of whom Henry was the father of the bishop and of John Patrick [q. v.] His will, in the prerogative court of Canterbury, is dated 12 Sept. 1613. Patrick published: 1. ‘The Estate of the Church, with the discourse of times, from the Apostles untill this present: Also of the lives of all the Emperours, Popes of Rome, and Turkes: As also of the kings of France, England, Scotland, Spaine, Portugall, Denmarke, &c. With all the memorable accidents of their times. Translated out of French,’ London, 1602, 4to. The dedication to Sir William Wray of Glentworth, Lincolnshire, is dated 1564. The book is a translation of Jean Crespin's ‘État de l'Eglise dès le temps des apôtres jusqu'à 1560,’ &c. 2. ‘A discourse upon the meanes of wel governing and maintaining in good peace, a kingdome, or other principalitie. Divided into three parts, namely, The Counsell, the Religion, and the Policie, which a Prince ought to hold and follow. Against Nicholas Machiavell the Florentine. Translated into English by Simon Patericke,’ London, 1602 and 1608, fol. This is dedicated, August 1577, to ‘the most famous yong gentlemen, Francis Hastings and Edward Bacon.’ It is entered in the ‘Stationers' Register’ to Adam Islip, 9 Nov. 1602. It is a translation of Innocent Gentillet's ‘Discours sur les moyens de bien gouverner,’ &c., originally published in Latin in 1571, and translated into French in 1576.
[Cooper's Athenæ Cantabr. ii. 496; Bishop Patrick's Works, ed. Taylor, vol. i. p. cxxix, vol. ix. p. 107; Biographie Universelle, 1856 xvi. 196, 1852 ix. 478.]
R. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Patrick, Samuel

​PATRICK, SAMUEL (1684–1748), scholar, born in 1684, was for some years usher (i.e. second master) at the Charterhouse. Late in life he was granted, it is said, the degree of LL.D. from St. Andrews University and took holy orders, but received no preferment. He died at Kentish Town on 20 March 1748.
Patrick appears to have been a sort of Dominie Sampson, deeply read in the classics and ignorant and oblivious of most other matters. He established some reputation as a scholar by his ‘Terence's Comedies translated into English prose as near as the propriety of the two languages will admit,’ London, 1745, 2 vols. 8vo, and his edition of Ainsworth's ‘Latin Dictionary,’ London, 1746, 4to. He also edited ‘M. B. Hederici Lexicon Manuale Græcum,’ London, 1727, 4to; ‘C. Cellarii Geographia Antiqua,’ 6th edit. London, 1731, 8vo, and collaborated with George Thompson in the preparation of his ‘Apparatus ad Linguam Græcam ordine novo digestus,’ London, 1732. Recensions of the ‘Clavis Homerica,’ London, 1771, and the ‘Colloquia’ of Erasmus, London, 1773, also purport to be by him.
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Paton, Waller Hugh

​PATON, WALLER HUGH (1828–1895), Scottish landscape-painter, son of Joseph Neil Paton and Catherine MacDiarmid, was born in Wooers-Alley, Dunfermline, on 27 July 1828. In early years he assisted his father, who was a damask-designer in that town, but in 1848 he became interested in landscape-painting, and received lessons in water-colour from John Houston, R.S.A. In that year he exhibited his first picture, 'The Antique Room, Wooers-Alley, by Fire-light,' which was hung in the Glasgow exhibition. Three years later his 'Glen Massen' was accepted by the Royal Scottish Academy, of which corporation he was elected an associate in 1857, and a member in 1865. He contributed to the academy's exhibitions every year from 1851 till his death. In 1858 he joined his brother, now Sir Noël, in preparing illustrations for Aytoun's 'Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers,' published in 1863. From 1859 onwards he resided in Edinburgh, but in 1860 he stayed some time in London, making water-colour facsimiles of Turner's works at South Kensington, and in 1861 and 1868 he was on the continent with his brother and Mr. (now Sir) Donald Mackenzie Wallace. He first exhibited at the Royal Academy, London, in 1862, and in that year he received a commission from her majesty to make a drawing of Holyrood Palace. He was a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland (1869), an honorary member of the Liverpool Society of Water-colour Painters (1872), and a member of the Royal Scottish Society of Water-colour Painters (1878). During the last ten years of his life he was in bad health, and on 8 March 1895 he succumbed to an attack of pleurisy, at his house, 14 George Square, Edinburgh. He was buried in the Grange cemetery there.
In 1862 he married Margaret, eldest daughter of A. J. Kinloch of Park and Maryculter, Aberdeenshire, and had by her four sons and three daughters.
Paton was the first Scottish artist who painted a picture throughout in the open air. It was his custom to make water-colour sketches of his pictures; these are preserved in four albums, in which he inserted notes. He found most of his subjects in the hill scenery of Perthshire, Aberdeenshire, and, in especial, Arran. The rich purple of the northern sunset was his prevailing colour effect; and he was pre-Raphaelite in his careful reproduction of natural detail, first seen most emphatically in 'The Raven's Hollow, or Slochd-a-Chrommain.' His diploma picture, 'Lamlash Bay,' hangs in the National Gallery, Edinburgh. It has been often copied.
[Scotsman and Glasgow Herald, 9 March 1895; Catalogues and Reports of the Royal Scottish Academy and other exhibiting societies referred to above; information kindly supplied by Paton's brother, Sir Noël Paton, R.S.A.]
G. G. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Patrick, Richard

​PATRICK, RICHARD (1769–1815), classical scholar and divine, was son of Richard Patrick of Kingston-upon-Hull, Yorkshire, where he was born in 1769. He was educated in the public school there, and entered Magdalene College, Cambridge, on 26 Oct. 1786 as a sizar. He graduated B.A. in 1791, and M.A. in 1808; in 1794 he became vicar of Sculcoates, Hull. He also acted as chaplain to Anne, widow of George, first marquis Townshend. He died at his vicarage on 9 Feb. 1815, aged forty-five. Patrick published ‘The Adventures of a Hull Eighteenpenny Token,’ anon. 1811; ‘Geographical, Commercial, and Political Essays,’ anon. 1812; and at least one sermon (Hull, 1809). He also contributed to ‘The Classical Journal’ ‘Remarks on Sir George Staunton's Penal Code of China’ (1810, ii. 381); ‘The Chinese World’ (1811, iii. 16); ‘Notes on part of the poem of Festus Avienus,’ ‘an account of a voyage to Cornwall, Ireland, and Albion, performed by Himilco, the celebrated Carthagenian admiral’ (iii. 141 sqq.); ‘A Chart of Ten Numerals’ (iv. 105 sq.), followed by a descriptive essay. The latter was reprinted separately as ‘A Chart of Ten Numerals in Two Hundred Tongues, with a Descriptive Essay,’ London, 1812. It is an attempt, on a basis of comparative philology, at classifying the races of the earth. To E. H. Barker's edition of Cicero's ‘De Senectute’ and ‘De Amicitia’ of 1811 Patrick contributed ‘an appendix, in which will be found remarks on the origin of the Latin conjunctions and prepositions; also some curious matter on the affinity of different languages, oriental and northern, to the Latin, including two essays on the origin and the extinction of the Latin tongue.’
W. A. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Paton, John Stafford

​PATON, JOHN STAFFORD (1821–1889), general in the Indian army, was son of Captain John Forbes Paton, Bengal engineers (1796–1826), and was grandson of another Bengal officer, Col. John Paton (d. 1824), who saw 41 years' service in India, and whose ‘Tables of Routes and Stages in the Presidency of Fort William’ (3rd edition, Calcutta, 1821, fol.) went through several editions. John Stafford, born in 1821, was educated at the East India Company's military seminary at Addiscombe, and in 1837 obtained a Bengal infantry cadetship. On 3 Oct. 1840 he was appointed lieutenant in the 14th Bengal native infantry, with which he served at the battle of Maharajpore in 1843, and in the Sikh war of 1845–6, being present at the battles of Ferozeshah and Sobraon (medal and two clasps), and in the expedition to Kat-Kangra under Brigadier Alexander Jack [q. v.] As a deputy assistant quartermaster-general he served in the Punjab campaign of 1848–9, and was present in the affair at Ramnuggur, the passage of the Chenab, and the battles at Sadoolapore and Chillianwallah, where he was severely wounded (medal and clasps). In 1850 he served with the expedition under Sir Charles James Napier against the Afridees, and was present at the forcing of the Kohat Pass, near Peshawur (medal). He became captain in his regiment on 8 Feb. 1851, and received a brevet majority the day after for services in the Punjab in 1848–9. As brevet lieutenant-colonel and assistant quartermaster-general he served with the force sent to suppress the Gogaira insurrection in 1857, where he commanded the field detachment from Lahore, which was three times engaged with the enemy. While Paton was thus employed, his regiment—the 14th native infantry—mutinied at Jhelum. He was appointed brevet colonel and deputy quartermaster-general in the Punjab in November 1857. He joined the Bengal staff corps on its formation, and became a major-general on 29 Oct. 1866. He was quartermaster-general in Bengal in 1863–8, and was in temporary charge of a division of the Bengal army in 1870.
Paton, who during his active career had been thirty times mentioned in despatches and orders, was made a C.B. in 1873. He became a general on the retired list on 1 Oct. 1877. He married, in 1852, Wilhelmina Jane, daughter of the late Colonel Sir James Tennant, K.C.B., H.E.I.C.S. He died at his residence, 86 Oxford Terrace, London, W., on 28 Nov. 1889.
H. M. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Kennedy, James (1785?-1851)

​KENNEDY, JAMES, M.D. (1785?–1851), bibliographer, a Scotsman, was born about 1785, and graduated M.D. at Glasgow in 1813. He settled at Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire, by invitation of the agent of the Marquis of Hastings, who was anxious to promote the success of the medicinal baths at that place. Kennedy wrote an essay on the waters by way of advertisement. In 1842 he removed to Woodhouse, near Loughborough, Leicestershire, where he lived in retirement. He acted gratuitously as the visiting physician of the Loughborough Dispensary, and was always ready to give advice to his poor neighbours. He was chiefly occupied upon a bibliography of all the medical treatises published in Great Britain before 1800, accompanied by concise biographies of their authors. This work, which would have occupied four octavo volumes, was to have been printed at the expense of the Sydenham Society. Kennedy was on a visit to London in order to complete his manuscript of the first volume at the British Museum, and had just placed the first sheet in the printer's hands, when he was attacked by fatal illness. He died on 9 May 1851, in Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury, aged 66 (Gent. Mag. new ser. xxxvi. 205–6). He was twice married, but had no issue. Besides professional papers in various medical journals and articles in the ‘Gentleman's Magazine,’ Kennedy was author of: 1. ‘A Dissertation on the Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology of the Human Tongue,’ 1813. 2. ‘A Lecture on Asiatic Cholera,’ 1822. 3. ‘A Treatise on the Management of Children in Health and Disease,’ 1825. 4. ‘An Examination of Waite's Anti-Phrenology,’ 1831.
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Kennedy, James (1793?-1827)

​KENNEDY, JAMES (1793?–1827), author of ‘Conversations on Religion with Lord Byron,’ was born about 1793, graduated M.D. at Edinburgh in 1813, became hospital assistant to the forces in 1814, and assistant staff-surgeon 22 June 1815. He passed much of his life in foreign parts, chiefly in Malta and the Ionian Islands. Wherever he was stationed he was zealous in promoting the circulation of the Bible, the establishment of schools, and other benevolent objects. While stationed as physician to the garrison at Cephalonia he accidentally made the acquaintance of Lord Byron, who passed a few months there on his way to Greece in 1823. Kennedy was then delivering a series of lectures on the evidences of Christianity, to which some rather sceptical friends of his were invited. Byron was at the first meeting; and although he did not attend any of the others, he had frequent conversations with Kennedy on the subject of religion, and entertained a sincere liking and respect for him. To the care of Kennedy and his wife Byron committed shortly afterwards a little girl who had fallen into his hands, with some other Turkish prisoners, and whom he intended to adopt (cf. Byron's letter to Kennedy in Moore's Life of Byron, No. 549). In December 1826 Kennedy was ordered to the West Indies, and he died in Jamaica of yellow fever, 18 Sept. 1827. After his death appeared his work entitled ‘Conversations on Religion with Lord Byron and others,’ 8vo, London, 1830, which was soon reprinted by Galignani in Paris. It contains a simple and popular summary of the chief evidences of Christianity, and gives a somewhat different and more favourable impression of Byron than was commonly entertained [see Byron, George Gordon].
W. A. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Kennedy, John (1646?-1701)

​KENNEDY, JOHN, seventh Earl of Cassillis (1646?–1701), son of John, sixth earl [q. v.], succeeded his father in 1668, ‘being heir,’ says his brother-in-law, Burnet, ‘to his stiffness, but not to his virtues.’ He belonged to the Hamilton or ‘patriotic’ faction opposed to Lauderdale's government, and in 1670 was the single person in the Scots parliament that voted in the negative in the division on the severe act against field conventicles. In February 1678 fifteen hundred of the ‘highland host’ were sent upon free quarters into Carrick, most of them being told off to the Cassillis estates. The earl himself was outlawed for declining to give sureties against recusancy, and gained nothing by two journeys to London with the Duke of Hamilton [see Douglas, William, third Duke of Hamilton]. He joined in the revolution. Claverhouse wrote to Melfort 27 June 1689: ‘Even Cassillis is gone astray, misled by Gibby’ (Napier, Graham of Claverhouse, iii. 602). In that same year he was sworn a privy councillor to King William, and made one of the lords of the treasury. He died on 23 July 1701. John, the elder of his two children by his first wife, Susanna, daughter of the first Duke of Hamilton, predeceased him, leaving a son, John, the eighth earl. By his second wife, Elizabeth Foix, he had likewise one son and one daughter.
F. H. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Kennedy, Gilbert (d.1527)

​KENNEDY, GILBERT, second Earl of Cassilis (d. 1527), was sixth in descent from John Kennedy of Dunure, who in 1358 obtained a charter from David II confirming him in possession of many estates in Ayrshire. The family probably descended from Duncan, created Earl of Carrick (c. 1228), the grandson of Fergus, lord of Galloway (d. 1161). Among Gilbert's ancestors were Sir James Kennedy, father of James Kennedy (1406?–1465) [q. v.], and Gilbert, created first Lord Kennedy (c 1456). David, his father, was created first Earl of Cassillis before 7 Feb. 1510 (Fraser, Montgomerie Earls of Eglintoun, ii. 71), married Agnes, daughter of William, lord Borthwick, and fell at Flodden on 9 Sept. 1513. Gilbert must then have already come to man's estate, as in 1515 he was helping to besiege Queen Margaret in Stirling Castle, and in February 1516 was sent as ambassador to England. In 1519 he is found siding with Arran against Angus, and when, in May 1523, the regent Albany sailed for France, he was one of the four nobles to whom was committed the keeping of the boy-king, James V. He was sworn a privy councillor, on 4 Sept. 1524 concluded at Berwick a three months' truce with the Duke of Norfolk, and during the following winter was twice in London, endeavouring to negotiate a definite peace and a marriage between James and the Princess Mary. In January 1526 he was with Arran at Linlithgow, arrayed against Angus, and in September with Lennox, arrayed against Angus and Arran. He shared in Lennox's defeat, and Arran on his forfeiture received a grant of his lands, but on 9 Nov. he was discharged of treason. However, on 22 Dec. 1527 he was slain at Prestwick by Hugh Campbell of Loudoun, sheriff of Ayr, at the instigation, it was said, of Sir James Hamilton, Arran's bastard son. A remission was granted for this slaughter in July 1528 to the sheriff and fourteen hundred others; and a letter of the same month from Dacre to Wolsey says that ‘the King is ruled by the Queen, Henry Stewart, now her husband, Lord Maxwell, and the Laird of Buccleuch, with the sheriff of Ayr, who slew the Earl of Cassillis, and now bedfellow to the said King.’ The earl married Isabel Campbell, second daughter of Archibald, second earl of Argyll, and by her, with two daughters, had seven sons, of whom the eldest, Gilbert, third Earl of Cassillis [q. v.], and the fourth, Quintin Kennedy [q. v.], are separately noticed.
F. H. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Kennedy, John (1567?-1615)

​KENNEDY, JOHN, fifth Earl of Cassillis (1567?–1615), son of Gilbert, fourth earl [q. v.], was, by one account, eight years old at his father's death in 1576; by another, ‘a young man, not past 23 years or thereby,’ at the time of his marriage in 1597. He had for his tutor or guardian his uncle, John, eighth lord Glamis, lord chancellor of Scotland, between whom and his father's brother, Sir Thomas Kennedy of Colzean, there was much rivalry until, on Lord Glamis's death by a chance shot at Stirling (17 March 1578), Sir Thomas obtained the tutorship. Sir Thomas, according to the ‘Historie,’ was guilty of forgery and ravishment, as before he had been guilty of shooting one night at his brother the fourth earl's house, either to slay him or make the countess miscarry, or at best to feign to come to their assistance. The young earl, who was served heir to his father on 30 Aug. 1588, wooed and jilted Jean, eldest daughter of James, seventh earl of Glencairn, then visited France, and on 3 Nov. 1597 married Jean (1554–1609), the daughter of James, fourth lord Fleming, and widow of the lord chancellor, John Maitland of Thirlestane—‘a very unmeet match, for she was past bairn-bearing.’ On 22 March 1598 he was made lord high treasurer, but he quickly resigned the office on finding that the king thought him right rich, so looked to get money out of him. As it was, the purchase-money and the discharge cost him forty thousand marks, ‘the which was to the earl a great dishonour and disgrace.’
To the fifth earl's lifetime belongs the ‘Ayrshire tragedy,’ the outcome of a long-standing feud between the house of Cassillis and the cadet line of Bargany. In 1601 young Gilbert Kennedy of Bargany, riding home from Ayr, was intercepted near Maybole by the Earl of Cassillis with five times his number of followers, and was fatally wounded. In 1602 Cassillis's old tutor, Sir Thomas Kennedy of Colzean, was murdered near Ayr by agents of Mure of Auchendrain. The earl on 4 Sept. 1602 engaged upon his honour to make good and thankful payment of twelve hundred marks yearly, together with corn for six horses, to his brother, the master of Cassillis, and his accomplices, ‘how soon he take the Laird of Auchendrain's life’ (facsimile of band in Maitland Club Misc. i. 141). In 1607 on Girvan sands Auchendrain and his son strangled William Dalrymple, a poor innocent youth, who could have borne witness against them in the matter of Sir Thomas Kennedy's murder. In 1611 Auchendrain and son were detected, tried, and beheaded at Edinburgh, the former being then eighty years of age. The Earl of Cassillis died without issue, either at Greenwich or in London, in October 1615.
F. H. G.