# In the High Heavens/Index

INDEX.
page
INDEX.
A
Algol, the problem of, 179-184 dimensions and constitution of, 187-188, 190 Alpha Centauri, nearest star to the sun, 208 earth viewed from, 330 America, tropical, effects of eclipse in, 80-81 astronomy in, 105-106 Animals, extinct, eyes of, 17 duration of life on earth, 253-256, 272-275 Area of the sky in degrees, 238 Asteroids, airless, 132 waterless, 134 Astronomy in America, 105-106 now and thirty years ago, 148-150 and photography, 158 the doctrine of probability, 230, 241, 245 Aurora Borealis, conjectures as to cause, 163 Prof. Johnston and the "green line," 163
B
discovery of the fifth satellite of Jupiter, 105
C
Carboniferous epoch, aspect of the heavens in, 16 Castor, 201 Centauri Alpha, star nearest the sun, 208 earth viewed from, 330 Chandler, Mr., and the movements of the terrestrial pole, 67-68, 73 Colours and vibrations, 175 Coal, 257 Comets in the epoch of the coal measures, 19 connection with meteors, 167 their electric character, 168 and the law of gravitation, 199 and the Nebular Hypothesis, 222-224 nature of, 302-303 amount of refractive matter in, 304-305 weight of, 306 Holmes' comet, Swift's, 53 Lexell's comet in collision with Jupiter, 306 Comte's view of astronomy falsified, 149 Coon Butte "irons," proof of terrestrial origin of meteorites, 351-352 Critical velocities, 133
Critical velocities on the sun and planets, 314
Cygnus, new star in, 215-216
61 Cygni, distance of, 13
D
Dunér's measurement of the rotation of the sun, 166
E
its past history, 34, 36
its ancient heat-stages, 36
gaseous and nebular stage, 37
and man, 39
an average specimen of a world, 39
its movement on its axis, 64
is the earth rigid? 75, 76
distances from the sun, 116
""Mars, 117
absence of free hydrogen, why, 128-131
the fate of oxygen, 137
and the Nebular Hypothesis, 228
the destiny of species, 253-256
coal supply, 257
stores of energy, 258
sources of heat, 261-263
viewed from Alpha Centauri, 330
equilibrium of our atmosphere, 372
(See also Volcanoes.)
Eclipse, the, of 1893— conditions essential to observation, 77
duration of totality, 78
the journey of the moon's shadow, 79-83
speed of the journey, effect of curvature of the globe, 82, 83
the best sites for observation, 83-84
present-day problems for solution, 85-88
Eclipse, preliminary inquiries, 88-91
Epsilon Lyræ, 201
Euclid and the problem of space, 249-251
Eyes of extinct animals, 17
F
G
character of molecules, 356-360
dimensions of molecules, 361
velocity of molecular movements, 360, 361
pressure of gases, 362-364
effect of heat, 365, 369
vibration of molecules, 366, 367
experiments with hydrogen, 368
heat and light due to vibration, 369
iron-gas spectrum, 368
the molecular theory and solar physics, 369
Helmholtz's solar researches, 369-370
free hydrogen absent from our atmosphere, 128-131
hydrogen in Sinus and Vega, 131
knowledge of spectrum of hydrogen due to Sirius, 165
hydrogen in Mars, 133
Dr. Stoney's gaseous theory, 128
oxygen on Mars, 133
velocity of aqueous vapour molecules, 133
Dr. Huggins' discoveries, 157
Geology, the uniformitarian hypothesis controverted, 336
Gill, Sir David, and the photographic chart of the heavens, 167
Gravitation, the law of, 196
is it universal? 188, 197
planets and the law, 198
the law in our system, 199
Gravitation, comets and the law, 199
the law outside our system, 200-204
gravitation and the binary stars, 203
what is known about gravitation, 204-206
gravitation on the moon, 47
""Jupiter, 50
""the sun, 371
Helmholtz's solar theory, 371-372
Great Bear, the, in remote antiquity, 20
now and 36,000 years hence, 173, 175
100,000 years hence, 177
the system of Mizar, 192
detection of Mizar's spectroscopic double, 193
distance and mass of its components, 194-195
period of Xi Ursæ Majoris, 202
Groombridge No. 1830, velocity of, 12, 209
its distance and proper motion, 208
its relation to our sidereal system, 211
H
and sun-spot photographs, 292
Hall, Prof. Asaph, and the satellites of Mars, S9
Heavens, the aspect of the, a million years ago, 12, 15-18, 20
changes in the, due to the "fixed" stars, 21
Heat, the "heat-wave" of 1892, 276
complexity of the causes. 280
illustration from the tides, 281
elements of the tide problem, 282
tide prediction, 285
Lord Kelvin's predicting machine, 285, 286
Heat, illustration from star showers, 283
a temperature-predicting machine, 286-290
the true thermal measure of the "heat-wave," 291
climate and sun-spots, 292
(See also Sun)
Helmholtz and the problem of solar heat, 269-270, 369
Herschel, Sir W., and the voyage of the solar system, 24
and the Great Nebula in Andromeda, 158
and the movements of binary stars, 202
his Nebular Hypothesis examined, 212-217
Hipparchus and the movements of the pole, 57
Huggins, Sir William, and the spectroscope, 148, 151
the colour problem of double stars, 153
spectrum of a nebula, 155
movement in the line of sight, 159
the spectrum of the sun compared with that of the earth at sun-heat, 169
the elements of the universe. 206
I
more numerous than the bright, 241, 245
J
his clouds, 41
the "great red spot," 42
conditions of life on, 49-50
orbit of, 106
period of revolution, 108
rotation of, 111
physical character of, 113
collision with Loxell's comet, 306
size and weight of his satellites, 43, 115 the four satellites known to the Chinese, 95 why the satellites are not distinguishable, 96-99 their distances and periods of revolution, 110 discovery of the fifth satellite, 99, 105 lustre, size, distance, period of the fifth satellite, 107-108 orbit of the fifth satellite, 112 the problem of the satellites, 101 the work of Laplace, 102 interest of the discovery, 100, 103 value of the discovery, 104, 109 Kepler' s law, 109-110
K
Kepler's law and Jupiter's fifth satellite, 109
L
on the extinction of the sun, 274-275 Laplace and the satellite system of Jupiter, 102 the Nebular Hypothesis, 212, 217-219 Latitude, how to find, 69 value of, in observatories, 171, 73-76 Lexell's comet in collision with Jupiter, 306 Lick telescope and recent discoveries, 104, 105 its practical power, 138 Lockyer's theory as to comets and meteorites, 308 Lyræ Delta, the point to which the solar system is moving, 25 Epsilon, 201
M
the destiny of species, 253-256 heat essential to life, 259 sources of heat, 261-263 limit to the sun's duration, 272 extinction of the race, 274-275 Mars in the carboniferous era, 19 conditions of life on, 50-51 discovery of the satellites, 99 orbits of the satellites, 117 orbit of Mars, 116 its distance from the earth, 117 favourable oppositions, 117 their recurrence, 120 Mars compared with the moon, 121 compared with Venus, 121 the most world-like of the planets, 124 dimensions and weight of Mars, 124 atmosphere, 125-137 its atmosphere compared with earth's, 135-136 composition of its atmosphere, 136-137 the gases on Mars, 133 Mars the smallest planet containing air and water, 134 clouds on Mars, 135 water on Mars, 137 Mars through the telescope, 138, 140 its polar snows, 140-141 its "canals," 141-142, 144 the stage of physical evolution on Mars, 145 life and intelligence, 145-147 Schiaparelli's observations, 141 observations of Terby and Perrotin, 142 Meteors, connection with comets, 167, 297-298 difference between meteors and meteorites, 167, 296-297 the Leonids, 168, 295, 297 the "radiant," 298 Meteorites, character of, 295, 296
difference from meteors, 296-297 constituent elements of, 299 composition of meteorites, 348-352 Ovifak and Coon Butte "irons," 349-352 not cometary, 307 Tschermak's volcanic doctrine, 307, 310 Lockyer and Prof. Newton's theory, 308 origin of meteorites, 308-309 meteorites volcanic ejects, 310 whence, 311-355 objections considered, the atmosphere, 341, 345 career of a meteorite, 345, 347 recapitulation of argument, 353-355 Milky Way, the, in remote antiquity, 20 Million years ago, the star-groups of a, 12, 15-18, 20 Mizar, the system of (see Great Bear). Molecules (see Gases). Moon, the, of the coal measures, 18 conditions of life on the, 45-48 compared with Mars, 121 absence of atmosphere, 126, 131 Mott, Mr. A., his theory of lunar atmosphere, 128
N
the Crab, 38 spectrum of a nebula, 155 old theory of nebulæ, 155 the new theory, 157 the problem of the Great Nebula in Andromeda, 158-159 the Great Nebula in Orion, 162, 214 the story of the Nebula in Taurus, 214-215 process of nebular condensation, 38 Nebula, permanent appearance of nebulæ, 217 Nebular Hypothesis, Laplace, 212,217-219 Herschel, 212-217 argument from the planets, 220-222, 225 argument from the comets, 222-224 argument from the sun, 226-229 argument from the earth, 228 Neptune, conditions of life on, 48-49 discovery of, 148 Newcomb, Prof., our sidereal system, 210-212, 217, 219 on comets and meteorites, 308 Newton and the movements of the Pole, 67
O
the Great Nebula in, 162, 214, 236 Theta Orionis and its relation to the nebula, 236-239 Ovifak "meteoric iron" of terrestrial origin, 349-352
P
Photography, proof of earth's rotation, 55 application to astronomy, 168 chart of the heavens, 167 photo-measurements of annual parallax, 167 Pickering, Prof., his study of Mizar, 192-193 Planets, the, in the carboniferous era, 19 through the telescope, 40 clouds and oceans of, 41 comparative sizes of, 41 conditions of life on, 44-45 favourable times for observation, 106-107 the law of gravitation, 198
Planets, the Nebular Hypothesis, 220-222 search for an intra-Mercurial planet, 108-109 Pleiades, the theory of a central sun, 231-235 Pole Star, the, in remote antiquity, 20 of the future, 56 Pole, the celestial, photographed, 53 shifting of the, 55-56, 62 its period of rotation, 56 Pole, the terrestrial, the position of, 57-60 its position in antiquity, 59 its movements, 61-63, 65-67 how detected, 68-73 extent of its shift and period of revolution, 74 Probability, the doctrine of, in astronomy, 220, 241, 245, 328-331
R
Rowland, Prof., solar researches, 168
S
through the telescope, 124 formation of his rings, 219 Schiaparelli's work on Mars, 141, 144 Schuster, Prof., and the coronal spectrum, 94 the Aurora Borealis, 163 electric connection between the sun and planets, 164 Sirius, in remote antiquity, 20 and the spectrum of hydrogen, 165 Sidereal system, our, mass, shape and size of, 210 Prof. Newcomb's calculation, 210 critical velocity of the luminous portion, 210 Sidereal system, the dark bodies in, 211-212 the dark more numerous than the bright, 240-241, 245-246 is it isolated? 208 stars outside it, 209 Sky, area of in degrees, 238 Smith, Prof., Lawrence, on the origin of meteorites, 308 Space, is it infinite? 247-252 systems in space, 208 Spectroscopy, the reading of the spectrum, 149, 150 application of spectrum analysis to the heavenly bodies, 151-154, 157, 165-166 spectrum of a nebula, 155 movement in the line of sight, 159, 166, 172-174 explanation of the method, 175-179 Keeler's measurements, 160-162 the spectrum and terrestrial elements, 168 the spectrum of the sun compared with that of the earth at sun-heat, 169 the voyage of the solar system, 28-30 observation of the solar prominences, 86-87 observation of the solar corona, 92-94 the problem of Algol, 179-184 measurement of stars, 185-187 spectroscopic solution of double stars, 191 (See also Huggins) Stars, velocity of, 12 lustre and distance, 15 apparent contiguity, 235-236 proper motion of, 17 old method of measuring movement, 161 spectrum analysis, 151 "fixed stars" a misnomer, 171 white stars, temperature of, 165 Polaris in antiquity, 20 Arcturus, distance of, 161 Algol, problem of, 179-184 Northern Crown, new star in, 154-155 Cygnus, new star in, 215, 216 61 Cygni, distance of, 13
Alpha Centauri, 208, 330 Groombridge No. 1830, 12, 208, 209, 211 binary, 15 colour problem, 152 Huggins' explanation, 153 the spectroscope, 191 in proof of universal gravitation, 201 actual and apparent propinquity, 201 movements discovered by Herschel, 202 Xi Ursæ Majoris, 202 Star-groups of a million years ago, 12, 15-18, 20 transformation of, 172 Stumpe, Prof., and the movement of the solar system, 24-25 Sun, the, of the coal measures, 17-18 voyage through space, 21-31 the direction of voyage, 21-25 velocity, 21, 26, 28, 30, 31 new method of studying the prominences, 86-87 study of the corona, 87, 92-93 nature of the corona, 164 Schuster's researches, 94 rotation of the photosphere, 93 solar atmosphere, 126 electric connection between the sun and planets, 164 velocity of sun's rotation determined by spectroscope, 166 researches of Professor Rowland, 168 solar spectrum compared with that of earth at sun-heat, 169 the Nebular Hypothesis, 226-229 theory of a central sun, 231-235 history of the sun, 242 future extinction of the sun, 243, 275 waste of solar heat, 263 the heat problem, 266-272 Helmholtz's theory, 269, 369 terrestrial elements in the sun, 300 Sun, solar explosions, 339, 344 the molecular theory and solar physics, 369
T
Terby, Dr., observations on Mars, 142 Todd, Professor David, and the Eclipse of 1893, 89
U
V
Velocities, critical, 132 on the sun and planets, 314 Venus in remote antiquity, 19 through the telescope, 40, 122-123 compared with Mars, 121 topography of, 123 Vogel and the voyage of the solar system, 30 his spectrum researches, 160 Volcanoes and meteorites, 333 projective energy, 334 force of primeval volcanoes, 335-337, 341 the uniformitarian hypothesis denied, 336
W
the smallest world containing air and water, 134
X
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