OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Petrolea

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​PETROLEA, a town and port of entry in Lambton county, Ontario, Canada, situated 42 m. W. of London on Bear Creek, an affluent of Sydenham River, and on the Grand Trunk and Michigan Central railways. Pop. (1901), 4135. It is in the midst of the oil region of Canada, and numerous wells in the vicinity have an aggregate output of about 30,000,000 gallons of crude oil per annum, much of which is refined in the town.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Petronel

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​PETRONEL, a 16th or 17th century fire-arm, defined by R. Barret (Theorike and Practike of Modern Warres, 1598) as a “horseman's peece.” It was the fire-arm which developed on the one hand into the pistol and on the other into the carbine. The name (Fr. petrinel for poitrinal) was given to the Weapon either because it was fired with the butt resting against the chest (poitrine, Lat. pectus) or because it was carried slung from a belt across the chest.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Petre, Sir William

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​PETRE, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1505–1572), English politician, was a son of John Petre, a Devon man, and was educated at Exeter College, Oxford, afterwards becoming a fellow of All Souls' College. He entered the public service in early life, owing his introduction therein doubtless to the fact that at Oxford he had been tutor to Anne Boleyn’s brother, George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford, and began his official career by serving the English government abroad. In 1536 he was made deputy, or proctor, for the vicar-general, Thomas Cromwell, and as such he presided over the convocation which met in June of this year. In 1543 Petre was knighted and was appointed a secretary of state, in 1545 he was sent as ambassador to the emperor Charles V. A very politic man, he retained his position under Edward VI. and also under Mary, forsaking the protector Somerset at the right moment and winning Mary’s goodwill by favouring her marriage with Philip II. of Spain. He resigned his secretaryship in 1557, but took some part in public business under Elizabeth until his death at his residence, Ingatestone, Essex, on the 13th of January 1572.
His son John Petre (1549–1613) was created Baron Petre of Writtle in 1603. The 2nd baron was his son William (1575–1637), whose grandson was William, the 4th baron (c. 1626–1684). Denounced by Titus Oates as a papist, the last named was arrested with other Roman Catholic noblemen in 1678 and remained without trial in the Tower of London until his death. His brother John (1629–1684) was the 5th lord, and the latter’s nephew, Robert (1689–1713), was the 7th lord. It was Robert’s action in cutting a lock of hair from a lady’s head which led Pope to write his poem “The Rape of the Lock.” The Petres have been consistently attached to the Roman Catholic faith, William Joseph, the 13th baron (1847–1893), being a priest of the Roman church, and the barony is still (1911) in existence. One of the 1st baron’s grandsons was William Petre (1602–1677), who translated the Flos sanctorum of Pedro de Ribadeneira as Lives of the Saints (St Omer, 1699, London, 1730).
See Genealogical Collections illustrating the History of Roman Catholic Families of England, vol i, edited by J. J. Howard and H. F. Burke.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Petre, Sir Edward

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​PETRE, SIR EDWARD (1631–1699), Jesuit confessor of King James II. of England, was born in Paris. He was the son of Sir Francis Petre, Bart, of Cranham, head of a junior branch of the family of the Barons Petre, and his wife Elizabeth Gage, daughter of Sir John Gage, both strong Roman Catholics. In 1649 he was sent for his education to the Jesuit College at St Omer, and he entered the order under the name of Spencer in 1652, but did not receive the full orders till 1671. In 1679 he succeeded his elder brother in the title and family estates. On the accession of James II. in 1685 he was chosen as confessor by the king, who looked upon him as “a resolute and undertaking man.” During the whole of the king’s reign Petre was one of his advisers who did the most to encourage him in the policy which ended by producing the revolution of 1688. The king contemplated making him archbishop of York, as the see was then vacant, but the pope, Innocent XI., who was not friendly to the order, would not grant a dispensation to hold it, and even directed Petre’s superiors to rebuke him for his excessive ambition. In 1687 he was made privy councillor. When the revolution broke out Petre was compelled to flee disguised as a woman. After his flight he had no further relations with James II. After a visit to Rome, he became head of the Jesuit College at St Omer in 1693, from whence he was transferred to Walten in Flanders in 1697. He died on the 15th of May 1699. A younger brother Charles (1644–1712) was also a member of the order.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Petrie, George

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​PETRIE, GEORGE (1790–1866), Irish antiquary, was the son of James Petrie, a native of Aberdeen, who had settled in Dublin as a portrait and miniature painter. He was born in Dublin in January 1790, and was educated as an artist. Besides attaining considerable reputation as a painter of Irish landscape, he devoted much time to the illustration of the antiquities of the country. In 1828 he was appointed to conduct the antiquarian and historical section of the ordnance survey of Ireland. In 1832 he became editor of the Dublin Penny Journal, a periodical designed to disseminate information among the masses, to which he contributed numerous articles on the history of the fine arts in Ireland. Petrie may be regarded as the first scientific investigator of Irish archaeology, his contributions to which are also in themselves of much importance. His Essay on Round Towers, for which in 1830 he received the prize of the Irish Academy, still ranks as a standard work. Among his other contributions to Irish archaeology are his Essay on the Military Architecture of Ireland and his History and Antiquities of Tara Hill. He died on the 17th of January 1866.
See the Life and Labours in Art and Archaeology of George Petrie, by William Stokes (1868).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Petrie, William Matthew Flinders

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​PETRIE, WILLIAM MATTHEW FLINDERS (1853–), English egyptologist, was born at Charlton on the 3rd of June 1853, being the son of William Petrie, C.E. His mother was the daughter of Captain Matthew Flinders, the Australian explorer. He took an early interest in archaeological research, and between 1875 and 1880 was busily engaged in studying ancient British remains at Stonehenge and elsewhere; in 1880 he published his book on Stonehenge, with an account of his theories on this subject. He was also much interested in ancient weights and measures, and in 1875 published a work on Inductive Metrology. In 1881 he began a long series of important surveys and excavations in Egypt, beginning with the pyramids at Giza, and following up his work there by excavations at the great temple at Tanis (1884), and discovering and exploring the long-lost Greek city of Naucratis in the Delta (1885), and the towns of Am and Daphnae (1886), where he found important remains of the time when they were inhabited by the Pharaohs. Between 1888 and 1890 he was at work in the Fayum, opening up Hawara, Kahun and Lachish; and in 1891 he discovered the ancient temple at Medum. Much of this work was done in connexion with the Palestine Exploration Fund. By this time his reputation was established. He published in 1893 his Ten Years' Diggings in Egypt, was given the honorary degree of D.C.L. by Oxford, and was appointed Edwards Professor of Egyptology at University College, London. In 1894 he founded the Egyptian Research Account, which in 1905 was reconstituted as the British School of Archaeology in Egypt (not to be confused with the Egypt Exploration Fund, founded 1892). Perhaps the most important work which the School has accomplished has been the investigation of the site of Memphis (q.v.)
The extent as well as the chronological order of Professor Petrie's excavations may best be shown by a list of his works.
Works.—His chief general works on Egyptian subjects are, Ten Years' Diggings in Egypt (1893); History of Egypt (1894–1905): Egyptian Tales (1895); Religion and Conscience in Ancient Egypt (1898); Syria and Egypt (1898); Royal Tombs of the First Dynasty (1900); Royal Tombs of the Earliest Dynasties (1901); Hyksos and Israelite Cities (1906); Religion of Ancient Egypt (1906); Personal Religion in Egypt (1908). On particular sites, Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh (188); Tanis I. (188); Naukratis I. (1886); Hawara (1889); Kahun (1890); Illahun (1891); Medum (1892); Tell el Amarna (1895): Koptos (1896); Nogada (1896); Six Temples at Thebes (1897); Deshasheh (1897); Dendereh (1900), Diospolis (1901); Abydos I. (1902), Abydos II. (1903); Ehnasya (1904); Egyptians in Sinai and Researches in Sinai (1906); Gizeh and Rifeh (1907); Athribis (1908); Memphis and Qurneh (1909).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Trincomalee

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​TRINCOMALEE, a town and former naval station on the north-east coast of Ceylon, 100 m. N.E. by N. of Kandy. Pop. (1901), 11,295. It is built on the north side of the bay of Trincomalee, on the neck of a bold peninsula separating the inner from the outer harbour. There is a lighthouse on the extremity of Foul Point at the southern side of the bay, and another on the summit of Round Island. The inner harbour is landlocked, with a safe anchorage and deep water close to the principal wharves; the outer harbour has an area of about 4 sq. m. with a depth of about 70 fathoms. With its magnificent harbor—one of the five or six greatest natural harbours in the world—it used to be the headquarters of the admiral commanding on the East Indian station, with a garrison of infantry and British artillery. The breadth of the streets and esplanades somewhat atones for the mean appearance of the houses, but the town generally has a gloomy and impoverished aspect. Pearl oysters are found in the lagoon of Tambalagam to the west of the bay. A steamer from Colombo calls weekly with and for passengers and cargo. Average annual rainfall, 62¾ in.; average temperature, 81.2° F. Some tobacco, rice, and palm are grown in the district.
Attention was directed to the importance of Trincomalee as a naval base in 1896, when a commission of officers recommended its being turned into a modern fortress. The work was commenced in 1898 and finished in 1904. All the batteries were rebuilt and fitted with modern appliances. The whole area was connected with cable and telephone communication, and armed with the latest type of guns; and the fortress was supposed to be impregnable; but in the following year the station was abandoned, the naval yard closed, and the military garrison withdrawn. A man-of-war is still kept in Trincomalee Harbour, to work the defences.
The town was one of the first settlements of the Tamil race in Ceylon, who at a very early period erected on a height at the extremity of the peninsula, now crowned by Fort Frederick, a temple dedicated to Konatha, or Konasir, named the “temple of a thousand columns.” The building was desecrated and destroyed in 1622, when the town was taken by the Portuguese, who made use of the materials for the erection of the fort. The town was successively held by the Dutch (1639), the French (1673), the Dutch (1674), the French (1782), and the Dutch (1783). After a siege of three weeks it surrendered to the British fleet in 1795, and with other Dutch possessions in Ceylon was formally ceded to Great Britain by the Treaty of Amiens in 1802.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tring

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​TRING, a market town in the Watford parliamentary division of Hertfordshire, England, 31½ m. N.W. by W. from London by the London and North Western railway. Pop. of urban district (1901), 4349. It lies on the western slope of the Chiltern Hills, close to the entrance to a narrow valley which pierces them, and forms one of the highways through them to London, carrying the railway, the Grand junction Canal, and a main road. The church of St Peter and St Paul shows fine Perpendicular work, especially in the ornate interior of the nave. Industries include straw-plaiting and the weaving of canvas and silk. The Rothschild Museum, erected in 1889, contains an extensive natural history collection. Living wild animals are also kept in a neighbouring paddock and cages. The road which passes through Tring and along the face of the hills represents the ancient Icknield Way, and there may have been a Romano-British village on the site of Tring.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Trinidad (Colorado)

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​TRINIDAD, a city and the county-seat of Las Animas county, Colorado, U.S.A., in the south part of the state, about 100 m. S. of Pueblo. Pop. (1890) 5523; (1900) 5345 (659 foreign-born), (1910) 10,204. Trinidad is served by the Denver & Rio Grande, the Colorado & Southern, the Colorado & Wyoming, and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé railways and by electric railways to the neighbouring coal-mining towns. The city is regularly laid out on a hilly site, on both sides of the Purgatory (or Las Animas) river, near a picturesque canyon and mountain district, including the Stonewall Valley, and at the foot of the Raton Mountains, of which the highest peak, Fisher’s (or Raton) Peak (9586 ft.), is 10 m. south of Trinidad. The city has a Carnegie library, a Federal building, an opera house, an amusement park, and the San Rafael hospital, under the charge of the Sisters of Charity. A steam heating plant pipes heat to many shops, offices and residences. Trinidad is in a coal and coke and stock-raising region, and alfalfa, frijole and sugar beets are produced in large quantities in the surrounding region, much of which is irrigated. Dry farming has been successfully carried on at an experiment farm, established in 1906, 12 m. north of the city. Trinidad has railway shops, foundry and machine shops, and coking ovens, ships large quantities of coal, has a wool scouring mill, and various manufactures. The municipality owns and operates the waterworks. Trinidad was incorporated as a town in 1876, and in 1879 became a city of the second class.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Trinidad (Cuba)

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​TRINIDAD, a town near the southern coast of Cuba; in Santa Clara Province, about 45 m. south-east of Cienfuegos. and 3 m. from its seaport, Casilda, which lies due south. ​Pop. (1907), 11,197. There is a small local railway, not connected (in 1909) with the central trunk line of the island. The city lies on the slope of La Vigia hill (900 ft.) amid higher mountains, and on the banks of the Jayoba (San Juan) river. The streets are narrow, broken and tortuous, and the general aspect of the town is medieval. There are some attractive buildings and a very fine market square. The fine scenery in the neighbourhood, and the climate, which is possibly the healthiest in Cuba, make the place a favourite resort for natives and foreigners. Casilda (pop. in 1907, 1246) has a landlocked, shallow harbour; but Masio Bay, a trifle farther distant, accommodates larger craft; and there are excellent deep-water anchorages among the quays off the coast. The Manati river is navigable for about 7 m. inland, and is used as an outlet for sugar and molasses crops. These and honey are the chief exports; tobacco and various vegetables and fruits are of minor importance. Trinidad is one of the seven original cities of Cuba established by Diego Velasquez. It was founded in 1514 on the coast, but after being attacked by pirates was removed inland. It was thrice sacked by English buccaneers—in 1642, 1654 and 1702; and in the following years, up to and for a time after the peace of Utrecht (1713), it maintained ships and soldiers. Indeed, throughout the first half of the 18th century it was on a continuous war footing against English corsairs, making reprisals on British ships and thriving at the same time on a large contraband trade with Jamaica and other foreign colonies. In 1818 Casilda was opened to legal commerce under the national and foreign flags.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Trinity Sunday

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​ TRINITY SUNDAY, the Sunday next after Whitsunday. A festival in honour of the Trinity had been celebrated locally at various dates before Pope John XXII. in 1334 ordered its general observance on the octave of Whitsunday. According to Gervase of Canterbury, it had been introduced into England by Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, in 1162. It has, however, never been reckoned among the great festivals of the Church. From Trinity Sunday onwards all Sundays until the close of the ecclesiastical year are reckoned as “after Trinity.” In the Roman Church these Sundays are also reckoned as “after Pentecost.” In the latter case they are described as dominicae trinitatis, not to be confused with dominicae post trinitatis; e.g. Dominica sexta post trinitatis is the same as Dominica septima trinitatis.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Trimontium

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​TRIMONTIUM, the name of a Roman fort at Newstead, near Melrose, Scotland, close under the three Eildon Hills (whence the name trium montium). It was an advanced post of the Romans towards Scotland both about 80 A.D. and after, and again (after an interval of evacuation) from about A.D. 140–180. Excavations during the last four years have yielded finds of almost unique importance. These include the foundations of several successive forts, one above the other, which throw much light on the character of the Roman military post; an unparalleled collection of Roman armour, including ornate helmets, and a good series of coins and datable pottery. The whole illustrate the history of the Roman army and that of Roman Scotland very remarkably and to an extent equalled by no Scottish site as yet explored.
See the report published for the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland by the excavator Mr James Curle. (F. J. H.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Trinidad (Brazil)

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​TRINIDAD, an uninhabited island in the South Atlantic 680 m. E. of the coast of Espirito Santo, Brazil, in 20° 30' S. 29° 30' W., 4 m. long by 2 broad. It is of volcanic formation, and has springs of fresh water. As a possible coaling and telegraph station in mid-ocean, it formed a subject of contention between Brazil and Great Britain in 1895. The dispute was settled in favour of Brazil, which claimed on the ground of its discovery by Tristan da Cunha early in the 16th century, while Great Britain relied on its occupation by the astronomer Halley in the name of England in the year 1700. About 30 m. east are the three islets of Martin Vaz so named from the Portuguese mariner who discovered them about 1510.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Trinitarians

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​ TRINITARIANS, a religious order founded in 1198 by St John of Matha and St Felix of Valois, for the liberation of Christian prisoners and slaves from captivity under the Moors and Saracens. The two founders went to Rome and there obtained the approbation of Innocent III., 1198. The rule was the Augustinian, supplemented by regulations of an austere character. The habit was white, with a red and blue cross on the breast. The Trinitarians are canons regular, but in England they were often spoken of as friars. The first monastery and head house of the order was at Cerfroy near Soissons. Among the earliest recruits were some Englishmen, and the first to go on the special mission of the order were two Englishmen, who in 1200 went to Morocco and returned thence to France with 186 liberated Christian captives. This success excited great enthusiasm and led to the diffusion of the order all over Western Christendom. At the beginning of the 18th century there were still 250 houses, and it is stated that there had been 800; this, however, includes 43 in England, where Dugdale says he could find traces only of a dozen: so that the high figures are probably apocryphal. The first house in England was at Mottenden, in Kent, founded in 1224. The ordinary method of freeing captives was by paying their ransom and for this purpose vast sums of money were collected by the Trinitarians; but they were called upon, if other means failed, to offer themselves in exchange for Christian captives. Many thousands were liberated by their efforts. In the 17th century a reform called the Barefooted Trinitarians was initiated, which became a distinct order and is the only one that survives. There are now less than 500 members. Their headquarters are at San Crisogono in Rome. They devote themselves to the ransoming of negro slaves, especially children, and a great district in Somaliland has been since 1904 entrusted to them as a field for missionary work. There were Trinitarian nuns and a Third Order.
The chief modern book on the Trinitarians is Deslandres, L'Ordre français des Trinitaires (2 vols. 1903). Sufficient information will be found in Helyot, Histoire des ordres religieux (1714), vol. ii. chs. 45-50; and in Max Heimbucher, Orden u. Kongregationen (1907), ii. §57.
    (E. C. B.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Smack

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​SMACK, a general term for a small decked or half-decked vessel, sailing under various rigs and used principally for fishing. The word, like so many sea terms, was borrowed from the Dutch, where smak, earlier smacke, is the name of a coasting vessel; it is generally taken as a corruption of snack, cf. Swed. snäcka, Dan. snackke, a small sailing-vessel, and is to be referred to the root seen in " snake," " snail," the original meaning a gliding, creeping thing. " Smack," taste, and " smack," a smart sounding blow or slap, also used of the sound of the lips in kissing or tasting, must be distinguished. In the first case the word is in O.E. smaec and is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dan. smag, Ger. schmecken, &c; the second word is onomatopoeic, cf. " smash," and is also found in other Teutonic languages. It is not connected with the word meaning " taste," though no doubt confused owing to the sense of smacking the lips.