OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Mackenzie, Stephen

​MACKENZIE, Sir STEPHEN (1844–1909), physician, born on 14 Oct. 1844 at Leytonstone, was seventh child of four sons and five daughters of Stephen Mackenzie, who in addition to his medical practice had ​a large establishment for the treatment of hysterical patients. His mother, Margaret Frances, was the daughter of Adam Harvey, a wine merchant of Lewes and Brighton. Sir Morell Mackenzie [q. v.], the laryngologist, was the eldest child. An uncle, Charles Mackenzie, known as Henry Compton [q. v.], was a Shakespearean actor. Mackenzie's father was killed in a carriage accident in 1851, and he left his family in somewhat straitened circumstances. Stephen, after education at Christ's Hospital (1853-9), began his medical career as apprentice to Dr. Benjamin Dulley of Wellingborough, whose daughter he afterwards married. He entered the medical college of the London Hospital in 1866, and became M.R.C.S. England in 1869. After holding a number of resident appointments at the London Hospital, he lived for a year at Aberdeen, and there graduated M.B. with highest honours in 1873 and M.D. in 1875. He became M.R.C.P. of London in 1874 and F.R.C.P. in 1879. After working at the Charité Hospital, Berlin, in 1873, he returned to the London Hospital, and was appointed in succession medical registrar (9 Dec. 1873), assistant physician (17 March 1874), physician to the skin department (7 Dec. 1875 to 19 Oct. 1903), physician (14 Sept. 1886), and consulting physician (6 Dec. 1905). In 1877 he was appointed lecturer on pathology jointly with H. G. Sutton, and in 1886 lecturer on medicine in the medical college.
Mackenzie was distinguished not only as a general physician but for special knowledge of skin diseases, to which he made many original contributions, and of ophthalmology, which by his teaching he did much to introduce into general medicine. He was physician (1884-1905) and consulting physician to the London Ophthalmic (Moorfields) Hospital, and wrote on changes in the retina in diseases of the kidneys. In 1891 he delivered the Lettsomian lectures before the Medical Society of London on anaemia. He also made some original observations on the distribution of the filarial parasites in the blood of man in relation to sleep and rest. He employed glycerinated calf lymph for vaccination, thus reviving the practice instituted by Dr. Cheyne in 1853. He was knighted in 1903, and soon afterwards resigned his hospital appointments owing to increasing asthma.
Mackenzie died on 3 Sept. 1909, and was buried at Dorking. He married in 1879 Helen, daughter of Dr. Benjamin Dulley of Wellingborough, and had one daughter and three sons. Mackenzie's portrait in oils, painted by Henry Gibbs in 1882, is in the possession of his widow at The Croft, Dorking.
Mackenzie wrote numerous articles in Quain's 'Dictionary of Medicine,' Allbutt's 'System of Medicine,' and other medical publications, but published no independent treatise.
[London Hosp. Gaz. 1909-10, xvi. 6 ; Brit. Med. Journal, 1909, ii. 732 ; private information.]
H. D. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Maclear, John Fiot Lee Pearse

​MACLEAR, JOHN FIOT LEE PEARSE (1838–1907), admiral, son of Sir Thomas Maclear [q. v.], astronomer royal at the Cape of Good Hope, was born at Cape Town on 27 June 1838. He entered the navy in Sept. 1851 as a cadet on board the Castor, frigate, then bearing the broad pennant of Christopher Wyvill, commodore in command on the Cape station. In her he saw service during the Kaffir war of 1851, and afterwards, as a midshipman of the Algiers, served in the Baltic and in the Black Sea from 1854 to 1856, receiving the Baltic, Turkish, and Crimean medals, with the clasp for Sevastopol. He passed his examination in July 1867, and served on board the Cyclops in the Red Sea as mate during the outbreak at Jeddah in 1858. On 19 May 1859 he was promoted to lieutenant, and shortly afterwards appointed to the Sphinx, in which he served on the China station until 1862, being present at several engagements during the second Chinese war, and especially at Taku Forts, for which he received the clasp. In 1863 he went to the Excellent to qualify as a gunnery lieutenant, and in Feb. 1864 was appointed to the Princess Royal, flagship on the China station. He returned home in her, and in Oct. 1867 was chosen to be first lieutenant of the Octavia, frigate, flagship of Commodore Heath [see Heath, Sir Leopold George, Suppl. II] in the East Indies. In her he took part in the Abyssinian campaign of 1868, earning the medal and his promotion to commander, which was dated 14 Aug. 1868.
In 1872 the Challenger was commissioned by Sir George Nares, with Maclear as his commander, for the voyage of scientific discovery in which the ship went round the world. Returning home in her in 1876, Maclear was on 14 August promoted to captain. In 1879 he succeeded Sir George Nares in command of the Alert, sloop, and remained in her until 1882, completing the survey of the Straits of Magellan. From 1883 to 1887 he commanded the Flying Fish on surveying service, carrying out other valuable scientific work during the same time. On 20 June 1891 he reached flag rank, and two months later retired. He was promoted to vice-admiral on the retired list in 1897, and to admiral in 1903. After leaving the sea, Maclear assisted in the compilation of several volumes of the official sailing directions, especially those for the Eastern Archipelago (1890 and 1893), for the West Coasts of Central America and the United States (1896), for Bering Sea and Alaska (1898), and the 'Arctic Pilot' (vol. ii. 1901 and vol. iii. 1905). He was a fellow of the Royal Geographical and Royal Meteorological societies.
He died from heart failure in an hotel at Niagara on 17 July 1907, and his body was brought to England for burial. He married on 4 June 1878 Julia, sixth daughter of Sir John Frederick William Herschel [q. v.].
[The Times, 19 July 1907; Journal of Roy. Geogr. Soc. 1907; Proc. Meteorol. Soc. 1907; Sir Charles Wyville Thomson, The Voyage of the Challenger, 2 vols. 1877; W. J. J. Spry, Cruise of H.M.S. Challenger, 1876.]
L. G. C. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Mackintosh, John

​MACKINTOSH, JOHN (1833–1907), Scottish historian, son of William Mackintosh, a private soldier, was born at Aberdeen on 9 Nov. 1833. He was educated at Botriphinie parish school, Banffshire, and at an early period settled in Aberdeen as stationer and newsagent. An eager student of Scottish history, by strenuous application he taught himself the art of composition, and devoted every spare minute to study and research. In 1878 he brought out the first volume of a 'History of Civilisation in Scotland,' which was in 1888 completed in four volumes, a new edition appearing 1892–6. While showing indications of imperfect culture, it is characterised by independent judgment, shrewd thoughtfulness, and clear and well-balanced exposition. He also wrote 'The Story of Scotland' (1890), a 'History of the Valley of the Dee' (1895), and 'Historical Earls and Earldoms' (1898). In 1880 he received the degree of LL.D. from the University of Aberdeen, and in 1900 a civil list pension of 50l. He died at Aberdeen on 4 May 1907.
[Who's Who; Scotsman and Glasgow Herald, 6 May 1907.]
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Pulteney, James Murray

​PULTENEY, Sir JAMES MURRAY (1751?–1811), general. [See Murray.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Pulman, George Philip Rigney

​PULMAN, GEORGE PHILIP RIGNEY (1819–1880), antiquary, born at Axminster, Devonshire, on 21 Feb. 1819, was son of Philip Pulman (1791–1871), who married Anne Rigney (1818–1885), both of whom were buried in Axminster churchyard (Book of the Axe, 4th edit. p. 669). Pulman was in early life organist at Axminster parish church, and wrote for local newspapers. In 1848 he acquired a printing and bookselling business at Crewkerne, and was long settled there (cf. Collection of Correspondence relative to the Election of an Organist for Axminster Church, 1849). For some years he was editor of the ‘Yeovil Times,’ and on 10 March 1857 he set on foot a paper called ‘Pulman's Weekly News and Advertiser,’ the first paper that was established at Crewkerne. Through his energy it soon attained the leading circulation in that district of Dorset, Devon, and Somerset, and for more than twenty years it was both owned and edited by him (ib. p. 340). He disposed of his newspaper and business in June 1878, and retired to The Hermitage at Uplyme, between Axminster and Lyme Regis. He died there on 3 Feb. 1880, and was buried at Axminster cemetery on 7 Feb. (cf. Rogers, Memorials of the West, p. 32). He married at Cattistock, Dorset, on 12 Dec. 1848, Jane, third daughter of George Davy Ewens of Axminster. She survived him with one son, W. G. B. Pulman, a solicitor at Lutterworth.
Pulman was an ardent fisherman. He obtained, at the exhibition of 1851, a bronze medal for artificial flies. His chief work, 1. ‘The Book of the Axe,’ published in numbers, was published collectively in 1841 (other editions 1844, 1853, and 1875, the last being ‘rewritten and greatly enlarged’). It was a piscatorial description of the district through which the Axe, a river noted for trout, flows, and it contained histories of the towns and houses on its banks. Pulman also published 2. ‘The Vade-mecum of Fly-fishing for Trout,’ 1841; 2nd edit. 1846, 3rd edit. 1851. 3. ‘Rustic Sketches, being Poems on Angling in the Dialect of East Devon,’ Taunton, 1842; reprinted in 1853 and 1871. 4. ‘Local Nomenclature. A Lecture on the Names of Places, chiefly in the West of England,’ 1857. 5. A version of the ‘Song of Solomon in the East Devonshire Dialect,’ 1860, in collaboration with Prince L. L. Bonaparte. 6. ‘Rambles, Roamings, and Recollections, by John Trotandot,’ with portrait, Crewkerne, 1870; this chiefly described the country around Crewkerne. 7. ‘Roamings abroad by John Trotandot,’ 1878.
Pulman published about 1843 for Mr. Conybeare ‘The Western Agriculturist: a Farmer's Magazine for Somerset, Dorset, and Devon,’ and the ‘United Counties Miscellany’ from 1849 to July 1851. He supplied the music for songs entitled ‘The Battle of Alma’ (1854) and ‘I'll love my love in the winter,’ with words by W. D. Glyde, and composed a ‘Masonic Hymn’ and ‘Psalms, Hymn-tunes, and twelve Chants’ (1855).
W. P. C.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Trefoil

Edition of 1802.
​TREFOIL, or Trifolium, L. a genus of fifty-five species, 16 of ​which are indigenous: of these we shall mention the following:
1. The pratense, or Common Clover;
2. The medium, v. alpestre, or Red, Perennial Clover;
3. The procumbens, v. agrarium, Hop-clover, or Hop-trefoil; and
4. The repens, or White Clover. See vol. ii. pp. 9—12.
5. The Melilotus officinalis, or Melilot-trefoil. See Melilot the Common.
6. The arvense, or Hare's-foot Trefoil, grows in sandy pastures, corn-fields, and chalky situations; where it flowers in July and August. This species is strongly aromatic; and, when dried, retains its odour for a considerable time:—it affords a grateful food to cattle; and is, by Bechstein, recommended as a valuable substitute for oak-bark, in tanning leather.
7. The fragiferum, or Strawberry Trefoil, thrives in moist meadows, chiefly in the vicinity of London, where it flowers in August.—This perennial vegetable is industriously cultivated by the Greenlanders, who propagate it by seed, and also transplant the stalks, which thus attain the height of seven feet. Its whitish and reddish flower-heads are nearly globular, and slightly compressed on the upper surface. The whole plant affords as nutritive food to cattle as the Common or Meadow-clover.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Troy-Weight

Edition of 1802.
​TROY-WEIGHT, is that mode of weighing certain commodities, in which the pound contains twelve ounces, each of them being divided into twenty penny-weights, and the latter into twenty-four grains each: on the contrary, a pound of avoirdupois consists of sixteen ounces; so that each oz. has eight drams, or drachms; each dram, three scruples; and each scruple, twenty grains.—See also Avoirdupois and Weight.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/True-love

Edition of 1802.
​True-love. See Herb-Paris.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Treacle-Hedge-Mustard

Edition of 1802.
​Treacle-Hedge-Mustard, or Treacle Wormseed. See Mustard, the Hedge.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Tree-Mallow

Edition of 1802.
​TREE-MALLOW, the Sea, or Velvet-leaf, Lavatera arborea, L. an indigenous biennial, growing on the sea-shores, where it flowers from July to October.—This being the only native species of eleven plants, belonging to the same genus, we shall briefly remark, that all the Tree-mallows deserve to be more generally cultivated, both in gardens and fields; not only for their elegant flowers, which abound with honey, but chiefly for the valuable material obtained from their fibrous stalks:—We learn from Bechstein, that such stalks may, with equal advantage, be converted into paper, and pack-thread or bass, serving as a substitute for hemp.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Treacle, the Common

Edition of 1802.
​Treacle, the Common. See Molasses; and Beer; vol. i. p. 237.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Trout

Edition of 1802.
​TROUT, or Salmo fario, L. a fish inhabiting the British lakes and rivers: its head is short and roundish; the tail is broad, and the mouth of a large size; the whole body attaining from one to two feet in length, and weighing from 5 or 6 oz. to 4lbs.
Trouts are extremely voracious; preying on small fishes, insects and even shell-fish: they likewise, occasionally swallow gravel, or small pebbles, to assist the comminution of testaceous food.—There is a species caught in certain lakes in Ireland, called gillaroo trouts, that are remarkable for a muscular substance found in their stomachs, which occasionally forms a dish at the Irish tables, under the name of gizzard; on account of its resemblance to that organ of digestion in birds.
Trouts are taken at all seasons of the year, but are most palatable during the summer; for their flesh, in the winter, is white and insipid; in the former season, it is fat, and of a reddish hue:—to the angler, ​they afford excellent diversion, which is so eagerly pursued, that the liberty of fishing in some of the streams near the metropolis, is sometimes rented at 10l. per annum. In Cumberland, great numbers of trout are potted with the Charr, and sent to the London market.
The proper season of angling for trout, is in the months of June and July; when a stout rod and line baited with two lob-worms, is used for the larger kind of these fish, in a dark night; and is generally attended with success. As the usual method differs in no material respect from that of taking Carp, we refer the reader to vol. i. p. 437.
The flesh of trout affords food of a very fine flavour, and is easily digested. Those of a large size, procured from clear rapid streams, with a gravelly or stony bed, generally cut of a deep salmon colour, and are esteemed for their superior delicacy.—There is a species termed the White Trout, caught chifefly in the river Esk: the flesh of this fish, in dressing, acquires a reddish tint, and is much valued.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Treacle-Mustard

Edition of 1802.
​Treacle-Mustard. See Mithridate-Mustard.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Trefoil, the Common

Edition of 1802.
​TREFOIL, the Common Bird's-foot, or Lotus corniculatus, L. an indigenous perennial, growing in meadows, pastures, heaths, and road-sides, where it flowers from June to August.—This plant is eaten by cows, goats, and horses; but, according to Linnæus, is not relished by swine or sheep; though it is propagated in Hertfordshire as pasturage for the latter animals.—Dr. Anderson strongly recommends it to be cultivated for cattle; and Mr. Woodward remarks, that it may be raised to great advantage; as it attains a considerable height in moist meadows, and makes good hay.—Its flowers, when dried, acquire a greenish cast; in which respect, they resemble those of the plants producing Indigo: it is, therefore, probable, that they may be advantageously employed for obtaining a substitute for that expensive dyeing material.
According to Bradley, an infusion of the seeds, flowers, and leaves of the Common Bird's-foot, in wine, operates as a diuretic; and at the same time tends to allay the irritation of the urinary canal.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Monk-Bretton, Baron

​MONK-BRETTON, Baron. [See Dodson, John George, 1825–1897.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Momerie, Alfred Williams

​MOMERIE, ALFRED WILLIAMS (1848–1900), divine, born in London on 22 March 1848, was the only child of Isaac Vale Mummery (1812–1892), a well-known congregational minister, by his wife, a daughter of Thomas George Williams of Hackney. He was descended from a French family of Huguenot refugees, and early in life resumed the original form of its surname—Momerie. He was educated at the City of London School and at Edinburgh University, where he won the Horsliehill and Miller scholarship with the medal and Bruce prize for metaphysics, and graduated M.A. in 1875 and D.Sc. in 1876. From Edinburgh he proceeded to St. John's College, Cambridge, where he was admitted on 17 March 1875 and was senior in the moral science tripos in 1877, graduating B.A. in 1878 and M.A. in 1881. He was ordained deacon in 1878, and priest in 1879, as curate of Leigh in Lancashire. On 5 Nov. 1879 he was elected fellow of St. John's College, and in 1880 he was appointed professor of logic and mental philosophy at King's College, London. In 1883 he was chosen morning preacher at the Foundling Hospital.
Between 1881 and 1890 he published numerous books and collections of sermons on the philosophy of Christianity, which attained considerable vogue. Their style was brilliant, their views latitudinarian. Like his predecessor, Frederick Denison Maurice, Momerie found himself obliged to sever his connection with King's College in 1891, and in the same year he resigned the Foundling preachership also. With the permission of the bishop of London he subsequently preached on Sundays at the Portman rooms. He died in London on 6 Dec. 1900, at 14 Chilworth Street. In 1896 he married Ada Louisa, the widow of Charles E. Herne. In 1887 he received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Edinburgh University.
Momerie's chief works are:
* 'Personality the Beginning and End of Metaphysics,' London, 1879, 8vo; 4th edit. 1889.
* 'The Origin of Evil, and other Sermons,' London, 1881, 8vo; 6th edit. Edinburgh, 1890, 8vo.
* 'Defects of Modern Christianity, and other Sermons,' Edinburgh, 1882, 8vo; 2nd edit. 1885.
* The Basis of Religion.' Edinburgh, 1883, 8vo; 2nd edit. 1886. This work was a criticism of (Sir) John Robert Seeley's 'Natural Religion.'
* 'Agnosticism and other Sermons,' Edinburgh, 1884, 8vo; 2nd edit, 1887.
* 'Preaching and Hearing, and other Sermons,' Edinburgh, 1886, 8vo; 3rd edit. 1890.
* 'Inspiration and other Sermons,' Edinburgh, 1889, 8vo; 2nd edit. 1890.
* 'Church and Creed: Sermons preached in the Chapel of the Foundling Hospital,' London, 1890, 8vo.
* 'The Religion of the Future, and other Essays,' Edinburgh, 1893, 8vo.
* 'The English Church and the Romish Schism,' 2nd edit. Edinburgh, 1896, 8vo.
[Times, 8 Dec. 1900; Who's Who, 1901; The Eagle, xxii. 244-6; Crockford's Clerical Directory; Allibone's Dict. of English Lit.]
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/lioh
### liohlioh

* 趿lioh7221574
* Slipshod; to walk slipshod;

#### lioh ôi;

    open heeled slippers.

#### chēng ôi lioh;

    wear shoes that are down at the heel.

#### chēng sang ôi lioh-lioh-kìe;

    go about slipshod.

#### thiaⁿ tîeh sĭ ôi lioh siaⁿ;

    heard the sound of some one walking shipshod.

#### lioh cêk sang kîah cĭu lâi;

    came shuffling along on a pair of clogs.

#### màiⁿ lioh khah tōa lâk;

    do not make too much noise in walking in your open-heeled shoes.

#### lioh cang kîah;

    walk as one does when wearing clogs.

#### lioh-a-lioh;

    shuffles along.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/lieh
### liehlieh

* 耐lieh6131263
* To endure; to forbear; to suffer.

#### lún-lieh;

    to bear with.

#### i míh sṳ̄ to sĭ lún-lún lieh-lieh;

    she puts up with all sorts of discomfort.
* 畧lîeh5471026
* In general; slightly.

#### i put kùe lîeh-lîeh pat;

    he knows nothing more than the general outlines of it.

#### lîeh-lîeh hío lâng-ló̤;

    comprehend it but slightly.
* 凓lîeh5391510
* Cold, as the north wind.

#### câp-it gûeh lîeh-lîeh;

    the eleventh month is bitter cold.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/lih
### lihlih

* 蒂lih8811409
* The peduncle or footstalk of a flower or fruit; the persistent calyx; the stem of a melon; a rootlet.

#### hue lih;

    the peduncle of a flower.

#### kue sêk, lih lô̤h;

    when the melon is ripe the calyx falls off.

#### tùe ŭ lih tŏ̤-kò̤ a bô̤?

    Has it a stem?

#### săi lih;

    the persistent calyx on a persimmon.

#### kaⁿ tîeh sẃn ŭ lih kâi;

    select oranges that have stems on them.
* 裂lîh5311456
* To split, to crack open; to slit, to tear.

#### lì i lîh khṳ̀;

    tore a slit in it.

#### kûe lîh cêk pak;

    tore out a strip by catching it on a nail or other projection.

#### tâh lîh saⁿ kṳ;

    tore off the hem of her robe by stepping on it.

#### thńg lih khṳ̀;

    tore it by poking at it.

#### tìeⁿ lîh;

    split because of internal pressure.

#### lîh khui cò̤ nŏ̤ pôiⁿ;

    cracked in two.

#### peh lîh;

    tore by pulling at with the two hands.

#### ciⁿ lîh;

    split by a wedge.

#### pek lîh;

    split by heating.

#### lîh cò̤ ku-ā kò̤;

    split into several pieces.

#### lîh kàu chap-chap-chùi;

    shivered in fragments.

#### túi lîh;

    tear by pulling downward upon.

#### khṳt huang khau lîh;

    torn by the wind.

#### chîeⁿ lîh cūe phāng;

    the wall has cracked.

#### jît cē phâk têk lîh;

    if exposed to the sun it will crack.

#### têk lîh;

    tear by stretching too severely.

#### phùa lîh;

    riven, fissured, split up.

#### i chēng kàu phùa-phùa lîh-lîh;

    her clothes are in tatters.

#### bŏi phùa bŏi lîh;

    cannot be fractured.

#### pit lîh;

    cracked.

#### lîh-mâk;

    a fissured eye-lid.

#### chùi lîh-lîh;

    a very wide mouth.

#### chùi lîh kàu hĭⁿ piⁿ;

    his mouth extends to his ears.

#### sùaⁿ cūe lîh khṳ̀, tîeh cai pó;

    the seam is ripped, you must sew it up.