OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lugano

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​LUGANO (Ger. Lauis), the most populous and most thriving town in the Swiss canton of Ticino or Tessin, situated (906 ft.) on the northern shore of the lake of Lugano. Pop. (1900) 9394, almost all Italian-speaking and Romanists. To the S. it is dominated by the Monte Salvatore (3004 ft.) and on the S.E. (across the lake) by the Monte Generoso (5591 ft.)—a magnificent view point. Both mountains are accessible by railways. By rail Lugano is 124 m. from Lucerne and 511/2 m. from Milan. Situated on the main St Gotthard railway line, Lugano is now easily reached, so that it is much frequented by visitors (largely German) in spring and in autumn. Though politically Swiss since 1512, Lugano is thoroughly Italian in appearance and character. Of recent years many improvements have been made in the town, which has two important suburbs—Paradiso to the south and Cassarate to the east. The railway station (1109 ft.) is above the town, and is connected with the fine quays by a funicular railway. On the main quay is a statue of William Tell by the sculptor Vincenzo Vela (1820–1891), a native of the town, while other works by him are in the gardens of private villas in the neighbourhood. The principal church, San Lorenzo, in part dates back earlier than the 15th century, while its richly sculptured façade bears the figures 1517. This church is now the cathedral church of the bishop of Lugano, a see erected in 1888, with jurisdiction over the Italian parts of Switzerland. The church of Santa Maria degli Angioli, built about 1499, and till 1848 occupied by Franciscans, contains several very fine frescoes (particularly a Crucifixion) painted 1529–1530 by Bernardino Luini. A gallery containing modern pictures has been built on the site of the old palace of the bishops of Como. During the struggle of 1848–1866 to expel the Austrians from Lombardy, Lugano served as headquarters for Mazzini and his followers. Books and tracts intended for distribution in Italy were produced there and at Capolago (9 m. distant, at the S.E. end of the lake), and the efforts of the Austrian police to prevent their circulation were completely powerless. (W. A. B. C.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lugo (province)

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​LUGO, a maritime province of north-western Spain, formed in 1833 of districts taken from the old province of Galicia, and bounded N. by the Atlantic, E. by Oviedo and Leon, S. by Orense, and W. by Pontevedra and Corunna. Pop. (1900) 465,386; area, 3814 sq. m. The coast, which extends for about 40 m. from the estuary of Rivadéo to Cape de Vares, is extremely rugged and inaccessible, and few of the inlets, except those of Rivadéo and Vivero, admit large vessels. The province, especially in the north and east, is mountainous, being traversed by the Cantabrian chain and its offshoots; the sierra which separates it from Leon attains in places a height of 6000 ft. A large part of the area is drained by the Miño. This river, formed by the meeting of many smaller streams in the northern half of the province, follows a southerly direction until joined by the Sil, which for a considerable distance forms the southern boundary. Of the rivers flowing north into the Atlantic, the most important are the Navia, which has its lower course through Oviedo; the Eo, for some distance the boundary between the two provinces; the Masma, the Oro and the Landrove.
Some of the valleys of Lugo are fertile, and yield not only corn but fruit and wine. The principal agricultural wealth, however, is on the Miño and Sil, where rye, maize, wheat, flax, hemp and a little silk are produced. Agriculture is in a very backward condition, mainly owing to the extreme division of land that prevails throughout Galicia. The exportation of cattle to Great Britain, formerly a flourishing trade, was ruined by American and Australian competition. Iron is found at Caurel and Incio, arsenic at Castroverde and Cervantes, argentiferous lead at Riotorto; but, although small quantities of iron and arsenic are exported from Rivadéo, frequent strikes and lack of transport greatly impeded the development of mining in the earlier years of the 20th century. There are also quarries of granite, marble and various kinds of slate and building-stone. The only important manufacturing industries are those connected with leather, preserves, coarse woollen and linen stuffs, timber and osier work. About 250 coasting vessels are registered at the ports, and about as many boats constitute the fishing fleet, which brings in lampreys, soles, tunny and sardines, the last two being salted and tinned for export. The means of communication are insufficient, though there are over 100 m. of first-class roads, and the railways from Madrid and northern Portugal to Corunna run through the province.
Lugo the capital (pop. 1900, 26,959) and the important towns of Chantada (15,003), Fonsagrada (17,302), Mondoñedo (10,590), Monforte (12,912), Panton (12,988), Villalba (13,572) and Vivero (12,843) are described in separate articles. The province contained in 1900 twenty-six towns of more than 7000 inhabitants, the largest being Sarria (11,998) and Saviñao (11,182). For a general description of the people and the history of this region see Galicia.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lease

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​LEASE (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. laxare, to loosen), a certain form of tenure, or the contract embodying it, of land, houses, &c.; see Landlord and Tenant.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Leatherhead

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​LEATHERHEAD, an urban district in the Epsom parliamentary division of Surrey, England, 18 m. S.S.W. of London, on the London, Brighton & South Coast and the London & South-Western railways. Pop. (1901) 4694. It lies at the foot of the North Downs in the pleasant valley of the river Mole. The church of St Mary and St Nicholas dates from the 14th century. St John’s Foundation School, opened in London in 1852, is devoted to the education of sons of poor clergymen. Leatherhead has brick-making and brewing industries, and the district is largely residential.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Leathes, Stanley

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​LEATHES, STANLEY (1830–1900), English divine and Orientalist, was born at Ellesborough, Bucks, on the 21st of March 1830, and was educated at Jesus College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1852, M.A. 1853. In 1853 he was the first Tyrwhitt’s Hebrew scholar. He was ordained priest in 1857, and after serving several curacies was appointed professor of Hebrew at King’s College, London, in 1863. In 1868–1870 he was Boyle lecturer (The Witness of the Old Testament to Christ), in 1873 Hulsean lecturer (The Gospel its Own Witness), in 1874 Bampton Lecturer (The Religion of the Christ) and from 1876 to 1880 Warburtonian lecturer. He was a member of the Old Testament revision committee from 1870 to 1885. In 1876 he was elected prebendary of St Paul’s Cathedral, and he was rector of Cliffe-at-Hoo near Gravesend (1880–1889) and of Much Hadham, Hertfordshire (1889–1900). The university of Edinburgh gave him the honorary degree of D.D. in 1878, and his own college made him an honorary fellow in 1885. Besides the lectures noted he published Studies in Genesis (1880), The Foundations of Morality (1882) and some volumes of sermons. He died in May 1900.
His son, Stanley Mordaunt Leathes (b. 1861), became a fellow of Trinity, Cambridge, and lecturer on history, and was one of the editors of the Cambridge Modern History; he was secretary to the Civil Service Commission from 1903 to 1907, when he was appointed a Civil Service Commissioner.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lebanon (Illinois)

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​LEBANON, a city of Saint Clair county, Illinois, U.S.A., on Silver Creek, about 24 m. E. of Saint Louis, Missouri. Pop. (1910) 1907. It is served by the Baltimore & Ohio South-Western railroad and by the East Saint Louis & Suburban Electric line. It is situated on a high tableland. Lebanon is the seat of McKendree College, founded by Methodists in 1828 and one of the oldest colleges in the Mississippi valley. It was called Lebanon Seminary until 1830, when the present name was adopted in honour of William McKendree (1757–1835), known as the “Father of Western Methodism,” a great preacher, and a bishop of the Methodist Church in 1808–1835, who had endowed the college with 480 acres of land. In 1835 the college was chartered as the “McKendreean College,” but in 1839 the present name was again adopted. There are coal mines and excellent farming lands in the vicinity of Lebanon. Among the city’s manufactures are flour, planing-mill products, malt liquors, soda and farming implements. The municipality owns and operates its electric-lighting plant. Lebanon was chartered as a city in 1874.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Leather, Artificial

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​LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL. Under the name of artificial leather, or of American leather cloth, large quantities of a material having, more or less, a leather-like surface are used, principally for upholstery purposes, such as the covering of chairs, lining the tops of writing desks and tables, &c. There is considerable diversity in the preparation of such materials. A common variety consists of a web of calico coated with boiled linseed oil mixed with dryers and lampblack or other pigment. Several coats of this mixture are uniformly spread, smoothed and compressed on the cotton surface by passing it between metal rollers, and when the surface is required to possess a glossy enamel-like appearance, it receives a finishing coat of copal varnish. A grained morocco surface is given to the material by passing it between suitably embossed rollers. Preparations of this kind have a close affinity to cloth waterproofed with indiarubber, and to such manufactures as ordinary waxcloth. An artificial leather which has been patented and proposed for use as soles for boots, &c., is composed of powdered scraps and cuttings of leather mixed with solution of guttapercha dried and compressed. In place of the guttapercha solution, oxidized linseed oil or dissolved resin may be used as the binding medium for the leather powder.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Leaven

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​LEAVEN (in Mid. Eng. levain, adapted from Fr. levain, in same sense, from Lat. levamen, which is only found in the sense of alleviation, comfort, levare, to lift up), a substance which produces fermentation, particularly in the making of bread, properly a portion of already fermented dough added to other dough for this purpose (see Bread). The word is used figuratively of any element, influence or agency which effects a subtle or secret change. These figurative usages are mainly due to the comparison of the kingdom of Heaven to leaven in Matt. xiii. 33, and to the warning against the leaven of the Pharisees in Matt. xvi. 6. In the first example the word is used of a good influence, but the more usual significance is that of an evil agency. There was among the Hebrews an association of the idea of fermentation and corruption, which may have been one source of the prohibition of the use of leavened bread in sacrificial offerings. For the usage of unleavened bread at the feasts of the Passover and of Massôth, and the connexion of the two, see Passover.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lebanon (Pennsylvania)

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See also Lebanon, Pennsylvania on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​LEBANON, a city and the county-seat of Lebanon county, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., in the fertile Lebanon Valley, about 25 m. E. by N. of Harrisburg. Pop. (1900) 17,628, of whom 618 were foreign-born, (1910 census) 19,240. It is served by the Philadelphia & Reading, the Cornwall and the Cornwall & Lebanon railways. About 5 m. S. of the city are the Cornwall (magnetite) iron mines, from which about 18,000,000 tons of iron ore were taken between 1740 and 1902, and 804,848 tons in 1906. The ore yields about 46% of iron, and contains about 2.5% of sulphur, the roasting of the ores being necessary—ore-roasting kilns are more extensively used here than in any other place in the country. The area of ore exposed is about 4000 ft. long and 400 to 800 ft. wide, and includes three hills; it has been one of the most productive magnetite deposits in the world. Limestone, brownstone and brick-clay also abound in the vicinity; and besides mines and quarries, the city has extensive manufactories of iron, steel, chains, and nuts and bolts. In 1905 its factory products were valued at $6,978,458. The municipality owns and operates its water-works.
The first settlement in the locality was made about 1730, and twenty years later a town was laid out by one of the landowners, George Steitz, and named Steitztown in his honour. About 1760 the town became known as Lebanon, and under this name it was incorporated as a borough in 1821 and chartered as a city in 1885.
# Littell's Living Age/Volume 126/Issue 1624/Prisoned Thoughts

* III. — PRISONED THOUGHTS.
* O soul of song, hast thou forsaken me?
* Thoughts journey through my spirit night and day.
* And throng the gateways of my soul, and pray
* That thou who boldest in thine hand the key,
* Would'st let them forth, that they might wander free.
* Listen, O distant soul, to what they say:
* We wander up and down, yet find no way,
* To lead us forth from our captivity.
* Lo, we have messages for those outside,
* And all day long we beat against the gate:
* Come then, O song, my thoughts to liberate;
* Make thou in turn each one thy fruitful bride,
* Or must through life they daily watch and wait.
* And in dark places of my soul abide?
# Littell's Living Age/Volume 126/Issue 1624/Early Violets

* IV. — EARLY VIOLETS.
* Soft, subtle scent, which is to me more sweet
* Than perfumes that come after, when the rose
* In all the passion of her beauty blows;
* Here, even in this busy London street,
* Thou openest to my soul such sights as meet
* The eye, when quite forgetful of past snows,
* The earth beneath the sun's kiss throbs and glows.
* And each thing feels the luxury of heat.
* Thou art his lady's voice to one who waits
* In summer twilights at her garden gates:
* Her face not seen as yet; thou art the rare
* First note of Nature's prelude, that brings soon
* The spring, like a divine and varying tune,
* Till summer music vibrates in the air.
* Philip Bourke Marston
* Good Words.
# Littell's Living Age/Volume 126/Issue 1624/A Word for the Wind

* I. — A WORD FOR THE WIND.
* O gentle murmuring wind of this June night,
* I would, O wind! that thou shouldst bear from me
* Some message to my lady o'er the sea.
* Take all sweet perfumes with thee for thy flight;
* Sigh gently through the failing summer light;
* Nor, happy wind, would I begrudge to thee
* The right to kiss her face most tenderly;
* The face so loved, so distant from my sight.
* If from the tides of memory, that roll
* In long sad waves, to-night, upon my soul,
* Thou wilt bear up some echo of their speech
* Unto her ear, then shall she turn, and feel
* A tender sorrow through her spirit steal,
* For one who toils, yet hath no goal to reach.
# Littell's Living Age/Volume 126/Issue 1624/Clouds on Whiteface

* I.
* CLOUDS ON WHITEFACE.
* So lovingly the clouds caress his head, —
* The mountain monarch he, severe and hard.
* With white face set as flint horizon-ward;
* They weaving softest fleece of gold and red,
* And gossamer of airiest silver-thread.
* To wrap this form, wind-beaten, thunder-scarred.
* They linger tenderly, and fain would stay.
* Since he, earth-rooted, may not float away.
* He upward looks, but moves not; wears their hues;
* Draws them unto himself; their beauty shares;
* And sometimes his own semblance seems to lose.
* His grandeur and their grace so interfuse;
* And when his angels leave him unawares,
* A sullen rock, his brow to heaven he bares.
# Littell's Living Age/Volume 126/Issue 1625

LITTELL'S LIVING AGE.
| Fifth Series, Volume XI. | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | No. 1625. — July 31, 1875. | $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | From Beginning Vol. CXXVI. |
CONTENTS. :
| I. | Catherine de Medicis and her Times. By the author of "Mirabeau," etc., | Temple Bar, | 259 |
| II. | Fated to be Free. By Jean Ingelow, Part X., | Good Words, | 269 |
| III. | The Abode of Snow. Conclusion, | Blackwood's Magazine, | 283 |
| IV. | The Dilemma. Part IV., | Blackwood's Magazine, | 299 |
| V. | In a Studio. By W. W. Story. Part II., | Blackwood's Magazine, | 306 |
| VI. | Flower-Traps, | Spectator, | 316 |
| VII. | Selections from the Hatton Papers, | Academy, | 318 |
POETRY. :
| A Little While, | 258 | After Many Days, | 258 |
| For a Token, | 258 | |
| Miscellany, | Miscellany, | Miscellany, | 320 |
# Littell's Living Age/Volume 126/Issue 1624/Chocorua

* II.
* CHOCORUA.
* The pioneer of a great company
* That wait behind him gazing toward the east, —
* Mighty ones all, down to the nameless least.
* Though after him none dares to press, where he
* With bent head listens to the minstrelsy
* Of far waves chanting to the moon, their priest.
* What phantom rises up from winds deceased?
* What whiteness of the unapproachable sea?
* Hoary Chocorua guards his mystery well:
* He pushes back his fellows lest they hear
* The haunting secret he apart must tell
* To his lone self, in the sky-silence clear.
* A shadowy, cloud-cloaked wraith, with shoulders bowed,
* He steals, conspicuous, from the mountain crowd.
* From "An Idyl of Work," by Lucy Larcom
# Littell's Living Age/Volume 169/Issue 2191/The Sentis

Originally published in Macmillan's Magazine.
Left were the busy quays, the street, The alleys where the lindens meet, The lilies on the convent pond, The convent vanes that soared beyond.
High up the towering hill we stand, Round us the hush of fairy land; Sheer down beneath our feet outlay The town, the cape, the crescent bay;
The sombre haze of Baden’s wood, The brimming lake’s broad gleaming flood, Bavaria’s long low purple line, The gentle inflow of the Rhine;
And bosky Austrian headlands steep That pushed into the rippling deep; While southward far swelled high over all The Vorarlberg’s grey battered wall.
Then on we panted, keen to gain The goal that crowns the climber's pain; An opening in the pines, and lo! The Sentis, with its cone of snow!
Across deep leagues of limpid air, How close it looked! how ghostly fair! A silent vision to bring tears Of rapture through the ebbing years.
The pink flush fades as back we go, And cold winds from the glaciers blow. We parted: I passed on in haste, ‘Neath roaring fall and frozen waste,
Through valleys bleached with apple bloom, By Thusis, and the gorge of gloom, Swept sledge-borne o’er the Splugen wild To lake-sides where the myrtle smiled;
And breathed at last in gales of balm Where by the blue wave dreams the palm, And sighted, sixty miles away, Peter’s white peak in Corsica.
Yet ever with me, snow-besprent, The phantom of the mountain went, Lofty and sad, a giant lone, Spellbound upon his stony throne.
I see it (as I saw it then), Here by the burn in Sannox glen Scarce sharper showed it that clear morn, ‘Mid the weird realm of alp and horn.
# Littell's Living Age/Volume 169/Issue 2192/Bird Notes

Originally published in Chambers' Journal.
Six poplar-trees, in golden green, Stand up the sweet May snow between — The snow of plum and pear tree bloom — And I, looking down from my little room, Call to the bird on the bough: "What cheer?" And he pipes for answer: "The spring is here."
A month goes by with its sun and rain, And a rosebud taps at my window-pane; I see in the garden down below The tall white lilies a stately row; The birds are pecking the cherries red: "Summer is sweet," the starlings said.
Again I look from my casement down; The leaves are changing to red and brown; And overhead, through a sky of gray, The swallows are flying far away. "Whither away, sweet birds?" I cry. "Autumn is come," they make reply.
Keenly, coldly, the north winds blow; Silently falls the pure white snow; Of birds and blossoms am I bereft, Brave bright robin alone is left, And he taps and chirps at my window-pane: "Take heart; the spring will return again."
# Littell's Living Age/Volume 169/Issue 2192/The Poplars

Originally published in Macmillan's Magazine.
Shivering and wretchedly three poplars tall  Sway in the twilight of a city high,  Mire at their feet, above them cloudy sky, Girt by the limits of a meagre wall O'er which the thin gloom of their shadows fall.  And yet beyond them, hid from mortal eye,  The East's mysterious magic gardens lie, Where the rapt nightingales forever call From bowering rose and myrtle. At a gate,  Unseen by men, an Ethiop doth stand,  Finger on lip, to lead me through the land To the dim vastness of cool courts, where late  Watches unearthly Beauty. Ah! there be  Spells subtle woven by these wizards three!
# Littell's Living Age/Volume 169/Issue 2192/To a Doleful Poet

Originally published in Longman's Magazine.
Why are you sad when the sky is blue? Why, when the sun shines bright for you?  And the birds are singing, and all the air  Is sweet with the flowers everywhere? If life have thorns, it has roses too.
Be wise and be merry. 'Tis half untrue Your doleful song. You have work to do.  If the work be good, and the world so fair,  Why are you sad?
Life's sorrows are many, its joys so few! Ah! sing of the joys! Let the dismal crew  Of black thoughts bide in their doleful lair.  Give us glad songs; sing us free from care. Gladness maketh the world anew.  Why are you sad?
 An Answer.
Why am I sad when the sky is blue? You ask, O friend, and I answer you —  I love the sun and the balmy air,  The flowers and glad things everywhere. But if life be merry, 'tis earnest too.
And the earnest hour, if hope be true, Must be solemn or sad; for the work we do  Is little and weak. Ask the world so fair  Why I am sad.
For me glad hours are no wise few. But life is so serious — ship and crew  Bound such a voyage to death's dark lair.  My work is my happy song: but care Still steals on the quiet hour anew,  And makes it sad!
# Littell's Living Age/Volume 170/Issue 2200/Eternity

Originally published in Athæneum.
Up through the ruins of my earthly dreams  I catch the stars of immortality;  What store of joy can lurk in heaven for me? What other hope feed those celestial gleams? Can there be other grapes whose nectar streams  For me, whom earth's vine fails? Oh! can it be  That this most hopeless heart again may see A forehead garlanded, an eye that beams? Alas! 'tis childhood's dream that vanisheth!  The heaven-born soul that feigns it can return  And end in peace this hopeless strife with fate! There is no backward step; 'tis only death  Can still these cores of wasting fire that burn,  Can break the chain, the captive liberate.
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