# In the Forbidden Land/Appendix

Letter from SIR WILLIAM LEE WARNER, C.S.I., Political and Secret Department, India Office, London.
INDIA OFFICE, WHITEHALL, S.W.  August 4, 1898. DEAR SIR,
 With reference to the request contained in your letter of the  27th, and to your interview with me of the same day I forward  herewith for your use a copy of Mr. Larkin's "Inquiry and report"  into your treatment by the Tibetans.
 Yours faithfully,  (Signed) W. LEE WARNER.  A. HENRY SAVAGE LANDOR, Esq.
GOVERNMENT REPORT BY J. LARKIN, ESQ., MAGISTRATE OF THE FIRST CLASS.
 Mr. Arnold Henry Savage Landor having been reported to have been  captured and tortured by the Tibetans, I was sent up to Garbyang  in Byans to ascertain the facts.
 Mr. Landor arrived in India on the 10th of April last. He  proceeded to Almora, where he arrived on the 27th idem. He stayed  there until the 10th of May, to make arrangements for his travels  in Tibet. At first he was advised to take some Gurkha soldiers  with him, but this fell through, as the military did not accede  to his request. He then, on the 27th May, arrived in Garbyang in  Byans patti. It appears to have been his intention to have  entered Tibet by the Lippu Lek Pass. This is the easiest, being  about 16,780 feet above sea level. It is the most frequented  route taken by the traders of Byans and Chaudans, and is adjacent  to Taklakot, a mart for wool, salt, borax, grain, &c. He was,  however, frustrated in this, inasmuch as the Jong Pen of Taklakot  came to know of Mr. Landor's intention and took steps to prevent  it. He caused bridges to be destroyed and stationed guards along  the route.
 Moreover, he appears to have been kept fully cognisant of Mr.  Landor's moves through the agency of his spies in Garbyang.
 Under these circumstances Mr. Landor was compelled to resort to  some other route, and selected the Lumpia Pass, which stands at  an altitude of 18,150 feet.
 On the 13th July last, Mr. Landor, with a following of thirty  men, entered Tibet. He reached Gyanima, where he was stopped by  the Barkha Tarjum. This personage, however, after some  persuasion, consented to permit Mr. Landor and seven followers to  go forward to the Mansarowar Lake.
 Next day the accorded permission was withdrawn, and Mr. Landor  and his party were turned back. The party returned three marches,  when Mr. Savage Landor determined to go to Mansarowar by the  unfrequented wilds.
 On the 21st July, Mr. Landor, with nine followers, at midnight in  a terrific snowstorm, climbed up the mountain and went off, the  bulk of his party continuing their retreat to the Lumpia Lek. By  this strategic move Mr. Landor baffled the Tibetan guards  (Chaukidárs). He carefully avoided coming into contact with any  of the inhabitants, and in order to do so was obliged to keep to  the high mountains and unfrequented wilds.
 Travelling thus, with the aid of his compass, sextant and sketch  maps, he reached Mansarowar.
 Here five of his followers declined to accompany him any farther,  so he paid and dismissed them. This was at Tucker. Thus Mr.  Landor was reduced to a following of four men. He went on,  however, and had accomplished but three marches more when two  more of his followers deserted him at night. These went off with  some of his supplies, all his servants' food, and ropes.
 Mr. Landor was now reduced to the following of a bearer (Chanden  Sing) and a coolie (Mansing). Despite his misfortunes he  determined to push on: his intention appears to have been to  reach Lhassa.
 He went over the Mariam La Pass. This attains an altitude of  over 16,000 feet.
 Meanwhile the deserters had bruited about the information of Mr.  Landor's intention of getting to Lhassa.
 While crossing the Nio Tsambo River one of Mr. Landor's yaks went  under. The yak was saved, but its valuable load, consisting of  all the tinned provisions, Rs. 800 in cash, three pairs of shoes,  one slaughtered sheep, wearing apparel, razors, skinning  instruments, and some three hundred rifle cartridges, was lost.
 This accident was directly the cause of Mr. Landor's capture, as  he and his two followers, who were footsore, starving, and  disheartened, were driven to seek food and horses from the  inhabitants of the country. On the 19th of August 1897 they went  to a place called Toxem. The villagers received them well and  promised to supply them with food and horses. Next morning, the  20th idem, a number of Tibetans came to Mr. Landor's tent  bringing food and ponies.
 While Mr. Landor and his servants were engaged trying and  selecting ponies, the crowd increased and came up behind its  three victims.
 Suddenly, without any warning, the Tibetans rushed on Mr. Landor  and his two servants, and overwhelming them by numbers, made  prisoners of them. They cruelly bound their surprised victims.  Then a number of soldiers (who had lain in ambush) arrived and  took over the prisoners. The first person to be dealt with was  the bearer Chanden Sing. He was accused of having taken his  master into Tibet. He was questioned as to this, and also as to  the maps and sketches found with Mr. Landor's things. I may  mention that when the arrests were made the Tibetans took all of  Mr. Landor's property, which they handled very roughly, damaging  most of the things. Hearing the Tibetans accuse the bearer, Mr.  Landor called out that his servant was in no way responsible for  his having entered Tibet. Thereupon a Lama struck him (Mr.  Landor) a blow on the head with the butt-end of his riding-whip.  Chanden Sing was then tied down and flogged. He received two  hundred lashes with whips, wielded by two Lamas. Then the  prisoners were kept apart for the night, bound with cords. Next  day Mr. Landor was placed on a horse, seated on a spiked  pack-saddle. Mansing was put on a bare-backed horse. They still  were bound. Mr. Landor's arms were secured behind his back. Thus  they were taken off at a gallop towards Galshio. When the party  were nearing that place they came up with a party of Lamas,  awaiting them by the roadside. Here Mr. Landor's horse was  whipped and urged to the front. A kneeling soldier, his musket  resting on a prop, fired at Mr. Landor as he went past. The shot  failed to take effect. Then they stopped the pony and fastened a  long cord to Mr. Landor's handcuffs. The other end was held by a  soldier on horseback. The party then continued their career, the  Lamas having fallen in. While proceeding at full gallop, the  horseman who held the cord attached to Mr. Landor's handcuffs,  pulled hard at it to try and unhorse the latter. Had this  occurred Mr. Landor must have been trampled to death under the  troop of horsemen behind him. Thus they hurried onward till they  neared Galshio, when at a turn in the road a soldier was seen  kneeling at the "ready," who fired a shot at Mr. Landor as he  came abreast of him. This, like the previous shot, missed its  object.
 Arriving at Galshio, Mr. Landor was torn off his pony. He was in  a bleeding state, the spikes in the pack-saddle having severely  wounded his back. He asked for a few minutes' respite, but was  jeeringly told by his guards that it was superfluous, as he was  to be beheaded in a few minutes. He was then taken, his legs  stretched as far as they could be forced apart, and then tied to  the sharp edge of a log shaped like a prism. The cords were bound  so tightly that they cut into the flesh.
 Then a person named Nerba, the secretary of the Tokchim Tarjum,  seized Mr. Landor by the hair of his head, and the chief  official, termed the Pombo, came up with a red-hot iron, which  he placed in very close proximity to Mr. Landor's eyes. The heat  was so intense that for some moments Mr. Landor felt as if his  eyes had been scorched out. It had been placed so close that it  burned his nose. The Pombo next took a matchlock, which he  rested on his victim's forehead and then discharged upwards.
 The shock was consequently very much felt. Handing the empty gun  to an attendant soldier, the Pombo took a two-handed sword. He  laid the sharp edge on the side of his victim's neck as if to  measure the distance to make a true blow. Then wielding the sword  aloft, he made it whiz past Mr. Landor's neck. This he repeated  on the other side of the neck.
 After this tragic performance Mr. Landor was thrown to the ground  and a cloth put over his head and face to prevent his seeing what  was being done to his servant Mansing. This must have been done  to make Mr. Landor believe that Mansing was being executed. After  a short time the cloth was removed and Mr. Landor beheld his  servant, with his legs stretched, tied to the same log. Mr.  Landor was kept for twenty-four hours in this trying position,  legs stretched as far as possible and arms bound to a pole, and  Mansing for twelve hours. To add to their misery they were kept  in the rain and were afterwards seated in a pool of water. The  effect of this torture was to strain the muscles of the legs and  arms and injure the spine.
 When Mr. Landor's legs were unloosed from their cords, they were  so numbed and swollen that for sixteen hours he did not recover  the use of them and feared they were mortifying. Mr. Landor's  property was overhauled by the officials of Galshio and sealed  up. On the afternoon of the third day at Galshio, the two  prisoners were taken on foot to Toxem. It was a very trying  march, inasmuch as several rivers had to be crossed.
 On his arrival at Toxem, Mr. Landor saw his bearer Chanden Sing  in a very precarious condition, as the latter had had no food for  four days. During all this time the prisoners were firmly bound  and carefully guarded. Next day, Mr. Landor and Chanden Sing were  placed on yaks. Mansing had to walk. Thus they were taken in the  direction of Mansarowar Lake. It was only on arrival at  Mansarowar that his guards unbound Mr. Landor.
 Arriving at Dogmar the party was stopped by the Jong Pen of  Taklakot, who refused to give them passage through his district.  This was a very serious affair, as it meant that the worn-out  prisoners would have to be taken by a long circuitous route  viâ Gyanima and into India by the Lumpia Pass. This would  probably have done for them. Owing to the intervention of the  Rev. Harkua Wilson, of the Methodist Episcopal Mission, Peshkár  Kharak Sing Pal and Pundit Gobaria, the most influential person  among the Bhutias of Byans, the Jong Pen was compelled to  withdraw his prohibition and give his sanction to the prisoners  being conveyed to Taklakot.
 Arriving at this place the prisoners were hospitably received by  the Rev. Harkua Wilson, who is also a medical man. He examined  their injuries and attended to them. His statement discloses the  dreadful condition he found them in. The Tibetan guards made over  some of Mr. Landor's property to him at Taklakot. It was then  found that much property had not been restored. Mr. Landor had a  list drawn up from memory of his unrestored property. This list  (a copy) was handed to the Jong Pen of Taklakot.
 I append the list. The Jong Pen has been called upon to restore  the missing articles. He urges that the affair did not occur in  his district, and that he is in no way responsible for the loss  of the property.
 He has, however, promised to try to recover them, alleging that  the affair has been reported to a superior authority at Gartok.  From what I could gather here, it seems probable that all the  missing property, save the money, will be restored. I tried to  see the Jong Pen, but he pleaded illness, and the inutility of a  meeting in which he had nothing new to disclose. This personage  is notorious in these parts for his implacable hatred to English  subjects.
 The account of the affair as given by Mr. Savage Landor is fully  borne out by his two servants, and, moreover, the Tibetans who  took part in it did not try to hide it.
 In the Rev. Harkua Wilson's tent at Taklakot, before Peshkár  Kharak Sing, Gobaria and a large number of Bhutias, several  Tibetan officials corroborated the whole account as related by  Mr. Landor. The man Nerba, who had held Mr. Landor's hair when  about to be beheaded and have his eyes burnt out, admitted he had  taken such part in the affair. There can be no doubt that the  above account is true and unexaggerated, for the whole of Byans  and Chaudans are ringing with it. The Jong Pen of Taklakot was  given ample opportunity to explain the affair, but he declined to  do so.
 Mr. Savage Landor held Chinese passports, and his conduct during  his stay in that country did not warrant the officials to have  treated him in the barbarous, cruel way they did. I satisfied  myself, by careful inquiry from the people here, as to how Mr.  Landor behaved.
 He is said to have been most munificent in his dealings with all,  and invariably affable and courteous. I had seen Mr. Landor just  before his entry into Tibet, and when I met him I could scarcely  recognise him, though he had then fairly recovered from the  terrible treatment he had received. I saw the marks of the cords  on his hands and feet, and they are still visible after this  lapse of time. He complains that he is still suffering from the  injury done his spine, and fears that it may be of a permanent  nature.
 J. LARKIN.  October 15, 1897.
All communications to Government should give the No., date and subject of any previous correspondence, and should note the Department quoted.
645  ———  No. N. 277 A. of 189 . From  THE UNDER-SECRETARY TO GOVERNMENT, N.-W. PROVINCE AND OUDH. To  A. H. SAVAGE LANDOR, Esq.,  c/o Messrs. GRINDLAY, GROOM & CO.,  Bankers, Bombay.
Dated ALLAHABAD, November 13, 1897.
Political Department.
SIR,
 In reply to your letter of November 5, I am desired to send you a  printed copy of depositions recorded by Mr. Larkin as noted  below:
 1. Of yourself; 2. Of Chanden Sing;  3. Of Man Sing; 4. Of Rev. Harkua Wilson;  5. Of Pundit Gobaria; 6. Of Kharak Sing;  7. Of Suna
 I have the honour to be, Sir,  Your most obedient Servant,  H. N. WRIGHT,  Under-Secretary to Government, North-Western  Provinces and Oudh. N.M.
ALMORA DISTRICT.
IN THE COURT OF J. LARKIN, Esq., Magistrate of the 1st class.
In re The Matter of the Tortures, Robbery, &c., of A. HENRY  SAVAGE LANDOR, Esq., and his servants, by the Thibetan  Authorities.
DEPOSITION OF MR. A. HENRY SAVAGE LANDOR; taken on the 4th day of October 1897. Oath administered by me.
My name is Arnold Henry Savage Landor; my father's name is  Charles Savage Landor; I am by caste European. British subject;  by occupation artist and traveller; my home is at Empoli  (Calappiano), police station Empoli, district Florence, Tuscany,  Italy; I reside at London.
 Having made up my mind to travel in Turkistan and Tibet, for  geographical and scientific purposes as well as to study the  manners and customs of those people, I obtained a British  passport from the Foreign Office and one from the Chinese  Legation in London. I had already a passport granted me by the  Chinese Government through the British Consul at Tientsin, China.  I also possess letters from Lord Salisbury and the officials of  the British Museum. I am prepared to submit all these for  scrutiny. I arrived in India by the P. and O. ss. Peninsular  about the beginning of April. I travelled rapidly up to Almora. I  stayed there a short time to make arrangements for my travels in  Tibet. I entered that country through the Lumpia Lek. I kept away  from the road and paths, passing over several ranges of high  mountains, camping at very high altitudes, for nearly three  weeks. When I started I had thirty men with me. Twenty-one of  them left me when I was only five days in. At Mansarowar Lake  five Shokas declined to go any farther. I paid them up and they  left. It was they who gave the Lamas of Tucker information of my  intention to go to Lhassa. I had proceeded but three marches  towards the Maium La Pass when my only two remaining Shokas  deserted during the night. They carried off all my stock of  provisions for my Hindu servants, ropes, straps, &c. My party had  now dwindled down to Chanden Sing (bearer) and Man Sing (coolie).  The latter was ill; I fear he is developing leprosy. His feet  were in a very sore and cut condition, hence he could scarcely  get along. I went over the Maium Pass and followed the course of  the Brahmaputra River for many troublesome marches, until we  reached the Neo Tsambo (river), in crossing which one of my yaks  sank and its load went down and was lost. I tried hard, by  diving and swimming in this very cold and rapid river, to recover  my goods, but failed to do so, owing to the depth and muddiness  of the water. The load contained all my provisions, some clothes,  and all my shoes, cash rupees eight hundred, my lantern, some  ammunition, and sundry knives and razors. This misfortune drove  me to Toxem, which place we reached in a state of starvation. It  had taken us several days to get there. Owing to the weak,  fatigued, and starved condition of my two followers, I had to  seek to get them food and horses, as it was impossible for them  to get on without horses. I would not desert them, as I might  have, as I was still prepared to push on despite the many  difficulties I had to encounter hourly. Toxem consisted of one  mud house and an encampment of about eighty tents. The shepherds  received us kindly and consented to sell me horses and  provisions. I encamped for the night about two miles beyond the  settlement. During the evening several persons visited my  encampment, bringing me gifts of provisions. I invariably gave  them money in return, certainly three or four times more than the  value of the articles presented. During the night I was disturbed  several times, and went out into the darkness, but failed to  discover any one. This, however, was my nightly experience; hence  I grew to attach little moment to these noises. In the morning  (August 20), two or three Thibetans came offering to sell me  provisions and ponies. While I and my two servants were engaged  examining and selecting ponies, I noticed that numbers of  villagers came up one by one, spinning their wool or carrying  bags of tsamba (meal), while others arrived with more ponies.  My servants, overjoyed at the hope of getting mounts, rode first  one pony and then another to suit themselves, Chanden Sing,  having selected one, called me to see it and try it. I walked to  the spot, which was about a hundred yards from my tent. Naturally  I was unarmed. The demeanour of these people had been so friendly  that it gave me no cause to suspect that any treachery was  anticipated. While I stood with my hands behind my back, enjoying  the delight of my long-suffering servants, I was suddenly seized  from the back by several persons. I was seized simultaneously by  the neck, arms, wrists, and legs, and was thrown down in a prone  position. I fought and struggled and managed to shake off some of  my captors, so that I was able to regain my feet; but others  rushed up and I was quickly surrounded and overpowered by  twenty-five or thirty persons. Ropes were thrown round my neck,  legs and body, and thus entangled, I was thrown three several  times more to the ground. I fought with my head, teeth, legs,  arms, and succeeded in regaining my legs four times. They  overcame me at last by strangling me with the rope which they had  thrown round my neck. Then they bound me hand, foot, and neck.  When I had an opportunity to look round, I saw Chanden Sing  struggling against some fifteen or twenty foes. He was quickly  entangled, thrown, and secured by ropes. Even Man Sing, the weak  and jaded coolie, was overcome by four stout powerful men, though  he was not able to offer any resistance. He, too, was bound.  While we were struggling against our treacherous foes, some  person gave a signal—a shrill whistle—which brought up an  ambush of four hundred armed soldiers. These soldiers took up a  position round us and covered us with their muskets. Then they  searched us and rifled us of any things we had in our pockets.  They next proceeded to my tent and took possession of everything  I possessed. They sealed up my things in bags subsequent to  having overhauled and examined them. Then with shouts and hisses  they led us prisoners to Toxem. There we were separated, being  placed in separate tents. Guards of many armed soldiers were  placed to watch us. In the afternoon of the same day a Pombo (a  man in authority), with several high Lamas and military officers,  held a Court under a gaudy tent. I saw Chanden Sing led forward  to this Court. I was led to the rear of the mud-house to preclude  my witnessing the scene. I heard Chanden Sing being interrogated  in a loud angry tone and accused of having been my guide. Next I  heard Chanden Sing's moans and groans. Then a company of soldiers  led me before this tribunal. I was ordered to kneel, and as I  would not do so, they tried to compel me to do so by forcing me  on my knees. I succeeded in maintaining a standing posture. Then  I beheld my servant Chanden Sing lying down, stripped from the  waist downwards, in the midst of a number of Lamas and soldiers.  I saw two stalwart Lamas, one on each side of him, castigating  him with knotted leather thongs. They were laying on him with  vigorous arms from his waist to his feet. He was bleeding. As I  could not be compelled to kneel, I was allowed to sit down before  the Pombo's officer. Then my note-books and printed maps were  produced, and I was interrogated, first as to the route I had  taken, then as to why I had drawn my maps and sketches. I  explained as best I could, partly through my servant Chanden Sing  and partly through an interpreter (a person who styled himself a  Gurkha and who knew a little Hindustani. He wore the garb of the  Tibetan). I explained to the officers that Chanden Sing, my  servant, did not know the route or anything about the maps and  sketches; that I had brought him as my servant, and that I alone  was responsible for the route taken by me, and for the maps and  sketches; that my servant was not to be punished; that I should  be if anybody was punishable. Thereupon one of the Lamas struck  me a hard blow on the head with the butt-end of his riding-crop,  and they continued to castigate my servant Chanden Sing. I was  led away captive, but nevertheless heard the moans of my  unfortunate servant. It began raining heavily, and I was taken to  a tent, where I was cruelly bound. Soldiers were placed within  and without the tent to guard me. I was thus kept the greater  part of the night with my arms manacled behind my back and my  legs bound. I was so bound that rest or sleep was impossible. The  tent was swarming with vermin, which quickly covered me; and I  may here remark that I suffered unspeakable tortures from this  pest all the time I was in captivity, as I was never permitted to  wash, bathe, or change my clothes. In the tent my guard lighted  a fire of yak's dung, and the tent was filled with a suffocating  smoke, which well-nigh choked me. I was placed near a heap of  this stinking fuel. I must say that it was a night full of  indescribable misery for me. Though I was fasting all that day  and night, yet my cruel jailers gave me no food. I was thus kept  a prisoner the following day until about 3 or 4 P.M. Then a  soldier entered the tent and informed me that I was to be  flogged, my legs broken, my eyes burnt out, and then beheaded. I  merely laughed at him; I could not but think that this was said  merely to intimidate me. Half an hour later another person  arrived and signalled to my guard to lead me out. Not considering  me sufficiently secure already, they tightened my bonds and tied  others round my body. In this fashion I was taken to the sole  house (mud one) in the encampment. Here an enormous pair of heavy  handcuffs were put on my hands, which were still kept behind my  back. Even in this the treachery of my captors was shown, for  they patted me on the back and called me a good man and told me I  was to be taken back to Taklakot. This they said fearing I would  resist. Then, after locking the handcuffs, they made the key over  to one person, who rode away quickly with it lest I might  possibly manage to get the key and unlock my handcuffs. For this  reason I was never permitted to see or know who carried the key.  Just then I heard the voice of my servant, Chanden Sing, calling  to me in a very weak tone. He said: "Hazur! Hazur! Hum
 murjaiega!" I endeavoured to get to the poor wretch's  assistance. Upon my trying to move towards him my several guards  sprang upon me and ruthlessly grappled me and threw me on to the  back of a horse. I could only call aloud to my poor servant that  I was being taken to Taklakot that day, and that he would be  brought after me the following day. I noticed that Chanden Sing  was roughly seized and hurled back into one of the rooms of the  house, so that we could hold no conversation. My other servant,  Man Sing, had his arms pinioned, and he was put on a bare-backed  pony. The saddle of the horse I had been thrown upon is worthy of  description. It was merely the wooden frame of a very high-backed  saddle. From this high projecting back or crupper four or five  sharp iron spikes were sticking out. These caught me on the small  of my back. My guard was then augmented by some twenty or thirty  mounted soldiers with muskets and swords. My pony was held by a  horseman, who rode before me. We set off at a furious gallop.  Thus we travelled for miles until we arrived at a spot where the  Pombo with a following of Lamas, banner-men, and soldiers, some  two hundred in all, were drawn up. Here my pony was allowed to go  on first, and the others reined up and drew aside. As I passed  before the Pombo and his following a person named Nerba (the  Private Secretary of the Tokchim Tarjum) deliberately knelt and  fixed his musket on its rest and fired at me from a few paces.  The bullet whizzed past me: I was still at a gallop, which no  doubt saved my life, as the marksman could not take a steady aim.  My pony took fright and reared and plunged, but I maintained my  seat, though I was being cruelly pricked by the spikes in the  crupper. My pony was then seized and a long cord with a swivel at  the end was fastened to my handcuffs. The cord was about fifty  yards long. The other end was held by a horseman. In this way we  all set off at a hard gallop, and in order to accelerate the  speed, a horseman rode by my side and he lashed my pony furiously  to make it go at its hardest; meanwhile the horseman who held the  cord did his utmost to pull me out of the saddle, so that I would  have of a certainty been trampled to death by the cohort behind  me. While thus riding furiously with my arms extended backwards I  had the flesh rubbed off my hands and knuckles, so much so that  the bone was exposed in places, and as the horseman at the back  tugged to get me off and I clung hard with my knees, every tug  brought me into forcible contact with the spikes in the crupper  and wounded me cruelly. The cord was one made of yak's hair. It  was strong, but it eventually gave way. The shock unhorsed the  soldier. I was all but thrown. This ludicrous incident provoked  much mirth among my guards. They stopped my pony and the runaway  steed of the dismounted cavalier. The cord was retied with sundry  strong knots, and after an interruption of a few minutes we  resumed our breakneck gallop, I being in front. When nearing  Galshio, and as I was going round the curve of a sandhill, a  soldier, who had been posted in ambush, fired a shot at me from a  few paces distant. The shot did not strike me. This incident did  not stop our headlong career, and we continued on until we  arrived at Galshio about sunset. This was the 21st August last.  At this place there is a large monastery on the crown of a low  hill. At some distance from the base of the hill, and on the  plain, was pitched the large white tent of the Pombo. Our  cavalcade drew up there. I was then roughly torn out of my saddle  by two or three men. I requested to stop for one moment. My  captors refused me this and, roughly thrusting me forward, said  that, as I was about to be beheaded in an instant, it was  unnecessary. I was hustled to the left front of the tent, where,  on the ground, lay a log of wood in the shape of a prism. Upon  the sharp edge of it I was made to stand. I was held by the body  by several persons, while others pulled my legs as wide apart as  they could be stretched. Then my feet were very securely tied by  cords of yak-hair. The cords were so tight that they cut into the  flesh in numerous places, some of the cuts or wounds being about  three inches long. When I was thus secured one ruffian (Nerba),  whom I have alluded to above, came forward and seized me by the  hair of my head. He pulled my hair as hard as he could. My hair  was long, as I had not had it cut since the day preceding my  departure from London about the middle of March. The others  formed up in front of me in a semicircle. Then the Pombo arose  and was handed a bar of iron, which had been made red hot in a  brazier, the end grasped by the Pombo being bound round with  red cloths. He strode up to me, urged on by the Lamas, and said  jeeringly that as I had gone to see the country, my punishment  would be to have my eyes burnt out. This was in allusion to what  I had said at Toxem, viz.—that I was a traveller and merely  wished to see the country. He then placed the red-hot bar of iron  parallel to and about an inch and a half or two inches from my  eyeballs, and all but touching the nose. The heat was so intense  that it seemed as if my eyes were desiccated and my nose  scorched. There is still a mark of the burn on my nose. I was  forced to shut my eyes instinctively. He seemed to me to have  kept the bar of heated iron before my eyes for fully thirty  seconds or so. After some moments I opened my eyes and beheld the  hot iron on the ground. I saw him take a musket from the hands of  one of the soldiers standing by. He placed this against my  forehead and discharged it upwards, giving me a severe shock,  though nothing worse. Handing back the discharged weapon to the  soldier, the Pombo seized a long two-handed sword and came at  me. He swung it from side to side, all the time foaming from his  mouth. This foaming, I believe, was produced artificially. He  then motioned to the man who all this time held me by the hair of  my head to bend my neck. I resisted with all my might to keep my  head erect. Then the Pombo touched my neck with the sharp blade  of his sword as if to measure the distance for a clean, effective  stroke. Then he raised the sword and made a blow at me with all  his might. The sword passed disagreeably close to my neck, but  did not touch me. I did not flinch; and my cool indifferent  demeanour seemed to impress him, so much so that he seemed  reluctant to continue his diabolical performance, but the posse  of Lamas urged him on by gesticulations and vociferous shouts.  Thereupon he went through the same performance on the other side  of my neck. This time the blade passed so near that I felt that  the blow had not been more than half an inch from my neck. This  terminated the sword exercise, much to the disgust of the Lamas,  who still continued to urge the swordsman on. Then they held an  excited consultation. About this time my coolie, Man Sing, who  had frequently fallen off his bare-backed pony, arrived. The  person who held my hair then relinquished his hold, and another  person came up and gave me a forcible push, which gave me a nasty  fall on my back, straining all the tendons of my legs. Then my  servant Man Sing was brought forward and tied by his legs to the  same log of wood to which I was fastened. Then they made it  appear that they were going to behead Man Sing. I was pushed up  into a sitting posture and a cloth thrown over my head and face,  so that I could not see what was being enacted. I heard Man Sing  groan, and I concluded he had been despatched. I was left in this  terrible suspense for about a quarter of an hour. Then the cloth  was removed, and I beheld my servant lying before me bound to the  log. We both asked for food. This seemed to amuse our torturers,  for they laughed. In the meanwhile the day was beginning to wane,  and our jailers made us understand that our execution was merely  put off to the following day. After some time tsamba (meal) and  tea, were brought in, and it was stuffed into our mouths by our  captors. We were kept out in the open without any shelter from  the pouring rain. We were sitting in one or two inches of rain  and were drenched and numbed with cold. I have already said my  hands were manacled from the back; so also were Man Sing's. But  at nightfall our captors increased our tortures by straining our  manacled arms upwards as high as they could be forced, and then  secured them to an upright pole at the back. This caused very  severe pain, straining the spine in an incredible way. Then they  tied a cord from Man Sing's neck to mine, the effect of which was  to make us maintain a most painful position. A guard encircled  us, and with them were two watch-dogs tied to pegs. The guard  were apparently so confident of our not being able to escape,  that they drew their heavy blankets over their heads and slept.  One of them left his sword lying by his side. This made me  conceive the plan to try to escape. Knowing the extremely supple  nature of my hands, I succeeded in drawing the right hand out of  my handcuffs. After an hour's anxious and stealthy work I managed  to unloose Man Sing's bonds round his feet. In his joy at feeling  partly free, Man Sing moved his legs rather clumsily, which the  vigilant watch-dogs detected and gave the alarm by barking. The  guard were aroused. They went and fetched lights and examined our  fastenings. I had succeeded in replacing my hand inside the  handcuff. They found Man Sing's bonds loose and, giving him a few  cuts with a whip, warned him that if he undid them again they  would decapitate him, and refastened them. Then they placed the  light between us and put a shelter overhead to prevent the rain  extinguishing the light. At about 6 or 7 A.M. the following day  they undid Man Sing's feet. I was kept all that day until sunset  in the same uncomfortable and painful posture. Thus I was kept  fully twenty-four hours. During the day my property had been  overhauled and sealed. One of the Lamas picked up my  Martini-Henry rifle and put a cartridge in the breach, but failed  to push it home firmly. He then discharged the gun. The muzzle of  the barrel burst and the face of the Lama was much injured  thereby. I laughed heartily at this, and this apparently amused  the Pombo, for he, too, joined in. About half an hour after  this incident my feet were untied. It was then sunset. I found I  had lost the use of my feet. It took my right foot some two or  three hours before the blood began to circulate freely, but my  left foot remained like dead until the following day. That night  my feet were secured by cords. A bowl of some boiling steaming  liquid, which I was informed was tea, was presented to me to  drink. The eagerness of the surrounding Lamas that I should  partake of it aroused my suspicion. When it was pushed up to my  lips I merely sipped it and declined it. After a short time I  felt most sharp, excruciating, pains in my stomach, which  continued for several days. I could not but conclude that the  drink proffered had been poisoned. The following day Man Sing and  I were led back on foot to Toxem, our jailers riding on horses.  We had to go at a great speed despite our severely lacerated  feet. We crossed several cold streams, sinking in mud and water  to the waist. At Toxem, to my great delight, I beheld Chanden  Sing still alive. We were detained there for that night. On the  following day we were placed on yaks' backs and hurried off  towards Taklakot. Thus we journeyed at an unpleasantly fast pace  for fifteen days, from before daybreak to nightfall. Our guards  were bent on taking us viâ the Lumpiya Pass; but as this meant  a long protracted journey of fifteen or sixteen days, over ice  and snow, I knew that we would, in our starved, weakened state,  succumb. We were all but naked. This was a day's journey on this  side of Mansarowar, where our bonds had been unloosed. We  rebelled, and it well-nigh ended in a fight, but our guards  consented to halt at Dogmar, until they sent to inquire if the  Jong Pen of Taklakot would give us passage through his  jurisdiction. After much demur we were eventually taken to  Taklakot. This arrangement, I subsequently learnt, was entirely  due to the good offices and energy of the Political Peshkár  Kharak Sing Pal, Rev. H. Wilson, and Pundit Gobaria. On arriving  at Taklakot we hastened to Rev. Harkua Wilson's tent, where we  were warmly received, attended to, fed, and clothed. My injuries  were examined by the Rev. Harkua Wilson, who is a hospital  assistant, and who will be able to depose to their nature and  extent. In this gentleman's tent, and in the hearing of several  persons, among whom were Peshkár Kharak Sing, Rev. H. Wilson,  and Pundit Gobaria, the man Nerba, above mentioned, the Toxem  Tarjum, and the Jong Pen's secretary, and also Lapsang, chief  secretary to the Jong Pen, admitted that my account of the affair  was perfectly true. Some of my property, more or less damaged,  was then restored me by the Tokchim Tarjum. I then gave him two  lists, one showing articles restored me, and the other the  articles missing. The Peshkár, Kharak Sing, has copies of the  lists. I was in a very weak state, very exhausted through what I  had suffered and little food. It was due to the kind, liberal,  and attentive care and treatment of the Rev. H. Wilson and  Peshkár Kharak Sing Pal that I recovered. The few ragged  clothes I had on were literally swarming with lice, as I had no  change of raiment, nor was I ever allowed to wash. I contracted  the vermin from the tents I was kept in and also from my guards  who at first slept round me.
 Read over to witness.
 A. HENRY SAVAGE LANDOR. J. LARKIN.
DEPOSITION OF CHANDEN SING, taken on the 9th day of October 1897.
Solemn affirmation administered by me.
My name is Chanden Sing; my father's name is Bije Singh; I am by  caste Thatola; thirty-two years of age; by occupation kheti; my  home is at That, police station Bisot, district Almora.
 I took service as a bearer with Mr. Landor at Almora on the 27th  or 28th April last. I accompanied him on his trip to Tibet. We  went along through the wilds, encountering many hardships and  reached Toxem. There I insisted on my master buying ponies to  take us to Darjeeling. This resulted in our capture, for up to  then we had vigilantly kept away from the people. The people who  brought us ponies to buy played us false. They informed the  authorities, who sent soldiers, who lay in ambush behind the  sandhills until the crowd of horse dealers and lookers-on, whom  we did not suspect of treachery, surrounded and seized us. We  were bound with cords by the arms (at back) and legs. My master  was more cruelly tied than we two servants. We were taken to the  Rája, who accused me of having brought my master into the  country. I was then stretched out and two strong men with whips  inflicted two hundred stripes on me. I was questioned as to the  maps. My master called out that he, not I, alone understood them,  and asked that I should not be beaten. Thereupon a Lama struck  him across the head and removed him to a distance, so that I  could not communicate with him. They took all our property. Then  we were kept separate for the night. I was put in a room and my  hands tied to a pole. I could not sleep with the pain I was in.  Next day my master, with his hands tied behind his back, was put  on a spiked saddle and tied by a long rope held by a horseman. He  went at a gallop surrounded by about fifty horsemen armed with  guns and swords. Man Sing, our coolie, was also taken with him.  My guards informed me my master was to be decapitated at Galshio,  and that I was to be beheaded where I was. On the fourth or fifth  day my master returned. Meanwhile I was a close prisoner, bound  up without food. When I saw my master he was in a pitiful state.  He was handcuffed with enormous cuffs, clothes torn to rags,  bleeding from his waist, feet and hands swollen. Next day a guard  on horseback took us back, bound as we were, on yaks' backs,  towards Mansarowar. There I had my cords unloosed. My master was  kept bound until we got to Tangchim. We were eventually taken to  Taklakot, where the Rev. Harkua Wilson met us and saw our  condition. He attended to our wants. My master was well-nigh at  death's door. The Tibetans returned some of my master's property,  but they have kept about 475 rupees in cash, two rifles,  revolver, two files, a lot of soap, medicine, a butterfly dodger,  matches, a box of mathematical instruments, a quantity (400)  cartridges, a large box of photographic plates and negatives,  three bags. We did not molest any one, and paid more than four  times the value for any food we bought.
 Read over to witness.
 J. LARKIN.
DEPOSITION OF MAN SING, taken on the 9th day of October 1897.
Solemn affirmation administered by Pandit Krishnanand.
My name is Man Sing; my father's name is Sohan Sing; I am by  caste Pharswal; twenty-five years of age; by occupation kheti;  my home is at Sileri, police station Bichla Kattyur, district  Almora.
 I accompanied Mr. Savage Landor into Tibet. We were surrounded  and arrested at Toxem while bargaining and selecting ponies. I  was tied up hand and foot, and again tied to a log of wood with  my master. When I begged for mercy, they threatened to behead me  and struck me on the head with the handle of a kukri. We were  taken to Galshio. There the Tibetans were on the point of  beheading my master. They tried to burn out his eyes. They fired  at him twice to kill him. They tried to pull him off his horse to  have him trampled upon. He was subjected to many insults and  hardships. We were kept bound and guarded until brought to  Mansarowar. There our hands were untied. Chanden Sing was with  us. He received about two to three hundred lashes at Toxem. I got  off most lightly, as when the three of us were captured and  examined, I said I was merely the yak driver and not responsible  for anything. I lost nothing, but they took my master's  property—three firearms, some money, and other things; I cannot  enumerate them. We were brought back to Taklakot, where we met  friends. My master was made to sit on a spiked saddle and taken  from Toxem to Galshio.
 Read over to witness.
 J. LARKIN.
DEPOSITION OF THE REV. HARKUA WILSON, taken on the 9th day of October 1897. Oath administered by me.
My name is Harkua Wilson. By caste Christian; forty-six years of  age; by occupation missionary; my home is at Dwarahat, police  station M. Dwara, district Almora. I reside at Gunji, Byans.
 I am a missionary in the American Methodist Episcopal Society. My  work is in the northern pattis or Bhot. I accompanied Mr.  Savage Landor in July last as far as Gyanima in Tibet. We went  through the Lumpiya Pass. It took us four days from Lumpiya to  get to Gyanima. At this place the Barkha Tarjam declined to allow  me to go on, but he allowed Mr. Landor (who was said to be my  brother) with four porters and three servants to go on; but the  following day he withdrew this permission. We then returned three  marches. At midnight in a snowstorm Mr. Landor went up the  mountains, determining to go through Tibet by the wilds. He had  with him nine followers. He was then in perfect health and  strength, and so were his followers. At the end of August I heard  that Mr. Landor had been arrested, and, fearing the Tibetans  would kill him, I hastened to Taklakot to do my utmost to save  him. There I learnt that Mr. Landor and his two servants were  being brought back. Hearing that it was the intention of the  Tibetans to take them viâ the Lumpiya, I, with Pandit Gobaria,  Jai Mal, and Lata, induced the Jong Pen of Taklakot to allow Mr.  Landor to be brought to Taklakot. On the evening of 7th September  Peshkár Kharak Sing arrived there. At about 11 A.M. on the 8th  September Mr. Landor, Chanden Sing, and Man Sing arrived. I took  them to my tent and heard their account of what had happened. I  could hardly recognise Mr. Landor; he looked very ill and seemed  nearly exhausted. I examined his injuries and found that his  forehead had the skin off and was covered with scabs. His cheeks  and nose were in the same state. His hair had grown long. He was  unshaven and unkempt. He was in rags and dirty, covered with  swarms of lice. His hands, fingers, and wrists were swollen and  wounded. On his spine at the waist he had an open sore, and the  parts around were swollen and red. His seat was covered with  marks of wounds caused by spikes. His feet were swollen, and so  were his ankles. The flesh about the latter was much hurt and  contused, showing marks of cords having been tightly bound round  them. He was in a very low condition. I attended to him, having  given him a bath and a change of clothes. I gave him food, but  though he said he was famished, he could scarcely eat. I am  confident, if he had been a few days longer in the hands of the  Tibetans and had been taken viâ Lumpiya, he would have died.  After half an hour the Tibetans brought some of Mr. Landor's  things under seal. Some of the Tibetan officials on one side,  Peshkár Kharak Sing and Gobaria and myself on the other, made  out a list of the property, which we took over, and a list was  prepared of the articles taken from Mr. Landor and which were  missing. Mr. Landor dictated the list from memory. Copies of  these lists were furnished to the Jong Pen. I kept Mr. Landor at  Taklakot until the afternoon of the 11th September. Then I  conveyed him by easy stages to Gunji, where I have a dispensary,  and attended to him. I am a hospital assistant. I sent off  reports to the Commissioner and Deputy Commissioner. Chanden Sing  and Man Sing were also in a wretched state. The former had marks  of recent flogging from his waist to above his ankles.
 Read over to witness.
 J. LARKIN.
DEPOSITION OF PANDIT GOBARIA, taken on the 13th day of October 1897. Solemn affirmation administered by Pandit Krishnanand.
My name is Gobaria; my father's name is Jaibania; I am by caste  Garbial; forty-eight years of age; by occupation trader; my home  is at Garbyang, police station Byans, district Almora.
 I heard that Mr. Landor had been arrested and brought down as far  as Rungu, and saw that the Jong Pen of Taklakot was sending men  to divert Mr. Landor by the long roundabout route viâ the  Lumpia Pass. I went to the Jong Pen and succeeded in getting him  to allow Mr. Landor to be brought to Taklakot. Next morning Mr.  Landor and his two servants with two yaks arrived. Mr. Landor was  in a very bad state—in a dying state. A list of Mr. Landor's  property as received from the Tokchim Tarjum was made. Then Mr.  Landor had a list of things taken from him and not returned made  out. A Tibetan, named Nerba, who was present, admitted that he  had taken part in Mr. Landor's torture and had held him by the  hair. The official who had tortured Mr. Landor was the Galjo  Changjo and a Lama.
 Read over to witness.
 J. LARKIN.
DEPOSITION OF THE POLITICAL PESHKAR KHARAK SING, taken on the 9th day of October 1897. Solemn affirmation administered by me.
My name is Kharak Sing; my father's name is Gobind Sing; I am by  caste Pal; twenty-six years of age; by occupation Peshkár; my  home is at Askot, police station Askot, district Almora.
 I am the Political Peshkár at Garbyang in Byans. I knew and  reported that Mr. Henry Savage Landor had gone into Tibet. On the  5th September I learnt from Bhotias that he had been stopped at  Toxem and reported it. I then proceeded to Taklakot in Tibet, to  inquire into the matter. On the 7th September, at Taklakot, I  learnt that Mr. Landor was a prisoner at Dogmar, and that the  Jong Pen would not permit his being brought into Taklakot, as  this meant that Mr. Landor would have to go to Gyanima and viâ  the Lumpia Lek. I then insisted on the Jong Pen allowing Mr.  Landor a passage to Taklakot, and warned him of the consequences  if he declined. The Jong Pen consented, but gave orders that Mr.  Landor should be conveyed hurriedly by night through Taklakot to  the Lippu Lek. I protested against this, and eventually Mr.  Landor, on 8th September, was conveyed into Taklakot. The Jong  Pen had sent two sawárs to his guard to admit them. In the Rev.  Harkua Wilson's tent Mr. Landor related how he had been tortured.  There were several of the Tibetans present who had taken part in  the tortures, and they signified that all of Mr. Landor's story  was true. Among them was Nerba, of Thokchim Tarjum, who admitted  that he had held Mr. Landor by the hair when about to be  beheaded, and had cut the nails of his fingers and toes. He  admitted he had taken a gold ring from Mr. Landor, which a  soldier had taken from him. I made a report of all this and sent  (1) a list of Mr. Landor's property restored him by the Tibetans  and (2) a list of articles missing. I know Mr. Landor had two  rifles and a revolver when he went into Tibet and a considerable  amount of money. Mr. Landor was in a very critical position; he  was past recognition. He was wounded on the face, body, hands,  and legs. I went to the Jong Pen and protested at the treatment  given Mr. Landor. The former boldly admitted that Mr. Landor had  been treated as alleged, and that it was their duty to act so.  The Jong Pen promised to try and have Mr. Landor's missing  property restored to him. I know he wrote off to the Garban of  Gartok about orders issuing to the Toxem Tarjum. He has engaged  to send me anything recovered.
 Read over to witness.
 J. LARKIN.
DEPOSITION OF SUNA, taken on the 14th day of October 1897. Solemn affirmation administered by me.
My name is Suna; my father's name is Gandachiju; I am by caste  Khumhar; forty-two years of age; by occupation trader; my home is  at Gunji, police station Byans, district Almora.
 I saw Mr. Landor and his two servants as prisoners about one and  a-half month ago, this side of the Mansarowar Lake. Mr. Landor  and Chanden Sing were on yaks; Man Sing on foot. They were well  guarded. Tunda and Amr Sing were with me. They went on ahead to  Taklakot while I stayed back with the sheep. They went to inform  the Rev. Harkua Wilson of the capture. I saw Mr. Landor detained  at Dogmar.
 Read over to witness.
 J. LARKIN.
Statement of property confiscated by the Tibetan authorities, and recovered some months later by the Government of India.
Certificate from DR. WILSON.  DHARCHULA BYAS, BHOT.
 I herewith certify that I accompanied Mr. A. Henry Savage Landor  in his ascent up the Mangshan mountain, and that Mr. Landor and a  Rongba coolie reached an altitude of 22,000 (twenty-two thousand)  feet. Owing to the rarefied air, I and the other men accompanying  Mr. Landor were unable to go as far as he did. Mr. Landor was at  the time carrying on him a weight of thirty seers (60 lbs.),  consisting of silver rupees, two aneroids, cartridges, revolver,  &c. During the whole time I travelled with Mr. Landor he always  carried the above weight on him, and generally carried his rifle  besides (7¼ lbs. extra). We all suffered very much during the  ascent, as the incline was very steep, and there was deep snow  and much troublesome débris.
 I also certify that I took many photographs of Mr. Landor and  his two servants after they were released, and Mr. Landor looked  then very old and suffering, owing to starvation and the wounds  that had been inflicted upon him by the Tibetans.
 (Signed) H. WILSON,  In charge of Bhot Dispensaries,  American Methodist Episcopal Mission.
 DHARCHULA, April 27, 1898. DEAR MR. LANDOR,
 Do you remember the night when we separated near Lama Chokden in  Tibet, you to proceed towards Lhassa, and I to return to India?
 I have in my lifetime, seen few such fierce snowstorms. The storm  had been raging the whole day and night, and the wind was blowing  so hard that we could not hear each other speak. I can only  recollect with horror at the dreadful anxiety I was in when you,  with a handful of men, escaped from the Tibetan soldiers watching  us, and in the dark fearful night proceeded to take your men up  the mountain range, with no path, and among loose stones and  boulders, a way, indeed, not even fit for goats.
 That night, I well remember, you were carrying a weight much  greater than the one you usually carried, thirty seers (60 lbs.),  for when you left the tent you had in your hand a small bag with  200 extra silver rupees, and you carried your revolver, your  rifle, and some extra ammunition. I assure you that I look back  with amazement at how you succeeded in pulling through the  dangers and difficulties of that night alone.
 Yours sincerely,  (Signed) H. WILSON,  American Methodist Episcopal Mission.
 DR. H. WILSON'S Statement.
 I herewith certify that, having heard at Gungi (Byas) that Mr. A.  Henry Savage Landor, after losing all his provisions in a large  river, had been captured by the Tibetans at Toxem and had there  been tortured, I proceeded to Taklakot (Tibet) in the hope of  obtaining further news. At Taklakot the news was confirmed, and I  heard that Mr. Landor and two servants were brought back under a  strong guard. Some uncertainty prevailed as to what route he  would be made to follow, and efforts were made by the Tibetans to  make him proceed by the long, cold, and dangerous route viâ the  Lumpiya Pass, instead of by the shorter and easier route viâ  Taklakot. We heard that Mr. Landor and his two men were in very  poor health owing to the ill-treatment by the Tibetans, and no  doubt the long journey over ice and snow by the Lumpiya Pass left  but little chance of their reaching Gungi alive. At the request  of Jaimal Bura, Latto Bura and myself, Pundit Gobaria despatched  a man to the Jong Pen at Kujer to explain that we would be  thankful and would consider it a great kindness if he would allow  Mr. Landor to travel through Taklakot. At last, after much  trouble, our request was granted. The officer who brought us the  news informed us that Mr. Landor would be made to pass through  Taklakot at night, and conveyed directly over the Lippu Pass. The  Political Peshkar Kharak Sing Pal arrived in Taklakot that day  from India, and we held a consultation. We agreed to keep a  watchman in the road all night, but Mr. Landor did not go by. In  the afternoon of the 8th, Mr. Landor and his two men arrived.  They had been rifled of all they possessed and their clothes were  torn and dirty. Mr. Landor and the two men looked very ill and  suffering, Mr. Landor's face being hardly recognisable. He and  his bearer Chanden Sing gave us an account of the tortures that  had been inflicted upon them at Toxem and Galshio, and Mr. Landor  showed the Peshkar Kharak Singh, Pundit Gobaria, myself and many  Bhotiyas (Shokas) twenty-two wounds on his spine, feet and hands  received from the Tibetans. Chanden Sing, who had been  administered two hundred lashes, showed numerous black marks and  open sores where the skin had been torn on both legs. From Lamas  and soldiers who had been present at Mr. Landor's arrest and  tortures I heard the following account.
 An ambush had been laid, and Mr. Landor and his bearer were  caught by treachery when some hundred and fifty yards away from  their tent, inside which were the rifles and revolver. They made  a desperate resistance and fought for over fifteen minutes,  struggling to get at their weapons. Thirty men were on Mr. Landor  and twelve or fifteen held Chanden Sing, while four hundred  soldiers armed with matchlocks and swords, and who had kept  hidden behind sandhills, quickly surrounded them. They were  tightly bound with ropes round the neck, chest, and legs, and the  arms were pinioned behind their backs. Chanden Sing received two  hundred lashes that same day. Mr. Landor and Mansing were taken  to Galshio three days later. Ponies were provided for them,  Mansing riding bare-back, while the wooden frame of a saddle was  provided for Mr. Landor, the frame having several iron spikes  sticking out of it in the back part of it. During the long ride  to Galshio these nails produced several wounds on Mr. Landor's  spine and back. Efforts were made, by means of a rope attached to  his handcuffs, to pull him off the saddle and have him trodden to  death by the hundreds of ponies of the Lamas, soldiers and  officers that came full gallop behind. Moreover, two shots were  fired at Mr. Landor. Mansing, unable to use his hands that were  bound, fell many times off his steed and remained some two miles  behind. When Galshio was reached Mr. Landor was pulled off his  saddle, and they told him that his head would be cut off  immediately. Dragged mercilessly by soldiers, he was taken to a  wooden log. Here they stretched his legs wide apart, and his feet  were made fast on the cutting edge of the log by means of tightly  bound ropes that cut into his flesh. Then while an officer held  him in a standing position by the hair of his head, a hot iron  was passed in front of his eyes and a matchlock laid on his  forehead and fired. Lastly, the head Lama approached with a long  sword and swung it right and left close to Mr. Landor's neck, as  if about to cut off the head. Mr. Landor remained composed and  spoke no words. After some twenty minutes Mansing arrived, and  was tied to the same log in front of Mr. Landor, and pretence was  made to behead Mansing, Mr. Landor's face having been covered  with a cloth. The Lamas professed to have been very astonished  when, after having tied the prisoners' hands high up to poles  behind them, Mr. Landor asked for some tzamba (oatmeal), meat  and rice, and Mansing for some butter.
 The amazement of the Tibetans appears to have been even greater  when food was brought and Mr. Landor and Mansing partook heartily  of it and asked for more. Mr. Landor was kept chained to the log  for twenty-four hours, Mansing twelve hours. When they were  brought back to Toxem they found that Chanden Sing had been kept  four days tied hands and feet to an upright post, and he had been  given no food.
 At Taklakot, an officer (called Nerba) confessed in my own tent,  and before Pundit Gobaria and the Political Peshkar Kharak Sing,  that he himself had held Mr. Landor by the hair when he was  about to be beheaded. He had also fired a shot at Mr. Landor,  and had moreover been ordered by the Lamas to cut off Mr.  Landor's toe and finger nails, as well as a lock of his hair. The  Taklakot Lamas and the Tokchim Tarjum professed to be sorry at  the Galshio Lamas having behaved in such a cruel manner.
 At Taklakot we made a list of Mr. Landor's property that was  still missing, and we gave a copy to the Jong Pen and one to the  Tokchim Tarjum, that they may try to recover what they can.
 (Signed) HARKUA WILSON,  Methodist Episcopal Mission.
 GUNGI BYAS BHOT, DARMA. Sept. 21, 1897.
DR. H. WILSON'S Certificate of A. HENRY SAVAGE LANDOR'S injuries and wounds
TAKLAKOT, TIBET, Sept. 8, 1897.
 I herewith certify that I have examined the wounds that Mr. A.  Henry Savage Landor received during his imprisonment at Galshio  in Tibet.
 There are five large sores along the spinal column and the  spine itself has sustained severe injuries. At the time they were  inflicted these wounds must have caused profuse bleeding.
 The feet bear the marks of cruel treatment. On the right foot are  still well visible to-day (nineteen days after wounds were  inflicted) six wounds, viz.—
 On the heel one wound one inch long;  Outside ankle " half-inch long;  Front of ankle " one inch long;  Top of foot, three inches above the toes,  one wound one and a-half inch long.  Two small wounds on the upper part of foot.
 On the left foot the four wounds are of a very severe  character, and were produced by ropes cutting into the flesh.
 One nasty wound above heel, two and a-half inches long.  One wound below the ankle, one and one-fourth of an inch long.  One wound three inches above the toes, two inches long.  One wound on the heel, half an inch long.
 These wounds have caused the feet to be much swollen, the left  foot especially having been considerably injured. Its strained  tendons give still intense pain when touched and the foot is very  heavy, inflamed and swollen.
 On the left hand there are five wounds.
 On middle finger a wound one inch long and deep to the bone.  On root of middle finger, a wound half an inch long.  On small finger, a wound one-fourth of an inch long.  On third " " " "  On first " " half an inch long.  The four fingers are still very swollen.
 On the right hand there are only two wounds.
 The first, one half-inch long, on the upper side of the hand.  The second, a quarter of an inch long on the second finger.
 Both hands are aching and much swollen, and the wounds upon them  were evidently produced by the heavy iron chain of the handcuffs.
 On arrival at Taklakot (nineteen days after having been tortured)  Mr. Landor is still suffering from strong fever caused by his  wounds, and no doubt when they were fresh these must have given  Mr. Landor intense pain. His health and strong constitution seem  altogether shattered by the sufferings he has undergone.
 His face, hands and feet are very swollen, and he appears  extremely weak; he himself attributed his great exhaustion to  having been unable to sleep for nineteen consecutive nights on  account of the bad sores on the spine and legs and because of the  heavy iron chains with which he was laden.
 H. WILSON,  Hospital Assistant, Methodist Episcopal Mission.  GUNGI BYAS BHOT, DARMA.
 N.B.—The numerous smaller wounds, burns, &c., on the face and  body are not taken into account.
 A copy of this report was despatched from Dr. Wilson direct to  the Deputy Commissioner, and was forwarded to the Government of  India.
DR. H. WILSON'S Certificate of CHANDEN SING'S injuries.
TAKLAKOT, Sept. 8, 1897.
 I herewith certify that I have examined Chanden Sing, Mr. A.  Henry Savage Landor's servant who accompanied him to Tibet, where  they were arrested and tortured. Chanden Sing has visible to this  day on both his legs, and twenty-one days after they were  inflicted, innumerable black marks produced by flogging. So  severely appears the punishment to have been administered, that  large patches of skin and flesh have been torn off by the  lashing. Chanden Sing is now in very poor health, and it is  evident by his appearance that he suffers greatly from the  tortures and ill-treatment received at the hands of the Tibetans.
 H. WILSON,  Hospital Assistant, Methodist Episcopal Mission.  GUNGI BYAS BHOT, DARMA.
A copy of this was sent by Dr. Wilson to the Deputy Commissioner at Almora, and was forwarded to the Government of India.
Certificate by MISS M. A. SHELDON, M.D., of the Methodist Episcopal Mission.
M.E. MISSION,  KHELA P.O. DIST. ALMORA.  EAST KUMAON, BHOT.  "All at it and always at it."—WESLEY.  Sept. 28, 1897.
 This is to certify that I have seen the wounds inflicted upon Mr.  Landor by the Tibetans. It is now about forty days since he was  bound and tortured. The wounds are healing well. The scars upon  his hands caused by being bound with chains behind his back are  plainly visible.
 The feet show even more clearly the results of inhuman binding  and torture. The wounds have not yet entirely healed, and there  is much discoloration. One foot is still swollen.
 I have not seen the wounds upon his spine inflicted by a  torturing saddle, but he complains of much pain and soreness in  that region.
 (Signed) MARTHA A. SHELDON, M.D.
Certificate from DOCTOR TURCHINI, a Director of the Royal Hospital of S.M. Nuova, Florence, Italy.
D.D.
 R. ARCISPEDALE DI S.M. NUOVA,  GABINETTO  ELETTRO-TERAPICO  DIREZIONE,  FIRENZE.
 FIRENZE, 12 Febbraio, 1898.
 Il sottoscritto Medico Primario Direttore del Turno e Gabinetto  elettro-terapico del R° Arcispedale di S. Maria Nuova dichiara  quanto appresso: nel mese di Dicembre appena giunto in questa  Città visitò il Sig^re Henry Savage Landor e lo trovô affetto=
 Da retinite all' occhio sinistro con suffusione dei mezzi  trasparenti, e da grave iperemia retinica all' occhio destro.  La vista era abolita a sinistra, diminuita a destra=
 La colonna vertebrale era dolente, se leggermente compressa con  un dito, o se appena percossa col martello da percussione il  dolore si faceva intenso, acuto specialmente nelle regioni  lombare e dorsale. La deambulazione non era libera ma incerta, la  funzionalità degli sfinteri molto difettosa per cui difficolta  della mizione e delle evacuazioni.
 Presentava poi delle chiazze ecchimobili sopra-malleolari e  sopra-carpiche. L'aspetto suo generale era di persona sofferente  e molto anemica. Fatte le cure che il caso del Sig^re Landor  reclamava, oggi 12 Febbraio notiamo; all' occhio destro risoluta  la iperemia retinica, aumentato il campo visivo, occhio che serve  discretamente alla sua funzione; all' occhio sinistro è molto  turbata la circolazione endoculare e quivi la funzione visiva non  è ristabilita; non vede gli oggetti e tutto gli fa confusione. La  colonna vertebrale presenta sempre dei punti dolenti in specie al  rigonfiamento sacro lombare. La deambulazione è più corretta, ma  gli sarebbe impossibile fare una passeggiata lunga. La mizione e  megliorata, non cosi la defacazione che è sempre difettosa per  impotenza dello sfintere.
 Le condizioni generali sono megliorate, ma occorre pero al Sig^re  Landor seguire la cura intrapresa, e specialmente la cura  elettrica ed idroterapica.
 (Signed) DOTT. TURCHINI.
 COMUNE DI FIRENZE.  OFFICIO D'IGIENE.  Visto per la legalizzazione della  firma del Sig. Dott. Turchini.  Dal Municipio Firenze  Lira Stamp. Li 12 Febbraio 1898.
 Il Sindaco.  P.I.  A. Artimini.
 Letter from the POLITICAL PESHKAR, KHARAK SING.
Private.  GARBYANG, BHOT,  November 13, 1897. MY DEAR MR. LANDOR,
 I hope that you have received my letter of some time ago and that  you may be quite well now. Are you still at Almora? I have not  yet got back your things from the Jong Pen, but I hear it is  quite true that all your property reached Tokchim a long time  ago. I have sent another letter to the Jong Pen, but cannot get  an answer as the Lippu Pass is now closed owing to a heavy fall  of snow yesterday. It is rumoured that a Tibetan officer is  coming from Lhassa to Taklakot to inquire after your case, and  probably he may have reached Taklakot yesterday, and after  examining your things he will send them down to me. Now I have  nearly finished my work at this place. I have collected the dues  and paid them to the agents of the Jong Pen. I will go back to  Chaudas the day after to-morrow—i.e., on the 15th of this  month.
 With kind regards and hoping to hear from you soon.
 I remain,  Yours sincerely,  KHARAK SING PAL.
 Letter from the POLITICAL PESHKAR, KHARAK SING PAL.
 HALDWANI, January 11, 1898. MY DEAR MR. LANDOR,
 I hope that by this time you have reached safely home. I have  been very anxious as I have not heard from you or of your safe  arrival there. The dreadful day of the 8th of September is still  vivid in my mind, when I first saw you at Taklakot (in Tibet)  after you had been tortured by the Tibetans, and where I had come  in search of you.
 I cannot forget your fearful appearance, with long hair and  beard, and your face, body and limbs covered with wounds and  bruises. When you arrived at Taklakot, in a few miserable rags  stained with blood, dirty and swarming with lice, and surrounded  by the guard of Tibetans, I could hardly believe it possible that  it was you who stood before me, so much you had changed since I  had last seen you.
 I am still deeply pained when I think of the pitiable condition  you were in, when you showed me 22 (twenty-two) fresh wounds on  your hands, feet and spine, without counting the injuries to your  face. And indescribable pain gave us too seeing your confiscated  baggage under seal of the Tibetan authorities, and to find it,  when we opened it, to be full of broken or damaged instruments  and other articles of your property.
 I think that you may remember my inquiry and consequent anger  when the Tibetan officers and soldiers admitted their guilt of  tying you by your limbs to the stretching log and of placing you  on a spiked saddle; of removing forcibly your toe-nails and  pulling you by the hair of your head. You know quite well that I  had no power to do more than to report the matter to higher  authorities, but I can assure you that it was to me quite  unbearable to hear from the Tibetans that they had brought you to  execution, and that they boasted of having swung the naked  executioner's sword right and left of your neck, and that they  had brought a red-hot iron close to your eyes to blind you.
 Your servants' condition, especially that of Chanden Sing, whom  like yourself the Tibetans kept prisoner for twenty-four days,  and who was given two hundred lashes, was pitiable beyond words.
 I am anxious to see the photographs taken by Dr. Wilson of you as  you were when you arrived at Taklakot. I trust that by now you  may feel better and that the pain in your spine may have  altogether disappeared. I believe your rifles, revolver, ring,  &c., which I succeeded in recovering from the Tibetans, must have  reached you by now through the Deputy Commissioner at Almora. The  cash and other articles have not been recovered, nor is there any  probability of getting them back. Hoping to receive news of you  soon and with best salaams,
 I am, yours most obediently,  K. KHARAK SING PAL,  Political Peshkar,  Garbyang Dharchula, Bhot.
 Letter from COLONEL GRIGG, Commissioner of Kumaon.
 Commissionership of Kumaon.  Dated December 7, 1897.
MY DEAR LANDOR,
 Karak Sing reports that 2 guns (1 damaged), 1 revolver, 1  signet-ring, cash 68/12/-, cartridges (gun) 110, ditto revolver  37, cleaning-rods 2, gun-case 1, leather straps, 1  butterfly-catcher, &c., have been handed to him by the Jong Pen  of Taklakot, and he has requested Deputy Commissioner's orders.
 I am glad to hear your things are coming on. I hope you are  getting stronger.
 With our kindest regards,  Yours very sincerely,  E.E. GRIGG.
[NOTE BY THE AUTHOR.—This letter, as will be seen from the date, reached me after the bulk of the book had gone to press.]
A PRIVATE LETTER FROM J. LARKIN, ESQ., WHO, DEPUTED BY THE GOVERNMENT, PROCEEDED TO THE FRONTIER TO MAKE AN INQUIRY INTO MY CASE.
ALMORA, August 10, 1898.
MY DEAR LANDOR,
 Yours of the 21st ult. I am glad to hear that your book on your  experiences in Tibet is nearly finished. I wish you may have  every success with it, as it is only what you deserve after your  trials and hardships in that difficult land of the  ultra-conservative Lamas. I am not aware that the Indian papers  are attacking you. However, they apparently do not get reliable  information if they dispute the fact of your having entered  Tibet. We who were in some way connected with your rescue and  return have not been "interviewed," or we would give the  authentic account of the affair.
 I was on a few days' leave at Naini Tal when I heard of your  capture, tortures and expulsion from Tibet. I was deputed by the  Government to proceed at once to the borders and make an inquiry  into the affair. I set off at once, and I met you at Askot, where  you were being looked after by the Rajbar. What a change in your  appearance! When I saw you standing among some of the Askot  natives I could with difficulty identify you. You were bronzed  and weather-beaten to such an extent that you were not  distinguishable from the natives. I do not think you can blame me  for not recognising you readily. Your forehead, nose and the part  of your face below your eyes were scarred, and helped to alter  your appearance very greatly. You did surprise me when you told  me that you would retrace your steps back to the borders on  learning from me that I was hastening on to inquire into your  case. I had then seen the twenty odd wounds you had on your face,  wrists, feet and back. I strongly protested against your  undertaking the fatiguing journey back across the perilous and  arduous road, as I knew you needed rest and good nourishment, and  thought it would be wisest for you to get back to Almora, and be  under a good doctor.
 You, however, with your characteristic doggedness, meant to  accompany me, and I must perforce let you. I was glad in the long  run, for you enabled me to make a fuller inquiry than I would  otherwise have been able.
 As you know, and as I reported to Government, I found after an  inquiry on the borders that you had with great difficulty and  manoeuvring succeeded in entering Tibet, evading the Jong Pen of  Taklakot, and the Barca Tarjum at Gyanema, and crossing the  Mariam La (Maium Pass) and getting as far as Tuksem (Toxem). You  had been deserted by all the mountaineers who had started with  you and who had promised to accompany you wherever you went. When  you were left with the two Kumaonis, you were surrounded and  captured by the Governor of that part of Tibet and his men.  There, as a sequel to your innumerable fatigues, hardships,  desertions, and privations, you and your two followers were  ill-treated and tortured by the Governor. Have you not got a  copy of my official report? I remember you told me you were  applying for it. If you possess the copy, surely that will be  sufficient to confound your traducers. I saw from the public  papers that my report was to be laid on the table of the House of  Commons by the Secretary of State for India.
 How did the photographs which we took up at the Lippu Pass turn  out? I should particularly like to have the one of the group on  the pass, and also the one where I am on horseback. I would also  like to have the one I took of you having your matutinal bath  when the water froze in your hair and on your body as it was  thrown on you by Chanden Sing; and no wonder it did, as there  were ten to twelve feet of snow lying about, and a hardy Bhotia  (Shoka) mountaineer had only a few days prior to our arrival been  lost in the snow on crossing the pass.
 Doubtless it will afford you some pleasure to learn that you have  earned quite a reputation among the natives, both Tibetan and  Bhotias (Shokas), on account of your universal cordiality,  generosity and pluck. They are constantly inquiring about you,  and relating your many good traits. Should you ever think of  returning here you have made many friends, and you would get a  very warm welcome from the natives.
 Dr. H. Wilson tells me that, when he took you over from your  captors, the officials of Tibet, you were in a dying state, and  that he only just got you in the nick of time. How are your eyes  and spine? I trust they are quite well again. I look back with  pleasure to my tour up to the border with you, and our return  journey after your journey into Tibet proper, where you were  subjected to tortures by the Governor of the district thereof.
 With every good wish,  Yours very sincerely,  (Signed) J. LARKIN.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Maium Pass.
* ↑ Galshio = Gyatsho.
* ↑ Bhutias = Shokas.
* ↑ Raja = King.
* ↑ N.B.—Reproductions of some of the photographs mentioned are given in this book.