OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clench, John

​CLENCH, JOHN (d. 1607), judge, son of John Clench of Wetherefield, Essex, by Joan, daughter of John Amias of the same county, and grandson of John Clench of Leeds, Yorkshire, was admitted a student at Lincoln's Inn on 11 Feb. 1556, called to the bar in 1568, appointed recorder of Ipswich in 1573-4--being the first known to have held office--elected reader at his inn in Lent 1574, took the degree of serjeant-at-law in Michaelmas term 1580, was appointed a baron of the exchequer in the following year (27 Nov.), being assigned to the northern circuit, and on 29 May 1584 was transferred to the court of queen's bench. He was one of the judges appointed to hear causes in chancery in the six months which intervened between the death of the lord chancellor, Sir Christopher Hatton (20 Nov. 1591), and the appointment of his successor. He remained, however, attached to the northern circuit, apparently until his retirement. In 1596 he took the Lincoln assizes with Chief-justice Anderson, the bulk of the criminal business consisting, as it would seem, of cases of ecclesiastical recusancy. The unknown writer of a letter preserved in the fourth volume of Strype's 'Annals' says : 'The demeanour of him (Anderson, a zealous high churchman) and the other judge, as they sit by turns upon the gaol (with reverence I speak it) in these matters is flat opposite; and they which are maliciously affected, when Mr. Justice Clinch sitteth upon the gaol, do labour to adjourn their complaints (though they be before upon the file) to the next assize; and the gentlemen in the several shires are endangered by this means to be cast into a faction' (Strype, Annals, fol., iv. 265). Clench is said to have been an especial favourite with Elizabeth. Nevertheless he does not appear to have been knighted, or in any way honoured. In 1600, while retaining the emoluments of his office, he was displaced from attendance at court, on account of age and infirmities, and three years later he was pensioned. He died on 19 Aug. 1607, at his seat at Holbrooke, Essex, and was buried in Holbrooke Church, his monument being inscribed as in memory 'colendissimi suique temporis antiquissimi judicis Johannis Clenche.' A half-length portrait of Clench in his robes was long preserved at Harden Hall (the seat in the last century of Lord Alvanley) in Cheshire, but appears to have been among the works of art dispersed in 1815. A portrait of the judge was also in the possession of the town clerk of Ipswich in 1831. Clench married Catherine, daughter of Thomas Almot of Creeting All Saints, Essex, by whom he had issue five sons and eight daughters. His heir, Thomas, who married Margery, daughter of John Barker, merchant, of Ipswich, was sheriff of Suffolk in 1616, and junior M.P. for the same county in 1630, and one John Clench of Creeting was sheriff of Suffolk in 1630. The family appears to be now extinct.
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clement, William Innell

​CLEMENT, WILLIAM INNELL (d. 1852), newspaper proprietor, was born, it is believed, in London of humble parentage, and received only a scanty education. Between 1810 and 1815 he started in business by the purchase of a share of the 'Observer,' at that time a comparatively obscure paper. Clement by his liberal management and faculty for organisation soon placed it at the head of the Sunday press. He aimed at making it what he called 'a seventh-day paper.' By not printing it till between four and five o'clock on the Sunday morning he was enabled to give the very latest intelligence. His energy in this department led him to publish a full report of Thistlewood's trial in April 1820. By doing so he incurred a penalty of 500l., which, however, was never enforced.
Elated with the success of the 'Observer,' Clement became ambitious of owning a morning paper. Accordingly, on the death of Mr. James Perry in 1821, he purchased the 'Morning Chronicle' for the extravagant sum of ​42,000l. It proved an unlucky venture. His capital being unequal to such a demand, he was obliged to raise the greater portion of the purchase-money by bills. Through his bill transactions he became involved with Messrs. Hurst & Robinson, by whose bankruptcy in 1825 he was an extensive sufferer. After losing annually on the 'Morning Chronicle,' Clement was glad to part with it in 1834 to Mr. (afterwards Sir John) Easthope and two other speculators for 16,500l. In the meantime he had, in addition to the 'Morning Chronicle' and 'Observer,' bought 'Bell's Life in London,' which, under the editorship of Mr. Vincent Dowling, became a first-rate sporting paper. Clement died at Hackney on 24 Jan. 1852 at an advanced age. Part of his business was acquired by Mr. W. H. Smith.
Clement was at one time intimate with William Cobbett [q. v.], and stood his friend when the latter had to fly to the United States on the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act during the Liverpool and Castlereagh ministry. He afterwards had reason to complain of Cobbett's ingratitude.
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clench, Andrew

​CLENCH, ANDREW, M.D. (d. 1692), physician, was descended from the family of that name seated in Suffolk. He was created M.D. at Cambridge by royal mandate on 29 March 1671, was admitted a candidate of the College of Physicians on 22 Dec. 1677, and a fellow on 23 Dec 1680. He had become ​a fellow of the Royal Society on 22 April in the last-named year. Clench resided in Brownlow Street, Holborn. He was murdered between nine and eleven o'clock on the night of Monday, 4 Jan. 1692. 'This week,' writes Evelyn, 'a most execrable murder was committed on Dr. Clench, father of that extraordinary learned child whom I have before noticed. Under pretence of carrying him in a coach to see a patient, they strangled him in it, and sending away the coachman under some pretence, they left his dead body in the coach, and escaped in the dusk of the evening' (Diary, 1850-2, ii. 317). A swindler named Henry Harrison, to whose mistress Clench had lent money, was convicted of the murder and hanged on 15 April 1692. By his wife Rose, Clench had two sons, Edmund and John. From his will (reg. in P.C.C. 24, Fane), we learn that he died possessed of property in Norfolk, of the manor and advowson of Monk Soham, Suffolk, and the lordship of Blomvile's or Woodcroft Hall in the same parish. Evelyn has left a charming account of Clench's gifted son referred to above, who, when Evelyn saw him, was not twelve years old. It is gratifying to know that no pressure was brought to bear upon him, and that he usually played amongst other boys four or five hours every day, and that he was as earnest at his play as at his study' (Diary, 1850-2, ii. 288-90).
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clement, Gregory

1904 Errata appended.
​CLEMENT, GREGORY (d. 1660), regicide, is described by Ludlow as 'a citizen and merchant of London, who by trading to Spain had raised a very considerable estate' (Memoirs, p. 370). In the spring of 1647 he became member for Camelford, and, according to 'The Mystery of the Good Old Cause, when he had been a member two months protested he had scarcely cleared the purchase money, which was but 60l, but said trading, he doubted not, would mend' (reprint, p. 14). He was one of the members who subscribed their dissent to the vote of 5 Dec. 1648 for an accommodation with the king, and doubtless owed to that circumstance his appointment as one of the king's judges (Parliamentary History, xviii. 482). He attended the high court of justice all the days on which it met in Westminster Hall, and in the Painted Chamber on 8, 22, 23, and 29 Jan., and signed the death-warrant (Nalson, Trial of Charles I). On 11 May 1652 he was expelled from parliament for his 'scandalous carriage;' according to the Rev. Mark Noble, 'not managing his intrigues with secrecy, he was proved to have been frail with his female servant at Greenwich' (Noble, Regicides, p. 143; Heath, p. 476). At the Restoration he went into hiding, but was found concealed 'in a mean house near Gray's Inn,' identified by his voice, 'which was very remarkable,' and sent to the Tower ​(Ludlow, p. 347; Kennet, Register, 26 May 1660). On 9 June he was absolutely excepted from the Act of Indemnity, both for life and estate; on 12 Oct. he was tried, confessed himself guilty of the fact, and begged for mercy ; and on 16 Oct. he was executed. 'He had no good elocution, but his apprehension and judgment were not to be despised' (Ludlow).
C. H. F.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.70 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
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# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Calavius

​Cala'vius, the name of a distinguished Campanian family or gens. In conjunction with some other Canipanians, the Calavii are said to have set fire to various parts of Rome, b. c. 211, in order to avenge themselves for what the Campanians had suffered from the Romans. A slave of the Calavii betrayed the crime, and the whole family, together with their slaves who had been accomplices in the crime, were arrested and punished. (Liv. xxvi. 27.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Calavius 3.

​3. Ofilius Calavius, son of Ovius Calavius, was a man of great distinction at Capua, and when in b. c. 321 the Campanians exulted over the defeat of the Romans at Caudium, and believed that their spirit was broken, Ofilius Calavius taught his fellow-citizens to look at the matter in another light, and advised them to be on their guard. (Liv. ix. 7.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Calavius 1, 2.

​1, 2. Novius Calavius and Ovius Calavius are mentioned as the leaders of the conspiracy which broke out at Capua in b. c. 314. C. Maenius was appointed dictator to coerce the insurgents, and the two Calavii, dreading the consequences of their conspiracy are believed to have made away with themselves. (Liv. ix. 26.)
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Callimachus 1.

​CALLI′MACHUS (Καλλίμαχος). 1. Of the tribe of Aiantis and the δῆμος of Aphidna, held the office of Polemarch, B. C. 490, and in that capacity commanded the right wing of the Athenian array at Marathon, where he was slain, after behaving with much gallantry. In the battle he is said to have vowed to Artemis a heifer for every enemy he should slay. By the persuasion of Miltiades he had given his casting vote for fighting, when the voices of the ten generals were equally divided on the question. This is the last recorded instance of the Polemarch performing the military duties which his name implies. Callimachus was conspicuously figured in the fresco painting of the battle of Marathon, by Polygnotus, in the στοὰ ποικίλη. (Herod, vi. 109—114; Plut. Aristid. et Cat. Maj. 2, Sympos. i. 8. § 3; Schol. ad Aristoph. Eq. 658; Paus. i. 15.)
2. One of the generals of Mithridates, who, by his skill in engineering, defended the town of Amisus, in Pontus, for a considerable time against the Romans, in B. C. 71; and when Lucullus had succeeded in taking a portion of the wall, Callimachus set fire to the place and made his escape by sea. He afterwards fell into the hands of Lucullus at the capture of Nisibis (called by the Greeks Antioch) in Mygdonia, B. C. 68, and was put to death in revenge for the burning of Amisus. (Plut. Lucull. 19, 32; comp. Appian, Bell Mithr. 78, 83; Dion Cass. xxxv. 7.) [E. E.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Callimachus 4.

​CALLI′MACHUS (Καλλίμαχος), an artist of uncertain country, who is said to have invented the Corinthian column. (Vitruv. iv. 1. § 10.) As Scopas built a temple of Athene at Tegea with Corinthian columns in B. C. 396, Callimachus must have lived before that time. Pausanias (i. 26. § 7) calls him the inventor of the art of boring marble (τοὺς λίθους πρῶτος ἐτρύπησε), which Thiersch (Epoch. Anm. p. 60) thinks is to be understood of a mere perfection of that art, which could not have been entirely unknown to so late a period. By these inventions as well as by his other productions, Callimachus stood in good reputation with his contemporaries, although he did not belong to the first-rate artists. He was so anxious to give his works the last touch of perfection, by elaborating the details with too much care, that he lost the grand and sublime. Dionysius therefore compares him and Calamis to the orator Lysias (τῆς λεπτότητος ἕνεκα καὶ τῆς χάριτος), whilst he draws a parallel between Polycletus and Phidias and Isocrates, on account of the σεμνὸν καὶ μεγαλότεχνον καὶ ἀξιωματικόν. (Judic. Isocr. c. 3.) Callimachus was never satisfied with himself, and therefore received the epithet κακιζότεχνος. (Paus. i. 26. § 7.) Pliny (H. N. xxxiv. 8. s. 19) says the same, and gives an exact interpretation of the surname: "Semper calumniator sui nec finem habens diligentiae; ob id κακιζότεχνος appellatus." Vitruvius says, that Callimachus "propter elegantiam et subtilitatem artis marmoreae ab Atheniensibus κατάτεχνος fuerat nominatus." Sillig (Cat. Art. p. 125) conjectures, after some MSS., that κατατηξίτεχνος must be read instead of κακιζότεχνος; but this is quite improbable on account of Pliny's translation, "calumniator sui." Whether the κατάτεχνος of Vitruvius is corrupt or a second surname (as Siebelis supposes, ad Paus. i. 26. § 7), cannot be decided. So much is certain, that Callimachus' style was too artificial. Pliny (l. c.), speaking of a work representing some dancing Lacedaemonian women, says, that his excessive elaboration of the work had destroyed all its beauty. Pausanias (i. 26 § 7) describes a golden lamp, a work of Callimachus dedicated to Athene, which if filled with oil, burnt precisely one whole year without ever going out. It is scarcely probable that the painter Callimachus, mentioned by Pliny (l. c.), should be our statuary, although he is generally identified with him. [W. I.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Calligenes

​CALLl′GENES (Καλλιγένης), the name of the physician of Philip, Wmg of Macedonia, who attended him in his last illness at Amphipolis, B. C. 179, and concealed his death from the people till the arrival of Perseus, to whom he had sent intelligence of the great danger of the king. (Liv. xl. 56.) [W. A. G.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Calatinus, A. Atilius

​Calati'nus, A. Ati'lius, a distinguished Roman general in the first Punic war, who was twice consul and once dictator. His first consulship falls in b. c. 258, when he obtained Sicily as his province, according to Polybius (i. 24), together with his colleague C. Sulpicius Paterculus but according to other authorities alone, to conduct the war against the Carthaginians. He first took the town of Hippana, and afterwards the strongly fortified Myttistratum, which he laid in ashes. (Zonar. viii. 11, where he is erroneously called Latinus instead of Calatinus.) Immediately after he attacked Camarina, but during the siege he fell into an ambush, and would have perished with his army, had it not been for the generous exertions of a tribune who is commonly called Calpuniius Flamma, though his name is not the same in all authorities. (Liv. Epit. 17, xxii. 60; Plin. H. N. xxii. 6 ; Oros. iv. 8 ; Florus, ii. 2. § 13, who erroneously calls Atilius Calatinus dictator ; Aurel. Vict. De Vir. Illustr. 39; Gell. iii. 7; Frontin. Stratag. iv. 5. § 10.) After his escape from this danger, he conquered Camarina, Enna, Drepanum, and other places, which had till then been in the possession of the Carthaginians. Towards the close of the year he made an attack upon Lipara, where the operations were continued by his successor. On his return to Rome he was honoured with a triumph. In b. c. 254 he was invested with the consulship a second time. Shortly before this event the Romans had lost nearly their whole fleet in a storm off cape Pachynum, but Atilius Calatinus and his colleague Cn. Cornelius Scipio Asina built a new fleet of 220 ships in the short space of three months, and both the consuls then sailed to Sicily. The main event of that year was the capture of Panomius. (Polyb. i. 38;' Zonar. viii. 14.) In b. c. 249 Atilius Calatinus was appointed dictator for the purpose of carrying on the war in Sicily in the place of Claudius Glycia. But nothing of importance was accomplished during his dictatorship, which is remarkable only for being the first instance in Roman history of a dictator commanding an army out of Italy. (Liv. Epit. 19; Suet. Tiber. 2; Zonar. viii. 15; Dion Cass, xxxvi. 17.) Several years later, in b. c. 241, he was chosen as mediator between the proconsul C. Lutatius Catulus and the praetor Q. Valerius, to decide which of the two had the right to claim a triumph, and he decided in favour of the proconsul. ( Val. Max. ii. 8. § 2.) Beyond the fact that he built a temple of Spes nothing further is known about him. (Cic. De Leg. ii. 11, De Nat. Deor. ii. 23 ; Tacit. Ann. ii. 49 ; comp. Liv. xxiv. 47, xxv. 7.) A. Atilius Calatinus was a man highly esteemed both by his contemporaries and by posterity, and his tomb was adorned with the inscription " unum hunc plurimae consentiunt gentes populi primarium fuisse." (Cic. De Senect. 17, De Finib. ii. 35, pro Planc. 25.) [L. S.]
# Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Callimachus 3.

​CALLI′MACHUS, a physician, who was one of the followers of Herophilus, and who must have lived about the second century B. C., as he is mentioned by Zeuxis. (Galen, Comment. in Hippocr. "Epid. VI." i. 5. vol. xvii. pt. i. p. 827.) He wrote a work in explanation of the obsolete words used by Hippocrates, which is not now extant, but which is quoted by Erotianus. (Gloss. Hippocr. praef.) He may perhaps be the same person who is mentioned by Pliny as having written a work De Coronis. (H. N. xxi. 9.) [W. A. G.]
# Creation by Evolution

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CREATION BY EVOLUTION
EDITED BY FRANCES MASON
CREATION BY EVOLUTION
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
NEW YORK · BOSTON · CHICAGO · DALLAS ATLANTA · SAN FRANCISCO
MACMILLAN & CO., Limited
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TORONTO
From “Country Life,” London.
The Tree of Life.
Evolution does not move in a straight course, symbolized by the links in a chain; the tree is a symbol of nature’s plan of creation. The trunk represents the main course of life through the ages; the branches are the great groups of plants and animals that have appeared during the growth of the tree; the plants and animals now living are the green twigs at the tips of the branches. In the evolution of forms there are no offshoots leading from one branch to another; the branches start from below and diverge as they grow, each branch maintaining its own course.
Thus life in its evolution manifests itself in a related yet divergent series of forms, constituting the widespreading tree of life.
CREATION BY EVOLUTION
A CONSENSUS OF PRESENT-DAY KNOWLEDGE AS SET FORTH BY LEADING AUTHORITIES IN NON-TECHNICAL LANGUAGE THAT ALL MAY UNDERSTAND
EDITED BY FRANCES MASON ❦
NEW YORK THE MACMILLAN COMPANY MCMXXVIII
Copyright, 1928,
By THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.
Set up and printed. Published May, 1928. Reprinted June, 1928.
SET UP BY BROWN BROTHERS LINOTYPERS
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY THE CORNWALL PRESS, INC.
DEDICATED
TO THOSE WHO SEEK EVIDENCE OF
NATURE’S UNIVERSAL METHOD OF CREATION
AND TO THOSE WHO FIND THE STORY
OF INEXHAUSTIBLE INTEREST
CONTENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1973, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 50 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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# Creation by Evolution/Editor's Preface

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EDITOR’S PREFACE
This book is the result of a wish to obtain the judgment of leading scientific scholars of the English-speaking world concerning our present knowledge of how living things in Nature come about,—to obtain actual evidence of Nature’s method of creation.
Each of the writers gives an independent record of research in his own particular field, striving to do so in language that all may understand and appreciate.
All these scientists of the organic world, though studying from many different points of view, find that creation is a gradual process of transformation, or evolution, each condition the outcome of things preceding, according to natural laws.
Nature shows nothing finished and perfect in the beginning; she shows orderly divergence and an advance from lower to higher levels of creation.
The book does not attempt to explain the origin of life, or to determine the causes that lie behind the changes in living things from age to age. It attempts to show that there are changes and to describe how they come about.
The revelation of creation by evolution which comes to us through science widens and exalts our outlook on life and our religious faith, and these papers have been assembled in the hope that they may lead to a more general understanding of Nature and Nature’s Way.
To those who have set forth for the reader the hard-won results of their life’s research I tender my sincere thanks and deep appreciation.
Frances Mason.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Colville, William

​COLVILLE or COLVILL, WILLIAM (d. 1675), principal of Edinburgh University, was the son of Robert Colvill of Cleish, and studied at the university of St. Andrews, where he graduated in 1617. He was elected second minister of Trinity College in 1635, elected to the second charge of Greyfriars in January 1638, and translated to the Tron Church in January 1639. In the same year he was sent by the covenanters to the king of France to solicit aid against the despotic proceedings of Charles I, but in travelling through England had his papers seized and was incarcerated till the victory of Newburn gained him his release in August 1640. In December 1641 he was removed to the Tron Church. He was suspended by the assembly in July 1648 and deposed in 1649 for 'favouring the unlawful engagement.' He then was for some time minister of the English church at Utrecht. In 1652 he was elected principal of the university of Edinburgh, but, having been carried prisoner to the castle for praying for Charles II, was not permitted by the government of Cromwell to take possession of the office, which was declared vacant on 17 Jan. 1653. He, however, received a year's stipend, in consideration of his having demitted his charge in Holland. In 1654 he was reponed by the assembly and became minister of Perth. On Leighton's resignation in 1662 he was again appointed principal of the university. He was the author of a work entitled 'Ethica Christiana' and of sermons on the ' Righteous Branch.' He died in 1675.
[Scott's Fasti Eccles. Scot. i. 55, 133; Wodrow's Analecta; Robert Baillie's Letters and Journals, i. 362, ii. 85, 463, iii. 19-21, 34, 41, 63, 64, 92, 96, 105, 184, 284, 468, 522, 545; Histories of the University of Edinburgh by Bower and Grant.]
T. F. H.