OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# American Medical Biographies/Beck, Carl

​Beck, Carl (1856–1911)
Carl Beck, professor of surgery at the New York Post-Graduate School of Medicine and visiting surgeon to St. Mark's Hospital, was born in Neckargemünd, Germany, April 4, 1856. After graduating at the gymnasium of Heidelberg in 1874 he studied medicine at the universities of Heidelberg, Berlin and Jena and obtained the degree of Doctor of Medicine from the last named university in 1878. For a few years he practised medicine in his native town but emigrated to America in 1882 and settled in New York. He soon gained a name as a skilful surgeon. When Roentgen discovered the X-rays Beck was one of the first to introduce their use in surgery. He wrote numerous articles on this subject in English and German. For the last twenty years of his life Beck was professor of surgery at the New York Post-Graduate School of Medicine. He was also president of the German Medical Society of New ​York and of the American Therapeutic Society.
Beck was a prolific writer and published numerous articles in American and German medical journals. He is the author of the following books: "Fractures, with an Appendix on the Use of the Roentgen Rays" (1900), "Roentgent Ray Diagnosis and Therapy" (1904), "Principles of Surgical Pathology for the Use of Students" (1905) and "Surgical Diseases of the Chest" (1907).
Beck was a highly cultured man, possessed of a wide knowledge, urbane and pleasing in his manners. He was of an idealistic turn of mind. He spurned the chase after money and in his leisure hours found pleasure in the arts and in literature. He himself wrote "Der Schwabenkonrad," a novel in German, in which he described the vicissitudes of one of his ancestors during the Thirty Years' War.
Dr. Beck married Miss Hedwig Loeser in 1881 and they had two children.
He died in Pelham Heights, N. Y., June 9,
# American Medical Biographies/Bedford, Gunning S.

​Bedford, Gunning S. (1806–1870)
Gunning Bedford, born in Baltimore, Maryland, 1806, was an author and physician and the great nephew of the famous Gunning Bedford, of Delaware, of revolutionary distinction.
Dr. Bedford graduated in 1825 at Mount St. Mary's College, Emmetsburg, Maryland, and after graduating his first idea was to study law. With that resolve he left Baltimore with letters of introduction to Daniel Webster, intending to study with him. However, he met an enthusiastic acquaintance who had just begun the study of medicine. This acquaintance persuaded him before going to visit Mr. Webster to go with him and hear Dr. John D. Godman lecture. They went. Bedford was charmed and carried away with the eloquence of Godman and determined at once to become his pupil.
He graduated at Rutgers Medical College in his twenty-third year. Shortly after (1829) he married and made an extended visit to Europe, where he remained two years, visiting the hospitals, and shortly after his return to America was appointed, in 1833, professor to the Charleston Medical College, South Carolina, and subsequently professor at the Medical College in Albany. Remaining there but a short time, he determined to visit New York City and make that place the field of his future exertions.
He assisted Dr. Martyn Paine (q.v.) in founding the University Medical College, and was aided in this by one of his former preceptors—afterwards his colleague—Valentine Mott (q.v.). The faculty consisted of Pattison, Paine, Draper, Revere, Mott and Bedford.
He was professor of obstetrics and diseases of women from 1841 to 1864, when he was compelled, on account of ill health, to resign. He was the first professor who ever held an obstetric clinic in the United States.
His works, which were among the most popular of the day, were "Diseases of Women and Children" (1855) and the "Principles and Practice of Obstetrics" (1861). The former went through ten editions, the latter through five, and have been translated into French and German and were adopted generally as text-books throughout the United States and Europe. His earliest effort was the translation of Baudelocque's "Treatise on Puerperal Peritonitis" into English (1831), and in 1844 Chaillé's "Treatise on Midwifery."
He died in New York City September 5, 1870, leaving a widow and three sons, two of whom followed the profession of their father.
# American Medical Biographies/Beard, Charles Heady

​Beard, Charles Heady (1855–1916)
Charles Heady Beard, a Chicago ophthalmologist, was born in Louisville, Ky., Jan. 27, 1855, received the medical degree at the University of Louisville in 1877, and practised general medicine for six years at Cannelton, Ind. In 1883 he studied ophthalmology under Hermann Knapp (q.v.) and C. R. Agnew (q.v.) at the Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital, N. Y., and later in London and Vienna.
Settling as ophthalmologist at Chicago in 1886, he soon was widely known as operator and writer. He was one of the surgeons at the Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary, oculist to the Passavant Memorial Hospital, president of the Chicago Ophthalmological Society, a member of the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Oto-Laryngology and of the American Ophthalmological Society, and a fellow of the American College of Surgeons. In 1908 he was awarded a special diploma by the American Medical Association for his excellent drawings of the fundus oculi.
Dr. Beard died at his home, 1019 East 48th St., Chicago, on Jan. 3, 1916, after a long illness.
Among the more important writings of Dr. Beard are: "Ophthalmic Surgery" (Chicago, ​1910); "Ophthalmic Semiology and Diagnosis" (Phila., 1913. A vol. in Pyle's "International System of Ophthalmic Practice"); "Varieties of Blepharoplasty" (chap. xiii of Wood's "System of Ophthalmic Operations," Chicago, 1911); "Blepharoplasty" (69 pp., in vol. ii "American Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Ophthalmology").
# American Medical Biographies/Beck, Lewis Caleb

* related authors: Lewis Caleb Beck.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, taxonomy, Wikidata item.
​Beck, Lewis Caleb (1798–1853)
Lewis Caleb Beck, naturalist, was born in Schenectady, N. Y., October 4, 1798, the son of Caleb and Catherine Romeyn Beck. After attending the Schenectady grammar school, he graduated A. M. from Union College in 1815 and took up the study of medicine. He was licensed to practise medicine by the State Regents at Schenectady in 1818. His interest in botany was soon evident, and he discovered a new species of flowering plant near Schenectady, described by Torrey as Bidens Beckii.
In 1820 he moved to St. Louis where he resided until 1822. He made an extensive collection of the plants in the vicinity of St. Louis and later published a list of his collections there (Amer. Jour. Sci. & Arts, 1826, vol. x: 257–264; 1827, vol. xi: 167–182; 1828, vol. xiv: 112–121. Among the several new species he found was the Dwarf Bluet (Houstonia minima. Beck).
In 1822 Dr. Beck moved to New York state, settling in Albany, and residing there during most of the remainder of his life. He held positions as professor of botany, chemistry or natural history, up to the time of his death, in the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute at Troy, N. Y.; Vermont Academy of Medicine; Rutgers College at New Brunswick, N. J., and the Albany Medical College. Near New Brunswick he discovered Lathyrus glaucifolius (now known as L. ochroleucus). His first publication was an "Illinois and Missouri Gazeteer," that appeared in 1823.
He was well known in botanical circles and was the author of a "Manual of Botany of the United States North of Virginia" (1848), of which two editions were issued. He also published a number of botanical papers and a "Manual of Chemistry" (1831), which passed through four editions. A full list of his writings may be found in a memoir by Alden March in S. D. Gross' "American Medical Biography."
Soon after returning to Albany he married Hannah Maria, daughter of Israel Smith of that city and they had seven children. During the year 1836 he was a member of the geological survey of New York State, embodying the results of his explorations in a book on the mineralogy of New York, published in 1842.
In Albany he seems to have been well acquainted with Capt. James Eights (q.v.), who accompanied the Fanning "Voyage of Discovery" to the South Sea Islands in 1829, because the herbarium of Dr. Beck, acquired by the state and now in the state herbarium, contains a number of plants collected by Dr. Eights on Staten Island, South Shetland and other South Sea places. He was also a friend and correspondent of Asa Gray and his herbarium contains numerous specimens contributed by Dr. Gray.
He died at Albany, April 20, 1853.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Whitelock, William

From volume 4 of the work.
​Whitelock, William, s. Joseph, of Kendal, Westmoreland, pleb. Queen's Coll., matric. 11 July, 1789, aged 20; B.A. 1793, M.A. 1797, fellow until 1823, rector of Sulhampstead Abbas and Bannister, Berks, 1822, until his death 11 July, 1836.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Whitelocke, William Spencer

From volume 4 of the work.
​Whitelocke, William Spencer, s. John, of St. Marylebone, London, arm. Balliol Coll., matric. 30 Nov., 1813, aged 18; B.A. 1818, M.A. 1820, vicar of Gedney, co. Lincoln, 1822, and of Foston, Yorks, 1835, until his death 23 July, 1855.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Whiteside, Joseph

From volume 4 of the work.
​Whiteside, Joseph, 2s. Stephen, of Thrimby, Westmoreland, cler. Trinity Coll., matric. 16 Oct., 1880, aged 19; B.A. 1884.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Whitelock, Richard Hutchins

From volume 4 of the work.
​Whitelock, Richard Hutchins, s. Peter, of London, pleb. Lincoln Coll., matric. 26 March, 1789, aged 16; B.A. 1792, M.A. 1796, perp. curate Charlton-on-Medlock 1816, until his death in 1833. See Robinson, 149.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Whiteside, James

From volume 4 of the work.
​Whiteside, James, 3s. John William, of Ripon, co. York, cler. Queen's Coll., matric. 10 June, 1859, aged 20.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Whiteside, Rev. John William

From volume 4 of the work.
​Whiteside, Rev. John William, scholar Trinity Coll., Dublin, 1824, B.A. 1825, M.A. 1831 (adm. 'ad eundem' 2 July, 1840), LL.B. & LL.D. 1849 (brother of Right Hon. James Whiteside), perp. curate Keswick, Cumberland, incumbent Trinity Church, Ripon, 1835-48, vicar of Scarborough, Yorks, 1848, until his death 27 June, 1864, father of James.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Whiteside, Right Hon. James

From volume 4 of the work.
​Whiteside, Right Hon. James, created D.C.L. 17 June, 1863 (1s. Rev. William Whiteside, m.a.), B.A. & M.A. Trinity Coll., Dublin, 1832, LL.B. & LL.D. 1859, bar.-at-law, King's Inns, 1830, defended O'Connell 1842, Smith O'Brien in 1843, and Theresa Yelverton, M.P. Enniskillen 1851-7, Dublin University 1859-66, solicitor-general Ireland, March to Dec., 1852, attorney-general 1858-9, lord chief justice (Ireland), 1866, until his death 28 Nov., 1876, brother of John William.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Whiteside, Stephen

From volume 4 of the work.
​Whiteside, Stephen, 2s. Joseph, of Orton, Westmoreland, gent. Queen's Coll., matric. 6 June, 1850, aged 20; B.A. 1854, M.A. 1857, perp. curate Thrimby, Westmoreland, 1859-63, vicar of Shap 1863.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Whiteside, George Owen

From volume 4 of the work.
​Whiteside, George Owen, s. George, of St. Pancras, London, arm. Brasenose Coll., matric. 7 Feb., 1817, aged 18; brother of William.
# Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Whiteside, William

From volume 4 of the work.
​Whiteside, William, s. George, of St. Pancras, Middlesex, gent. St. Mary Hall, matric. 1 Nov., 1817, aged 17; brother of George Owen.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Scharteke

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Scharteke. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Scharteke, feminine, ‘worthless book, trash,’ Modern High German only; properly ‘waste book’; formed from Italian scartata, ‘refuse.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Schatten

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Schatten. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Schatten, masculine, ‘shade, shadow,’ from the equivalent Middle High German schate, masculine (rarely feminine), Old High German scato (genitive -awes), masculine; corresponding to Gothic skadus, Anglo-Saxon sčeadu, English shade, shadow, Dutch schaduw, Old Saxon skado, ‘shadow.’ Perhaps Greek σκότος, ‘darkness,’ is allied; Old Irish scáth, scáil, ‘shadow,’ are, however, more closely akin. For another Old Teutonic word for ‘shadow,’ see under schauen.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Schatz

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Schatz. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Schatz, masculine, ‘treasure, store; sweetheart,’ from Middle High German schaz (genitive -tzes), Old High German scaz, masculine; its chief senses down to the 13th century are ‘money, property, wealth,’ and only later ‘valuables stored up’; Old High German scaz, masculine, is only ‘money, a definite coin.’ Compare Gothic skatts, ‘coin, money,’ Old Icelandic skattr, ‘tax, tribute,’ Anglo-Saxon sčęatt, ‘a certain small coin, money, property,’ Old Frisian sket, ‘money, cattle,’ Old Saxon scat, ‘piece of money, property.’ The early history of the cognates is unfortunately too obscure; opinions are divided whether the Teutonic word shatta- is derived from Old Slovenian skotŭ, ‘cattle,’ or whether the latter comes from Teutonic. The variation in meaning, ‘cattle’ and ‘money,’ is analogous to Latin pecunia from pecus, English fee from Anglo-Saxon feoh, ‘cattle’ (see Vieh); in bartering, cattle played the part of money. Yet we cannot prove that the primary meaning of Old Teutonic *skatta-, ‘money, coin,’ is ‘cattle.’ On the other land, the assumption that the word is primitively allied to Greek σχέδη, ‘board, tablet,’ is certainly not satisfactory on account of the meanings of the Teutonic words.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Scharreisen

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Scharreisen. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Scharreisen, neuter, ‘scraper,’ from the equivalent Middle High German scherre, Old High German scërra, feminine, under the influence of scharren.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Schaukel

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Schaukel. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Schaukel, feminine, ‘swing,’ Modern High German only, derived, however, under Low German influence, from Middle High German schoc (genitive -ckes), masculine, and schoke, feminine; compare Low German schuckel, feminine, ‘swing’; Middle High German schoc, Old High German scoc, ‘rocking motion’ (whence French choc, ‘shock’). In East Thuringian ‘swing’ is Schunkel, in Suabian Gautsche, in Swiss Gireitz, Gigereitze.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Scharte

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Scharte. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Scharte, feminine, ‘notch,’ from Middle High German scharte, feminine, ‘an opening or indentation made by cutting, hewing, or fracture; notch, wound’; compare Dutch schaard, ‘notch, potsherd.’ Allied to Middle High German schart, adjective, ‘hewn to pieces, full of notches, wounded,’ Old High German scart, Anglo-Saxon sceard, English sherd, Old Icelandic skarðr, which were originally da- (to-), participles of scheren. Middle High German scharte, Old High German scartîsan, ‘skillet, pan,’ must, like their Modern High German corresponding forms, be kept apart from these cognates on account of their meaning, since they are derived from skardhâ (not from skarta), as is proved by Old Slovenian skvrada, skrada, ‘skillet, pan, hearth.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Schaub

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Schaub. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Schaub, masculine, ‘bundle or truss of straw, sheaf,’ from Middle High German schoup (genitive -bes), masculine, ‘bundle, truss of straw, wisp of straw,’ Old High German scoub, masculine, ‘sheaf, truss of straw’; compare Dutch schoof, Anglo-Saxon sčeáf, English sheaf, Old Icelandic skauf, ‘sheaf’; allied to schieben. Hence Schaub is literally ‘what is gathered together’; akin further to Schober.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Schaufel

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Schaufel. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Schaufel, feminine, ‘shovel,’ from the equivalent Middle High German schûvel, Old High German scûvala, feminine, pointing to Gothic *skûfla (skûbla). The forms of the other Teutonic languages point to Gothic *skŭbla, feminine; compare Dutch schoffel, feminine, ‘shovel,’ Anglo-Saxon sčęofl, feminine, English shovel. Allied to the root ​skûb (skûf?) in schieben; hence Schaufel is literally ‘a tool on which something is put to be thrown away.’ For the change of ŭ to û compare Sohn and laut.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Schauer

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Schauer. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Schauer (1.), masculine, ‘penthouse, shed’; see Scheuer.
Schauer (2.), masculine, ‘shower,’ from Middle High German schûr, Old High German scâr, masculine, ‘storm, hail’; compare Old Saxon skûr, masculine, ‘weather, shower,’ Dutch schoer, ‘pouring rain,’ Anglo-Saxon sčûr, English shower, and the equivalent Old Icelandic skúr; Gothic only skura windis, ‘gale.’ Origin obscure.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Schaum

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Schaum. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Schaum, masculine, ‘foam, froth, scum,’ from the equivalent Middle High German schûm, Old High German scûm, m,; corresponding; to Dutch schuim, Old Icelandic skúm, ‘foam’ (whence English scum). The other dialects have a different word; compare Anglo-Saxon fám, English foam, under Feim. It is questionable whether Latin spuma, ‘foam’ (with p for k, compare lupus with λύκος?), is connected with the Teutonic cognates. Schaum is usually connected with the root skû, ‘to cover,’ appearing in Scheuer; hence it means literally ‘covering, that which covers.’ From Teutonic are derived Italian schiuma, French écume, ‘foam.’
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kapuze

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Kapuze. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kapuze, feminine, ‘cowl,’ Modern High German only, from Italian capuccio, whence also French capuce; Middle Latin capúcium; derivative Kapuziner (Middle Latin capucinus).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kaper

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Kaper. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kaper, masculine, ‘pirate,’ from the equivalent Dutch kaper.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Karausche

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Karausche. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Karausche, feminine, ‘crucian,’ Modern High German only; older variants, karaȥ, karûtsch; from French carassin, ‘crucian’?. Compare also English crucian, and its equivalent Italian coracino, Lithuanian karósas, Servian karaš, Czech karas, which forms are nearer to High German than to French; the final source is Greek κορακῖνος (Middle Latin coracînus).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Karat

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Karat. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Karat, neuter, ‘carat,’ not derived fro Middle High German gárât, feminine and neuter, ‘carat,’ which in Modern High German must have been Gárat. The Modern High German has been more probably borrowed anew from French carat or Italian caráto; the Middle High German word has adopted the German accent, while the Modern High German term preserves the accent of the Romance word upon which it is based.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kappes

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Kappes. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kappes, Kappus, masculine, ‘headed cabbage,’ from the equivalent Middle High German kappaȥ, kappûs, kabeȥ, masculine Old High German chabuȥ, chapuȥ, directly connected with Latin caput, which strangely enough does not appear in Middle Latin in the sense of ‘cabbage-head’; Italian capuccio (hence French cabus and English cabbage) presumes, however, a Middle Latin derivative of caput in the sense of ‘cabbage-head, headed cabbage.’ The naturalisation of the Italian word in High German may have been completed in the 7th century or so; by that time a number of Latin names of plants, as well as the art of cookery and gardening introduced from the South, was already firmly established in Germany.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Kappe

| This annotated version expands the abbreviations in the original entry Kappe. | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Annotated entries in Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Kappe, feminine, ‘hood, cowl’; the meaning Middle High German kappe, feminine, upon which it is based, does not correspond very often with that of Modern High German, its usual signification being ‘a garment shaped like a cloak and fitted with a cowl as a covering for the head’; hence Tarnkappe, which has first been made current in Modern High German in this century through the revival by scholars of the Middle High German tornkappe (properly ‘the cloak that makes the wearer invisible’). Old High German chappa; Anglo-Saxon cœppe, ‘cloak,’ English cap. The double sense of the Middle High German word appears in the Middle Latin and Romance cappa, ‘cloak, cap,’ on which it is based (on the primary form câpa is based English cope, from Middle English cope, as well as Old Icelandic kápa, ‘cloak’). With regard to the meaning compare Modern French chape (cape), ‘cope, scabbard, sheath, case,’ and the derivatives chapeau, ‘hat,’ and chaperon, ‘cowl.’ The Middle Latin word was adopted by the more civilised classes of Europe, passing into Slavonic as well as into Romance and Teutonic. The word was not borrowed, or rather not naturalised before the 8th century, for an earlier borrowed term would have been *chapfa in Old High German and *kapfe in Middle High German — Compare Kapelle.