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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Magnesia

From volume 9 of the work.
A titular see in Lydia, suffragan of Ephesus, lying about 40 miles north-east of Smyrna and supposed to have been founded by the Magneti of Thessaly in the fifth century B. C. Lucius Scipio defeated Antiochus, King of Syria, there in 190 B. C. It was ruined by an earthquake in the reign of Tiberius, but recovered and prospered. It is now known as Manisa, a flourishing town of 35,000 inhabitants in the sanjak of Sarakhan, containing twenty mosques, and a Greek and an Armenian church. The following bishops are known: Eusebius, at Ephesus (431); Alexander, at Chalcedon (553); Stephen at Constantinople (680); Basil at Nicæa (787); Athanasius at Constantinople (869); Luke at the synod held there in 879.
There was another see in Asia called Magnesia ad Mæandrum, which was situated on the Meander in Ionia. Said to have been built by Leucippus, it was the site of the celebrated temple of Diana Leucophryne, erected by Hermogenes, which was granted the privilege of asylum by Scipio, on account of the fidelity of the inhabitants. Eight of its bishops are known: Damasus (second century); Eusebius at Philoppolis (343); Macarius, contemporary of St. Chrysostom; Daphnus at Ephesus (431); Leontius at the Robber-Council (449); Patritius at the synod in Trullo (692); Basil at Nicæa (787); Theophilus at Constantinople (879); Basil and Eusebius may be those referred to in speaking of the Lydian Magnesia.
LE QUIEN, Oriens Christianus, I, 697, 736.
A. A. MacErlean.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Magydus

From volume 9 of the work.
A titular see of Pamphylia Secunda, suffragan of Perga. It was a small town with no history, on the coast between Attaleia and Perga, occasionally mentioned by ancient geographers, and on numerous coins of the imperial era. Its site was probably Laara in the vilayet of Konia, where there are ruins of a small artificial harbour. The See of Magydus figures in the "Notitiae episcopatuum" until the twelfth or thirteenth century. Five bishops are known: Aphrodisius, present at the Nicene Council (325); Macedo, at Chalcedon (451); Conon, at Constantinople (553); Platon at Constantinople (680 and 692); Marinus, at Nicaea (787).
SMITH, Dict. Greek and Roman Geog., s. v.; LE QUIEN, Oriens christ., I, 1025.
S. Pétridès.
# Cecil Dreeme

* information about this edition.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
17th edition; the scene of the novel is New York City in the mid-19th century

### Contents

* Biographical Sketch of the Author – by George William Curtis
* Chapter I • Stillfleet and His News
* Chapter II • Chrysalis College
* Chapter III • Rubbish Palace
* Chapter IV • The Palace and Its Neighbors
* Chapter V • Churm Against Densdeth
* Chapter VI • Churm As Cassandra
* Chapter VII • Churm’s Story
* Chapter VIII • Clara Denman, Dead
* Chapter IX • Locksley’s Scare
* Chapter X • Overhead, Without
* Chapter XI • Overhead, Within
* Chapter XII • Dreeme, Asleep
* Chapter XIII • Dreeme, Awake
* Chapter XIV • A Mild Orgie
* Chapter XV • A Morning with Densdeth
* Chapter XVI • Emma Denman
* Chapter XVII • A Morning with Cecil Dreeme
* Chapter XVIII • Another Cassandra
* Chapter XIX • Can This Be Love?
* Chapter XX • A Nocturne
* Chapter XXI • Lydian Measures
* Chapter XXII • A Laugh and a Look
* Chapter XXIII • A Parting
* Chapter XXIV • Fame Awaits Dreeme
* Chapter XXV • Churm Before Dreeme’s Picture
* Chapter XXVI • Towner
* Chapter XXVII • Raleigh’s Revolt
* Chapter XXVIII • Densdeth’s Farewell
* Chapter XXIX • Dreeme His Own Interpreter
* Chapter XXX • Densdeth’s Dark Room
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Ceballos v. Shaughnessy

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
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United States Supreme Court
352 U.S. 599
Ceballos v. Shaughnessy
Argued: Jan. 16 and 17, 1957. --- Decided: March 11, 1957
Mr. Sidney Kansas, New York City, for the petitioner.
Mr. Oscar H. Davis, Washington, D.C., for the respondent.
Mr. Justice BRENNAN delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Prioress

From volume 12 of the work.
(Priorissa, Praeposita).
A superioress in a monastic community for women. The term prioress is properly applied only to a superioress in a convent which has the papal approbation and whose members make solemn profession, that is, to convents which belong to an order in the strict sense of the word. In some places, however, it is customary to apply the title of prioress also to a superioress in a convent which has only the episcopal approbation and whose members do not make solemn profession. In general, the office of a prioress in an order for women corresponds to that of the prior in the same order for men. If the prioress is the first superior, her authority over the convent is similar to that of a conventual prior over his priory; if the first superior is an abbess, the office of the prioress is similar to that of a claustral prior in an abbey.
For bibliography see PRIOR.
MICHAEL OTT
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Priscianus

From volume 12 of the work.
Latin grammarian, born at Caesarea (Mauretania), taught at Constantinople under Anastasius I (491-518). He delivered the panegyric of the Emperor Anastasius about 512; we possess this work in 312 hexameter verses, preceded by a prologue of 22 iambic senarii. Besides this he composed a "Periegenis" is 1087 hexameters; a translation of the work of the same name written under Hadrian by Dionysius of Alexandria; three works, dedicated to a certain Symmachus (perhaps the consul of 485), on numbers, numeration, and coins, on the metrical character of Latin comedies, on rhetoric according to the "Progymnasmata" at Hermogenes; the "Partitiones XII versuum Aeneidos" (on the versification of the Aeneid); a treatise "De accentibus"; a compendium on declensions ("Institutio de nomine et pronomine at verbo"). But he is chiefly celebrated for a great work of which the last-named is an extract, the eighteen books of the "Institutiones Grammaticae", the most important grammatical work of antiquity which we possess. Each of these eighteen books has its own special title and subject. The first sixteen, often separately copied ("Priscianus Maior") treat of forms ("De accidentibus"); the last two ("Priscianus Minor") of syntax. They are dedicated to a certain Julianus, consul and patrician. In this preface Priscian declares that he borrows his doctrines from the enormous volumes (spatiosa volumina) of Apollonius Dyscolus and from "the sea" (pelagus) of Herodian. He also cites Juba, Heliodorus, and Hephaestion. Moreover, he follows his sources servilely, as is proved by comparison with the extant fragments of Apollonius. His knowledge of Latin authors is chiefly derived from his predecessor Flavius Caper (end of second century). Priscian lacks judgment and taste, but he is valuable because he has preserved for us the theories of the Greek grammarians, and numerous Latin quotations for which he is our sole authority. The best edition is Hertz in Keil's "Grammatici Latini", II, III (1855-9).
A copy of Priscian carried to England in the time of Aldhelm (d. 709) was quoted by Bede and Aldhelm, and copied by Rabanus Maurus, who reintroduced Priscian on the Continent. Together with Donatus he became the personification of grammar. More than a thousand manuscripts of his work exist. His portrait accompanies the allegorical figure of Grammar at Santa Maria Novella, and on the doorway of cathedral of Chartres.
NOTES
Teuffel, Gesch. d. lat. Literatur, 481; Jeep, Gesch. d. Lehre v. d. Redeteilen bei d. lat. Grammatiker (Leipzeig, 1893). 89; Idem in Philologus. LXVII (1908,) 12; LXVIII (1909), 1; Sandys, A Hist. of Classical Scholarship, I, 258; Marriage, The Sculptures of Chartes Cathedral (Cambridge, 1909), 30. For the share of the eighth- and ninth-century Irish monks in transmitting the text of Priscian, see Traube, O Roma Nobilis (Munich).
PAUL LEJAY
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Priory of Ardchattan

From volume 1 of the work.
An Argyllshire house, one of the three in Scotland belonging to the Order of Vallis Caulium, or Val des Choux (the Valley of Cabbages), founded by Duncan Mackoul about A.D. 1230 and dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary and St. John Baptist, as were all the houses of this Order. It took its name from Chattan, one of the companions of St. Columba, the prefix ard signifying "promontory." The local tradition is that there was a chapel on this spot in the earliest ages of Scottish Christianity, centuries before the monks of Vallis Caulium erected their priory and church. The monastery was built on a sheltered spot on the shore of Loch Etive, almost overshadowed by the stupendous mass of Ben Cruachan. Some time before the dissolution of religious houses it was incorporated into the Cistercian Order, and at the Reformation the temporalities were bestowed upon one of the Campbell family, whose descendants (the Campbell-Prestons of Ardchattan) still own the place. Parts of the church, and also of the domestic buildings of the priory, still remain and are actually utilized at this day - the only example of this in Scotland - as the mansion-house of the present proprietor.
BATTEN, Beauly Priory, with notices of the Priories of Pluscarden and Ardchattan (Grampian Club, 1877); Origines Parochiales Scotiae (Edinburgh, 1854); Ordinale Conventus Vallis Caulium (London, 1900); SPOTTISWOOD, Hist. of the Church of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1850); Ardchattan Charters.
D.O. HUNTER-BLAIR
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Priory

From volume 12 of the work.
A monastery whose superior is a prior. The Dominicans, Augustinian Hermits, Carthusians, Carmelites, Servites, and Brothers of Mercy call all their monasteries priories. The Benedictines and their offshoots, the Premonstratensians, and the military orders distinguish between conventual and simple or obedientiary priories. Conventual priories are those autonomous houses which have no abbots, either because the canonically required number of twelve monks has not yet been reached or for some other reason. The Congregation of Cluny had many conventual priories. There were likewise many conventual priories in Germany and Italy during the Middle Ages, and in England all monasteries attached to cathedral churches were known as cathedral priories. Nearly all the monasteries of the famous Maurist Congregation in France (seventeenth and eighteenth centuries) were called priories. At present the Benedictine Order has twenty-seven conventual priories. Simple or obedientiary priories are dependencies of abbeys. Their superior, who is subject to the abbot in everything, is called simple or obedientiary prior.
For bibliography see PRIOR.
MICHAEL OTT
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Priory of Anglesea

From volume 1 of the work.
The Priory of Anglesea, Cambridgeshire, England, was founded in honour of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St. Nicholas for a community of Austin Canons, by Henry I. Dugdale was unable to find any charter of foundation; but a deed cited by him in an appendix, with regard to the rights of patronage at election ceded by Elizabeth de Burgh, Lady de Clare, to the canons in 1333, lends some support to the opinion of Leland and Speed that Richard de Clare was a founder, or at least a patron, of the house, as was also Edward Mortimer, Earl of March, in the reign of Henry V. Information with regard to this priory is scanty. No register is known. The ruins are meagre. "There are some remains of Anglesea Priory in the back part of a mansion-house," says Lysons, "which has been erected on its site, apparently not more ancient than the time of Queen Elizabeth; the most remarkable of these remains consist of a kind of undercroft, thirty-six feet by twenty-two, with a groined roof supported by clustered pillars, now divided into two rooms; and a row of arches supported by brackets against a wall on the outside of the building." The last prior was John Bonar, who had a pension of 20 pounds sterling a year granted to him at the surrender. In 26, Hen. VIII, the revenues were returned at 124 pounds 19 shillings.
DUGDALE, Monasticon Anglicanum; LYSONS, Magna Britannia (Cambridgeshire).
FRANCIS AVELING
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Principality and Diocese of Monaco

From volume 10 of the work.
Situated on the Mediterranean Sea, on the skirts of the Turbie and the Tête de Chien mountains, is surrounded on all sides by the French department of the Maritime Alps, and has an area of 5337 acres. On account of its beautiful climate, it is one of the most popular winter resorts in Europe. Its principal resources are the fishery of the gulf, the cultivation of fruit trees (olive, orange, lemon), and the Casino of Monte Carlo, established in 1856, whose revenues are sufficient to free the inhabitants of the principality from the burden of taxation. The capital consists of three large boroughs: the old Monaco, which is built on a promontory that extends 875 yards into the sea and encloses the harbour; the other two are Condamine and Monte Carlo. From ancient times until the nineteenth century the port of Monaco was among the most important of the French Mediterranean coast, but now it has lost all commercial significance. Among the notable constructions of the principality are the ancient fortifications, the old ducal palace which contains beautiful frescoes by Annibale Carracci, Orazio Ferrari, and Carlone, the cathedral, built (1884-87) in the Byzantine style, by Prince Albert III, the Casino of Monte Carlo, and the monumental fountain of the public square. Monaco dates from the time of the Phoenicians, who, on the promontory upon which the old town is built, erected a temple to the god Melkarth, called Monoicos, solitary, that is, not connected with the cult of Ashtoreth; whence the town derived its name, which is Moneque, in Provencal. In the early Middle Ages the neighbouring lords often contended with each other for the possession of this important port, which later was occupied by the Saracens; it was taken from them in the tenth century by Count Grimaldi, in whose family the principality remains to this day. Formerly, it comprised Mentone and Roquebrune. The Grimaldis often had to defend themselves against Spanish or Genoese fleets; the most famous blockade of the town was that of 1506, which failed. In 1619 Prince Honoratus II, with the assistance of the French, drove the Spaniards from Monaco, and since that time the principality has been under the protection of France. During the Revolution, Monaco was annexed to France, but the principality was re-established in 1814. A revolution broke out in 1848 against the misgovernment of Prince Honoratus V, who lost Mentone and Roquebrune, these cities declaring themselves free republics, and (1860) voting for their annexation to France.
Monaco belonged to the Diocese of Nice, but, in 1868, it became an abbey nullius, and at the instance of Prince Charles III, Leo XIII raised it to a diocese, immediately dependent upon the Holy See, making the abbot, Mgr. Bonaventure Theuret, its first bishop.
DE ROYER DE SAINTE-SUZANNE: La Principaute de Monaco (Paris, 1884).
U. BENIGNI
# Commercial Barge Lines, Inc. v. United States/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
359 U.S. 342
Commercial Barge Lines, Inc. v. United States
The motions to affirm are granted and the judgment is affirmed.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Commercial Casualty Insurance Company v. Consolidated Stone Company

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
278 U.S. 177
Commercial Casualty Insurance Company v. Consolidated Stone Company
Argued: Nov. 27, 1928. --- Decided: Jan 2, 1929
Messrs. Rees H. Davis and Paul Lamb, both of Cleveland, Ohio, for Commercial Casualty Ins. Co.
Mr. Norman A. Emery, of Youngstown, Ohio, for Consolidated Stone Co.
Mr. Justice VAN DEVANTER delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Commercial Cable Company v. Burleson Commercial Pacific Cable Company

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
250 U.S. 360
Commercial Cable Company v. Burleson Commercial Pacific Cable Company
Argued: March 7, 1919. --- Decided: June 9, 1919
Mr. Charles E. Hughes, of New York City, for appellants.
Mr. Solicitor General King, of Atlanta, Ga., for appellees.
Mr. Chief Justice WHITE delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Commercial Communications, Inc. v. Public Utilities Commission of California

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
359 U.S. 341
Commercial Communications, Inc. v. Public Utilities Commission of California
Mr. Frederick M. Rowe, for appellants.
Mr. J. Thomason Phelps, for appellee Public Utilities Commission of California.
Messrs. Arthur T. George, Eugene M. Prince and Francis R. Kirkham, for appellee Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Co.
PER CURIAM.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Commercial Credit Company v. United States

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
276 U.S. 226
Commercial Credit Company v. United States
Argued: Nov. 21 and 22, 1927. --- Decided: Feb 20, 1928
Mr. Duane R. Dills, of New York City, for petitioner.
Mr. Wm. D. Mitchell, Sol. Gen., of Washington, D. C., for the United States.
[Argument of Counsel from page 227 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Justice SANFORD delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Commercial Communications, Inc. v. Public Utilities Commission of California/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
359 U.S. 341
Commercial Communications, Inc. v. Public Utilities Commission of California
The motions to dismiss are granted and the appeal is dismissed. Treating the papers whereon the appeal was taken as a petition for writ of certiorari, certiorari is denied.
Mr. Justice CLARK, Mr. Justice HARLAN and Mr. Justice BRENNAN took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Character (Emerson poem)

The sun set, but set not his hope
* Character in May-day and other pieces (1867)
* Character in Poems (Household Edition, 1904)
# Character of Renaissance Architecture

CHARACTER OF
Renaissance Architecture
BY
CHARLES HERBERT MOORE
AUTHOR OF "DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTER OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE"
WITH TWELVE PLATES IN PHOTOGRAVURE AND ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-NINE ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT
New York THE MACMILLAN COMPANY LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., Ltd. 1905
All rights reserved
Copyright, 1905,
By the MACMILLAN COMPANY.
Set up and electrotyped. Published October, 1905.
Norwood Press
J. S. Cushing & Co.—Berwick & Smith Co. Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.
TO MY DAUGHTER
E. H. M.
PREFACE
In the following attempt to set forth the true character of the architecture of the Renaissance I have endeavoured to reduce mere descriptions of buildings to a minimum, and to give graphic illustrations enough to make the discussions clear. The illustrations in the text are mainly from my own drawings, for the most part from photographs: but in a few cases I have reproduced woodcuts from the works of old writers, indicating, in each case, the source from which the cut is derived. The photogravure plates are from photographs by Alinari, Moscioni, Naya, Wilson, and Valentine. The right to reproduce and publish them has been obtained by purchase.
With the best intentions and the greatest care, it is almost inevitable that a writer on such a subject should make some mistakes, and I cannot affirm that no inexact statements will be found in these pages, but I believe that no fundamental errors occur.
I am again indebted to my almost life-long friend, Professor Charles Eliot Norton, for valuable criticism, and painstaking revision; but Professor Norton is not responsible for anything that I have said. I am indebted, also, to my publishers for their courteous compliance with my wishes as to the style and manufacture of the book, and to Mrs. Grace Walden for the care and thoroughness with which she has prepared the index.
Cambridge, Mass., October, 1905.
ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT
LIST OF PLATES
* Appendix
* Index
* Advertisements
# Character

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Character."
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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* Character, an essay by Ralph Waldo Emerson published in English Traits.
* Character, an essay by Ralph Waldo Emerson published in Essays: Second Series.
* Character, a poem by Ralph Waldo Emerson.
* Character, a book by Samuel Smiles.
* Character, an essay by Arthur Schopenhauer
# Character and description of Kingia

Character and description of Kingia; a new genus of plants found on the south-west coast of New Holland. With observations on the structure of its unimpregnated ovulum, and on the female flower of Cycadeae and Coniferae is an 1826 paper by Robert Brown, in which Brown describes and names Kingia, a monotypic genus of grass-tree endemic to south-western Australia. More importantly, he goes on to discuss the reproductive organs of conifers and cycads, articulating for the first time the fundamental division between angiosperms and gymnosperms.
* Character and description of Kingia (preprint).
* "Character and description of Kingia" in Phillip Parker King (1826), Narrative of a survey of the intertropical and western coasts of Australia 2 (Appendix B): 534–565.
* "Character and description of Kingia" in Philosophical magazine 67 (1826):352–361, 409–421.
* "Character and description of Kingia" in Bennett, John Joseph (ed.) (1866) The miscellaneous botanical works of Robert Brown, Esq., D.C.L., F.R.S. 1:433–461.
* A German translation appeared in Nees von Esenbeck, C. G. D. (ed.) (1827), Robert Brown's Vermischte botanische Schriften 4:75–140.
* A French translation appeared in Annales Des Sciences Naturelles 8 (1826):211–244.
* A German translation appeared in Linnaea 2(1827): 690–724.
* A German translation appeared in Isis 21 (1828):175–180.