OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hebden Bridge

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​HEBDEN BRIDGE, an urban district in the Sowerby parliamentary division of the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, on the Calder and Hebden rivers, 7 m. W. by N. of Halifax by the Lancashire and Yorkshire railway. Pop. (1901), 7536. The town has cotton factories, dye-works, foundries and manufactories of shuttles. The upper Calder valley, between Halifax and Todmorden, is walled with bold hills, the summits of which consist of wild moorland. The vale itself is densely populated, but its beauty is not destroyed, and the contrast with its desolate surroundings is remarkable.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gresset, Jean Baptiste Louis

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​GRESSET, JEAN BAPTISTE LOUIS (1709–1777), French poet and dramatist, was born at Amiens on the 29th of August 1709. His poem Vert Vert is his main title to fame. He spent, however, the last twenty-five years of his life in regretting the frivolity which enabled him to produce this most charming of poems. He was brought up by the Jesuits of Amiens. He was accepted as a novice at the age of sixteen, and sent to pursue his studies at the Collège Louis le Grand in Paris. After completing his course he was appointed, being then under twenty years of age, to a post as assistant master in a college at Rouen. He published Vert Vert at Rouen in 1734. It is a story, in itself exceedingly humorous, showing how a parrot, the delight of a convent, whose talk was all of prayers and pious ejaculations, was conveyed to another convent as a visitor to please the nuns. On the way he falls among bad companions, forgets his convent language, and shocks the sisters on arrival by profane swearing. He is sent back in disgrace, punished by solitude and plain bread, presently repents, reforms and is killed by kindness. The story, however, is nothing. The treatment of the subject, the atmosphere which surrounds it, the delicacy in which the little prattling ways of the nuns, their jealousies, their tiny trifles, are presented, takes the reader entirely by surprise. The poem stands absolutely unrivalled, even among French contes en vers.
Gresset found himself famous. He left Rouen, went up to Paris, where he found refuge in the same garret which had sheltered him when a boy at the Collège Louis le Grand, and there wrote his second poem, La Chartreuse. It was followed by the Carême impromptu, the Lutrin vivant and Les Ombres. Then trouble came upon him; complaints were made to the fathers of the alleged licentiousness of his verses, the real cause of complaint being the ridicule which Vert Vert seemed to throw upon the whole race of nuns and the anti-clerical tendency of the other poems. An example, it was urged, must be made; Gresset was expelled the order. Men of robust mind would have been glad to get rid of such a yoke. Gresset, who had never been taught to stand alone, went forth weeping. He went to Paris in 1740 and there produced Édouard III, a tragedy (1740) and Sidnei (1745), a comedy. These were followed by Le Méchant which still keeps the stage, and is qualified by Brunetière as the best verse comedy of the French 18th century theatre, not excepting even the Métromanie of Alexis Piron. Gresset was admitted to the Academy in 1748. And then, still young, he retired to Amiens, where his relapse from the discipline of the church became the subject of the deepest remorse. He died at Amiens on the 16th of June 1777.
The best edition of his poems is A. A. Rénouard’s (1811). See Jules Wogue, J. B. L. Gresset (1894).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Grenville, Sir Richard (naval commander)

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​GRENVILLE (or Greynvile), SIR RICHARD (c. 1541–1591), British naval commander, was born of an old Cornish family about 1541. His grandfather, Sir Richard, had been marshal of Calais in the time of Henry VIII., and his father commanded and was lost in the “Mary Rose” in 1545. At an early age Grenville is supposed to have served in Hungary under the emperor Maximilian against the Turks. In the years 1571 and 1584 he sat in parliament for Cornwall, and in 1583 and 1584 he was commissioner for the works at Dover harbour. He appears to have been a man of much pride and ambition. Of his bravery there can be no doubt. In 1585 he commanded the fleet of seven vessels by which the colonists sent out by his cousin, Sir Walter Raleigh, were carried to Roanoke Island in the present North Carolina. Grenville himself soon returned with the fleet to England, capturing a Spanish vessel on his way, but in 1586 he carried provisions to Roanoke, and finding the colony deserted, left a few men to maintain possession. He then held an important post in charge of the defences of the western counties of England. When a squadron was despatched in 1591, under Lord Thomas Howard, to intercept the homeward-bound treasure-fleet of Spain, Grenville was appointed as second in command on board the “Revenge,” a ship of 500 tons which had been commanded by Drake against the Armada in 1588. At the end of August Howard with 16 ships lay at anchor to the north of Flores in the Azores. On the last day of the month he received news from a pinnace, sent by the earl of Cumberland, who was then off the Portugal coast, that a Spanish fleet of 53 vessels was then bearing up to the Azores to meet the treasure-ships. Not being in a position to fight a fleet more than three times the size of his own, Howard gave orders to weigh anchor and stand out to sea. But, either from some misunderstanding of the order, or from some idea of Grenville’s that the Spanish vessels rapidly approaching were the ships for which they had been waiting, the “Revenge” was delayed and cut off from her consorts by the Spaniards. Grenville resolved to try to break through the middle of the Spanish line. His ship was becalmed under the lee of a huge galleon, and after a hand-to-hand fight lasting through fifteen hours against fifteen Spanish ships and a force of five thousand men, the “Revenge” with her hundred and fifty men was captured. Grenville himself was carried on board the Spanish flag-ship “San Pablo,” and died a few days later. The incident is commemorated in Tennyson’s ballad of “The Revenge.”
The spelling of Sir Richard’s name has led to much controversy. Four different families, each of which claim to be descended from him, spell it Granville, Grenville, Grenfell and Greenfield. The spelling usually accepted is Grenville, but his own signature, in a bold clear handwriting, among the Tanner MSS. in the Bodleian library at Oxford, is Greynvile.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gresham's Law

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​GRESHAM’S LAW, in economics, the name suggested in 1857 by H. D. Macleod for the principle of currency which may be briefly summarized—“bad money drives out good.” Macleod gave it this name, which has been universally adopted, under the impression that the principle was first explained by Sir Thomas Gresham in 1558. In reality it had been well set forth by earlier economic writers, notably Oresme and Copernicus. Macleod states the law in these terms: the worst form of currency in circulation regulates the value of the whole currency and drives all other forms of currency out of circulation. Gresham’s law applies where there is under-weight or debased coin in circulation with full-weight coin of the same metal; where there are two metals in circulation, and one is undervalued as compared with the other, and where inconvertible paper money is put into circulation side by side with a metallic currency. See further Bimetallism; Money.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Grenville, Sir Bevil

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​GRENVILLE, SIR BEVIL (1596–1643), Royalist soldier in the English Civil War (see Great Rebellion), was educated at Exeter College, Oxford. As member of Parliament, first for Cornwall, then for Launceston, Grenville supported Sir John Eliot and the opposition, and his intimacy with Eliot was life-long. In 1639, however, he appears as a royalist going to the Scottish War in the train of Charles I. The reasons of this change of front are unknown, but Grenville’s honour was above suspicion, and he must have entirely convinced himself that he was doing right. At any rate he was a very valuable recruit to the royalist cause, being “the most generally loved man in Cornwall.” At the outbreak of the Civil War he and others of the gentry not only proclaimed the king’s Commission of Array at Launceston assizes, but also persuaded the grand jury of the county to declare their opponents guilty of riot and unlawful assembly, whereupon the Posse comitatus was called out to expel them. Under the command of Sir Ralph Hopton, Sir Bevil took a distinguished part in the action of Bradock Down, and at Stratton (16 May 1643), where the parliamentary earl of Stamford was completely routed by the Cornishmen, led one of the storming parties which captured Chudleigh’s lines (Clarendon, vii. 89). A month later, the endeavour of Hopton to unite with Maurice and Hertford from Oxford brought on the battle of Lansdown, near Bath. Here Grenville was killed at the head of the Cornish infantry as it reached the top of the hill. His death was a blow from which the king’s cause in the West never recovered, for he alone knew how to handle the Cornishmen. Hopton they revered and respected, but Grenville they loved as peculiarly their own commander, and after his death there is little more heard of the reckless valour which had won Stratton and Lansdown. Grenville is the type of all that was best in English royalism. He was neither rapacious, drunken nor dissolute, but his loyalty was unselfish, his life pure and his skill no less than his bravery unquestionable. A monument to him has been erected on the field of Lansdown.
See Lloyd, Memoirs of Excellent Personages (1668); S. R. Gardiner, History of the English Civil War (vol. i. passim).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gresham, Walter Quinton

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​GRESHAM, WALTER QUINTON (1832–1895), American statesman and jurist, was born near Lanesville, Harrison county, Indiana, on the 17th of March 1832. He spent two years in an academy at Corydon, Indiana, and one year at the Indiana State University at Bloomington, then studied law, and in 1854 was admitted to the bar. He was active as a campaign speaker for the Republican ticket in 1856, and in 1860 was elected to the State House of Representatives as a Republican in a strong Democratic district. In the House, as chairman of the committee on military affairs, he did much to prepare the Indiana troops for service in the Federal army; in 1861 he became colonel of the 53rd Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and subsequently took part in Grant’s Tennessee campaign of 1862, and in the operations against Corinth and Vicksburg, where he commanded a brigade. In August 1863 he was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, and was placed in command of the Federal forces at Natchez. In 1864 he commanded a division of the 17th Army Corps in Sherman’s Atlanta campaign, and before Atlanta, on the 20th of July, he received a wound which forced him to retire from active service, and left him lame for life. In 1865 he was brevetted major-general of volunteers. After the war he practised law at New Albany, Indiana, and in 1869 was appointed by President Grant United States District Judge for Indiana. In April 1883 he succeeded Timothy O. Howe (1816–1883) as postmaster-general in President Arthur’s cabinet, taking an active part in the suppression of the Louisiana Lottery, and in September 1884 succeeded Charles J. Folger as secretary of the treasury. In the following month he resigned to accept an appointment as United States Judge for the Seventh Judicial Circuit. Gresham was a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in 1884 and 1888, in the latter year leading for some time in the balloting. Gradually, however, he grew out of sympathy with the Republican leaders and policy, and in 1892 advocated the election of the Democratic candidate, Grover Cleveland, for the presidency. From the 7th of March 1893 until his death at Washington on the 28th of May 1895, he was secretary of state in President Cleveland’s cabinet.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gretna Green

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​GRETNA GREEN, or Graitney Green, a village in the south-east of Dumfriesshire, Scotland, about 8 m. E. of Annan, 9 m. N.N.W. of Carlisle, and 3/4 m. from the river Sark, here the dividing-line between England and Scotland, with a station on the Glasgow & South-Western railway. The Caledonian and North British railways have a station at Gretna on the English side of the Border. As the nearest village on the Scottish side, Gretna Green was notorious as the resort of eloping couples, who had failed to obtain the consent of parents or guardians to their union. Up till 1754, when Lord Hardwicke’s act abolishing clandestine marriages came into force, the ceremony had commonly been performed in the Fleet prison in London. After that date runaway couples were compelled to seek the hospitality of a country where it sufficed for them to declare their wish to marry in the presence of witnesses. At Gretna Green the ceremony was usually performed by the blacksmith, but the toll-keeper, ferryman or in fact any person might officiate, and the toll-house, the inn, or, after 1826, Gretna Hall was the scene of many such weddings, the fees varying from half a guinea to a sum as large as impudence could extort or extravagance bestow. As many as two hundred couples were married at the toll-house in a year. The romantic traffic was practically, though not necessarily, put an end to in 1856, when the law required one of the contracting parties to reside in Scotland three weeks previous to the event.
# "Style is a greater Social Asset than Beauty"/10-11

| But time tells, and my records here will prove interesting. "I find that up to thirty years of age, the abdomen averages about four inches smaller than the chest. About this time the ratio begins to change, and at 40 I am apt to find that the abdominal meas­urement is larger than the chest: Now bear this important fact in mind; it is not that there is more fat there than before, but that the organs of the chest and abdo­men have sagged, due to the relaxation of the tone of the abdominal muscles. "The reason, granted that there is no definite organic disease taking place, is plain. This sagging of the vital organs has resulted in a, greater or less disordered functioning, with good health clearly an impossibility. Correct this (still assum­ing that the postural defect is the only one with which this individual has to con­tend) and good health returns just as naturally as light comes into a room when you pull up the curtains. "A wrong poise of the body, besides be­ing the cause of many of life's little ail­ments, is frequently the cause of organic disease. 10 | The Spencer Girdle Comfortable in the extreme—non-stretchable fabric with diagonal strips of knitted elastic make the girdle a marvel of lightness and ease. 11 |
# "Style is a greater Social Asset than Beauty"/12-13

| "Because of the placement of their pel­vic organs, women suffer much more fre­quently from bad posture than men do. The development of the abdominal mus­cles is of priceless importance to them. "Among numerous other things, a re­laxed abdomen generally means that a good deal of the blood that ought to be coursing through the body, revitalizing the tissues and washing out the toxins of fatigue, carrying warmth to the extremi­ties, etc., is lying sluggishly in the large abdominal vessels. " Before thirty, women can neglect them­selves without apparent ill effects, but just as surely as they do, after thirty they pay the piper. To the modern girl and woman, appear­ ance and health in social and business life are of greater meaning than ever before. As girls grow into womanhood, head­aches, backaches and a good many ills commonly found among women appear. These ills are enemies to good style— they are either caused by, or are accom­ panied by, faulty posture. Think of the women you know. Notice how many of these have a " sway-back " tendency (see illustration of lordosis (Continued on page 15) 12 | The Spencer Belt For all kinds of figures that need support and uplift for the abdomen. A comfortable support for everyday wear. 13 |
# "Style is a greater Social Asset than Beauty"/4-5

| an unnatural position they cannot func­tion properly, and the organs provided by nature for converting food into energy are handicapped in their work. It may be that only one organ will be affected, but usually if one organ sags, the entire contents of the abdomen will be affected. This sets up a drain upon one's vitality a stealthy, unsuspected drain which robs you of sparkle and buoyancy. The Spencer, especially designed for the one person who is to wear it, can alone give the fashionable lines with just the right amount of support to prevent the figure from spreading. And it is so com­fortable—so easy and light. Under the Spencer System, we do not begin to design a garment until we have made a diagnosis of your figure lines. Through the especially trained Spencer Corsetiere we take complete body meas- urements and a description of your figure. When our designers have carefully studied this information, then and not until then, do we know what the lines of your garment should be. Whether we design for you a Spencer­ette, a girdle, corset, belt or supporting 4 | The Spencer Belt De Luxe Light, easy, made of finest fabric without any elastic. A perfect garment for supporting abdo­men and spine with marvelous comfort. 5 |
# "Style is a greater Social Asset than Beauty"/16

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| Form 492 1-26-200,000 | Copyright 1925 Printed in U. S. A. |
# "Style is a greater Social Asset than Beauty"/2-3

| Fads and fashions have come and gone during the past few years but one fashion has come to stay—the fashion of the erect, graceful, youthful figure. In any social gathering it is the woman with sparkling eyes, glowing cheeks and graceful carriage who attracts attention. Do some women of your acquain­tance have a sparkle in their personality that you seem to lack? You think it's an advantage given them by nature; but it isn't. The chances are that your spark­ling personality has been submerged. Lack of personal magnetism the thing we call " charm"—is usually due to a stealthy drain on one's vitality—a drain that is easily corrected. Comparatively few women realize this and yet it is true. A study of the measurements and figure descriptions of over a million women has shown our designers that 95 out of every 100 women have some fault in posture. Think of it—out of every 100 women you meet, 95 are carrying their bodies incor­rectly, and thereby throwing their vital organs out of position. It is easy to be seen that if these organs are subjected to undue strain or placed in 2 | The Spencerette So light you are not conscious of it, so flex­ible that not one movement is hindered, yet so cleverly designed of cloth and knitted elastic that it t preserves the youthful lines. 3 |
# "Style is a greater Social Asset than Beauty"/6-7

| corset, you receive a guarantee that your garment was designed specially for you­and, you alone; that it will slenderize your figure, and above all it will be com­fortable. And mark this: We are the only corset makers in the United States who can point to an increase in business every year for the past dozen years this in spite of the fact that we have never made the un­hygienic rubber corset. An Organization prospers only in so far as its product gives value received. The rapidly in­creasing number of Spencer wearers is abundant evidence that every wearer of Spencer Corsets is getting value received. Dr. Martin Edwards of Boston, a well­known specialist in preventive medicine, wrote a striking article on "Good Health.," which was published in the American Magazine. We reprint the following ex­tract by permission of the publishers. " I am apt to talk a good deal on pos­ture, because it is fundamental to the question of good health. And, a wrong poise of the body is well-nigh universal. " In the years of your youth, before the inevitable sag caused by the downward pull of gravity, you feel but little effects. (Continued on page 10) 6 | The Spencer Corset Affords a perfect foundation for the most fashionable gowns. Made in either front or back lace, boned as lightly or heavily as needed. 7 |
# "Style is a greater Social Asset than Beauty"/8-9

| Fig. 1 | Fig. 3 | Fig. 4 | Fig. 2 |
| Fig. 1 | X-RAY PHOTOGRAPHS | | Fig. 2 |
| Fig. 1 | The X-ray photograph on the left (fig. 3) was taken of a young girl who never dreamed she needed any support for her slen­der figure. She often complained of headaches, backaches, etc., but thought they were some­thing all women had to have at times. With her stomach 3 inches below the top of the hip bones, and all the other organs thus crowded out of place, is it any | wonder her digestion was poor and her health suffered? When she put on a Spencer Corset, its comfortable support actually raised her stomach (the large black mass) practically in­to its natural position (fig. 4.) As a result her digestion im­proved, her headaches disap­peared and the natural healthy color returned to her cheeks. | Fig. 2 |
| Fig. 2 ||
| The girl or woman with a lithe, slender figure naturally thinks that her posture is all right but the chances are that she is carrying her body incorrectly. The slender woman requires skilled corsetry just as much as her heavier sister. The young woman shown in figures 1 and 2 is typical of millions of women in this country today. Notice in figure 1 how the abdomen has begun to sag—the 8 | The girl or woman with a lithe, slender figure naturally thinks that her posture is all right but the chances are that she is carrying her body incorrectly. The slender woman requires skilled corsetry just as much as her heavier sister. The young woman shown in figures 1 and 2 is typical of millions of women in this country today. Notice in figure 1 how the abdomen has begun to sag—the 8 | deep curve at the small of the back, giv­ing a poor back line, and spoiling an other­wise attractive figure. When a Spencer was put on (figure 2) her abdomen was supported, her back line smoothed out, allowing her figure to ex­press her own personality in the latest style. Now she can wear the lightest gowns, confident that her figure will do them no injustice. 9 | deep curve at the small of the back, giv­ing a poor back line, and spoiling an other­wise attractive figure. When a Spencer was put on (figure 2) her abdomen was supported, her back line smoothed out, allowing her figure to ex­press her own personality in the latest style. Now she can wear the lightest gowns, confident that her figure will do them no injustice. 9 |