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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Issachar

From volume 8 of the work.
The exact derivation and the precise meaning of the name are unknown. It designates, first, the ninth son of Jacob and the fifth son of Lia (Gen., xxx, 16-18; xxxv, 23; 1 Par., ii, 1), on whom it was bestowed on account of some particular circumstance connected with his birth (cf. Gen., xxx, 14-18), and of whom nothing is told in Holy Writ besides the fact that, at the descent into Egypt, he had four sons (Gen., xlvi, 13; Num., xxvi, 23, 24; 1 Par., vii, 1).
It designates, in the second place, one of the tribes of Israel, which had the ninth son of Jacob for its ancestor. Our knowledge of the tribe of Issachar is rather meagre. During the journey through the wilderness, that tribe, along with those of Juda and Zabulon, marched on the east of the tabernacle (Num., ii,5). It contained 54,400 warriors when the first census was taken at Mount Sinai (Num., i, 28 sq.), and 64,300 at the time of the second census (Num., xxvi, 25). After the entrance into Western Palestine, this tribe was one of the six which stood on Mount Garizim during the ceremony of the cursing and the blessing (Deut., xxvii, 12). The precise limits of its territory are not, given in Holy Writ. Its general boundaries were Zabulon and Nephtali to the north, Manasses to the south and to the west, the Jordan to the east. Its lot, according to Jos., xix, 17-23, comprised sixteen cities and their villages, prominent among which were the cities of Jezrael, Sunem, Engannim, and Anaharath. Within its territory was the great plain of Esdraelon, the general form of which enabled the Hebrew poet (Gen., xlix, 14) to describe Issachar as "a large-limbed ass stretching himself between the sheepfolds", and the fertility of which is praised by travellers down to the present day. The tribe played an important part during the period of the Judges (Judges, v, 15; x, 1, 2); and in the time of David it counted 145,600 warriors (I Par., vii, 1-5). Its history during the royal period was likewise important, and the third king of Northern Israel belonged to that tribe (111 Kings, xv, 27). The Prophet Ezechiel places Issachar among the Southern tribes between Simeon and Zabulon (Ezech., xviii, 25, 26), and St. John names it between Levi and Zabulon (Apoc., vii, 7).
See Comm. on Genesis and Biblical Histories in bibliography to ISAAC, to which may be added: ROBINSON, Biblical Researches in Palestine, III (Boston, 1841); STANLEY, Sinai and Palestine (New York, 1859); SMITH, Historical Geography of the Holy Land (New York, 1897).
FRANCIS E. GIGOT
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Issus

From volume 8 of the work.
A titular see of Cilicia Prima, suffragan of Tarsus. The city is famous for a whole series of battles fought there at different periods. The first was the victory of Alexander over Darius in 333 B. c., next that of Septimius Severus over Pescennius Niger, in A.D. 194, that of Heraclius over Chosroes in A.D. 622, finally that of the Sultan of Egypt, Bibars, over the Armenian King Hetoum in August, 1266. So many combats were fought at Issus because in its vicinity was the famous defile leading along the seashore from Cilicia to Syria, the "Gates of Syria", or highway from Asia Minor into the Syrian Orient. Issus is not mentioned in the "Notitiæ Episcopatuum" of the Patriarchate of Antioch, to which Cilicia belonged (Echos d'Orient, X, 94, 145), and it is not known in what manner it became a titular see of the Latin Church. Its ruins are situated near Ayaz.
ALISHAN, Sissouan ou I'Arméno-Cilicie (Venice, 1899), 476-81.
S. VAILHÉ
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Isleta Pueblo

From volume 8 of the work.
The name of two pueblos of the ancient Tigua tribe, of remote Shoshoncan stock. The older and principal is on the west bank of the Rio Grande about twelve miles below Albuquerque, New Mexico. The other, an offshoot from the first and sometimes distinguished as Isleta del Sur (Isleta of the South), is on the Texas side of the Rio Grande, a few miles below El Paso. The original Isleta (i.e. islet) was so named by the Spaniards from its position on a tongue of land projecting into the stream; the native name, Shiewhibak, seems to refer to a knife used in connection with a certain ceremonial foot race. It was first entered by the Spanish commander, Coronado in 1540, and again in 1582-3 by Espejo (q.v.) while trying to ascertain the fate of Father Rodriguez and two other Franciscan missionaries who had been murdered by Indians in the vicinity a year earlier. Before 1629 it had become the seat of the Franciscan mission of San Antonio. At a later period it received many refugees from outlying pueblos abandoned in consequence of Apache raids, until at the outbreak of the great Pueblo revolt in 1680 it may have numbered 2000 souls. Owing to the large number of Spaniards in the pueblo at the time they were not molested in the general massacre, but the natives, after having made submission to Governor Otermin the following year, secretly withdrew to join the enemy, in consequence of which Otermin burned the pueblo, carrying all the remaining Indians, 400 in all, to El Paso where he colonized them in the new town of Isleta del Sur, re-establishing at the same time the mission of San Antonio. In 1692-3 Vargas reconquered the Pueblo country and mission work was soon after resumed. About the year 1710, or a few years later, the original Isleta was reoccupied by the Tigua, and a new mission established there under the name of San Agustin. With the growth of the Spanish population the importance of the Indian missions correspondingly decreased. In 1780-1 one-third of the whole Pueblo population was swept away by smallpox, in consequence of which most of the missions were abandoned, but that at Isleta continued to exist under Spanish and Mexican rule for fifty years longer, when it became virtually a secular church. The pueblo now has a population of about 1100, rating third among the Pueblo towns, and has both a government and a Catholic day-school. In culture, social organization and ceremonial forms the inhabitants resemble the Pueblo generally. In Isleta del Sur the few remaining inhabitants, although very much Mexicanized still keep up some Indian forms and retain their native language.
BANCROFT, Hist. Arizona and New Mexico; BANDELIER, Arch. Inst. papers; Commissioner Ind. Affs. Annual Repts., etc., for which see under Indians, American.
JAMES MOONEY
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Schütt

Edition of 1921; disclaimer. See also Szigetköz on Wikipedia.
SCHÜTT, two islands in the river Danube. They are situated in Hungary, partly in the districts of Komorn and Pressburg. Great Schütt Island is 58 miles long and from 10 to 20 miles wide, and is fertile, being called the Golden Garden of Hungary. Little Schütt Island is 28 miles long. The Danube borders the former on the south and the latter on the north.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Schwab, Charles M.

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
SCHWAB, CHARLES M., an American capitalist and public official, born at Williamsburg, Pa., in 1862. While still a boy he entered the employment of the Carnegie Company as a stake driver. He attracted the attention of the officials of the company by his efficiency and was gradually promoted until he became in 1881 chief engineer. He was soon afterward appointed assistant manager and from 1889 to 1897 was general superintendent of the Edgar Thompson Steel Works. During the same period he was also superintendent and general superintendent of the Homestead Steel Works. From 1897 to 1901 he was president of the Carnegie Steel Company, Ltd., having become one of the most trusted lieutenants of Andrew Carnegie. He persuaded the latter to accept the plans made by J. P. Morgan for the formation of the United States Steel Corporation and on the formation of that organization was elected its president. He resigned in 1903 and became president of the Bethlehem Steel Corporation, which was built up under his management, until it became one of the largest steel making enterprises in the world. During the first years of the World War his company had a virtual monopoly in contracts to supply the Allies with certain kinds of munitions. Mr. Schwab made many visits to Europe in connection with the manufacture and supply of munitions to the Allied governments, during this period. When the United States Government undertook the construction of ships in 1918 and formed the Emergency Fleet Corporation, Mr. Schwab was appointed director-general of shipbuilding, and largely through his efforts the problem of the replacing of ships destroyed by submarines was solved. He served until December, 1918. Mr. Schwab established an industrial school at Homestead, Pa.;
gave an auditorium to the Pennsylvania State College; founded a home for children on Staten Island, N. Y.; and gave to his native town, Loretta, Pa., a Catholic church costing $150,000. He was one of the most valuable advisers of the government during the reconstruction period following the World War.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Selective Draft Law

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​SELECTIVE DRAFT LAW, a distinctive name given to the measures passed by the United States Congress in 1917, providing for the drafting of men of military age into the armed forces, for service in the World War. See United States, section, United States in the World War.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Selenite

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​SELENITE, a name used by some mineralogists for all species of gypsum, by others applied to the crystallized forms only.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Selenium

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​SELENIUM, a non-metallic hexad element occupying an intermediate place between sulphur and tellurium: Symbol Se; at. wt. 79.5. It was discovered by Berzelius in 1817. Though not very abundant in nature, it enters into the composition of many minerals, and has been found in the free state in certain parts of Mexico. It is prepared from cuproplumbic selenide by heating the pulverized ore with hydrochloric acid, igniting the insoluble residue with an equal weight of black flux and dissolving out the selenide of potassium with boiling water. By exposing this solution to the air selenium is deposited as a gray powder. Like sulphur, it occurs in the amorphus and crystalline states. In the former it may be drawn out into ruby-colored threads, and when melted and quickly cooled becomes vitreous with a sp. gr. of 4:3, and nearly insoluble in bisulphide of carbon. In the crystalline condition it forms monoclinic prisms of sp. gr.=4.5-4.7. It boils below a red heat and gives off a deep yellow vapor which condenses in scarlet flowers, and when thoroughly heated burns with a blue flame forming selenious anhydride. It is oxidized and dissolved by nitric acid, yielding selenious acid. It is used in certain electric contrivances on account of the changes its electric resistance undergoes when it is subjected to light.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Schwan, Theodore

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
SCHWAN, THEODORE, an American soldier, born at Hanover, Germany, in 1841. He was educated in Germany and removed to the United States in 1857. He served during the Civil War, rising to the rank of 1st lieutenant. At the close of the war he enlisted in the Regular Army and was appointed captain. He was promoted to various grades, becoming lieutenant-colonel in 1895, and brigadier-general of volunteers in 1898. In the following year he was honorably discharged from the volunteer service, and in 1901 was appointed brigadier-general in the United States Army. After 40 years of service he retired at his own request in 1909. He was awarded a medal of honor for distinguished service in the Civil War. During the Spanish-American War, he commanded the 1st Division of the 9th Army Corps, and was chief of staff of the Division of Porto Rico. He saw service also in military expeditions in the Philippines. In 1916 he was promoted to be major-general in the United States Army.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Seleucia

Edition of 1921; disclaimer. See also Seleucia on Wikipedia.
​SELEUCIA, the name of several ancient cities of Asia, situated in Assyria, Margiana, Syria, Mesopotamia, Cilicia, Pamphylia, Pisidia, Caria, and other countries, of which the following are the most important. (1) Seleucia on the Tigris was founded by Seleucus I. of Syria, on the left bank of that river, near its junction with the royal canal of Babylonia, and opposite to the mouth of the Delas (now Diala) river, a little S. of the modern city of Bagdad. Commanding the plains of the Tigris and Euphrates and the principal caravan roads of Assyria and Babylonia, on the confines of which it was situated, and peopled by settlers from various countries of western Asia, it rapidly rose in wealth and splendor, and, eclipsing Babylon, became the capital of that part of Asia, till it was in its turn eclipsed by Ctesiphon, built by the Parthians on the opposite bank of the Tigris. The later wars of the Romans against that people proved destructive to Seleucia. A city of upward of 500,000 inhabitants in the 1st century, in the following it was burned by Trajan and Lucius Aurelius Verus, and captured by Septimius Severus, and in the expedition of Julian against the Persians, in the 4th century, was found deserted. (2) Seleucia Pieria, a strong fortress of northern Syria, also founded by Seleucus I., whose remains were preserved there in a mausoleum, was built at the foot of Mount Pieria, on a rock overhanging the Mediterranean a few miles N. of the mouth of the Orontes, and W. of Antioch, with which it was simultaneously founded, and of which it formed the seaport. It surrendered to Ptolemy III. of Egypt, was recovered by Antiochus the Great, and in the latter period of the Syrian kingdom became independent. Under the Romans it rapidly decayed. Considerable ruins of its harbor, fortifications, and necropolis are still to be seen.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Schwartz, Berthold

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
SCHWARTZ, BERTHOLD, a monk of the order of Cordeliers, at the end of the 13th century, was a native of Freiburg, in Germany, and an able chemist. It is said that as he was making some experiments with niter he was led to his invention of gunpowder, which was first applied to warlike purposes by the Venetians in 1300. There is, however, much discrepancy in the accounts of this discovery; and it is certain that Roger Bacon, who died in 1292, was acquainted with an inflammable composition similar to gunpowder, the knowledge of which the Europeans appear to have derived from the Orientals.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Sel d'Or

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​SEL D'OR, a double hyposulphite of gold and sodium, used in photography for toning positive paper-proofs.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Celestine II

From volume 3 of the work.
(GUIDO DEL CASTELLO, DE CASTELLIS)
A native of Roman Tuscany, date of birth unknown; d. 8 March, 1144. He was a disciple of Abelard, and added to great learning the reputation of a grave and upright priest. He was made cardinal in 1128, and in 1140 legate to France where he incurred the displeasure of St. Bernard for the protection he accorded Arnold of Brescia. He succeeded Innocent II, 25 September, 1143, and at once lifted from France the interdict that his predecessor had inflicted because of the act of Louis VII in opposing his own candidate to the rightfully elected Bishop of Bourges. On the eve of a serious conflict with Roger of Sicily he died, after a short reign of about six months.
THOMAS J. SHAHAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Christopher

From volume 3 of the work.
(Reigned 903-904). Some hold that Christopher, once Cardinal-Priest of the Title of St. Damasus, a Roman and son of Leo, was an antipope. But though his manner of taking possession of the papacy was wholly uncanonical, he appears to have been subsequently recognized as pope. Hence we find his name included in all the more or less contemporary catalogues of the popes (Liber Pontificalis, II, ed. Duchesne; Watterich, Pontificum Romanorum Vitae, I; and Origines de l'église romaine, I, par les membres de la communauté de Solesmes, Paris, 1836). His portrait figures among the other likenesses of the popes in the church of St. Paul Outside the Walls, at Rome, and among the frescoes of tenth-century popes painted in the thirteenth century on the walls of the ancient church of San Pier-in-Grado, outside Pisa. He was, moreover, acknowledged as pope by his successors; for, in confirming the privileges of the Abbey of Corbie in France, St. Leo IX mentioned the preceding grants of Benedict and Christopher (Jaffe, Regesta RR. Pont., I, n. 4212). This privilege is the only one of Christopher's acts which is extant (ibid., 3532, 2d ed.). He became pope by forcibly dethroning his predecessor, Leo V, and putting him into prison, seemingly about October 903. As Leo appears to have soon died in his prison, Christopher may be regarded as pope after his death. One writer, indeed, Eugenius Vulgarius, who was interested in blackening the character of Sergius III, pretends that he murdered both Leo V and Christopher. But his evidence is unsatisfactory in itself, and is opposed to evidence better substantiated. At this period, however, the darkest ever known in papal Rome, when its barons were making and unmaking popes at their pleasure, and when both Italy and Rome were in such a state of turmoil that men could find no leisure to write history, we have to grope about in the dark and when we have grasped some detail we can scarcely tell whether it is fact or fiction. A Greek eleventh-century document (Mon. Græca ad Photium pertinent., p. 160, ed. Hergenröther, Ratisbon, 1869) says that Christopher was the first pope who, in his profession of faith which he sent according to custom to Sergius, Patriarch of Constantinople, stated that the Holy Ghost proceeded "from the Father and from the Son". The difficulty in the way of accepting this statement is that there was no Patriarch Sergius at this time. Christopher was driven from the Chair of Peter by his successor, Sergius III (January, 904), and compelled to end his days as a monk (Chronicle of Hermannus Contractus, ad an. 904), though Vulgarius says he was strangled in prison [Dümmler, Auxilius und Vulgarius (Leipzig, 1866), 160, 135].
Jafe, Regesta RR. Pont. (2 ed.), I, 444 sq.; Migne, P. L., CXXXI, 45; Mann, Lives of the Popes, IV; Duchesne, Liber Pontificalis, II, 235.
Horace K. Mann.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Celestine IV

From volume 3 of the work.
(GOFREDO CASTIGLIONI.)
A native of Milan, nephew of Urban III, and probably a Cistercian; died 10 November, 1241. He was made cardinal by Gregory IX and succeeded him, 25 October, 1241, at the height of the papal warfare with Emperor Frederick II. He died after a reign of fifteen days.
LABBE AND COSSART, Coll. Conc., XXIII, 1463; ARGELATI, Biblioth. Mediolanensis (1745), I, 1, 440; POTTHAST, Reg. Rom. Pont. (1874), I, 940.
THOMAS J. SHAHAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Boniface VI

From volume 2 of the work.
A Roman, elected in 896 by the Roman faction in a popular tumult, to succeed Formosus. He had twice incurred a sentence of deprivation of orders, as a subdeacon and as a priest. At the Council of Rome, held by John IX in 898, his election was pronounced null. After a pontificate of fifteen days, he is said by some to have died of the gout, by others to have been forcibly ejected to make way for Stephen VI, the candidate of the Spoletan party.
Liber Pontificalis (ed. DUCHESNE), II, 228; IDEM, Les premiers temps de l'état pontifical (2nd ed., Paris, 1904), 299; JAFFÉ, Regesta RR. PP., I, 439; JUNGMANN, Dissertationes, IV, 22.
THOMAS OESTREICH
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Russell, Sir William Howard

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​RUSSELL, SIR WILLIAM HOWARD, an English journalist; born in Lilyvale near Dublin, March 28, 1820. He was special correspondent of the London “Times” in the Danish War in Schleswig-Holstein (1850); in the Crimea (1854-1855); in India during the Sepoy Mutiny (1857-1859); in the Italian campaign (1859); in the United States during the Civil War, and known as “Bull Run Russell” and its war correspondent in the Austro-Prussian War (1866); in the Franco-German War of 1870; in the war in South Africa (1879-1880); in the Egyptian War (1883-1885). He published: “Extraordinary Men” (1853); “The Crimean War” (1855-1856); “My Diary in India”; “My Diary During the Last Great War” (1873); “The Prince of Wales's Tour” (1877); “Hesperothen” (1882); and others. He received various honors from foreign governments and was knighted in 1895 in recognition of his achievements. He died Feb. 11, 1907.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Russell, William Clark

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​RUSSELL, WILLIAM CLARK, an English novelist; born (of English parentage) in New York City, Feb. 24, 1844. He spent much of his early life at sea, and afterward settled at Ramsgate, England. He published a great number of sea stories and novels, among which are: “The Wreck of the Grosvenor” (1878); “A Sailor's Sweetheart” (1880); “My Watch Below” (1883); “A Sea Queen” (1883); “The Frozen Pirate” (1887); “Marooned” (1889); “The Romance of Jenny Harlowe” (1889); and “The Good Ship Mohock” (1895); “List Ye Landsmen,” “The Two Captains,” and “Nelson” (1897); “The Romance of a Midshipman” (1898); “The Ship's Adventure” (1899); “His Island Princess” (1905). He died in 1911.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Roosevelt, Theodore (younger)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
ROOSEVELT, THEODORE, an American military officer and public official, born in Oyster Bay, N. Y., in 1887, oldest son of Theodore Roosevelt (q. v.). He graduated from Harvard University in 1908, receiving an honorary degree of M.A. in 1919. After leaving college he engaged in business. Upon the entrance of the United States into the World War, he volunteered, being commissioned major of the 26th infantry on April 20, 1917, and being promoted lieutenant-colonel in September, 1918. He saw service in France from June, 1917, to the end of the war, participating in the battles at Cantigny, Soissons, and in the Argonne-Meuse and the St. Mihiel offensives. He
was wounded and received the Legion of Honor and the Croix de Guerre. He was an organizer of the American Legion, a member of the National Executive Committee of the Boy Scouts of America,
and trustee of the American Museum of Natural History, New York. In November, 1919, he was elected to the New York State Assembly, and was elected again in November, 1920. He wrote “Average Americans” (1919). He was nominated Assistant Secretary of the Navy on March 7, 1921, by President Harding, and confirmed March 9th.
THEODORE ROOSEVELT
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Russell Sage Foundation

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION, an organization incorporated in 1907 for the improvement of social and living conditions in the United States. The institution was established by Mrs. Russell Sage, with an endowment of $10,000,000. Its work is chiefly devoted to research and publication. There are a Division of Statistics and Education, a Department of Recreation, a Division of Industrial Studies, a Division of Remedial Loans, a Department of Surveys and Exhibits, a Charity Organization Department, and a Department of Child Helping. Besides extensive research work in these various departments, the results of which were embodied in many publications, the Foundation also supervised the development of a modern suburban community at Forest Hills Gardens, Long Island, N. Y. During the war, practically the entire staff and resources of the Foundation were put at the disposal of the government and the various welfare organizations engaged in work for soldiers and their dependents. The headquarters of the Foundation are at 130 East Twenty-second street, New York City. In 1920, R. W. de Forest was president, and John M. Glenn, secretary and general director.