OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Jenkins, Robert

​JENKINS, ROBERT (fl. 1731–1738), master-mariner, was in 1731 master of the brig Rebecca, from Jamaica to London, when, on 9 April, off Havana, he was boarded by a Spanish guarda-costa commanded by Captain Fandino, who had a widespread reputation for cruelty. On this occasion he plundered the Rebecca, took from her all that was of any value, cut off one of Jenkins's ears, and so left her, ‘with the intent,’ it was believed, ‘that she should perish in her passage’ (Rear-admiral Stewart to the governor of Havana, 12 Sept. 1731). The Rebecca, however, arrived in the Thames on 11 June, and Jenkins, whose case excited some little attention, was shortly afterwards permitted to state it before the king. The admiral in the West Indies specifically mentioned it among other outrages for which he demanded satisfaction from the governor of Havana; but it was then dropped, till revived again in the political agitation of 1738, when Jenkins was examined before a committee of the House of Commons. His story lost nothing in the telling; he produced something which he asserted was the ear that had been cut or torn off, and being asked ‘what were his feelings when he found himself in the hands of such barbarians,’ he replied, ‘I committed my soul to God, and my cause to my country.’ The report roused the utmost public indignation. ‘We have no need of allies to enable us to command justice,’ said Pulteney on 15 May; ‘the story of Jenkins will raise volunteers.’ It certainly was an important factor in bringing on the war with Spain in the following year. The popular exaggeration and political excitement not unnaturally produced a reaction, and it afterwards came to be questioned whether the story was not a fable, or whether Jenkins, if he had lost an ear, had not lost it in the pillory. The evidence, however, is distinct that as early as June 1731 it was publicly stated that Jenkins's ear was cut off by the captain of a Spanish guarda-costa (Gent. Mag. i. 265), and that the commander-in-chief in the West Indies referred to the outrage in a formal letter of 12 Sept. 1731, although no attempt to make political capital out of it was made till 1738. Nothing more is known of Jenkins. His barbarous captor, Fandino, was himself captured, after a desperate resistance, by Captain Thomas Frankland (1717?–1784) [q. v.] on 4 June 1742, and sent a prisoner to England. Mirabeau effectively quoted Jenkins's case when arguing before the French assembly (20–2 May 1790) against the policy of entrusting a popular assembly with the power of declaring peace or war (Discours de … Mirabeau, p. 48).
[Lord Mahon's Hist. of England (cab. ed.), ii. 268; Engl. Hist. Rev. iv. 741. England's Triumph, or Spanish Cowardice … by Capt. Charles [sic] Jenkins, who has too sensibly felt the effects of Spanish tyranny, 1739, is a catchpenny chapbook, in which no reference is made to Jenkins's case, except in a worthless frontispiece.]
J. K. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Goodwin, William

​GOODWIN, WILLIAM, D.D. (d. 1620), dean of Christ Church, was a scholar of Westminster School, whence he was elected in 1573 to Christ Church, Oxford. In 1590 he is mentioned as sub-almoner to Queen Elizabeth, and prebendary of York. He accumulated the degrees of B.D. and D.D. 1602, and on resigning his prebend in 1605 he was appointed chancellor of York, an office which he retained with many other good Yorkshire benefices until 1611, when he was promoted to the deanery of Christ Church. In 1616 he became archdeacon of Middlesex and rector of Great Allhallows, London; from the latter, however, he withdrew in 1617 on being presented to the living of Chalgrove, Oxfordshire. In 1616 he likewise received from the Lord-chancellor Egerton the living of Stanton St. John, Oxfordshire.
He was vice-chancellor of Oxford in 1614, 1615, 1617, 1618, and died 11 June 1620, in his sixty-fifth year. His remains were interred in Christ Church Cathedral, where a monument was erected to his memory.
Goodwin, in his capacity of chaplain to James I, preached before the king at Woodstock 28 Aug. 1614. This sermon was published at Oxford. He is also mentioned as ​having delivered sermons in memory of Prince Henry, 1612; of Sir Thomas Bodley, 1613; and of Anne, wife of James I, 1618, at the chapel of St. Mary's, Oxford. Thomas Goffe [q. v.] preached his funeral sermon in Latin, published at Oxford in 1620.
W. F. W. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Goodwyn, Edmund

​GOODWYN, EDMUND, M.D. (1756–1829), medical writer, son of Edmund Goodwyn, surgeon, of Framlingham, Suffolk, was born in that place and baptised there on 2 Dec. 1756. Having graduated M.D. he practised as a medical man in London, but retired to Framlingham some years before his death, which took place on 8 Aug. 1829. He published: 1. 'Dissertatio Medica de morte Submersorum,' Edinburgh, 1786, 8vo. 2. ' The Connexion of Life with Respiration; or an Experimental Inquiry into the Effects of Submersion, Strangulation, and several kinds of Noxious Airs on Living Animals … and the most effectual means of cure,' London, 1788, 8vo (a translation of No. 1).
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Goodyear, Joseph

​GOODYEAR, JOSEPH (1799–1839), engraver, born at Birmingham in 1799, was first apprenticed to an engraver on plate in that town named Tye. He also studied drawing under G. V. Burkes at Birmingham. He came to London, and was employed at first by Mr. Allen on engraving devices for shop bills and the like. In 1822 Goodyear placed himself under Charles Heath (1785-1848) [q. v.], the well-known engraver, for three years. Subsequently he was extensively employed on the minute illustrations and vignettes which adorned the elegant 'Annuals' so much in vogue at that date. He did not execute any large plate until he was employed by the Findens to engrave Eastlake's picture of 'The Greek Fugitives' for their Gallery of British Art. This he completed, and the engraving was much admired, but the mental strain and prolonged exertion which was required for so carefully finished an engraving broke down his health. He endured a lingering illness for a year, and died at his house in Kentish Town on 1 Oct. 1839, in his forty-first year. He was buried in Highgate cemetery, He was much esteemed both in private and professional life. In 1830 he exhibited two engravings at the Suffolk Street Exhibition.
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Goold, Thomas

​GOOLD, THOMAS (1766?–1846), a master of the court of chancery in Ireland, was born of a wealthy protestant family in Cork. Coming to Dublin about 1789 he proceeded to squander his patrimony, some 10,000l, in rioting and entertainments, at which Grattan, Saurin, Bushe, Plunkett, and others, are said to have been present. Having come to the ​end of his resources, he applied himself zealously to practice at the bar, to which he had been called in 1791. A pamphlet in defence of Burke's ‘Reflections on the French Revolution,’ ‘against all his opponents,’ gained him the honour of an invitation to Beaconsfield, and an introduction to Lord Fitzwilliam, made useless by the viceroy's prompt recall. In 1799 Goold wrote an ‘Address to the People of Ireland on the subject of the projected Union,’ and sat in the last session of the Irish parliament as a member of the opposition. In 1818 he gave evidence at the bar of the House of Commons upon the inquiry into the conduct of Windham Quin. Meanwhile his practice had been rapidly increasing. In 1824 W. H. Curran calls him one of the most prominent members of the Irish bar, and he had been appointed third serjeant in the previous year. Indeed it has been said that he was the best nisi prius lawyer who ever held a brief at the Irish bar. In 1830 he was appointed king's serjeant, and a master in chancery in 1832. He died at Lissadell, co. Sligo, the seat of his son-in-law, Sir R. G. Booth, bart., on 16 July 1846.
L. C. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Negus, William

​NEGUS, WILLIAM (1559?–1616), puritan minister, born about 1559, matriculated as a sizar of Trinity College, Cambridge, in June 1573, and graduated B.A. 1577–8. He was lecturer or beneficed in Essex (probably Peldon) soon after 1581. In 1582 he became a member of an association of Essex ministers which was formed in that year, and he continued with it until at least 1586. He was first suspended (1583–4) for refusing Whitgift's three articles and the oath, but in October 1584 he informed the meeting of the association that the bishop had proceeded against him contrary to law, ‘and that he might preach again.’ In February 1585 he ‘took his journey to London for his restoring to liberty in his calling, and he was at that time restored to his public ministry again before he came back to us.’ He thereupon settled at Ipswich on a year's agreement with the people, probably as assistant to Dr. Robert Norton [q. v.], common preacher there. Troubles arose between the two, and Negus seems to have displaced Norton. But his own agreement with the town was broken by the people before its expiry, and Negus ‘accepted a good call’ to the church at Leigh, where he entered shortly before 3 May 1586. Papers preserved in the Norrice MSS. relating to his suspension, and a petition of the inhabitants of Leigh pressing him not to stand on trifles in matter of the ceremonies, must refer to a second suspension, doubtless in 1587. If so, this suspension also was recalled, and Negus lived quietly till James's reign, when ‘he was again in trouble, and at length deprived before August 1609,’ at which time his successor was instituted to Leigh. Negus continued to live in the parish, where he had a house, and was buried in Leigh Church on 8 Jan. 1615–1616. His will (apparently holograph), in which he gave 3l. to the poor of Leigh, is in the Commissary Court of Essex, dated 16 Jan. 1615, and proved 4 March. His gravestone was ejected from the church in 1841.
Jonathan (miscalled John in Newcourt's ‘Repertorium’), one of the sons of William Negus, was vicar of the adjoining parish of Prittlewell, and died in 1633.
Another William Negus matriculated from Christ Church, Oxford, on 13 Oct. 1598; graduated B.A. 1601, and M.A. 1604. He was rector of Gayton-le-Wold, Lincolnshire, 1611, and rector of Spelsbury, Oxfordshire, 1613 (see Foster, Alumni Oxon. 1500–1714).
Negus ‘of Leigh’ was author of ‘Man's active Obedience, or the Power of Godliness … or a Treatise of Faith worthily called Precious Faith … by Master William Negus, lately Minister of God's Word at Lee in Essex’ (pp. xxii, 341), London, 1619, 4to (dedicated to Sir Thomas Smith by Jonathan, son of William Negus, and with a preface signed by Stephen Egerton and by John Syme, rector of Leigh in succession to Negus).
W. A. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Neile, William

A. M. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Neill, Patrick (1776-1851)

​NEILL, PATRICK (1776–1851), naturalist, was born in Edinburgh on 25 Oct. 1776, and spent his life in that city. He became the head of the large printing firm of Neill & Co., but during the last thirty years of his life he took little active part in its management. Early in his career he devoted his spare time to natural history, especially botany and horticulture. The Wernerian Natural History Society was established in 1808, and in 1809 the Caledonian Horticultural Society was founded. Neill was the first secretary of both societies, holding the latter post for forty years. In 1806 appeared his ‘Tour through Orkney and Shetland,’ 8vo, a work which gave rise to much discussion, owing to its exposure of the then prevalent misery. In 1814 he issued a translation, ‘An Account of the Basalts of Saxony, from the French of Dubuisson, with Notes,’ Edinburgh, 8vo. He was the author of the article ‘Gardening’ in the seventh edition of the ‘Encyclopædia Britannica,’ which, subsequently published under the title of ‘The Flower, Fruit, and Kitchen ​Garden,’ ran through several editions. In 1817 Neill, with two other deputies from the Caledonian Society, made a tour through the Netherlands and the north of France, and he prepared an account of it, which was published in 1823.
Edinburgh is indebted to Neill for the scheme of the West Princes Street gardens. In 1820 that portion of the north loch was drained, and five acres of ground were laid out and planted with seventy-seven thousand trees and shrubs under his direction; it was also due to his public spirit that several antiquities were preserved when on the point of being demolished.
His residence at Canonmills Cottage, near the city, was always open to visitors who cared for those pursuits in which Neill took an especial interest, and his garden was noted for the character of the collection and its high cultivation. A short time before his death he became enfeebled by a stroke of paralysis, and after several months of suffering he died at Canonmills on 3 Sept. 1851, and was buried in the cemetery at Warriston, Edinburgh. His tombstone states that he was ‘distinguished for literature, science, patriotism, benevolence, and piety.’
He was fellow of the Linnean and Edinburgh Royal Societies, and honorary LL.D. of Edinburgh University. He died unmarried, and among his various charitable bequests was one of 500l. to the Caledonian Horticultural Society to found a medal for distinguished Scottish botanists or cultivators, and a similar sum to the Royal Society of Edinburgh for a medal to distinguished Scottish naturalists. He is botanically commemorated by the rosaceous genus Neillia.
[Particulars furnished by his nephew, Patrick Neill Fraser; Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 191; Gard. Chron. 1851, p. 663; R. Greville's Algæ Brit., Introd. pp. 4, 25; Gent. Mag. 1851, p. 548; Fleming's Lithol. Edinb. 1859, pp. 15, 16; Crombie's Modern Athenians, 1882, p. 115; Descr. Testim. pres. 22 June 1843, Edinb. 1843, 12mo; Journ. Bot. 1890, xxviii. 55.]
B. D. J.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Neild, John Camden

​NEILD, JOHN CAMDEN (1780?–1852), eccentric, son of James Neild [q. v.], was probably born in St. James's Street, London, about 1780. He was educated at Eton from 1793 to 1797, and then at Trinity College, Cambridge, whence he graduated B.A. 1801 and M.A. 1804. On 9 Feb. 1808 he was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn. Succeeding in 1814 to the whole of his father's property, estimated at 250,000l., he developed into a confirmed miser, and the last thirty years of his life were solely employed in accumulating wealth. He lived in a large house, 5 Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, but it was so meanly furnished that for some time he had not a bed to lie on. His dress consisted of a blue swallow-tailed coat with gilt buttons, brown trousers, short gaiters, and shoes which were patched and generally down at the heels. He never allowed his clothes to be brushed, because, he said, it destroyed the nap. He continually visited his numerous estates, walking whenever it was possible, never went to the expense of a great-coat, and always stayed with his tenants, sharing their coarse meals and lodging. While at North Marston, in Bucking​hamshire, about 1828 he attempted to cut his throat, and his life was only saved by the prompt attention of his tenant's wife, Mrs. Neale. Unlike other eminent misers—Daniel Dancer or John Elwes—he occasionally indulged in acts of benevolence, possessed considerable knowledge of legal and general literature, and to the last retained a love for the classics. He died at 5 Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, 30 Aug. 1852, aged 72, and was buried in the chancel of North Marston Church on 9 Sept. By his will, after bequeathing a few trifling legacies, he left the whole of his property, estimated at 500,000l., to ‘Her Most Gracious Majesty Queen Victoria, begging Her Majesty's most gracious acceptance of the same for her sole use and benefit.’ Two caveats were entered against the will, but were subsequently withdrawn. Queen Victoria increased Neild's bequests to the three executors from 100l. to 1,000l. each, she provided for his servants, for whom he made no provision, and she secured an annuity of 100l. to Mrs. Neale, who had frustrated Neild's attempt at suicide. In 1855 Queen Victoria restored the chancel of North Marston Church and inserted a window to Neild's memory.
G. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Neill, Patrick (d.1705?)

​NEILL or NEIL, PATRICK (d. 1705?), first printer in Belfast, was a native of Scotland. He was originally a printer in Glasgow. In 1694 he was brought over to Belfast by William Crafford, or Crawford, sovereign (mayor) of Belfast. Crafford, who was an enterprising merchant and a presbyterian, was placed on the burgess roll in 1686, and removed in 1706 in virtue of the act of parliament disqualifying dissenters; he sat for Belfast in the Irish parliaments of 1703 and 1707. To encourage Neill to introduce the printing business into Belfast, he entered into partnership with him. Neill's books are very rare; a few dated 1697 and 1698 are presumed to be his, but none bearing his imprint are known before 1699. Of that year there is an edition of ‘The Christian's Great Interest,’ by William Guthrie (1620–1665) [q. v.], ‘Belfast: Printed by Patrick Neill and Company,’ and an edition of ‘The Psalms of David in Meeter,’ with similar imprint. Appended to the latter is a list of three religious books ‘Printed and Sold by Patrick Neill.’ Of his press work in 1700 four small volumes are extant. ‘The Psalms of David in Meeter’ (of which a copy, bound in tortoiseshell and silver, belongs to the First Presbyterian Church, Belfast) bears the imprint, ‘Belfast, Printed by Patrick Neil (sic) and Company, 1700.’ An advertisement at the end of the ‘Psalms’ specifies a New Testament and six more religious books, including the ‘Pilgrim's Progress,’ as printed ‘by and for’ Neill; it is not probable that the New Testament was of his own printing. To 1700 also belong his edition of Matthew Mead's ‘Almost Christian,’ and Bunyan's ‘Sighs from Hell,’ a small volume of sermons by John Flavel (1630?–1691) [q. v.], with life. At the end of the ‘Almost Christian’ is an advertisement specifying six more religious books as printed by Neill. In 1702 his imprint appears on a local work (the only instance), viz., ‘Advice for Assurance of Salvation,’ by Robert Craghead (d. 22 Aug. 1711), presbyterian minister of Derry. No later imprint of his is known. Neill's will bears date 21 Dec. 1704; hence it is presumed that he died in 1705. He mentions as executors his brother-in-law, James Blow [q. v.], who married his sister Abigail, and died on 16 Aug. 1759, leaving 40l. to the poor of Belfast (tablet formerly in the old church, now in the Old Poor House, Belfast), and Brice Blair (d. January 1722), bookseller and haberdasher, a prominent presbyterian and agent for distribution of regium donum in 1708. Blair was probably one of Neill's company. Neill left three young children, John, James, and Sarah, of whom John was to be brought up to his father's business by Blow. Patrick Neill (1776–1851) [q. v.] is said to have been a descendant of Neill.
[Benn's Hist. of Belfast, 1877, pp. 425 sq.; Historic Memorials of First Presb. Church of Belfast, 1887, pp. 14, 76; Anderson's Catalogue of Early Belfast Printed Books, 1890, pp. 5 sq.; Young's Town Book of Belfast, 1892, pp. 231, 235 sq. 337; Scottish Antiquary, October 1893, p. 65; Belfast News-Letter, 19 Jan. 1894, art. by Andrew Gibson.]
A. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Havergal, Frances Ridley

​HAVERGAL, FRANCES RIDLEY (1836–1879), poet and hymn-writer, the youngest child of William Henry Havergal [q. v.], by his first wife Jane, was born 14 Dec. 1836 at her father's rectory at Astley, Worcestershire. From early years she showed exceptional intellectual power, but owing to her delicate health systematic study was discouraged. In 1852 she accompanied her father and his second wife to Germany; studied for more than a year in the Louisenschule at Düsseldorf and in the family of a German pastor at Obercassel; and returned to England in December 1853. She wrote verses from the age of seven with remarkable fluency, and her poems were soon admitted into ‘Good Words’ and the best religious periodicals. In 1865–6 she revisited Germany, and took the opinion of the musician Hiller on her musical talents. Hiller saw talent in her melodies, and highly praised her harmonies. Her father died suddenly in 1870, and she prepared for the press a new edition of his ‘Psalmody.’ On her mother's death in 1878, she removed from Leamington to South Wales, near the Mumbles, where she died 3 June 1879. Throughout her life she energetically engaged in religious and philanthropic work. Miss Havergal published collections of her poems and hymns in many separate volumes; the earliest is dated 1870. Among them were ‘The Ministry of Song,’ published probably in 1870, 5th edition, 1874; ‘Under the Surface,’ 1874; ‘Loyal Responses,’ 1878; ‘Life Chords,’ 1880; ‘Life Echoes,’ 1883; ‘Coming to the King,’ 1886. These were finally reissued by her sister, M. V. G. Havergal, in two volumes of ‘Poetical Works,’ 1884. Miss Havergal also wrote many small devotional tracts and narratives in prose, all marked by the same earnest and practical piety. Her religious poetry became exceedingly popular in evangelical circles, and her hymns are to be found in all collections. In her poetical work there is a lack of concentration, and a tendency to meaningless repetition of phrase, but some of her hymns are excellent, and will permanently preserve her name. Her autobiography was published in ‘Memorials of Frances Ridley Havergal, by her Sister, M. V. G. Havergal,’ 2nd edition, 1880. The influence of this book has been as remarkable as that of Miss Havergal's poems. It presents a striking picture of an unusually eager, if somewhat narrow, spiritual life.
[Letters of Frances Ridley Havergal, edited by Maria Vernon Graham Havergal; Frances Ridley Havergal's Last Week, by Maria Vernon Graham Havergal.]
R. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Havergal, Henry East

​HAVERGAL, HENRY EAST (1820–1875), musician, eldest son of William Henry Havergal (1793–1870) [q. v.], was born at Coaley, Gloucestershire, 22 July 1820. From 1828 to 1834 he served as a chorister in New College, Oxford, and was bible-clerk there from 1839. He matriculated from Magdalen Hall on 18 May 1839, graduating B.A. 1843 and M.A. 1846. In 1843 he became chaplain of Christ Church, and served in a like capacity at New College from 1844 to 1847. From 1847 till his death he was vicar of Cople, Bedfordshire. For his ​church at Cople he built an organ with his own hands, which possessed the peculiarity that it was an F organ, that being the note to which the ordinary compass of the human voice extends. On this instrument he carried out many experiments, and regularly acted as organist. He further constructed a chiming apparatus, and was in the habit of chiming the bells himself before service. For some time he was the conductor of a musical society at Bedford. He possessed a natural alto voice, and in a trial of Crotch's oratorio ‘Palestine’ he played the double-bass and sang the alto part in the choruses at the same time. He was also a performer on the trumpet. He died of apoplexy at Cople vicarage on 12 Jan. 1875, aged 54. He married, on 16 Sept. 1847, Frances Mary, eldest daughter of George J. A. Walker.
Havergal's musical publications were:
* ‘A Selection from the Hymns and Songs of the Church by George Wither,’ 1846.
* ‘The Preces and Litany of T. Tallis, to which is added a Short Form of Chanting the Preces and Litany,’ 1847; never before printed.
* ‘Christmas Carols for one or more Voices,’ 1850.
* ‘Hymn for Advent—Dies Iræ,’ by W. J. Irons; the music by H. E. Havergal, 1854.
* ‘Tunes, Chants and Responses,’ 1865.
* ‘Hymn Tunes, part i. Original, part ii. Harmonised and Selected,’ 1866.
* ‘Forty-two Chants, each combining two principal Melodies,’ 1870, besides Te Deums, hymns, and songs.
[Record, 18 Jan. 1875, p. 3, 20 Jan. p. 2; Choir, 23 Jan. 1875, p. 50.]
G. C. B.