OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Zumsteeg, Johann

​ZUMSTEEG, Johann Rudolf, born Jan. 10, 1760, at Sachsenflur, in the Mosbach district of Baden. His father being a valet to Duke Carl of Wirtemberg, he was admitted into the Carl-schule, at 'The Solitude,' near Stuttgart, where he received a good general education, and formed a close friendship with Schiller, also a pupil there. He was originally intended for a sculptor, but the love of music proved too strong, and he studied first the cello, and then composition with Poli, whom he succeeded in 1 792 as Kapellmeister, and director of the Opera. His chief claim to a place in the history of music is that he was the pioneer of the ballad, a form afterwards carried to such perfection by Reichardt, Zelter, and, pre-eminently, Löwe. Zumsteeg's best, and in his day widest known ballads were 'Leonore,' 'Des Pfarrers Tochter von Taubenhayn,' 'Kolma,' 'Die Büsende,' 'Ritter Toggenburg,' 'Elwina,' and ​'Die Entführung.' Of his operas the following were frequently performed:—'Die Geisterinsel,' 'Das Pfauenfest,' and 'Ebondokani, the Calif of Bagdad.' Other works deserving mention are—Choruses for Schiller's 'Rauber,' several church cantatas, a concerto and duet for cello.
[ C. F. P. ]
Something has been already said on Zumsteeg's characteristics, under Song, vol. iii. p. 628b. In the ballad form he was never really successful, and his best songs belong more correctly to the Romanze. We miss in them the bold melodic principal theme, which should stand out in relief from all secondary themes and ideas, and be repeated wherever the story needs it. Löwe's ballads strikingly illustrate the value of this characteristic, and if we compare them with Zumsteeg's we shall see at once how much is lost by its absence.
In some of his ballads the details are very well and truthfully painted—for instance the fine gloomy opening phrase of the 'Pfarrers Tochter':
[ A. H. W. ]
* ↑ Haydn had a high esteem for Zumsteeg. Griesinger wrote to Härtel: 'Haydn is much distressed at Zumsteeg's death; he had plenty of imagination, and a fine sense of form.'
* ↑ Schumann possibly had this in his mind in the opening of his 'Two Grenadiers.'
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Zwillingsbrüder, Die

[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Zopff, Hermann

​ZOPFF, Hermann, born June 1, 1826, at Glogau, in Silesia. Though he had received a complete university education, his father wished him to be a farmer; but his own predilections constantly inclined him to music. At length the successful performance of an overture composed by him removed his father's opposition, and from the age of twenty-four he devoted himself exclusively to music. He placed himself under the tuition of A. B. Marx and Kullak, and was soon engaged to fill an important post on the teaching staff of their new Conservatorium at Berlin. He had also other appointments in the musical circles of that city; but his ambition drew him towards Leipzig, and he gladly accepted an offer from Brendel to edit the 'Neue Zeitschrift für Musik,' which necessitated his removal thither. There he toiled until within a short time of his death, as editor, critic, conductor, composer, and professor of singing and composition. The character and tone which had been imparted to the 'Neue Zeitschrift' by Brendel were continued by Zopff, for both editors were strenuous advocates of the New German School. But Zopff was no narrow partisan; he was ready to do full justice not only to Schumann and Wagner and their followers, but to every musician of high aims.
Zopff's compositions cover a wide range of form, from the simplest PF. pieces or songs, to the largest polyphonic or dramatic works, and all bear the mark of a thorough, scientific musician. But for a certain want of spontaneity and grace, they would probably have been much better known and oftener performed. Among his numerous choral works with orchestral or PF. accompaniment, we may mention his 'Brauthymne,' 'Frühlingshymne,' and 'Triumph der Liebe.' Of his larger works, approaching the oratorio-form, we may cite 'Anbetung Gottes,' 'Evangelium der That,' and 'Alexandera.' It is clear from his operas, 'Carloman,' 'Muhammed,' 'Judas Makkabeus,' and 'Constantin,' that his ​strength was especially concentrated on dramatic forms; but as regards popularity his symphonic poem 'Tell,' the 'Idyllen für kleines Orchester,' and the 'Traum am Rhein' have been most fortunate. Zopff was a careful and prolific writer of critical, theoretical and didactic essays; his 'Theorie der Oper' is a good illustration of the industry with Which he collected and utilised valuable information. He wrote several treatises on the cultivation of the voice, and paid special attention to the cure of defects caused by faulty training. He united lucidity, accuracy, and conscientiousness in his work, with kindness, generosity and hospitality in his social life. For foreigners and strangers he had always a friendly welcome; and the weekly musical parties at his house afforded constant opportunities for the introduction of new artists and new compositions, while a special corner of the 'Neue Zeitschrift für Musik ' was always reserved for notices of rising talent.
[ A. H. W. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Zur Mühlen, Raimund von

[ G. ]
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thomas, Augustus

See also Augustus Thomas on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
THOMAS, AUGUSTUS (1859-), American playwright, was born in St. Louis, Mo., Jan. 8 1859. He was educated in the public schools, for several years worked in railway freight offices, and, after serving as special correspondent for various newspapers, became in 1889 editor and proprietor of the Kansas City (Mo.) Mirror. As a youth he had been a member of local amateur dramatic companies and had tried his hand at dramatic composition. One of these early pieces, Editha's Burglar, based on Mrs. Burnett's story of the same name, was enlarged to a four-act play and presented with great success at the Madison Square theatre in New York in 1889. This led him a little later to devote all his attention to the drama. His play Alabama
(1891), depicting the old-time South, contributed to the removal of sectional prejudice resulting from the Civil War. His numerous dramas include In Mizzoura (1893); The Hoosier Doctor (1898, by many considered his best); Oliver Goldsmith (1900); Soldiers of Fortune (1902); The Earl of Pawtucket (1903, highly successful in England); Mrs. Leffingwell's Boots (1905); De Lancey (1905); The Embassy Ball (1905); The Witching Hour (1909); As a Man Thinks (1912); Mere Man (1912); Indian Summer (1912).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tittoni, Tommaso

See also Tommaso Tittoni on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
TITTONI, TOMMASO (1855-), Italian statesman, was born in Rome 1855. His father, Vincenzo, a tenant farmer on a large scale at La Manziana, had taken part in the defence of the Roman Republic under Garibaldi in 1849, was exiled by Pius IX., and reëntered Rome in 1870 through the breach of Porta Pia. Tommaso Tittoni was educated first at Naples, and subsequently at Oxford and Liége. He began his parliamentary career as deputy for Civitavecchia in 1886, sitting on the Right, but he resigned his seat in 1897, having been appointed prefect of Perugia; three years later he went to Naples in a similar capacity, and in 1902 he was raised to the Senate. When Giolitti became premier for the second time in 1903, Tittoni became his Foreign Minister. He aimed at improving relations with Austria, and also tried to bring about a reconciliation with France; it was in fact under his auspices that President Loubet visited Rome. On the resignation of Giolitti in March 1905 Tittoni became interim premier for a few days and remained in the Fortis Cabinet as Foreign Minister. His proposal to reduce the duty on Spanish wines in connexion with an Italo-Spanish commercial treaty aroused a storm of indignation among the agricultural classes and caused the fall of the Cabinet on Dec. 24 1905; and although Fortis composed a new administration, Tittoni did not enter it. A few months later he was appointed ambassador in London (March 1906), but in May, on the fall of the Sonnino Cabinet and the return of Giolitti to power, he was again summoned to the Consulta. He continued the policy of improving relations with Austria, which did not contribute to his popularity; after the annexation of Bosnia and the Herzegovina his imprudently worded speech at Carate created the illusion that Italy was to be compensated, perhaps by the cession of the Trentino, and the disappointment when nothing of the kind materialized greatly weakened his prestige. He remained in office until the fall of Giolitti in Dec. 1909. In April of the following year he was appointed ambassador in Paris. When the World War broke out, in spite of his Triplicist policy he openly expressed himself in favour of Italian neutrality, and on Italy's entry into the war he was careful not to compromise himself with Giolitti's attitude. But he was not at his ease in the French capital and in Nov. 1916 he resigned from the Paris embassy. On the fall of the Orlando Cabinet in June 1919, the new Premier Nitti chose Tittoni as Foreign Minister and first delegate at the Peace Conference, but the severe strain of the work told on his health and he was forced to resign in November. He was chosen president of the Senate in Dec., and soon after was appointed Italian delegate on the Council and Assembly of the League of Nations, but ill-health again forced him to relinquish both appointments. In 1910 he had published a volume of speeches, which was translated into English, and in 1919 he brought out a work on political conflicts and constitutional reform.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tillett, Benjamin

See also Ben Tillett on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
TILLETT, BENJAMIN (1860-), British Labour politician, was born at Bristol, Sept. 11 1860. He started work in a brickyard at eight years and was a “Risley” boy for two years. At 12 years he served for six months on a fishing smack, was afterwards apprenticed to a bootmaker and then joined the Royal Navy. He was invalided out of the navy and made several
voyages in merchant ships. He then settled at the London Docks, and organized the Dockers' Union of which he became general secretary in June 1887, taking a prominent part in the dock strike of 1889. He was subsequently one of the pioneer organizers of the General Federation of Trades, National Transport Workers' Federation, National Federation of General Workers, International Transport Federation, and the Labour party. For many years he was an alderman on the L.C.C. After standing for Parliament unsuccessfully four times, he was elected in 1917 as Labour member for N. Salford. In 1910 he published A Brief History of the Dockers' Union, commemorating the 1889 dockers' strike, and in 1911 A History of the London Transport Workers' Strike.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tilak, Bal Gangadhar

See also Bal Gangadhar Tilak on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
TILAK, BAL GANGADHAR (1856-1920), Indian nationalist leader and orientalist, was born July 23 1856, at Ratnagiri, where his father, a Chitpavan Brahman, was an educational officer. At the Deccan College, Poona, he graduated in arts with honours in 1876, and took the LL.B. degree in 1879. In the following year he took the lead in providing secondary and higher education in Poona under Indian direction by founding an English school and the famous Fergusson College. Tilak con- ducted law classes till 1890, by which time he had become the sole proprietor as well as the editor of the two weekly papers, the Mahratta (in English) and the Kesari (“Lion” in Mahratti) which he and his friends had founded in 1880. These were the chief printed media of his anti-Government propaganda; but he took every advantage of public activities, such as membership of the local municipality and the organizing of Shivaji and Ganpati celebrations, to work upon the prejudices and passions both of the masses and of the educated minority. Identifying himself with Brahmanical orthodoxy he bitterly opposed social reforms. His violent condemnation in 1897 of the plague prevention regulations was followed by the assassination of the local plague commissioner (Mr. Rand) and a young British officer driving with him at the time. Convicted of sedition, he was sentenced to 18 months' rigorous imprisonment, but he was released within a year under pledges of good behaviour. In prison he pursued the Vedic studies which had already given him a place in oriental scholarship. His elaborate paper on “The Orion, or Researches into the Antiquity of the Vedas,” read at the International Congress of Orientalists, London 1892 (published at Poona, 1893), was followed in 1903 by his “Arctic Home in the Vedas” — expounding a theory of extremely remote Aryan origins which has failed to secure the acceptance of other scholars. Tilak was twice elected to the Bombay Legislature for triennial terms. Again indicted for sedition in June 1908, he was sentenced by a Parsi judge (Mr. Justice Davar) to six years' transportation, afterwards commuted on account of age and health to simple imprisonment at Mandalay. On release in 1914 he actively promoted the home-rule campaign, and at last succeeded, after the death in 1915 of G. K. Gokhale, in his prolonged struggle to secure for his party control of the Indian National Congress. A libel suit he instituted in London against Sir Valentine Chirol for statements made in Indian Unrest (1910) ended in a verdict for the defendant with costs (Feb. 21 1919). On returning to India he refrained from definite association with the non-cooperation cult. His death in Bombay, Aug. 1 1920, was followed by demonstrations of mourning throughout India, showing his remarkable hold on the popular mind.
Tilak's formative part in the cult of Indian unrest is shown in the Report of the Rowlatt Sedition Committee, 1918. His speeches are collected with an appreciation by Aurobinda Ghose in Lokamanaya B. G. Tilak, Madras, 2nd edition, 1920.
(F. H. Br.)
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tinayre, Marcelle

See also Marcelle Tinayre on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
TINAYRE, [MARGUERITE SUZANNE] MARCELLE (1872-), French novelist, was born at Tulle, Corrèze, in 1872. She was educated at Bordeaux and Paris, and in 1889 married the painter Julien Tinayre. Her earliest novel was Avant l'Amour (1897); but the one by which she is best known is La Maison du Péché (1902). Her later works include La Rebelle (1905); La Consolatrice (1907); Madeleine au Miroir (1912); L'Ombre de l'Amour (1910); La Douceur de Vivre (1911); and Le Départ; Aôut, 1914 (1915). She also published in 1910 a book of travels, Notes d'une Voyageuse en Turquie.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tisza, Stephen, Count

See also István Tisza on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
TISZA, STEPHEN, Count (1861-1918), Hungarian statesman (see 26.1017). During the Coalition Ministry (1906) Tisza retired into private life on his estate of Geszt. It was only in the House of Magnates that he expressed his views against the extension of the franchise. When Count Khuen-Hedervary took office in 1910, Tisza was his most earnest and effective opponent in the country. His return to the political arena took place during a period of obstruction. In 1912 he became president of the House of Deputies, and on July 10 1913 again returned to power as prime minister. When the World War broke out a truce was arranged between Tisza and the Opposition, but it did not last long, and in 1917 he was compelled to resign. Though hitherto he had been the most zealous adherent of Dualism and the partnership with Austria, he declared for the scheme of personal union after the manifesto of King Charles on Oct. 17 1918, the Pragmatic Sanction to hold good on the question of national defence, but with a separate Hungarian army and separate diplomatic representation abroad. When he saw no prospect of winning the war he pleaded for a peace in common with Germany on the basis of President Wilson's Fourteen Points. On Oct. 31 he was assassinated in his villa by men in military uniform, said to have been worn as a disguise.
Tisza had a power over Austria and Hungary such as had hardly ever been exercised before by an adviser of the Crown. He was distinguished by his determination and inflexible convictions, and was opposed to any policy involving weak concessions. In the newspapers Magyar Figyelö (Hungarian Observer) and Ignazmondó (Truth), he published articles on many subjects; in addition he published the historical study Von Sadowa bis Sedan (in Hungarian and German).
See the biography by Karl Szaz (Hungarian); and David Angyal, In Memory of Stephen Tisza (Hungarian).
(E. v. W.)
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tree, Sir Herbert Beerbohm

See also Herbert Beerbohm Tree on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Tree, Sir Herbert Beerbohm (1853–1917), English actor and manager (see 27.234), died in London July 2 1917. The chief Shakespearean productions of his later years were Macbeth in 1911 and Othello in 1912. In 1912 he also produced Louis N. Parker’s Drake and in 1913 his biblical play Joseph and his Brethren. In 1914 he produced Mr. Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion. During the World War he was active in propaganda work, organizing lectures at His Majesty’s theatre and speaking himself frequently in America during his theatrical tours. He published a volume of Thoughts and Afterthoughts (1913) and other occasional papers. His sudden death, after a comparatively slight operation, at the age of 63, was felt as a great loss to the contemporary English stage.
See Herbert Beerbohm Tree: some Memories of him, collected by Max Beerbohm (1920).
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/K'ung Kuang-sên

​1047 K'ung Kuang-sên 孔廣森 (T. 眾仲 and 撝約. H. 顨軒). A.D. 1751-1786. A native of 曲阜 Ch'ü-fu in Shantung, and a descendant of Confucius in the sixty-eighth generation. He graduated in 1771, but soon retired from public life. Author of clever commentaries on the Five Classics, and of works on the seal and li styles of writing.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/K'ung Fu

​1045 K'ung Fu 孔鲋 (T. 子魚). Died B.C. ? 210. A descendant of Confucius in the ninth degree. At the time of the Burning of the Books (see Li Ssŭ), he is said to have preserved copies of the chief works of the Canon by secreting them in his house, whence they were eventually recovered. He is the reputed author of a collection of memoirs referring to Confucius and his grandson K'ung Chi, and also of the vocabulary entitled 小爾雅.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/K'ung Li

​1048 K'ung Li 孔鯉 (T. 伯魚). B.C. 582-482. The only son of Confucius (see K'ung Ch'iu). At his birth, Duke 昭 Chao of the Lu State sent Confucius a present of some carp; and the latter, in honour of his sovereign's gift, took Li Carp as the name of his little son.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/K'ung Mu-chin

​1050 K'ung Mu-chin 孔木金. 8th cent. B. C. Son of 孔嘉 K'ung Chia, great-great-great-grandfather of Confucius, and the recognised founder of the family. He was an official of the Sung State, and was killed by a colleague, named 華督 Hua Ta, who wished to obtain possession of his wife. His tablet stands in the Confucian Temple, first among ancestors glorified as sages.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Ou-yang Hsün

​1594 Ou-yang Hsün 歐陽询 (T. 信本). A.D. 557-645. A native of 臨湘 Lin-hsiang in Hunan, whose father was put to death for rebellion and who was brought up during his early youth in concealment. He was exceedingly clever, and possessed the useful faculty of being able to read several columns of a book at a glance. He entered the service of the Sui dynasty; and when the first Emperor of the T'ang dynasty, who had previously been a friend of his, came to the throne, he was at once promoted to be a Supervising Censor. Famous as a calligraphist, he began by imitating ​Wang Hsi-chih; but he soon formed a school of his own, and gained such reputation that envoys were sent from Korea to obtain specimens of his style. See Ou-yang T'ung.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Wang Hsien-chih

​2176 Wang Hsien-chih 王獻之 (T. 子敬). A.D. 344-388. Son of Wang Hsi-chih, and like his father famous as a calligraphist and a scholar. He used to visit the great Hsieh An, who predicted his celebrity. "Successful men are generally sparing of their words," he said; "and Wang Hsien-chih does not talk much." He was a great reader and had a large library. As he could not carry it about with him, he had miniature copies made, which he packed in a cloth case; hence the proverbial expression 王氏布箱之學. On one occasion robbers broke into the study where he was sleeping. "Gentlemen," said he, pointing to a square of felt carpet used by ​teachers, "that rug is an heirloom in my family. I should feel obliged if you would leave it." He was employed for some time in the department of historiography. Canonised as 憲.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/K'ung Jung

​1046 K'ung Jung 孔融 (T. 文舉). Died A.D. 208, A descendant of Confucius in the 20th degree, and a most precocious child. At ten years of age he went with his father to Lo-yang, where Li Ying was at the height of his reputation. Unable, from the press of visitors, to gain admission, he told the doorkeeper to inform Li Ying that he was a connection, and thus succeeded in getting in. When Li Ying asked him what the connection was, he replied, "My ancestor Confucius and your ancestor Lao Tzŭ were friends ​engaged in the quest for Truth, so that you and I may be said to be of the same family." Li Ying was astonished, but 陳韙 Ch'ên Wei said, "Cleverness in youth does not mean brilliancy in later life;" upon which K'ung Jung remarked, "You, sir, most evidently have been very clever as a boy." Entering official life, he rose to be Governor of 北海 Po-hai in Shantung; but he incurred the displeasure of the great Ts'ao Ts'ao and was put to death with all his family (see Chih Hsi). He was one of the Seven Scholars of the Chien-an period (see Hsü Kan), an open-hearted man, and fond of good company. "If my halls are full of guests," he would say, "and my bottles full of wine, I am happy."
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Wang Hsi-chih

​2174 Wang Hsi-chih 王羲之 (T. 逸少). A.D. 321-379. A nephew of Wang Tao (see Ch'i Ch'ien), whose cleverness attracted the notice of Chou I. In his youth he was a diligent student of the Classics and of history, and rose to be a Brigade General; hence he is often mentioned as 王右軍. But it is for his marvellous skill with the pen that he is now remembered, his writing in the li script being "light as floating clouds, vigorous as a startled ​dragon." He is said to have invented the modern clerkly style; and on one occasion he made a copy of the Tao Tê Ching for a Taoist priest, receiving in return the present of a flock of rare geese. He was the father of seven sons, two of whom, Wang Hui-chih and Wang Hsien-chih, rose to distinction. One of his chief delights was to play with his grandchildren, whom he used to carry about and stuff with sweets. He and Wang Ch'êng and Wang Yüeh were known as the 王氏三少.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/K'ung Mêng-p'i

​1049 K'ung Mêng-p'i 孔孟皮 (T. 伯尼). Son of K'ung Shu-liang Ho, by a concubine, and half-brother to Confucius. He was a cripple, and could not enter upon an official career. In 1857 his tablet was placed in the Confucian Temple.