OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Whitlock, John

​WHITLOCK, JOHN (1625–1709), ejected divine, born in 1625, was the son of Richard Whitlock, merchant, of London. His mother (born in 1596) died at Leighton on 2 April 1649, and was buried there. A small brass to her memory is in the church. On 23 June 1642 Whitlock was admitted a pensioner of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, graduating B.A. in 1645 and M.A. in 1649. In 1643 he made the acquaintance of William Reynolds [q. v.], which quickly ripened into a close friendship, only broken after nearly fifty-five years' standing by the death of Reynolds in 1698. In the summer of 1645 Whitlock was invited to preach at Leighton Buzzard in Bedfordshire. He settled there in November, and in the following month was joined by Reynolds, the two living under the same roof, studying in the same room, and writing at the same table. In the spring of 1648 Reynolds was invited to Aylesbury, and agreed to share the two places (Aylesbury and Leighton) with his friend. Refusing the ‘Engagement’ in 1649, they were deprived of their maintenance in both their places of ministry, and ceased to preach at Aylesbury in March 1650, and at Leighton in March 1651. Later in 1651 Whitlock was presented to the vicarage of St. Mary's, Nottingham, his friend Reynolds being joined with him as lecturer. In October 1651 they were both ordained at St. Andrews Undershaft in London, and established their church after the presbyterian form on their return to Nottingham. In July 1662 Whitlock was indicted at the sessions at Nottingham for not reading the common prayer, and, although the Act of Uniformity was not yet in force, he was suspended and his church sequestered. The two friends then sought refuge out of the town, and shared all disturbances and imprisonments [see Reynolds, William] till the ‘Indulgence’ of October 1687 enabled them to return to Nottingham. Rooms at Bridlesmith Gate were certified in July 1689 for the joint use of the presbyterians Whitlock, Reynolds, and John Barret (1631–1713) [q. v.], and the independent John Ryther (d. 1704) [see under Ryther, John, 1634?–1681]. A little later the two sects had separate houses, but even after the building of the presbyterian chapel on the High Pavement about 1690, they joined with each other in religious services.
Whitlock continued to preach in the High Pavement Chapel until within two years of his death. He died on 4 Dec. 1709, and was buried in St. Mary's Church on 13 Jan. following. He married, on 25 March 1652, a daughter of Anthony Tuckney [q. v.], successively master of Emmanuel and St. John's Colleges, Cambridge. Possessed of a fair property, he was liberal in the use of it. He was succeeded in the ministry by his son John, who died on 16 March 1723, aged 62, and was buried in St. Mary's on 20 March. A joint tablet to father and son is in the church.
Besides single sermons, Whitlock published: 1. ‘A Short Account of the Life of the Rev. W. Reynolds,’ London, 1698; Nottingham, 1807. 2. ‘The Great Duty and Comfortable Evidence,’ London, 1698.
B. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Whitson, John

​WHITSON, JOHN (1557–1629), merchant adventurer, was born in 1557 at Clearwell in the parish of Newland, Gloucestershire, and at the age of eighteen went to Bristol, where he entered the service of Trenchard, a wine-cooper and shipowner. He became Trenchard's first clerk, and on Trenchard's death married the widow and succeeded to the business. When Philip II laid an embargo on the English ships in 1585, Whitson fitted out the Mayflower to make reprisals. Her cruise was successful, but Whitson, not caring to carry on the business, sold her to Thomas James, afterwards mayor of Bristol, who has been erroneously described as father of Thomas James (1593?–1635?) [q. v.], the navigator. In the early voyages for the settlement of North America, Whitson took an active part, and especially in sending out Martin Pring [q. v.] He was also distinguished for his charities and as a benefactor to the town of Bristol, of which he was twice mayor—in 1603 and 1615. He represented Bristol in four parliaments, being returned in 1605, 1620, 1625, and February 1625–6. He died of a fall from his horse, and was buried in St. Nicholas Church, Bristol, on 9 March 1628–9. He was three times married.
J. K. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Cates, Arthur

​CATES, ARTHUR (1829–1901), architect, son of James Cates by his wife Susan, daughter of John Rose, was born at 38 Alfred Street, Bedford Square, London, on 29 April 1829. After education at King's College School he entered as pupil the office of Sydney Smirke, R.A. [q. v.], in 1846. Cates's executed works were few, but in 1870 he succeeded Sir James Pennethorne [q. v.] as architect to the land revenues of the crown under the commissioners of woods and forests. In that capacity and as a promoter of architectural education he rendered English architecture important services. As architect to the commissioners Cates exercised large powers of critical censorship, and though on occasion his brother architects may have resented aesthetic interference, his artistic control over the architecture of the crown estates in London was advantageous.
Cates, who joined the Architectural Association in 1847, became an associate of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1856, a fellow in 1874, and a member of the council in 1879; he served as vice-president from 1888 to 1892. Cates long controlled the examination system of the institute. From 1882 to 1896 he was chairman of its board of examiners, and under his guidance the progressive examinations (preliminary, intermediate, and final) were initiated and carried into effect. He made a point of coming personally into contact with the candidates. He bequeathed an annual prize bearing his name, which has, since his death, been awarded in connection with these examinations. He was also a fellow of the Surveyors' Institution. From 1859 to 1892 Cates acted as hon. secretary of the Architectural Publication Society, and assisted in the compilation of the 'Architectural Dictionary,' which his friend Wyatt Papworth [q. v.] edited. He wrote for the Dictionary of National Biography memoirs of Wyatt Papworth, his father and brother. As surveyor to the Honourable Society of the Inner Temple he designed in 1887 the archway and gatehouse leading from Tudor Street to King's Bench Walk. When in 1894 the tribunal of appeal under the London Building Act was appointed, Cates was elected the first chairman, and was re-elected in 1900 for a further term of five years. He formed a good architectural library, and many of his books were given or bequeathed to the library of the Royal Institute of British Architects. He died at his residence, 12 York Terrace, Regent's Park, on 15 May 1901, and was buried at Woking.
Cates married in 1881 Rosa, daughter of William Rose, who survived him. There was no issue of the marriage.
[Journal R.I.B.A., 3rd series, viii. 353; the Builder, 1901, lxxx. 494; information from Mrs. Cates.]
P. W.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Chads, Henry

​CHADS, Sir HENRY (1819–1906), admiral, born at Fareham, Hampshire, on 29 Oct. 1819, was son of Admiral Sir Henry Ducie Chads [q. v.] by his wife Elizabeth, daughter of John Pook of Fareham. Major-general William John Chads, C.B., is his younger brother. After two years at the Royal Naval College at Portsmouth, Henry entered the navy in 1834, and served with his father in the Andromache, in the East Indies and against Malay pirates in the straits of Malacca. In June 1841 he was promoted lieutenant, and as lieutenant of the Harlequin was, in 1844, severely wounded in an attack on the pirate settlements in Sumatra. For this service he was specially promoted to commander on 31 Jan. 1845. From 1846 to 1848 he commanded the Styx on the west coast of Africa with considerable success, and on 5 June 1848 was advanced to post rank. As captain he served with credit but without distinction; in 1863 he was appointed superintendent of Deptford dock and victualling yards, from which, in April 1866, he was promoted to his flag. In 1869-70 he was second-in-command of the Channel fleet; was promoted rear-admiral in October 1872; was commander-in-chief at the Nore 1876 to Sept. 1877, when, he reached the rank of admiral. On 27 Oct. 1884, having attained the age of sixty-five, he was placed on the retired list. He was made K.C.B. in 1887. Settling at Southsea, he largely devoted himself there to the care and organisation of charities in connection with the navy, and especially the Seamen and Marines' Orphanage, the committee of which he joined in 1868 in succession to his father. He died unmarried at Southsea on 30 June 1906.
[Royal Navy Lists; The Times, 2 July 1906; Clowes, Royal Navy, vols. vi. and vii. 1901-3.]
J. K. L.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Bernice

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Bernice : Bearer of victory, the eldest daughter of Agrippa I., the Herod Agrippa of Acts 12:20. After the early death of her first husband she was married to her uncle Herod, king of Chalcis. After his death (A.D. 40) she lived in incestuous connection with her brother Agrippa II. (Acts 25:13, 23; 26:30). They joined the Romans at the outbreak of the final war between them and the Jews, and lived afterwards at Rome.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Besom

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Besom : Besom The rendering of a Hebrew word meaning sweeper, occurs only in Isa. 14:23, of the sweeping away, the utter ruin, of Babylon.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Betah

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Betah : Confidence, a city belonging to Hadadezer, king of Zobah, which yielded much spoil of brass to David (2 Sam. 8:8). In 1 Chr. 18:8 it is called Tibhath.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Bered

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Bered: Hail.
(1.) A town in the south of Palestine (Gen. 16:14), in the desert of Shur, near Lahai-roi.
(2.) A son of Shuthelah, and grandson of Ephraim (1 Chr. 7:20).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Beriah

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Beriah : A gift, or in evil.
(1.) One of Asher's four sons, and father of Heber (Gen. 46:17).
(2.) A son of Ephraim (1 Chr. 7:20-23), born after the slaughter of his brothers, and so called by his father "because it went evil with his house" at that time.
(3.) A Benjamite who with his brother Shema founded Ajalon and expelled the Gittites (1 Chr. 8:13).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Bestead

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Bestead : The rendering in Isa. 8:21, where alone it occurs, of a Hebrew word meaning to oppress, or be in circumstances of hardship.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Berechiah

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Berechiah: Blessed by Jehovah. (1.) Son of Shimea, and father of Asaph the musician (1 Chr. 6:39; 15:17).
(2.) One of the seven Ephraimite chieftains, son of Meshillemoth (2 Chr. 28:12).
(3.) The fourth of the five sons of Zerubbabel, of the royal family of Judah (1 Chr. 3:20).
(4.) The father of the prophet Zechariah (1:1, 7).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Berodach-baladan

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Berodach-baladan : The king of Babylon who sent a friendly deputation to Hezekiah (2 Kings 20:12). In Isa. 39:1 he is called Merodach-baladan (q.v.).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Beryl

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Beryl : The rendering in the Authorized Version of the Hebrew word tarshish, a precious stone; probably so called as being brought from Tarshish. It was one of the stones on the breastplate of the high priest (Ex. 28:20; R.V. marg., "chalcedony;" 39:13). The colour of the wheels in Ezekiel 's vision was as the colour of a beryl stone (1:16; 10:9; R.V., "stone of Tarshish"). It is mentioned in [[../Solomon, Song of|Cant.]] 5:14; Dan. 10:6; Rev. 21:20. In Ezek. 28:13 the LXX. render the word by "chrysolite," which the Jewish historian Josephus regards as its proper translation. This also is the rendering given in the Authorized Version in the margin. That was a gold-coloured gem, the topaz of ancient authors.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Besor

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Besor : Cold, a ravine or brook in the extreme south-west of Judah, where 200 of David's men stayed behind because they were faint, while the other 400 pursued the Amalekites (1 Sam. 30:9, 10, 21). Probably the Wadyes Sheriah, south of Gaza.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Woodforde, Samuel

​WOODFORDE, SAMUEL (1763–1817), painter, born at Castle Cary in Somerset on 29 March 1763, was the second son of Heighes Woodforde (1726–1789) of Ansford, by his wife Anne, daughter and heiress of Ralph Dorville. He was a lineal descendant of Samuel Woodford [q. v.] At the age of fifteen he was patronised by the well-known banker Henry Hoare (d. 1785) of Stourhead, Wiltshire, where many of the painter's early works are preserved. In 1782 he became a student at the Royal Academy, where he exhibited pictures in 1784 and the two following years. In 1786 he was enabled by the liberality of his late patron to travel in Italy. After studying the works of Raphael and Michel Angelo at Rome, and copying ‘The Family of Darius’ by Paolo Veronese, he visited Florence and Venice, accompanied by Sir Richard Colt Hoare [q. v.] He returned to London in 1791, and resumed his contributions to the Royal Academy in 1792. From that year till 1815 he was a constant exhibitor of portraits, scenes of Italian life, historical pictures, and subjects from literature. He sent in all ​133 pictures to the Royal Academy, and thirty-nine to the British Institution. His ‘Dorinda wounded by Sylvia’ is in the Diploma Gallery at Burlington House, and a watercolour, ‘Pan teaching Apollo’ (1790), is in the South Kensington Museum. Many of his pictures were engraved, including the forest scene in ‘Titus Andronicus,’ engraved by Anker Smith for Boydell's ‘Shakespeare’ (1793), several subjects engraved by James Heath and others for an edition of Shakespeare published by Longmans (1805–7), and, among larger subjects, ‘A Vestal’ (1800), by S. W. Reynolds, and ‘The Soldier's Widow’ (1801), by Maria Gisborne, both in mezzotint. Most of Woodforde's compositions were in the correct classical style of his period. He was elected an associate of the Royal Academy in 1800, and an academician in 1807. In 1815 he married and went to Italy. He died of fever at Ferrara on 27 July 1817, leaving no issue.
[Gent. Mag. 1817, ii. 282; Graves's Dict. of Artists; Burke's Landed Gentry.]
C. D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Woodhouse, Thomas

​WOODHOUSE, THOMAS (d. 1573), Roman catholic martyr, was a native of Lincolnshire. He was ordained priest shortly before the death of Mary in 1558, and was presented to a parsonage in Lincolnshire. In 1560 he resigned his living on account of the changes introduced in the English church, and, retiring to Wales, became tutor ​in a gentleman's family. This situation he also resigned soon afterwards on religious grounds, and shortly after was arrested while celebrating mass and committed on 14 May 1561 as ‘a pore prist’ to the Fleet prison, where he lived on charity like other pauper prisoners (cf. Harl. MS. 360, f. 7). In 1563, during a severe visitation of the plague in London, he was removed to Cambridgeshire for a short time with the other prisoners in the custody of Tyrrel, the warder of the Fleet. At his urgent request Woodhouse was admitted to the Society of Jesus in 1572. He was so animated by his admission that on 19 Nov. 1572 he wrote to Cecil exhorting him to persuade Elizabeth to submit to the pope. The original is preserved in the British Museum (Lansdowne MS. 99, f. 1). He also wrote papers ‘persuading men to the true faith and obedience,’ which he signed with his name, tied to stones, and threw out of the prison window into the street. On 16 June 1573 he was tried for high treason in the Guildhall, London. He distinguished himself by his intrepid bearing and the frankness of his answers, was found guilty, and was executed at Tyburn on 19 June. Woodhouse was the first priest who suffered in Elizabeth's reign, and the first Roman catholic, with the exceptions of John Felton (d. 1570) [q. v.] and John Story [q. v.]
Two narratives of his life and martyrdom exist. The earlier, dated 1574, is contained in a small quarto volume of manuscripts, entitled ‘Anglia, Necrol. 1573–1651,’ in the archives of the Society of Jesus at Rome. In this account, which is written in Latin, he is called William Woodhouse. Three hundred and thirty verses are appended, written by him in prison. The second and fuller account is in English, and was sent to Rome by Henry Garnett [q. v.] It is now among the Stonyhurst manuscripts.
Woodhouse was included in the representation of the ‘Sufferings of the Holy Martyrs’ in England, painted by Nicholas Circiniani, in the English Church of the Most Holy Trinity at Rome, by order of Gregory XIII. The original painting was destroyed about the end of the eighteenth century, but engravings of it still exist (Pollen, Acts of English Martyrs, 1891, pp. 370–2).
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Woodington, William Frederick

​WOODINGTON, WILLIAM FREDERICK (1806–1893), sculptor and painter, was born at Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire, on 10 Feb. 1806. He came to London in 1815, and about 1820 was articled to Robert William Sievier [q. v.], who was at that time practising engraving, but who shortly afterwards abandoned that art in favour of sculpture, and in this was followed by his pupil. Woodington first appeared at the Royal Academy in 1825, and until 1882 was a frequent contributor of fancy figures and reliefs of sacred and poetical subjects which, though deficient in the highest qualities of the art, were composed with much grace and feeling. He also modelled many portrait busts. To the Westminster Hall competition of 1844 he sent ‘The Deluge’ and ‘Milton dictating to his Daughters,’ and in that for the Wellington monument in St. Paul's Cathedral he was awarded the second premium. He subsequently executed two of the reliefs on the walls of the consistory chapel in which the monument, the work of Alfred Stevens [q. v.], was temporarily placed. His other works in sculpture include the bronze relief of the battle of the Nile on the plinth of the Nelson column in Trafalgar Square, the statues of Columbus, Galileo, Drake, Cook, Ralegh, and Mercator on the colonnade of the Exchange buildings at Liverpool, and the colossal bust of Sir Joseph Paxton at the Crystal Palace. Woodington also practised painting, and frequently exhibited pictures of a similar class to his works in marble. In 1853 he sent to the Academy ‘The Angels directing the Shepherds to Bethlehem,’ in 1854 an illustration to Dante, and in 1855 ‘Job and his Friends;’ his ‘Love and Glory’ was engraved by J. Porter. For some years Woodington held the post of curator of the school of sculpture at the Royal Academy, and in 1876 he was elected an associate of that body. He died at his house at Brixton on 24 Dec. 1893, and was buried in Norwood cemetery.
F. M. O'D.