OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thornhill (England)

See also Thornhill, West Yorkshire on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​THORNHILL, an urban district in the Morley parliamentary division of the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, 2 m. S. of Dewsbury, on the Great Northern, Lancashire & Yorkshire, and London & North-Western railways. Pop. (1901), 10,290. The church of St Michael has a modern nave, but the chancel with aisles are of good Decorated work, and the tower is Perpendicular. There are interesting monuments of the ancient family of Savile, the site of whose mansion, Thornhill Hall, may be traced near the church. The east window of the church contains fine fragments of stained glass of the 15th century. The large industrial population is employed in the woollen mills and manufactures of shoddy, carpets, &c., which are numerous in this locality.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thornhill (Scotland)

See also Thornhill, Scotland on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​THORNHILL, a village of the parish of Morton, Nithsdale, Dumfriesshire, Scotland, 14 m. N.N.W. of Dumfries by the Glasgow & South-Western railway. Pop. (1901), 1132. It is beautifully situated in the midst of tree-clad hills and watered by the bountiful Nith and such streams as the Carron, Cample and Crichope. Morton parish church lies in the village, and among other buildings are the library and the natural history museum, in the grounds of which there is a statue of Richard Cameron, the covenanter (1680). The weekly sales of livestock are important, and an agricultural show is held every September. Three miles N.N.W. stands Drumlanrig Castle, a seat of the duke of Buccleuch. It is built of red sandstone in the form of a hollow square, and has 145 ft. of outer walls, which are surmounted with turrets, and capped and spired at the angles. The castle was begun in 1679 and finished in 1689, and cost the first duke of Queensberry an immense sum. He is believed to have spent but a single night under its roof. The fourth duke of Queensberry, Old “ Q., ” incurred the wrath of Robert Burns and Wordsworth by his wanton destruction of the magnificent woods. On the death of “ Old Q.” without issue in 1810, Henry, third duke of Buccleuch, succeeded to the dukedom of Queensberry, and the property has since been adequately cared for. Trees, planted on the most extensive scale, have repaired the ravages of the former owner; the gardens have been laid out with exquisite taste; and the vast policy, intersected by the Nith, is one of the finest parks in Scotland. The ruins of Tibber's Castle, dismantled in 1311 by Robert Bruce, stand in the grounds, about 1 m. from the ducal mansion. Two miles and a half N.N.E. of Thornhill is found another ruined fortress, that of Morton Castle, interesting as the residence of Thomas Randolph, earl of Moray, regent during the early years of the minority of David II., and as belonging afterwards to a branch of the Douglases, who derived from it the title of earl. About 3 m. south-east of Thornhill stands the ruined castle of Closeburn, once a stronghold of the Kirkpatricks. It was Sir Roger of that ilk who helped “ mak sikker” the death of John, “Red” Comyn, of Badenoch (1306). In Closeburn parish (pop. 1275) occur cairns, tumuli and a stone circle, besides Roman and prehistoric remains. Two mineral wells give the place the ​promise of some degree of popular favour, likely to be enhanced by the romantic beauty of its surroundings.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thorpe, John

See also John Thorpe on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​THORPE [or Thorp], JOHN (fl. 1570–1618), English architect. Little is known of his life, and his work is dubiously inferred, rather than accurately known, from a folio of drawings in the Soane Museum, to which Horace Walpole called attention, in 1780, in his Anecdotes of Painting; but how far these were his own is uncertain. He was engaged on a number of important English houses of his time, and several, such as Longleat, have been attributed to him on grounds which cannot be sustained. He was probably the designer of Kirby Hall, Northamptonshire; the original Longford Castle, Wiltshire; and the original Holland House, Kensington; and he is said to have been engaged on Rushton Hall, Northamptonshire, and Audley End, Essex (with Bernard Janssens).
See J. A. Gotch, Architecture of the Renaissance in England (1891–1894).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thorne

See also Thorne, South Yorkshire on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​THORNE, a market town in the Doncaster parliamentary division of the West Riding of Yorkshire, 10 m. N.E. of Doncaster by the North-Eastern railway, served also by a branch of the Great Central railway. Pop. (1901), 3818. It lies near the river Don, in a low, flat district, which was formerly a marshy waste, resembling the fens of the eastern counties. Hatfield Chase, a portion of this tract south of Thorne, was partly drained by the Dutch engineer Vermuyden in the 17th century, and there were in the district numerous Dutch settlers. The Chase is generally considered to have been the scene of the battle of Heathfield in 633, when King Edwin of Northumbria fell before the heathen King Penda of Mercia. The Levels, as this district is generally named, are of remarkable fertility, and Thorne, having water communication with Goole and the Humber, is consequently an agricultural centre of importance; while some barge-building and a trade in peat fibre are also carried on. The church of St Nicholas is a fine building of various periods from the 12th century.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thornton, William Thomas

See also William Thomas Thornton on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​THORNTON, WILLIAM THOMAS (1813–1880), English economist, was born at Burnham, Buckinghamshire, on the 14th of February 1813. In 1836 he obtained a clerkship in the London house of the East India Company. In 1858 he became secretary for public works in the India office, a post which he held till his death. He was created a C.B. in 1873. His works include Over-population and its Remedy (1846), in which he put forward a plan for colonizing Irish wastes by Irish peasants; A Plea for Peasant Proprietors (1848), in which his views were developed in greater detail; On Labour (1869); and Old-fashioned Ethics and Commonsense Metaphysics, a volume of essays, published in 1873.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thoroton, Robert

See also Robert Thoroton on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​THOROTON, ROBERT (1623–1678), English antiquary, belonged to an old Nottinghamshire family, which took its name from Thoroton, near Newark. He resided mainly at another village in the same neighbourhood, Car Colston, where he practised as a physician and where he lived the life of a country gentleman. He took very little part in the Civil War, although his sympathies were with the royalists, but as a magistrate he was very active in taking proceedings against the Quakers. In 1667 Thoroton, aided by a band of helpers, began to work upon his elaborate Antiquities of Nottinghamshire. This was published in London in 1677; it was dedicated to Gilbert Sheldon, archbishop of Canterbury, and was illustrated by engravings by W. Hollar.
In 1797 a new edition of the Antiquities was published by John Throsby (1740–1803), who added an additional volume. In 1897 the Thoroton Society was founded in honour of the antiquarian, its object being to promote the study of the history and antiquities of Nottinghamshire. Under its auspices annual volumes of Transactions and several volumes of Records have been published and much valuable work has been done. A brass tablet to the memory of Thoroton has been placed in Car Colston church. See J. T. Godfrey, Robert Thoroton, Physician and Antiquary (1890).
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Macrina

Was a woman of great piety and learning; who, after the death of her father, her brothers and sisters being settled, retired with her mother Emmelia to a convent which they founded on an estate of their own in Pontus, near the river Iris, and there died, 379. St. Gregory of Nyssa has written her life.
C. F.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Lubert, (Mademoiselle)

LUBERT (MADEMOISELLE),
Among other works, is well known by the following, which are her best: 1, La Tyrannie des Fées Detruites, ou l'Origine de la Machine de Marli, 12mo.; 2, Le Revenant, 12mo.; 3, La Princesse Lionette et le Prince Coquerio, 12mo. 1743; 4, La Princesse Coque d'Œuf et le Prince Bonbon, 12mo. 1745; 5, Blancherose, conte, 12mo. 1751; 6, Amadis des Gaules (réduits à), 4 vols, 12mo.; 7, Les Hauts Faits d'Esplandian (réduits à), 2 vols. 12mo.; 8, Leonille, nouvelle, 12mo. 2 vols, 1755.
Letters on the French Nation.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Lumley, (Joanna)

She translated from the original Greek into Latin that oration of Isocrates entitled Archidamus; the second and third orations of Isocrates to Nicocles, which she dedicated to her father; and likewise turned into Latin an oration of the same author in praise of peace, entitled Evagoras, dedicated likewise to her father. The manuscripts of these are in the Royal Library at Westminster, as also a translation of the Iphigenia of Euripides into English. The argument of the play begins with these words: "After that the captain of the Grecians."
No more of this learned lady's writings are known, nor when she died; but when her father wrote his will, ​which is dated 1579, she was then dead, and lies buried in the church of Cheam, in Surry, on the south side of which is her tomb.
Female Worthies.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Macauley-Graham, (Catherine)

This lady, from intuitive fondness for learning, addicted herself very early in life to reading history, especially that of the Greeks and Romans, from which she imbibed the enthusiastic attachment to liberty so strongly displayed in her writings. In 1760, she married Dr. George Macauley, a physician in London, some of whose writings appear in the Medical Observations. By this gentleman she had one daughter, who was afterwards married to Captain Gregory, in the East-India service.
In 1778, she married secondly, Mr. William Graham. Her first literary production was the History of England from James I. to George I. in 8 vols. 4to. the first published in 1763, the last in 1783. This is a violent attack on the whole race of the Stuarts, and was very popular at the time it first came out; 2, Remarks on Hobbes' Radiments of Government and Society, 8 vols.; 3, Loose ​Remarks on some of Mr. Hobbes's Positions, 4to. 1769; 4, Thoughts on the Causes of the present Discontents, 1770; 5, A Modest Plea for the Property of Copy-Right, 8vo. 1774; 6, History of England, from the Revolution to the present Time, in Letters to her Friend Dr. Wilson, 1 vol. 4to. 1778.—This was published at Bath; 7, An Address to the People of England, Scotland, and Ireland, on the present important Crisis, 8vo. 1775; 8, A Treatise on the Immutability of Moral Truth, 8vo. 1783; 9, Letters on Education, 8vo. 1790.
Mrs. Macauley was pleasing and delicate in her person, and a woman of great feeling and indisputable abilities, though the democratic spirit of her writings has made them fall into disrepute.
Gen. Biog. Dict.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Loyne, (Antoinette de)

LOYNE (ANTOINETTE DE), a learned Parisian Lady, Wife of John Morel, a Gentleman of Provence.
There are many elegant little poems of hers printed in Le Tombeau de la Reine de Navarre.
F.C.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Lucar, (Elizabeth)

LUCAR, (ELIZABETH), Daughter of Mr. Paul Withypoll, born in London, 1510.
Her father gave her a polite and liberal education, which being improved by an excellent genius, she became exquisitely skilled in all kinds of needlework, was a curious calligrapher, or fine writer; a great proficient in arithmetic; played skilfully on several sorts of music; and was a complete mistress of the Latin, Italian, and Spanish tongues. She was a virtuous and religious woman, and died 1537, aged 27.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Lussan, (Margaret de)

Some have said she was the natural daughter of prince Thomas of Savoy, because prince Eugene was kind to her. An education much above her birth enabled Margaret de Lussan to compose the various works which she has left us. M. Huet, to whom she accidentally became known, advised her to write romances, in which she succeeded tolerably well, with the help of De la Serre, sieur de Langlade, author of nine or ten operas, who was her intimate friend, after having been her lover. This gentleman inherited an income of 25,000 livres, which he consumed by gaming, and died 1756, aged 94. Mademoiselle de Lussan was more admired for her mental than her personal qualifications; for she squinted, and had a very brown skin, with a masculine voice and gait; but she was gay, lively, extremely humane, constant in her friendships, liable to anger, but never to hatred.
She published, under her own name. The History of Charles VI. of Louis IX. and of the Revolution of Naples; but they were written by M. Baudot de Juilly, to whom she gave half of what she gained by these works, and half a pension of two thousand livres, which she received from the Mercury. Her works are: 1, Histoire de la Comptesse de Gondés, 12mo. 2 vols. 1727 and 1752; 2, Anecdotes de la Cour de Philippe Auguste, ​6 vols. 1733; 3, Les Veillées de Thessalie, 4 vols. 1741; 4, Mémoires Secret, et Intrigues de la Cour de France sous Charles VII. 1741; 5, Anecdotes de la Cour de François I. 8 vols. 1748; 6, Marie d'Angleterre, Reine d'Ecosse, 1749; 7, Annales Galantes de la Cour de Henri II, 9 vols. 1749; 8, Mourat et Turquia, Histoire Africaine, 1752; 9, La Vie du brave Crillon, 2 vols.
L'Advocat's Dictionary, &c.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Louvencourt, (Mademoiselle de)

Had very respectable poetical talents, was beautiful, and possessed a fine voice, sung with much taste, and had great skill in music, playing on the theorbo-lute. She composed many cantatas, which were greatly admired. M. de Genlis says, there were none in the French language equal to those of Mademoiselle de Louvencourt. She was, above all, esteemed for her modesty and eloquence in conversation.
F.C. &c.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Lucchesini, (Laura Guidiccioni)

Distinguished herself by her poetical talents, which ​she chiefly exerted in lyrical pieces. She excelled in versification, and from the variety of her knowledge deserves to be classed with people of learning. She composed also three pastorals to be set to music.
F. C.
# A Dictionary of Saintly Women/Bridget

​St. Bridget, Brigid.
# A Dictionary of Saintly Women/Brega

​St. Brega, Bega.
# A Dictionary of Saintly Women/Brictiva

​St. Brictiva, Brettiva.
# A Dictionary of Saintly Women/Bride

​St. Bride, Brigid (2).
# A Dictionary of Saintly Women/Brie

​St. Brie, Brigid (2).
# A Dictionary of Saintly Women/Breeyith

​St. Breeyith, Brigid (2).
# A Dictionary of Saintly Women/Breock

​St. Breock, Breaca.
# A Dictionary of Saintly Women/Bricheza

​St. Bricheza, a mistake for St. Richeza.
# A Dictionary of Saintly Women/Brettiva

​St. Brettiva, Jan. 11 (Brictiva, Brittifa, Broteva, Brykke). Supposed to be Irish, but worshipped chiefly in Norway and Iceland. From the 11th century her name appears there in the catalogues of saints’ days to be kept holy. Broteva is still found as a name in Iceland, and popularly understood to mean the guilty Eve. In the Norwegian calendars a horse is the sign for St Brettiva’s day. The word brette means to turn violently, to double up. A farmer drove out for hay on that day. Being warned that it was Brette Messe, he obstinately and profanely made a pun on her name, by answering, “Turn me this way, turn me that, I’ll turn me home a load of hay.” But his horse fell and broke its leg. The pictured horse, therefore, stands in the calendar as a warning. The festival is also called Brykke Messa and Brokkis Messa, from the custom of the remnants of the Yule fare being stewed and eaten on that day. Report xx. Antiquarian Society of Cambridge.
# A Dictionary of Saintly Women/Brewo

​St. Brewo, Winifred.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Lilt

From volume 2 of the work.
​LILT (Verb and Noun), to sing, pipe, or play cheerfully, or, according to one authority, even sadly; also, a gay tune. The term, which is of Scottish origin, but is used in Ireland, would seem to be derived from the bagpipe, one variety of which is described in the 'Houlate' (an ancient allegorical Scottish poem dating 1450), as the 'Liltpype.' Whenever, in the absence of a musical instrument to play for dancing, the Irish peasant girls sing lively airs to the customary syllables la-la-la, it is called 'lilting.' The classical occurrence of the word is in the Scottish song, 'The Flowers of the Forest,' a lament for the disastrous field of Flodden, where it is contrasted with a mournful tone:—
I've heard them liltin' at the ewe milkin', Lasses a liltin' before dawn of day; Now there's a moanin' on ilka green loanin', The Flowers of the Forest are a' wede away.
The Skene MS., ascribed (though notconclusively) to the reign of James VI. of Scotland, contains six Lilts: 'Ladie Rothemayeis' (the air to the ballad of the Burning of Castle Frindraught), 'Lady Laudians' (Lothian's), 'Ladie Cassilles' (the air of the ballad of Johnny Faa), Lesleis, Aderneis, and Gilcreich's Lilts. We quote 'Ladie Cassilles':—
[ R. P. S. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre

From volume 2 of the work.
[ W. H. H ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Ligatostil

From volume 2 of the work.
[ F. T. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Limpus, Richard

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Life let us cherish

[ R. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Light of the World, The

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Lily of Killarney

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Lincke, Joseph

From volume 2 of the work.
​LINCKE, Joseph, eminent cellist and composer, born June 8, 1783, at Trachenberg in Prussian Silesia; learnt the violin from his father, a violinist in the chapel of Prince Hatzfeld, and the cello from Oswald. A mismanaged sprain of the right ancle left him lame for life. At 10 he lost his parents, and was obliged to support himself by copying music, until in 1800 he procured a place as violinist in the Dominican convent at Breslau. There he studied the organ and harmony under Hanisch, and also pursued the cello under Lose, after whose departure he became first cellist at the theatre, of which C. M. von Weber was then Capellmeister. In 1808 he went to Vienna, and was engaged by Prince Rasoumowsky for his private quartet-party, at the suggestion of Schuppanzigh. In that house, where Beethoven was supreme, he had the opportunity of playing the great composer's works under his own supervision. Beethoven was much attached to Lincke, and continually calls him 'Zunftmeister violoncello,' or some other droll name, in his letters. The Imperial library at Berlin contains a comic canon in Beethoven's writing on the names Brauchle and Lincke.
[App. p.701 "In the musical example, the sign should be over the third bar of the canon."]
The two Sonatas for P.F. and Cello (op. 102) were composed by Beethoven while he and Lincke were together at the Erdödys in 1815.
[ C. F. P. ]
* ↑ He always wrote his name thus, though it is usually spelled Linke.
* ↑ It is perhaps in allusion to this that Bernard writes. 'Lincke has only one fault—that he is crooked' (Krumm).
* ↑ Weiss played the viola, and the Prince the second violin.
* ↑ Compare Thayer's Beethoven, iii. 49.
* ↑ See Nohl's Beethoven's Briefe, 1867, p. 92. note.
* ↑ See Thayer, iii. 343.
* ↑ See the 'Neue Zeitschrift für Musik,' 1837, No. 32.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Frasi, Giulia

From volume 1 of the work.
​FRASI, Giulia, appeared in London in 1743 with Galli, and remained in public favour for many years. 'She was young and interesting in person, with a sweet, clear voice and a smooth and chaste style of singing, which, though cold and unimpassioned, pleased natural ears and escaped the censure of critics' (Burney). She took part that year in the revival of Handel's 'Alessandro,' and in the first performance of Galuppi's 'Enrico.' Her instructor was a musician named Brivio; but she doubtless owed much more of the formation of her taste and style to Handel and his singers, than to her first master. In 1746 she was still in an inferior position, but in 48 played a more important part in the pasticcio 'Lucio Vero,' in operas by Hasse, and in the comic operas instituted by Croza. Frasi, however, now entered on a career which will do more to render her memory lasting than any small successes she ever achieved in opera. In 1749 she sang in Handel's Oratorios for the first time, taking part in 'Solomon' and 'Susanna'; she sang in 'Theodora' in 1750, in 'Jephtha' in 53, in 'Joshua' at Oxford in 56, and in the 'Triumph of Time and Truth' in 57. She did not, meanwhile, sever her connection with the stage, but appeared in 1750 in Ciampi's 'Adriano in Siria' and Pergolesi's 'Serva Padrona.' In 1755 Frasi was called upon, in consequence of the indisposition of Mingotti, to perform her part in Jomelli's 'Andromaca,' as she had been twice in 'Riccimero,' the preceding season. Smith's 'Fairies' in this year owed its success principally to Guadagni and Frasi. At her house Dr. Burney at that time 'attended her as her master.' In 1758 she appeared in 'Issipile' by G. Cocchi. She sang also in the City at both the Swan and Castle concerts.
[ J. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Frege, Madame

From volume 1 of the work.
​FREGE, Madame (née Livia Gerhard), was born at Gera, June 13, 1818, received her musical education at Leipzig, and was taught to sing by Pohlenz. She made her first appearance in public on July 9, 1832, when just entering her 15th year, at a concert given at the Gewandhaus by the still more juvenile Clara Wieck, then only 13. She had at that time a cultivated voice of lovely quality, especially in the upper register, perfect intonation, and good style. She was engaged for the next series of Gewandhaus Concerts, and began with a very large repertoire, as is evident from the pieces ascribed to her in the reports of the concerts. She first appeared on the stage at Leipzig, in Jessonda, in March 1833. A residence in Dresden enabled her to profit by the example and advice of Schröder Devrient. In 35 she entered the regular company of the theatre royal of Berlin. After delighting the public by a large range of characters, in which her acting was equal to her singing, she made her last appearance on June 25, 1836 (as Elvira), and left the boards to be married to Dr. Frege of Leipsic. Since that time she has sung only at concerts. Her house has always been a centre of the best music. She had a singing society there of 50 voices, with a select band, led by David, and conducted by Lange, at which the best and least known music, old and new, was performed in perfection. Mendelssohn was her intimate friend, often consulted her on his music, and took her his songs to try before making them public. 'You don't know my songs,' said he to a friend in London; 'come to Leipzig and hear Mme. Frege, and you will understand what I intended them to be.' A letter to the 'Frau Doctorin Frege,' dated London, Aug. 31, 1846, and describing the first performance of 'Elijah,' is printed in the second volume of his Letters. It was at her house, on Oct. 9, 1847, in trying over the songs which form op. 71, that he was struck with the first of the attacks which ended in his death on Nov. 4.
[ G. ]