OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Hugh Tootell

From volume 14 of the work.
Commonly known as Charles Dodd.
Historian, b. in 1671 or 1672, at Durton-in-Broughton, Lancashire; d. at Harvington Hall, Worcestershire, 27 Feb., 1743. He was educated at the English College, Douay (1688-1693), and St. Gregory's Seminary, Paris (1693-1697). After ordination he returned to England in 1698 as chaplain to the Molyneux family at Mosborough Hall, Lancashire. In 1711 he returned to the Continent where he is said to have witnessed the siege of Douay (1712) as chaplain to an English regiment; certainly he wrote in that character a short "History of the English College at Douay" (1713) which purported to be by a Protestant chaplain. As it attacked the Jesuits, Father Thomas Hunter published his "Modest Defence" (1714), to which Dodd replied in "The Secret Policy of the English Society of Jesus" (1715). From 1716 he was again at Mosborough till 1718, when he returned to Douay to collect materials for his great work "The Church History of England from 1500 to 1688", which occupied him for twenty years. The work was written at Harvington Hall, where he resided from 1722 till his death, first as assistant chaplain, then (from 1726) as chaplain. During his sojourn abroad he wrote and published "Pax Vobis: An Epistle to the Three Churches" (London, 1721); and while at Harvington he composed several spiritual controversial, and historical treatises most of which have never been published. Many of these MSS. (a complete list of which is given by Gillow, Bibl. Dict. Eng. Cath., V, 550-554) are preserved at Oscott. Those certainly published were: "Certamen Utriusque Ecclesiae" (1724); "An Abridgment of Christian Doctrine" (s.d.); and "Flores Cleri Anglo-Catholici" (s.d.). After many years' labour the Church History was completed in three folio volumes published in 1737, 1739, and 1742 at Wolverhampton, though for prudential reasons Brussels appears on the title-page. Father John Constable, S.J., attacked his work as unfair to the Jesuits, and Dodd replied in "An Apology for the Church History of English", published in 1742. On his death-bed Dodd expressed his desire to die in peace with the Jesuits. Dodd's translation of Panzani's memoirs was subsequently used by Berington.
KIRK, Catholicon, III, IV, V (London, 1816-17); BUTLER, Hist. Memoirs of Eng. Cath. (London, 1819); BERINGTON, Preface to Memoirs of Panzani (Birmingham, 1793); Hist. MSS. Comm. Report, I, II, V; FOLEY, Records Eng. Prov. S. J., II (London, 1884), is inaccurate and corrected by GILLOW, Bibl. Dict. Eng. Cath. s.vv. HUNTER and LINGARD; COOPER, in Dict. Nat. Biog., must be used with caution, being very imperfect.
Edwin Burton.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Hugh and Leo Etherianus

From volume 5 of the work.
Etherianus, Hugh and Leo, brothers, Tuscans by birth, employed at the court of Constantinople under the Emperor Manuel I (Comnenus, 1143-1180). Their name is spelled in various ways: Aetherianus, Heterianus, Eretrianus, etc. Leo is of little importance. We know from his brother (Adv. Graec., I, 20) that he was "occupied in translating the imperial letters", evidently an interpreter for Latin correspondence. Hugh, who does not seem to have held any official post at court, but was a very learned theologian, had many opportunities of discussing the questions at issue between the Orthodox and Catholics (so he tells us: Adv. Graec., Praef. I., Migne, P.L., CCII, 165). As a result of these disputes he wrote a work in three books: "De haeresibus quas Graeci in Latinos devolvunt, sive quod Spiritus Sanctus ex utroque Patre et Filio procedit" (P.L., CCII, generally quoted as "Adv. Graecos"). This work, the first exhaustive and scientific defense of the Filioque, was composed in both languages, Latin and Greek. The author sent copies to the Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, Aimerikos, and to Pope Alexander III (1159-1181), whose letter of acknowledgment is still extant (Ep. xlix, Baronius, an. 1177, n. 37, 38). Hugh Etherianus by this treatise obtains a very important place among Catholic controversialists against the Eastern Church. It appears that the emperor, who was well disposed towards Latins, had suggested that he should write it, having asked him whether they have "any authorities of saints who say that the Holy Ghost proceeds from the Son" (ib., Praef. I, CCII, col. 165). Hugh had used his knowledge of Greek and his opportunities of studying their Fathers so well that he was able to produce texts from nearly all the recognized authorities on both sides. He quotes especially Sts. Athanasius, Cyril of Alexandria, Basil, Gregory Nazianzen, Chrysostom, John Damascene, etc. From the Latins he produced witnesses from Sts. Augustine, Jerome, Gregory I, Ambrose, Hilary. He was also well acquainted with the writings of his adversaries and quotes Photius, Nicetas of Thessalonica, Theophylactus of Achrida, etc. The Latin version is very corrupt and untrustworthy. There are also some incorrect expressions noted by the later editors, such as that God the Father is the cause of the Son (this is a concession to the Greeks that was, however, tolerated by the Council of Florence; Denzinger, Enchiridion, n. 586). Nevertheless, since it was written this work has been the foundation of nearly all Latin controversy with the Greeks. St. Thomas Aquinas used it for his "Opusc. I, contra errores Graecorum" and Cardinal Bessarion refers to it with great praise (Ep. ad Alex., P.L., CLXI, 328). Hugh Etherianus also wrote a treatise "De regressu animarum ab inferis", in answer to a petition of the clergy of Pisa, and (probably) a short work "De Graecorum malis consuetudinibus". A "Liber de immortali Deo", written by him, is lost.
ADRIAN FORTESCUE
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Gosangi

​Gosangi.— A synonym for Mādiga, recorded as Kōsangi, in the Madras Census Report, 1901. The Gōsangulu are described in the Vizagapatam Manual (1869), as "beggars who style themselves descendants of Jāmbavanta, the bear into which Brahma transformed himself, to assist Rāma in destroying Rāvana. The Gōsangis are considered to be illegitimate descendants of Mādigas, and a curious thing about them, is that their women dress up like men, and sing songs when begging. As mendicants they are attached to the Mādigas."
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Goyi

​Goyi (lizard: Varanus).—An exogamous sept of Bottada.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Gonjākari

​Gonjākari. — A title of Haddi.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Gorava

​Gorava.— A synonym of Kuruba.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Goravaru

​Goravaru.____A class of Canarese mendicants.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Gorrela

​Gorrela (sheep). — An exogamous sept of Golla, Kamma, and Kāpu. Konda gorri (hill sheep) occurs as an exogamous sept of Jātapu.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Goundan

​Goundan.— It is noted, in the Salem Manual, that " some of the agricultural classes habitually append the title Goundan as a sort of caste nomenclature after their names, but the word applies, par excellence, to the head of the village, or Ūr Goundan as he is called." As examples of castes which take Goundan as their title,the Pallis, Okkiliyans, and Vellālas may be cited. A planter, or other, when hailing a Malayāli of the Shevaroy hills, always calls him Goundan.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Grāmani

​Grāmani.—The title of some Shānāns, and of the headman of the Khatris. In Malabar, the name gramam (a village) is applied to a Brāhmanical colony, or collection of houses, as the equivalent of the agrahāram of the Tamil country.*
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Gonji

​Gonji (Glycosmis pentaphylla). — An exogamous sept of Māla.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Gorige

​Gorige (Cyamopsis psoralioides). — An exogamous sept of Dēvānga.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Martin

From volume 9 of the work.
Benedictine Abbot of the Schottenkloster of Vienna, b. about 1400; d. 28 July, 1464 (29 July 1470) Born of wealthy farmers at Leibitz, County of Zips in Hungary, he made his studies at Krakow and Vienna, and in the latter place taught for some time in the faculty of the arts. Accompanying his mother on a pilgrimage to Italy, he visited the ancient monastery of Subiaco and took the habit of St. Benedict about 1425. But he found the climate and discipline too severe for his delicate health, and was transferred to the Schlottenkloster at Vienna. In 1428 he was sent to the council of Basle, and on his return was made prior. After the death of John IV, he was elected abbot on 19 Oct., 1446. He now labored hard and incessantly for the welfare, spiritual and temporal, of the abbey and of the order. To advance the education of his subjects, he secured a library not equaled by many in his days. Cardinal Legate Nicholas of Cusa in 1451 appointed him, with some others, visitors of the Benedictine abbeys of the diocese of Salzburg, with powers to introduce necessary or useful reforms. By authority of Nicholas V, he examined the election of the abbot of Melk and, finding no canonical defect, confirmed the same. He also stood high in the estimation of Pius II and Emperor Frederick IV. Though paying heavy taxes towards a fund against the Turks, Martin placed his abbey on a solid financial basis. For unknown reasons he resigned the abbatial dignity at the close of 1460 or the beginning of 1461 (some say 1455). Only one work of Martin's has appeared in print, called "Senatorium" which gives account of himself, his visitation trip and other matters of interest in Austrian history—complete edition in Pez, "Rerum Austr. Script.", II, 626. In Munich and Vienna there are some smaller copies of works in manuscript.
BRAUNMULLER in Kirchlenlez., s.v.; BRUNNER Benedictinebuch (Wurzburg),390; HAUSWIRTH, Abriss einer Gesch. Der Schlotten(Vienna 27; HURTER, Nomencl., II (1906), 945.
FRANCIS MERSHMAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Martin Becan

From volume 2 of the work.
​Becan (Verbreck, van der Breck), Martin, controversialist, b. at Hilvarenbeck, Brabant, Holland, 6 January, 1563; d. at Vienna, 24 January, 1624. He entered the Society of Jesus, 22 March, 1583, taught theology for twenty-two years at Wuerzburg, Mainz, and Vienna, and was confessor to Emperor Ferdinand II from 1620 until the time of his death. He possessed a style clear and dignified, and noticeably free from the bitterness which marked the polemical literature of the day. His writings were directed principally against Calvin, Luther, and the Anabaptists; of these, his "Manuale Controversarium," Mainz, 1623, treating of predestination, free will, the Eucharist, and the infallibility of the Church, passed through several editions. For a complete list, see Sommervogel, Bibliothèque de la Compagnie de Jésus" (I, col. 1091-1111), wherein are mentioned by title forty-six volumes. His chief theological work, "Summa Theologiae Scholasticae (4 vols. 4to, Mainz, 1612) is in great part a compendium of Suarez's Commentary on St. Thomas Aquinas. By a decree of the Congregation of the Index, 3 January, 1613, his book "Controversia Anglicana de postestate regis et pontificis" was put on the Index donec corrigatur, not so much to condemn certain exaggerations it contained as to prevent the faculty of theology at Paris from condemning it and at the same time adding some declarations against papal authority. The "Controversia" was corrected and published somewhat later with a dedication to Pope Paul V. Becan, in 1608, published at Mainz, "Aphorismi doctrinae Calvinistarium ex eorum libris, dictis et factis collecti," in reply to Calvin's "Aphorismi doctrinae Jesuitarum." Aphorismus XV, Jesuiti vero qui se maxime nobis opponunt, aut necandi aut si id commode fier non potest, ejiciendi, aut certe mendaciis ac calumniis opprimendi sunt" (The Jesuits, our chief adversaries, ought to be put to death, or if that cannot easily be done, they ought to be banished, or, at any rate, overwhelmed with lies and calumnies), has been misconstrued so as to make it appear than Becan wished to say that Aphorismus XV contained the very words of Calvin. That such was not Becan's intention is clear from the title of the book, "Aphorismi ex eorum libris dictis et factis collecti" and the development shows that the author was only drawing what he considered to be a logical conclusion from the action of the Calvinists of the time. A lengthy discussion about this aphorism was carried on by A. Sabatier in the "Journal de Genève" (26 January, 1896; 10 May, 1896) and the "Revue Chrétienne" (1 March, 1896; 1 June, 1896), and by J. Brucker in the "Etudes" (15 April, and 15 July, 1896).
Sommervogel, Bibliothèque de la c. de J., I, 1091-1111; De Backer, Bibl. des escriv. la c. de J., I, 56; Bruckner, in Dict. de theol. cath., s. v.; Hurter, Nomenclature, I, 293.
Francis D. O'Laughlin
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Martin Anton Delrio

From volume 4 of the work.
Scholar, statesman, Jesuit theologian, born at Antwerp, 17 May, 1551; died at Louvain, 19 October, 1608. He studied at Paris, Douai, Louvain, and Salamanca where he received the degree of Doctor of Law in 1574. Returning to the Low Countries with the reputation of being "the miracle of his age", a title given him by Justus Lipsius, he held the offices of senator, auditor of the army, vice-chancellor, and procurator general. In 1580 he entered the Society of Jesus, made his novitiate at Valladolid, and returned to Louvain for further studies. He afterwards held the chairs of philosophy, moral theology, and Scripture at the Universities of Douai, Liège, Louvain, Graz, and Salamanca. He possessed a speaking-knowledge of at least nine languages, wrote in a pure though somewhat diffuse style, and was careful to the extreme in the preparation of his books, as may be seen from the fact that his second work, published at the age of twenty-three, contains citations from nearly eleven hundred authors. His principal works comprise: Commentaries on Claudius, Ennius, Florus, and Seneca; on the ancient geographer and historian, C. J. Silvius Polyhistor; notes on the Christian poets, St. Orientius and St. Aldhelm; an exhaustive treatise on civil law; a "Historia Belgica", on the contemporary disorders in the Low Countries; some controversial pamphlets written against Joseph Scaliger; commentaries on Genesis, on the Canticle of Canticles, and on the Lamentations of Jeremias; an explanation of various proverbial expressions in the Old Testament called "Adagialia sacra Veteris Testamenti"; panegyrics and other works on the virtues of the Blessed Virgin; and a treatise on magic, called "Disquisitionum magicarum libri sex". This last work, the one by which Delrio is best known, was much praised in its day and went through many editions, but can no longer be accepted in full.
DELAULNAYE in Biog. Univ., s. v.; HURTER, Nomenclator, I, 191; DÜX in Kirchenlex., III, 1493; SOMMERVOGEL, Bibl. de la c. de. J., s. v.; SOMMERVOGEL in Vig., Dict. de la Bible, s. v.
J. H. Fisher.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Martin Aspilcueta

From volume 1 of the work.
(Also AZPILCOETA.)
Generally known as Navarrus, or Doctor Navarrus, a famous Spanish canonist and moral theologian; b. in the Kingdom of Navarre, 13 December, 1491; d. at Rome, 1 June, 1586. He was a relative of St. Francis Xavier, studied at Alcalá and in France, and became professor of canon law at Toulouse and Cahors. Later, he returned to Spain and occupied the same chair for fourteen years at Salamanca, and for seven years at Coimbra in Portugal. At the age of eighty he went to Rome to defend his friend Bartolomeo Carranza, Archbishop of Toledo, accused before the Tribunal of the Inquisition. Though he failed to exculpate the Archbishop, Aspilcueta was highly honoured at Rome by several popes, and was looked on as an oracle of learning and prudence. His humility, disinterestedness, and charity were proverbial. He reached the patriarchal age of 95, and is buried at Rome in the national Church of San Antonio de' Portoghesi. Among other lives of Aspilcueta there is one by his nephew, prefixed to the Roman edition of his works. His "Manuale sive Enchiridion Confessariorum et Pnitentium" (Rome, 1568) originally written in Spanish, was long a classical text in the schools and in ecclesiastical practice. In his work on the revenues of benefices, first published in Spanish (Salamanca, 1566), translated into Latin (1568), and dedicated to Philip II and St. Pius V, he maintained that beneficed clergymen were free to expend the fruits of their benefices only for their own necessary support and that of the poor. He wrote numerous other works, e.g. on the Breviary, the regulars, ecclesiastical property, the jubilee year, etc. A complete edition of his works was printed at Rome in 1590 (3 vols. fol.); also at Lyons, 1590; Venice, 1602; and Cologne, 1615 (2 vols. fol.). A compendium of his writings was made by J. Dastellanus (Venice, 1598).
GIRAUD, Bibli. Sacr., II 334-336 (gives list of his writings); HURTER, Nomenclator, (1892), I, 124-127.
THOMAS J. SHAHAN
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Parenga

​Pārenga.——A sub-division of Gadaba.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Parikimuggula

​Parikimuggula.— Professional tattooing women in the Telugu country. The name refers to the patterns ​(parika or muggu), which they carry about with them, as designs for tattooing or to be drawn on the floor on occasions of festival and ceremonial.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Pariyāri

​Pariyāri (doctor). — A name given to Tamil barbers (Ambattan), who practice as barber-surgeons.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Parivāra

​Parivāra.——A sub-division of Bant.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Parvatha

​Parvatha. — Parvatha or Parvathāla, meaning hill or mountain, has been recorded as an exogamous sept of Gamalla, Kāpu, Māla, and Mēdara.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Parel Maddiyala

​Parēl Maddiyala. — Barbers of the Billavas.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Pariah

​Pariah.— See Paraiyan.
# Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Pariyāta

​Pariyāta. — Five individuals were recorded, at the census, 1901, under the name Pariyāta or Parit, as members of a Bombay caste of washermen in South Canara.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Gregor Aichinger

From volume 1 of the work.
​Aichinger, Gregor, organist and composer of sacred music, b. probably at Ratisbon in 1565; d. at Augsburg, 21 January, 1628. He was a priest at least towards the end of his life. As early as 1590 he was the organist to the patrician Jacob Fugger at Augsburg. He paid a visit to Rome in 1599. His musical development was largely influenced by the Venetian school, and especially by Gabrieli. In 1601, or thereabouts, he returned to Augsburg and re-entered the service of the Fuggers. Of his numerous compositions we mention "Liturgica, sive Sacra Officia ad omnes dies festos Magnæ Dei Matris", (Augsburg, 1603); "Sacræ Cantiones", for four, five, six, eight, and ten voices (Venice, 1590); "Tricinia Mariana" (Innsbruck, 1598); "Fasciculus Sacr. Harmoniarum" (Dillingen, 1606). The full list is found in Eitner's "Quellen-Lexikon." Proske thus characterizes Aichinger and his fellow-worker Hassler in the Fugger choir: "Though Hassler excelled in intellect and originality, both masters had this in common that they combined the solid features of German art with the refined forms of Italian genius, which flourished at that time especially in Rome and Venice, and had stamped their works with freer melody and more fluent harmony. Aichinger in particular distinguishes himself by a warmth and tenderness of feeling bordering on mellowness, which is everywhere imbued with deep devotion. Meanwhile he does not lack sublimity nor solemnity, indeed some of his longest compositions satisfy throughout the strictest demands of art."
Kornmüller, Lex. der kirchl. Tonkunst; Grove, Dict. of Music and Musicians; Naumann, Geschichte der Musik.
J. A. Völker.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Gregor Reisch

From volume 12 of the work.
Born at Balingen in Wurtemberg, about 1467; died at Freiburg, Baden, 9 May, 1525. In 1487 he became a student at the University of Freiburg, Baden, and received the degree of magister in 1489. He then entered the Carthusian Order. During the years 1500-1502 he was prior at Klein-Basel; from 1503 to shortly before his death he was prior at Freiburg. He was also visitor for the Rhenish province of his order. As visitor he made very exertion to combat Lutheranism. He was a friend of the most celebrated Humanists of the era, e.g., Erasmus, Wimpfeling, Beatus, Rheananus, Udalricus Zasius, and the celebrated preacher, Geiler of Kaisersberg. John Eck was his pupil. Reisch had a great reputation for adaptability and was regarded as an "oracle". He was one of the most conspicuous, if not the most conspicuous, of the intellectual men at the commencement of the new era who sought to prepare encyclopedia works of knowledge. His chief work is the "Margarita philosophica", which first appeared at Freiburg in 1503 (not as early as 1496). It is an encyclopedia of knowledge intended as a text-book for youthful students, and contains in twelve books Latin grammar, dialectics, rhetoric, arithmetic, music, geometry, astronomy, physics, natural history, physiology, psychology, and ethics. The usefulness of the work was increased by numerous woodcuts and a full index. The form is catechetical: the scholar questions and the teacher answers. The book was very popular on account of its comparative brevity and popular form, and was for a long time a customary textbook of the higher schools. Alexander von Humboldt said of it that it had "for a half-century, aided in a remarkable manner the spread of knowledge". In 1510 Reisch also published the statutes and privileges of the Carthusian Order, and assisted Erasmus of Rotterdam in his edition of Jerome.
PETREIUS, Bibliotheca Carthusiana (Cologne, 1609), 109-112; HURTER, Nomenclator, II (3rd ed. Innsbruck, 1906), 1278-79; HARTFELDER, Gregor Reisch, in Zeitschrift fur die Geschichte des Oberrheins, New Series, V (Freiburg, 1890), 170-200.
Klemens Löffler.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Gregor Zallwein

From volume 15 of the work.
Canonist, born at Oberviechtach, Oberpfalz, 20 October, 1712; died at Salzburg, 6 or 9 August, 1766. After studying the Humanities at Ratisbon and Freising he took vows at the Benedictine Abbey of Wessobrunn, on 15 November, 1733, and was ordained priest on 27 October, 1731. He studied canon law at Salzburg, 1737-9, became master of novices at his monastery in 1739, and prior in 1844. Upon the request of the Prince-bishop of Gurk, Joseph Maria ount of Thun, he was sent as professor of canon law to the newly-erected seminary at Strasbug in Carinthia. From 1749 till his death he was professor of canon law at the Benedictine University of Salzburg, where he held at the same time the office of "Rector magnificus" from 1759. Unlike most German canonists of his tme, he laid great stress on the sources and historical development of canon law. Though his juristic writings are at times not clear, his lectures were valued very highly and attended even by students from foreign countries. His chief work is "Principia juris eccles. universalis et particularis Germaniae" (4 vols., Augsburg, 1763; 2nd ed. by Kleimayern, Augsburg, 1781; 3rd ed., Augsburg, 1831). His other canonical works are: "Disputatio prima de jure canonico. . ." (Salzburg, 1753); "Fontes originarii juris canonici, adjuncta historia ulare Germaniae" (Salzburg, 1757); "Dissertatio de statu ecclesiae, de hierarchia. . ." (Salzburg, 1757).
LINDNER, Die Schriftsteller des Benediktiner-Ordens im heut. Konigreich Bayern 1750-1880, I (Ratisbon, 1880), 181-2; SATTLER, Collectancen-Blatter z. Gesch. der chemal. Benedictiner-Universitat Salzburg (Kempten, 1890), 439-45; ZALLWEIN, Principia juris ecct., ed. KLEIMAYERN.
MICHAEL OTT