OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mir Hardware Heritage/Acronyms and Abbreviations

Acronyms and Abbreviations
This list includes Russian acronyms transliterated into English. English language explanations or translations are given in place of Russian. For example, in the entry TsUP below, TsUP is the transliterated acronym for the Russian phrase transliterated Tsentr Upravlyeniya Polyotom, but the English-language translation “Flight Control Center” is given.
Acronyms
| Altair/SR APAS ARIS ASAT ASPG-M ASTP Block Block BST-1M BTSVK C CANEX CSM D-module DOS ECOR-A ERA ESA EURECA EVA F FGB FSM HEXE ICBM ITSK ITS-7D JSC K KAP-350 KATE KB KF KDU Kr KRT-10 KTDU LAGEOS L/D LDEF LM LRS M MKF-6M MKF-6MA MKF-6M2 MMU MT N2O4 NA NASA NPO ODU OKB Orlan-DMA OST-1 P RKK RT-4 SAR SDI SDR SOUD SPARTAN SRB STS T TBS TDRS TKS T1K T2K TM TsUP TTM TV UDMH URI UT VDU VEP YMK | Altair/satellite relay androgynous peripheral assembly system X-ray sensor on ASPG-M platform antisatellite independently stabilized platform on Kvant 2 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project Proton fourth stage; LRS second stage LRS first stage multispectral telescope computer used in Soyuz-T spacecraft Cosmos Canadian Experiments command and service module augmentation module long-duration orbital station synthetic aperture radar system used on Almaz radar satellite French experimental structure deployed on Mir’s exterior European Space Agency European Retrievable Carrier extravehicular activity Ferry functional cargo module functional service module high-energy X-ray experiment intercontinental ballistic missile infrared telescope infrared spectrometer on ASPG-M platform Johnson Space Center Kvant Earth-resources camera multispectral camera design bureau Kvant with FSM integrated propulsion system Kristall radio telescope deployed from Salyut 6 various Soyuz and Salyut main propulsion systems Laser Geodynamic Satellite lift-to-drag ratio long-duration exposure facility Lunar Module Lunar Rocket System modified East German multispectral camera East German multispectral camera East German multispectral camera manned maneuvering unit Moscow time nitrogen tetroxide not applicable National Aeronautics and Space Administration scientific production association integrated propulsion system special design bureau advanced spacesuit solar telescope Progress Russian Space Corporation X-ray telescope Synthetic Aperature Radar Strategic Defense Initiative Satellite Data Relay Network orientation and motion control system Shuttle-Pointed Autonomous Research Tool for solid rocket booster Space Transportation System Transport Tokyo Broadcasting System Tracking and Data Relay Satellite transport logistics spacecraft unflown, unmanned test version of Soviet L2 unmanned test version of Soviet L3 spacecraft Transport Modified Flight Control Center wide-angle shadow-mask X-ray camera television unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine universal tool for welding, soldering, cutting metal Universal time auxiliary thruster unit attached to Sofora girder instrument for monitoring Mir internal conditions manned maneuvering unit |
# Mir Hardware Heritage
## Contents

* Title Page
* Title Page 2
* Title Page 3
* Preface
* Contents
* Figures
* Acronyms and Abbreviations
* Introduction
* Soyuz Programs
* Part 1 - Soyuz
* Station Programs
* Part 2 - Almaz, Salyut, and Mir
* Station Modules and Tug Programs
* Part 3 - Space Station Modules
* Part 4 - Comparative Chronology of U.S. and Soviet/Russian Manned Spaceflight
* Index
This work is in the public domain because it was created by the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), whose copyright policy states that "NASA material is not protected by copyright unless noted".
Please note that use of NASA logos is restricted by law, but these are not copyright restrictions.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Mir Hardware Heritage/Index

Index
| A Aktiv docking unit. See docking systems: Aktiv Almaz (see also military space stations) hardware adaptation to Salyut 69, 71 history 63-65 missions 177-178 in station evolution 1, 62, 154-156 system tests 70 Almaz 1 64, 65, 68, 177 Almaz 1V satellite 65 Almaz 2 64, 65, 68, 73, 177, 178 Almaz 3 64, 73, 178 Almaz 4 64 Altair/SR satellites description 105 illustration 106 missions 108, 109, 113, 115, 118, 121, 133, 139 androgynous peripheral assembly system (APAS). See docking systems: APAS-75; APAS-89 Antares mission 136 APAS. See docking systems: APAS-75; APAS-89 Apollo program (U.S.) (see also Apollo Soyuz Test Project) command and service module (CSM) 5, 6, 16, 172, 173, 176, 177 illustration 176 lunar module (LM) 19, 21, 172 illustration 175 missions 172, 173, 175-178 Apollo Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) (see also ASTP Soyuz) background 6, 65 mission 28, 34-35, 177-178 and Soyuz 18 72 approach systems. See Igla system; Kurs system April 5 anomaly 27, 72, 178 Aragatz mission 116, 117 Argon 16B computer 41, 49, 106, 120, 123, 164 ASTP mission. See Apollo Soyuz Test Project: mission ASTP Soyuz 6-7, 33-35, 72, 177-178 astronomical instruments 55, 163 (see also telescopes) ASPG-M platform 164-165 astrophysical instruments 67, 72, 90, 111, 112, 119, 167 cosmic ray detectors 88, 131 gamma ray detector 163 Roentgen Observatory 112, 115, 163 star sensors 72, 121, 163 attitude control systems (see also orientation systems) on DOS-3 68 on Kristall 125-126, 167 on Kvant 120, 162-163 | attitude control systems (continued) on Kvant 2 165 on Mir 106, 119, 123, 131, 137 on Original Soyuz 157, 168- on Salyut 1 67 on Salyut 6 75, 79, 81, 84- on Salyut 7 91, 100, 185 on Soyuz 1 10 on Soyuz Ferry 24-25 on Soyuz-T 47, 50 on space station modules 155 on TKS vehicles 159 on Zond 4 14 B berthing ports 76, 103, 105,165 BTSVK computer 47 Buran shuttle crews 51, 54, 98 flights 115, 188, 193 hardware adapted to Polyus 168 illustration 189 and Mir 107, 167 and Salyut 7 161 C circumlunar flight 3, 4, 5, 12, 63, 155, 173, 175 (see also lunar programs) Cosmos 133 10, 171 Cosmos 140 10, 172 Cosmos 146 14, 172 Cosmos 154 14, 172 Cosmos 186 10-11, 172 Cosmos 188 10-11, 172 Cosmos 212 10, 172 Cosmos 213 11, 172 Cosmos 238 11, 172 Cosmos 379 21, 175 Cosmos 398 21, 175 Cosmos 434 21-22, 176 Cosmos 496 26, 176 Cosmos 557 64, 68, 177 Cosmos 573 26, 177 Cosmos 613 26, 177 Cosmos 638 33-34, 177 Cosmos 672 33-34, 177 Cosmos 782 37 Cosmos 997-998 159 Cosmos 1001 48, 179 Cosmos 1100-1101 159 |
# Mir Hardware Heritage/Introduction

Introduction
The purpose of this document is to describe concisely what is known in the West about the heritage of the major hardware elements associated with the Mir space station complex. These are
* The Mir base block, launched in 1986
* The modules added to the base block in 1987, 1989, and 1990
* The Soyuz-TM crew transports and Progress-M supply ships, which first appeared in 1986 and 1989, respectively.
This work is divided into four parts. Part 1, “Soyuz,” examines the Soyuz spacecraft and its derivatives, including those used in the abandoned manned lunar landing program. Part 2, “Almaz, Salyut, and Mir,” looks at the Almaz and Long-Duration Orbital Station (Russians acronym DOS) space stations. The major portion of Part 2 is devoted to the three DOS multiport stations, Salyut 6, Salyut 7, and Mir. Part 3, covering the “Space Station Modules,” describes their surprisingly convoluted heritage, with particular attention given to the Mir modules Kvant, Kvant 2, and Kristall. Part 4 is a chronology comparing U.S. and Soviet/Russian manned spaceflight developments in context. It begins with the first manned spaceflight, but attempts completeness only from 1970 to its conclusion (November 1994).
All times and dates are in Universal time (UT) unless otherwise stated. The sources for times and dates were the Satellite Situation Report, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Vol. 34, No. 1, March 31, 1994; TRW Space Log 1957-1991, TRW, 1992; TRW Space Log 1992, TRW, 1993; TRW Space Log 1993, TRW, 1994; Jonathan McDowell, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.
# Mir Hardware Heritage/Figures

Figures
Figure Page
* 2-14 Mir base block and Kvant (1987)
* 2-15 Mir base block, Kvant, and Kvant 2 (1989)
# Minutes on Education In India, Written in the Years 1835, 1836 and 1837

MACAULAY'S
Minutes on Education
IN
INDIA.
WRITTEN IN THE YEARS 1835,1836, AND 1837
AND
NOW FIRST COLLECTED FROM RECORDS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION,
BY
H. WOODROW, Esq. M. A. INSPECTOR OF SCHOOLS, CALCUTTA, AND FORMERLY FELLOW OF CAIUS COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE.
CALCUTTA:
PRINTED BY C.B. LEWIS, AT THE BAPTIST MISSION PRESS.
1862.
When the posthumous and forgotten writings of distinguished authors are discovered, and presented to the public, it is customary for the publisher to state where and how the manuscripts were found.
In the office of the Department of Public Instruction in Calcutta are hundreds of manuscript volumes and bundles, containing minutes, reports, and correspondence, accumulated during the last forty years by the several authorities who have exercised control over the course of public instruction in Bengal. The records of the Committee of Public Instruction extend from 1823 to 1842, when the Committee was superseded by the Council of Education, which, in its turn, in January 1855, was displaced by the appointment of a Director of Public Instruction. In April, 1854, the offer of the appointment of Secretary to the Council of Education was accepted by me, and in this capacity I received charge of all the records, and became acquainted with the valuable minutes which lay buried in a vast mass of official correspondence.
In January, 1855, the system prescribed in Sir Charles Wood's great Educational Despatch was carried out in Bengal, the Council of Education was abolished, and a member of the Bengal Civil Service was appointed to discharge its functions under the title of Director of Public Instruction. To the first Director, Mr. W. Gordon Young, my grateful acknowledgements are due for his unvarying courtesy, and for his permission to continue my researches among the old.records of his office. I also received from him permission to use in a public lecture, the educational minutes of Lord Macaulay. The permission accorded by Mr. Young, was continued by his successor Mr. W. S. Atkinson, the present Director of Public Instruction, to whom also my thanks are due.
A selection from Macaulay's minutes was read before the Bethune Society, which was established in Calcutta in 1851, for “the consideration and discussion of questions connected with Literature and Science;" and the following pages were published as part of the proceedings of this Society. Among the minutes will be found many which are of no general interest; but apart from the desire to publish every scrap of Macaulay's writings, several of these minutes have still a local value in Bengal, though they are unimportant in other parts of the world.
H. WOODROW.
Calcutta, 20th May, 1862.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between The People's Republic of China and Solomon Islands

* related portals: Government of China, Solomon Islands.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
The following (reproduced from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China’s website) is the text of the the joint communiqué of the Government of the People’s Republic of China and the Government of Solomon Islands which was made in September 2019
The People's Republic of China and Solomon Islands, in keeping with the interests and desire of the two peoples, have decided to recognize each other and establish diplomatic relations at the ambassadorial level, effective from the date of signature of this communiqué.
The two Governments agree to develop friendly relations between the two countries on the basis of the principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, equality, mutual benefit and peaceful coexistence.
The Government of Solomon Islands recognizes that there is but one China in the world, the Government of the People's Republic of China is the sole legal government representing the whole of China, and that Taiwan is an inalienable part of China's territory. The Government of Solomon Islands shall sever "diplomatic relations" with Taiwan as of this day and undertakes that it shall no longer develop any official relations or official exchanges with Taiwan. The Government of the People's Republic of China appreciates this position of the Government of Solomon Islands.
The Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of Solomon Islands have agreed to exchange Ambassadors as early as possible and to provide each other with all the necessary assistance for the establishment of diplomatic missions and their performance of functions in each other's capitals on a reciprocal basis in accordance with the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1961 and international customary practices.
The undersigned, being duly authorized by their respective Governments, signed this communiqué on 21 September 2019 in Beijing. Done in duplicate in the Chinese and English languages, both texts being equally authentic.
# Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Honduras

* related portals: China, Honduras.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
The People's Republic of China and the Republic of Honduras, in keeping with the interests and desire of the two peoples, have decided to recognize each other and establish diplomatic relations at the ambassadorial level, effective from the date of signature of this communiqué.
The two Governments agree to develop friendly relations between the two countries on the basis of the principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, equality, mutual benefit and peaceful coexistence.
The Government of the Republic of Honduras recognizes that there is but one China in the world, the Government of the People's Republic of China is the sole legal Government representing the whole of China, and Taiwan is an inalienable part of China's territory. The Government of the Republic of Honduras shall sever "diplomatic relations" with Taiwan as of this day and undertakes that it shall no longer develop any official relations or official exchanges with Taiwan. The Government of the People's Republic of China appreciates this position of the Government of the Republic of Honduras.
The Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Republic of Honduras agree to exchange Ambassadors as early as possible and to provide each other with all the necessary assistance for the establishment of Embassies and their performance of functions in each other's capitals on a reciprocal basis in accordance with the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1961 and international customary practices.
The undersigned, being duly authorized by their respective Governments, signed this communiqué on 26 March 2023 in Beijing. Done in duplicate in the Chinese and Spanish languages, both texts being equally authentic.
| For the People's Republic of China Qin Gang | For the Republic of Honduras Eduardo Enrique Reina |
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# Joint Communiqué on the Resumption of Diplomatic Relations between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Nicaragua

* related portals: China, Nicaragua.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
The People's Republic of China and the Republic of Nicaragua, in keeping with the interests and desire of the two peoples, have decided to recognize each other and resume diplomatic relations at the ambassadorial level, effective from the date of signature of this communiqué.
The two Governments agree to develop friendly relations between the two countries on the basis of the principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, equality, mutual benefit and peaceful coexistence.
The Government of the Republic of Nicaragua recognizes that there is but one China in the world, the Government of the People's Republic of China is the sole legal Government representing the whole of China, and Taiwan is an inalienable part of China's territory. The Government of the Republic of Nicaragua shall sever “diplomatic relations” with Taiwan as of this day and undertakes that it shall no longer develop any official relations or official exchanges with Taiwan. The Government of the People's Republic of China appreciates this position of the Government of the Republic of Nicaragua.
The Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Republic of Nicaragua have agreed to exchange Ambassadors as early as possible and to provide each other with all the necessary assistance for the establishment of diplomatic missions and their performance of functions in each other's capitals on a reciprocal basis in accordance with the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1961 and international customary practices.
The undersigned, being duly authorized by their respective Governments, signed this communiqué on 10 December 2021 in Tianjin. Done in duplicate in the Chinese and Spanish languages, both texts being equally authentic.
| For the People's Republic of China Ma Zhaoxu | For the Republic of Nicaragua Laureano Ortega Murillo |
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the People's Republic of China and the Commonwealth of Australia

* related portals: Australia, China.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
The Government of the People's Republic of China and the Australian Government, in conformity with the interests and common desire of the two peoples, have decided upon mutual recognition and the establishment of diplomatic relations as from December 21, 1972.
The two Governments agree to develop their diplomatic relations, friendship and co-operation between the two countries on the basis of the principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each others internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence.
The Australian Government recognizes the Government of the People's Republic of China as the sole legal Government of China, acknowledges the position of the Chinese Government that Taiwan is a province of the People's Republic of China, and has decided to remove its official representation from Taiwan before January 25, 1973.
The Government of the People's Republic of China appreciates the above stand of the Australian Government.
The two Governments have agreed to exchange Ambassadors as soon as the administrative formalities and practical arrangements have been completed, and to provide each other with all the necessary assistance for the establishment and performance of the functions of diplomatic missions in their respective capitals on the basis of equality and mutual benefit and in accordance with international law and practice.
# Joint Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Seychelles

* related portals: Bilateral documents, China, Seychelles.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
Source
Joint Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Seychelles
The Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Republic of Seychelles have decided to establish diplomatic relations at ambassadorial level as from 30 June 1976.
The Chinese Government supports the Government and people of the Seychelles in their just struggle to safeguard national independence and state sovereignty.
The Government of the Republic of Seychelles recognizes the Government of the People's Republic of China as the sole legal government representing all the Chinese people.
The two Governments have agreed to develop friendly relations and cooperation between the two countries on the basis of the principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful co-existence.
(Signed) James R. Mancham
Representative of the Government of the Republic of Seychelles
(Signed) Yang Shou-cheng
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the People's Republic of China to Ethiopia
Victoria, 30 June 1976
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.
# Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the People's Republic of China and Israel

* related portals: China, Israel.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
The following (reproduced from the Department of Foreign Affiars of Israel’s website) is the text of the the joinot communiqué of the Government of the State of Israel and the Government of the People’s Republic of China which was made in January 1992
The Government of the People’s Republic of China and the Government of the State of Israel have decided to establish diplomatic relations at the ambassadorial level effective from January 24, 1992.
The Government of the State of Israel recognizes that the Government of the People’s Republic of China is the sole legal government representing the whole of China and Taiwan is an inalienable part of the territory of the People’s Republic of China.
The two Governments have agreed to develop friendly relations and cooperation between the two countries and two peoples on the basis of the universally recognized principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other’s internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit and peaceful coexistence.
Done in duplicate in Beijing on January 24, 1992 in the Chinese, Hebrew and English languages, all three texts being equally authentic. In case there is any divergence of interpretation, the English text shall prevail.