OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nordica, Lilian

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​NORDICA, LILIAN (1859–), American operatic soprano, née Norton, was born at Farmington, Maine, and trained as a singer at Boston, and later at Milan. As Madame Nordica she made her operatic début at Brescia in 1879, and from that time took high rank among the prima donnas, appearing in all the principal capitals in Europe, and also in America.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Norfolk (Nebraska)

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​NORFOLK, a city of Madison county, Nebraska, U.S.A., on the north branch of the Elkhorn river, 2 m. from its mouth, and about 75 m. S.W. of Sioux City. Pop. (1900) 3883 (622 foreign-born); (1910) 6025. It is served by the Union Pacific, the Chicago & North Western (of which it is a division headquarters), and the Chicago, St Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha railways. The city is the seat of the Northern Nebraska Insane Asylum. Cereals, alfalfa and fruit are raised in the surrounding country. The site was first permanently settled in 1866. Norfolk was incorporated as a village in 1881 and chartered as a city in 1886; it became a city of the first class in 1909.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nordhausen

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​NORDHAUSEN, a town of Germany, in the province of Prussian Saxony. It is situated on the Zorge at the south base of the Harz Mountains, and at the west end of the Goldene Aue (Golden Plain), a fruitful valley watered by the Helme, 60 m. by rail W. of Halle, on the main line to Frankfort-on-Main and Cassel, and at the junction of railways to Erfurt and Blankenheim. Pop. (1885) 27,083; (1905) 29,882. It is built partly on the slope of the mountains and partly on the plain, and the upper and lower parts of the town are connected by flights of steps. Among its eight churches the most noteworthy are the Roman Catholic cathedral, late Gothic with a Romanesque crypt, and the Protestant church of St Blasius, containing two pictures by Lucas Cranach. Near the medieval town hall stands a Roland’s column, the ancient symbol of free commercial intercourse and civic liberty. The town has a museum of antiquities and various public monuments, notably a fountain by Ernst Rietschel in the corn market, and another to Luther in the market square. There are statues of the emperor Frederick III. and of Prince Bismarck. The chief importance of the place arises from its distilleries, which annually yield about 10,000,000 gallons of “Korn Schnapps,” a spirit somewhat akin to whisky. The breweries are also important and there are manufactures of leather, tobacco and cigars, cotton, linen goods, carpets, chicory, malt and chemicals. Nordhausen is sometimes called the Cincinnati of Germany on account of its extensive export trade in pork, corned beef, ham and sausages. There is also a large trade in corn.
Nordhausen is one of the oldest towns in North Germany. It possessed a royal palace in 874 and a convent was founded here in 962. It was destroyed by Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, in 1180, but was soon rebuilt and was made a free imperial town in 1253. In this and the following century several diets and other assemblies were held here. The protector (Vogt) of the town was the elector of Saxony and later for a few years (1702–1715) the elector of Brandenburg. Nordhausen accepted the reformed doctrines in 1522. It was annexed by Prussia in 1803 and again in 1815, having in the meantime belonged to the kingdom of Westphalia.
See Förstemann, Urkundliche Geschichte der Stadt Nordhausen bis 1250 (Nordhausen, 1828–1840) and Kleine Schriften zur Geschichte der Stadt Nordhausen (Nordhausen, 1855); Lesser, Historische Nachrichten von Nordhausen, edited by Förstemann (Nordhausen 1860); J. Schmidt, Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler der Stadt Nordhausen (Halle, 1886); T. Eckart, Gedenkblätter aus der Geschichte der ehemaligen freien Reichsstadt Nordhausen (Leipzig, 1895); Heine, Nordhausen und Preussen (Nordhausen, 1902); and Girschner, Lokalführer für Nordhausen und Umgebung (1891).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nordin, Carl Gustaf

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​NORDIN, CARL GUSTAF (1749–1812), Swedish statesman, historian and ecclesiastic. In 1774 he was made docent of Gothic antiquities at Upsala University in consequence of his remarkable treatise, Monumenta svia-gothica vetustioris aevi falso meritoque suspecta. Summoned to Stockholm in 1782 by Gustavus III. to edit a Swedish Corpus diplomaticum, half an hour’s private conversation with the young priest convinced Gustavus that Nordin’s proper place was by his side in the political arena. But he employed Nordin quite differently from his episcopal colleague Olaf Wallqvist. While the bishop publicly defended the royal measures, Nordin became the king’s private adviser. In politics Nordin was a royalist from pure conviction. To him a parliament seemed little better than a mob. He was one of the king’s secret managers during the troublesome and dangerous riksdag of 1789, but advised caution and compared the estate of clergy, which at one time held the balance between the jarring orders, to ice which might be walked upon but could not be driven over. He was appointed a member of an ecclesiastical commission for reforming the church in 1787, in which capacity he was virtually minister of public worship. In 1791–1792 he became a leading member of the financial and general committees of the riksdag. After the king’s death Nordin shared in the general disgrace of the Gustavians and lived in retirement at the little town of Hernösand, where he held the post of lector at the gymnasium. But he reappeared prominently on the political scene during the riksdag of 1800, and in 1805 was consecrated bishop of Hernösand. Though he lacked the brilliant qualities of his rival Wallqvist, Nordin had the same alertness and penetration, and was infinitely more stable and disinterested. One of the most learned men of his day, he devoted his spare time to history, and discovered that many of the oldest and most cherished Scandinavian MSS. were clever forgeries. Like Jean Hardouin he got to believe that a great deal of what is called classical literature was compiled by anonymous authors at a much later date, and he used frequently to startle his colleagues, the Gustavian academicians, by his audacious paradoxes.
He left behind him a colossal collection of MSS., the so-called Nordinska Samlingarna, which were purchased and presented to Upsala university by Charles XIV. and form the groundwork of the well-known Scriptores rerum Suecicarum medii aevi. Nordin published during his lifetime Handlingar till uplysning af svenska krigshistorien (Stockholm, 1787–1788). His academical addresses came out at Stockholm in 1818 under the title Minnen öfver namnkunniga svenska män. His Dagbok did not appear till 1868.
See Sveriges historia (Stockholm, 1877, &c.), vol. v.; C. T. Odhner, Sveriges politiska historia under Gustaf III.’s regering (Stockholm, 1885, &c.); R. N. Bain, Gustavus III. vol. 2 (London, 1896).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sundsvall

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​SUNDSVALL, a seaport of Sweden in the district (län) of Vesternorrland, on a wide bay of the Baltic, at the north of the Selanger River, 360 m. N. by'W. of Stockholm, the terminus of a branch from Ange on the northern railway. Pop.. (1900), 14,831. It was rebuilt in brick and stone after a destructive fire in 1888. In the town and its vicinity are numerous steam saw-mills, besides wood-pulp factories, steelworks, brick works, engineering shops, breweries and joineries, but Sundsvall owes its chief importance to its export trade in timber (6 to 7 million cub. ft. annually), the bulk of which goes to Germany, France and Great Britain. It also exports wood-pulp, iron and fish. There is a special trade with Finland. The harbour, which is usually closed by ice from about the middle of December to the second week in May, is sheltered against the east winds by a group of islands.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sunium

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​SUNIUM (Σούνιον; mod. Cape Colonna), a cape at the southern extremity of Attica, with a temple of Poseidon upon it, which serves as a landmark for all ships approaching Athens from the east. The rocky promontory on which the temple stands was fortified by a wall with towers, in 413 B.C., as a protection against the Spartans in Decelea; but it was soon after seized by a body of fugitive slaves from the Laurium mines. In the 4th century it was still kept up as a fortress. The temple was shown by an inscription found in 1898 to be dedicated to Poseidon, not, as formerly supposed, to Athena, the remains of whose temple are to be seen about a quarter of a mile away to the north-east; they are of a peculiar plan, consisting of a hall with a colonnade on two sides only. The extant temple on the promontory was probably built in the time of Pericles. It took the place of an earlier one, of similar proportions but built of tufa or “poros” stone. There are still standing nine columns of the south side and two of the north of the peristyle, and one of the antae and an inner column of the pronaos. They are built of local white marble, which has suffered much from the weather. In form they resemble those of the Parthenon and Theseum, but they have only sixteen flutings. Recent excavations have revealed porticoes, a gateway and other buildings, and also the remains of several colossal early statues, the best preserved of which is now in the museum at Athens. The site of Cape Colonna is extolled by Byron, and is the scene of Falconer's “Shipwreck.” (E. Gr)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sunfish

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​SUNFISH, a name chiefly and properly applied to a marine fish (Orthagoriscus) of the order Plectognathi, which by its large size, grotesque appearance and numerous peculiarities of organization has attracted the attention equally of fishermen as of naturalists. Only two species are known, the rough or short sunfish (O. mola), which is found in all seas of the temperate and tropical zones; and the smaller and scarcer smooth or oblong sunfish (O. truncatus), of which only a small number of specimens have been obtained from the Atlantic and Indian oceans.
Sunlishes have the appearance of tailless fish. This is due to the extreme shortening of the caudal region which is supported by only a few short vertebrae; the caudal nn is absent, what appears to be a tail being formed by the confluence of dorsal and ventral fms: pelvic fins are also wanting. The anterior parts of the dorsal and ventral fins are high and broad, similar to each other in size and triangular in form. The head is completely merged in the trunk, the boundary between them being indicated only by a very small and narrow gill-opening and a comparatively small pectoral fin. This fin can be of but little use in locomotion, and the horizontal and vertical movements of the fish, as well as the maintenance of its body in a vertical position, are evidently executed by the powerful dorsal and anal fins. The small mouth, situated in front of the head, is armed with an undivided dental plate above and below, similar to but weaker than the teeth of the globe-fish (Diodon).
Sunfishes are truly pelagic, propagating their species in the
Sunfish (Orthagoriscus mola).
open sea, and only occasionally approach the coast. During the stormy season they live probably at some depth, but in calm, bright weather they rise and rest or play on the surface with their dorsal fin high above the water. This habit has given rise to the popular name "sunfish," a term also sometimes applied to the basking-shark. In some years the rough sunfish is by no means scarce on the south coast of England and on the Irish coasts, where it appears principally in the summer months. The usual size is from 3 to 4 ft. in length, but this species attains to 7 ft. and more. One of the largest specimens (shown in the figure) was caught near Portland (Dorsetshire) in 1846, and is now in the British Museum; its length is 7 ft. 6 in. The sunfish has no economic value, and is rarely, if ever, eaten.
Whilst the rough sunfish has a granulated, rough, shagreen-like skin, the second species (O. truncatus) has the surface of the body smooth and polished, with its small dermal scutes arranged in a tessellated fashion. It is oblong in shape, the body being much longer than it is deep. The sides are finely ornamented with transverse silvery, black-edged stripes running downwards to the lower part of the abdomen. It has not been found to exceed 2 ft. in length. Only a few specimens have been captured on the coasts of Europe, at the Cape of Good Hope and off Mauritius.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Syncellus

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​SYNCELLUS, a hybrid word (Gr. σύν, Lat. cello), meaning literally “one who shares his cell with another.” In ecclesiastical usage it refers to the very early custom of a priest or deacon living continually with a bishop, propter testimonium ecclesiasticum; thus Leo III. speaks of Augustine as having been the syncellus of Gregory the Great. The term came into use in the Eastern Church, where the syncelli were the chaplains of metropolitans and patriarchs. At Constantinople they formed a corporation, and the protosyncellus took precedence of metropolitans and ranked next to the patriarch, to whose office he generally succeeded.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Symposium

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​SYMPOSIUM (Gr. συμπόσιον, a drinking party, from συμπίνειν, to drink together, σύν, with, and πίνειν, to drink, root πο, cf. Lat. potare, to drink, poculum, cup), the convivial drinking which took place alter a great banquet, accompanied by intellectual or witty conversation, and by music or dancing performed by slaves or attendants. The term has been applied in modern usage, due to Plato's Symposium, to a collection of opinions of different writers on a given subject.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Synaxarium

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​SYNAXARIUM (Gr. συναξάριον, from συνάγειν, to bring together), the name given in the Greek Church to a compilation corresponding very closely to the martyrology (q.v.) of the Roman Church. There are two kinds of synaxaria — simple synaxaria, which are merely lists of the saints arranged in the order of their anniversaries, e.g. the calendar of Morcelli; and historical synaxaria, which give biographical notices besides, e.g. the menology of Basil and the synaxarium of Sirmond. The notices given in the historical synaxaria are summaries of those in the great menologies, or collections of lives of saints, for the twelve months of the year. The oldest historical synaxaria apparently go back to the tenth century. The heterodox Eastern churches also have their synaxaria.
The publication of the Arabic text of the synaxarium of the Church of Alexandria was started simultaneously by J. Forget in the Corp. script. orient, and by R. Basset in the Patrologia orient., and that of the Ethiopian synaxarium was begun by I. Guidi in the Patrologia orient. The Armenian synaxarium, called the synaxarium of Ter Israël was published at Constantinople in 1834.
See S. A. Morcelli, Kalendarium ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae (Rome, 1788); H. Delehaye, “Le Synaxaire de Sirmond,” in Analecta bollandiana, xiv. 396-434, where the terminology is explained; idem, Synaxarium ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae e codice Sirmondiano (Brussels, 1902), forming the volume Propylaeum ad acta sanctorum novembris.
(H. De.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Synanthy

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​SYNANTHY (Gr. σύν, with, and ἄνθος, a flower), a botanical term for the adhesion of two or more flowers.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Syncope

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​SYNCOPE (Gr. συγκοπή, a cutting up or short, from κόπτειν, to cut), a term used in grammar for the elision of a letter or syllable in the middle of a word (e.g. “ne'er” for “never”); and in medicine for the condition of fainting or shock (q.v.); and so occasionally in a general sense for a suspension or cessation of function. “Syncopate” and “syncopation” are analogous derivatives; and in music a syncopation is the rhythmic method of tying (A) two beats of the same note into one tone in such a way as to displace the accent.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Synderesis

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​SYNDERESIS, a term in scholastic philosophy applied to the inborn moral consciousness which distinguishes between good and evil. The word is really synteresis (Gr. συντήρησις, from συντηρεῖν, to look after, take care of), but synderesis is the commoner form. Diogenes Laërtius in his account of the Stoics (vii.85, τήν δὲ πρώτην ὁρµήν y 4ao-c TO TO TripeEv EaITO) uses the phrase TnpEiv EavrO to describe the instinct for self-preservation, the inward harmony of Chrysippus, the recognition of which is συνείδσις. The term synderesis, however, is not found till Jerome, who in dealing with Ezek. i. 4 -15, says the fourth of the "living creatures" of the vision is what the Greeks call συντήρησις, i.e. scintilla conscientiae the "spark of conscience." Here apparently synderesis and conscience (συνείδσις) are equivalent. By the schoolmen, however, the terms were differentiated, conscience being the practical envisaging of good and evil actions; synderesis being, so to speak, the tendency toward good in thought and action. The exact relation between the two was, however, a matter of controversy, Aquinas and Duns Scotus holding that both are practical reason, while Bonaventura narrows synderesis to the volitional tendency to good actions.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Symphosius

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​SYMPHOSIUS, or Symposius, the name given to the author of a collection of 100 riddles of uncertain date, but probably composed in the 4th or 5th century A.D. They have been attributed to Lactantius, and identified with his Symposium, but this view is not generally accepted. The style and versification of the riddles, each of which consists of three hexameter lines, are good. They were written to form part of the entertainment at the Saturnalia.
Text in E. Bährens, Poetae latini minores, vol. iv.; there is a good French metrical version by E. F. Corpet (1868); monograph by W. T. Paul (Berlin, 1854); see also Teuffel, Hist. of Roman Literature, 449 (Eng. trans., 1900).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Synagogue, United

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​SYNAGOGUE, UNITED, an organization of London Jews, founded, with the sanction of an act of parliament, in 1870. It is confined, in its direct work, to the metropolis, but it exercises, indirectly, considerable influence over the Jews of the British Empire. It is governed by an elected council representing the constituent congregations. In religious and ritual matters it is under the jurisdiction of the chief rabbi, who is, to a certain extent, recognized throughout the empire. The president of the United Synagogue in 1910 was Lord Rothschild. Besides providing the worship of some twenty congregations, the United Synagogue directs and supports educational and charitable work. The title “chief rabbi” is not found in the pre-expulsion records, though, before the Jews were banished in 1290, there was an omcial named “ presbyter omniuni judaeorum Angliae.” The functions of this official cannot be proved to have been ecclesiastical. The title “chief rabbi” has become well known through the eminence of recent occupants of the position such as Solomon Hirschell (1762-1842). He was succeeded by Dr Nathan Marcus Adler (1803-1890), who was followed by his son, Hermann Adler, who raised the position to one of much dignity and importance. Dr Hermann Adler was born in Hanover in 1839, graduated at Leipzig, and received honorary degrees from Scotch and English universities, including Oxford. In 1909 he received the order of M.V.O. Dr Adler was elected chief rabbi in 1891. Besides several essays in the Nineteenth Century, Dr Adler has written extensively on topics of Anglo-Jewish History and published two volumes of sermons.
(I. A.)
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fenwick, Ethel Gordon

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FENWICK, ETHEL GORDON [Mrs. Bedford Fenwick] (1857-), British nurse, was born at Spynie House, Morayshire, Jan. 26 1857. She was educated privately, and in 1878 entered the Children's hospital at Nottingham to be trained as a nurse. After a short time at the Royal Infirmary, Manchester, she became a sister at the London hospital (1878-81), and in 1881 was appointed matron of St. Bartholomew's hospital. In 1887 she married Dr. Bedford Fenwick (b. 1855), the well-known gynaecologist, and henceforth devoted herself largely to the work of reorganizing and raising the status of the nursing profession. From 1889 to 1896 she was managing directress of the Gordon House Home hospital, and in 1887 founded the British
Nurses' Association, of which she was the first member. Mrs. Bedford Fenwick has been a member of many medical and nursing congresses and has also contributed many papers to medical journals. She became in 1893 editor of the British Journal of Nursing, and was a prominent member of the Society of Women Journalists.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fejervary, Geza, Freiherr von

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​FEJERVARY, GEZA, Freiherr von (1833-1914), Hungarian statesman and general, was born March 15 1833. He began his career in the army, and as a captain he won in 1859, for a heroic action on the hotly contested heights of San Martino in front of Solferino, the highest military decoration of the former monarchy, the cross of Maria Theresa. In 1872 he became State Secretary in the Hungarian Ministry of National Defence (Honved) and Minister of National Defence in 1884. In 1895 he persuaded the Emperor Francis Joseph to agree to the religious and political reforms of the Wekerle Ministry. In 1903 he resigned, together with the prime minister, Szell, owing to the rejection of a bill to increase the contingent of recruits, and was appointed captain of the Hungarian Life-Guards organized at that time. He was appointed premier June 18 1905. The parliamentary majority declared that the Fejervary Ministry was unconstitutional, and organized a national opposition against it. Fejervary nevertheless succeeded in settling these differences by the so-called Pactum, on the basis of which the Wekerle Ministry was formed April 8 1906. From this time onwards Fejervary's political activity ceased and he resumed his military career. On the death of Prince Esterházy, captain of the Hungarian Body-guard, Fejervary was appointed his successor. He died of cancer of the tongue April 25 1914. (E. v. W.)