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# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Adams, Hannah

* related authors: Hannah Adams.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
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ADAMS, HANNAH,
A celebrated American writer, was born in Medfield, Massachusetts, in 1755. Her father was a respectable farmer in that place, rather better educated than persons of his class usually were at that time; and his daughter, who was a very delicate child, profited by his fondness for books. So great was her love for reading and study, that when very young she had committed to memory nearly all of Milton, Pope, Thomson, Young, and several other poets.
When she was about seventeen her father failed in business, and Miss Adams was obliged to exert herself for her own maintenance. This she did at first by making lace, a very profitable employment during the revolutionary war, as very little lace was then imported. But after the termination of the conflict she was obliged to resort to some other means of support; and having acquired tram the students who boarded with her father, a competent knowledge of Latin and Greek, she undertook to prepare young men for college; and succeeded so well, that her reputation was spread throughout the state.
Her first work entitled "The View of Religions," which she commenced when she was about thirty, is a history of the different sects in religion. It caused her so much hard study and close reflection, that she was attacked before the close of her labours by a severe fit of illness, and threatened with derangement. Her next work was a carefully written "History of New England;" and her third was on "The Evidences of the Christian Religion." Though all these works showed great candour and liberality of mind and profound research, and though they were popular, yet they brought her but little besides fame; which, however, had extended to Europe, and she reckoned among her correspondents many of the learned men of all countries. Among these was the celebrated abbé Gregoire, who was then struggling for the emancipation of the Jews in France. He sent Miss Adams several volumes, which she acknowledged were of much use to her in preparing her own work, a "History of the Jews," now considered one of the most valuable of her productions. Still, as far as pecuniary matters went, she was singularly unsuccessful, probably from her want of knowledge of business, and ignorance in worldly matters; and, to relieve her from her embarrassments, three wealthy gentlemen of Boston, with great liberality, settled an annuity upon her, of which she was kept in entire ignorance till the whole affair was completed.
The latter part of her life passed in Boston, in the midst of a large circle of friends, by whom she was warmly cherished and esteemed for the singular excellence, purity, and simplicity of her character. She died, November 16th. 1832, at the age of seventy-six, and was buried at Mount Auburn; the first whose body was placed in that cemetery. Through life the gentleness of her manners, and the sweetness of her temper were child-like; she trusted all her cares to the control of her Heavenly Father; and she did not trust in vain.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Adams, Sarah Flower

* related authors: Sarah Fuller Flower Adams.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, quotes, Wikidata item.
Sarah Fuller Flower Adams
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ADAMS. SARAH FLOWER,
Was the youngest daughter of Benjamin Flower, an English ​political writer and reformer, residing in Cambridgeshire. Mrs. Adams was a true poet; she wrote occasional criticisms, which display much acuteness of intellect; but her soul was breathed forth in her devotional lyrics. She died in August 1848, and one of her own beautiful hymns was sung over her grave. Her longest and most powerful poem is entitled "Vivia Perpetua."
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Adelaide, Madame, of France

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ADELAIDE,
Madame, of France, the eldest daughter of Louis the Fifteenth, and Aunt of Louis the Sixteenth, was born at Versailles, in the year 1732. This princess, although constantly exposed to the contaminating influence of a dissipated court, was distinguished for the purity of her morals; she kept aloof from any participation in the various intrigues that were in active operation around her, during the reign of both her father and nephew; and her strong good sense enabled her to detect the fallacy and foresee the danger of the financial schemes of the minister Calonne. Anxious to escape the revolutionary storm which she saw was about to break upon her unhappy country, she quitted Paris for Rome, in February, 1791, accompanied by her sister Madame Victoire. After several detentions on the route, the royal sisters reached Rome, where they remained until the approach of the French army in 1799, compelled them again to become fugitives. They first sought refuge in Naples, then in Corfu, and ultimately in Trieste, where Madame Adelaide died, in the early part of 1800, having survived her sister nine months.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Acland, Lady Harriet

* related portals: Christian Henrietta Caroline Acland.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
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ACLAND, LADY HARRIET,
Wife of Major Acland, an officer in that portion of the British army in America under the command of General Burgoyne, accompanied her husband to America in 1776, and was with him during the disastrous campaign of 1777, which terminated in Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga. Accustomed as she was to every luxury, she shrank from no hardship or danger, while allowed to remain with her husband; and her gentleness and conciliatory ​manners often softened the bitterness of political animosity.
Major Acland being taken prisoner at the battle of Saratoga, Lady Harriet determined to join him; and obtaining from Burgoyne a note, commending her to the protection of General Gates, she set out in an open boat, during a violent storm, accompanied by the Rev. Mr. Brudenell, a chaplain in the British army, her own maid and her husband's valet, to the American camp. Here she was kindly received, and allowed to join her husband. After Major Acland's return to England, he was killed in a duel, caused by his resenting some aspersions cast on the bravery of the British soldiers in America; and the shock of his death deprived Lady Harriet of her reason for two years. She afterwards married the same Mr. Brudenell who had accompanied her to the camp of General Gates. Lady Harriet outlived her second husband many years, and died at a very advanced age in 1815.
Shortly before her death, it was discovered that for sixteen years she had suffered from a cancer, which she had concealed from her nearest relatives in order to spare their anxiety.
In a work by Madame de Riedesel, who was also at the battle of Saratoga, (her husband. Major de Biedesel, was one of the German officers employed by the English government in the war against the American colonies,) she makes this mention of the subject of our memoir:—
"Lady Acland's tent was near ours. She slept there, and spent the day in the camp. On a sudden, she received the news that her husband was mortally wounded, and taken prisoner. She was greatly distressed} for she was much attached to him, though he was rude and intemperate; yet a good officer. She was a very lovely woman. And lovely in mind, as in person."
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Ada, Countess of Holland

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ADA,
Countess of Holland, in the beginning of the thirteenth century. At the death of her father, Diederyk, or Theodora the Seventh, which took place in 1203, she was in the sixteenth year of her age, and it being a question whether Holland, then a fief of the Empire, would be given to a young unmarried female, her ambitious mother married her immediately on the death of Diederyk, to Count Louis van Loon, who took up arms to assert his right to the headship of Holland, in opposition to William of Friesland, the late Count's brother, by whom Ada was taken prisoner, in ​the castle of Leydon; and in agreement with a stipulation between himself and her husband, she was sent to England, and placed under the protection of King John. In 1207, William of Friesland being then victorious, Ada was suffered to return to Holland on her husband's stipulating to ackowledge the British King as his liege lord, whom he was bound to serve and obey. The countess took up her residence in the bishoprick of Liege, where she is supposed to have died in 1218; on the 29th. of July of which year, her husband, by whose side she was buried at Herkenrode, also died.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Accoramboni, Virginia

Vittoria Accoramboni
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ACCORAMBONI, VIRGINIA,
Was born in 1585, of a noble family, in Gubbio, a little town of the duchy of Urbino. From her infancy, she was remarkable for her extraordinary beauty. Her father established his residence at Rome during her early youth; there she became the "cynosure" of the neighbouring nobility, as well as that of Rome. Her father named her to Francesco Peretti, nephew and adopted son of the cardinal Peretti of Montalto, afterwards Pope Sixtus V. In the family of her husband she was adored, and all her desires anticipated; when, in the midst of seeming prosperity and delight, Peretti was entrapped into a solitary situation, and murdered. Rumour attributed this assassination to the prince Paolo Orsini, who was madly enamoured of Virginia; nor was she free from suspicion of having consented to this crime. She certainly justified her accusers, by speedily uniting herself in marriage to the prince, From this step, sprang her melancholy catastrophe. Orsini was not young; he had grown enormously stout, and was afflicted with complaints that menaced him with sudden death. In order to provide for the possible widowhood of his young wife, he made a will, which, by endowing her largely, awakened the cupidity and animosity of his natural heirs. After his death, which happened, as had been anticipated, at the conclusion of an inordinate feast, the duchess took possession of her inheritance. She was not allowed to enjoy it long; her palace was entered by forty masked assassins, who cruelly plunged a dagger in her heart, and besides, murdered her brother, who resided with her.
She takes a place among the literary women of Italy, having been admired for her poetical talents during her life. And there exists in the Ambrosian library at Milan, a volume of her sonnets, full of grace and sentiment.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Ada, daughter of Hecutomnus

Ada of Caria
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ADA,
Daughter of Hecutomnus, king of Caria, who married her brother Hidrieus. After her husband's death she succeeded to the throne of Caria, but was expelled by her younger brother, Pixodarus, who, in order to maintain himself in his usurption, gave his daughter in marriage to a Persian lord called Orontobates; and he afterwards became king of Caria, and defended Halicamassus against Alexander the Great. The revolutions which happened at that time proved favourable to Ada; she implored the protection of the conqueror Alexander against Orontobates, the usurper of her kingdom. Alexander gave her a very kind reception, and restored her to the authority she had formerly enjoyed over all Caria, after he had then the city of Halicamassus.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Adelaide, Marchioness of Italy

Adelaide of Susa
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ADELAIDE,
Marchioness of Italy, was the daughter of Olderic or Odelric Manfredi, Count of Turin and of Susa, and warden of the Italian marshes. Adelaide married in 1035, on the death of her father, Herman, Duke of Suabia, who succeeded by right of his wife, to Olderic's estates and honours, including the Marquisate of Italy. He died in 1038, without issue, and his widow married the Marquis Henry of Alerum, in Montferrat; who died without children. In 1045, Adelaide married a third time—Oddo, who became Lord of Turin, Marquis of Italy, and held other important offices and possessions; he died in 1060, leaving two sons and a daughter, who were the foundation of the powerful House of Savoy. The Marchioness acted as regent during the minority of her sons, and afterwards continued to advise and assist the eldest, Peter, after he had received the investiture of the marquisate, taking part in most of the great political events of that period of Italian history. She died in December 1091, and left a name which shines out brightly as a star from the obscurity of the eleventh century. She appears to have been exceedingly charitable and pious, as well as able to rule and counsel.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Chih-ho

​34Chang Chih-ho 張志和. 8th cent. A.D. A native of Chinhua in Chehkiang, who was of a romantic turn of mind and especially fond of Taoist speculations. He took office under the Emperor Su Tsung of the T'ang dynasty, but got into some trouble and was banished. Soon after this he shared in a general pardon; whereupon he fled to the woods and mountains and became a ​wandering recluse, calling himself 烟波釣叟 the Old Fisherman of the Mists and Waters. He spent his time in angling, but used no bait, his object not being to catch fish. When Lu Yü asked him why he roamed about, Chang answered and said, "With the empyrean as my home, the bright moon my constant companion, and the four seas my inseparable friends, — what mean you by roaming?" And when a friend offered him a comfortable home instead of his poor boat, he replied, "I prefer to follow the gulls into cloudland, rather than to bury my ethereal self beneath the dust of the world." Author of the 元真子, a work on the conservation of vitality.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Chiu-chêng

​37Chang Chiu-chêng 張九成 (T. 子韶). A.D. 1092–1159. A native of Ch'ien-t'ang in Chehkiang, who in 1132 came out first of a number of chin shih, examined according to instructions from the Emperor on various topics, and received a post. His sympathies with the people caused him to be unpopular with his superiors, and he was compelled to resign. He was then recommended by Chao Ting, and was appointed to the Court of Sacrificial Worship; but ere long he incurred the odium of Ch'in ​Ch'in Kuei, whose peace policy with the Tartars he strenuously opposed. He had been on terms of intimacy with a Buddhist priest, named 宗果 Tsung Kuo; and he was accused of forming an illegal association and slandering the Court. "This man," said the Emperor, "fears nothing and nobody," and sent him into banishment; from which he returned, upon Ch'in Kuei's death, to be Magistrate at Wênchow. Canonised as 文忠.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Chiu-ling

​38Chang Chiu-ling 張九齡 (T. 子壽). A.D. 673-740. A native of 曲江 Ch'ü-chiang in Kuangtung — from which he is sometimes called 曲江公 — who flourished as a statesman and poet under the Emperor Ming Huang of the T'ang dynasty. Graduating high on the list of chin shih, his profound learning gained for him the sobriquet of 文塇元帥, and he soon attracted the notice of Chang Yüeh who introduced him into public life. In conjunction with Han Hsiu, he ventured to remonstrate against the licentiousness and misrule which prevailed. In A.D. 736, on the occasion of an Imperial birthday, when others presented rare and costly gifts, including mirrors obtained at great expense from distant lands, he offered only a collection of wise precepts. He sought in vain to awaken the Emperor to the treasonable designs of An Lu-shan. He himself was attacked by Li Lin-fu (q. v.) over the appointment of Niu Hsien-k'o, and was banished to Ching-chou. Later on, Ming Huang found out what a valuable counsellor he had lost, and ennobled him as Earl, not long after which he died. It is also said that when new Ministers were afterwards recommended, his Majesty invariably asked if they were anything like Chang Chiu-ling. He was very reserved in manner and punctiliously formal in all matters of ceremony. His poems are among the most brilliant even of the brilliant age in which he lived. In his youth he used to communicate with his relatives by means of carrier-pigeons, which he trained in large ​numbers, and which he called his "flying slaves." When his mother died, he planted a purple-flowered "shrub of longevity" by her grave, whereupon white birds came and nested in the trees around, — both these being mourning colours! Was canonised as 文獻.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Cho

​39Chang Cho 張綽. A scholar of the T'ang dynasty, who graduated about A.D. 860. He trained himself to live without food, and could cut out paper butterflies which would flutter about and return to his hand. The butterfly trick is also attributed to one 張九哥 Chang Chiu-ko, who lived in the 11th cent. A.D.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Chien-chih

​30Chang Chien-chih 張柬之 (T. 孟將). A.D. 625-706. A native of Hsiang-yang in Hupeh, who graduated as chin shih and entered upon a public career. It was not however until 689, when there was a call for men of talent, that he distinguished himself at the competition between those who presented themselves by coming out first on the list. He was at once made a Censor, and later on he was recommended, in spite of his age, by Ti Jen-chieh to the Empress Wu Hou, under whom he filled many high posts. It was he who discovered the plot of Chang Ch'ang-tsung, and who put the two brothers to death. Under the Emperor Chung Tsung he lost his influence, and was dismissed to the provinces, where he died. Canonised as 文貞.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Chien-fêng

​31Chang Chien-fêng 張建封 (T. 本立). A.D. 745-800. A statesman and general who flourished under the Emperor Tê Tsung of the T'ang dynasty, and distinguished himself by his skilful operations against the rebels of that period. He rose to be a Minister of State, and so completely gained the confidence of the Emperor that at his last audience the latter presented him with his own riding-whip, saying, "In your fidelity and devotion, adversity works no change." His favourite concubine 盼盼 P'an-p'an, was so overcome by the news of his death that on hearing ​a poem in which reference was made to his grave, she threw herself out of the window and was killed.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Chih-tung

​35Chang Chih-tung 張之洞 (T. 香壽. H. 無競居士 and 廣雅尙書). Born A.D. 1835. A native of the 南皮 Nan-p'i District in Chihli. He graduated as chin shih in 1863, taking the third place on the list. Appointed Literary Chancellor for Ssŭch'uan in 1873, he distinguished himself by his zeal for the encouragement of learning, for which he is still gratefully remembered by the people. He became Sub-Reader of the Han-lin in 1880, and secretary in the Grand Secretariat in 1881. In 1882, on the strength of his valuable memorials relating to the Shansi famine, he was made Governor of Shansi. In 1884, he became Viceroy of the Two Kuang, and in 1889 he was transferred to the Viceroyalty of Hu-Kuang, ostensibly to carry out his own scheme of a railway to unite Wu-ch'ang and Hankow with Peking. There he started iron-works, cotton-spinning factories, and scientific coal-mining on a large scale. In 1894 he was transferred to the Viceroyalty of the Two Kiang, from which he was retransferred to his old post in 1895. A fine scholar, Chang Chih-tung has earned considerable reputation by his brilliantly written State papers, especially by the famous anti-Russian memorial presented secretly to the Throne in 1880. He has of course made ​many enemies, and in 1893 he was violently impeached by the chief Director of the Grand Court of Revision on many counts, such as squandering public money on mines, causing disturbances in the province of Hunan by an attempt to introduce the telegraph, and generally indulging in wild schemes which were never more than half carried out. The only credit allowed to him was for founding a College and Library for the benefit of poor scholars and the encouragement of literature. By foreigners however he is regarded, if not exactly as a friend, at any rate as an honest and straightforward patriot.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Chih

​32Chang Chih 張芝. A calligraphist of the Han dynasty, sometimes styled 草賢 the Perfect Grassist, from his skill in writing the "grass" character. See Chang Hsü.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Chio

​36Chang Chio 張角. 2nd cent. A.D. A native of Chü-lu in Chihli, to whom may be ascribed the ultimate fall of the Han dynasty. In A.D. 184, he and a band of adherents estimated at 360,000, threw off their allegiance on one and the same day. He called himself the 黄天 Yellow God (sc. Emperor), and his followers distinguished themselves by wearing yellow turbans. After some temporary successes, he was defeated by Lu Chih, and shut up in 廣宗 Kuang-tsung. Tung Cho was then sent against him but failed to take the city. At length it was captured by Huang-fu Sung, and the body of Chang Chio, who had already died of sickness, was decapitated. His brother Chang 梁 Liang was taken prisoner and executed; and shortly afterwards his other brother Chang 寶 Pao, met the same fate.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Chu

​40Chang Chu 張翥 (T. 仲舉). A.D. 1287-1368. A native of 晉密 Chin-ning in Yünnan, who brought himself into notice by his poetry, and was subsequently employed upon the histories of the Liao, Chin$^a$, and Sung dynasties, rising to be a Doctor in the Han-lin College and holding other high offices. Author of a collection of verses known as the 蛻巖詞. His phrase 红羊刧 "cataclysm of the red sheep," which no one has ever been able to explain, is still used in the sense of "great calamity."
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Flandrians

FLANDRIANS. See Mennonites
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Florinians

FLORINIANS, so called from Florinus, a branch of the Valentinans in the second century. See Valentinians
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Fratres Albati

FRATRES ALBATI, or White Brethren. They derived their name and origin from a certain priest, who, in the fifteenth century, descended from the Alps, arrayed in a white garment, and accompanied by a prodigious number of both sexes, who after the example of their chief were clothed in white linen. They went in a kind of precession through several provinces, following a cross, which their leader had erected like a standard. The new chief exhorted his followers to appease the anger of an offended deity; emaciated his body by voluntary acts of mortification and penance; and attempted to excite Europe to renew the crusades.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Mosheim, vol. iii. p. 122.