OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Walking Races

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​WALKING RACES, a form of athletic sports, either on road or track. Road walking is the older form of the sport. The records for the chief walking distances were as follows in 1910:—
| Distance. | Name. | Time. | Date. | Place. |
| | | hr. min. sec. | | |
| 001 miles | A. T. Yeomans | 17 06 193/5 | 1906 | Bath |
| 102 miles | A. T. Yeomans | 77 12 531/5 | 1906 | Swansea |
| 103 miles„ | J. W. Raby (professional) | 17 20 211/2 | 1883 | Lillie Bridge |
| 104 miles„ | G. E. Larner | 17 27 141/2 | 1905 | Brighton |
| 105 miles„ | W. Raby | 17 35 101/2 | 1883 | Lillie Bridge |
| 010 miles„ | J. W. Raby | 71 14 451/2 | 1883 | Lillie Bridge |
| 015 miles„ | J. W. Raby | 71 55 561/2 | 1883 | Lillie Bridge |
| 120 miles„ | W. Perkins | 12 39 571/2 | 1877 | Lillie Bridge |
| 130 miles„ | J. Butler | 14 29 521/2 | 1905 | Putney |
| 140 miles„ | J. Butler | 16 11 171/2 | 1905 | Putney |
| 150 miles„ | J. Butler | 17 52 271/2 | 1905 | Putney |
| 100 miles„ | T. E. Hammond | 17 25 221/2 | 1907 | London to Brighton and back |
The record distance walked in 1 hour was 8 m. 339 yds. by the English amateur G. E. Larner in 1905; in 8 hours, 50 m. 1190 yds. by another English amateur, J. Butler, in 1905; in 24 hours, 131 m. 580¾ yds. by T. E. Hammond in 1908.
About the year 1875 there was a revival of interest in professional walking, which took the form of “go-as-you-please” competitions, extending over several days, usually six. These may be classed as walking contests, for, although running was allowed, it was seldom practised, excepting for a few moments at a time, for the purpose of relief from cramped muscles. The great difficulty in competitive walking is to keep within the rules. A “fair gait” is one in which one foot touches the ground before the other leaves it, only one leg being bent in stepping, namely, that which is being put forward.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Walker, John

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​WALKER, JOHN (1732-1807), English actor, philologist and lexicographer, was born at Colney Hatch, Middlesex, on the 18th of March 1732. Early in life he became an actor, his theatrical engagements including one with Garrick at Drury Lane, and a long season in Dublin. In 1768 he left the stage. After some experience in conducting a school at Kensington he commenced to teach elocution, and in this found his principal employment for the rest of his life. In 1775 he published his Rhyming Dictionary, which achieved a great success and has been repeatedly reprinted, and in 1791 his Critical Pronouncing Dictionary, which achieved an even greater reputation, and has run into some forty editions. He was the friend of the leading literary men of his time, including Johnson and Burke. He died in London on the 1st of August 1807.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Walker, Horatio

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​WALKER, HORATIO (1858-), American artist, was born at Listowel, Ontario, Canada, on the 12th of May 1858. When he was a child his family settled at Rochester, New York. Although entirely self-taught, he became a distinguished painter of animals, the figure and landscape. His pictures, principally of Canadian peasant life and scenes, show the influence of Troyon and Millet, mainly in their feeling for largeness of composition, in solidity of painting and in the choice of theme. He became a member of the National Academy of Design, New York, in 1891; of the American Water Color Society and of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours, London. He received a medal and a diploma at Chicago, 1893; and medals at Buffalo, 1901; Charleston, 1902; and St Louis, 1904. In 1888 he won the Evans prize of the American Water Color Society, New York.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Walker, Henry Oliver

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​WALKER, HENRY OLIVER (1843-), American artist, was born at Boston, Massachusetts, on the 14th of May 1843. He was a pupil of Léon Bonnat, Paris, and painted the figure and occasional portraits, but later devoted himself almost exclusively to mural decoration. His paintings symbolizing lyric poetry, for the Congressional Library, Washington; and his decorations for the Appellate Court House, New York; Bowdoin College, Maine; the enlarged State House, Boston; the Court House, Newark, New Jersey, and the Capitol at Saint Paul, Minnesota, are among his most important works. He became a member of the National Academy of Design, New York, in 1902.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Walker, Robert James

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​WALKER, ROBERT JAMES (1801-1869), American political leader and economist, was born in Northumberland, Pennsylvania, on the 23rd of July 1801. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1819 and practised law in Pittsburg from 1822 to 1826, when he removed to Mississippi. Though living in a slave state he was consistently opposed to slavery, but he favoured gradual rather than immediate emancipation, and in 1838 he freed his own slaves. He became prominent, politically, during the nullification excitement of 1832-1833, as a vigorous opponent of nullification, and from 1836 to 1845 he sat in the United States Senate as a Unionist Democrat. Being an ardent expansionist, he voted for the recognition of the independence of Texas in 1837 and for the joint annexation resolution of 1845, and advocated the nomination and election of James K. Polk in 1844. He was secretary of the treasury throughout the Polk administration (1845-1849) and was generally recognized as the most influential member of the cabinet. He financed the war with Mexico and drafted the bill (1849) for the establishment of the department of the interior, but his greatest work was the preparation of the famous treasury report of the 3rd of December 1845. Although inferior in intellectual quality to Alexander Hamilton's Report on Manufactures, presenting the case against free trade, it is regarded as the most powerful attack upon the protection system which has ever been made in an American state paper. The “Walker Tariff” of 1846 was based upon its principles and was in fact largely the secretary's own work. Walker at first opposed the Compromise of 1850, but was won over later by the arguments of Stephen A. Douglas. He was appointed territorial governor of Kansas in the spring of 1857 by President Buchanan, but in November of the same year resigned in disgust, owing to his opposition to the Lecompton Constitution. He did not, however, break with his party immediately, and favoured the so-called English Bill (see Kansas); in fact it was partly due to his influence that a sufficient number of anti-Lecompton Democrats were induced to vote for that measure to secure its passage. He adhered to the Union cause during the Civil War and in 1863-1864 as financial agent of the United States did much to create confidence in Europe in the financial resources of the United States, and was instrumental in securing a loan of $250,000,000 in Germany. He practised law in Washington, D.C., from 1864 until his death there on the 11th of November 1869. Both during and after the Civil War he was a contributor to the Continental Monthly, which for a short time he also, with James R. Gilmore, conducted.
For the tariff report see F. W. Taussig, State Papers and Speeches on the Tariff (Cambridge, Mass., 1892).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Achurch, Janet

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​ACHURCH, JANET [Mrs. C. Charrington] (1864–1916), English actress, was born in Manchester Jan. 17 1864. She married Charles Charrington June 1889. She first appeared at the Olympic theatre, London, Jan. 8 1883, with Genevieve Ward in the farce of Betsy Baker. Two years later she joined Frank Benson’s company and played Shakespearean heroines; but her chief success was gained as Nora Helmer in Ibsen’s A Doll’s House, when that play was first produced in England in 1889. She appeared later in other Ibsen plays and in those of Bernard Shaw. She died at Ventnor Sept. 11 1916.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Adam, Juliette

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​ADAM, JULIETTE (1836–), French writer (see 1.172), whose volumes of reminiscences of distinguished contemporaries numbered seven by 1910, subsequently published Impressions françaises en Russie (1912) and Chrétienne (1913), as well as various writings in pursuit of her lifelong policy of revanche, L'heure vengeresse des crimes bismarckiens (1915), Guillaume II. 1890–9 (1917), and a volume of war sketches, La vie des âmes (1919).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Adam, Paul

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​ADAM, PAUL (1862–1920), French novelist (see 1.172), published in his later years various novels, including Le Trust (1910) and Stephanie (1913). He was active in propaganda work during the World War, and shortly before his death published Reims dévastée and Le Lion d’Arras. He died in Paris Jan. 7 1920.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Adamson, William

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​ADAMSON, WILLIAM (1863–), British Labour politician, was born at Halbeath, Fife, April 2 1863. When very young he began to work in the pits, and for many years led the life of a miner. In 1902 he became assistant secretary of the Fife and Kinross Miners' Association, and in 1908 its general secretary. He stood for Parliament unsuccessfully in Jan. 1910, but in Dec. was elected for West Fife. On the reorganization of the Labour party in 1917, Mr. Adamson succeeded Mr. Arthur Henderson as its chairman, and in 1918 he was sworn of the Privy Council. In 1919 the Labour party, as the second strongest combination in the House of Commons, decided to assume the position of the official Opposition, and Mr. Adamson became its leader, taking his seat on the front Opposition bench. As an Opposition leader he also congratulated the Speaker upon his reelection. He took part in the debate on the King's speech, pointing out the views of the Labour party on the industrial situation. Mr. Adamson took a prominent part in the various trade-union discussions in 1919, 1920 and 1921, particularly in the numerous debates on the coal industry in these years.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Achenbach, Andreas

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​ACHENBACH, ANDREAS (1815–1910), German painter (see 1.142), died in 1910.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Adams, Henry

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​ADAMS, HENRY (1838–1918), American historian (see 1.175). died in Washington, D.C., May 27 1918. In 1910 his Letter to ​American Teachers of History appeared, and in 1911 his Life of George Cabot Lodge. In 1913 his Mont Saint Michel and Chartres (privately printed in 1904) was published by authority of the American Institute of Architects, a scholarly interpretation of the architecture and literature of the mediaeval Church. In 1918 his autobiographical The Education of Henry Adams (privately printed in 1906) was issued for the public. No book of its decade evoked more discussion in America. In 1919 The Degradation of the Democratic Dogma (consisting of several essays previously published together with one hitherto unpublished) was issued, with an introduction by his brother, Brooks Adams.
His brother, Charles Francis Adams (see 1.175), died in Washington, D.C., March 20 1915- In 1911 he published Studies Military and Diplomatic, 1775–1865, and in 1913 Trans-Atlantic Historical Solidarity (lectures delivered at Oxford).
In 1916 Worthington C. Ford edited Charles Francis Adams, an Autobiography, from papers deposited in 1913 with the Massachusetts Historical Society. See also the same editor's A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861–1865 (1920).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Adams, Maude

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​ADAMS, MAUDE (1872–), American actress, was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, Nov. 11 1872. Her family name was Kiskadden, but she adopted the maiden name, Adams, of her mother, an actress. She early played child's parts, and at the age of 16 went to New York. From her appearance in Hoyt's A Midnight Bell, in 1889, her popularity grew steadily. In 1897 she was first starred by Charles Frohman as Lady Babbie in The Little Minister; and in many of Barrie's other plays she won applause. She introduced Rostand to the American stage, taking the title-rôle in L'Aiglon (1901), and in Chantecler (1911). Other plays in her repertory were Romeo and Juliet (1900); The Pretty Sister of José (1903); The Jesters (1908) and As You Like It (1910).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Abney, Sir William de Wiveleslie

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​ABNEY, SIR WILLIAM DE WIVELESLIE (1843–1920), English chemist, was born at Derby July 24 1843 and educated at Rossall school, obtaining a commission in the R.E. 1861. In 1876 he became C.B., D.Sc., D.C.L. and F.R.S. and from 1893 to 1897 he was successively president of the Royal Astronomical Society and of the Physical Society. In 1899 he became assistant secretary to the Board of Education; in 1903 he was appointed advisor to the science department of the Board, and the same year became a member of the Advisory council for education to the War Office. In 1900 he was knighted and in 1904 became chairman of the Society of Arts. His contribution to science was mainly in the furtherance of photographic chemistry and especially of colour photography and colour printing (see 16.661; 21.489, 498, 531, 532; 25.631; 6.729). His publications on these subjects include Instruction in Photography (1870); Colour Vision, Colour Measurement and Mixture (1893); and Trichromatic Theory of Colour (1914). He also wrote Thebes and its Five Great Temples (1876), and, with C. D. Cunningham, The Pioneers of the Alps (1888). He died at Folkestone Dec. 3 1920.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Abruzzi, Duke of the

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​ABRUZZI, DUKE OF THE [Luici Amedeo] (1873–), Italian vice-admiral and explorer, son of Amedeo, late Duke of Aosta and sometime King of Spain, was born at Madrid Jan. 29 1873. He entered the navy as a cadet and followed a regular naval career in which he achieved great distinction; but he also became well known as an eminent traveller and mountaineer. He was the first to ascend Mt. St. Elias in Alaska (1897), and in 1899 he organized an expedition with the object of reaching the North Pole; although he himself was disabled by frostbite early in 1900 and forced to remain on his ship, the “Stella Polare,” Comm. Cagni pushed on with a part of the expedition and reached the lat. of 86° 34′, at that time the record of northern exploration. In 1906 he was the first to ascend Mt. Ruwenzori in East Africa, reaching the twin summits (16,800 ft.), which he named Margherita and Alexandra, and also the other chief peaks of the range; he made the first detailed map of the Ruwenzori and collected much scientific information about it. In 1909 he explored the Central Karakoram in the Himalayas and by ascending peak K2 achieved the record for height; among other scientific work the expedition completed the map of the great Baltoro glacier. During the Libyan War he commanded a naval squadron in the Adriatic and had various successful engagements with Turkish warships. During the World War he was commander-in-chief of the Italian naval forces, and showed very high qualities of seamanship, strategy and organization in the extremely difficult operations in the Adriatic. He had British and French warships under his orders. He relinquished his command in 1917 owing to disagreements with Adml. Thaon di Revel, chief of the Naval Staff, and retired from the service. Afterwards he undertook an important colonization and agricultural development scheme in Italian Somaliland. He was made a Knight of the Order of the Annunziata.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pharmacosiderite

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​PHARMACOSIDERITE, a mineral species consisting of hydrated basic ferric arsenate, 2FeAsO$_4$·Fe(OH)$_3$·5H$_2$O. Crystals have the form of small, sharply defined cubes of an olive or on the matrix of the specimens. On account of its cubic form the mineral was early known as “cube ore” (Ger., Würfelerz), the name pharmacosiderite, given by J. F. L. Hausmann in 1813, alludes to the arsenic and iron present (φάρμακον, and σίδηρος, iron). The faces of the cube are striated parallel to one diagonal, and alternate corners are sometimes replaced by faces of a tetrahedron. The crystals are feebly doubly refracting, and in polarized light exhibit a banded structure parallel to the cube faces The hardness is 2½; and the specific gravity 2.8. Recent analyses prove the presence of a small but variable amount of potassium (K$_2$O, 2.68–4.13%) in the Cornish crystals, though in those from Hungary there is grass-green colour, and occur together in considerable numbers, only a trace, this constituent appears to take the place of basic hydrogen in the above formula. A curious property is to be observed when a crystal of pharmacosiderite is placed in a solution of ammonia—in a few minutes the green colour changes throughout the whole crystal to red, on placing the red crystal in dilute hydrochloric acid the green colour is restored. Natural crystals are sometimes honey-yellow to brown in colour, but this appears to be due to alteration.
Pharmacosiderite is a mineral of secondary origin, the crystals occurring attached to gozzany quartz in the upper part of veins of copper ore. It was found in some abundance at the end of the 18th century in the copper mines of the St Day district in Cornwall, and has since been found at a few other localities, for example, at Königsberg near Schemnitz in Hungary, and in the Tintic district in Utah.
    (L. J. S.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pharyngitis

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​PHARYNGITIS. The pharynx, or upper portion of the gullet (seen to a large extent on looking at the back part of the mouth) is frequently the seat of a chronic inflammatory condition, usually associated with derangements of the digestive organs, or with syphilis or gout; sometimes it is due to much speaking or to excessive tobacco-smoking—especially of cigarettes. On inspection, the inflamed mucous membrane is seen unduly red and glazed, and dotted over with enlarged follicles. The condition produces considerable irritation and “dryness,” with cough and discomfort, which may eventually become chronic. Treatment consists in removing all sources of irritation, in rectifying gastric disturbance, and in the application of the electric cautery, of astringent lotions or of mild caustic solutions. The pain may be relieved by spraying with certain anodyne solutions. In the case of adenoid growths (see Adenoids) there is often an associated granular appearance of the pharynx, due to enlargement of the minute glands of the mucous membrane. The inflamed pharynx of the orator (“clergyman's sore-throat”) may be put right by lessons in elocution or by complete rest for a time. The gouty throat may call for a change of diet, or for a stay at one of the water-places where early rising, moderate food, regular exercise and the drinking of laxative waters join in restoring health. (E. O.*)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Phaëthon

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​PHAËTHON (Gr. φαέθων, shining, radiant), in Greek mythology, the son of Helios the sun-god, and the nymph Clymene. He persuaded his father to let him drive the chariot of the sun across the sky, but he lost control of the horses, and driving too near the earth scorched it. To save the world from utter destruction Zeus killed Phaëthon with a thunderbolt. He fell to earth at the mouth of the Eridanus, a river of northern Europe (identified in later times with the Po), on the banks of which his weeping sisters, the Heliades, were transformed into poplars and their tears into amber. This part of the legend points to the mouth of the Oder or Vistula, where amber abounds. Phaethon was the subject of a drama of the same name by Euripides, of which some fragments remain, and of a lost tragedy of Aeschylus (Heliades); the story is most fully told in the Metamorphoses of Ovid (i. 750–ii. 366 and Nonnus, Dionysiaca, xxxviii). Phaëthon has been identified with the sun himself and with the morning star (Phosphorus). In the former case the legend is supposed to represent the sun sinking in the west in a blaze of light. His identification with the morning star is supported by Hyginus (Astron. ii. 42), where it is stated that the morning (and evening) star was the son of Cephalus and Eos (the father and mother of Phaëthon according to Hesiod, Theog. 984–986). The fall of Phaëthon is a favourite subject, especially on sarcophagus reliefs, as indicating the transitoriness of human life.
See G. Knaack, “Quaestiones Phaethonteae,” in Philologische Untersuchungen (1885): F. Wieseler, Phaethon (1857); Wilamowitz-Möllendorff and C. Robert in Hermes, xviii. (1883); Frazer’s Pausanias, ii 59; S. Reinach, Revue de l’hist. des religions, lviii. (1908).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Usas

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​USAS (from the root vas, to shine, and cognate to Latin Aurora and Greek Ἠώς,) in Hindu mythology, the goddess of dawn. She is celebrated in some twenty hymns of the Rig Veda, and is the most graceful creation of Vedic poetry. She is borne on a shining car drawn by ruddy cows or bulls. She is the daughter of the sky and the sun is her lover. She is described as “ rising resplendent as from a bath, showing her charms she comes with light . . . ever shortening the ages of men she shines forth . . . she reveals the paths of men and bestows new life . . . she opens the doors of darkness as the cows their stalls.” Scarcely the name of the goddess survives to-day, so completely was she associated with the Vedism long dead and gone.
See A. A. Macdonell, Vedic Mythology (Strassburg, 1897).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ushak

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​USHAK, a town of Asia Minor, altitude 3160 ft. in the Kutaiah sanjak of the Brusa vilayet, situated in a fertile district, on a tributary of the Menderes, and connected with Smyrna and Konia by rail. Pop. 9000 Moslems and 2000 Christians. It is noted for its heavy pile carpets, khali, known as “ Turkey carpets.” The Oriental character of the carpets has been almost destroyed by the adoption of aniline dyes and the introduction of Western patterns. The town has a trade in valonia, cereals and opium.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ushant

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​USHANT (Fr. Ouessant), the most westerly of the islands off the coast of France, about 14 m. from the coast of Finistère, of which department it forms a canton and commune. Pop. (1906) 2761. Ushant is about 3850 acres in extent and almost entirely granitic, with steep and rugged coasts accessible only at a few points, and rendered more dangerous by the frequency of fogs. The island affords pasturage to a breed of small black sheep, and about half its area is occupied by cereals or potatoes. The male inhabitants are principally pilots and fishermen, the women working in the fields. Ushant was ravaged by the English in 1388. The lordship was made a marquisate in 1597 in favour of René de Rieux de Sourdéac, governor of Brest. In 1778 a naval action without decisive result was fought off Ushant between the English under Keppel and the French under the Count d'Orvilliers.