OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tarbes

See also Tarbes on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TARBES, a town of south-western France, capital of the department of Hautes-Pyrénées, 98 m. W.S.W. of Toulouse on the Southern railway. Pop. (1906) town, 20,866; commune, 25,869. Tarbes is situated in a beautiful and fertile plain, in full view of the Pyrenees, on the left bank of the Adour, streams from which are conducted through all parts of the town. The lines of the Southern railway from Morcenx to Bagnères-de-Bigorre and Lourdes and from Toulouse to Bayonne cross here. Chief among the many open spaces is the Jardin Massey (35 acres), given to his native town by a director of the gardens of Versailles and containing a museum of sculptures, paintings and antiquities. Near a small lake stands a cloister (15th century) transferred from the abbey of St Sever-de-Rustan, 14 m. N.E. of Tarbes, and a bust of Théophile Gautier, a native of Tarbes. The architecture of the cathedral, Notre Dame de la Sède, is heavy and unpleasing, but the cupola of the transept (14th century), the modern glass in the 12th-century apse, and a rose window of the 13th century, in the north transept, are worthy of notice. There is also a modernized Carmelite church originally built in the 13th century. Tarbes is a well-known centre for the breeding of Anglo-Arabian horses, much used by light cavalry; and its stud is the most important in the south of France. The industrial establishments include tanneries, tile-works, saw-mills and turners' shops. There are important fairs and markets. Well-known race-meetings are held on the Laloubère course.
Under the Roman dominion Turba, which was about 11 m. S.E. of the present town of Tarbes, was the capital of the Bigerriones, one of the states of Novempopulania. The bishopric of Tarbes dates from the 5th century, and in feudal times its bishops held the chief temporal authority, that of the counts of Bigorre, of which Tarbes was capital, being limited to the quarter of the town where their castle was built. The English held the town from 1360 to 1406. In 1569 Tarbes was burnt by Gabriel, count of Montgomery, and the inhabitants were driven out. This happened a second time, but in August 1570 the peace of St Germain allowed them to return. Subsequently Tarbes was several times taken and re-taken, and a number of the inhabitants of Bigorre were forced to take refuge in Spain, but in 1594 the members of the League were finally expelled. The English, under Wellington, gained a victory over the French near Tarbes in 1814.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tarbush

See also Fez on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​TARBUSH (Arab tarbüsh), the close-fitting, flat-topped and brimless cap, in shape like a truncated cone, made of felt or cloth, worn by Mahommedan men throughout the East either as a separate headgear or forming the inner part of the turban. It is worn as the badge of a Turkish subject in Turkey and Egypt, where it is red in colour with a black or blue silk tassel. It is the same as the “fez” (see the plate illustrations to India: § Indian Costume).
# Little Things

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Little Things."
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* "Little Things", a poem by Martha Lavinia Hoffman
* "Little Things", a poem by Elaine Vadlan
# Little Thumb

English-language translations of Le Petit Poucet include:
* "Little Thumb" Andrew Lang. The Blue Fairy Book
* "Little Thumb" Charles Welsh in The Tales of Mother Goose
* "Little Tom Thumb" Charles Perrault; A. E. Johnson (transl.); W. Heath Robinson (ill.) Old time stories, 1921.
* "Little Thumb" Samber (transl.); Mansion (ed.); Clarke (ill.). The fairy tales of Charles Perrault. Harrap, 1922.
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# Little Tommy Tucker

"Little Tommy Tucker" is an English language nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19618. The earliest version of this rhyme appeared in Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book (1744), which recorded only the first four lines. The full version was included in Mother Goose's Melody (c. 1765).
* "Little Tom Tucker" in Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book by Nurse Lovechild (1744)
* "Little Tom Tucker" in A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes by Sabine Baring-Gould (1895)
* "Little Tommy Tucker" in The Nursery Rhymes of Mother Goose by Arthur Rackham (St. Nicholas, Dec. 1912)
# Little Wars

Miniature wargaming got its start with the publication in 1913 of this thoroughly entertaining little account of how H.G. Wells, with certain of his friends, took their childhood toys and turned play into acceptable middle-aged sport by subjecting the exercise to the civilizing influence of actual rules.
While wargaming progressed far past these beginnings, Wells observes how “little wars” with even his elementary rules can suggest the wholesale crudity of the real thing.
"You have only to play at Little Wars three or four times to realise just what a blundering thing Great War must be. Great War is at present, I am convinced, not only the most expensive game in the universe, but it is a game out of all proportion. Not only are the masses of men and material and suffering and inconvenience too monstrously big for reason, but–the available heads we have for it, are too small. That, I think, is the most pacific realisation conceivable, and Little War brings you to it as nothing else but Great War can do."
Wells leaves almost hanging the tantalizing concept that we might someday simulate war, as an instrument of international decision-making, rather than practice actual combat.
But most of this book is just the fun of evicting the boys from the playroom and spending happy days there, away from the "skirt-swishers", developing the framework under which two gentlemen might meet and accumulate boastable victories!
* OF THE LEGENDARY PAST
* THE BEGINNINGS OF MODERN LITTLE WARFARE
* THE RULES--
    The Country
    The Move
    Mobility of the Various Arms
    Hand-to-Hand Fighting and Capturing
    Varieties of the Battle-Game
    Composition of Forces
    Size of the Soldiers
* THE BATTLE OF HOOK'S FARM
* EXTENSIONS AND AMPLIFICATIONS OF LITTLE WAR
* ENDING WITH A SORT OF CHALLENGE
APPENDIX--
    LITTLE WARS AND KRIEGSPIEL
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1946, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 77 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Little Wars/I

I
OF THE LEGENDARY PAST
"LITTLE WARS" is the game of kings--for players in an inferior social position. It can be played by boys of every age from twelve to one hundred and fifty--and even later if the limbs remain sufficiently supple--by girls of the better sort, and by a few rare and gifted women. This is to be a full History of Little Wars from its recorded and authenticated beginning until the present time, an account of how to make little warfare, and hints of the most priceless sort for the recumbent strategist. . . .
But first let it be noted in passing that there were prehistoric "Little Wars." This is no new thing, no crude novelty; but a thing tested by time, ancient and ripe in its essentials for all its perennial freshness--like spring. There was a Someone who fought Little Wars in the days of Queen Anne; a garden Napoleon. His game was inaccurately observed and insufficiently recorded by Laurence Sterne. It is clear that Uncle Toby and Corporal Trim were playing Little Wars on a scale and with an elaboration exceeding even the richness and beauty of the contemporary game. But the curtain is drawn back only to tantalise us. It is scarcely conceivable that anywhere now on earth the Shandean Rules remain on record. Perhaps they were never committed to paper. . . .
And in all ages a certain barbaric warfare has been waged with soldiers of tin and lead and wood, with the weapons of the wild, with the catapult, the elastic circular garter, the peashooter, the rubber ball, and such-like appliances--a mere setting up and knocking down of men. Tin murder. The advance of civilisation has swept such rude contests altogether from the playroom. We know them no more. . . .
# Little Tuk

English-language translations of Lille Tuk include:
* "Little Tuk" in Hans Andersen's Fairy Tales (1888), translated by Mrs. Henry H. B. Paull
* "Little Tuk" in The Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen (1899), translated by Mary Howitt, illustrated by Helen Stratton
# Men-at-the-Bar/Turton, Robert Bell

​Turton, Robert Bell, B.A., Balliol Coll., Oxon, 1882, a student of the Inner Temple 17 April, 1880 (then aged 20), called to the bar 17 Nov., 1883 (2nd son of Edmund Henry Turton, Esq., of Upsal Castle, Yorkshire); born 9 Dec., 1859 (see Foster's Peerage, E. Milltown).
    13, Victoria Square, Pimlico, S.W.; 7, New Court, Lincoln's Inn, W.C.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Turner, William A'Beckett

​Turner, William A'Beckett, matric. St. John's Coll., Oxon, a student of Lincoln's Inn 13 Nov., 1880 (then aged 23), called to the bar 17 June, 1885 (eldest son of William A'Beckett Turner, Esq., late of Westbury, Wilts, bar.-at-law, dec.); born , 1857.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Turnour, Keppel Arthur

​Turnour, Keppel Arthur, matric. Edinburgh Univ., a student of the Middle Temple 17 Feb., 1881, called to the bar 25 June, 1884 (eldest son of John Horatio Turnour, of Swaffham, Norfolk); born 31 Oct., 1856; married 30 April, 1878, Margaret, only dau. of late C. C. Wallace, of Greenbank, Isle of Bute, and has issue (see Foster's Peerage, E. Winterton).
    Lee Park, Blackheath.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Turner, Richard Ottaway

​Turner, Richard Ottaway, M.A., Trin. Coll., Camb., 1853, a student of Lincoln's Inn 22 Nov., 1845 (then aged 20), called to the bar 5 May, 1852 (eldest son of late Richard Turner, of Canton, China, merchant); born , 1825.
    295, Regent Street, W.; 2, Stone Buildings, Lincoln's Inn, W.C.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Turner, Thomas

​Turner, Thomas, author of Law of Patents and of A Treatise on Copyright in Art Designs, a student of the Middle Temple 23 Oct., 1847, called to the bar 22 Nov., 1850 (eldest son of James Turner, Esq., of Streatham Hill, Surrey); born , .
# Men-at-the-Bar/Turton, Edmund Russborough

​Turton, Edmund Russborough, undergrad. Brasenose Coll., Oxon, a member of the North-eastern circuit, a student of the Inner Temple 26 Jan., 1878 (then aged 20), called to the bar 3 May, 1882 (eldest son of Capt. Edmund Henry Turton, of Upsal Castle, Yorks); born 1 Nov., 1857 (see Foster's Peerage, E. Milltown).
    Upsal Castle, Thirsk; Larpool Hall, Whitby; 5, Paper Buildings, Temple, E.C.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Turner, Matthias Cathrow

​Turner, Matthias Cathrow, a student of the Inner Temple 7 Jan., 1850 (then aged 19), called to the bar 1 May, 1854 (eldest son of Rev. Charles Turner, of Lower Norwood, Surrey); born , 1831; married 27 Oct., 1866, Fanny, 3rd dau. of William Henry Browne, Esq., of St. Albans.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Turner, Percy Pollexfen Vere

​Turner, Percy Pollexfen Vere, a student of the Inner Temple 2 Dec., 1872 (then aged 24), called to the bar 28 June, 1876 (2nd surviving son of Edward Shewell Turner, of Carshalton, Surrey); born , 1848; married 29 March, 1883, Emma, younger dau. of late Robert Buchanan Dunlop, of Dromheath, co. Dumbarton, and Wrecclesham Grange, Surrey.
    Exeter.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Turner-MacGowan, Edward

​Turner-MacGowan, Edward, B.A., LL.B., Trin. Coll., Camb., 1881, from Rugby, assumed the additional surname of MacGowan, a student of the Inner Temple 20 March, 1880 (then aged 20), called to the bar 26 Jan., 1884 (only son of Edward Robinson Turner, of Helmshore, co. Lanc.); born 21 Dec., 1860.
    Darwen, co. Lanc.; 5, South Chapel Place, South Audley Street, W.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Twamley, Zachariah

​Twamley, Rev. Zachariah, M.A., St. John's Coll., Camb., 1878, vicar of Little Wymondley, Herts, since 1881, a student of the Inner Temple 19 April, 1871 (then aged 31), called to the bar 7 June, 1875 (only son of Zachariah Twamley, Esq., of Castle Bromwich, co. Warwick); born , 1840.
    Little Wymondley Vicarage, Stevenage.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Poinsettia

See also Poinsettia on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​POINSETTIA. The Poinsettia pulcherrima of gardens (Euphorbia pulcherrima of botanists), a native of Mexico and Central America, with its brilliant scarlet bracts, stands unrivalled amongst decorative plants. The white-bracted sort, var. alba, is not so effective, but the double-flowered, var. plenissima, in which the brilliant inflorescence is branched, is as brilliant as the type, and keeps long in flower. They are increased by cuttings in spring, which when taken off with a heel strike freely in brisk heat. They require good turfy loam, with an addition of one-sixth of leaf-mould and a little sand, and should be kept in a heat from 65° to 70° at night, with a rise of 10° by day. To prevent their growing lanky, they should be kept with their heads almost touching the glass; and as the pots get filled with roots they must be shifted into others, 7 or 8 in. in diameter. About August they may be inured to a heat of 50º at night, and should be brought to bear air night and day whilst the weather is warm, or they may be placed out of doors for a month under a south wall in the full sun. This treatment matures and prepares them for flowering. In autumn they must be removed to a house where the temperature is 50° at night, and by the end of September some of them may be put in the stove, where they will come into flower, the remainder being placed under heat later for succession. When in bloom they may be kept at about 55° night, and so placed will last longer than if kept in a higher temperature.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Poinsot, Louis

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​POINSOT, LOUIS (1777–1859), French mathematician, was born at Paris on the 3rd of January 1777. In 1794 he became a scholar at the École Polytechnique, which he left in 1796 to act as a civil engineer. In 1804 he was appointed professor of mathematics at the Lycée, in 1809 professor of analysis and mechanics, and in 1816 examiner at the École Polytechnique. On the death of J. L. Lagrange, in 1813, Poinsot was elected to his place in the Académie des Sciences; and in 1840 he became a member of the superior council of public instruction. In 1846 he was made an officer of the Legion of Honour; and on the formation of the senate in 1852 he was chosen a member of that body. He died at Paris on the 5th of December 1859.
Poinsot's earliest work was his Elémens de statique (1803; 9th edition, 1848), in which he introduces the idea of statical couples and investigates their properties. In the Théorie nouvelle de la rotation des corps (1834) he treats the motion of a rigid body geometrically, and shows that the most general motion of such a body can be represented at any instant by a rotation about an axis combined with a translation parallel to this axis, and that any motion of a body of which one point is fixed may be produced by the rolling of a cone fixed in the body on a cone fixed in space. The previous treatment of the motion of a rigid body had in every case been purely analytical, and so gave no aid to the formation of a mental picture of the body's motion; and the great value of this work lies in the fact that, as Poinsot himself says in the introduction, it enables us to represent to ourselves the motion of a rigid body as clearly as that of a moving point. In addition to publishing a number of works on geometrical and mechanical subjects, Poinsot also contributed a number of papers on pure and applied mathematics to Liouville's Journal and other scientific periodicals
See J. L. F. Bertrand, Discours aux funérailles de Poinsot (Paris, 1860.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Poglizza

See also Republic of Poljica on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​POGLIZZA (Serbo-Croatian, Poljica), a tract of mountainous land in Dalmatia, Austria; formerly the seat of an independent republic. The territories of Poglizza lay chiefly within the south-easterly curve made by the river Cetina before it enters the Adriatic at Almissa (Omiš). They also comprised the fastnesses of the Mossor range (4500 ft.) and the fertile strip of coast from Almissa to Stobrez, 10 m. W.N.W. The inhabitants lived in scattered villages, each ruled by its count, and all together ruled by the supreme count. These officers, with the three judges, were always of noble birth, though elected by the whole body of citizens. There were two orders of nobles; the higher, including about 20 families, claimed Hungarian descent; the lower, claiming kinship with the Bosnian aristocracy. Below these ranked the commoners and the serfs. At a very early date the warlike highlanders of Poglizza became the friends and allies of the Almissan corsairs, who were thus enabled to harass the seaborne trade of their neighbours without fear of a sudden attack by land. Almissa received a charter from Andrew II. of Hungary in 1207, and remained under the nominal protection of Hungary until 1444, when both Almissa and Pogliazza accepted the suzerainty of Venice, while retaining their internal freedom. The population of Poglizza numbered 6566 in 1806. In the following year, however, the republic incurred the enmity of Napoleon by rendering aid to the Russians and Montenegrins in Dalmatia; and it was invaded by French troops, who plundered its villages, massacred its inhabitants, and finally deprived it of independence.
See the Annuario Dalmatico for 1885 (published at Zara); and A. Fortis, Travels into Dalmatia (London, 1778).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Poincaré, Raymond

See also Raymond Poincaré on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​POINCARÉ, RAYMOND (1860–), French statesman, was born at Bar-le-duc on the 20th of August 1860, the son of Nicolas Antoinin Hélène Poincaré, a distinguished civil servant and meteorologist. Educated at the university of Paris, Raymond was called to the Paris bar, and was for some time law editor of the Voltaire. He had served for over a year in the department of agriculture when in 1887 he was elected deputy for the Meuse. He made a great reputation in the Chamber as an economist, and sat on the budget commissions of 1890–1891 and 1892. He was minister of education, fine arts and religion in the first cabinet (April–Nov. 1893) of Charles Dupuy, and minister of finance in the second and third (May 1894–Jan. 1895). In the succeeding Ribot cabinet Poincaré became minister of public instruction. Although he was excluded from the Radical cabinet which followed, the revised scheme of death duties proposed by the new ministry was based upon his proposals of the previous year. He became vice-president of the chamber in the autumn of 1895, and in spite of the bitter hostility of the Radicals retained his position in 1896 and 1897. In 1906 he returned to the ministry of finance in the short-lived Sarrien ministry. Poincaré had retained his practice at the bar during his political career, and he published several volumes of essays on literary and political subjects.
His brother, Lucien Poincaré (b. 1862), famous as a physicist, became inspector-general of public instruction in 1902. He is the author of La Physique moderne (1906) and L'Électricité (1907). Jules Henri Poincaré (b. 1854), also a distinguished physicist, belongs to another branch of the same family.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Serenus of Antissa

See also Serenus of Antissa on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SERENUS “of Antissa,” Greek geometer, probably not of Antissa but of Antinoeia or Antinoupolis, a city in Egypt founded by Hadrian, lived, as may be safely inferred from the character and contents of his writings, long after the golden age of Greek geometry, most probably in the 4th century, between Pappus and Theon of Alexandria. Two treatises of his have survived viz. On the Section of the Cylinder and On the Section of the Cone, the Greek text of which was first edited by Edmund Halley along with his Apollonius (Oxford, 1710), and has now appeared in a definitive critical edition by J. L. Heiberg (Sereni Antissensis opuscula, Leipzig, 1896). A Latin translation by Commandinus appeared at Bologna in 1566, and a German translation by E. Nizze in 1860–1861 (Stralsund). Besides these works Serenus wrote commentaries on Apollonius, and in certain MSS. of Theon of Smyrna there appears a proposition “of Serenus the philosopher, from the Lemmas” to the effect that, if a number of rectilinear angles be subtended, at a point on a diameter of a circle which is not the centre, by equal arcs of that circle, the angle nearer to the centre is always less than the angle more remote (Heiberg, preface, p. xviii.).
The book On the Section of the Cylinder had for its primary object the correction of an error on the part of many geometers of the time who supposed that the transverse sections of a cylinder were different from the elliptic sections of a cone. When this has been done, Serenus, in a series of theorems ending with Prop. 19 (ed. Heiberg), shows in Prop. 20 that “it is possible to exhibit a cone and a cylinder cutting one another in one and the same ellipse.” He then solves problems such as—“given a cone (cylinder) and an ellipse on it, to find the cylinder (cone) which is cut in the same ellipse as the cone (cylinder)” (Props. 21, 22); “given a cone (cylinder) to find a cylinder (cone), and to cut both by one and the same plane so that the sections thus formed shall be similar ellipses” (Props. 23, 24). In Props. 27, 28 he deals with sub contrary and other similar sections of a scalene cylinder or cone. He then gives the theorems: “All the straight lines drawn from the same point to touch a cylindrical (or conical) surface, on both sides, have their points of contact on the sides of a single parallelogram (or triangle)” (Props. 29, 32). Prop. 31 states indirectly the property of a harmonic pencil.
The treatise On the Section of the Cone, though Serenus claims originality for it, is unimportant. It deals with the areas of triangular sections of right or scalene cones by planes through the vertex, finding. e.g. the maximum triangular section of a right cone and the maximum triangle through the axis of a scalene cone, and solving, in some easy cases, the problem of finding triangular sections of given area. (T. L. H.)