OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Oliphant

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​OLIPHANT, Olifant (Ger. Helfant), the large signal horn of the middle ages, made, as its name indicates, from the tusk of an elephant. The oliphant was the instrument of knights and men of high degree, and was usually ornamented with scenes of hunting or war carved either lengthways or round the horn in sections divided by bands of gold and studded with gems. The knights used their oliphants in the hunting field and in battle, and the loss of this precious horn was considered as shameful as the loss of sword or banner.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Oleic Acid

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​OLEIC ACID, C$_{13}$H$_{34}$O$_2$ or C$_8$H$_{17}$·CH:CH·[CH$_2$]$_7$·CO$_2$H, an organic acid occurring as a glyceride, triolein, in nearly all fats, and in many oils—olive, almond, cod-liver, &c. (see Oils). It appears as a by-product in the manufacture of candles. To prepare it olive oil is saponified with potash, and lead acetate added; the lead salts are separated, dried, and extracted with ether, which dissolves the lead oleate; the solution is then treated with hydrochloric acid, the lead chloride filtered off, the liquid concentrated, and finally distilled under diminished pressure. Oleic acid is a colourless, odourless solid, melting at 14° and boiling at 223° (10 mm.). On exposure it turns yellow, becoming rancid. Nitric acid oxidizes it to all the fatty acids from acetic to capric. Nitrous acid gives the isomeric elaidic acid, C$_8$H$_{17}$·CH:CH·[CH$_2$]$_7$·CO$_2$H, which is crystalline and melts at 51°. Hydriodic acid reduces both oleic and elaidic acids to stearic acid.
Erucic acid, C$_8$H$_{17}$·CH:CH·[CH$_2$]$_{11}$·COH, and the isomeric brassidic acid, belong to the oleic acid series. They occur as glycerides in rape-seed oil, in the fatty oil of mustard, and in the oil of grape seeds. Linoleic acid, C$_{18}$H$_{32}$O$_2$, found as glyceride in drying oils, and ricinoleic acid, C$_{18}$H$_{33}$(OH)O$_2$, found as glyceride in castor oil, closely resemble oleic acid.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Olen

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​OLEN, a semi-legendary Greek bard and seer, and writer of hymns. He is said to have been the first priest of Apollo, his connexion with whom is indicated by his traditional birthplace—Lycia or the land of the Hyperboreans, favourite haunts of the god. The Delphian poetess Boeo attributed to him the introduction of the cult of Apollo and the invention of the epic metre. Many hymns, nomes (simple songs to accompany the circular dance of the chorus), and oracles, attributed to Olen, were preserved in Delos. In his hymns he celebrated Opis and Arge, two Hyperborean maidens who founded the cult of Apollo in Delos, and in the hymn to Eilythyia the birth of Apollo and Artemis and the foundation of the Delian sanctuary. His reputed Lycian origin corroborates the view that the cult of Apollo was an importation from Asia to Greece. His poetry generally was of the kind called hieratic.
See Callimachus, Hymn to Delos, 305; Pausanias i. 18; ii. 13; v. 7; ix. 27; x. 5; Herodotus iv. 35.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Olga

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​OLGA, wife of Igor, prince of Kiev, and afterwards (from 945) regent for Sviatoslav her son, was baptized at Constantinople about 955 and died about 969. She was afterwards canonized in the Russian church, and is now commemorated on the 11th of July.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Oligarchy

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​OLIGARCHY (Gr. ὀλίγοι, few, ἀρχή, rule), in political philosophy, the term applied to a government exercised by a relatively small number of the members of a community. It is thus the appropriate term for what is now generally known as “aristocracy” (q.v.). The meaning of the terms has substantially altered since Plato’s day, for in the Republic “oligarchy” meant the rule of the wealthy, and “aristocracy” that of the really best people.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Oligoclase

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​OLIGOCLASE, a rock-forming mineral belonging to the plagioclase (q.v.) division of the felspars. In chemical composition and in its crystallographical and physical characters it is intermediate between albite (NaAlSi$_3$O$_8$) and anorthite (CaAl$_2$Si$_2$O$_8$), being an isomorphous mixture of three to six; molecules of the former with one of the latter. It is thus a soda-lime felspar crystallizing in the anorthic system. Varieties intermediate between oligoclase and albite are known as oligoclase-albite. The name oligoclase was given by A. Breithaupt in 1826 from the Gr. όλίγος, little, and κλᾶν, to break, because the mineral was thought to have a less perfect cleavage than albite. It had previously been recognized as a distinct species by J. J. Berzelius in 1824, and was named by him soda-spodumene (Natron-spodumen), because of its resemblance in appearance to spodumene. The hardness is 61/2 and the sp. gr. 2·65-2·67. In colour it is usually whitish, with shades of grey, green or red. Perfectly colourless and transparent glassy material found at Bakersville in North Carolina has occasionally been faceted as a gem-stone. Another variety more frequently used as a gem-stone is the aventurine-felspar or “sun-stone” (q.v.) found as reddish cleavage masses in gneiss at Tvedestrand in southern Norway; this presents a brilliant red metallic glitter, due to the presence of numerous small scales of haematite or göthite enclosed in the felspar.
Oligoclase occurs, often accompanying orthoclase, as a constituent of igneous rocks of various kinds; for instance, amongst plutonic rocks in granite, syenite, diorite; amongst dike-rocks in porphyry and diabase; and amongst volcanic rocks in andesite and trachyte. It also occurs in gneiss. The best developed and largest crystals are those found with orthoclase, quartz, epidote and calcite in veins in granite at Arendal in Norway. (L. J. S.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Olhão

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​OLHÃO, a seaport of southern Portugal, in the district of Faro; 5 m. E. of Faro, on the Atlantic coast. Pop. (1900) 10,009. Olhão has a good harbour at the head of the Barra Nova, a deep channel among the sandy islands which fringe the coast. Wine, fruit, cork, baskets and sumach are exported in small coasting ​vessels; there are important sardine and tunny fisheries; and boats, sails and cordage are manufactured.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thompson, Sir John Sparrow

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​THOMPSON, SIR JOHN SPARROW (1844–1894), Canadian jurist and statesman, was born at Halifax, Nova Scotia, on the 10th of November 1844, of Irish descent. At fifteen he entered a lawyer’s office, and in 1865 was called to the provincial bar. In 1871 he incurred much odium by leaving the Methodist Church, in which he had been prominent, and becoming a Roman Catholic, a change dictated solely by religious motives. In 1877 he was elected to the local legislature for Antigonish as a Conservative, and in 1878 became attorney-general. In May 1882 he became premier, but in June was defeated at the general election, though retaining his own seat, and in July was made a judge of the provincial Supreme Court. In September 1885, he was appointed minister of justice in the Federal cabinet, and soon after was elected member for Antigonish. In 1886 he successfully defended in the Federal parliament the hanging of Louis Riel (q.v.), which had greatly angered the French Roman Catholics; in 1887–1888, together with Mr Joseph Chamberlain and Sir Charles Tupper, he arranged a Fisheries Treaty with the American commissioners, which was afterwards thrown out by the United States Senate. During the following years he defended the government with great skill in various politico-religious disputes, and in November 1892 succeeded Sir John Abbott as premier of Canada. The length of time during which the Conservatives had held office had gathered around many parasites, and Thompson was compelled to face charges, some of them true, against prominent Conservatives. He promptly announced his intention to “lop the mouldering branches away,” and would probably have reorganized his party, hut on the 12th of December 1894 he dropped dead at Windsor Castle, a few minutes after having been sworn in by Queen Victoria as a member of the privy council.
Though a quiet man who did not advertise, few Canadian statesmen have done so much honest and solid work. In 1892 he finished the codification of the Canadian criminal code; in 1893 his firmness and knowledge as British arbitrator at Paris on the Bering Sea dispute between Great Britain and the United States were of great service.
His Life has been written by J. C. Hopkins (Toronto, 1895).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thompson, Thomas Peronnet

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​THOMPSON, THOMAS PERONNET (1783–1869), English political writer and mathematician, was born at Hull in 1783. He was educated at the Hull grammar school, and in October (1798) entered Queens' College, Cambridge. He entered the navy as midshipman in the “Isis” in 1803, but in 1806 exchanged to the army. Through his acquaintance with William Wilberforce, he was appointed governor of Sierra Leone in 1808, but was recalled on account of his hostility to the slave trade. In 1812 he returned to his military duties, and, after serving in the south of France, was in 1815 attached as Arabic interpreter to an expedition against the Wahabees of the Persian Gulf, with whom he negotiated a treaty (dated Jan. 1820) in which the slave trade was for the first time declared piracy. He was promoted major in 1825, lieutenant-colonel in 1829 and major-general in ​1854. He entered parliament as member for Hull (1835–1837), and afterwards sat for Bradford (1847–1852, 1857–1859). He took a prominent part in the corn-law agitation, his Catechism of the Corn Laws (1827) being by far the most effective pamphlet published on the subject. In 1829 he became the proprietor of the Westminster Review, to which he contributed a large number of articles, republished in 1842 in six volumes, under the title Exercises, Political and Others. His mathematical publications were of a somewhat eccentric kind. He published a Theory of Parallels (1844), and was also the author of Geometry without Axioms, in which he endeavoured to “get rid” of axioms and postulates. His new Theory of Just Intonation (1850) was, however, a contribution of great value to the science of musical acoustics, and went through many editions. It may be said to have formed the basis of the tonic sol-fa system of music. He died at Blackheath, near London, on the 7th of September 1869.
See Colonel C. W. Thompson’s memoir in the Proc. Roy. Soc. (1869).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thompson, William Hepworth

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​THOMPSON, WILLIAM HEPWORTH (1810–1886), English classical scholar and master of Trinity College, Cambridge, was born at York on the 27th of March 1810. He was privately educated before entering the university. In 1834 he became a fellow of Trinity, in 1853 professor of Greek (to which a canonry in Ely Cathedral was then for the first time attached), and in 1866 master of his college. With the exception of the year 1836, when he acted as headmaster of a newly established school in Leicester, his life was divided between Cambridge and Ely. He died at the master’s lodge on the 1st of October 1886. Thompson proved a worthy successor to Whewell; the twenty years of his mastership were years of progress, and he himself took an active part in the abolition of tests and the reform of university studies and of the college statutes. As a scholar he devoted his attention almost entirely to Plato; and his Phaedrus (1868) and Gorgias (1871), with especially valuable introductions, still remain the standard English editions of these two dialogues. He also edited (1856) from the author’s MSS. Lectures on the History of Ancient Philosophy by William Archer Butler (1814–1848; lecturer on moral philosophy at Trinity College, Dublin), the value of which was greatly enhanced by Thompson’s notes.
See article by J. W. Clark in Dict. Nat. Biog.; and J. E. Sandys, History of Classical Scholarship (1908), vol. iii.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thomsen, Hans Peter Jörgen Julius

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​THOMSEN, HANS PETER JÖRGEN JULIUS (1826–1909), Danish chemist, was born in Copenhagen on the 16th of February 1826, and spent his life in that city. From 1847 to 1856 he was engaged in teaching chemistry at the Polytechnic, of which from 1883 to 1892 he acted as director, and from 1856 to 1866 he was on the staff of the military high school. In 1866 he was appointed professor of chemistry at the university, and retained that chair until his retirement from active work in 1891. His name is famous for his researches in thermochemistry, and, especially between 1869 and 1882, he carried out a great number of determinations of the heat evolved or absorbed in chemical reactions, such as the formation of salts, oxidation and reduction, and the combustion of organic compounds. His collected results were published in 1882–1886 in four volumes under the title Thermochemische Untersuchungen, and also a résumé in English under the title Thermochemistry in 1908. In 1857 he established in Copenhagen a process for manufacturing soda from cryolite, obtained from the west coast of Greenland. He died on the 13th of February 1909. His brother, Carl August Thomsen (1834–1894), was lecturer on technical chemistry at the Copenhagen Polytechnic, and a second brother, Thomas Gottfried Thomsen (1841–1901), was assistant in the chemical laboratory at the university till 1884, when he abandoned science for theology, subsequently becoming minister at Norup and Randers.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thompson, Francis

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​THOMPSON, FRANCIS (1860–1907), English poet, was born at Ashton, Lancashire, in 1860. His father, a doctor, became a convert to Roman Catholicism, following his brother Edward Healy Thompson, a friend of Manning. The boy was accordingly educated at Ushaw College, near Durham, and subsequently studied medicine at Owens College, Manchester; but he took no real interest in the profession of a doctor and was bent on literary production. A period of friendlessness and failure (from the point of view of “practical life”) followed, in which he became a solitary creature who yet turned his visions of beauty into unrecognized verse. It was not till 1893 that, after some five obscure years, in which he was brought to the lowest depths of destitution and ill health, his poetic genius became known to the public. Through his sending a poem to the magazine Merrie England, he was sought out by Mr and Mrs Wilfrid Meynell and rescued from the verge of starvation and self-destruction, and these friends of his own communion, recognizing the value of his work, gave him a home and procured the publication of his first volume of Poems (1893). His debt to Mrs Meynell was repaid by some of his finest verse. The volume quickly attracted the attention of sympathetic critics, in the St James’s Gazette and other quarters, and Coventry Patmore wrote a eulogistic notice in the Fortnightly Review (Jan. 1894). An ardent Roman Catholic, much of Francis Thompson's verse reminded the critics of Crashaw, but the beauty and splendid though often strange inventiveness of his diction were immediately recognized as giving him a place by himself among contemporary poets, recalling Keats and Shelley rather than any of his own day. Persistent ill health limited his literary output, but Sister Songs (1895) and New Poems (1897) confirmed the opinion formed of his remarkable gifts. But his health was hopelessly broken down by tuberculosis. Cared for by the friends already mentioned, he lived a frail existence, chiefly at the Capuchin monastery at Tanlasapt, and later at Storrington; and on the 13th of November 1907 he died in London. He had done a little prose journalism, and in 1905 published a treatise on Health and Holiness, dealing with the ascetic life; but it is with his three volumes of poems that his name will be connected. Among his work there is a certain amount which can justly be called eccentric or unusual, especially in his usage of poetically compounded neologisms; but nothing can be purer or more simply beautiful than “The Daisy,” nothing more intimate and reverent than his poems about children, or more magnificent than “The Hound of Heaven.” For glory of inspiration and natural magnificence of utterance he is unique among the poets of his time.  (H. Ch.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thompson, Launt

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​THOMPSON, LAUNT (1833–1894), American sculptor, was born at Abbeyleix, Ireland, on the 8th of February 1833. In 1847 he emigrated to the United States, and settled with his mother at Albany, New York. After studying anatomy in the office of a physician, Dr Armsby, he spent nine years in the studio of the sculptor, E. D. Palmer. In 1857 he opened a studio in New York, and in 1862 became a National Academician. He visited Rome in 1868–1869, and from 1875 to 1887 was again in Italy, living for most of the time at Florence. He died at Middletown, New York, on the 26th of September 1894. Among his important works are: “Napoleon the First,” at the Metropolitan Museum, New York; “Abraham Pierson,” first president of Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; an equestrian statue of General A. E. Burnside, Providence, Rhode Island; “General Winfield Scott,” Soldiers' Home, Washington, D.C.; “Admiral S. F. Du Pont” (Washington, D.C.); “General John Sedgwick” (West Point, N.Y.); a medallion portrait of General John A. Dix; and portrait busts of James Gordon Bennett, William Cullen Bryant, S. F. B. Morse, Edwin Booth as Hamlet, Stephen H. Tyng and Robert B. Minturn.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thomsen, Hans Peter Jōrgen Julius

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THOMSEN, HANS PETER JŌRGEN JULIUS (1826–1909), Danish chemist, was born in Copenhagen on the 16th of February 1826, and spent his life in that city. From 1847 to 1856 he was engaged in teaching chemistry at the Polytechnic, of which from 1883 to 1892 he. acted as director, and from 1856 to 1866 he was on the staff of the military high school. In 1866 he was appointed professor of chemistry at the university, and retained that chair until his retirement from active work in 1891. His name is famous for his researches in thermochemistry, and, especially between 1869 and 1882, he carried out a great number of determinations of the heat evolved or absorbed in chemical reactions, such as the formation of salts, oxidation and reduction, and the combustion of organic compounds. His collected results were published in 1882–1886 in four volumes under the title Thermochemische Untersuchungen, and also a résumé in English under the title Thermochemistry in 1908. In 1857 he established in Copenhagen a process for manufacturing soda from cryolite, obtained from the west coast of Greenland. He died on the 13th of February 1909. His brother, Carl August Thomsen (1834–1894), was lecturer on technical chemistry at the Copenhagen Polytechnic, and a second brother, Thomas Gottfried Thomsen (1841–1901), was assistant in the chemical laboratory at the university till 1884, when he abandoned science for theology, subsequently becoming minister at Norup and Randers.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thomsen, Grímur

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​THOMSEN, GRÍMUR (1820–1896), Icelandic poet and man of letters, was born in 1820. He came in 1837 to the university of Copenhagen, where he first studied law and philology, but later, philosophy and aesthetics. He became an enthusiastic follower of the Pan-Scandinavian movement, although this was not generally favoured by his countrymen. After some years of foreign travel, in 1848 he entered the Danish diplomatic service, and remained in it till 1851, when he returned to Copenhagen, where he became the chief of one of the departments of the Danish foreign office. He retired in 1866, and then went back to Iceland, where he passed the rest of his life, active in the politics and the literature of his native island. He died in 1896. He is the best ballad poet Iceland has produced. His poems are unaffected and mostly free from rhetoric, the besetting sin of Icelandic poets. His subjects are principally taken from Icelandic or Scandinavian history and mythology. He is very unlike most of his contemporaries, both in style and thought: he is Icelandic to the core, and on that account is perhaps the modern Icelandic poet most appreciated by foreigners Besides his poems (two separate collections, Reykjavík, 1880, and Copenhagen, 1895), he is the author of numerous critical and historical essays in Icelandic and Danish, and some larger works in Danish, of which his dissertation on Lord Byron (Copenhagen, 1845) deserves to be mentioned. Grímur Thomsen was a warm admirer of Greek literature, and translated a great number of poems from that language into Icelandic. (S. Bl.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Oconto

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​OCONTO, a city and the county-seat of Oconto county, Wisconsin, U.S.A., about 130 m. N. of Milwaukee, on the W. shore of Green Bay, at the mouth of the Oconto river. Pop. (1890) 5219; (1900) 5646, of whom 1544 were foreign-born; (1905) 5722; (1910) 5629. It is served by the Chicago & North-Western and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St Paul railways. The city lies in a good farming country, and has a considerable lake commerce in lumber and fish. The first settlement was made here in 1846, and Oconto was chartered as a city in 1882.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Octahedron

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​OCTAHEDRON (Gr. ὀκτώ, eight, ἕδρα, base), a solid bounded by eight triangular faces; it has 6 vertices and 12 edges. The regular octahedron has for its faces equilateral triangles; it is the reciprocal of the cube. Octahedra having triangular faces other than equilateral occur as crystal forms. See Polyhedron and Crystallography.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Octoroon

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​OCTOROON, or Octaroon (from Lat. octo, eight, formed on the example of quadroon), the offspring of a quadroon and a white; a person having one-eighth negro blood. In rare instances such persons are called tercerons, as being third in descent from a negro ancestor. Occasionally persons are called octoroons ​when the non-white element is not negro but some other coloured blood.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Octavo

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​OCTAVO, a shortened form of Lat. in octavo, “in an eighth,” i.e. of a sheet of paper, a term applied to a size of paper and to a size of a printed volume. Paper is in octavo when a whole single sheet is folded three times to form eight leaves; a book is technically termed of “octavo” size when made up of sheets folded three times (see Bibliography and Paper).