OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Woodward, Samuel (1790-1838)

​WOODWARD, SAMUEL (1790–1838), geologist and antiquary, born at Norwich on 2 Oct. 1790, was the only son of William Woodward, bombazine weaver, who died in 1795. Receiving but little school education, he was sent to work, when less than seven years old, with a shawl-weaver. In 1804 he was apprenticed to Alderman John Herring, manufacturer of camlets and bombazines, with whom he remained ten years. A taste for serious reading which he early manifested was stimulated by Alderman Herring, and to such good effect that he qualified himself to teach in both evening and Sunday schools. He thus became known to Joseph John Gurney, who greatly aided him. His interest was specially aroused in natural history and archæology, and he commenced to form the extensive collection of fossils and antiquities which after his death was purchased by subscription for the Norwich museum. From 1814 to 1820 he was employed in the Norwich Union Fire Office, and then obtained in Gurney's (now Barclay's) Bank at Norwich a clerkship which he held until his death. He thus came under the notice of Hudson Gurney [q. v.] and Dawson Turner [q. v.], from whom he received great help and encouragement in his scientific work. In 1824 he exhibited before the Society of Antiquaries a series of maps of ancient Norfolk, which were afterwards published (through the liberality of Hudson Gurney) as an appendix to his ‘History and Antiquities of Norwich Castle.’ To the same society he later on sent several papers, which were printed in the ‘Archæologia.’ Among these were observations on the round church towers of Norfolk, the Roman remains in Norfolk, and the foundations of Wymondham Abbey. Between 1829 and 1836 he contributed articles on natural history and geology to the ‘Magazine of Natural History’ and the ‘Philosophical Magazine.’ He died on 14 Jan. 1838. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Bernard Bolingbroke of Norwich. His sons, Bernard Bolingbroke Woodward and Samuel Pickworth Woodward, are separately noticed. His independent works were:
* ‘A Synoptical Table of British Organic Remains,’ 1830, 8vo and 4to, in which, for the first time, all the known British fossils were enumerated.
* ‘An Outline of the Geology of Norfolk,’ 1833, 8vo and 4to, illustrated by geological map, sections, and plates of fossils.
* ‘The Norfolk Topographer's Manual,’ 1842, 8vo (posthumous); this was a catalogue of Norfolk books and engravings, revised and augmented by W. C. Ewing and Dawson Turner.
* ‘The History and Antiquities of Norwich Castle,’ 1847, 4to (posthumous), edited by his son B. B. Woodward.
[Memoir and list of papers in Trans. Norfolk Naturalists' Society, 1879, ii. 563–93, in part reprinted, with portrait, in Geol. Mag. 1891, pp. 1–8; private information.]
H. B. W.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Woodward, Thomas (1801-1852)

​WOODWARD, THOMAS (1801–1852), animal painter, son of Herbert and Elizabeth Woodward, was born on 5 July 1801 at Pershore, Worcestershire, where his father practised as a solicitor. His childish efforts at painting meeting with encouragement from Benjamin West, he was articled to Abraham Cooper [q. v.], and from 1822 until his death was a large exhibitor at the Royal Academy and British Institution, chiefly of historical compositions, in which horses formed a prominent feature. Among these were ‘Turks and their Chargers,’ ‘The Chariot Race,’ ‘Horses pursued by Wolves,’ ‘A Detachment of Cromwell's Cavalry surprised in a Mountain Pass,’ ‘The Battle of Worcester,’ and ‘Mazeppa.’ On the recommendation of Sir Edwin Landseer, who thought highly of his talent, Woodward painted many portraits of favourite horses for the queen, the prince consort, and other distinguished persons; several of these were engraved for the ‘Sporting Magazine.’ His ‘Tempting Present’ has also been well engraved. Being unable, on account of his delicate health, to settle in London, Woodward resided chiefly in his native county. He died unmarried, at Worcester, on 30 Oct. 1852, and was buried in the abbey church of Pershore, where there is a mural tablet to his memory.
[Art Journal, 1852; Gent. Mag. 1852, ii. 654; Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Graves's Dict. of Artists, 1760–1893; private information.]
F. M. O'D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Woodward, George Moutard

​WOODWARD, GEORGE MOUTARD (1760?–1809), caricaturist, son of William Woodward of Stanton Hall, Derbyshire, was born in that county about 1760. He received no artistic training, but, having much original talent, came to London, with an allowance from his father, and became a prolific and popular designer of social caricatures, much in the style of Bunbury, which were etched chiefly by Rowlandson and Isaac Cruikshank. Although their humour was generally of a very coarse and extravagant kind, they display a singular wealth of imagination and insight into character, and some are extremely entertaining. Among ​the best are ‘Effects of Flattery,’ ‘Effects of Hope,’ ‘Club of Quidnuncs,’ ‘Everybody in Town,’ ‘Everybody out of Town,’ and ‘Specimens of Domestic Phrensy.’ Woodward also wrote many light fugitive pieces in prose and verse, some of which were issued in a volume in 1805, with a portrait of the author from a drawing by A. Buck. He was of dissipated and intemperate habits, spending much of his time in taverns, and died in a state of penury at the Brown Bear public-house in Bow Street, Covent Garden, in November 1809. He published:
* ‘Eccentric Excursions,’ with a hundred plates by I. Cruikshank, 1796.
* ‘The Olio of Good Breeding, with Sketches illustrative of the modern Graces,’ 1801.
* ‘The Musical Mania for 1802 … dedicated to Mrs. Billington.’
* ‘The Bettyad: a Poem descriptive of the Progress of the young Roscius in London,’ 1805.
* ‘Caricature Magazine, or Hudibrastic Mirror, being a Collection of original Caricatures,’ 1807.
* ‘An Essay on the Art of ingeniously Tormenting,’ 1808.
* ‘Chesterfield Travestie, or School for Modern Manners,’ 1808.
[Grego's Rowlandson the Caricaturist, 1880; H. Angelo's Reminiscences, 1828–30; Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Gent. Mag. 1809, ii. 1175.]
F. M. O'D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Sandford, James

1904 Errata appended.
​SANDFORD or SANFORD, JAMES (fl. 1567), author, apparently a native of Somerset, may have been uncle or cousin of John Sandford (1565?–1629) [q. v.] One ‘Mr. Sandford’ was tutor from about 1586 to William Herbert, third earl of Pembroke [q. v.] (cf. Ashmole MS. 174, f. 149). James was well read in classical and modern literature, and worked laboriously as a translator. In 1567 he published two translations with Henry Bynneman [q. v.], the London printer: the one was entitled ‘Amorous and Tragicall Tales of Plutarch, whereunto is ​annexed the Hystorie of Cariclea and Theagines with sentences of the philosophers,' London, 1567; and was dedicated to Sir Hugh Paulet [q. v.] of Hinton St. George, Somerset. There is a copy in the British Museum, lacking the title-page. Sandford's other translation of 1567 was 'The Manuell of Epictetus, translated out of Greeke into French and now into English,' London, 1567, 12mo, dedicated to Queen Elizabeth (British Museum). Two years later there followed 'Henrie Cornelius Agrippa, of the Vanitie and Uncertaintie of Artes and Sciences, englished by Ja. San., Gent.,' London, 1569 (by Henry Wykes, 4to); it was dedicated to the Duke of Norfolk; a few verses are included (British Museum). In 1573 there appeared 'The Garden of Pleasure, contayninge most pleasante tales, worthy deeds, and witty sayings of noble princes and learned philosophers moralized,' done out of Italian into English, London (by H. Bynneman), 1573, 8vo; this was dedicated to Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester. In an appendix are 'certaine Italian prouerbs and sentences done into English' (British Museum). The whole work was reissued as 'Houres of Recreation or Afterdinners, which may aptly be called the Garden of Pleasure . . . newly perused, corrected and enlarged,' London (by H. Bynneman), 1576, 12mo (British Museum). In the dedication to Sir Christopher Hatton, Sandford repeats some prognostications of disaster for 1588. An appendix collects 'certayne poems dedicated to the queen's most excellent majestye.' 'Mirror of Madnes, translated from the French, or a Paradoxe, maintayning madnes to be most excellent, done out of French into English by Ja. San. Gent.' London (Tho. Marshe, sm. 8vo), was also published in 1576. It resembles in design Erasmus's 'Praise of Folly' (Brydges, Censura, iii. 17). A few verses are included; copies are at Lambeth and in the Capell collection at Trinity College, Cambridge. Sandford was further responsible for 'The Revelation of S. Iohn, reueled as a paraphrase . . . writen in Latine (by James Brocard),' London (by Thomas Marshe), 1582; it was dedicated to Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester (British Museum). Some verses by Sandford are prefixed to George Turberville's 'Plaine Path to Perfect Vertue' (1568).
S. L.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.241 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 272 | ii | 7 f.e. | Sandford, James: for John read James |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Sandsbury, John

​SANDSBURY or SANSBURY, JOHN (1576–1610), Latin poet, was born in London in 1576. He was admitted at Merchant Taylors' school in May 1587, and matriculated, aged seventeen, as scholar of St. John's College, Oxford, 6 July 1593. In 1596 he was elected to one of the exhibitions given by St. Paul's school for the support of poor scholars at the university (Gardiner, St. Paul's Reg. pp. 29, 399). He graduated B.A. in 1597, M.A. in 1601, B.D. in 1608. In 1607 he became vicar of St. Giles's, Oxford. In 1608 he published Latin hexameters, entitled ‘Ilium in Italiam. Oxonia ad Protectionem Regis sui omnium optimi filia, pedisequa,’ Oxford, 8vo (Bodl. Libr.). The dedication to James I shows that the poems were written in 1606. Of this rare and valuable work there is no copy in the British Museum Library. Each page contains the arms of one of the colleges, and beneath are nine hexameters giving an explanation of them, and containing a compliment to the king. Sandsbury also wrote verses in the university collection on the death of Elizabeth, and Latin tragedies, which were performed by the scholars of the college at Christmas. He died in January 1609–10, and was buried in St. Giles's Church.
E. C. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Sandilands, James (d.1753)

​SANDILANDS, JAMES, seventh Lord Torphichen (d. 1753), was the eldest surviving son of Walter, sixth lord Torphichen (d. 1698), by his second wife, Hon. Catherine Alexander, eldest daughter of William, viscount Canada and lord Alexander. He was a warm supporter of the treaty of union in 1707. Subsequently he served under Marlborough as lieutenant-colonel of the 7th dragoons. At the outbreak of the rebellion in 1715 his regiment was stationed in Scotland, and on 17 Oct. he made an attempt to drive the highlanders out of Seton House, but without success. He was also present with his regiment at Sherriffmuir. In 1722 he was appointed a lord of police. He died on 10 Aug. 1753. By his wife, Lady Jean Home, youngest daughter of Patrick, first earl of Marchmont, high chancellor of Scotland, he had three daughters, who died unmarried, and eight sons. Of the latter, James, master of Torphichen, a lieutenant in the 44th foot, was badly wounded at the battle of Prestonpans (cf. Alex. Carlyle, Autobiography, p. 143), and died on 20 April 1749; the second son, Walter, afterwards eighth lord, was sheriff-depute of Mid-Lothian at the time of the rebellion of 1745, and was of great service in preserving order in Edinburgh; while Andrew and Robert distinguished themselves as soldiers.
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1927 supplement/Robinson, William Leefe

​ROBINSON, WILLIAM LEEFE (1895–1918), airman, was born at Tollidetta, South Coorg, India, 14 July 1895, the youngest son of Horace Robinson, an owner and planter of coffee estates, by his wife, Elizabeth Leefe. Robinson was educated at St. Bees School, and, after travelling in France and Russia, entered Sandhurst, on the outbreak of the European War, in August 1914. He received his commission, in the Worcestershire regiment, in December, but on arriving in France applied for transfer to the Royal Flying Corps and was seconded, as observer, to No. 4 squadron 29 March 1915, qualifying on 15 April. He received a shrapnel wound during a flight on 8 May, and after his recovery in England learned to fly at the Central Flying School, Upavon, Wiltshire.
Robinson served with various squadrons at home until February 1916, when he was transferred to No. 39 home defence squadron. He was promoted captain on 1 September. In the early morning of Sunday, 3 September, he fought, and shot down at Cuffley, Hertfordshire, the German military Schütte-Lanz airship, S.-L. 11, one of fourteen airships which had set out to raid the London area. He had been in the air more than two hours, on his Bleriot Experimental 2 c, and had unsuccessfully attacked another airship before he met the S.-L. 11. The airship, which was of wooden construction, caught fire after Robinson had emptied into it three drums of ammunition from his Lewis gun, and it burned for two hours after striking the ground. Its descent was watched by thousands of Londoners as well as by the crews of several of the raiding airships, which at once dropped their bombs indiscriminately and made for home. The S.-L. 11 was the first enemy airship to be brought down on British soil, and by his exploit Robinson discomfited the largest airship raid attempted during the War. His success marked the beginning of the defeat of the airship as a raiding weapon. He was awarded the Victoria cross.
Robinson continued to serve at home until 17 March 1917, when he returned to France as a flight commander with No. 48 squadron. On 5 April he led his Bristol fighters in an attack upon a stronger enemy formation, but his engine was quickly shot out of action, and he was compelled to land within the German lines. The treatment, including solitary confinement, which he received during his long imprisonment, wore down his strength. He arrived in England from Germany on 14 December 1918, fell an easy victim to influenza, and died on 31 December.
[Official records; personal knowledge.]
H. A. J.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/swn
### swn

* 灌swn478518
* To pour into holes; to fill them.

#### swn în;

    run full of lead.

#### swn în teng;

    fill with leaden plugs.

#### cí kâi ngṳ̂n khṳt i swn nŏ̤ saⁿ lîap în tŏ̤-kò̤;

    this dollar has had its holes filled in with lead. ​
* 選sẃn82116212
* To select; to choose out or elect; to pick out.

#### sûi i sẃn-tô̤h;

    let her take whichever she choose.

#### sẃn kâi hó̤ kâi;

    select a good one.

#### cìeⁿ-seⁿ cū tòng-sẃn;

    that is making a wise choice.

#### jĭm sẃn put náuⁿ;

    allow you to take your choice without being displeased about it.
* 放sẁn135654
* To discharge; to emit; to deposit.

#### hṳ̂ sẁn chun tŏ̤ cháu kò̤, ĕ jît cū pìⁿ cò̤ hṳ̂-kíaⁿ;

    fishes deposit their spawn among the rushes, and afterward it is metamorphosed into little fishes.

#### cí cêk to̤ chun sẁn chut lâi, cîang-lâi cū káng choiⁿ káng bw̄n búe;

    one paunchful of spawn being deposited, thousands and tens of thousands are developed from it.

#### thâng sẁn n̆ng tŏ̤ hṳ́-tói;

    insects lay their eggs in there.

#### chôiⁿ-îah àiⁿ sẁn n̆ng, tîeh khîeh kò̤ cúa khṳt i sèn;

    when the silk moth is ready to deposit its eggs, a piece of paper most be placed for it to lay them in.
* 算sẁn8331188
* To calculate; to estimate; to reckon; a plan.

#### cía, m̄ sẁn;

    make no account of this.

#### khṳt i khṳ̀ tá-sẁn cē;

    let him go and cogitate over it.

#### tá-sèn kàu hó̤-hó̤ cìaⁿ lâi ;

    when your plan is definitely made, then come.

#### sîn-ki, mĭo-sẁn;

    a clever design.
* 選sẁn82116212
* To select for office.

#### sẁn chut khṳ̀ cò̤ kuaⁿ;

    under appointment as officers.

#### hāu sẁn;

    awaiting appointment to office; expectant of office.

#### ciet sẁn;

    presently to be appointed to office.
* 旋sŵn821707
* To more in an orbit; to come back to the same point; to revolve.

#### cúi lâu kàu hṳ́ kó̤ ŏi tò̤-sŵn;

    on reaching that point the current sets backward.

#### tó̤-sŵn thâu tńg lâi mōⁿ;

    turned his head and looked back.

#### ciu-sŵn;

    to greet and entertain.

#### i ciu-sŵn kàu kàu-kak căi;

    he went about among them in a very courteous manner.

#### ŭ nâng kheh to sĭ i chut lâi ciu-sŵn;

    whenever there are guests, it is he who comes out to entertain them.

#### phŵn-sŵn;

    to look after the comfort of a strange guest.

#### sŵn-tńg thâu lâi thóiⁿ;

    turned her head and looked.

#### lâu-cúi-koi tò̤-sŵn;

    the gulls circle round and round.

#### tī-kò̤ sŵn;

    wheel hither and thither.

#### sŵn lâi sŵn khṳ̀, múaⁿ-tī-kò̤ chūe;

    went round and round searching everywhere for it.

#### sŵn tit sŵn sit;

    lost it as soon as he got it.
* 射sw̆n749417
* To spurt; to gush forth.

#### cē líu khui hía cúi jw̆n sw̆n chut lâi;

    as soon as it was dug open the water spurted out in every direction.

#### hṳ́ cîeh ngâm kó̤ kâi cûaⁿ cheⁿ sw̆n chut lâi;

    a spring gushes forth from that rocky ledge.

#### cam lô̤h khṳ̀ hía hueh sw̆n kàu jîeh hn̆g kò̤ khṳ̀;

    when it was lanced the blood spurted ever so far.

#### cúi-tháng lāu, cúi li-li sw̆n;

    the bucket leaks, and the water spurts forth.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/sueh
### suehsueh

* 說sueh7881497
* To talk, to speak, to say, to narrate, to set forth, to discourse.

#### kói-sueh;

    to expound.

#### sueh cṳ;

    explain a passage.

#### cí kù cṳ cò̤-nî sueh?

    How is this sentence explained?

#### úa thiaⁿ-kìⁿ i kâi siaⁿ-sueh;

    I hear his voice.

#### tŏ̤ lău-îa mīn-côiⁿ sueh ūe;

    pray before the gods.

#### sueh-phùa cí kâi tŏ̤-lí;

    set forth these principles of action.

#### i nŏ̤ nâng tó̤ thâm thiⁿ sueh tī;

    the two discourse together about everything in the universe.

#### sueh i cai;

    tell her about it.

#### i kŭi tó̤ sueh ūe;

    she is kneeling there praying to the gods.

#### sío sueh;

    story books.

#### cài sueh;

    say it over again.

#### i put îong hun-sneh;

    he will not consent to hear anything further in regard to it.

#### cía sĭ lâi cò̤ sueh kheh, tó̤ în sueh kâi;

    these are intriguing men who roam about and talk persuasively.
* 刷sueh785186
* A brush; to brush.

#### khí-sueh;

    a tooth-brush.

#### ńng sueh;

    a clothes-brush.

#### ôi sueh;

    a shoe-brush.

#### ngĕ sueh;

    a stiff brush.

#### khîeh ki sueh lâi îu;

    take a brush and paint it.

#### tèng nŏ̤ ki sueh;

    make two brushes.

#### pìe ūe sueh;

    a paste-brush.

#### ngṳ̂n cúa sueh;

    brushes used in making spirit-money.

#### sueh tīo ko;

    brush off the mould.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/suh
### suhsuh

* 𠲿suh779307
* To suck in with a noise.

#### suh cap;

    suck the juice.

#### suh in;

    to inhale smoke in smoking.
* 射sûh749417
* To spurt out; to dart forth.

#### màiⁿ khṳt i kâi húe-cìⁿ sûh tîeh;

    do not get hit by the dart from the fire-wheel.

#### húe-sûh;

    rockets.

#### pun húe-sûh sûh tîeh;

    struck by a rocket.

#### cē thn̄g, hía cúi ŏi sûh kàu hn̆g-hn̆g kò̤ khṳ̀;

    as soon as you poke it open, the water spurts to a great distance.

#### khṳt i c̄e kek kín hía húe cheⁿ-suh chut lâi;

    as soon as the ventilation is stopped the flames burst forth.

#### hía hô̤-tṳ-chì ŏi sûh nâng;

    the quills of the hedgehog may be shot into people.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/sut
### sut

* 恤sut825616
* To feel for, to commiserate.

#### bú-sut;

    to comfort, to solace, to relieve; to show pity in a practical way.

#### bú-sut kàu i hó̤-hó̤;

    relieve her needs in such fashion as to render her comfortable.

#### bú-sut kàu i kâi sim sí;

    bestow sympathy until his need of it ends.

#### bô̤ khṳ̀ bú-sut i;

    did not go and express any pity for him.

#### iu-sut;

    excessive compassion.
* 颭sut441825
* To press upon as the wind does in blowing.

#### kî pun huang sut lío phîak-phîak-kìe;

    the flag, blown by the wind, flutters noisily.

#### huang li-li sut;

    the wind keeps flapping it.

#### khṳt huang sut phùa khṳ̀;

    torn by the the blast.

#### cúi khṳt huang cē sut, éng cū phû;

    when the water is blown upon by the wind, the waves rise.
* 屑sut798447
* A fragment, a crumb, a bit.

#### cêk sut-kíaⁿ;

    a little.

#### sut kíaⁿ-ni tīaⁿ-tīaⁿ;

    only the least bit.
* 糠sut32011911
* Sawdust.

#### kṳ̀-sut;

    sawdust.

#### sĭ châ sut hó̤ a sam sut hó̤?

    Which is the better the sawdust from hard wood or from pine?

#### thâu-khak eng kṳ̀-sut;

    has his head spinkled with sawdust; has put on an appearance of being very busy at his trade.
* 戌sut825622
* The eleventh of the twelve branches.

#### sut sî;

    from 7 to 9 o'clock P.M.

#### sut gûeh;

    the eleventh month in the cycle of twelve.
* 蟀sut77414211
* A cricket.

#### tek-sut;

    a cricket.

#### kă tek-sut;

    to fight crickets.

#### cháu sut;

    a cricket that lives in the grass.
* 抶sut73645
* To flog; to beat.

#### khîa tîn-tîo sut i;

    take a rattan and flog him.

#### cang chûe lí-kẃn sut;

    took a club and kept beating him.
* 術sût7781445
* The way of doing a thing or of effecting an object; an art; a plan; a trick, a device, a hocus-pocus; a mystery, usually something magical or demoniacal; the black art.

#### huap-sût;

    magical rules; sup superstitious rites.

#### i sĭ ŭ io sût kâi ĭeⁿ;

    it appears to be some magical trick.

#### sṳ-bû sîa sût;

    the arts of sorcerers.

#### sût-sṳ̆;

    a conjurer.

#### put hâk bô̤ sût;

    without practice no art can be acquired.

#### put lŭn sĭ tī cêk ĭeⁿ sût àiⁿ ô̤h kàn ceng sĭ o̤h;

    whatever be the art to be acquired, it is difficult to learn it thoroughly.
* 述sût7791625
* To follow another's steps; to narrate.

#### sŭ-sût kàu mêng-pêh;

    state it clearly.

#### cía sĭ sût i kâi ūe cìeⁿ-seⁿ tàⁿ;

    this is quoting what he said.

#### pĕ cak, kíaⁿ sût;

    the son follows the practices of his father. ​
* 降sût3641706
* To swoop, dart, or pitch downward.

#### ciah eng sṳ̂t lô̤h lâi tìo koi-kínⁿ;

    a hawk swooped down and carried off a chicken.

#### i tŏ̤ hṳ́ téng thóiⁿ tíaⁿ-tīaⁿ cū sût lô̤h lâi;

    he fixes his gaze on it from above and then darts down.

#### i tin-tò̤ thâu sût lô̤h khṳ̀;

    he pitched down head foremost.