OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Woodham, Mrs.

​WOODHAM, Mrs. (1743–1803), singer and actress, previously called Spencer, and generally known on account of the elegance of her dress and person as ‘Buck’ Spencer, was born in 1743, and was a pupil of the celebrated Dr. Arne. She played at Covent Garden Euphrosyne in ‘Comus,’ and was regarded as a rival to Miss Brent, subsequently Mrs. Pinto. She sang at Marylebone Gardens under Dr. Arnold, from whom she received further instruction. This must have been between 1769 and 1773. Thence she proceeded to Ireland, and was for many years a favourite on the Dublin stage. She married a man named Smith, and had by him a daughter, who married ‘Young’ Astley, the son and successor of Philip Astley [q. v.] On his death she married a Mr. Woodham, from whom she was divorced. In her later years she lived entirely with her daughter. On the morning of 2 Feb. 1803 Astley's amphitheatre took fire and was consumed. Mrs. Woodham heard the alarm of fire and came to the door (or the window) where means of escape were awaiting her, but returning for a dress or to secure the receipts of the house for the last two nights, which were in her charge, was suffocated and burnt, a few calcined remains alone being available for interment. Her name, which appears as Woodham in the ‘Gentleman's Magazine,’ is given in the ‘Monthly Mirror’ as Woodman. No reference to her is to be traced under any of her names in theatrical histories.
[Gent. Mag. 1803, ii. 889; Monthly Mirror, xvi. 214–16.]
J. K.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Woodhouse, Peter

​WOODHOUSE, PETER (fl. 1605), poet, was the author of ‘The Flea,’ or, adopting the subsidiary title, ‘Democritvs his Dreame, or the Contention betweene the Elephant and the Flea.’ The poem, which appeared in 1605, was printed for John Smethwick, whose shop was ‘in St. Dunstans Churchyard in Fleet Street, vnder the Diall.’ The only copy known to be extant is in possession of Earl Spencer at Althorp; a reprint, limited to fifty copies, was made in 1877, under the editorship of Alexander Balloch Grosart. Woodhouse was by no means destitute of merit as a poet, but ‘The Flea’ is the only memorial of him that exists. Although he disclaims any personal applications in his poem, and declares that his censures are directed at ‘some kinde of faultes and not some faultie men,’ it is possible that the elephant, the flea, and the other actors in the tale typify persons whom it might have been dangerous to satirise more openly. The poem is prefaced by an ‘Epistle to the Reader,’ some verses ‘in laudem authoris’ signed ‘R. P., Gent.,’ and an ‘Epistle Dedi​catorie to the Giddie Multitude,’ in which there is a reference to ‘Justice Shallowe’ and ‘his cousen Mr. Weathercocke.’
[Grosart's Reprint of the Flea, 1877; Arber's Transcript of the Stationers' Register; Gray's Index to Hazlitt.]
E. I. C.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Zoan

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Zoan
This city was also called "the Field of Zoan" (Ps. 78:12, 43) and "the Town of Rameses" (q.v.), because the oppressor rebuilt and embellished it, probably by the forced labour of the Hebrews, and made it his northern capital.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Zoar

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# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Zoheleth

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Zoheleth
Zoheleth projects into or slightly over-hangs the Kidron valley. It is now called ez-Zehwell or Zahweileh.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Zoheth

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Zoheth, snatching (?), one of the sons of Ishi (1 Chr. 4:20).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Zobah

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# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Zohar

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Zohar
(2.) One of the sons of Simeon (Gen. 46:10; Ex. 6:15).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Zophah

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Zophah, spreading out, a son of Helem (1 Chr. 7:35) a chief of Asher.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Zophar

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Zophar, chirping, one of Job's friends who came to condole with him in his distress (Job 2:11. The LXX. render here "king of the Mineans" = Ma'in, Maonites, Judg. 10:12 in Southern Arabia). He is called a Naamathite, or an inhabitant of some unknown place called Naamah.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Zophim, Field of

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Zophim, Field of, field of watchers, a place in Moab on the range of Pisgah (Num. 23:14) To this place Balak brought Balaam, that he might from thence curse the children of Israel. Balaam could only speak the word of the Lord, and that was blessing. It is the modern Tal'at-es-Safa. See PISGAH
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Zorah

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Zorah, place of wasps, a town in the low country of Judah, afterwards given to Dan (Josh. 19:41; Judg. 18:2) probably the same as Zoreah (Josh. 15:33) This was Samson's birthplace (Judg. 13:2, 25) and near it he found a grave Jud 16:31 It was situated on the crest of a hill overlooking the valley of Sorek, and was fortified by Rehoboam (2 Chr. 11:10) It has been identified with Sur'ah, in the Wady Surar, 8 miles west of Jerusalem. It is noticed on monuments in the fifteenth century B.C. as attacked by the Abiri or Hebrews.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Turkey

Edition of 1802.
​TURKEY, or Meleagris gallo-pavo, L. a bird originally from North America; but which has long been domesticated in Britain: it has a caruncle both on the head and throat; the breast of the male being tufted. When irritated, the feathers of this part are remarkably erected; the prominence on the forehead is relaxed; and the bare spots of the face and neck become uncommonly red.
Turkies subsist on grain and insects: early in the spring, the female frequently wanders to a considerable distance from the farm-yard, for the purpose of constructing her nest; where she deposits from 14 to 17 white eggs, marked with reddish or yellow freckles; but seldom produces more than one brood in a season. Great numbers of these birds are reared in the North of England; and, towards autumn, hundreds at a time are driven to the London market, by means of a scarlet shred of cloth, fastened to the end of a stick; which, from their antipathy to this colour, serves as a whip.
Turkies, being extremely delicate fowls, are much oppressed by cold: hence the Swedes plunge their chicks into cold water, soon after, or at least on the same day, when they are hatched; then force them to swallow one whole pepper-corn each; and restore them to the parent bird. Thus, they are enabled to resist the impressions of the severest winters, and their growth is not retarded.
Young turkies are liable to a peculiar disorder, which frequently and speedily proves fatal: on inspecting the rump-feathers, two or three of their quills will be found to contain blood; but, on drawing them out, the chick soon recovers; and afterwards requires no other care than common poultry.
Turkies are highly esteemed, on account of their delicate flavour; for their flesh is not so rank as that of either geese or ducks, and is likewise more nutritious.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Turpentine

Edition of 1802.
​TURPENTINE, a transparent, resinous substance, which exudes naturally, but is chiefly obtained by incision, from various species of the pine-tree; and is divided into four kinds, namely:
1. The Chian, or Cyprus turpentine, is derived from the Pistachia-tree: it is of a thick consistence, resembling that of honey; has a fragrant smell; and a bitterish, pungent taste.
2. The Venice turpentine, which exudes from the Larch-tree, has a strong smell, and a hot, disagreeable taste: it is less viscid than any of the other turpentines, and generally of a clear whitish or yellowish cast.—This, and the preceding species pay, on importation, a duty of 4 1/2d. per lb.
3. The Strasburgh turpentine possesses an agreeable aromatic odour, but an uncommonly bitter taste; is neither so thick as the first species, nor so thin as the second; but clearer, and less tenacious than either; being commonly of a yellowish-brown colour:—it is imported from Germany, and charged with a duty of 14s. 1/2d. per cwt.
4. The Common turpentine is extracted from the spruce fir; it is of a dark-brown colour; of the consistence of honey; and has the most disagreeable odour and taste, of all the difterent species.—Considerable quantities of this drug are prepared from the resin, in Britain; but, as they are insufficient to supply the market, it is imported from America, and other countries; paying about 2s. 6d. per cwt.
All the turpentines yield, on distillation, an essential oil, which is extremely pungent. On account of their diuretic and tonic properties, they are often successfully prescribed in calculous complaints. The Venice turpentine is preferably recommended as a diuretic, and detergent; while those of Chios and Strasburgh are used as corroborants. The common sort is mostly employed as an ingredient in the plasters used by farriers; and its essential oil, obtained by distillation, is consumed partly in the preparation of Gin, and partly by house-painters; as likewise for the different varnishes in the floor-cloth, umbrella, and many other manufactures. Lastly, when combined with honey, this oil is supposed to afford a powerful remedy in rheumatic affections.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Turpeth

Edition of 1802.
​Turpeth. See Turbith.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Turtle

Edition of 1802.
​TURTLE, the Common, or Giant Turtle, Testudo midas, L. a native of the West Indies and South America. This amphibious animal attains to a prodigious size; being sometimes three yards long, and six feet broad; weighing from 5 to 800 lbs. The female digs numerous holes in the sand, where she annually deposits more than 1000 eggs, on which she broods during the night. The young, however, are chiefly hatched by the sun, and frequently become a prey to ravenous birds.
Turtles are taken, either by turning them on their backs, when on land; or, by hunting them in boats, and killing them by a kind of spear, similar to that employed for taking whales.—Their flesh is highly esteemed, particularly the belly, which is of a delicate white colour, resembling veal; and the green fat possesses a peculiar odour. ​The whole is very nutritious, and of a soft gelatinous nature; but, containing a large portion of strong fat (which is exceedingly unwholesome when rancid or tainted), it should never be eaten without salt, pepper, or other spice, and ought to be carefully avoided in every form, by convalescents, and those whose digestive powers are reduced.—As the turtle, however, subsists chiefly on vegetables, its flesh is uncommonly palatable and wholesome, especially in a salted state: thus, it forms a considerable article of trade in the West India Islands, where the natives convert the upper shell of this animal into canoes, troughs, bucklers, &c.
Mock-Turtle Soup, may be prepared in the following manner:—First, a calf's-head must be scalded, without stripping off the skin; when the gristly or horny parts should be taken out, and cut into small pieces. These ought next to be washed, wiped, and put into a vessel containing four quarts of strong broth, prepared of 7lbs. of beef, a calf's-foot, a shank of ham, with an onion, carrot, turnip, some thyme, and other pot-herbs: to which may farther be added, a little parsley, sweet marjoram, and savory, cut small; together with some pounded cloves and mace, a little Cayenne pepper, a few young onions, some chopped mushrooms, and half a pint of Madeira wine.—All these ingredients are to be slowly stewed, till the liquor be reduced to two quarts; when a little broth, thickened with flour, should be gradually added, together with the yolks of two eggs, and carefully stirred, till the whole nearly boils: it is now suffered to stew for another hour, at the end of which, it is fit for use.—Such is the method of making this expensive soup, which is so highly gratifying to the vitiated palates of those, who prefer the luxuries of the table, with their concomitant evils, to temperance, health, and longevity.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Type

Edition of 1802.
​TYPE, a term employed by printers, to denote the letters used in printing; and which includes not only large CAPITALS, Small Capitals, Italics, and Lower Case, &c., but likewise all the points, figures, and other marks that are adopted in Typography.—See Printing.
Numerous improvements have, during the last century, been made with a view to expedite the business in this noble art. Among these, we cannot omit to notice, first, a contrivance by Mr. William Ged, in 1731; who formed a plate, of any character required, for every page or sheet of a book, from which plate he printed, instead of using single types for every letter, as is practised in the common method. Thus, the expence ​of printing was lessened, while the work was performed with more accuracy, beauty, and uniformity; but such practice was relinquished in the course of a few years, and has not been revived in Britain.
In the year 1784, a patent was granted to Mr. Henry Johnson, for a new mode of printing, termed Logography, which consists in employing types expressive of whole words, instead of those corresponding to single letters. In consequence of this alteration, Mr. J. observes, that the compositor is less liable to error; the type of each word being taken up with as much facility as single letters; and, when a sheet is printed off, such types may be more easily distributed. Lastly, it is asserted, that the expence or number of types in logography, does not exceed that required by the common mode of printing: we doubt, however, the expediency of this contrivance; and believe, that much greater advantages might be derived from casting syllables instead of whole words; because the former occur more frequently, and may be so arranged as to follow in alphabetical order, in proportion to their more or less frequent recurrence.
In July, 1790, Mr. Robert Barclay obtained a patent for an invention, communicated to him (by Mr. Francis Bailey, of Philadelphia), respecting a method of making punches for stamping the matrices of printing types, &c. so that these cannot be counterfeited. Such invention is chiefly founded on the principle, that if any brittle substance be broken in two parts, it will exhibit certain irregular figures, that cannot be imitated. For a minute account of this very ingenious coutrtvance, the curious reader will consult the 2d vol. of the Repertory of Arts, &c.
We cannot conclude this article, without mentioning the stereotype, lately introduced into France, by M. M. Didot and Herhan; being doubtless one of the greatest improvements in the art of printing. Their process appears to be analogous to that of Mr. Ged above related; the form being first comprised, and carefully corrected; when the types are so firmly cemented, or soldered, as to resist the action of the press. Thus, correct and beautiful copies of works may be expeditiously taken off; an advantage, which is of the greatest importance in printing accurate editions of the Greek and Roman classics.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Turf

Edition of 1802.
​TURF, a brown or blackish fossil, consisting of a rich earth combined with the fibrous roots of vegetables, mineral oils, &c.
Turf differs from peat, only in its harder consistence; the latter being obtained from peat-bogs, and the former is dug out of more solid ground, such as dry commons, on which cottagers exercise the right of turbary, by prescription: both species are chiefly used as fuel, in those counties where coal and wood are scarce. After the turf or peat are consumed, their ashes are employed either as Manure, or they may be advantageously strewed on land infected with Chafers. See vol. i. p. 485.—Farther, it appears from the experiment of M. Sage, that turf may be charred, or reduced to a state of cinder, in the same manner as Charcoal; and thus serve as an excellent substitute for the latter; because it not only burns with a more intense heat, but is also of a longer duration.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Tutsan

Edition of 1802.
​TUTSAN, or Park-leaves, Hypericum Androsæmum, L. is an indigenous perennial, growing in woods and moist hedges, where it flowers from July to September.—This vegetable deserves to be more generally known; as it may be advantageously employed for the preservation of Cheese, in the manner already stated, vol. i. p. 502. Farther, as the leaves of the Tutsan assume a red colour, and sometimes yield a red juice, we conceive, they might be converted to some useful purpose, either as a pigment, or dyeing material; by treating them, according to the processes described under the heads of Colouring Matter, vol. ii. p. 38, and Turnsol.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Vapour-baths

Edition of 1802.
​Vapour-baths. See vol. i. pp. 192-93.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Veal

Edition of 1802.
​VEAL, or the flesh of calves, is highly esteemed, on account of its tender fibres; but these animals ought to be fed chiefly with milk, or hay-tea, and to be at least six weeks old, before they are used as food. Nor should the calf be confined in a dark place, or bled frequently, during the short period of its existence, with the luxurious view of rendering the flesh whiter and more palatable.
Veal is nutritious and cooling, so that it may, in moderation, be preferably eaten by persons leading sedentary lives; by convalescents; or those who labour under scorbutic complaints, or hemorrhages. It ought, however, always to be roasted; for boiled veal is less nourishing and less digestible.