OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hemp, Sunn

See also Crotalaria juncea on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HEMP, Sunn. The fibre derived from the bark of Crotalaria juncea, order Leguminosæ, a native of India. The plant has been in cultivation from time immemorial upon the high, sandy lands less suited for the more exacting crops. Seed is generally sown in April or May, and in August the plant, if grown for its fibre, is pulled or cut close to the ground, laid in long rows till the leaves begin to rot and separate from the stalks, which are then steeped in water for a few days, till the bark separates freely. The average yield is about 640 pounds of fibre per acre. The fibre is not so strong as hemp, but good cables, canvas, and cloth are made of it. It is now exported in considerable quantity, and is known by various names, as brown hemp, Bengal hemp, etc. Jubbulpore hemp (Crotolaria tenuifolia) is considered by some authorities to be a variety of Crotalaria juncea. See Crotalaria.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hemp-agrimony

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HEMP-AGRIMONY. A European medicinal plant. See Eupatorium.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hercynian Forest

Edition of 1905. See also Hercynian Forest on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HERCYN′IAN FOREST (Lat. hercynia silva). A name variously applied by the ancient writers to portions of the central mountain system of Europe. Aristotle makes the Ister (or Danube) and the other great northern rivers take their rise in the Hercynian Forest. Cæsar, who estimates it at nine days' journey in breadth and sixty in length. comprehends under this name a great part of the mountain ranges in Germany north of the Danube; while some identify it with the Bohemian Forest, and others with the Thuringian Forest. Some geographers apply the term to the complex of mountain ranges, mountain groups, and plateaus which stretch from Westphalia across Middle Germany and along the northern borders of Austria to the Carpathians.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hemp, Indian

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HEMP, Indian. See Hashish.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hempel, Charles Julius

See also Charles Julius Hempel on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HEM'PEL, Charles Julius (1811-79). An American homeopathist. He was born at Solingen, in Prussia, and was educated there, at the University of Paris, and, after coming to the United States (1835), at New York University. In 1857 he became professor of materia medica at the Hahnemann Medical College in Philadelphia, and later practiced at Grand Rapids, Mich., where he died. A man of considerable literary ability, Hempel, who when a student in Paris had assisted in the preparation of Michelet's Histoire de la France, published translations of Hahnemann's Chronic Diseases (1846), and of
Jahr's Mental Diseases (1853), as well as other homeopathic manuals. His most important works, however, were: A System of Materia Medica and Therapeutics (1859); The Science of Homœopathy (1874); and among several miscellaneous studies, Christendom and Civilization (1840).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Herder, Bartholomäus

Edition of 1905. See also Herder and Herder (publishers) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HERDER, hĕr'dẽr, Bartholomäus (1774-1839). A German publisher, born at Rottweil, in Württemberg. In 1801 he opened a bookstore and printing-office in Meersburg, on Lake Constance, but soon afterwards removed to the city of Constance, and in 1810 to Freiburg, Baden, where he opened the Herdersche Universitätsbuchhandlung. He accompanied the Allies to Paris in 1814 as Imperial field printer in Metternich's suite, and on his return added to his printing business establishments for lithography, copper-engraving, and plastic art. The Catholic character of the firm was developed under his sons and successors, Karl Raphael Herder and Benjamin Herder, and it became one of the best-known publishing houses of this Church in Germany. In 1888 Hermann Herder, a son of Benjamin and grandson of the founder, inherited the business, which became known as the Herdersche Verlagshandlung. The firm also established an office at Saint Louis, Mo., U. S. A. Among the important works which the firm has published is Wetzer und Welte's Kirchenlexikon oder Encylclopädie der katholischen Theologie (12 vols., 1847-56; 2d ed. 1882-1901).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mœller, Louis

See also Louis Moeller on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MŒLLER, mẽl'lẽr, Louis (1856—). An American genre painter, born in New York City. He was a pupil of E. M. Ward and Will Low in New York City, and of Dietz and Duveneck in Munich. He is a clever delineator of character. In 1884 he won the first Hallgarten Prize with his picture “Puzzled,” and he was made a National Academician in 1895.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Nash, Thomas

See also Thomas Nashe on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NASH, Thomas (1567-1601). An English pamphleteer, born at Lowestoft, Suffolk, in 1567. He graduated B.A. from Saint John's College, Cambridge, in 1586; traveled in France and Italy; settled in London as an author in 1588; and died obscurely in 1601. His first publication was a sharp review of the state of letters, prefixed to Greene's Menaphon (1589). It was followed by a pamphlet in similar vein entitled Anatomy of Absurdities (1589). Nash now entered the Martin Marprelate controversy (q.v.), writing abusive satires on the Puritans. He also violently attacked Gabriel Harvey in Have With You to Saffron Walden (1596). Of more general interest are his satirical sketches of contemporary manners: Pierce Penniless, His Supplications to the Devil (1592); The Terrors of the Night (1594); Lenten Stuff (1599); and the picaresque novel called The Unfortunate Traveler, or Jack Wilton (1594). This last work was the sternest piece of realism that had yet appeared in English fiction. Nash also wrote a comedy entitled Summer's Last Will and Testament (printed 1600), and had a hand with Marlowe in The Tragedy of Queen Dido (printed 1594). Nash was given to outright speech and sarcastic mirth. He was well read and avowed himself the disciple of Pietro Aretino. He also knew Brant's Narrenschiff and the works of Rabelais, as well as English poets, such as Surrey and Spenser. Izaak Walton aptly described Nash as “the master of a scoffing, satirical, and merry pen.” Consult his Complete Works, ed. by Grosart (6 vols., London, 1883-85).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Nashua

See also Nashua, New Hampshire on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NASHUA, năsh′û-ȧ. An important manufacturing city and one of the county-seats of Hillsboro County, N. H., 40 miles northwest of Boston, Mass.; on the Nashua River, near its junction with the Merrimac, and on several divisions of the Boston and Maine Railroad (Map; New Hampshire, J 10). It has a public library, a United States Fish Hatchery, and Saint Francis Xavier Church (Roman Catholic), one of the finest church edifices in the State. A canal, 3 miles long, 60 feet wide, and 8 feet deep, leading from the Nashua River, furnishes excellent water power for huge cotton mills. The manufactures include iron and steel, stationary engines, edge tools, furniture, cotton goods, cards and glazed paper, shoes, refrigerators, ice-cream freezers, registers, sash, doors, and blinds, kits and caskets, boxes, saddlery and hardware, shears and clippers, etc. The government is administered, under the original charter of incorporation (1853), by a mayor, chosen every two years, and a bicameral council, which elects the majority of municipal officers. The school board is independently elected on a general ticket by the people. Population, in 1890, 19,311; in 1900, 23,898. Settled in 1655, Nashua was incorporated as the township of Dunstable by Massachusetts in 1673, was reincorporated by ​New Hampshire in 1746, received its present name in 1836, and was chartered as a city in 1853. Consult Parker, History of the City of Nashua, N. H. (Nashua, 1897).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Nashville (Illinois)

See also Nashville, Illinois on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NASH′VILLE. A city and the county-seat of Washington County, Ill., 49 miles southeast of Saint Louis, Mo.; on the Louisville and Nashville and the Illinois Southern railroads (Map: Illinois, C 5). It is surrounded by a district interested chiefly in farming, cattle-raising, and coal-mining, and has large flour mills and a coal mine. Population, in 1890, 2084; in 1900, 2184.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Natalie

See also Natalie of Serbia on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​NATALIE, nȧ′tȧ′lē̇′ (1859—). A Queen of Servia, the daughter of a Russian officer named Keshko. In 1875 she married Prince Milan, afterwards King of Servia, but their married life was unhappy, and in 1888 Milan procured a divorce. After King Milan's abdication in 1889 she returned to Belgrade and remained for some time with her son, King Alexander, but the National Assembly having requested her to leave the country in the interest of internal harmony, she withdrew in 1891, though with the masses of the people she enjoyed immense popularity, owing partly to her beauty. In 1893 she became reconciled to King Milan. In the following year she was restored by royal decree to all her rights as a member of the royal family, and in 1895 she returned to Belgrade and was received with great enthusiasm. Since then she has mainly lived in Biarritz, France. In 1902 she joined the Roman Catholic Church. After the assassination of her son Alexander, in 1903, she was forbidden to enter the Kingdom of Servia.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Nash, John

See also John Nash (architect) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NASH, Sir John (1752-1835). An English architect. He was born in London, and was a pupil of Sir Robert Taylor. After qualifying as an architect, he spent many years in building speculations, and did not, until 1792, return to London and architecture, in which he speedily rose to eminence. He designed numerous mansion-houses for the nobility and gentry in England and Ireland, but he is chiefly celebrated in connection with the great street improvements in London, especially in the Marylebone region, which he helped to transform into Regent's Park. Regent Street, Haymarket Theatre, Langham Place Church, Park Square, and the terraces in Regent's Park are specimens of his designs. The pavilion at Brighton is another of his works. He died at East Cowes, Isle of Wight, May 13, 1835. Nash, notwithstanding his many defects, possessed great power of effective grouping, as may be seen in Buckingham Palace.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Nash, Joseph

See also Joseph Nash on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NASH, Joseph (1809-78). An English water-color painter and lithographer, born at Great Marlow, Buckinghamshire. He is principally known by his water-colors and lithographs, illustrating late Gothic architecture and domestic interiors. His publications include Architecture of the Middle Ages (1838) and Mansions of England in the Olden Time (1839-49). He also did some views of Windsor Castle. There are sketches by him in the Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Nash, Richard

See also Beau Nash on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ NASH, Richard (1674-1762). An English society leader, better known as ‘Beau Nash;’ born at Swansea. In 1692 he entered Jesus College, Oxford, but he left before finishing his course, and after a very brief career in the army, entered as a student of law at the Inner Temple in 1693. There he quickly became conspicuous for his good manners, his taste in dress, and his high living. His income being insufficient to meet his demands, he eked it out by gambling and by performing for large wagers such risqué exploits as riding naked through a village on a cow. It was the former occupation that in 1705 took him to Bath, then newly become a fashionable watering place. Here was his opportunity. Bath was then a rude little village filled to overflowing with fashionable people who were compelled to pay extravagant rates for miserable lodgings, whose only dancing place was the bowling green, and whose card and tea rooms were canvas tents. Nash set himself to change all this, and in a short time he had succeeded not only in building an assembly house, in procuring decent lodgings, and in reducing the insolent sedan-chair men to humility, but also in making himself the social autocrat of the place. He drew up a set of rules which were enforced on high and low; he practically abolished dueling, and he even assumed the duty of improving the country roads in the neighborhood. During these years his income, principally derived from his partnership in gambling houses and his own skill as a gamester, was large, and he lived in a style befitting ‘the King of Bath.’ But in 1740 gambling came under the ban of the law, and though Nash managed for a time to evade yielding obedience, new regulations in 1715 left him practically without resources. In this plight, the town, which owed so much to him, came to his rescue with a pension of £10 a month, and on this he lived until his death. Nash owed but little of his popularity to physical attraction, for, according to Goldsmith, he was large and clumsy, and his features were “harsh, strong, and peculiarly irregular.” But he did have “assiduity, flattery, fine clothes, and as much wit as the ladies he addressed.” Consult Goldsmith, Life of Richard Nash (London, 1762).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Natal (Brazil)

See also Natal, Rio Grande do Norte on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​NATAL. The capital and chief port of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, situated on the Atlantic coast, 140 miles north of Pernambuco (Map: Brazil, K 5). The estuary which forms the harbor is obstructed by sand bars. Still the port is the chief outlet for the products of the State, and it exports cotton, leather, rubber, woods, and sugar. It is the seat of a United States consular agent. Population, about 6000.
# The New Europe/Volume 5/Number 60/"The New Austria"

“The New Austria”
Slovene papers from Ljublana report that Slovene text-books for elementary schools have been confiscated by the Austrian censorship because of patriotic points in which the censorship saw an “overrating of the Slovenes and of their mother-tongue.” Similarly many Czech school text-books were confiscated. In one primer the sentence, “The lion is the king of the animal world” was changed into “Austria is my fatherland” [the lion is the national emblem of Bohemia]. The sentence “The Czechs are Slavs” was changed into “The Czechs are Austrians.” These are but two instances taken at random from the Austrian press to show that the old methods of the Police State still prevail in what some would have us believe is a “new Austria.”
This work was published before January 1, 1929 and is anonymous or pseudonymous due to unknown authorship. It is in the public domain in the United States as well as countries and areas where the copyright terms of anonymous or pseudonymous works are 95 years or less since publication.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New Europe/Volume 5/Number 60/America and Freedom

* related portals: World War I.
* related authors: Thomas Woodrow Wilson.
​The collation of President Wilson’s various statements on the war (America and Freedom, pp, xv + 76. Allen and Unwin, 1s, net) appears opportunely. At a moment when the question of mobilising our war aims for a political offensive has been brought into prominence by Lord Lansdowne, one may well be grateful for this handy conspectus of America’s lucid expositions of the Allied ideal. It contains the sanest and truest presentment of our cause which has yet been given. Its value, however, would have been greatly enhanced by the inclusion of the Allies’ answer to President Wilson’s Note last December, although an admirable introduction by Viscount Grey and two speeches by Mr. Lloyd George and Mr. Asquith respectively reproduce the sense, if not the details, of that document. G. G.
This work was published before January 1, 1929 and is anonymous or pseudonymous due to unknown authorship. It is in the public domain in the United States as well as countries and areas where the copyright terms of anonymous or pseudonymous works are 95 years or less since publication.
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# The New Europe/Volume 5/Number 59/The Voice of Bohemia

The Voice of Bohemia
In the Budget Commission of the Reichsrat, 23 October, Fr. Udrzal, the Czech deputy, who is one of the Vice-Presidents of the Reichsrat and leader of the agrarian party in Bohemia, spoke as follows:—“There is much talk at present of constitutional reform. The Bohemian deputies have made a sincere declaration that they desire an independent State, a free nation, and in reply we are offered a reform of the Austrian constitution. Why? Because those who offer it know that it cannot be realised. The Czech nation has no confidence in a form of State in which, after three bloody years of war, the minority is permitted to rule. We regard this as a crying injustice. On the return of peace, the Czech nation expects to enjoy the right of selfdetermination and national liberty. Whatever be the issue of the war . . . we believe that the day of the domineering master-nations is over, and that certainly gives us a guarantee of undisturbed existence. The Czech nation demands equal rights for all nations. Federation can only take place between free peoples.”
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1937, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 86 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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# The New Europe/Volume 5/Number 61/Mr. Norman Angell and Professor Gilbert Murray on War Aims

Review
It is a pity that Mr. Norman Angell, by a certain tactless and, perhaps, ingrained inability to appreciate fully the ideal which brought the present Alliance into being, has very largely discounted in the public mind those saner views of his which, if enunciated by a less controversial pen, would carry with them a large measure of conviction. The main proposition of his War Aims (Headley Bros., pp. 127, 2s. 6d. net) is, in essence, the same as that propounded only the other day by President Wilson himself; and yet his unfortunate aggressiveness of tone does actual harm to the very cause which most of us have sincerely at heart, and which is of the very essence of the Allied purpose. No one in his senses now-a-days talks of crushing the German nation; we are all agreed that the one enemy, common alike to the German people and to the world at large, is that immoral militarism which has been carried to cynical perfection by the Prussian Government. But we most of us differ from Mr. Angell in this, that we clearly recognise the imminence and the reality of that danger, and can see no hope of any sort of peace until that incubus is finally and irretrievably crushed, and until the European comity of nations is infused with an entirely different spirit. Liberal opinion in this country is quite as alive to the danger from without as it is to that from within; it is the latter which seems to obsess Mr. Angell. One turns, by way of contrast, to the sane, idealistic and yet practical exposition of the Liberal attitude to the war as given by Professor Gilbert Murray and reinforced by a preface by Lord Grey, in The Way Forward (Allen & Unwin, pp. 43, 1s. net). Here one may read the interpretation by a gifted and imaginative mind of the true goal to which those who have not lost the idealism of 1914 are striving the substitution of public right as the law of the civilised world; the realisation of freedom for all nations and for all the men and women within the nations; and the final deliverance of mankind from the power of the sword.
G. G.
This work was published before January 1, 1929 and is anonymous or pseudonymous due to unknown authorship. It is in the public domain in the United States as well as countries and areas where the copyright terms of anonymous or pseudonymous works are 95 years or less since publication.
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# The New Europe/Volume 5/Number 59/Three Centuries of Treaties of Peace

​The idea carried out by Sir Walter G. F. Phillimore in Three Centuries of Treaties of Peace (Murray, pp, xvi + 227, 7s. 6d. net) is an entirely salutary one, and his execution of it is, up to a certain point, obviously sound. He clearly indicates the relationship between the unsatisfactory nature of former treaties of peace and the wars that followed them, and traces the evolution of their underlying principles. He gives us not merely a valuable, well-indexed book of reference, but proves a trustworthy guide in its interpretation. It is, therefore, all the more surprising that, in some aspects of the practical suggestions which he makes for the settlement of the present war, he should fail to carry his own principles to their logical conclusion. He doubts, for instance, whether the policy advocated by The New Europe with regard to the Czecho-Slovaks and Jugoslavs, as opposed to some form of limited autonomy within the Austro-Hungarian Empire, is justified either on grounds of expediency or of the wishes of the people themselves. Such a doubt is hard to understand. If, as the author submits, one of the main guarantees of the future peace is to be the principle of nationality, why not give it a fair chance, especially as the evidence as to the wishes of the people concerned is, for anyone who cares to read it, so overwhelming?G. G.
This work was published before January 1, 1929 and is anonymous or pseudonymous due to unknown authorship. It is in the public domain in the United States as well as countries and areas where the copyright terms of anonymous or pseudonymous works are 95 years or less since publication.
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# The New International Encyclopædia/Dexter, Henry Martin

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​DEX'TER, Henry Martin (1821-90). An American clergyman and historian. He was born in Plympton. Mass.; graduated at Yale in 1840, and at the Andover Theological Seminary in 1844; and was pastor of a Congregational church at Manchester, N. H., from 1844 to 1840, and of the Berkeley Street Congregational Church in Boston from" 1849 until 6. He edited the Congregationalist from 1851 to 1866, the Congregational Quarterly from 1859 to 18066, and in 1867 became editor-in-chief of the Recorder, in which the Congregationalist had been merged. He held a pastorate at Dorchester, Mass., from 1809 to 1871, and from 1877 to 1880 delivered annual courses of lectures on Congregationalism at the Andover Theological Seminary. He devoted much of his time to the study of the history of the Congregational Church and of the ecclesiastical history of New England, and wrote several valuable works on these subjects. Among his publications are: The Voice of lite lUblc and the erdict of Reason (1858) ; Congre- yalionalism : ^'hat it is, ^'hencc it is, Uoic it Works, ll'/ii/ it is Better than Any Other Form of Church (Joieriiinent, and its Vonsetjiient VemandJs (1805), which passed into many editions: The Church Polity of the I'ilgrinis I'lir Polity of the yew Testament (1870) ; lioger Williams and His Banishment from the ilassacltuselts Colony (1870) ; The Congregationalism of the Last Three Hundred Years, icith a Biblioaraphical .Ippen- dix (of 7250 titles) (1881)— his most valuable, work: .1 Uaiidbook of Congregationalism ( 1880) ; The True Utory of John iim'ylh, the tic- Baptist (1881); Common i^ense as to Wontan Suffrage (1885): and Early English Exiles in Amsterdam (1890). He a'iso edited Church's Eastern Expeditions and Entertaining Passages Ileluting to King Philip's War. and Mourt's }te- lat ion; and left in MSS. A Bibliography of the Church Struggle in England During the Six- teenth Century and the Pre-flistory of Plymouth Colony, icilh the English and Dutch Life of the Plymouth Men.