OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Andrews, Loren

Edition of 1900.
​ANDREWS, Loren, educator, b. in Ashland co., Ohio, 1 April, 1819; d. in Gambier, Ohio, 18 Sept., 1861. He was educated at Kenyon college, devoted himself to teaching, and the excellence of the present common-school system of Ohio is largely due to his labors. He filled various important educational places until 1854, when he was elected president of Kenyon college. During his administration, the affairs of the college flourished greatly; additions were made to the faculty, new buildings were erected, and the number of students increased from thirty to more than two hundred. On the outbreak of the civil war, in 1861, President Andrews raised a company in Knox co., of which he was made captain. Later he was elected colonel of the 4th Ohio volunteers, and, after service at Camp Dennison, he was ordered to Virginia, He was in the field a short time, where he was subjected to fatiguing service, and was afterward stationed in Oakland, remaining there until he was taken home ill at the end of August, the severe exposure having brought on an attack of camp fever, from the effects of which he died a few weeks later.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Altgeld, John Peter

Edition of 1900. Supplement.
​ ALTGELD, John Peter, lawyer, b. near Berlin, Germany, 30 Dec., 1847. He was brought to this country in childhood by his parents, who lived on a farm in Richland county, Ohio. After a limited elementary education he enlisted in the volunteer army in 1864, and afterward taught for several years. In 1869 he went to St. Louis, a great part of the way on foot, and later taught and studied law in northwestern Missouri, being admitted to the bar in 1872. In 1875 he removed to Chicago. where he built up a large practice. In 1884 he was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for congress. In 1886 he was chosen judge of the Cook county superior court, and in 1890 he became its chief justice. After serving as judge for five years he resigned, giving as his reason the necessity of devoting all his time to his private business. In 1892 he was nominated by the Democrats for governor, and during his canvass visited all parts of the state, seeking to meet voters personally as well as by holding public meetings. He was elected by a plurality of 23,000 over Joseph W. Fifer, his Republican predecessor. The most striking incident of his administration was his protest against the sending of federal troops to Chicago during the railway strikes (see Cleveland, Grover). In 1896 he was a candidate for re-election, but was defeated by his Republican opponent, John K. Tanner, by a plurality of more than 100,000.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Allibone, Samuel Austin

Edition of 1900.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Andree, Karl Theodor

Edition of 1891.
​ANDREE, Karl Theodor, German geographer, b. in Brunswick, 20 Oct., 1808; After studying at Jena, Göttingen, and Berlin, he became a journalist and published, in 1850-'51, at Brunswick, a work entitled “Nordamerika in geographischen und geschichtlichen Umrissen.” Among his other works are “Buenos Ayres und die argentinische Republik” (Leipsic, 1856); “Geographische Wanderungen” (Dresden, 1859); and “Geographie des Welthandels” (Stuttgart, 1863). In 1861 he began the publication of the geographical magazine “Globus.” During the American civil war he advocated the cause of the secessionists.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Lippe, Adolph

Edition of 1900. Supplement.
LIPPE, Adolph, physician, b. near Goerlitz, Prussia, 11 May, 1812; d. in Philadelphia, 23 Jan., 1888. His parents were Count Ludwig and Countess Augusta of the celebrated Dur Lippe family of Germany. Adolph was educated at Berlin for the bar, but came to this country in 1837, and was graduated at the Homœopathic medical college at Allentown, Pa., in 1841. He removed to Pottsville, thence to Carlisle, where he remained six years, and was successful in his treatment of the epidemics that prevailed in Cumberland valley. He then settled in Philadelphia, where from 1863 till 1868 he filled the chair of materia medica in the Homœopathic medical college of Pennsylvania, and devoted the best years of his life to
establishing the claims of his school of medicine in this country, augmenting and improving its materia medica. Besides some essays and treatises from the French, German, and Italian which are now standard, Dr. Lippe was the author of a “Comparative Materia Medica” (Philadelphia, 1854) and a “Text-Book of Materia Medica” (1866).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/List, Friedrich

Edition of 1892.
​LIST, Friedrich, political economist, b. in Reutlingen, Germany, 6 Aug., 1789; d. in Kufstien, 30 Nov., 1846. He had become favorably known as a political economist, and in 1821 was elected to the Würtemberg chamber of deputies, but, having attacked the government in a petition, was prevented from taking his seat and sentenced to ten months' imprisonment. After fruitless attempts to obtain pardon and several years of exile, he was imprisoned in the fortress at Asperg. On his release he emigrated to the United States and settled in Pennsylvania, where he became an extensive landholder, and was active in the establishment of railroads. He was appointed U. S. consul at Hamburg in 1830, and, after residing for some time in Paris, returned to Pennsylvania. He finally settled in Leipsic in 1833, where for some time he was U. S. consul. He engaged in journalism in Paris in 1837-'43, and at the latter date established in Augsburg the “Zollvereinsblatt,” a newspaper in which he advocated the enlargement of the custom's union, and the organization of a national commercial system. In 1846 he visited England with a view to forming a commercial alliance between that country and Germany, but was unsuccessful, and, losing both health and property, he shot himself. He is the author of a “New System of Political Economy” (Philadelphia, 1827). His literary remains were published with a biography by Ludwig Hausser (Stuttgart, 1850-'1).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Little, Charles Coffin

Edition of 1892.
​LITTLE, Charles Coffin, publisher, b. in Kennebunk, Me., 25 July, 1799; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 11 Aug., 1869. He went to Boston early in life, and entered a shipping-house, and afterward the book-store of Carter, Hilliard, and Co. He subsequently became a member of the firm of Hilliard, Gray, Little, and Wilkins, in which he continued until the formation of his partnership with James Brown in the year 1837, under the style of Charles C. Little and Co. This was subsequently changed, by the admission of other partners, to Little, Brown, and Co. The house were not only large publishers of standard works, but for many years the most extensive law-publishers in the United States, and also the largest importers of standard English law and miscellaneous works, introducing to American buyers the “Encyclopædia Britannica,” the dictionaries of Dr. William Smith, and many other standard works. The present (1887) head of the firm is John Bartlett (q. v.).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Little Crow

Edition of 1892.
​LITTLE CROW (To-wai-ah-tah-doo-tah), chief of the Sioux, b. in the Indian village of Kaposia, near St. Paul, Minn.; d. near Hutchinson, McLeod co., Minn., in 1863. He was the hereditary chief of the Kaposia band of the great Dakota or Sioux tribe. The name Little Crow descended from father to son through several generations. The father of the subject of this sketch was a firm friend of the Americans, and a highly intelligent and industrious man. He was accidentally wounded in withdrawing his gun from a wagon, and died on the following day. His parting injunctions to his son and successor, in the presence of the writer, were peculiarly impressive. Little Crow the younger paid but slight heed to the wise counsels of his father. He was essentially a bad man, an inveterate liar, and a drunkard, but possessed of cunning, energy, and determination. Subsequent to 1851, when the Sioux Indians ceded by treaty to the U. S. government their lands west of Mississippi river, the several bands, including the Kaposias, were removed to large reservations on the upper Minnesota, where they dwelt peacefully, professing warm friendship for the white settlers, by whom they were treated kindly and hospitably. Suddenly and unexpectedly the savages, with a few exceptions, rose in a body, on 18 Aug., 1862, murdered their traders and the other whites at the two U. S. agencies, and then spread themselves in small parties along a line of frontier more than two hundred miles in extent, butchering the unsuspecting men, women, and children without mercy. Nearly 1,000 settlers fell victims. Little Crow was the recognized head of the outbreak. . After the decisive defeat of the combined force of warriors by the troops under the command of Gen. Henry H. Sibley, at Wood Lake, 23 Sept., 1862, Little Crow, and two or three hundred of the most desperate of his followers, fled with their families to the protection of the powerful bands of their kindred on the distant prairies, leaving the main camp to be captured with more than 2,000 souls, with the release of female white prisoners to the number of 120. About 40 of the 303 warriors that were found guilty and condemned by a military commission, were hanged at Mankato in December following, the remainder being held in close confinement until they were reprieved, despite the universal protest, by President Lincoln, and removed by his order to a reservation on Missouri river. Little Crow met his richly merited death in 1863, having been discovered and shot by a Mr. Lamson and his son while he was engaged with a small party in a raid. His scalp was deposited in the collections of the Minnesota historical society.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Littell, Eliakim

Edition of 1892.
​LITTELL, Eliakim, editor, b. in Burlington, N. J., 2 Jan., 1797; d. in Brookline, Mass., 17 May, 1870. His grandfather, Eliakim, was a captain in the Revolution, and did good service in the defence of Springfield, N. J., 4 June, 1780. The grandson removed to Philadelphia in 1819, and established a weekly literary paper entitled the “National Recorder,” whose name he changed in 1821 to the “Saturday Magazine.” In July, 1822, he again changed it to a monthly called the “Museum of Foreign Literature and Science,” which was edited during the first year by Robert Walsh, and subsequently by himself and his brother Squier. After conducting this with great success for nearly twenty-two years, he removed to Boston, Mass., where in April, 1844, he began “Littell's Living Age,” a weekly literary periodical which is still (1887) continued. In 1855 he began the publication in Boston of the “Panorama of Life and Literature,” a monthly. Mr. Littell was the author of the “Compromise Tariff,” which was advocated by Henry Clay and carried through congress during the administration of President Jackson. — His brother, Squier, physician, b. in Burlington, N. J., 9 Dec., 1803; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 4 July, 1886, was graduated at the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1824, the next year practised in Buenos Ayres, South America, and, returning to Philadelphia in 1826, was a physician there until his death. For several years he edited in Philadelphia the “Banner of the Cross,” and with his brother Eliakim the “Museum of Foreign Literature and Science.” He was surgeon to the Wills ophthalmic hospital in 1834-'64, becoming surgeon emeritus on his resignation, consulting physician to the Philadelphia dispensary, and a member of various foreign and domestic medical societies. Besides various professional papers, he published “Manual of Diseases of the Eye” (Philadelphia, 1837; new ed., with notes, by Hugh Houston, London, 1838); “Illustrations of the Prayer-Book” (1840); and he edited the first American edition of Haynes Walton's “Treatise on Operative Ophthalmic Surgery” (1853). — His brother, John Stockton, author, b. in Burlington. N. J.. in 1806; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 11 July, 1875, edited with biographical and historical notes, Alexander Graydon's “Memoirs of my own Times” (Philadelphia, 1846); and published a sketch of the “Life, Character, and Services of Henry Clay.” — Their cousin, William, lawyer, b. in New Jersey about 1780; d. in Frankfort. Ky., in 1825, was an eminent member of the Kentucky bar, and for many years reporter of the decisions of the court of appeals of that state. He published “The Statute Law of Kentucky” (5 vols., Frankfort, 1808-'19); “A Digest of the Statute Law of Kentucky” (2 vols., 1822); “Reports of Cases at Common Law and in Chancery, decided by the Court of Appeals of Kentucky” (4 vols., 1822-4); “Selected Cases from the Decisions of the Court of Appeals of Kentucky from 1795 till 1825” (1825); and “Festoons of Fancy in Essays, Humorous, Sentimental, and Political, in Prose and Verse.”
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Little, Sophia Louise

Edition of 1892.
​LITTLE, Sophia Louise, poet, b. in Newport, R. I., 22 Aug., 1799. She was the second daughter of Asher Robbins, U. S. senator from Rhode Island. She was educated in her native town, and in 1824 married William Little, Jr., of Boston, who greatly assisted her by judicious criticism in the development of her poetic talent. Her first poem of any length, a description of a New England Thanksgiving, was printed in 1828 in “The Token.” Mrs. Little took an active interest in the anti-slavery movement, and was a life-long friend of William Lloyd Garrison, being present at the Boston meeting, at which he was mobbed. She was also president of the Prisoner's aid association of Rhode Island from its formation. With the aid of friends she opened a free reading-room for working people in Newport, which proved to be the germ of a free public library. She also established a Holly-tree coffee-house, and is still (1887) active in many charitable enterprises. Mrs. Little, besides contributing frequently to various periodicals, has published the following poems: “The Last Days of Jesus” (Boston, 1839); “The Annunciation and Birth of Jesus, and the Resurrection” (1842); and “Pentecost” (1873). In 1877 a complete edition of her religious poems was published at Newport, bearing the title, “Last Days of Jesus, and Other ​Poems.” — Her son, Robbins, lawyer, b. in Newport, R. I., 15 Feb., 1832, was graduated at Yale in 1851, and was subsequently tutor in Greek there. He afterward studied in Harvard law-school, where he received the degree of LL. B., and practised law in New York city in partnership with William Winthrop, afterward judge-advocate in the U. S. army. From 1865 till 1869 he was instructor in international law at the U. S. naval academy. In 1873 he became an examiner of claims in the war department at Washington, remaining in that office until 1878, when he was elected superintendent and later a trustee of the Astor library in New York city. During his administration the library has been greatly improved and enlarged, the endowment has been increased by John Jacob Astor, grandson of the founder, the hours of public admission have been lengthened, and the facilities for research much extended, especially by the publication of a new catalogue in four large volumes.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Lobeck, Justus Florian

Edition of 1892. German sources call him a classical philologist. His cousin was Christian August Lobeck, a more noted philologist.
​LOBECK, Justus Florian, German naturalist, b. in Germany; d. in Santiago, Chili, in August, 1869. He was long a resident in Chili, where he had made large contributions to natural science, and was for several years professor of natural history in the University of Santiago.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Lodge, Giles Henry

Edition of 1900.
​LODGE, Giles Henry, translator, b. in Boston, Mass., 13 March, 1805; d. there, 17 Dec., 1888. He was graduated at Harvard in 1835, and at the medical school in 1828, and passed his life chiefly in Boston. He was an enthusiastic student of the Greek language and art, and published translations of Johann Wincklemann's “History of Ancient Art among the Greeks” (4 vols., Boston, 1849-'73), and Baron von Steinberg's “Breughel Brothers” (1854). He was the author of several medical essays, and left in manuscript a “Dictionary of Aristophanes.” — His nephew, Henry Cabot, senator, b. in Boston, Mass., 12 May, 1850, was graduated at Harvard, and at the law-school, and in 1875 was given the degree of Ph. D. for his
thesis on the “Land Law of Anglo-Saxons” (Boston, 1877). He was university lecturer on American history in 1876-'9, edited the “North American Review” in 1873-'6, and the “International Review” in 1879-'81. He was unsuccessful as a candidate for congress in 1884, but was elected in 1886, being re-elected in 1888, 1890, and 1892, and in 1893 became U. S. senator. In 1890 he was a delegate at large to the Republican national convention. Mr. Lodge has been an overseer of Harvard since 1884, and is a member of various scientific and historical societies. He was vice-president of the commission that superintended the celebration of the framing of the U. S. constitution, in 1887. He has published “Life and Letters of George Cabot” (Boston, 1877); “Short History of English Colonies in America” (New York, 1881); lives of Alexander Hamilton (Boston, 1882), Daniel Webster (1883), and George Washington (1888) in the “American Statesmen” series; “Studies in History” (1884); “History of Boston” (New York, 1891); “Historical and Political Essays” and a volume of speeches (Boston, 1892); in conjunction with Theodore Roosevelt, “Hero Tales from American History” (New York, 1895); “Certain Accepted Heroes and other Essays” (1897); and “The Story of the Revolution” (1898). He has edited two series of “Popular Tales”; a volume of selected “Ballads and Lyrics” (Boston, 1881); and “The Complete Works of Alexander Hamilton,” including his private correspondence and many hitherto unpublished documents, with an introduction and notes (9 vols., New York, 1885). Senator Lodge's term of service will expire in March, 1899.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Little Turtle

Edition of 1892.
​LITTLE TURTLE (Me-che-cun-na-qua), a chief of the Miami Indians, d. in Fort Wayne, Ind., 14 July, 1812. It is supposed that he was partially educated at a Jesuit school in Canada. He was remarkable for his mental vigor and common sense, ​and was a brave and skilful military leader. He took part in the border warfare of the west, and commanded at the defeat of Gen. Josiah Harmar on Miami river in October, 1790, and also at that of Gen. Arthur St. Clair at St. Mary's, 4 Nov., 1791. He was present, although not in command, at the battle of Fallen Timbers, in which the Indians were defeated by Gen. Anthony Wayne, 20 Aug., 1794, having vainly endeavored to dissuade them from attacking the “Chief-Who-Never-Sleeps,” with whom he urged them to make peace. He was one of the signers of the treaty of Greenville in August, 1795. Early in 1797 he visited President Washington in Philadelphia, where he also met Count Volney, the French philosopher, and was presented by Gen. Kosciuszko with his own pair of elegantly mounted pistols.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Reich

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Reich | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Reich, n., ‘empire, realm, kingdom,’ from MidHG. rîche, n., OHG. rîhhi, n., ‘country under sovereign sway, kingdom, Roman-German emperor, authority, dominion’; corresponding to Goth. reiki, n., ‘realm, dominion, power, authority,’ AS. rîče, n., ‘realm, dominion, reign,’ OSax. rîki, n., ‘realm, dominion, authority.’ A derivative with the suffix ja from Teut. *rîk-, which has been preserved only in Goth. as reiks, ‘ruler, chief’ (yet also in proper names like Friedrich and Heinrich). The rare OHG. str. vb. rîhhan, ‘to reign over, take possession of, be mighty,’ is prop. a derivative of *rîk-, ‘ruler,’ which again is a pre-Teut. loan-word from the equiv. Kelt. rîg (for another word, probably borrowed from Kelt. at the same period, see under Amt). The latter is primit. allied to Lat. rêg-em, Sans. râjan, ‘king’ (Aryan rég- would be orig. akin to Teut. rêk, râk), which are connected with the Aryan root rē̆́g, ‘to direct’ (see recht). See the following word.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Reigen

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Reigen | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Reigen, see Reihen (1).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Reihe

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Reihe | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Reihe, f., from the equiv. MidHG. rîke, f., ‘row, line,’ allied to MidHG. rîhen, OHG. rîhan, ‘to range, put on a thread, fix,’ to which MidHG. rige, f., ‘row, line,’ OHG. rī̆ga, ‘line, circular line,’ and Du. rij, ‘row,’ are akin. AS. râw, ‘row, line’ (Goth. *raiwa, for *raigwa, allied to *reihwan), whence E. row is also probably connected with these. The Teut. root rī̆hw, raihw, is related to Sans. rêkkâ, ‘streak, line’ (Aryan root rikh).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Reise

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Reise | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Reise, f., ‘journey, travel, voyage,’ from MidHG. reise, f., ‘departure, march, journey, military expedition,’ OHG. reisa, f., ‘departure’; allied to OHG. rîsan, MidHG. rîsen, ‘to mount, fall,’ OSax. rîsan, ‘to rise,’ AS. rîsan, E. to rise, and the equiv. Goth. ur-reisan. The idea of vertical, and espec. of upward motion, thus belongs every where to the root rī̆s; therefore Reise is lit. ‘departure.’ Further, MidHG. and ModHG. reisen is a derivative of the subst.; comp. also with the root rī̆s, E. to raise and (by the change of s into r) to rear.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Reis

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Reis | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Reis (1.), m., ‘rice,’ from the equiv. MidHG. rîs, m. and n., which was borrowed from the equiv. MidLat. and Rom. rîso-, m. and n,; comp. Ital. riso, Fr. riz (whence also E. rice, Du. rijst); the latter is usually traced to Lat. and Gr. ὄρῦζον (also ὄρυζα), ‘rice,’ which is derived from Sans. vrîhi through an Iran. medium.
Reis (2.), ‘twig, sprout,’ from MidHG. rîs, OHG. rîs, earlier hris, n., ‘branch’; corresponding to Du. rijs, AS. hrîs, OIc. hrîs, m., ‘twig, branch’; Goth. *hreis, n., is wanting. The Teut. cognates (Zweig, ‘that which shakes, lives’) accord well with Goth. hrisjan, ‘to shake,’ OSax. hrissian, AS. hrissan, ‘to tremble, quake.’ —
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Reh

| Expand abbreviations An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Annotated/Reh | Random word Special:RandomInCategory/Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language |
​ Reh, n., ‘roe, deer,’ from the equiv. MidHG. rêck (gen. rêhes), OHG. rêf (gen. rêhes), n.; the stem raiha- is common to Teut.; comp. Du. ree, AS. râhdeór, E. roe, OIc. rá; Goth. *ráih is by chance not recorded. Allied also to OHG. and OLG. rêho, m. (like AS. râ, m., from *râha), ‘roe,’ and reia (AS. rœ̂ge). f., ‘caprea’; for another fem. form see Ricke. Teut. raiha- from ​raiko- can scarcely be related to Sans. ṛçya, ‘buck of a species of antelopes.’ See further Hahnrei.