OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Pitti Palace

Edition of 1905. See also Palazzo Pitti on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​PITTI PALACE. A celebrated Florentine palace of the Early Renaissance, now used as a royal residence. It is the largest palace except the Vatican in Italy, and one of the most imposing in the world. A typical Florentine palace of the fifteenth century, part fortress, part residence, it became a model for such structures. The imposing character of the façade is due to the use of rough-hewn stone, giving a massive effect, and to the simple and harmonious proportions of the three stories. This effect is heightened by its situation upon a hill on the left bank of the Arno; behind it are the beautiful Boboli Gardens.
The palace was designed in 1440 by Brunelleschi for Luca Pitti, then chief magistrate of the Republic. Brunelleschi lived to complete the first Story and after Luca's fall the building was not resumed until the palace was purchased by the ducal family and made their residence. In 1568 Ammanati was employed to make a new design to replace Brunelleschi's lost plan. To him is due the celebrated court of the palace—a rather unfortunate attempt to use rustic work with pilasters. The wings of the façade date from 1620, being an addition to Brunelleschi's more simple plan, and the building was not completed till 1839.
Within the palace, and open to the general public, is one of the most important collections of paintings in the world, although numbering but 500 specimens. It is especially rich in Florentine masters of the fifteenth century, and possesses fine examples of Andrea del Sarto, Giorgione, Titian, Tintoretto, besides six of the very best Raphaels. Other European schools are represented by Dürer, Rembrandt, Rubens, Van Dyek, Murillo, and Velazquez.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Pierre

Edition of 1905. See also Pierre, South Dakota on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​PIERRE, pēr. A city, the county-seat of Hughes County and the capital of South Dakota; situated near the centre of the State, on the Missouri River, and on the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad (Map: South Dakota, E 5). It has a Government industrial school for Indians, and is the commercial metropolis of an extensive stock-raising and farming district. It is the largest stock market in the State, the annual shipments of cattle averaging 1000 cars. Underlying the city are supplies of natural gas, which is used for lighting and heating and for industrial purposes. Pierre was settled in 1880, and incorporated three years later. It is governed under a charter of 1900, which provides for a mayor, elected biennially, and a council. The water-works, gas plant, and electric light plant are owned by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 3233; in 1900, 2306.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Pierpont, John

Edition of 1905. See also John Pierpont on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​PIERPONT, John (1785-1866). An American poet. He was born in Litchfield, Conn., April 6, 1785, and graduated from Yale College in 1804, after which he taught school for a few years. He then studied law and practiced at Newburyport, Mass. After unsuccessful business ventures in Boston and Baltimore, he studied theology in the Harvard Divinity School, and in 1819 was ordained over the Hollis Street Congregational (Unitarian) Church in Boston. His advocacy of anti-slavery, temperance, and other reforms caused his withdrawal from that parish in 1845, after which he became pastor of the Unitarian Church at Troy, N. Y., and of the First Church (Unitarian) at Medford, Mass. During the Civil War he was appointed, though seventy-six years old, as chaplain of a Massachusetts regiment, but was soon transferred to the United States Treasury Department, where he remained till his death at Medford, Mass., August 26, 1866. He published, among other volumes: Airs of Palestine (1816; republished and enlarged as Airs of Palestine, and Other Poems in 1840) and Anti-Slavery Poems (1843). Some lines on his dead son are also notable for their pathos. He was a genuine poet, though his work is rather slight.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Pierpont, Francis Harrison

Edition of 1905. See also Francis Harrison Pierpont on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​PIER′PONT, Francis Harrison (1814-99). An American political leader, born in Monongalia County, Va. (now West Virgina). He supported himself while studying and graduated at Alleghany College (Pennsylvania) in 1839. He began the practice of law at Fairmount, Va., about 1845. He was a pronounced abolitionist, and was an elector on the Whig ticket in 1848. After Virginia seceded, representatives from 40 western counties met in convention at Wheeling June 11, 1861, organized the ‘Restored Government of Virginia,’ and elected him Governor. He was recognized by President Lincoln and raised troops for the Federal Army. In the fall he was elected by the loyal people for the unexpired term of two years, and then for a full term of four years. When West Virginia was admitted to the Union as a separate State in June, 1863, he removed his capital to Alexandria, under the protection of the Federal Army. When Richmond was evacuated he removed there, and acted as Governor of the entire State until 1868. He then returned to Fairmount and sat in the West Virginia Legislature in 1870. President Garfield appointed him collector of internal revenue, in which capacity he served until the consolidation of his district.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Pitman, Benn

Edition of 1905. See also Benjamin Pitman on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
PIT'MAN, Benn (1822—). An American stenographer and artist, born at Trowbridge, Wiltshire, England, the younger brother of Isaac Pitman (q.v.). He came to the United States in 1853, and settled in Cincinnati, Ohio, in the same year. He at first published his brother's shorthand textbooks, giving him credit for the system; but in 1857, when Isaac and his co-laborers made certain changes in the system, he refused to adopt them. During the Civil War he did some official reporting for the Government, and afterwards devoted himself to professional reporting until 1873. Pitman's artistic instinct, which had manifested itself in many ways, found distinct expression in 1873, when he became connected with the Cincinnati School of Design as teacher of descriptive art in its various phases, and especially of wood carving. In this latter field he introduced what has since become known as the ‘Pitman School of Wood Carving,’ which provides for the treatment of naturalistic designs and admits of very beautiful effects in wood sculpture. Although he abandoned his formal connection with the Cincinnati School of Design in 1877, he continued to do more or less art work, and his influence as an artist came to be considerable, particularly throughout the middle West.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Pierola, Nicholas de

Edition of 1905. See also Nicolás de Piérola on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​PIEROLA, pē′ā̇-rō′lȧ, Nicholas de (1839—). A Peruvian politician, born at Camaná. He was educated for the law and served as Minister of Finance during Balta's administration (1869-72). He was implicated in the revolts against Prado in 1874 and 1877, and when, in the war with Chile, Prado deserted his post, Pierola assumed the leadership of the Revolution, and was proclaimed supreme chief at Lima, in the closing days of 1879. In 1881 he was defeated and obliged to retire into the interior. Four years later he made an unsuccessful attempt to seize the Presidency, and was banished in consequence. In 1894 he headed another revolt, overthrew President Cáceres, was himself elected President in 1895, and held the office until the expiration of his term, September 10, 1899.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Finality John

Edition of 1905. See also John Russell, 1st Earl Russell on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​FINAL′ITY JOHN. A nickname applied to Lord John Russell, who advocated the Reform Bill of 1831 and spoke of it as a ‘finality.’
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fischer, Emil

Edition of 1905. See also Hermann Emil Fischer on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ FISCHER, fĭsh′ẽr, Emil (1852—). A German chemist, born at Euskirchen. He studied at Strassburg, and in 1879 was made professor extraordinary at the University of Munich. Three years later he was appointed full professor of chemistry at Erlangen, and in 1885 was invited to take a similar position at Würzburg. When, on the death of the celebrated A. W. Hofmann, the chair of organic chemistry at the University of Berlin became vacant, Fischer was appointed to fill the vacancy (1892). His most important achievement was the synthetic production of the simple sugars and the complete demonstration of their chemical constitution. Although he did not succeed in synthesizing ordinary cane-sugar and the more complex carbohydrates (such as cellulose and starch), his researches have thrown much light on their chemical constitution and have thus paved the way for future success. His Anleitung zur Darstellung organischer Präparate (5th ed. 1896) is well known to every student of organic chemistry. In 1902 he received the Nobel prize for distinguished research in chemistry.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fischer, Jean Chrétien

Edition of 1905. See also Jean Chrétien Fischer on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ FISCHER, Jean Chrétien (c.1716-62). A German soldier in the French service. He was a leader of the partisans in the French Army during the war of the Austrian Succession. In 1743 he was authorized by the Marshal de Belle-Isle to raise a company, which was called Fischer's chasseurs, the origin of that branch in the French Army. He distinguished himself in the Seven Years' War; was made brigadier for his bravery at Arloff (1759); added to his fame at Clostercamp (1760); resigned his command to the Marquis de Conflans (1761), but still fought in his old troop with the rank of a lieutenant-colonel.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fischbach, Friedrich

Edition of 1905. See also Friedrich Fischbach on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ FISCHBACH, fĭsh′bäG, Friedrich (1839—). A German pattern-designer, born at Aix-la-Chapelle. He was educated at Cologne and at the Academy of Design in Berlin, and in 1862 went to Vienna, where he prepared drawings for the collection of pattern-designs in the Austrian Museum. In 1870 he was appointed teacher of ornamentation at the Royal Academy in Hanau. He was director of the newly organized Industrial Art School at Saint Gall from 1883 to 1888. Several societies for the advancement of industrial art were established by him; and he was influential in establishing the independence of Germany in the field of pattern-drawing. His collection of antique fabrics and embroideries was acquired by the school at Saint Gall. His principal literary works include: Ornamente der Gewebe (with 160 colored plates, 1874-81); Geschichte der Textilkunst (1883); Südslavische Ornamente (2d ed. 1872); Album für Stickerei (130 patterns, printed in gold and colors, 4th ed. 1872); Neue Muster für Stickerei und Hükelarbeiten (3 series, 1880-83); Stickereimuster (4 parts, 1888); Häkelvorlagen (1889); Weissstickereivorlagen (1892).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Finale

Edition of 1905. See also Finale (music) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​FINALE, fē̇-nä′lā̇ (It., end). The name given to that part of a musical composition which finishes the act of an opera; also to the last movement of a cyclical instrumental composition, as in the symphony, quartet, quintet, sonata, etc. The character of the finale in purely instrumental works is generally lively. In the opera it depends on the subject, sometimes being an aria alone, instead of the usual full concerted music for soli and chorus.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Finale Nell'Emilia

Edition of 1905. See also Finale Emilia on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​FINALE NELL'EMILIA, nĕl′lā̇-mē′lya. A city in North Italy, on the Panaro, 27 miles northeast of Modena (Map: Italy, F 3). It has a trade in cattle, and manufactures silk. Population, 13,000.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Finland, Gulf of

Edition of 1905. See also Gulf of Finland on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FINLAND, Gulf of. An arm of the Baltic Sea bounded by Finland on the north and east, the Government of Saint Petersburg on the east and south, and Esthonia on the south (Map: Russia, C 2). It extends in an easterly direction for over 250 miles, and varies in width from about 12 to over 80 miles, its narrowest point being at the eastern end. Its depth ranges from 26 to over 200 feet, although in a few places it exceeds 300 feet. The northern coast is rugged and bordered with numerous small islands. There are also islands, mostly uninhabited, in the midst of the gulf. By the Neva and the Ladoga Canal the gulf is connected with the lakes of Ladoga and Onega, while the Narova connects it with Lake Peipus. Besides the two above-mentioned rivers, the gulf receives a number of small streams, both from Finland and from Esthonia. Fish are abundant, the waters being especially noted for a kind of sardine, extensively caught near Reval. Navigation is considerable, although greatly hindered by sandbanks and rocks, and by ice during the winter. Among the ports are Reval, Kronstadt, Viborg, and Helsingfors.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fischer, Gustav Adolf

Edition of 1905. See also Gustav Fischer on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ FISCHER, Gustav Adolf (1848-86). A German African explorer, born at Barmen. In 1876 he accompanied the Denhardt East African Exploring Expedition to Zanzibar, and in the following year explored Witu and the Southern Galla country. In 1878 he continued his journey to Wapokomoland and along the Tana River to Massa. With the support of the Geographical Society of Hamburg he visited the Massai country in 1882, and penetrated from the mouth of the Pagani to Lake Naivasha. Equipped with funds by the brother of Junker, an explorer, who, with Emin Pasha and Casati, had been lost in the equatorial provinces, he organized a relief expedition, which, however, was compelled to return after reaching Lake Victoria Nyanza. Shortly after his arrival in Germany in 1886, he died of a bilious fever contracted during this journey.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Poll-Tax

See also Poll tax on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Poll-Tax, a tax levied by the poll or head. In England the imposition of a graduated poll-tax in the time of Richard III led to Wat Tyler’s rebellion in 1381. A similar tax was imposed in 1513. A tax, varying from 12d for a private person to £100 for a duke, was assessed in 1678 and abolished in 1689. In the United States some states impose a poll-tax varying from $1 to $3, while in others the imposition of such a tax is expressly forbidden by the state constitution.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ponce

See also Ponce, Puerto Rico on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Pon′ce is an important city in Porto Rico, the capital of the province of Ponce. It is the second largest city on the island and the first in commercial importance. It is well-built and modern in appearance, with macadamized streets, public plazas, churches, hospitals, theaters, an asylum, municipal hall and a number of handsome residences. It also has a public library and a good school-system established since the American occupation, in connection with which is conducted an industrial school with about 300 students. The water-supply is excellent, brought by an aqueduct three miles long. It has electric-light works and a street-car system which connects with Playa de Ponce, the port. The custom-house and the chief commercial houses are here. The harbor is large, is accessible to vessels drawing 25 feet, and is provided with wharves. The inhabitants engage chiefly in commercial and mercantile pursuits, but there are a few mechanical industries. The population in 1910 was 27,952 and that of the municipal district 55,477.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Pollinium

See also Pollinium on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Pollin′ium (in plants). In certain families, notably the milkweed and orchid families, all of the pollen-grains formed within a pollen-sac stick together in a mass which is removed bodily by insects. These masses of sticky pollen are pollinia.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Ponce de Leon, Juan

See also Juan Ponce de León on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Ponce de Leon (pō̇n′thā̇ dā̇ lā̇-ō̇n′), Juan, the discoverer of Florida, was born at San Servas, Spain, in 1460; was a court page; served against the Moors; and in 1502 sailed with Ovando to Hispaniola and became governor of the eastern part of the island. In 1510 he obtained the government of Porto Rico, and had conquered the whole island by 1512 when deprived of his post. He then, broken in health, set out in quest of the fountain of perpetual youth, and on the 27th of March, 1512, found Florida, landing a little north of where St. Augustine stands. He secured the appointment of governor of the country, and attempted to conquer his new subjects, but failed and lost nearly all his followers. He died in Cuba in July of 1521.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Poncho

See also Poncho on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Pon′cho, an important article of male attire in Chile, the Argentine Republic and other parts of South America. It consists of a piece of woolen or alpaca cloth, six or seven feet long and three or four broad, with a slit of a foot or more in the middle through which the wearer passes his head, so that the poncho covers the shoulders and hangs down before and behind. Waterproof ponchos are worn by soldiers to a great extent, especially by cavalrymen.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Pondoland

See also Pondoland on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Pon′doland, lying along the southeastern coast of South Africa, has been a part of Cape Colony since Sept. 25, 1894. It has an area of 3,918 square miles and a population in April, 1904, of 1,113 whites and 201,644 blacks, a total of 202,757.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Polk, Leonidas

See also Leonidas Polk on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Polk, Leon′idas, general in the Confederate army and bishop of the Protestant Episcopal church, was born at Raleigh, N. C., April 10, 1806. He graduated at West Point in 1827 and received a commission in the artillery, but resigned and studied for the ministry. In 1838 he was consecrated bishop of Arkansas and Indian Territory, with charge of the dioceses of Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana; but in 1841 he resigned all except the bishopric of Louisiana, which he held until his death, even when commanding a corps in the Confederate army. Soon after the outbreak of the Civil War Bishop Polk tendered his services to the Confederate government, and was appointed major-general by Jefferson Davis. He commanded an army-corps at Shiloh, and in October following was made lieutenant-general. At Chickamauga he commanded the right wing of Bragg’s army, and, being charged by that officer with disobedience of orders, was relieved of his command for a short time, but was afterward restored, and served under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston in Sherman’s Atlanta campaign. He was killed by a cannon-shot while reconnoitering on Pine Mountain, June 14, 1864.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Pollen

See also Pollen on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Pol′len, the microspores of seed-plants. Pollen is developed within pollen-sacs, which occur on the anthers of stamens. Each pollen-grain is an asexual spore, consisting of a single cell, which has an outer heavy and more or less modified wall, known as the exine, and a delicate inner wall, known as the intine. Pollen-grains are often variously marked, sculptured and even winged by the modifications of the exine. Certain pollen-grains, as those of the mallows, are covered with conspicuous spiny points, and this family may be recognized by its pollen. Pollen has often been mistaken as the equivalent of a male cell, being spoken of as the male element. It should be distinctly understood that pollen grains are microspores and that microspores are asexual spores. When the pollen germinates, as other spores do, it produces a male gametophyte, as do all microspores. It is in connection with this new plantlet or male gametophyte that the sperms are developed.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Pompey's Pillar

See also Pompey's Pillar (column) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Pompey's Pillar, a celebrated Corinthian column standing near Alexandria in Egypt, on an eminence south of the walls. Its total height is 98 feet 9 inches, the height of the shaft being a little over 70 feet. The Greek inscription on the base shows that it was erected in 302 A. D. by Publius, prefect of Egypt, in honor of Emperor Diocletian; and it is supposed to record the conquest of Alexandria by Diocletian in 296 A. D.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Oregon Brook-Trout

Edition of 1905. See also Rainbow trout on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​OREGON BROOK-TROUT. The common brook-trout of the tributaries of the lower Columbia, and of coastwise streams of Oregon and Washington, a variety (Masoni) of the rainbow trout (q.v.). The Dolly Varden trout of the same region is sometimes called the Oregon charr.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Oregon Question

Edition of 1905. See also Oregon boundary dispute on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​OREGON QUESTION. The name given in American history to the dispute between the United States and Great Britain over the delimitation of their possessions on the Northwest coast, leading to the determination of the present boundary. See Oregon, paragraph History; Northwest Boundary Dispute.