OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Ablution

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Ablution Or washing, was practised, (1.) When a person was initiated into a higher state: e.g., when Aaron and his sons were set apart to the priest's office, they were washed with water previous to their investiture with the priestly robes (Lev. 8:6).
(2.) Before the priests approached the altar of God, they were required, on pain of death, to wash their hands and their feet to cleanse them from the soil of common life (Ex. 30:17-21). To this practice the Psalmist alludes, Ps. 26:6.
(3.) There were washings prescribed for the purpose of cleansing from positive defilement contracted by particular acts. Of such washings eleven different species are prescribed in the Levitical law (Lev. 12-15).
(4.) A fourth class of ablutions is mentioned, by which a person purified or absolved himself from the guilt of some particular act. For example, the elders of the nearest village where some murder was committed were required, when the murderer was unknown, to wash their hands over the expiatory heifer which was beheaded, and in doing so to say, "Our hands have not shed this blood, neither have our eyes seen it" (Deut. 21:1-9). So also Pilate declared himself innocent of the blood of Jesus by washing his hands (Matt. 27:24). This act of Pilate may not, however, have been borrowed from the custom of the Jews. The same practice was common among the Greeks and Romans.
The Pharisees carried the practice of ablution to great excess, thereby claiming extraordinary purity (Matt. 23:25). Mark (7:1-5) refers to the ceremonial ablutions. The Pharisees washed their hands "oft," more correctly, "with the fist" (R.V., "diligently"), or as an old father, Theophylact, explains it, "up to the elbow." (Compare also Mark 7:4; Lev. 6:28; 11: 32-36; 15:22) (See WASHING.)
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Abner

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Abner father of light; i.e., "enlightening", the son of Ner and uncle of Saul. He was commander-in-chief of Saul's army (1 Sam. 14:50; 17:55; 20:25). He first introduced David to the court of Saul after the victory over Goliath (1 Sam. 17:57). After the death of Saul, David was made king over Judah, and reigned in Hebron. Among the other tribes there was a feeling of hostility to Judah; and Abner, at the head of Ephraim, fostered this hostility in the interest of the house of Saul, whose son Ish-bosheth he caused to be proclaimed king (2 Sam. 2:8). A state of war existed between these two kings. A battle fatal to Abner, who was the leader of Ish-boseth's army, was fought with David's army under Joab at Gibeon (2 Sam. 2:12). Abner, escaping from the field, was overtaken by Asahel, who was "light of foot as a wild roe," the brother of Joab and Abishai, whom he thrust through with a back stroke of his spear (2 Sam. 2: 18-32).
Being rebuked by Ish-bosheth for the impropriety of taking to wife Rizpah, who had been a concubine of King Saul, he found an excuse for going over to the side of David, whom he now professed to regard as anointed by the Lord to reign over all Israel. David received him favourably, and promised that he would have command of the armies. At this time Joab was absent from Hebron, but on his return he found what had happened. Abner had just left the city; but Joab by a stratagem recalled him, and meeting him at the gate of the city on his return, thrust him through with his sword (2 Sam. 3:27, 31-39; 4:12. Comp. 1 Kings 2:5, 32). David lamented in pathetic words the death of Abner, "Know ye not that there is a prince and a great man fallen this day in Israel?" (2 Sam. 3:33-38.)
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Abishur

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Abishur father of the wall; i.e., "mason", one of the two sons of Shammai of the tribe of Judah (1 Chr. 2:28, 29).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Abjects

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Abjects (Ps. 35:15), the translation of a Hebrew word meaning smiters; probably, in allusion to the tongue, slanderers. (Comp. Jer. 18:18.)
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Abishai

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Abishai father of (i.e., "desirous of") a gift, the eldest son of Zeruiah, David's sister. He was the brother of Joab and Asahel (2 Sam. 2:18; 1 Chr. 2:16). Abishai was the only one who accompanied David when he went to the camp of Saul and took the spear and the cruse of water from Saul's bolster (1 Sam. 26:5-12). He had the command of one of the three divisions of David's army at the battle with Absalom (2 Sam. 18:2, 5, 12). He slew the Philistine giant Ishbi-benob, who threatened David's life (2 Sam. 21:15-17). He was the chief of the second rank of the three "mighties" (2 Sam. 23:18, 19; 1 Chr. 11:20, 21); and on one occasion withstood 300 men, and slew them with his own spear (2 Sam. 23:18). Abishai is the name of the Semitic chief who offers gifts to the lord of Beni-Hassan. See illustration facing page 10.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Abitub

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Abitub father of goodness, a Benjamite (1 Chr. 8:11).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Abishag

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Abishag father of (i.e., "given to") error, a young woman of Shunem, distinguished for her beauty. She was chosen to minister to David in his old age. She became his wife (1 Kings 1:3, 4, 15). After David's death Adonijah persuaded Bathsheba, Solomon's mother, to entreat the king to permit him to marry Abishag. Solomon suspected in this request an aspiration to the throne, and therefore caused him to be put to death (1 Kings 2:17-25).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Abishua

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Abishua father of welfare; i.e., "fortunate." (1.) The grandson of Benjamin (1 Chr. 8:4).
(2.) The son of Phinehas the high priest (1 Chr. 6:4, 5, 50; Ezra 7:5).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Abital

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Abital father of dew; i.e., "fresh", David's fifth wife (2 Sam. 3:4).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Abomination

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Abomination This word is used, (1.) To express the idea that the Egyptians considered themselves as defiled when they ate with strangers (Gen. 43:32). The Jews subsequently followed the same practice, holding it unlawful to eat or drink with foreigners (John 18:28; Acts 10:28; 11:3).
(2.) Every shepherd was "an abomination" unto the Egyptians (Gen. 46:34). This aversion to shepherds, such as the Hebrews, arose probably from the fact that Lower and Middle Egypt had formerly been held in oppressive subjection by a tribe of nomad shepherds (the Hyksos), who had only recently been expelled, and partly also perhaps from this other fact that the Egyptians detested the lawless habits of these wandering shepherds.
(3.) Pharaoh was so moved by the fourth plague, that while he refused the demand of Moses, he offered a compromise, granting to the Israelites permission to hold their festival and offer their sacrifices in Egypt. This permission could not be accepted, because Moses said they would have to sacrifice "the abomination of the Egyptians" (Ex. 8:26); i.e., the cow or ox, which all the Egyptians held as sacred, and which they regarded it as sacrilegious to kill.
(4.) Daniel (11:31), in that section of his prophecies which is generally interpreted as referring to the fearful calamities that were to fall on the Jews in the time of Antiochus Epiphanes, says, "And they shall place the abomination that maketh desolate." Antiochus Epiphanes caused an altar to be erected on the altar of burnt-offering, on which sacrifices were offered to Jupiter Olympus. (Comp. 1 Macc. 1:57). This was the abomination of the desolation of Jerusalem. The same language is employed in Dan. 9:27 (comp. Matt. 24:15), where the reference is probably to the image-crowned standards which the Romans set up at the east gate of the temple (A.D. 70), and to which they paid idolatrous honours. "Almost the entire religion of the Roman camp consisted in worshipping the ensign, swearing by the ensign, and in preferring the ensign before all other gods." These ensigns were an "abomination" to the Jews, the "abomination of desolation."
This word is also used symbolically of sin in general (Isa. 66:3); an idol (44:19); the ceremonies of the apostate Church of Rome (Rev. 17:4); a detestable act (Ezek. 22:11).
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Carroll, Lewis

​CARROLL, LEWIS (1833–1898), pseudonym. [See Dodgson, Charles Lutwidge.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Cave, Alfred

​CAVE, ALFRED (1847–1900), congregational divine, born in London on 29 Aug. 1847, was the fourth son of Benjamin Cave by his wife, Harriet Jane, daughter of Samuel Hackett. He was educated at the Philological School, Marylebone Road, London, and originally intended to study medicine; but in 1866, having resolved to become a minister, he entered New College, London, whence he graduated B.A. at London University in 1870. On leaving New College in 1872, he became minister at Berkhampstead, when he removed in 1876 to Watford. In 1880 he resigned his pastorate, and became professor of Hebrew and church history at Hackney College. Two years later he was appointed principal and professor of apologetical, doctrinal, and pastoral theology, offices which he retained until his death. In 1888 he was chosen congregational union lecturer, taking as his subject 'The Inspiration of the Old Testament inductively considered' (London, 1888, 8vo; 2nd edit. 1889). In 1889 he received the honorary degree of D.D, from the university of St. Andrews.
In 1888 and 1898 Cave was chairman of ​the London board of congregational ministers, and in 1893–4 he was merchants' lecturer. He was also a director of the London Missionary Society and of the Colonial Missionary Society. He died on 19 Dec. 1900 at Hackney College House, Hampstead, and was buried on 24 Dec. In 1873 he married Sarah Rebecca Hallifax Fox, who survived him.
Besides the work already mentioned Cave was the author of: 1. 'The Scriptural Doctrine of Sacrifice and Atonement,' Edinburgh, 1877, 8vo; 2nd edit. 1890. 2. 'An Introduction to Theology,' Edinburgh, 1885, 8vo; 2nd edit. 1896. 3. 'The Battle of the Stand-points, the Old Testament and the Higher Criticism,' London, 1890, 8vo; 2nd edit. 1892. 4. 'The Spiritual World: the last Word of Philosophy and the first Word of Christ,' London, 1894, 8vo. 5. 'The Story of the Founding of Hackney College,' London, 1898, 8vo. He also assisted in translating Dorner's 'Glaubenslehre,' 1880–2, 4 vols., for Clark's 'Foreign Theological Library.'
[Times, 20 Dec. 1900; Who's Who. 1901.]
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Caulfield, Richard

​CAULFIELD, RICHARD (1823–1887), Irish antiquary, was born in Cork on 23 April 1823, and educated under Dr. Browne at the Bandon endowed school, whence he was admitted a pensioner at Trinity College, Dublin, in 1841. He graduated B.A. in 1845, LL.B. in 1864, and LL.D. in 1866. He often referred to the benefit he derived while at college from the lectures in ancient philosophy of William Archer Burke [q. v.] In 1853 he published his 'Sigilla Ecclesiæ Hibernicæ Illustrata.' In 1857 he edited for the Camden Society the 'Diary of Rowland Davies, D.D., Dean of Cork,' 1689–90; and in 1859 he published 'Rotulus Pipæ Clonensis,' or Pipe Roll of Cloyne. In 1860 he discovered at Dunmanway House, co. Cork, the original manuscript of the autobiographical memoir of Sir Richard Cox, extending from 1702 to 1707, which had been used by Harris in his edition of Ware's 'Writers of Ireland,' and published the fragment in extenso. The Society of Antiquaries elected him a fellow on 13 Feb. 1862. While at Oxford in this year he discovered in the Bodleian Library the curious manuscript 'Life of St. Fin Barre,' which he copied and published in 1864. In the same year he became librarian of the Royal Cork Institution. In 1876 appeared his important edition of the 'Council Book of the Corporation of Cork,' followed in 1877 by 'The Register of the Parish of Christ Church, Cork.' Next year appeared the 'Council Book of the Corporation of Youghal,' with annals and appendices, to which succeeded the 'Council Book of the Corporation of Kinsale, 1652-1800.' He was also author of 'Annals of St. Fin Barre's Cathedral, Cork,' 1871, and 'Annals of the Cathedral of St. Colman, Cloyne,' besides numerous contributions to antiquarian periodicals and especially to 'Notes and Queries.' As an archæologist and genealogist he had few rivals, and his assistance was seldom sought unsuccessfully. He was appointed in 1876, by royal sign manual, librarian to the Queen's College, Cork, and in 1882 was made an honorary member of the Royal Academy of History at Madrid. He was also a member for many years of the Society of Antiquaries of Normandy, and he was an active member of the committee for rebuilding Cork cathedral. He died, unmarried, at the Royal Cork Institution on 3 Feb. 1887, and was buried in the rural churchyard of Douglas, co. Cork.
[Cork Weekly News, 19 Feb. 1887; Times, 24 Feb. 1887; Athenæum, 1887, i. 290; Men of the Time, 12th edit.; Boase's Modern English Biography, i. 573; Brit. Mus. Cat.]
T. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Cavendish

​CAVENDISH (1830–1899), pseudonym. [See Jones, Henry.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Carrodus, John Tiplady

​CARRODUS, JOHN TIPLADY (1836–1895), violinist, son of Tom Carrodus, barber and music-seller, was born at Braithwaite, near Keighley, Yorkshire, on 20 Jan. 1836. He had his first lessons on the violin from his father, and gave a concert at Keighley in 1845. Subsequently he studied under Molique in London and in Stuttgart, and made a brilliant debut at the Hanover Square Rooms on 1 June 1849. He joined the orchestra of the Royal Italian Opera in 1855, and, when Costa and Sainton resigned in 1869, he was appointed leader, a post which he retained for twenty years. Ultimately he became principal violinist in the Philharmonic and several other leading orchestras; and he was leader at the Leeds festival from 1880 to 1892. As a quartet player he appeared first at Molique's chamber concerts in 1850, and as a soloist at the London Musical Society in 1863. In the latter capacity he was specially well known, being engaged at the Crystal Palace and the leading metropolitan and provincial concerts. In 1876 he was appointed professor of the violin at the National Training School for Music, and in 1881 he began giving violin recitals, which practically ended with a tour in South Africa (1890–1). For some time he was a professor at the Guildhall School of Music and at Trinity College, London, In February 1895 the freedom of Keighley was presented to him in commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of his first public appearance there. He was a splendid teacher, and in that capacity largely influenced the younger generation of violinists. His solo-playing was much admired on account of his fine tone and reliable technique. Correctness and neatness rather than warmth and passion were the distinguishing features of his style, and his 'school' was generally accepted as a modification of that of Spohr. His published compositions include a romance (London, 1881, fol.) and several fantasias; and he edited for Pitman's 'Sixpenny Musical Library' a collection of celebrated violin duets in eight books (London, 1880, 4to) and some studies. He wrote a good deal on his art in the musical and other journals. His 'Chats to Violin Students,' originally published in 'The Strad,' were subsequently issued in book form (London, 1895). He died suddenly in London, from rupture of the oesophagus, on 13 July 1895. He was twice married, and left five sons in the profession.
[British Museum Music Catalogue; Grove's Dict. of Music; Brown and Stratton's Brit. Musical Biog.; Scottish Musical Monthly. October 1894, August 1895; Musical Times, August 1895; information from family.]
J. C. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Cass, John

​CASS, Sir JOHN (1666–1718), benefactor of the city of London, son of Thomas Cass, carpenter to the royal ordnance, was born in London in 1666, and attained as a city merchant to an influential position and a large income. He built and endowed two schools near St. Botolph's, Aldgate, which were opened in 1710, and on 23 Jan. in that year he became alderman of Portsoken ward. On 25 Nov. 1710 he was returned to parliament for the city in the church and tory interest, and he was re-elected on 12 Nov. 1713. On 25 June 1711 he was elected sheriff, 'to the great joy of the high church party,' and on 12 June 1712, upon the occasion of the city's address to Queen Anne in favour of peace, he was knighted. In spite of his toryism Boyer notes that he voted against Bolingbroke's treaty of commerce in June 1713. Sir John died on 5 July 1718, aged 62. His widow Elizabeth died on 7 July 1732. By his will, dated 6 May 1709, Cass left 1,000l. for a school at Hackney. In 1732 the bequest was greatly enlarged by a decision of the court of chancery in conformity with the intention of an unfinished codicil to the will of 1709. The income from the Cass estates now exceeds 6,000l. per annum. The bulk of this is expended upon an elementary day school, newly erected at Hackney, for boys and girls, numbering about two hundred and fifty, who are partially found in food and clothing, in addition to a technical institute, in connection with which are several exhibitions.
[J. B. Hollingworth's Sermon, with some Account of Sir John Cass, 1817; Beyer's Annals of Queen Anne, 1735, pp. 478, 515, 581, 637; Scheme of Charity Commissioners, ordered to be printed 5 May 1895; notes kindly communicated by Charles Welch, Esq., F.S.A.]
T. S.