OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Spitzweg, Karl

Edition of 1905. See also Carl Spitzweg on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SPITZWEG, spĭts'vắK, Karl (1808-85). A German genre and landscape painter, one of the most original figures in the art world of Munich, the most genial exponent of the humorous genre. Born and educated in Munich, he dispensed drugs for several years, then studied at the university, and in 1833 was won to art by his accidental surroundings in a watering place. Under the introductory guidance of the historical painter Hansonn (1791-1863), he took to brush and palette, but, practically self-taught, developed his rare talent for the depiction of those inimitable types of German philistinism amusingly associated with his name. On the establishment of the Fliegende Blätter in 1844, he became one of its most diligent contributors, whose incomparable humorous drawings were for years the delight of the entire reading world. Among his finely colored pictures of old bachelors, bookworms, hermits, etc., and his poetic landscapes with fanciful accessories, may be mentioned: “The Poor Poet” (1837), “Two Hermits” and a “Scholar in the Attic” (1882), all in the Pinakothek, Munich; “Spanish Serenade,” “The Hypochrondriac,” “Herd-Girls on an Alp,” and “Turkish Coffee-House,” all in the Schack Gallery, Munich; “Going to Church Near Dachau” (1802), in Dresden; “His Reverence” and
“Village Street,” both in the National Gallery, Berlin. Reproductions of his works appeared in the collections Spitzweg Mappe (Munich, 1887) and Spitweg Album (ib., 1888). Consult: Regnet, in Zeitschrift für bildende Kunst (Leipzig, 1880), and Holland, in Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, xxxv. (ib., 1893).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Spitzbergen

Edition of 1905. See also Svalbard on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SPITZ'BERGEN. A group of islands in the Arctic Ocean, situated about 430 miles north of the northern extremity of Norway, between 76° 30' and 80° 48' north latitude, and between 10° and 30° east longitude (Map: Arctic Regions, H 3). The group consists of three large islands, West Spitzbergen, North East Land, and Edge Island, whose areas are, respectively, about 15,000, 4000, and 2500 square miles, and a number of smaller islands. All of them are of a rocky and mountainous character and very irregularly indented. West Spitzbergen has an ice-covered plateau running along its eastern coast and eroded toward the west into deep and narrow valleys terminating in fiords, and carrying the overflow of ice in the form of glaciers to the sea. These valleys and fiords are separated by rugged and rocky mountain spurs, here and there forming a network of craggy peaks and ridges interspersed with glaciers. The highest point is the Horn Sund Tind with an altitude of 4560 feet. North East Land is almost wholly covered with an ice sheet, while the other islands are free from permanent ice, or carry only isolated glaciers on their eastern slopes. The mean monthly temperatures range from 10° below zero in February to 37° above in August. Snow falls at all seasons, but in summer a considerable herbaceous growth covers the lower western
slopes. This consists largely of mosses, though there are 130 species of flowering plants and ferns, with sedges predominating along the shores. The fauna includes the reindeer, which, however, is fast disappearing, the polar bear, and the fox. The walrus is still found along the coast, but the birds are becoming fewer.
Spitzbergen has no permanent inhabitants, and no country claims possession of it. The islands were discovered by the Dutch in 1596. The interior was first explored in 1892 by Rabot, and in 1896 by Sir Martin Conway, who was the first to cross the large island. Spitzbergen has been an important base for polar expeditions, and in 1897 Andrée made it the starting point in his ill-fated attempt to reach the Pole by balloon. In recent years the west coast has been visited by a number of tourists, and in 1896 a weekly steamship service during summer was established from Norway, and a small hotel was built on the coast.
Bibliography. Nordenskjöld, Die schwedischen Expeditionen nach Spitzbergen und Bären Eiland (Jena, 1869); Zeppelin, Reisebilder aus Spitzbergen, Bäreneiland und Norwegen (Stuttgart, 1892); Conway, The First Crossing of Spitzbergen (London, 1897); Hafter, Briefe aus dem hohen Norden (Frauenfeld, 1900).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Spitzka, Edward Charles

Edition of 1905. See also Edward Charles Spitzka on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SPITZ'KA, Edward Charles (1852—). An American psychiatrist, born in New York City. He was educated at New York University, in Germany, and in Vienna. He served as interne in the New York City Asylum for the Insane, was professor of medical jurisprudence and diseases of the nervous system in the New York Post Graduate Medical School and Hospital from 1881, consulting surgeon to the Northeastern Dispensary, physician to the department of nerve diseases in the New York Polyclinic, and physician to the Metropolitan Throat Hospital. His writings include A Treatise on Insanity (New York, l883), besides many monographs.
# The Novels and Letters of Jane Austen/Volume 11/Letters of Jane Austen, Part 1/Letters of 1799

Layout 2
1799
The third division consists of four letters written from Bath in May and June, 1799, when Mr. and Mrs. Austen of Godmersham had taken a house for a month, in order that the former might “try the waters” for the benefit of his health, which was supposed to be delicate; the experiment seems to have been successful, for he lived fifty-three years longer, dying at Godmersham in December, 1852, at the good old age of eighty-two. Cassandra had stayed at home with her father at Steventon, and Mrs. Austen and Jane had accompanied the Godmersham party. These letters contain little more than ordinary chit-chat, and for the most part explain themselves. There is another allusion to “Pride and Prejudice” under the name of “First Impressions,” which Martha Lloyd seems to have been ​allowed to read; another proof that this work at least was read and talked over in the family long before it was published.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Alemanni

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​Alemanni (ä′lā-măn′nē) (meaning “all men”), a union of several tribes, who lived in the heart of Germany. They were attacked at different times in their history by nine Roman generals or emperors. They were defeated time and again, but never conquered. They were at last united with the Suevi into the dukedom of Alemannia, and thereafter their history is included in the history of Germany.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Aleutian Islands or Catharine Archipelago

See also Aleutian Islands on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Aleutian Islands or Catharine Archipelago, a group of over 150 islands, volcanic as well as rocky in their foundation, which extend southwestward from the Alaskan peninsula across the northern Pacific and between the latter ocean and Bering Sea. They are populated by a hardy race, between 2,000 and 3,000 in number, allied to the Eskimo stock, who subsist chiefly on seals and fish. There is little agriculture, for the soil is thin and poor, and the vegetation is stunted and insignificant. The islands, which form part of Alaska and with that northwestern peninsula belong to the United States, were discovered early in the eighteenth century by Bering, the Danish navigator. The inhabitants as a rule are of a low order of intelligence, use primitive implements in their work, and live in winter in crude dugouts and underground dwellings. They have been Christianized by Russian missionaries and are nominally attached to the Greek church. Their food, in addition to the fish they catch, includes foxes and reindeer. The Fox Islands form the larger and more populous portion of the archipelago, which extends along both sides of the parallel of 55 north latitude, separating the Northern Pacific from the Sea of Kamchatka. See Alaska.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Alexander (popes)

See also Pope Alexander on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Alexander, the name of eight popes. Alexander VI has been called the worst of the popes, because the crimes of his son, Cæsar Borgia, were attributed to him. He was a profligate, but an able statesman and did much to advance the cause of the papacy. He was born in 1431, and died in 1503. See Borgia, Cæsar.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Alexander III

See also Alexander III of Russia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Alexander III, czar of Russia, was born March 10, 1845. He succeeded to the throne in 1881. He showed vigor in government and ability in repressing the Nihilists (see the latter), who made several attempts on his life, and who assassinated his father, Alexander II. The harsh laws against the Jews and the severe famine (1892), are among the later events of his reign. In 1866 he married Princess Dagmar of Denmark (sister of Alexandra queen of England), whose son, Nicholas II, succeeded Alexander III on the throne. He died November 1, 1894.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Alexander, W. J.

See also W. J. Alexander on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Alexander, W. J., born at Hamilton, Ontario. Educated at Hamilton Collegiate Institute. Matriculated University of Toronto with double scholarship, 1873. Canadian Gilchrist Scholar, 1874. Student of University College, London, England, 1874-7. B.A. University of London. Teacher in Prince of Wales College, Charlottetown, P. E. I., 1877–9 . Graduate Student, Scholar and Fellow of Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 1879–1883. Ph.D., 1883. Graduate student in Germany, 1883-4. Professor of English Literature, Dalhousie College, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1884–89. Professor of English, University College, Toronto, 1889—present time. He has written various books, Introduction to the Poetry of Robert Browning; Select Poems of Shelley; and various articles in learned periodicals.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Aleppo

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​Aleppo (ä-lěp′pō), a city of Syria, is built over the ancient city of Berœa. It is surrounded by a stone wall forty feet high and three and a half miles long. In an earthquake which occurred in 1822 two-thirds of the people were swallowed up. Outside the city beautiful gardens stretch for 12 miles to the southeast. The “boil of Aleppo” is a cancer that breaks out on the faces of children and lasts a year, leaving a scar for life, by which a citizen of the place can be easily recognized. Population, 210,000.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Colorado River (Texas)

Edition of 1905. See also Colorado River (Texas) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ COLORADO RIVER. A river rising in the western part of Texas, near the southeastern boundary of New Mexico (Map: Texas, F 5). It flows in a generally southeast direction across the State, and empties into the Gulf of Mexico through Matagorda Bay. It receives a number of tributaries, chiefly from the south; among these are Sulphur Creek, and the Concho, San Saba, and Llano rivers. The chief towns on its course are Bay City, Wharton, Columbus, Lagrange, Bastrop, and Austin. It is about 900 miles long, and in winter is navigable for river steamboats to Austin.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Columba's Isle

Edition of 1905. See also Iona on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ COLUM′BA'S ISLE. The poetic name for the island of Iona, on the western coast of Scotland, where Saint Columba, ‘The Apostle of Caledonia,’ founded a monastery about 565, and was buried in 597.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Columbarium

Edition of 1905. See also Columbarium on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ COLUMBARIUM (Lat., dove-cote, from columba, dove). From a fancied resemblance to a dove-cote, the name given to the niches in Roman burial-places arranged in rows around the walls of the sepulchral chambers to receive the little urns or sarcophagi of marble or terra-cotta containing the ashes of the deceased; finally, to the sepulchral chamber itself. Tombs of this description were chiefly used by the poorer classes who could not afford separate tombs, and were erected by great families for their slaves and dependents, or by funeral associations or corporations under the Empire. Several perfect examples have been found near Rome; among them, those of the Vigna Codini, at the Licinian Gardens. Others exist at Naples and elsewhere in Italy. The ustrina, or places for incinerating the bodies, were attached to the columbaria. In recent times the term columbarium is applied to a room or hall connected with a crematory, and provided with niches for the cinerary urns.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Columbia, District of

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ COLUMBIA, District of. See District of Columbia.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Colorado College

Edition of 1905. See also Colorado College on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ COLORADO COLLEGE. An institution of higher education, founded in 1874 and situated at Colorado Springs, Colo. The college offers courses leading to the bachelor's degree in arts, science, and philosophy, and has an attendance of 650 students. There are also connected with the college a preparatory school and a conservatory of music, and a department of fine arts. The buildings include Palmer Hall, the library building, and a science building, erected, with its equipment, at a cost of $350,000. The library numbers about 35,000 volumes. The institution has an endowment of $450,000.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Columban, Saint

Edition of 1905. See also Columbanus on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ COLUM′BAN, or COL′UMBA′NUS, Saint (543-615). One of the most learned and eloquent of the many missionaries whom Ireland sent to the Continent during the Dark Ages. He was born in Leinster. Having studied under Saint Congall, in the great monastery of Bangor, in Ulster, he passed over to France, accompanied by twelve companions, and in Austrasia and Burgundy, near the southern extremity of the Vosges Mountains, founded the monasteries of Anegray, Luxeuil, and Fontaine. His adherence to the Irish rule for calculating Easter involved him in controversy with the French bishops about 605; and a few years later the courage with which he rebuked the vices of the Burgundian Court led to his expulsion from France. Passing through Switzerland into Lombardy, he founded, in 612, the famous Monastery of Bobbio, in the Apennines, where he died on November 21, 615. The writings of Saint Columban, which are wholly in Latin, consist of a rule for the government of his monastery, a few poems, several letters on ecclesiastical affairs, and sixteen short sermons. His monastic rule has been printed more than once; but the most complete edition of his works is in Patrick Fleming's Collectanea Sacra, published at Augsburg in 1621, and at Louvain in 1667. It is reprinted in Migne, Patrol. Latina, lxxx. Of the sermons of Saint Columban, M. Guizot remarks that “the flights of imagination, the pious transports, the rigorous application of principles, the warfare declared against all vain or hypocritical compromise, give to the words of the preacher that passionate authority which may not always and surely reform the soul of his hearers, but which dominates over them, and, for some time at least, exercises paramount sway over their conduct and their life.” The town of San Colombano, in Lombardy, takes its name from the Irish monk, as the town and Canton of Saint Gall (q.v.), in Switzerland, perpetuate the name of the most favored of his disciples. For his life, consult: Jonas, who was almost a contemporary and one of his successors as the Abbot of Bobbio, in Migne, Patrologiæ Cursus Completus (Paris, 1857-60); also W. F. Besser, (Leipzig, 1857); and J. K. Zimmermann (Saint Gall, 1865).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Colorado Desert

Edition of 1905. See also Colorado Desert on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ COLORADO DESERT. An arid region of southern California (Map: California, F 5). It extends from the eastern base of the coast ranges of San Diego County eastward to the Colorado River, and embraces the Coahuila Valley, which extends toward the northwest between the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains. A considerable portion of the desert, including part of the Coahuila Valley, is below sea-level. At some prehistoric period part of this region was included in the Gulf of California, from which it was separated by the growth of the delta of the Colorado River. Later it formed the basin of a fresh-water lake, and in recent times a considerable portion of the area has been flooded from the river, so as to produce a temporary ​shallow lake, known as Salton Sea. The Southern Pacific Railroad crosses the northern part of this desert and traverses the Coahuila Valley. The Colorado Desert is but a portion of the great desert region of the southwestern United States, which includes also the Yuma and Mohave deserts.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Colorado Springs

Edition of 1905. See also Colorado Springs, Colorado on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ COLORADO SPRINGS. A city and county-seat of El Paso County, Colo., 73 miles south of Denver; on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé, the Denver and Rio Grande, and other railroads (Map: Colorado, E 2). Its location, 6000 feet above the level of the sea, near the base of Pike's Peak and the celebrated mineral springs at Manitou, with a healthful climate, have combined to make the place a much-frequented resort. It is the seat of Colorado College, founded in 1874, and of State institutions for the deaf-mute and blind. Settled in 1870, Colorado Springs was incorporated in 1872, and is governed under a charter of 1878 (revised 1901), which provides for a mayor, chosen biennially, and a city council, elected by wards. Standing and special committees are appointed by the Mayor; also the chief and members of the fire department, members of the police department, market master, street commissioner, and health officer. Other offices are filled by the council. The water-works are owned and operated by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 11,140; in 1900, 21,085.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Columbia, British

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ COLUMBIA, British. See British Columbia.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff, Nataly von

Edition of 1905. See also Nataly von Eschstruth on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KNOBELSDORFF-BRENKENHOFF, brĕṉk'en-hṓf, Nataly von (1860— ). A German novelist, known under her maiden name, Nataly von Eschstruth, born at Hofgeismar, Hesse-Cassel, the daughter of an officer, and educated at Berlin. She married an officer, afterwards Captain Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff, and later settled at Schwerin. Among her novels may be mentioned: Wolfsburg (1885); Gänseliesel, eine Hofgeschichte (1886; 5th ed. 1891); Polnisch Blut (1887; 4th ed. 1894); Hofluft (1889; 5th ed. 1894); Sternschnuppen (1890); Von Gottes Gnaden (1895); Jung gefreit (1897); Der Majoratsherr (1898); Aus vollem Leben (1900); Sonnenfunken (1901); Der verlorene Sohn (1902). Of some little dramas, Karl Augusts Brautfahrt and Die Sturmnixe (3d ed. 1888) were performed. In 1887 appeared a volume of her poems under the title Wegekraut, and in 1899 an illustrated edition of her collected works in 25 Volumes began to be published.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Knoblauch, Hermann

Edition of 1905. See also Hermann Knoblauch on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KNOBLAUCH, knṓb'louK, Hermann (1820-95). A German physicist, born in Berlin. Having finished his studies, he became lecturer at the University of Berlin, then professor at Marburg, and in 1854 was appointed professor at the University of Halle. In 1878 he was appointed president of the Leopoldinisch-Karolinische Akademie at Halle. His publications, which are to be found mostly in the Monatsschriften of the Berlin Academy, and in the Abhandlungen der naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Halle, treat especially of radiation of heat. He was one of the first who demonstrated that the warmth we experience when we stand before a fire reaches us in the same way as the rays of the sun, that is, by radiation, without affecting the temperature of the vacuum or the intervening material medium through which the heat is transmitted.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Knight, Richard Payne

Edition of 1905. See also Richard Payne Knight on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KNIGHT, Richard Payne (1750-1824). An English archæologist and philologist. Owing to ill health, he had but a few years of actual schooling, which, however, his vast fortune enabled him to supplement by extensive travel. In Italy (1767 and subsequently) he interested himself in the study of art and of classical antiquities, and upon his return devoted himself to the enlarging of his archæological collection made there, and to publishing his memoirs. He was returned to
Parliament, but though serving from 1780 to 1806, he was more spectator than actual participator in the debates, from 1814 he was a trustee of the British Museum, and at his death left this institution his magnificent collection of ancient bronzes and Greek coins, valued at £50,000. In addition to this bequest the results of Mr. Knight's extensive travels and researches appeared in numerous publications, including his Account of the Remains of the Worship of Priapus Lately Existing at Isernia in the Kingdom of Naples (1780). His Analytical Essay on the Greek Alphabet (1791) created a sensation, because in it Knight was the first to question the authenticity of certain Greek inscriptions which Fourmont had pretended to have found in Laconia, and which such eminent scholars as Winckelmann and Heyne had accepted as genuine. While his best work is that on the Principles of Taste (1805), he expended much careful study on an edition of Homer (1816).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Knitchanin, Stephan Petroknitch

Edition of 1905. See also Stevan Knićanin on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KNITCHANIN, knē'chȧ-nēn', Stephan Petroknitch (1809-95). A Servian general, born at Knitch. He was a merchant, and early gained great political influence with Prince Milosh, who promoted him in 1839 to the head of the Provincial Government of Semendria. When his patron fell, Knitchanin was exiled; but two years later (1842) he returned, on the invitation of Prince Alexander Karageorgevitch. He held command in the war with Hungary (1848) at the head of a Servian army of volunteers, but was unsuccessful, and had to retreat, and in 1849 to retire to Servia, where in 1854 Prince Alexander made him Minister of War and head of the Council.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Knobelsdorff, Georg Wenzeslaus von

Edition of 1905. See also Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KNOBELSDORFF, knō'bĕls-dôrf, Georg Wenzeslaus von (1699-1753). A German architect, born at Kuckädel, near Krossen. He served in the army for some years, and then studied architecture, and traveled in Italy and France. He was appointed director of royal buildings in Prussia by Frederick II., who, when Crown Prince, had been his patron. His best known works are the Berlin Opera House, the
Sans Souci Palace at Potsdam, and the extension of the palace at Charlottenburg, all in the classic style. He also laid out part of the town, and the park at Potsdam, and the Thiergarten in Berlin. For these his models were French.