OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Parys, William

​PARYS, WILLIAM (d. 1609), author, matriculated as a pensioner of Peterhouse, Cambridge, in June 1582, proceeded B.A. in 1585–6, and commenced M.A. in 1589. On 9 Jan. 1594–5 he was elected master of St. Olave's grammar school in Southwark, and held the post till his death in 1609. He left a widow and three children.
Parys has been conjectured to be the ‘W. P.’ who wrote or translated the following books: 1. ‘Foure great Lyers, striuing who shall win the Silver Whet-Stone; also, a Resolution to the Countriman, prouing it vtterly vnlawfull to buy or vse our yeerly prognostications, by W. P.,’ 8vo, London [1580?]. 2. ‘The most pleasaunt and de​lectable Historie of Lazarillo de Tormes, a Spaneyard. … The second part translated out of Spanish by W. P.,’ 4to, London, 1596. 3. ‘A Booke of Secrets: shewing divers waies to make & prepare all sortes of inke & colours … also to write with gold & silver, or any kind of mettall out of the pen: with many other profitable secrets. … Translated out of Dutch … by W. P. Hereunto is annexed a little Treatise, intituled Instructions for ordering of Wines … written first in Italian, and now translated into English by W. P.,’ 4to, London, 1596. 4. ‘John Huighen van Linschoten his Discours of Voyages into ye Easte & West Indies … translated out of Dutch by W. P.,’ fol., London, 1598. The translation of the latter two works is assigned to William Phillip in the British Museum Catalogue.
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Pascoe, Francis Polkinghorne

​PASCOE, FRANCIS POLKINGHORNE (1813–1893), entomologist, only child of William Pascoe of Penzance, Cornwall, and his wife, whose maiden name was Polkinghorne, was born in Penzance on 1 Sept. 1813. He was educated at the grammar school of that town, and afterwards served with one Berryman a surgeon there. He subsequently attended St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, and was admitted M.R.C.S. in 1835. Next year he entered the navy as assistant surgeon, and in June 1836 sailed for Australia in the Buffalo with Captain (afterwards Sir John) Hindmarsh [q. v.] who had been appointed the first governor of South Australia. He subsequently went to the West Indies and the Mediterranean. Coming into some property by the death of a relative in March 1843, he retired from the navy, and on 28 Nov. of that year married Mary, second daughter of William Glasson of Falmouth. He settled near his property at St. Austell, Cornwall, but, after the death of his wife in 1851 at Montpellier, he resided in London. There he devoted himself to science, and gradually formed the great entomological collection which now has passed to the Natural History Museum at South Kensington. He was elected a fellow of the Linnean Society in June 1852, and was also a member of the Ray and Horticultural Societies. He joined the Entomological Society of London in 1854, becoming its president for 1864–5, and was made a member of the Société Entomologique de France in 1862.
In 1891, owing to failing health, he left London for Tunbridge Wells, and thence moving to Brighton died there suddenly on 20 June 1893.
His first paper, published in 1850, related to botany; but the remainder, some seventy in all, appearing in various scientific publications, dealt with his chosen subject of entomology. Although a believer in evolution, he was a persistent opponent of the theory of natural selection.
Pascoe was author of the following separate works:
* ‘Zoological Classification,’ 8vo, London, 1877; 2nd ed. 1880.
* ‘Hints for Collecting and Preserving Insects,’ 8vo [London], 1882.
* ‘The Student's List of British Coleoptera,’ &c., 8vo, London, 1882.
* ‘Notes on Natural Selection and the Origin of Species,’ 8vo, London, 1884.
* ‘List of British Vertebrate Animals,’ 8vo, London, 1885.
* ‘Analytical Lists of the Classes, Orders … of the Animal Kingdom,’ 8vo, London, 1886.
* ‘The Darwinian Theory of the Origin of Species,’ 8vo, London, 1886.
[Boase and Courtney's Bibl. Cornub. ii. 427–9, iii. 1302 (for full bibliography); Entomologist's Monthly Mag. 1893, pp. 194–6; Natural Science, iii. 159; information kindly supplied by Miss Pascoe; Royal Soc. Cat.; Brit. Mus. Cat.]
B. B. W.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Pasfield, Robert

​PASFIELD or PASHFIELD, ROBERT. [See under Bruen, John, 1560–1625.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Pashe, William

​PASHE or PASCHE, WILLIAM (fl. 1500?), musical composer, figures in Morley's list of English composers (Plain Introduction to Practicall Musick, 1597, last page). A William Pasce died between 17 May and 12 July 1525, having given instructions in his will for burial in the chancel of St. Margaret's, Friday Street, London. Another William Pasch was, in 1561, instituted incumbent of All Saints, Kingsdon, Somerset. The name Paske occurs in the records of Cambridge town and county [see Paske, Thomas].
Pashe has left manuscript compositions: (1) in a volume of masses at Caius College, Cambridge; (2) in the part-books at ​Peterhouse; (3) a fragment in the Cambridge University manuscripts.
[Information from Mr. Davey; Registers of wills, P.C.C., Bodfelde, f. 34; Weaver's Somerset Incumbents, p. 118; authorities quoted.]
L. M. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Parvus, John

​PARVUS, JOHN (d. 1180). [See John of Salisbury.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Pashley, Robert

​PASHLEY, ROBERT (1805–1859), barrister and traveller, the son of Robert Pashley of Hull, was born at York on 4 Sept. 1805, and was educated at Mansfield under Williams. He was admitted at Trinity College, Cambridge, on 3 May 1825, took a double first class in 1829, being twenty-fifth wrangler and eleventh in the first class of the classical tripos, and was elected a fellow of Trinity in the following year. In 1832 he proceeded M.A., and, as travelling fellow of Trinity, undertook in 1833 a tour in Greece, Asia Minor, and Crete, towards which, by the influence of Sir Francis Beaufort, he received from the admiralty the privilege of a free passage in the vessels employed in the Mediterranean survey; but as these were necessarily employed in coasting he was obliged to return from Crete to Italy in a Hydriote vessel, which took thirty days to perform the voyage. On his way home he spent some time at Venice, examining the archives with a view to the preparation of an appendix to his travels. These, by the aid of the Cambridge University press, appeared in 1837, in two volumes, under the title ‘Travels in Crete.’ They were dedicated to the Marquis of Lansdowne, and took a high rank among books of classical travel. Few works contain a more ample store of illustration, alike from the writers of Greece and Rome, and from modern authorities on ancient topography and mythology; while at the same time the author's lively sympathy with the life around him keeps his narrative fresh and interesting. A great part of the impression, together with Pashley's library and collections of antiquities, was destroyed in the great fire at the Temple in 1838, supposed to have originated in the chambers of Mr. Justice Maule. Pashley, who had been called to the bar in 1837, continued the pursuit of his profession, and obtained a large practice on the northern circuit. In 1851 he became Q.C., and was elected a bencher of the Inner Temple. In 1852 he was an unsuccessful candidate for parliament both at York and King's Lynn, and in the same year published a valuable pamphlet on ‘Pauperism.’ Another pamphlet on this subject, ‘Observations on the Government Bill for Abolishing the Removal of the Poor,’ saw two editions in 1854. In 1856 he succeeded Mr. Serjeant Adams as assistant-judge of the Middlesex sessions, which office he discharged successfully until his death, after a short illness, on 29 May 1859.
[Gent. Mag. 1859, pt. ii. p. 191; information from W. Aldis Wright, esq.]
R. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Tyrwhitt, Robert (1735-1817)

​TYRWHITT, ROBERT (1735–1817), unitarian, born in London in 1735, was younger son of Robert Tyrwhitt (1698–1742), residentiary canon of St. Paul's, by his wife Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Edmund Gibson [q. v.], bishop of London. Thomas Tyrwhitt [q. v.] was his eldest brother. He entered as a pensioner at Jesus College, Cambridge, on 9 March 1753, and graduated B.A. in 1757, M.A. in 1760. On 3 Nov. 1759 he was admitted fellow of his college. His mind was early influenced by the theological writings of Samuel Clarke (1675–1729) [q. v.], but he went much further, renounced the doctrine of the Anglican articles, and took part with John Jebb [q. v.] in the movement (1771–2) for abolishing subscription at graduation. In 1777 he resigned his fellowship, and ceased to attend the college chapel, though still residing in college. On 5 Jan. 1784 he became a member of a unitarian ‘Society for promoting the Knowledge of the Scriptures,’ and contributed papers to the society's ‘Commentaries and Essays,’ vol. ii. No. vi. (1788). His income was narrow till, on the death (1786) of his brother Thomas, he came into considerable property, which he administered generously. He was one of the founders of the London ‘Unitarian Society’ (1791), but on the introduction into its preamble of the term ‘idolatrous,’ as applied to the worship of our Lord, he withdrew his name and cancelled his donation. From about 1808 he was confined to his rooms by gout. He died unmarried at Jesus College on 25 April 1817. He published two sermons preached before the university, and a reprint (1787) of his two papers in ‘Commentaries and Essays.’
A. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Tyrwhitt, Richard St. John

​TYRWHITT, RICHARD St. JOHN (1827–1895), writer on art, eldest son of Robert Philip Tyrwhitt (1798–1886), a metropolitan police magistrate and author of ‘Notices and Remains of the Family of Tyrwhitt,’ 1872, and of legal works, by his wife Catherine Wigley, daughter of Henry St. John, was born on 19 March 1827. He matriculated from Christ Church, Oxford, on 15 May 1845, was a student from 1845 to 1859, tutor from 1852 to 1856, and rhetoric reader in 1856. He graduated B.A. in 1849 and M.A. in 1852. In 1851 he was ordained, and from 1858 to 1872 he held the vicarage of St. Mary Magdalen in Oxford. He had great artistic insight, and with a technical training would probably have developed high merit as a landscape-painter. He exhibited between 1864 and 1880 two watercolours at the Royal Academy and two at the Suffolk Street Gallery, and several of his paintings in watercolours now hang in the common-room of Christ Church, Oxford. He was a fervent admirer of John Ruskin, in whose favour he withdrew his candidature for the Slade professorship of fine arts in 1869. For many years he was a member of the committee for the decoration of St. Paul's Cathedral.
He died at 62 Banbury Road, Oxford, on 6 Nov. 1895. He married, first, on 28 June 1858, Eliza Ann, daughter of John Spencer Stanhope of Cannon Hall, Yorkshire. She died on 8 Sept. 1859, leaving a son, Walter Spencer Stanhope, a lieutenant in the Warwick militia. By a second marriage, on 2 Jan. 1861, to Caroline (d. 1883), youngest daughter of John Yorke of Bewerley Hall, Yorkshire, he had six children.
Tyrwhitt was a well-known writer on art and author of ‘A Handbook of Pictorial Art’ (1866; 2nd edit. 1868). In addition to many sermons, he published: 1. ‘Concerning Clerical Powers and Duties,’ 1861. 2. ‘Christian Art and Symbolism, with Hints on the Study of Landscape,’ 1872 (preface by Ruskin). 3. ‘The Art Teaching of the Primitive Church,’ 1874. 4. ‘Our Sketching Club: Letters and Studies in Landscape Art, with a Reproduction of the Lessons and Woodcuts in Ruskin's “Elements of Drawing,”’ 1874. 5. ‘Hugh Heron, Ch. Ch.: an Oxford Novel,’ 1880. 6. ‘Greek and Gothic: Progress and Decay in the three Arts of Architecture, Sculpture, and Painting,’ 1881. 7. ‘The Natural Theology of Natural Beauty,’ 1882. 8. ‘Christian Ideals and Hopes: an Argument from Moral Beauty,’ 1883. 9. ‘An Amateur Art Book: Lectures,’ 1886. 10. ‘Free Field Lyrics, chiefly descriptive,’ 1888. To Mr. Francis Galton's ‘Vacation Tourists,’ ​1864, he contributed an account of a visit to Sinai (pp. 327–56).
G. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Tyrwhitt, Robert (d.1428)

1904 Errata appended.
​TYRWHITT or TIRWHIT, Sir ROBERT (d. 1428), judge, was the son of Sir William Tyrwhitt of Kettleby, Lincolnshire, by his wife, the daughter and heiress of John Grovall of Harpswell (Tyrwhitt, Notices and Mem. of the Family of Tyrwhitt, pp. 7–14; Genealogist, v. 45). He was brought up to the law, and is mentioned as an advocate in the reign of Richard II. On 9 Oct. 1398 he was one of those who were given power of attorney by Henry, earl of Derby (afterwards Henry IV), on his banishment (Rymer, Fœdera, viii. 49), and he was also a member of the council of the duchy of Lancaster (Wylie, ii. 189). On Henry's accession in 1399 Tyrwhitt was promoted to be king's serjeant, and in 1403 was required to lend the king a hundred pounds to enable him to resist the Welsh and Scots rebels (Nicolas, Acts P. C. i. 203). In April 1408 (not, as Foss says, 1409) he was made a judge of the king's bench and knighted. From January 1409–10 until his death he acted as trier of petitions in parliament. In 1411 a dispute broke out between Tyrwhitt and the tenants of William, lord de Ros, about a right of pasture at Melton Ross, near Wrawby, Lincolnshire. It was agreed to submit the quarrel to the arbitration of Sir William Gascoigne [q. v.] at Melton Ross; but on the day appointed Tyrwhitt, in spite of his judicial position, appeared at the head of five hundred armed men, denied that he had ever agreed to arbitrate, and drove off Lord de Ros's adherents. Tyrwhitt was subsequently required to submit himself to the king's decision, which was that he was publicly to apologise to De Ros, and to provide two fat oxen, two tuns of Gascon wine, and twelve fat sheep for consumption by De Ros's tenants (Rot. Parl. iii. 649 et sqq.; Fortescue, Governance of England, p. 22; Tyrwhitt, pp. 8–13; Wylie, History of Henry IV, iv. 190). Tyrwhitt nevertheless retained his position on the bench until his death on 6 Jan. 1427–8. He was buried in the chancel of Bigby church.
By his wife Alice, daughter of Sir Roger Kelke of Kelke, Yorkshire, Tyrwhitt had issue two sons: Sir William, who fought at Agincourt, 25 Oct. 1415, was thirty years old at his father's death, and succeeded to the Kettleby property; and John (d. 1432), who succeeded to his grandmother's estates at Harpswell. Tyrwhitt's descendants frequently acted as knights of the shire and sheriffs of Lincolnshire. One of them, Sir Robert, was attached to the household of Princess (afterwards Queen) Elizabeth, his wife being her governess (Haynes, Burghley State Papers, passim). His great-grandson, Sir Philip (d. 1624), was created a baronet of the original creation on 29 June 1611; the dignity became extinct on the death of the sixth baronet in 1760.
A. F. P.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.268 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 445 | i | 6 f.e. | Tyrwhitt, Sir Robert: for 15 Oct. read 25 Oct. |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Tyson, Richard (1730-1784)

​TYSON, RICHARD (1730–1784), physician, son of Richard Tyson, physician, and great-nephew of Edward Tyson [q. v.], was born in 1730 in the parish of St. Dionis Backchurch in the city of London. He matriculated at Oriel College, Oxford, 6 April 1747, and thence graduated B.A. 13 Oct. 1750, M.A. 5 July 1753, M.B. 30 April 1756, and M.D. 15 Jan. 1760. He was elected a fellow of the College of Physicians of London, 30 Sept. 1761, was censor in 1763, 1768, 1773, and 1776, and registrar from 1774 to 1780. He was elected physician to St. Bartholomew's Hospital on 5 Feb. 1762. He died on 9 Aug. 1784. His portrait is in the College of Physicians.
[Munk's Coll. of Phys. ii. 234; manuscript Journal of St. Bartholomew's Hospital.]
N. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Tysilio

1904 Errata appended.
​TYSILIO (fl. 600), British saint, was, according to the old lists of saints, the son of Brochwel Ysgythrog, prince of Powys, by his wife Garddun, daughter of King Pabo of the north (Myvyrian Archaiology, 2nd edit. p. 416; Cambro-British Saints, p. 267; Iolo MSS. pp. 104, 130). He founded the church of Meifod, Montgomeryshire, where Beuno is said to have visited him (Life of Beuno in Cambro-British Saints, p. 15). Other churches dedicated to him are Llandysilio, Montgomeryshire, Llandysilio and Bryn Eglwys, Denbighshire, Llandysilio, Anglesey, Llandysilio, Carmarthenshire, Llandysilio Gogo, Cardiganshire, Sellack and Llansilio, Herefordshire. The poet Cynddelw has an ode to Tysilio, printed in the ‘Myvyrian Archaiology’ (2nd edit. pp. 177–9). Professor Rhys regards the name as a compound, of which the first element is the prefix ‘ty-’ seen also in Teilo, Tyfaelog, and Tegai (Archæologia Cambrensis, 5th ser. xii. 37). Tysilio's feast day was 8 Nov.
Tradition makes the saint both a poet and an historian. The ‘Red Book of Hengest’ contains thirty stanzas attributed to him, which are printed in the ‘Myvyrian Archaiology’ (2nd edit. pp. 123–4) and in Skene's ‘Four Ancient Books of Wales’ (ii. 237–41), and are certainly not of the sixth or seventh century. The statement that Tysilio wrote ‘an ecclesiastical history of Britain’ (Pughe, Cambrian Biography) was originally made by Ussher, on grounds which it is now impossible to test (Cambrian Register, i. 26). Nor is it clear what manuscript authority was followed by the editors of the ‘Myvyrian Archaiology’ in styling the first version they print (from Jesus Coll. MS. 28, not, as they state, from the Red Book of Hengest) of Geoffrey's ‘Brut Tysilio’ (2nd edit. p. 432). It appears, however, from a letter of Lewis Morris, printed in vol. ii. of the ‘Cambrian Register’ (p. 489), that a manuscript called ‘Tysilio's History of Great Britain,’ in the handwriting of Gutyn Owain, was in 1745 in the Llannerch collection, and though Morris had ‘never heard of any history written by’ the saint, he at once accepted this as the Welsh original of Geoffrey's history, a view also taken as to ‘Brut Tysilio’ in the ‘Myvyrian Archaiology’ (2nd edit. p. 432) and by Peter Roberts in his ‘Chronicle of the Kings of Britain’ (1811). In point of fact, the ‘Brut Tysilio’ version is a late compilation, of which no manuscript is known of earlier date than the fifteenth century (preface to Rhys and Evans's Bruts, 1890, pp. xvi–xix).
J. E. L.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.268 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 448 | ii | 1 | Tysilio: omit brut |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Tyson, Richard (1680-1750)

​TYSON, RICHARD (1680–1750), physician, son of Edward Tyson [q. v.], was born in 1680 in Gloucestershire. He entered Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, and obtained a fellowship. He graduated M.B. 1710, and M.D. 1715. He was elected a fellow of the College of Physicians on 25 June 1718, was five times censor between 1718 and 1737, was registrar from 1723 to 1735, treasurer 1739–46, and president 1746–50. He delivered the Harveian oration in 1725. On 27 May 1725 he was elected physician to St. Bartholomew's Hospital. He died on 3 Jan. 1749–50.
[Munk's Coll. of Phys. ii. 59; manuscript Journal of St. Bartholomew's Hospital.]
N. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Tait, William

1904 Errata appended.
​TAIT, WILLIAM (1793–1864), publisher, son of James Tait, builder in Edinburgh, was born there on 11 May 1793. After a short attendance at Edinburgh University, he was articled to a writer to the signet, but abandoned law and with his brother Charles Bertram, opened a bookseller’s shop in Edinburgh, and shortly afterwards commenced publishing. His chief publications were Brown’s ‘Philosophy of the Human Mind;’ Carlyle’s ‘German Romance;’ the collected edition of Bentham’s works, and Tytler’s ‘History of Scotland.’ His chief enterprise as a publisher, however, was ‘Tait’s Edinburgh Magazine,’ which appeared in April 1832, and was issued monthly until December 1846. It was a literary and political magazine, its radical politics being its special feature, and giving it a considerable influence in Scotland, where it had for some time a larger circulation than any of its competitors. Its popularity was considerably enhanced when in 1834 it was reduced in price from half a crown to one shilling. At first Tait was editor, but from 1834, when his magazine incorporated ‘Johnstone’s,’ he had the literary co-operation of Mrs. Christian Isobel Johnstone [q. v.], and his list of contributors included De Quincey, Leigh Hunt, Miss Martineau, John Stuart Mill, and the politicians like Cobden and Bright, who agreed with the opinions of the magazine.
Tait took a keen personal interest in both literature and politics, and was well-known figure in the social life of Edinburgh. In 1833 he was elected to the first reformed town council there, and in the same year was sent to gaol for four days (10 Aug.) for refusing to pay church rates, which were then raising stong opposition in radical circles. His shop was a meeting-ground for most of the Edinburgh notables, and Sir Walter Scott and Thomas Carlyle just missed being introduced to each other while there together by chance. According to De Quincey, Tait was ‘a patrician gentleman of potential aspect and distinctively conservative build.’
He retired from business in 1848, and bought the estate of Prior Bank, near Melrose, where he died on 4 Oct. 1864.
[Information supplied by his nephew, Mr. A. W. Black; Bertram’s Some Memories of Books, Authors, and Events; Burgon's Memoir of P. F. Tytler; Masson’s Edinburgh Sketches; Scotsman, 5 Oct. 1864.]
J. R. M.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.262 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 300 | ii | 7 | Tait, William: for 1846 read 1864 |