OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Angostura

See also Ciudad Bolívar on Wikipedia; Ciudad Bolívar and Congress of Angostura on Wikipedia, Ciudad Bolívar in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
ANGOSTURA, also called Ciudad Bolivar, and San Tomas de la Nueva Guayana, a town of Venezuela, capital of the province of Guayana, situated on the right bank of the Orinoco, about 240 miles from its mouths, and only 191 feet above the level of the sea. It is the seat of a bishop, and contains a cathedral, a college, and an hospital, while a fort stands on the opposite side of the river, at this point comparatively narrow. Being the centre of a rich and extensive territory, Angostura would before now have probably become a large and flourishing city, had it not been retarded by the war of independence, and by the unsettled state of the country ; for a long period it retro graded rather than progressed, and although now in a more prosperous condition, it has not yet reached the posi tion to which it is entitled. The Orinoco is navigable for vessels of 300 tons, and a considerable trade is carried on in cocoa, sugar, cotton, jerked meat, and hides, as well as in the bark that takes its name from, the city. In 1819 a congress met at Angostura, which resulted in the union of Venezuela and New Granada into one government under the name of the republic of Columbia ; and in the same year the town began to be called Ciudad Bolivar, in honour of Simon Bolivar, who freed the country from the yoke of Spain. Population, about 8000.
# Essays upon some Controverted Questions

* information about this edition.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.

### Contents

* PROLOGUE
* I. THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF PALÆONTOLOGY
** An Address delivered at the York Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1881
* II. THE INTERPRETERS OF GENESIS AND THE INTERPRETERS OF NATURE
** Nineteenth Century, December 1885
* III. MR GLADSTONE AND GENESIS
** Nineteenth Century, February 1886
** Note on the proper sense of the "Mosaic" narrative of the Creation
* IV. THE EVOLUTION OF THEOLOGY: AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDY
** Nineteenth Century, March and April 1886
* V. SCIENCE AND MORALS
** Fortnightly Review, November 1886
* VI. SCIENTIFIC AND PSEUDO-SCIENTIFIC REALISM
** Nineteenth Century, February 1887
* VII. SCIENCE AND PSEUDO-SCIENCE
** Nineteenth Century, April 1887
* VIII. AN EPISCOPAL TRILOGY
** Nineteenth Century, November 1887
* IX. AGNOSTICISM
** Nineteenth Century, February 1889
* X. THE VALUE OF WITNESS TO THE MIRACULOUS
** Nineteenth Century, March 1889
* XI. AGNOSTICISM: A REJOINDER
** Nineteenth Century, April 1889
* XII. AGNOSTICISM AND CHRISTIANITY
** Nineteenth Century, June 1889
* XIII. THE LIGHTS OF THE CHURCH AND THE LIGHT OF SCIENCE
** Nineteenth Century, July 1890
* XIV. THE KEEPERS OF THE HERD OF SWINE
** Nineteenth Century, December 1890
* XV. ILLUSTRATIONS OF MR. GLADSTONE'S CONTROVERSIAL METHODS
** Nineteenth Century, March 1891
* XVI. HASISADRA'S ADVENTURE
** Nineteenth Century, June 1891
I am indebted to the Editors of the Nineteenth Century and of the Fortnightly Review for permission to reprint such of the following Essays as have appeared in the pages of those periodicals: and so large a proportion of the papers has been published in the Nineteenth Century that my acknowledgments are especially due to Mr. Knowles.
    T. H. H.
    May 4, 1892.
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Chêng Pan-ch'iao

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​CHÊNG Pan-ch'iao. See under Chêng Hsieh.
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Corrections

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CORRECTIONS
Page 55, left column, line 27, for Granld read Grand. Page“ 56, right column, line 23, for Shih-tsu read Shih-tsung. Page“ 66, left column, line 33, for emperior read emperor.
Page“ 94, right column, line 39, for 校勘記 chiao-k'an chi read 考證 k'ao-chêng. Page“ 114, right column, line 39, for chüan read chuan. Page“ 128, left column, line 7, for ingorance read ignorance. Page“ 129, left column, line 47, for Shang-shu fang read Shang shu-fang. Page“ 147, right column, line 47, read great-grandsons. Page“ 168, left column, line 35, for grandnephew read distant cousin. Page“ 170, left column, line 9, for chung read Chung. Page“ 183, left column, line 21, read directors-general. Page“ 190, right column, line 3, for ch'ang read Ch'ang. Page“ 199, left column, line 15, for Shou read Shuo.
Page“ 272, left column, line 35, for p'o read po. Page“ 285, left column, 9 lines from below, for 1723 read 1724. Page“ 298, right column, line 43, for chun read chün. Page“ 308, right column, line 23 from below, for 1663 read 1665. Page“ 350, right column, line 15 from below, for Tsung- read Tsun-. Page“ 353, right column, last line, make characters after T. read 五橋. Page“ 354, left column, first line, make characters after T. read 雘軒. Page“ 374, right colunn, line 32, for Ch'ün read Ch'un. Page“ 390, right column, middle, make personal name Pi read P'i. Page“ 407, left column, line 27, for perfect read prefect. Page“ 452, left column, line 22 from below, for Chêng read Ch'êng. Page“ 479, lower right, line 17 from below, for Pai-fu-tang read Pai-fu t'ang.
Page“ 572, right column, middle, for Manggebulu read Menggebulu. Page“ 820, right column, line 6 from below, for Lingdan read Lindan. Page“ 848, left column, line 25, for -sun read -sung.
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Chêng Hung-k'uei

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​CHÊNG Hung-k'uei 鄭鴻逵 (T. 羽公) d. 1657, a native of Nan-an, Fukien, was a younger brother of Chêng Chih-lung [q. v.]. He became a military chü-jên in 1630 and in reward for his brother's naval operations against the Dutch was made lieutenant in the palace guards. He became military chin-shih in 1640 and, through successive promotions, brigade-general. He was at the Ming court in Nanking in 1644, joined Chêng Chih-lung in the cause of the Prince of T'ang (see under Chu Yü-chien), and urged that the latter be formally enthroned as emperor. He was rewarded with the title of marquis and designated a meritorious official but was soon after impeached for disrespectful conduct at court. In the campaign of the winter of 1645-46 he led the Left Vanguard of the Ming troops, was defeated, and deprived of rank. On the occasion of the birth of the emperor's first son he was restored to favor and made Duke Ting-kuo 定國公. He tried to dissuade Chêng Chih-lung from going over to the Ch'ing cause and continued to co-operate half-heartedly with his nephew, Chêng Ch'êng-kung [q. v.].
In 1651 he trapped General Ma Tê-kung [q. v.] in Amoy, but spared his life to preclude Ch'ing retaliation against his brother in Peking and his family in Taiwan (Formosa). When Chêng Ch'êng-kung returned to Amoy and made his uncle, Chêng Chih-kuan (see under the former), who was nominally in charge of the defense, pay for this leniency with his life, Chêng Hung-k'uei was disgraced. The latter bore his nephew no resentment and moved to the island of Pai-sha where he enjoyed the simple pleasures of retirement. When the island was attacked by Ch'ing forces, Chêng Ch'êng-kung recalled him to Chin-mên, opposite Amoy, where he died of illness in 1657.
[M.41/5/33b, 12/35b, 19/1a; M.59/38/4b; 東南紀事 Tung-nan chi-shih 12/16a; see bibliog​raphies of Chêng Chih-lung and Chêng Ch'êng-kung.]
Earl Swisher
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Contributors of Biographical Sketches

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CONTRIBUTORS OF BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES
Knight Biggerstaff
Roswell S. Britton
Meribeth Cameron
S. K. Chang
Ch'i Ssŭ-ho
Y. M. Chin
A. K'ai-ming Ch'iu
Homer H. Dubs
Eduard Erkes
John K. Fairbank
Fang Chao-ying
Fêng Chia-shêng
John C. Ferguson
Walter Fuchs
Gussie Esther Gaskill
M. Jean Gates
L. Carrington Goodrich
Michael J. Hagerty
William J. Hail
Han Shou-hsüan
Hu Shih
Arthur W. Hummel
Jên Tai
George A. Kennedy
Alfred Kühn
Thomas C. La Fargue
E. S. Larsen
William R. Leete
Li Man-kuei
A. V. Marakueff
Hiromu Momose
Tomoo Numata
Cyrus H. Peake
Shunzo Sakamaki
Rufus O. Suter
Nancy Lee Swann
Earl Swisher
Têng Ssŭ-yü
Tsêng Hisen-san
Tsêng Mien
C. H. Ts'ui
Tu Lien-chê
Wang Chung-min
Dean R. Wickes
C. Martin Wilbur
Hellmut Wilhelm
Wong Ch'ang-ping
Wu Kwang Tsing
Yang Ju-chin
Paul Yap Teh-lu
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Coxinga

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​COXINGA. See under Chêng Ch'êng-kung.
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Chêng Hsieh

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​CHÊNG Hsieh 鄭燮 (T. 克柔), 1693–1765, official, poet, calligrapher and painter, popularly known by his hao, Pan-ch'iao 板橋, was a native of Hsing-hua, Kiangsu. While still a child he lost his mother and was brought up by a nurse and later by his step-mother. He was the only son in the family and his most intimate associate was his cousin—a son of his father's younger brother. A brilliant student, Chêng Hsieh excelled in calligraphy and painting and in the writing of verse. He spent his youthful days in the pursuit of pleasure, but in the seventeen-twenties, owing to his father's death, he was compelled to seek employment. For some ten years—which he spent mostly at Yangchow—he eked out a meagre living by selling his paintings. These years of hardship probably wrought a great change in his character. Previously he had been known as a proud and temperamental artist, but from then on he was patient and considerate. He became a chü-jên in 1732 and a chin-shih in 1736. In the decade after 1732 he went often to Peking where he made friends with Buddhist priests and Manchu nobles, one of the latter being Prince Shên (慎郡王), or Yin-hsi 胤禧 (H. 紫瓊道人, 春浮居士, posthumous name 靖, 1711–1758), twenty-first son of Emperor Shêng-tsu. About 1742 Chêng Hsieh was appointed magistrate of Fan-hsien, Shantung. As such he showed sympathy for the people and energetically engaged in relief work during a famine. In 1746 he was transferred to Wei-hsien where he served for seven years until his retirement in 1753. Thereafter he lived quietly at home, occasionally selling his paintings to supplement his income.
Chêng Hsieh specialized in the painting of orchids, bamboo and rocks. In calligraphy he developed his own style—a combination of several ancient modes. His poems are expressed in simple but forceful language, as are also his prose writings. His poems in the style known as tao-ch'ing 道情, or "free expression of feeling," have been put to music and are popularly sung in schools. Specimens of his calligraphy and of his paintings of bamboo and orchids, carved on stone, exist in many temples and are highly appreciated as rubbings. His collected works, entitled 板橋集 Pan-ch'iao chi, comprise his ruled verse (詩鈔 shih-ch'ao), in 3 chüan, his poems in irregular meter (詞鈔, tz'ŭ-ch'ao), his tao-ch'ing, his colophons on paintings (題畫 t'i-hua), and his letters to his cousin (家書 chia-shu). These letters, in addition to expressing his philosophy of life, reveal an unusually free spirit, and a keen sensitiveness to natural beauty.
[1/509/8b; 2/72/1b; 3/233/9a; 7/43/2b; 20/2/00; 26/2/6b; 27/11/15b; 29/4/8a; Hsing-hua hsien chih (1852), 8/15a; Wei-hsien chih (1760) 3/35a; L.T.C.L.H.M., p. 419b; Lin Yutang, My Country and My People, pp. 37 and 339; idem, The Importance of Living, p. 302.]
Fang Chao-ying
# Encyclopædia Britannica, First Edition/Abas

See also the Encyclopædia Britannica, 1st edition, disclaimer.
​ABAS, a weight used in Persia for weighing pearls. It is 1-8th less than the European carat.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, First Edition/Abatamentum

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​ABATAMENTUM, in law, is an entry to lands by interposition, i.e. when a person dies seized, and another who has no right enters before the heir.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, First Edition/Abatis

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​ABATIS, an ancient term for the officer of the stables.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, First Edition/Abascia

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​ABASCIA, the country of the Alcas. See Alcas.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, First Edition/Abasing

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​ABASING, in the sea-languages, signifies the same as striking.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, First Edition/Abatement

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​ABATEMENT, in heraldry, implies something added to a coat of arms to lessen its dignity, and point out some imperfection or stain in the character of its wearer.
Abatement, in law. See Abate.
Abatement, in commerce, signifies an allowance or discount in the price of certain commodities, in consideration of prompt payment; a diminution in the stipulated quantity or quality of goods, or some such circumstance.
Abatement, in the customs, an allowance made upon the duty of goods, when the quantum damaged is determined by the judgment of two merchants upon oath, and ascertained by a certificate from the surveyor and land-waiter.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, First Edition/Abate

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​ABATE, from abatre, to destroy; a term used by the writers of the common law, both in an active and neutral sense; as, to abate a castle, is to destroy or beat it down; to abate a writ, is, by some exception to render it null and void.
Abate, in the manage, implies the performance of any downward motion properly. Hence a horse is said to abate, or take down his curvets, when he puts both his hind-legs to the ground at once, and observes the same exactness in all the times.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, First Edition/Abarticulation

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​ABARTICULATION, in anatomy, a species of articulation which is now termed diarthrosis. See Anatomy, Part I. and Diarthrosis.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, First Edition/Abassi

See also Abbasi (currency) on Wikipedia, and the Encyclopædia Britannica, 1st edition, disclaimer.
​ABASSI, or Abassis, a silver coin current in Persia, equivalent in value to French livre or tenpence half-penny Sterling. It took its name from Schaw Abas II. king of Perssia, under whom it was struck.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, First Edition/Abator

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​ABATOR, in law, a term applied to a person who enters to a house or lands, void by the death of the last possessor, before the true heir.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Su-chow

See also Suchow on Wikipedia; Suzhou in Jiangsu, Suzhou in Gansu, and Xuzhou in Sichuan on Wikipedia; Su-chow in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Sucker

See also Lumpsucker on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SUCKER. See Lump-Sucker.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Swammerdam, John

See also Jan Swammerdam on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SWAMMERDAM, John (1637-1680), may be ranked almost with Leeuwenhoek as one of the most eminent Dutch naturalists of the 17th century. Born at Amsterdam in 1637, the son of an apothecary and naturalist, he was destined for the church; but he insisted on passing over to the profession of medicine, meanwhile passionately devoting himself to the study of insects. Having necessarily to interest himself in human anatomy, he devoted much attention to the preservation and better demonstration of the various structures, and he devised the method of studying the circulatory system by means of injections, so doing the greatest service to practical anatomy. The fame of his collection soon became European; thus the grand-duke of Tuscany offered him 12,000 florins for his collection, on condition of his coming to Florence to continue it. His General History of Insects and other kindred works lie at the foundation of modern entomology, and include many important discoveries. Thus he cleared up the subject of the metamorphosis of insects, and in this and other ways laid the beginnings of their natural classification, while his researches on the anatomy of mayflies and bees were also of fundamental importance. His devotion to science led to his neglect of practice; his father greatly resented this, and stopped all supplies; and thus Swammerdam experienced a period of considerable privation, which had the most unfortunate consequences to his health, both bodily and mental. In 1675 he published his History of the Ephemera, and in the same year his father died, leaving him an adequate fortune, but the mischief was irreparable. He became a hypochondriac and mystic, joined the followers of Antoinette Bourignon, and died at Amsterdam in 1680.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Sweet Potato

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​ SWEET POTATO. See Potato.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Surbiton

See also Surbiton on Wikipedia; Surbiton in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
​SURBITON, a suburb of Kingston in Surrey, England, is finely situated on the river Thames, 12 miles south-west of London by the London and South-Western Railway. It consists chiefly of villa residences embosomed in woods and gardens. Along the river an esplanade has been constructed, forming a pleasant promenade. Surbiton is the headquarters of the Kingston Rowing Club and the Thames Sailing Club. The recreation ground, in connexion with which there is a reading-room and library, is much frequented for athletic meetings and bicycle races. In the town there is a cottage hospital. The population of the urban sanitary district (area, 1000 acres) in 1871 was 7642, and in 1881 it was 9406.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Sées

See also Sées on Wikipedia; Sées, Diocese of Séez, and Sées Cathedral on Wikipedia; Sées in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
SÉES, a town of France and a bishop’s see, in the department of Orne, is situated on the Orne, 4 miles from its source and 13 miles north of Alengon by the railway from Le Mans to Caen. The very fine cathedral, dating to a large extent from the 13th and 14th centuries, occupies the site of churches founded in 440, 996, and 1053. The west front has two stately spires of open work 230 feet high, which have been restored more than once in the 19th century. The nave, built in the beginning of the 13th century, was remodelled in its upper portion fifty or sixty years after its erection; the choir, built about 1230 and restored in 1260 after a great fire, is remarkable for the lightness of its construction, the inner galleries of the presbytery being the boldest venture ever made in this kind. In the choir are four bas-reliefs of great beauty and delicacy representing scenes in the life of the Virgin; and the altar is adorned with another depicting the removal of the relics of St Gervais and St Protais. Most of the stained windows are good. Around the cathedral are the cloisters of the canons; the episcopal palace (1778), with a pretty chapel; the great seminary, located in the old abbey of St Martin (supposed to be one of the fourteen or fifteen monasteries founded in the 6th century by St Evroult); the hôtel de ville; and the statue of Conté, a member of the Egyptian expedition of 1798. The population of Sées was 3483 in 1881, and that of the commune 4687.
The first bishop of Sées (Sagium) was St Lain, who lived at the close of the 3d or beginning of the 4th century. In the 9th century it was a fortified town and fell a prey to the Normans; and the stones from its ruined ramparts were used for the erection of a church in the close of the 10th century. In the 12th century Sées belonged to the count of Alengon and consisted of two distinct parts, separated by the Orne,—the bishop’s burgh, and to the south the new or count’s burgh (Bourg le Comte). Captured in 1154 by Henry II. of England, it was recovered in the following year by Guillaume de Bellême; and in 1136 it was partly burned by the count of Anjou. After being taken by Philip Augustus it enjoyed some years of peace, during which a hospital and a Franciscan monastery were built; but it was one of the first towns of Normandy to fall into the hands of the English (1417), who retained possession until their final expulsion from France. Pillaged by the Protestants during the Wars of Religion, Sées attached itself to the League in 1589, but voluntarily surrendered to Henry IV. in 1590.
# Ethyl Gasoline Corporation v. United States

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
309 U.S. 436
Ethyl Gasoline Corporation v. United States
Argued: March 1-4, 1940. --- Decided: March 25, 1940
Appeal from the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York.
[Syllabus from pages 436-438 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Dean G. Acheson, of Washington, D.C., for appellants.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 438-442 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Thurman W. Arnold, Asst. Atty. Gen., for appellee.
[Argument of Counsel from Pages 442-444 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Justice STONE delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 1072

more info.
Amended by Executive Order 3158, August 27, 1919. Revoked by Executive Order 11408, April 25, 1968.
Signed by President William H. Taft Friday, May 14, 1909
Whenever in the opinion of the Secretary of the Navy a strict enforcement of the provisions of section 1, Rule I of the civil-service rules would influence the result of a local election the issue of which materially affects the local welfare of the government employees in the vicinity of any navy-yard or station, the Civil Service Commission may, on recommendation of the Secretary of the Navy, and after such investigation as it may deem necessary, permit the active participation of the employees of the yard or station in such local election. In the exercise of the privilege which may be conferred hereunder, persons affected must not neglect their official duties nor cause public scandal by their activity.
The White House,
       May 14, 1909.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 1073

more info.
Signed by President William H. Taft Monday, May 17, 1909
Mrs. Nina L. Carrington, whose competency is certified to by those civil officers with whom she has had temporary employment, may be appointed to a clerkship in the classified service without examination for the reason that her husband, Frank Del. Carrington, late major, First U. S. Infantry, was unjustly convicted in the civil courts of the Philippines of certain criminal charges, as now decided by the Supreme Court, and this action is in the nature of a remedial measure within the power of the President to rectify the injustice of those proceedings, which have led to the very straitened and necessitous condition of Mrs. Carrington and her family.
The White House,
    May 17, 1909.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 10731

more info.
See the Notes section for a listing of Executive Orders affected by or related to the issuance of this Executive Order.
Signed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower Thursday, October 10, 1957
Federal Register page & date: 22 FR 8135, Tuesday, October 15, 1957
Executive Order 10731
Delegating to the Director of the Bureau of the Budget the Authority of the President to Transfer Certain Records, Property, and Personnel
By virtue of the authority vested in me by section 301 of title 3 of the United States Code, and as President of the United States, it is ordered that the authority vested in the President by the last sentence of section 4 of the Airways Modernization Act of 1957 (71 Stat. 351) to provide for appropriate transfers of records, property, and personnel, in connection with transfers of functions made under other provisions of the said section 4, be, and it is hereby, delegated to the Director of the Bureau of the Budget.
The White House,
October 10, 1957.

## Notes

Shortcut: WS:USEO

### Revoked by

* Executive Order 10797, December 24, 1958
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse