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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/New Abbey

From volume 10 of the work.
The Abbey of Sweetheart, named New Abbey Pow, or New Abbey, in order to distinguish it, from Dundrennan in the same county, is situated near the River Pow, in the parish of Loch Kenderloch, Kirkcudbrightshire, Diocese of Galloway, about eight miles from the town of Dumfries, Scotland. The title of Abbey of Sweetheart was given by the foundress of the abbey, Lady Devorgilla, daughter of Alan, Lord of Galloway, who erected the monastery in order to keep in it a casket of ivory and silver, in which was embalmed the heart of her husband, King John de Baliol. Sweetheart is the last in order of the Cistercian abbeys in Scotland. It was begun in 1275, being a daughter of Dundrennan, of the lineage of Clairvaux. Henry, the first abbot, built a magnificent church in the early English style. It measured 203 feet; in length, with a central tower 92 feet high; it had a nave with aisles, transepts with chapels on their eastern sides, and a choir without aisles. The monastic buildings were in proportion, and were surrounded with a massive granite enclosing wall, from eight to ten feet high, large portions of which still remain. Very little is known of the old history of Sweetheart, except that the Maxwells, lords of Kirkconnel, whose castle was near by, and who were descendants of the Maxwell kings, were great benefactors of the place. The most celebrated superior of the abbey was Abbot Gilbert Broun, the last of the line. He continued to uphold the Catholic faith long after the Reformation, and was a powerful opponent of Protestantism. He was denounced several times on the charge of enticing to "papistrie" from 1578 to 1605; he was seized by his enemies in 1605 in spite of the resistance of the whole countryside, taken prisoner, and conveyed to Edinburgh, whence he was banished, he then became rector of the Scots College, Paris, where he died in 1612 at the age of eighty-four. The possessions of Sweetheart Abbey passed into the hands of Sir John Spottiswoode in 1624, and with them the title of Lord of New Abbey. The monastery soon became a mere quarry for those who wanted ready-cut material for building. The chapter, with the remains of the library over it, and a part of the church, are all that remain today.
HENRIQUE, Menologium Cisterciense (Antwerp, 1630); JONGE-LINUS, Notitia Abbatiarum Ord. Cisterciensis (Cologne, 1640); JANAUSCHEK, Originum Cisterciensium tomus, I (Vienna, 1877); BARRETT, The Scottish Cistercians (Edinburgh); REGIS, S. M. de Neubotle; New Statistical Account of Scotland.
EDMOND M. OBRECHT
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ekkehard of Aura

From volume 5 of the work.
Ekkehard of Aura (Uraugiensis), Benedictine monk and chronicler, b. about 1050; d. after 1125. Very little is known of his life. About 1101 he went on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, and in 1106 took part in the Council of Guastalla. Apparently he belonged at first to the monastery of St. Michael at Bamberg, and later (1108 or 1113) was abbot of the monastery of Aura, founded by Bishop Otto of Bamberg, on the Franconian Saale, near Kissingen, Bavaria; this monastery followed the Rule of Hirschau. The "Chronicon universale", called after Ekkehard, is the chief source for the history of Germany during the years 1080-1125. In its present form it is divided into five books: the first contains ancient history from the Creation to the building of the city of Rome; the second extends to the birth of Christ; the third reaches the time of Charlemagne; the fourth goes to the opening of the reign of Emperor Henry V; the fifth contains an account of the reign of this ruler. No other medieval general chronicle covers so much ground; in the manuscripts now extant it is evidently not the work of one man but represents rather a fusion of various recensions and continuations. Bresslau, in his acute investigation of the subject (Neues Archiv für Ältere deutsche Geschichtskunde, VII), traces these changes, for the most part, to Frutolf, prior of St. Michael's (d. February 17, 1103). It is now believed that Ekkehard simply rewrote the greater part of the chronicle, and that his original contribution is the account of the reign of Emperor Henry V. The chronicle, taken as a whole, is a very skillful compilation, and shows in the selection and arrangement of the matter a sound understanding and mastery of the material at hand. The language is good and simple, and the presentation clear and well summarized. Continuations were written by various chroniclers, among whom may be mentioned Conrad of Lichtenau and Albert of Stade. Ekkehard's chronicle has been published several times (Mon. Germ. Hist., Script., VI, 13-265; Migne, P.L., CLIV, 459-1060). A German translation was issued by Pflüger (Leipzig, 1893), as vol. LI of the series "Geschichtsschreiber der deutschen Vorzeit".
PATRICIUS SCHLAGER
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Elena Lucrezia Piscopia Cornaro

From volume 4 of the work.
A learned Italian woman of noble descent, born at Venice, 5 June, 1646; died at Padua, 26 July, 1684. Her father, Giovanni Battista Cornaro, was Procurator of St. Mark's. At the age of seven she began the study of Latin and Greek under distinguished instructors, and soon became proficient in these languages. She also mastered Hebrew, Spanish, French, and Arabic, earning the title of "Oraculum Septilingue". Her later studies included mathematics, philosophy, and theology. In 1665 she took the habit of a Benedictine Oblate without, however, becoming a nun. In compliance with her father's wishes she entered the University of Padua and after a brilliant course of study received the doctorate in philosophy. The degree was conferred 25 June, 1678, in the cathedral of Padua in presence of many persons eminent for learning and rank. Elena was a member of various academies and was esteemed throughout Europe for her attainments and virtues. The last seven years of her life were devoted to study and charity. She was buried in the church of Santa Giustina at Padua and her statue was placed in the university. Her writings, published at Parma in 1688, include academic discourses, translations, and devotional treatises. In 1685 the University of Padua caused a medal to be struck in her honour. In 1895 Abbess Mathilda Pynsent of the English Benedictine Nuns in Rome had Elena's tomb opened, the remains placed in a new casket, and a suitable tablet inscribed to her memory.
Biographies (in Italian) by DEZA (Venice, 1686); LUPIS (Venice, 1689); BACCHINI (Parma, 1688); more recently, DE SANTI (Rome, 1899); ABBESS PYNSENT, Life of Helen Lucretia Cornaro (Rome, 1896). For an account of the bibliography see Civiltà Cattolica (Rome, 1898-1899), 17th series vols. IV, V; BAILEY, A Daughter of the Doges in Amer. Cath. Quart. Review (Philadelphia, 1896), XXI, 820.
E. A. PACE
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Kensington

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​KENSINGTON, a district in the W. of London adjoining Westminster, within which are Kensington Palace and Gardens.
South Kensington Museum was at first a temporary edifice of iron and wood (popularly known as “the Brompton Boilers”). It was opened in 1857, and to it were removed various collections which had since 1852 been exhibited in Marlborough House. This edifice has been superseded by permanent buildings. The institution comprises (1) the Art Museum, (2) the India Museum, (3) various science collections.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Kansas River

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​KANSAS RIVER, a large river, formed by the union of the Smoky Hill Fork and Solomon river, 10 miles W. of Abilene, and so called from the tribe of Indians which once dwelt on its shores. It flows E., joins the Missouri river between Wyandotte and Johnson county, on the E. border of Kansas, and traverses a fertile plain interspersed with heavily wooded hills and bluffs. Its most important affluents are Grand Saline Fork, Big and Little Blue rivers, and Republican Fork.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Kansas Wesleyan University

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
KANSAS WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY, a co-educational institution in Salina, Kan.; founded in 1885 under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 17; students, 325; president, L. B. Bowers, Ph. D.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Kearney

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
KEARNEY, a city and county-seat of Buffalo co., Neb.; on a canal extending from the Platte river, which furnishes power for manufacturing, and on the Union Pacific and Burlington Route railroads; 198 miles S. W. of Omaha. It is the farming, stock-raising, and manufacturing trade center for the surrounding country; has a large cotton mill,
electric flour mill, and machine shops; and is the seat of the Western State Normal School and the State Industrial School for Boys. Pop. (1910) 6,202; (1920) 7,702.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Kearney, Denis

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
KEARNEY, DENIS, an American agitator; born in Oakmont, County Cork, Ireland, in 1847; followed the sea in 1858-1872; became foreman of a gang of stevedores in San Francisco in 1872, soon after starting in the draying business for himself; took an interest in politics. In 1877, owing to interference with his business, he began to excite the workingmen of San Francisco against capital, Chinese labor, etc., mass meetings being held in a suburb called the “Sandlots.” The movement instigated by him finally succeeded in packing a convention and organizing a new constitution in its own interest for the State of California. In the summer of 1878 he visited and spoke throughout the East, attended by a private secretary, but failed to make much impression. He died April 24, 1907.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Kennedy, Charles Rann

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
KENNEDY, CHARLES RANN, a dramatist, born at Derby, England, in 1871. He was in turn office boy and clerk, lecturer and writer, up to the age of 26. He then went on the stage and wrote plays, articles, and poems. From 1905 he was engaged in dramatic writing. His first great success was made with “The Servant in the House” produced in 1908. This was followed by “The Winterfeast” (1908); “The Terrible Meek” (1911); “The Idol-Breaker” (1914); “The Army with Banners” (1917); “The Fool from the Hills” (1919). He married Edith Wynne Matthison in 1898.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Kent, Duke of

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​KENT, DUKE OF, 4th son of George III., and father of Queen Victoria; born in Buckingham Palace, London, Nov. 2, 1767; married Victoria Mary Louisa, May 28, 1818; died in Sidmouth, Devonshire, England, Jan. 23, 1820. See Victoria.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Keats, John

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
KEATS, JOHN, an English poet; born in London, England, October 29, 1795; was apprenticed to a surgeon, but gave way to the ambition of becoming a poet. His first poems published in 1817 made no impression. "Endymion" (1818) and "Lamia" (1820) brought fame, though savagely treated by Clifford in the "Quarterly Review." Keats, already attacked by tuberculosis, sought to regain strength in Italy and died in Rome, Feb. 23, 1821.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Kenrick, Peter Richard

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​KENRICK, PETER RICHARD, an American clergyman; born in Dublin, Ireland, Aug. 17, 1806; ordained priest in the Roman Catholic Church in 1830; came to the United States in 1833; appointed coadjutor to Bishop Rosati, of St. Louis, in 1841, and succeeded to that bishopric in 1843; was created first archbishop of St. Louis in 1847. His publications include “The Holy House of Loretto”; “Anglican Ordinations”; “Vaticana”; etc. He died in St. Louis, Mo., March 4, 1896.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Kensal Green

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​KENSAL GREEN, a cemetery on the N. W. of London, 77 acres in extent; consecrated in November, 1832. Here many of the illustrious sons of England have been buried, as Thackeray, Leigh Hunt, Sydney Smith, Buckle, Sir Charles Eastlake, John Leech, Sir John Ross, Brunel, Mulready, Kemble, Dibdin, Tom Hood, Balfe, Liston, Charles Mathews, Madame Vestris, Tietjens, Wilkie Collins, the Duke of Sussex, and his sister, the Princess Sophia.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Vicar

From volume 15 of the work.
(Lat. vicarius, from vice, "instead of")
In canon law, the representative of a person clothed with ordinary ecclesiastical jurisdiction. The office of vicar was in use among the ancient Romans, that being the title of officials subordinate to the praetorian prefects. In the ecclesiastical forum, from very early times, we read of vicars of the Apostolic See, such as the archbishops of Thessalonica. Bishops also had their vicars, such as the archdeacons and archpriests, and likewise the rural priest, who, in the first ages, had the cure of souls outside of episcopal cities. In course of time, all of these officials became part of the ordinary magistracy of the Church. These vicars are treated in the Decretum of Gratian and in the Decretals of Gregory IX, but vicars-general of bishops first appear in the sixth book of Decretals and in the Clementines of the "Corpus juris canonici". After the institution of vicars-general, the office of archdeacon ceased almost entirely when the Council of Trent had limited the powers of such officials. That council (Sess. XXV, c. xvi, "De ref.") completely abrogated other vicarships that were incompatible with clerical discipline. A vicar differs from a vicegeregent, who is constituted by a prelate in place of a vicar. The vicar himself without special faculties cannot substitute another vicar with equal powers in his own place. The jurisdiction of vicars is generally ordinary, but sometimes only delegated. The former archdeacons and archpriests and the present vicars capitular and some others have ordinary power in consequence of their office, but by the present discipline vicars Apostolic and vicars forane have only delegated power conferred by special commission. Vicarial jurisdiction in general can not be called merely mandatory (which is ultimately delegated power), for many vicars have a tribunal distinct from that of the prelate represented by them. As to their powers: vicars are constituted either in divinis, as parochial vicars and auxiliary bishops, or created vicars in jurisdiction, as vicars capitular and vicars general, to exercise power in the external forum, either voluntary or contentious. Some writers also distinguish vicars a lege, or those whose powers are perpetual and prescribed in law, and vicars ab homine, who depend entirely on delegated powers and are removable at will. Neither bishops nor inferior prelates can constitute vicars except in cases permitted by canon law. The powers of vicars are not affected by the mode of appointment, that is whether they are freely nominated or elected. When vicars have ordinary jurisdiction, their rights and duties in general are the same as those of other ordinary prelates, but their particular obligations must be learnt from the office they hold. The same is to be said of the cessation of their powers, which are terminated by resignation, etc., with the addition, however, of some special regulations for particular vicarships, as that of vicar-general.
WERNZ, Jus decretalium, II (1899); AICHNER, Compendium juris ecclesiastici (Brixen, 1895).
WILLIAM H.W. FANNING
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Vicar Apostolic

From volume 15 of the work.
(1) In the early ages of the Church, the popes committed to some residentiary bishops the duty of watching over ecclesiastical matters in a certain region, as the Archbishop of Arles for Gaul and the Archbishop of Thessalonica for Illyria. These prelates were called vicars Apostolic.
(2) Prelates with the title of vicar Apostolic are sometimes commissioned by the Holy See to administer dioceses which are vacant, or whose bishops are prevented from exercising their ordinary jurisdiction by some impediment. These vicars Apostolic have the powers of vicars capitular (q.v.) and at times receive also some extraordinary faculties, which much be learnt from their Brief of appointment.
(3) In regions where the ordinary hierarchy of the Church has not yet been established, and which consequently fall under the ordinary and immediate jurisdiction of the pope in a special manner, the Holy See usually governs such missionary regions by means of a delegate who has received episcopal consecration to some titular see, and who is designated a vicar Apostolic.
These prelates generally have the same powers that bishops have by common law in their own dioceses, and the Congregation of Propaganda also concedes to them various extraordinary faculties. All these powers, however, are delegated, not ordinary. As they are not diocesan bishops, they have not cathedral or chapter (S.C. Prop., 27 Nov., 1858). Without special concession from the Holy See, they may not concede the usual forty days indulgence, nor erect a throne in a church, nor wear the capa magna, nor have their names inserted in the canon of the Mass (Collect. S.C. Prop., 1883 n. 139, etc.). While they may not constitute ordinary vicars- general, they can give special faculties to various priests to assist them in administering the vicariate. They must, in addition, name some proper secular or regular cleric who, in case of their unexpected demise, may rule the region as pro-vicar until other provision is made. The pro-vicar has the same faculties as the vicar, except those that flow from episcopal consecration. He can, however, in case of necessity consecrate chalices, patens, and portable altars, with oils consecrated by some bishop. Regulars in a missionary district must communicate their letters patent to the vicar Apostolic, and in the cure of souls are subject to his authority. Vicars apostolic are appointed outside of Consistory by a special pontifical brief, and later this provision is merely published in Consistory. All matters concerning the promotion of vicars Apostolic are conducted by Propaganda on the lines of the Constitution, "Gravissimum", of Benedict XIV (18 Jan., 1757) and the later Decrees of the Holy See (Collect. S.C. Prop., n. 38-87). There are about 150 vicariates in existence at present.
TAUTON, The Law of the Church (London, 1906), s.v.; WERNZ, Jus decretalium, II (Rome, 1899); FERRARIS, Bibliotheca canonica, VII (Rome, 1891), s.v.
WILLIAM H.W. FANNING
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Vicar of Christ

From volume 15 of the work.
(Lat. Vicarius Christi).
A title of the pope implying his supreme and universal primacy, both of honour and of jurisdiction, over the Church of Christ. It is founded on the words of the Divine Shepherd to St. Peter: "Feed my lambs. . . . Feed my sheep" (John 21:16-17), by which He constituted the Prince of the Apostles guardian of His entire flock in His own place, thus making him His Vicar and fulfilling the promise made in Matthew 16:18-19.
In the course of the ages other vicarial designations have been used for the pope, as Vicar of St. Peter and even Vicar of the Apostolic See (Pope Gelasius, I, Ep. vi), but the title Vicar of Christ is more expressive of his supreme headship of the Church on earth, which he bears in virtue of the commission of Christ and with vicarial power derived from Him. Thus, Innocent III appeals for his power to remove bishops to the fact that he is Vicar of Christ (cap. "Inter corporalia", 2, "De trans. ep."). He also declares that Christ has given such power only to His Vicar Peter and his successors (cap. "Quanto", 3, ibid.), and states that it is the Roman Pontiff who is "the successor of Peter and the Vicar of Jesus Christ" (cap. "Licet", 4, ibid.). The title Vicar of God used for the pope by Nicholas III (c. "Fundamenta ejus", 17, "De elect.", in 6) is employed as an equivalent for Vicar of Christ.
WILLIAM H.W. FANNING
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Viatora Coccaleo

From volume 4 of the work.
A Capuchin friar, so called from his birthplace, Coccaglio in Lombardy, date of birth unknown; d. 1793. For a time he was lector in theology and wrote several works that give him a place among the noteworthy theologians in a period of theological decline. These are: "Tentamina theologico-scholastica" (Bergamo, 1768-74); "Tentaminum theologicorum in moralibus Synopsis" (Venice, 1791); "Instituta moralia" (Milan, 1760). His defence of papal supremacy, "Italus ad Justinum Febronium" (Lucca, 1768; Trent, 1774), is one of the principal apologies against Febronius. Besides writing several works against Jansenism, he took part in the discussion concerning the devotion to the Sacred Heart and the sanctification of Holy Days, made famous by the Synod of Pistoja (1786), and published: "Riflessioni sopra l'origine e il fine della divozione del S. Cuore di Gesù" (Naples, 1780); "Riposta sul dubbio, se la sola Messa basti a santificare le feste" (Bologna, 1781). To these may be added his studies on the text and meaning of the poem of Prosper of Aquitaine, "Contra Ingratos" (2 vols., Brescia, 1756 and 1763) and his work on the philosophic spirit of Prosper's epigrams (Brescia, 1760).
JOHN OF RATISBON, Appendix ad Bibliothec. Script. Capuccinorum (Rome, 1852), 40; SCHEEBEN, Dogmatik, I, 455.
John M. Lenhart.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Vicariate Apostolic of Aden

From volume 1 of the work.
​Aden (Adane), Vicariate Apostolic of.—It comprises all Arabia, and is properly known as the Vicariate Apostolic of Arabia and Aden. The present incumbent is the Rt. Rev. Bernardine Thomas Clark. It includes also the islands that depend geographically on Arabia, notably Perim and Socotra. From 1839 to 1851, it was part of the Vicariate Apostolic of Egypt, when it was united to the African Vicariate of the Gallas of Abyssinia, under the Capuchins. In 1854 a secular priest, Aloysius Sturla, became Prefect Apostolic there. Later the mission was given back to the Capuchins, under the Vicariate Apostolic of Bombay. In 1859 it became an independent mission, and in 1875 it was again united to the African Vicariate. It was made an independent Vicariate Apostolic again in 1888, and committed to the care of the Capuchins. The population of Aden, now a strongly fortified place, is about 40,000, Arabs, Somalis, Jews, and Indians, besides the British garrison and officials. The large and important harbour furnishes one of the principal coaling-stations of the British Empire. Being a free port, it has become the chief trading-centre for all the neighbouring countries. The British settlement dates from 1839, and the site is almost the most southerly on the Arabian coast, "being a peninsula of an irregular oval form, of about fifteen miles in circumference, connected with the mainland by a narrow, sandy isthmus." There are in this Vicariate Apostolic 11 missionary priests; 6 churches and chapels; 6 stations; 2 religious orders of men, and 1 of women; 4 orphanages and 6 elementary schools. The Catholic population is about 1,500.
Annuario Ecclesiastico (Rome, 1906); Battandier, Annuaire pont. cath. (Paris, 1905), 344; Werner, Orbis Terr. Cath. (Freiburg, 1890),144; Missiones Catholicæ, (Rome, 1901.)
Thomas J. Shahan.