OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Bountiful, City of

​BOUNTIFUL, CITY OF. The chief city of the Nephites, in the land Bountiful, situated, apparently, not far from the shore of the great eastern ​sea, and but a short distance south of the Isthmus of Panama. It was the key to the Northern continent, and previous to the birth of the Savior none of the invading armies of the Lamanites appear to have been able to pass by it. It was strongly fortified by Moroni and his associate commanders and successors, the Lamanite prisoners of war being used by him on, at least, one occasion in this work (B. C. 64), until the city was encircled with a deep ditch and a high wall of earth and timbers. “And it became an exceeding strong place ever afterward.” The Lamanite prisoners were held within an enclosure, the walls of which they were, themselves, compelled to build; and their numbers were constantly added to as the fortunes of war went against them. When the city Gid was retaken (B. C. 63), a large number of Lamanite prisoners captured therein were sent to Bountiful.
In the great mission preformed by Nephi and Lehi, the sons of Helaman, they commenced their labors at the city Bountiful and thence continued southward. (B. C. 31.)
It seems probable that, in the great convulsions that attended the crucifixion of the Redeemer, Bountiful did not suffer as severely as did many other cities; for Jesus appeared to the Nephites who were assembled near the temple that stood in that land; apparently it had not been destroyed, though possibly it was greatly injured.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Cain

​CAIN. The son of Adam. He is mentioned ​thrice by name in the Book of Mormon; each time in connection with his plottings and convenants with Satan.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Camenihah

​CAMENIHAH. A Nephite general who was slain at the battle of Cumorah (A. C. 385). The army corps of ten thousand men, which he commanded, was entirely destroyed in this battle.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Si Contra Fa

​SI CONTRA FA. [See Mi contra Fa.]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Shuttleworth, Obadiah

[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Shirreff, Jane

[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Shore, Matthias

​SHORE, Matthias, who in 1685 was one of the trumpeters in ordinary to James II., was, a few years afterwards, promoted to the post of Sergeant Trumpeter, in which he distinguished himself by the rigorous exaction of his fees of office. [See Sergeant Trumpeter.] He died in 1700, leaving three children:
1. William, also one of the King's trumpeters in ordinary, succeeded his father as Sergeant Trumpeter, died in Dec. 1707, and was buried at St. Martin's-in-the-Fields. He followed his father's example in the severe exaction of fees.
2. Catherine, born about 1668, who was a pupil of Henry Purcell for singing and the harpsichord. In 1693 she became the wife of Colley Cibber, without consent of her father, who manifested great displeasure at the match. His resentment was not, however, of very long duration, as when he made his will, March 5, 1695–6, he bequeathed to her one third of the residue of his property. Shortly after her marriage Mrs. Cibber appeared on the stage as a singer, and, among other songs, sang the second part of Purcell's air 'Genius of England' (Don Quixote, Part II.), to her brother John's trumpet accompaniment. She is said to have died about 1730.
[ W. H. H. ]
* ↑ This contrivance, then considered so wonderful, has been admirably employed by Handel in the second movement of 'Glory to God' in 'Joshua,' where the D major trumpets are used in B minor.
* ↑ In the Cheque Book of the Chapel Royal he is said to have been appointed lutenist in 1715, but the entry was evidently not made until some time later, and probably from memory only.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Si

​SI. The syllable used, in the musical terminology of Italy and France, to designate the note B; and adapted, in systems of Solmisation which advocate the employment of a movable starting-point, to the seventh degree of the Scale.
The method invented by Guido d'Arezzo, in the earlier half of the 11th century, recognised the use of six syllables only—ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la—suggested by the initial and post-cæsural syllables of the Hymn, 'Ut queant laxis'; the completion of the Octave being provided for by the introduction of certain changes in the position of the root-syllable, ut. Until the mediæval theory of the Scale was revolutionised by the discovery of the functions of the Leading-Note, this method answered its purpose perfectly; but when the Ecclesiastical Modes were abandoned in favour of our modern form of tonality, it became absolutely necessary to add another syllable to the series. This syllable is said to have been first used, about 1590, by Erycius Puteanus, of Dordrecht, the author of a treatise on Music, entitled 'Musathena'; and tradition asserts that it was formed from the initial syllable of the fourth verse—'Sancte Joannes'—of the Hymn already alluded to, by the substitution of i for a. This account, however, has not been universally received. Mersennus attributes the invention to a French musician, named Le Maire, who laboured for thirty years to bring it into practice, but in vain, though it was generally adopted after his death. Brossard gives substantially the same account. Bourdelot attributes the discovery to a certain nameless Cordelier, of the Convent of Ave Maria, in France, about the year 1675; but tells us that the Abbé de la Louette, Maître de Chapelle at Notre Dame de Paris, accorded the honour to a Singing-Master, named Metru, who flourished in Paris about the year 1676. In confirmation of these traditions, Bourdelot assures us that he once knew a Lutenist, named Le Moine, who remembered both Metru and the Cordelier, as having practised the new system towards the close of the 17th century—whence it has been conjectured that one of these bold innovators may possibly have invented, and the other adopted it, if indeed both did not avail themselves of an earlier discovery.
[ W. S. R. ]
* ↑ See Hexachord; Mutation; Solmisation.
* ↑ 'Harmonie Universelle (Paris, 1636), p. 183.
* ↑ 'Dictionaire de Musique,' (Amsterdam, 1703.)
* ↑ 'Histoire de la Musique,' compiled from the MSS. of the Abbé Bourdelot, and those of his nephew, Bonnet Bourdelot, and subsequently published by Bonnet, Paymaster to the Lords of the Parliament of Paris. (Paris, 1705 and 1715. Amsterdam, 1725, 1743.)
* ↑ 'Elements ou Principes de Musique.' (Amsterdam, 1691.)
* ↑ 'Porque de la Musica.' (1672.)
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Shift

​SHIFT, in violin-playing, a change of the hand's position on the fingerboard. In the first or ordinary position, the note stopped by the first finger is one semitone, or one tone, as the scale may require, above the open string. [See Position.] Whenever this position is quitted, the player is said to be 'on the shift'; and the term is applied to changes of position, in either direction, the player being said to 'shift up' or 'down' as the case may be. The second position on the violin is called the 'half shift,' the third position the 'whole shift,' and the fourth the 'double shift.' The use of the shift is derived from the viol. Instruments of the lute and viol type were generally fretted by semitones throughout their lower octave, or half of the string's length, and on a fretted instrument the use of the shift presents no difficulty. The viol music of the 17th century proves that players were familiar with the art of shifting throughout the lower octave; and it is clear that it was equally well-known to the old Italian violinists. From the following passage, taken from a work of Tarquinio Merula (before 1639), it is quite evident that they were familiar with the alternation of the first, second, and
​third positions, and other passages occur about the same date, which extend even to the fourth position. Practically the commonest and easiest method of shifting is to advance by intervals of a third, for instance from the first into the third position (hence probably the denomination 'whole shift,' which the latter position has acquired), and from the third position into the fifth. The same thing prevails in the fingering of the violoncello. In both instruments this shift of a third is effected by means of the first and second finger, which are employed alternately in ascending or descending the scale on a single string. So inveterate does this practice of shifting by thirds become with many players, that they are unable to shift in any other way, and consequently never resort to the second position. Eminent modern violinists, indeed, have frankly confessed to not being masters of this position. The doctrine and practice, however, of the old Italian school was that the half-shift or second position should be mastered thoroughly before advancing to the third position; and the works of Bach, Handel and Tartini presume a fundamental knowledge of the half shift as well as the whole shift. Unnecessary shifting should always be avoided; that is, all passages should be played with as few alterations in the position of the left hand as possible. To carry out this rule fully demands a thorough knowledge of the fingerboard, for a player who is only at home in certain positions will be driven to the shift in passages which ought to be executed without its aid. The following simple passage, for instance, can be played in the second position or half-shift without any change:—
But if the player is not master of this position, he will be forced to shift on every alternate note.
[ E. J. P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Shinner, Emily

[ M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Shudi, Joshua

[ A. J. H. ]
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Fong, General

​Fong, General. See Fang Yao.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Fu-ch'ing

​581 Fu-ch'ing 傅清. Died A.D. 1750. A Manchu, who began his career in the Imperial Guard, and in A.D. 1744 was sent as Resident to Tibet where he remained until the danger of a Tibetan-Sungar alliance seemed over. The last king of Tibet would not submit to the tutelage of China, and having poisoned his elder brother, proceeded to prepare for revolt. Fu-ch'ing returned with all speed and slew the king in the Chinese Residency, whither he had lured him, the result being a popular rising in which he and his staff perished. The present government system of four Kablon under the Dalai and Panshen Lamas was then established. The Resident's guard was raised to 1500 men, and all intercourse with Tangut and Sungaria was forbidden. The Emperor Ch'ien Lung published a special Decree defending the treachery of Fu-ch'ing, and ennobled his heir as Viscount. Canonised as 襄烈, and included in the Temple of Worthies.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Fu-k'ang-an

​590
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/First Emperor, The

​First Emperor, The. See Shih Huang Ti.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Fu-ning-an

​595 Fu-ning-an 富甯安. Died A.D. 1729. Son of O-lan-t'ai. As President of the Censorate and of various Boards he had already earned a great name when in 1715 Ts'ê-wang Arabtan invaded Hami. In 1717 he was appointed Commander-in-chief and sent to Barkul, whence he attacked the Sungar borders and presently advanced to Urumtsi. In 1721 he was himself attacked at Turfan, but inflicted several defeats on the enemy, who "fled far away." ​In 1723 he became a Grand Secretary, but did not return to Peking till 1726. He received many marks of honour, and was ennobled as Marquis, a title he lost in 1729 for remissness. Canonised as 文恭 , and included in the Temple of Worthies.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Fo-t'u-ch'êng

​574 Fo-t'u-ch'êng 佛圖澄. Died A.D. 348. A native of India, originally surnamed 帛 Po, skilled in necromancy. In 310 he appeared in Lo-yang, professing to be more than a century old and to exercise power over demons. When Lo-yang was taken, he entered the service of Shih Lo and obtained great favour by his successful prognostications. He is said to have employed a boy to read future events reflected on hemp-oil held in the hollow of his hand. Many marvellous tales are told of him, and Shih Chi-lung for his sake permitted his people to embrace Buddhism, in spite of the remonstrances of his statesmen. Before his death he had fallen into disfavour. He prepared his own tomb, and prophesied the troubles of 348. After his death a disciple reported having seen him travelling westwards. His coffin was thereupon opened, and found to contain only a stone, which Shih Chi-lung rightly interpreted to portend his own end.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Fu-min

​593 Fu-min 福敏(T. 龍卓. H. 湘鄰). A.D. 1673-1756. One of the tutors of the Emperor Ch'ien Lung, and a Grand Secretary from 1738 to 1745. Canonised as 文端, and included in the Temple of Worthies.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Fu An

​575 Fu An 傅安 (T. 志道). Died A.D. 1429. A Supervising Censor, who was dispatched in 1385 with two other Censors and a eunuch named 劉惟 Liu Wei, to open communications with the nations of Central Asia. They traversed the desert of Gobi and reached Hami; thence on to Karakhodjo and Ilbalik, the ancient capital of Kuldja. Their mission was successful as far as Samarcand, the various places visited acknowledging the suzerainty of China. There however they were imprisoned until 1407. The survivors, including only 17 of their original escort of 1500 men, were then sent back and were well rewarded on arrival. Fu An and his companions went on six missions altogether, chiefly to Samarcand, Bishbalik and Herat, until in 1415 Fu An retired to wait on his aged mother.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Fu-la-t'a

​591 Fu-la-t'a 傅臘塔. Died A.D. 1694. An Imperial clansman, who rose rapidly by service in Peking and the provinces to be Viceroy of the Two Kiang in 1688, a post he worthily filled until his death. The Emperor K'ang Hsi described him as the only fit successor to Yü Ch'êng-lung, "a man of peace without weakness, not afraid of responsibility, and devoted to the people." Canonised as 清端 and included in the Temple of Worthies.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Fu-hêng

​584 Fu-hêng 傅恒 (H. 春和). Died A.D. 1770. A Bannerman, who entered the Guards at an early age and was promoted to be ​a Grand Secretary in 1748. In that year he was sent to put an end to the campaign against Chin-ch'uan, which had been incompetently conducted. He enticed the chief rebels to his camp and executed them, and by vigorous attacks forced the rest to submit early in the following year. For his services he was ennobled as Duke, and on his return to Peking was received with extraordinary honours. In 1763 the Emperor Ch'ien Lung publicly acknowledged the valuable aid he had given in the prosecution of the Sungar war. Four years later he obtained leave to carry on the Burmese war, hitherto mismanaged; and reaching Moulmein in May 1769, he contrived to build a flotilla, crossed the Lankan river, and after some fighting laid siege to Kauntong, whereupon the Burmese consented to pay tribute. He died on his way to Peking and was buried with princely honours, Ch'ien Lung paying a personal visit of condolence to the family. He is specially mentioned in the poem by Ch'ien Lung entitled 懷舊詩 A Retrospect. Canonised as 文忠, and included in the Temple of Worthies.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Moron

​MORON. One of the last and most wicked kings of the Jaredites; his father, Ethem, also ruled in unrighteousness. During this reign the Gadianton-like bands, which at that time flourished among the Jaredites, led a rebellion against the king and succeeded in wresting from him half the kingdom; but after many years Moron succeeded in reconquering his lost provinces. Soon after, a descendant of the brother of Jared, who is described as "a mighty man," headed another revolution against Moron, and was so successful that he took possession of the whole of the ​kingdom, and held Moron in captivity all the rest of his days. In captivity Moron begat Coriantor, who was the father of the prophet Ether. Moron, in all probability, lived in the seventh century B. C.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Moron (II)

​MORON. The land where the Jaredites made their first settlements. It was north of the land called Desolation by the Nephites, and consequently in some part of the region which we know as Central America. It appears to have been for a lengthy period, if not during the whole of their existence, the seat of government, the residence of the reigning monarch, and the centre of Jaredite civilization. In the numerous fratricidal wars that disgraced the annals of the race, Moron was, more than any other land, the chief seat of war; for here the revolutionists attacked the king, and when successful drove him thence. (See Corihor, Moriancumer, etc.)
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Moroni, Land of

​MORONI, LAND OF. The district immediately surrounding the city of the same name. It had for its eastern boundary, the Atlantic ocean, and the great wilderness that separated the Nephites from the Lamanites lay along its southern edge; indeed, until it was settled by the Nephites (about B. C. 72), it formed a portion of that wilderness. The events associated with this land, that are given in the greatest detail in the Book of Mormon, are those connected with the close of the great war commenced by Amalickiah, and continued by his brother Ammoron. In B. C. 61, the Lamanites had been driven out of every Nephite land which they had previously captured, except Moroni, where their armies were massed on the borders of the wilderness. The day after their ​king, Ammoron, was slain by Teancum, Moroni drove the Lamanites out of the land of Moroni, into their own country, and thus ended this long-continued and disastrous war.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Mormon, Land of

​MORMON, LAND OF. The region near the city of Lehi-Nephi, where Alma, the elder, gathered and ministered to those who accepted his gospel teachings. (Say B. C. 150.) It was admirably adapted for this purpose, having a small forest in which the fugitives could hide from the forces of king Noah, and a fountain of pure water in which they could be baptized. In this neighborhood, in later years (about B. C. 90), Nephite apostates and Lamanites built a large city, which they called Jerusalem.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Mormon, Place of

​MORMON, PLACE OF. See Land of Mormon.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Mormon, Waters of

​MORMON, WATERS OF. The fountain of pure water in the Land of Mormon in which Alma, the elder, baptized the penitent believers from Lehi-Nephi who accepted the teachings of the gospel. The first man baptized by Alma, was Helam (Mosiah 18:13), and when he performed this ordinance Alma buried himself in the water also, but did not again immerse himself when he baptized others. In all, he baptized two hundred and four souls, or thereabouts, in these waters. On their borders he organized the Church of Jesus Christ, and ordained priests, one to every fifty members.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Moroni, City of

​MORONI, CITY OF. An important city on the Atlantic coast, in the extreme southeast of the Nephite possessions. It was, doubtless, named after the illustrious Nephite general who was commander-in-chief of their armies at the time this city was founded (B. C. 72). It was built as an outpost to protect that portion of the Nephite dominions from Lamanite invasion and was, consequently, strongly fortified. In B. C. 67 it was captured by the Lamanite forces of Amalickiah, and fortified and held by them until B. C. 61. It was here that Teancum slew Ammoron, the king of the Lamanites, and was himself killed before he could get back to his own soldiery. Of this city we are told nothing more until the time of its destruction, though it undoubtedly fell into the hands of the Lamanites more than once at the times of their successful invasions of the lands of the Nephites. When it was destroyed, at the hour of the Savior's crucifixion, it sank in the depths of the sea and its inhabitants were drowned; and the blue waters of the Atlantic ocean still cover it.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Moroni (II)

​MORONI. The son of Mormon and the last representative of the Nephite race. He was an officer under his father, and commanded a corps of ten thousand men at the battle of Cumorah. He wrote the concluding portions of the Book of Mormon, from the commencement of the 8th chapter of the book bearing his father's name to the end of the volume. This includes the book bearing his own name, and his abridgement of the history of the Jaredites known to us as the Book of Ether, He takes up the history of the continent from the time of the slaughter at Cumorah, and tells us (A. C. 400) that "the Lamanites are at war one with another; and the face of the land is one continued round of murder and bloodshed; and no man knoweth the end of the war." And again, yet later, he writes: "Their wars are exceeding fierce among themselves, and because of their hatred, they put to death every Nephite that will not deny the Christ, and I, Moroni, will not deny the Christ, wherefore I wander whithersoever I can, for the safety of mine own life." Such was the sad condition of the Lamanite race in the early part of the fifth century after Christ. There (A. C. 421) the inspired record closes; thenceforth we have nothing but uncertain tradition until, the veil was withdrawn by the discovery of America.
In the course of nature, Moroni died, and in the Lord's due time he was resurrected. The sacred records and other holy things, buried in Cumorah, still remained in his care. On him the duty fell to watch that no unsanctified hands disturbed their rest. When the time set in the councils of heaven for their translation came, he delivered them to the instrument chosen by the Holy Ones, Joseph Smith, the prophet, who, when he had accomplished his work, returned them to ​Moroni, who still keeps ward and watch over these treasures.