OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bruno, Giordano

See also Giordano Bruno on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Bru'no, Giordano, an Italian philosopher who lived during the last half of the 16th century. Concerning his parents and the date of his birth almost nothing is known. His life was spent largely in lecturing in many of the principal cities of western Europe, including Padua, Geneva, Paris, London, Oxford, Wittenberg, Prague. His chief service lies in the energetic and successful war which he waged against the scholasticism of his times, and in particular against the lifeless physics of Aristotle.
A contemporary of Tycho Brahe and Kepler, he expanded the system of Copernicus and prepared the way for Galileo. Even from these few lines, it will be evident that he was just the type of man which the Inquisition was looking for. At the hands of this institution he received the verdict of "guilty," in February of 1600. Punishment was prescribed in the following customary hypocritical sentence: Ut quam clementissime, et citra sanguinis effusionem puniretur, "to be punished with the utmost clemency and without shedding of blood." He was accordingly burned at the stake in Rome on the 17th of February, 1600.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Brunswick, Duchy of

See also Duchy of Brunswick on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Bruns'wick, Duchy of, a state of northern Germany, made up of three larger and five smaller distinct parts. Its total area is 1,424 square miles, considerably larger than Rhode Island, and its population is 485,958, most of whom are Saxons and belong mainly to the Lutheran church. The country is rich in minerals, and agriculture is the chief occupation of the people. The capital is the city of Brunswick, population, 136,397. Brunswick was a part of Saxony under Charlemagne, but in 1235 it became a duchy. It now holds the ninth place among the states of the German empire.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Brunswick, Ga.

See also Brunswick, Georgia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Brunswick, Ga., a city, the county seat of Glynn County, in the southeast part of the State, on St. Simon's Sound, about nine miles from the Atlantic, with a commodious and safe harbor. It is reached by the Southern Railroad, the Plant System and the Seaboard Air Line, and lies about 90 miles south-southwest of Savannah. It is also reached by steamships plying from Boston and New York. The place was settled early in the 18th century by James Oglethorpe, and is a favorite summer and winter resort, made attractive by its historic interests and many attractions, including St. Simon's Island, Cumberland Island (where sleeps Light-Horse Harry Lee), the Carnegie Dungeness Castle and the Jekyl Island Club. Its exports embrace oysters (canned), vegetables (also canned), besides cotton, phosphates, tar, rosin, turpentine and pine lumber. Population, 10,182.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Brunswick, Germany

See also Braunschweig on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Bruns'wick, Germany, the capital of the duchy of Brunswick, is situated on the Ocker, 143 miles southwest of Berlin. Founded in the 9th century by Bruno, duke of Saxony, it was enlarged by Henry the Lion and became an important member of the Hanseatic League. It has annual fairs of some importance and a large trade. The ducal palace is a fine modern building, and there are a number of picturesque old structures. The museum is valuable. Population, 143,534.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Brown, Elmer Ellsworth

See also Elmer Ellsworth Brown on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Brown, Elmer Ellsworth. Born in Chatauqua County, New York, in 1861, Mr. Brown graduated from the Illinois State Normal University in 1881, and afterward studied both in the University of Michigan and abroad, receiving his degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Halle, Germany, in 1890. He was principal of schools in Belvidere, Ill., for three years, and in Jackson, Mich., for one year. From 1884 to 1887 he was assistant state secretary of the Y. M. C. A. in Illinois. After returning from Germany, Mr. Brown became assistant professor of the science and art of teaching in the University of Michigan, and in 1893 he became professor of the theory and practice of education in the University of California. In 1906 President Roosevelt appointed him as successor to Dr. William T. Harris in the office of United States Commissioner of Education. He is the author of The Making of Our Middle Schools.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Buchanan, James

See also James Buchanan on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Buchanan (bŭk-an'an), James, fifteenth president of the United States, was born at Stony Batter, Pa., in 1791, his father having emigrated from Ireland in 1783. He was admitted to the bar in 1812, and soon obtained a fine practice. In 1821 he was ​
elected to Congress, and remained there ten years. In 1831 he was sent by President Jackson as minister to Russia, where he made the first commercial treaty between that country and the United States, which gave our merchants many valuable trading privileges on the Baltic and Black Seas. Two years later he was elected to the United States senate, of which he was a member for 12 years, until 1845. Here he was an active and able supporter of the doctrines and measures of the Democratic party, as well as a strong upholder of slavery and the rights of the separate states. When President Polk was elected, he made Buchanan secretary of state; and under President Pierce, he was appointed minister to England. In 1856 he was elected president. During his administration a Mormon rebellion in Utah was quietly settled. In the last year of his administration the trouble between the north and the south came to a head, and in December, 1860, South Carolina withdrew from the Union. The president declared that Congress had no power by the constitution to prevent any state from withdrawing if it wished and that the president could not treat with the representatives of any state, but must refer the matter to Congress. Soon afterward, Lincoln was elected president. Buchanan spent the remainder of his life at his home in Lancaster, Pa. In 1866 he wrote a book to defend his administration. He died in 1868.
* JAMES BUCHANAN
# The New Student's Reference Work/Brussels

See also Brussels on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Brussels (brŭs'sĕlz), the capital of Belgium and one of the finest cities in Europe, lies on the River Senne. Railroads connect it with the principal towns of Belgium and with France, Germany, and Holland. The lower town, although it contains some fine old churches and some specimens of Gothic architecture, is mostly given up to trade. The upper town is the newest part of the city, and has the finest residences and public buildings, including the king's palace, the chief hotels, residences of foreign ministers, etc. The new palace of justice is a magnificent structure. The old city-walls have been turned into boulevards, and there are a number of noteworthy squares or places, as they are called, such as the Place Royale, with a colossal monument of Godfrey of Bouillon; the Grand Place, where in the 16th century the patriot counts, Egmont and Horn, were beheaded by order of the Spanish Duke of Alva; and the Place of Martyrs, where a memorial has been built to those who fell in the revolution of 1830, by which Belgium became independent. A picture gallery, museum and public library are contained in the Palace of the Fine Arts, and there are a large university and several academies. Besides being the seat of government, Brussels is one of the chief centers of the industry of the country. Its lace is particularly famous; but of the so-called Brussels carpets, only a few are made here, the larger part being ​manufactured at Tournai. A great world-exhibition was held here in 1888. The population, with the suburbs, in 1910 was 665,806.
# The Origins of the Islamic State/Part 1/Chapter 3

CHAPTER III
The Possessions of the banu-Ḳuraiẓah
The subjection of the banu-Ḳuraẓiah. The Prophet besieged banu-Ḳuraiẓah for a few days in dhu-l-Ḳaʿdah, and a few days in dhu-l-Ḥijjah, of the year 5, the whole time being fifteen days. These banu-Ḳuraiẓah were among those who had assisted in the fight against the Prophet in the battle of al-Khandaḳ [the moat] also called battle of al-Aḥzâb [the confederates]. Finally they surrendered and he installed Saʿd ibn-Muʿâdh al-Ausi as their ruler. The latter decreed that every adult be executed, that women and children be carried as captives and that all that they possessed be divided among the Moslems. The Prophet approved of the decree saying: "What thou hast decreed is in accordance with the decree of Allah and his Prophet."
Gabriel appears to the Prophet. ʿAbd-al-Wâḥid ibn-Ghiyâth from ʿÂʾishah:—When the Prophet was done with the battle of al-Aḥzâb, he went into the wash-room in order to wash. There Gabriel appeared to him and said, "Muḥammad, thou hast laid down thy arms; but we have not yet. Hasten against the banu-Ḳuraiẓah." ʿÂʾishah upon this said to the Prophet: "O Prophet of Allah, I have seen him [Gabriel] through a hole in the door with the dust around his head!"
​The adults executed. ʿAbd-al-Wâḥid ibn-Ghiyâth from Kathîr ibn-as-Sâʾib:—Banu-Ḳuraiẓah were presented to the Prophet with the result that those of them who had attained to puberty were executed and those who had not attained to puberty were spared.
Ḥuyai ibn-Akhṭab put to death with his son. Wahb ibn-Baḳîyah from al-Ḥasan:—Ḥuyai ibn-Akhṭab made a covenant with the Prophet agreeing never to assist anyone against him and mentioned Allah as surety for the covenant. When he and his son were brought before the Prophet on the day of Ḳuraiẓah, the Prophet remarked: "The one mentioned as surety has done his part." By the order of the Prophet the heads of the man and his son were cut off.
The division of the booty. Bakr ibn-al-Haitham from Maʿmar who said:—I once asked az-Zuhri whether the banu-Ḳuraiẓah had any lands, to which he replied directly, "The Prophet divided it among the Moslems into different shares."
Al-Ḥusain ibn-al-Aswad from ibn-ʿAbbâs:—The Prophet divided the possessions of the banu-Ḳuraiẓah and Khaibar among the Moslems.
The conquest according to az-Zuhri. Abu-ʿUbaid al-Ḳâsim ibn-Sallâm from az-Zuhri:—The Prophet pressed the siege against banu-Ḳuraiẓah until they surrendered to Saʿd ibn-Muʿâdh who decreed that their men be executed, their children be taken as captives and their possessions be divided. Accordingly, a certain number of men were put to death on that day.
* ↑ Dhu-l-Kaʿdah 23—dhu-l-Ḥijjah 9; cf. Wâḳidi, tr. Wellhausen, p. 210; Ṭabari, vol. i, p. 1487.
* ↑ Literally "every one on whose beard the razor could be used."
* ↑ Wâḳidi, Maghâzi, p. 373.
* ↑ Wâḳidi, Maghâzi, p. 371 ; Ibn-Sa'd, vol. ii$^1$, p. 55; Ibn-Hishâm, p. 684.
* ↑ Literally every one who "had the dreams and hair" that mark adolescence.
* ↑ Ṭabari, vol. i, p. 1494.
* ↑ Wâḳidi, Wellhausen, pp. 220–221.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cotton, John

See also John Cotton (minister) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Cotton, John (1585-1652), an eminent Puritan minister, was for 20 years pastor of Boston in Lincolnshire, England, and for almost as long in Boston, New England. Cotton, whose Puritan leanings made him an object of suspicion under the primacy of Laud, was to have been brought before the Court of High Commission for trial. He escaped, however, to London and, later, to Boston, New England. Both in England and in New England, the reputation of Cotton for learning was of the highest. He had an absolute command of Latin, Greek and Hebrew; and loved “to sweeten his mouth with a piece of Calvin” at the close of his day of twelve hours' study. Cotton opposed Anne Hutchinson, whom he had at first been disposed to favor; and disputed also with Roger Williams. Among his many works was the catechism Milk for Babes.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Courthope, William John

See also William John Courthope on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Courthope (kōrt′ō̇p), William John, an English critic and man-of-letters, was born in Sussex, England, July 17, 1842, and educated at Harrow and Oxford. At the latter he won the chancellor's gold medal for verse, and also was Newdigate prizeman. He was one of the founders of the English National Review and a staff member of the Quarterly Review; subsequently he was appointed civil-service examiner in the government education department, and was made a Companion of the Bath. In 1893 he was elected professor of poetry in the University of Oxford. He has edited an elaborate edition of Pope's Works, with Life; a Life of Addison (in the English Men of Letters Series); a History of English Poetry; and a burlesque in allegory, entitled The Paradise of Birds.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cottonworm

See also Alabama argillacea on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Cottonworm, the larva of a moth doing great damage to the cotton-plant by eating the foliage. It is estimated by officials of the United States government that the loss occasioned by this insect in a year of great abundance of cotton-plants amounts to 30 million dollars. The average loss is placed at 15 million dollars. The perfect insect is a small, brownish moth, which flies at night and deposits eggs on the under side of the leaves of the cotton-plant. These eggs hatch in mid-summer within three days, and at once is begun the destruction of the leaves. The larva, when full-grown, is about an inch and three fourths in length, of a light-green color, striped with white and black and spotted with black and yellow. When through feeding, the caterpillar folds a leaf about itself, spins a cocoon and pupates; shortly after emerging, the moth lays her eggs. There may be seven broods in a single season. A related species destroys cotton in the ball. See Riley: Entomological Commission's 4th Report (Washington, 1885); Bulletin No. 18, New Series (Washington, 1898).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Coulter, John Merle

See also John Merle Coulter on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Coul′ter, John Merle, a great authority on American botany and head-professor of botany at the University of Chicago, was born at Ningpo, China, of American parentage, Nov. 20, 1851. After graduating at Hanover College, Indiana, he spent a year as botanist on the U. S. geological survey in the Rocky Mountains. He was afterward successively professor of natural sciences in his alma mater; professor of biology at Wabash College; president of the University of Indiana; and president (1893-96) of Lake Forest University. Since 1896 he has been attached to the University of Chicago, in charge of his special department. His published works include a Synopsis of the Flora of Colorado; a Manual of Rocky Mountain Botany; Handbook of Plant Dissection; Manual of the Botany of Western Texas; and an edition, as editor, of Gray's Manual of Botany.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Council Bluffs

See also Council Bluffs, Iowa on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Coun′cil Bluffs, a city of Pottawattomie County, Iowa, lies not far from the old meeting-point of the Indian tribes. Here the Mormons tarried from 1846 to 1849, while on their way to Utah. For many years it was the last village in civilized America, and here California emigrants and trappers got their outfits before entering the Indian country. It lies across the Missouri from Omaha, Neb. Six railroads, running west from Chicago, here meet the Union Pacific line, and others turn to the north and south. The city's industries include manufactures of paper, iron, carriages and agricultural machines. Population, 29,292,
# The New Student's Reference Work/Couch, Darius Nash

See also Darius N. Couch on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Couch, Darius Nash, an American general, was born on July 23, 1822, in Putnam County, New York; and died at Norwalk, Conn., Feb. 12, 1897. After graduating at West Point, he served in the Mexican War as lieutenant of artillery. He entered the Civil War as colonel of the 7th Massachusetts. He took part in the battles of Yorktown, Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, Malvern Hill, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. He was made major-general in 1862, and was in command of a division in the battle of Nashville.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Courts-Martial

See also Court-martial on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Courts-Martial, in their modern form, as regular tribunals set up by Congress or in minor cases by a military or naval commander, for the trial of offences against martial law or discipline in the army, navy or marines, date from an ordinance of Charles I, and are referred to in the first mutiny-act of William and Mary. Both in America and England there are several grades of courts-martial. In the highest or general courts, the more serious offences and also all charges against commissioned officers are tried. Often, when evidence is to be gathered, courts of inquiry are set up for this purpose. These courts in America may summon witnesses upon oath; but in England they have no such legal powers. When sentence of death is decreed, it is usually by shooting. The old-fashioned drumhead courts-martial, held upon the field before passion had time to cool and before full evidence could be gathered, are no longer held. Summary courts may, however, be held, in America in the place of regimental and garrison courts, and in the British army chiefly to try offences committed upon active service abroad, when it is difficult to have the offenders tried in the ordinary courts. The more serious offences are never tried by such courts, which in the United States consist of but a single officer. Courts-martial have the defect that their members belong to one and the same class, and may have a special army or navy sentiment. In 1757 Admiral Byng was sacrificed by an English court-martial to popular clamor, and shot, having perhaps made an error of judgment in avoiding battle with a vastly superior fleet. Great public interest has recently been shown (1907) in the sentence of a company of negro troops to disbandment under martial law by President Roosevelt. In a court-martial the prisoner at present has much the same privileges of having an advocate, a right to reply, etc. as in the ordinary criminal courts. The judges are of equal or superior rank to the prisoner.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cotyledon

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​Cotyledon (kŏt′ĭ-lē′dŏn), the first leaf or leaves developed by an embryo. In seed-plants the cotyledons are developed in the seed, and are more or less different from the usual leaf-form, often being fleshy from containing stored food, as in the bean and acorn. Generally the cotyledons escape from the seed during its germination, but in some cases, as in the acorn, they never leave the seed. See Embryo.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Coues, Elliott

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* ELLIOTT COUES
Coues (kouz), Elliott, a notable American ornithologist, was born at Portsmouth, N.H., Sept. 9, 1842; and died at Baltimore, Md., Dec. 25, 1899. After graduating at Columbian University, Washington, D. C., in 1861, he entered the military medical service, and was for a time surgeon and naturalist on the U. S. northern-boundary commission. He was ​subsequently collaborator at the Smithsonian Institution, and secretary and naturalist to the U. S. geological and geographical survey of the territories; was chairman of committee at the Psychical Science congress in 1893; and edited a number of works in biology and on comparative anatomy and zoology. His writings embrace a number of works on his specialty of ornithology, among which are a Key to North American Birds; Birds of the Northwest and of the Colorado Valley; New England Bird Life; Fur-Bearing Animals.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Courtney, The Right Reverend Frederick

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​Courtney, The Right Reverend Frederick, Bishop of Nova Scotia. Born at Plymouth, England, in 1837. Graduated from Kings College, London, 1863. Came to New York in 1876 as assistant at St. Thomas' Church. Was Rector of St. Paul's, Boston in 1882. Elected Bishop of Nova Scotia in 1888. Attended the Lambeth Conference in 1888. Holds honorary degrees from several universities. Much admired as priest, preacher and bishop.
# The Phoenix and the Carpet

(Illustrations omitted). An audiobook available at librivox
THE
PHOENIX
AND THE
CARPET
BY
E. NESBIT

## Contents

Dedication
* Chapter 1 : THE EGG
* Chapter 2 : THE TOPLESS TOWER
* Chapter 3 : THE QUEEN COOK
* Chapter 4 : TWO BAZAARS
* Chapter 5 : THE TEMPLE
* Chapter 6 : DOING GOOD
* Chapter 7 : MEWS FROM PERSIA
* Chapter 8 : THE CATS, THE COW, AND THE BURGLAR
* Chapter 9 : THE BURGLAR'S BRIDE
* Chapter 10 : THE HOLE IN THE CARPET
* Chapter 11 : THE BEGINNING OF THE END
* Chapter 12 : THE END OF THE END
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1924, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 99 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Pearl/Volume 8

A Journal of Facetiæ and Voluptuous Reading.

### Table of Contents

* La Rose D'Amour.
* Strictly Private, except to Brothers, By Order, The Lady Freemason.
* Fables and Maxims.
* Miss Coote's Confession, or the Voluptuous Experiences of an Old Maid.
* Lady Pokingham, or They All Do It.
* Sub-Umbra, or Sport Among the She-Noodles.
* Then-and-Now.
* Temptation.
* A Sensible Woman.
# The Pearl/Volume 8/Fables and Maxims.

The Lady and the Eel.
A young lady was frigging herself with a small live eel, when it slipped from her fingers and disappeared in her cunt; making its way into the womb, it entered, and stretching out its head said, "I am much obliged to you Madam, for finding me so warm and comfortable a residence; I shall make myself quite at home." This fable teaches how much better it is to use large eels which could not enter.
The Discontented Crab.
A crab who had for some time lived very happily on the person of a very dirty whore, one day became discontented. "How much nicer would it be to live with some cleaner and more reputable person," he thought, so watching his opportunity he effected his escape on to the person of a well-dressed and delicately clean young gentleman. "This," said the crab, "is something like," but to his disgust the gentleman took a warm bath after leaving his late mistress, and spying him out cracked him.
This fable conveys two morals. First, one should always leave well alone; secondly, a dirty person is very much nicer than a clean one (to crabs).