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# The Journal of Leo Tolstoy/1895, October

THE JOURNAL OF LEO TOLSTOI
I continue October 28. Yasnaya Polyana.
Have been thinking:
Have been thinking one thing: that this life which we see around us is a movement of matter according to fixed, well-known laws; but that in us we feel the presence of an altogether different law, having nothing in common with the others and requiring from us the fulfilment of its demands. It can be said that we see and recognise all the other laws only because we have in us this law. If we did not recognise this law, we would not recognise the others.
This law is different from all the rest, principally in this, that those other laws are outside of us and forces us to obey them; but this law is in us—and more than in us; it is our very selves and therefore it does not force us when we obey it, but on the contrary frees us, because in following it we become ourselves. And for this reason we are ​drawn to fulfil this law and we sooner or later will inevitably fulfil it. In this then consists the freedom of the will. This freedom consists in this, that we should recognise that which is—namely that this inner law is ourselves.
This inner law is what we call reason, conscience, love, the good, God. These words have different meanings, but all from different angles mean one and the same thing. In our understanding of this inner law, the son of God, consists indeed the essence of the Christian doctrine.
The world can be looked upon in this way: a world exists governed by certain, well-known laws, and within this world are beings subject to the same laws, but who at the same time bear in themselves another law not in accord with the former laws of the world, a higher law, and this law must inevitably triumph within these beings and defeat the lower law. And in this struggle and in the gradual victory of the higher law over the lower, in this only is life for man and the whole world.
Oct. 29. Yasnaya Polyana. If I live.
# The Journal of Leo Tolstoy

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Translated in 1917
THE JOURNAL OF LEO TOLSTOI
(First Volume - 1895-1899)
TRANSLATED FROM THE RUSSIAN
By ROSE STRUNSKY
ALFRED A. KNOPF NEW YORK · MCMXVII
COPYRIGHT, 1917, BY ALFRED A. KNOPF
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
CONTENTS
* Introduction—Rose Strunsky, v
* Journal, 3
* 1895, October, 3
* 1895,„ November, 4
* 1895,„ December, 8
* 1896, January, 19
* 1896,„ February, 21
* 1896,„ March, 29
* 1896,„ May, 31
* 1896,„ June, 56
* 1896,„ July, 61
* 1896,„ September, 70
* 1896,„ October, 74
* 1896,„ November, 87
* 1896,„ December, 99
* 1897, January, 113
* 1897,„ February, 117
* 1897,„ March, 134
* 1897,„ April, 137
* 1897,„ May, 139
* 1897,„ July, 140
* 1897,„ August, 144
* 1897,„ September, 148
* 1897,„ October, 150
* 1897,„ November, 163
* 1897,„ December, 177
* 1898, January, 193
* 1898,„ February, 199
* 1898,„ March, 213
* 1898,„ April, 219
* 1898,„ May, 226
* 1898,„ June, 232
* 1898,„ July, 243
* 1898,„ August, 246
* 1898,„ November, 256
* 1899, January, 269
* 1899,„ February, 269
* 1899,„ June, 270
* 1899,„ July, 276
* 1899,„ September, 277
* 1899,„ October, 283
* 1899,„ November, 291
* 1899,„ December, 292
* Explanatory Notes to Text, V. G. Chertkov, 299
* A short Sketch of the Life of Tolstoi at the End of the Nineties, C. Shokor-Trotsky, 387
* Index, 409
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1963, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 60 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Sabins, Raghunath Vyenkaji

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​Sabins, Raghunath Vyenkaji, B.A. Rao Bahadur, Dewan of Kolhapur; b. 1857; educ: Kolhapur High School, and Elphinstone College, Bombay; joined service in the educational department, 1878; became Deputy Inspector, 1893; services lent to Kolhapur State, 1896; became Chief Revenue Officer of the State; retired from British service, 1898; rose to the position of Dewan, 1905; was presented to His late Majesty Emperor Edward VII at the Coronation, 1902; Member, Royal Asiatic Society, Bombay Branch; Member, Royal Society of Arts; President of the Society for encouragement of the Depressed Classes. Recreations: Tennis and Riding. Address: Kolhapur, Bombay Presidency, India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Sabramanya Ayyer, Sir Subbiyer

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​Sabramanya Ayyer, Sir Subbiyer, Kt. (1907), K.C.I.E. (1900), B.L., honoris causa LL.D. (Madras, 1908); Diwan Bahadur, (1896), retired Judge, High Court, Madras; s. of late Mr. Subbiar of Madura; b. Madura, 1842 educ: Madura; joined service in Madura and rose to the position of Tahsildar; passed the pleaders’ test examination as 1st in the list, and applied for permission to practice Law in the Madura Court, but this was refused; resigned the service and passed B.L., 1868; studied with a Barrister, and was Reporter, Madras High Court; enrolled as Vakil, 1869; commenced practice in Madura Court and soon became leader of the District Bar and was President of the Madura Municipality; appointed Member, Madras Legislative Council, 1884; removed to Madras and commenced practice in the High Court; Government Pleader and Public Prosecutor, Madras, 1887; Acting Judge, High Court, 1891-92; confirmed, 1895; Offg. Chief Justice, 1905, 1906, 1907; retired, November 1907; Fellow, Madras University, 1886; Vice-Chancellor, Madras University, 1901; delivered Convocation Address to the graduates of the Madras University, 1896; actirely connected with the Indian National Congress prior to and after his elevation to the Bench; founded the National Press, and made it over to the Hindu of Madras; has closely identified himself with the Theosophical Society of which he was Vice President for some years; elected as Chairman, Reception Committee, Indian National Congress, 1914; was offered the Presidency of the Indian National Congress so far back as 1891, which he had to decline; well read in the intricacies of the Vedas. Publications; many Addresses on Social, Political. Financial matters. Address: Beach House, Mylapore, Madras.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Sadler, Lt.-Col. Sir James Hayes

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​Sadler, Lt.-Col. Sir James Hayes, C.B. (1902), K.C.M.G. (1907). Indian Staff Corps (retired); joined service, 1870; on Military duty till 1877; Officiating Assistant Political Agent, Mahi Kantha, 1877; Assistant Political Agent, Baroda, 1881; Political Agent, Musket, 1892; Assistant Secretary to Government of India (Foreign Department), 1895; Assistant Political Resident, Aden, and Political Agent, Somali Coast, 1897; retired, 1899; Commissioner in Uganda, 1901; Commissioner, and C.-in-C, British East Africa, 1905. Address: Windward Islands. Club: East India United Service, and St. James.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Saadulla, Hon’ble Maulvi Syed Muhammad

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​Saadulla, Hon’ble Maulvi Syed Muhammad, Member of Legislative Council, Assam, since 1913. Address: Gauhati, Assam, India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Sahasrabudhe, Ganesh Nagesh

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​Sahasrabudhe, Ganesh Nagesh, Rao Sahib (1910), Pleader, Ellichpur; b. 1859; educ: at Amraoti, Behar; Vice-President, Ellichpur Civil Station Municipality; Member, Royal Society of Arts, Manufacturers, and Commerce, London; Fellow, Royal Meteorological Society, London; Member, Cotton Market Committee, Ellichpur; Member of the Governing Body of the V.M.T.I. Society, Amraoti; Member, Berar Athletic Association. Address: Ellichpur, Berar, C.P. India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Sadasiva Aiyar, Hon’ble Mr. Justice Thiagaraja Aiyar

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​Sadasiva Aiyar, Hon’ble Mr. Justice Thiagaraja Aiyar, Diwan Bahadur (1911), B.A., M.L., Puisne Judge, High Court, Madras; b. 1861; s. of late Thiagaraja Aiyar; joined service as District Munsiff, 1887; confirmed and posted to Ariyalur, 1888; acted in various other places till he rose to the position of 1st grade Munsiff, 1889; acting Sub-Judge, 1904; Additional Sub-Judge, 3rd grade, the same year; confirmed as Sub-Judge, 1905; Sub-Judge, 1st grade, 1909; Chief Judge, High Court. Travancore, 1905; reverted to British service and posted as District and Sessions Judge, 1910; Additional Judge, High Court, Madras, 1912; confirmed, 1914; elected as Vice-President of the National Indian Association, Madras, 1915. Address: Sudder Gardens, Mowbray’s Road, Teynampet, Madras, India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Sadasiva Jairam Dehadral

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​Sadasiva Jairam Dehadral, M.A., Rao Bahadur (1910), Professor of Sanskrit, Jubbalpur College; b. 1861; educ: at the Anglo Vernacular School, Bhandara, Free Church Institute, Nagpur, Government College, Jubbalpur, and Canning College, Lucknow; joined Nagpur Hislop College as Professor of Sanskrit; M.A., in Sanskrit from the Calcutta University, 1891; joined Government service as Professor of Sanskrit, Jubbalpur College. Ad dress: Jubbalpur, C.P., India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Sachin, Nawab Seedee Ibrahim Mohoraad Yakut Khan Mubazarut Dawa Nasrat Jung Bahadur

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​Sachin, Nawab Seedee Ibrahim Mohoraad Yakut Khan Mubazarut Dawa Nasrat Jung Bahadur; b.1886; succeeded as an infant, 1887; educ: Rajkumar College, Rajkote and Mayo College, Ajmere; Imperial Cadet Corps, installed, 1907; granted Honorary Commission of Captain in the British Army, 1909; area of the State, 42 sq. miles; population, 60,000; revenue, 300,000; salute, 9 guns; Address; Sachin, Surat, Bombay Presy., India. Club: Orient, Bombay.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Sahai, Jwala

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​Sahai, Jwala, Census Superintendent, Jhalawar State (Retd.) b. 1838; s. of Lalla Kripa Krishna; educ: at Ulwar, and at the Government College, Delhi; Tutor and Private Secretary to the Raja of Khetri; Civil and Criminal Judge, Khetri, 1859-70; Superintendent, P.W.D., Bharpur State, 1879; Civil and ​Criminal Judge, and Private Secretary to Maharaja of Oodeypore, 1879-80; in the Jaipur State, 1880-8; Mir Munshi of the State Council, Jaipur, 1880-88; Census Superintendent, Jaipur, 1881; in the Jhalawar State 1889-95; Census Superintendent, Jhalawar State, 1889-95; for some time President, Theosophical Society, Jaipur; retired, 1905. Publications: translation of Aitchison’s treaties into Urdu; annals of Rajaputana in Urdu; the history of Bhurtpore in English; the Loyal Rajaputana, a Record of the services of the Rajputana Chiefs to the British Government; and a history of Rajputana from the time of the advent of the British into Rajaputana. Address: Ulwar, Rajaputana, India.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Sachau, Dr. Eduard Carl

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​Sachau, Dr. Eduard Carl, Professor in the Royal University of Berlin; b. at Neuminster, Schleswig-Holstein, 1845; s. of Claus Jacob Sachau; educ: at Rendsburg Keil, Leipzig and Berlin; Catalogued the Persian MSS. in the Bodleian Library, 1869; Professor of Semitic Languages, at Vienna, 1869-76; Professor of Oriental Languages at the Royal University, Berlin, 1876; since 1887 Director of the Seminary for living Oriental Languages at Berlin; travelled much in different parts of Asia, and is well known as a Semitic scholar. Publications: His great work in relation to India is his Arabic Edition of Alberuni’s India; An Account of the Civilisation of India about A.D. 1030, published 1887, followed by an English Edition of the same, 1888; has also published Arabische Studien, dealing with the same period; Chronology of Ancient Nations, ​&c. Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Berlin; Doctor of Letters, Honoris causa, at Oxford; Member of the Academies of Vienna and St. Petersburg; Hony. M.R.A.S.; Member of the American Oriental Society; Member of the London Society for Biblical Archaeology. Address: Berlin, W.; 62, Wormser Strasse, 12.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Stubbs, Hon’ble Reginald Edward

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​Stubbs, Hon’ble Reginald Edward, C.M.G. (1914); F.Z.S.; Colonial Secretary, Ceylon, since 1913; Member, Executive Council, Ceylon; s. of late Rev. William Stubbs, D.D., Bishop of Oxford; b. 1876; educ: Radley and Corpus Christi College, Oxford; Exhibitioner, 1st class Classical Moderations, 1897 1st Litt. Hum., 1899; B.A., 1899 Clerk, Colonial Office, 1900-10 on special mission to Malay Peninsula and Hong-Kong, 1910-11; Officiating Governor of Ceylon, 1913. Address: Colombo, Ceylon.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Subba Aiyer, V.

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​Subba Aiyer, V., B.A., B.L., Head Sirkar Vakil, Trivandrum; M.L.C., Trivandrum; B.A., 1887; B.L., 1905; commenced practice in Trivandrum; became Sirkar Vakil and eventually head Sirkar Vakil; nominated as Member of the Legislative Council, Travancore, 1913. Address: Trivandrum, Travancore State.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Subba Rao, Arni

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​Subba Rao, Arni, B.A., Superintendent, Madras Police; s. of late Mr. A. Kesava Rao, Tahsildar in Nellore District; b. 1864; educ: Hindu High School, Nellore, and the Presidency College, Madras; B.A., 1886; studied Law for some time; joined the Madras Police as Inspector, 1888; became Assistant Superintendent, 1899; services lent to Cochin State where he was Superintendent of Police, and Military Secretary to H.H. the Raja, 1901-06; reverted to British service and was posted as Superintendent, 1908; Assistant Superintendent, 1908; Superintendent and posted to South Canara, Address: Mangalore, S. Canara, Madras Presidency.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Subbaraya Charya, Srimushnam Vyakarna

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​Subbaraya Charya, Srimushnam Vyakarna; Mahamahopadhyaya (1911); Pandit of Tirupati; claims descent from one Arya Charlu, a pandit of considerable Sanskrit learning in the Madras Presidency; b. 1837; educ: under many eminent Pandits in Sanskrit Literature; State Pandit of Tanjore, and Examiner in the Conference of Pandits held at Tanjore, Chirutanur, Mysore, and various other parts of the Presidency; a recognised authority on Sanskrit and Scholastic matters. Publications: Many works bearing on the Dwaita Philosophy. Address: Tirupati, N. Arcot, Madras Presidency.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Sturge, P. H.

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​Sturge, P. H. M.A., Principal and Professor of History, Nizam College, Hyderabad (Deccan); educ: Cambridge University; Joined Hyderabad Educational Service as Professor of History; Examiner for many years to Madras University in History; Principal, Nizam College, since 1910; Member, Educational Board, Hyderabad. Address: Nizam College, Hyderabad (Deccan).
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Sturrock, John

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​Sturrock, John, C.I.E. (1900), I.C.S. (Retired); formerly first Member,. Board of Revenue, Madras; s. of John Sturrock of Dundee; b. 1845; educ: Dundee High School; entered service, 1864; served in the usual administrative grades of the service; well remembered as Collector of South ​Canara, where he first served as Ag. Collector, 1867; Under Secretary to Government (Public, etc. departments), 1872; Acting Kannada Translator to Government, 1873; Commissioner to settle boundary dispute between the British and the Mysore Governments in regard to Canara, May 1873; in charge of the Office of the Director of Public Instruction, Madras, from 10th May to 8th July 1877; on special duty in connection with the disputed boundary of South Canara (with special allowance of Rs. 750), 1880-81; Acting Collector and Magistrate, South Canara, 1st June 18S4; on special duty at Coorg from 27th February to 28th March, 1888; acting 4th Member, Board of Revenue, and Commissioner of Salt, etc., from 18th Jany. to 2nd April, 1889; Collector and District Magistrate, Coimbatore, 1891; 4th Member, Board of Revenue, Madras, 1893; became 1st Member, August, 1894; retired, 1899. Publication: Manual of South Canara District. Address: Greenhill, Weymouth.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Subba Rao, Nyapathi

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​Subba Rao, Nyapathi, B.A., B.L., High Court Vakil, Rajahmundry; b. 1854; educ: Madras Christian College; B.A., 1876; B.L., 1879; commenced practice at Rajahmundry; enrolled as Vakil, Madras High Court, 1886; Honorary Fellow, Madras University, 1897; a staunch supporter of the Indian National Congress Movement; was an elected Member, Madras Legislative Council; was a Member, Supreme Legislative Council, 1910-13; the appointment of the Royal Public Services Commission in India was due mainly to his exertions in the latter assembly; Proprietor and Editor of “Indian Progress”; gave evidence before the Royal Public Services Commission; tried to bring about reconciliation between the Nationalist and the Moderate section of the Indians at the time of Madras Congress, 1914. Recreation: Gardening. ​Address: Rajahmundry, Madras Presidency. Club: Cosmopolitan, Madras.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Subbana Chettiar, Medam

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​Subbana Chettiar, Medam; Rao Bahadur(1898), Kurnool; b. 1851; owns 675 acres of land in Kurnool; opened a Spinning and Weaving Mill in Bellary, and a Cotton Press and Ginning Factory in Kurnool. Address: Kurnool Town, Madras Presidency.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Stuart, John

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​Stuart, John, Managing Proprietor, “Rangoon Gazette”; b. Bombay, 1847; s. of John Stuart, formerly of the Bank of Bombay, educ: Bath, Edinburgh; Melbourne; was for a year on a Sheep station in Australia; returned to Scotland; attended the Edinburgh University for one session only; received business training in the Commercial Bank of Scotland, Glasgow, and in an East India Merchant’s Office, London; proceeded to Rangoon and joined business in a firm, 1870; deputed by the merchants of Rangoon to Bhamo on the Chinese Frontier to test the possibility of increasing trade with Western China, 1870; Secretary, Burma Chamber of Commerce, 1892-93; joined the “Rangoon Gazette” as leader-writer, 1883; obtained a share in business, 1890; eventually became its Managing Proprietor; represented Burma in the Imperial Press Conference, 1900. Publications: Burma through the Centuries; and many articles in Cyclopaedia of India, etc. Address: Ivy Bank, Liberton, Midlothian.
# The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Stuart, Sir Harold Arthur

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​Stuart, Sir Harold Arthur, K.C.S.I., (1912); K.C.V.O., (1906); C.S.I., (1903); I.C.S.; Member of Council, Madras, since 4th July, 1913; s. of late Peter Stuart, C.E.; b. 1860; educ: Bishop’s Stortford, and King’s College, Cambridge; joined service in Madras, 1881; Under Secretary to Government, 1885-90: Superintendent, Census Operations, Madras, 1891; Private Secretary to Governor of Madras, 1896; Collector, 1897; Inspector-General of Police, Madras, 1898; Dy. Secy., Govt, of India; Secretary, Indian Police Commission, 1902; Director, Criminal Intelligence Department, 1904; Secretary to Government of India (Home Department), 1908; Member, Imperial Legislative Council, 1908; Secretary, Police Commission, 1902-03; accompanied the German Crown Prince in his Indian tour as Chief of Staff, 1910-11; reverted as Chief Secretary to Govt. of Madras, 1911; became Temporary Member of Council, Madras, 1912. Publications; Madras Census Report, 1891: Edited the North Arcot District Manual originally prepared ​(1880) by Mr. A. F. Cox, C.S.I. Address: “The Grange”, Adyar, Madras; Ootacamund. Club: East India United Service.
# The Juniata

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United States Supreme Court
91 U.S. 366
The Juniata
APPEAL from the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of Louisiana.
The decree of the Circuit Court in this case was signed Feb. 13, 1874. An appeal was taken therefrom, and the record filed here on the thirteenth day of the following October.
Mr. Thomas J. Durant filed a certified copy of the order of the said Circuit Court, bearing date June 1, 1875, for a commission to take the deposition of certain witnesses to be used here, and moved that the depositions taken thereunder be made a part of the record.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE WAITE delivered the opinion of the court.

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# The Juniata/Opinion of the Court

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* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
91 U.S. 366
The Juniata
The depositions in question were taken since the appeal, under a commission issued from the Circuit Court. Further proof in the case has not been ordered by this court. No such order would have been granted if application therefor had been made, unless a sufficient excuse was shown for not taking the evidence in the usual way before the courts below. This was the rule established in the case of The Mabey, 10 Wall. 419. We cannot admit depositions taken under a commission from the Circuit Court, except upon a similar showing. That has not been made. Leave is granted to renew the motion if this defect can be supplied.
Motion denied,

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# The Juniata (93 U.S. 337)

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United States Supreme Court
93 U.S. 337
The Juniata
APPEALS from the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of Louisiana.
Argued by Mr. Assistant Attorney-General Smith and Mr. Thomas J. Durant for the libellants, and by Mr. Morton P. Henry for the claimants.
MR. JUSTICE SWAYNE delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# The Life and Work of Friedrich Engels/Chapter 21

​ Last Years
In 1888 Engels published his book on Feuerbach, in which, with his customary clear logic, he annihilates the later Hegelian philosophy of which Feuerbach was a leading exponent. He then goes on to explain in clear concise language the materialistic conception of History as worked out by Marx and himself. As we have already dealt with this subject, we shall not stop here to examine this book any further.
Almost to a few weeks before his death, Engels kept his freshness for work. Only a few months before his death he was still planning new labours for himself or the re-editing of some of Marx's works, and the writing of introductions to them. The last work he completed was the introduction to Marx's The Class Struggle in France from 1848–1850. This work he wrote only five months before his death, but it is characterised by all the vigour, logic and merciless criticism of which he was always such a master. In it Engels gives a short but comprehensive continuation of European history from 1850 to 1895.
Like Marx, Engels was not much of a public speaker. His last public appearances were in 1893, at the Congress of Zürich. Also at Vienna and Berlin.
In March, 1895, he developed cancer of the throat, and on August 6 of the same year he died of this disease. He had requested that he should be cremated and his ashes thrown into the sea. This last sad service was performed by some of his best friends, amongst them Eleanor Marx, who travelled to his favourite seaside resort, Eastbourne, August 27, hired a boat and threw his ashes into the sea.