OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/lin
### linlin

* 蜾贏lin-liang490
* The solitary wasp or sphex, which imprisons caterpillars in its cell to feed its young.

#### lin-liang ie;

    wasp waisted.

#### lin-liang-phang kâⁿ bé-lêng-khîa khṳ̀ khǹg tŏ̤ khang tói, lío cang thô kô miⁿ, ciu-jît ē-ē pue tŏ̤ hṳ́ kâi khang kháu, hng-hng-kìe, chin-chĭeⁿ līam ciu cêk īeⁿ, chit jīt ău cū pìⁿ cò̤ lin-liang-phang kíaⁿ;

    the solitary wasp carries spiders in its mouth and hides them away in its cell, then it takes clay and seals them up tight, and all day it flies repeatedly to the mouth of the cell and buzzes, as if it were reciting incantations, and
then after seven days they are transformed into young wasps.
* 輦lín5351598
* A wheel; to wheel.

#### chia lín;

    the wheel of a carriage.

#### lín chia;

    wheeled vehicles; to wheel a wheeled vehicle.

#### i kâi chia lín sĭ sieⁿ thih;

    his wagon wheels are tired with iron.

#### lín tîeh tōa, kîaⁿ méⁿ;

    the wheels must be large and then it will go faster.

#### lín m̄ tin-tăng;

    the wheels will not move.

#### lín cē kûe cū bŏi kîaⁿ;

    when the wheel is blocked it does not move.

#### lín khah siap;

    there is too much friction at the hub.

#### cí bûe tōa phàu àiⁿ lín khṳ̀ tī kò̤?

    Where is this large cannon being wheeled to?

#### lín tò̤-tńg;

    wheel backward.

#### lín khui;

    wheel it off.

#### chia-lín tó̤ tie, lín tîeh kang-khó;

    the wheels jolt, and it is hard wheeling it.
* 鄰lîn54116312
* Near, contiguous, connected with; neighboring; a neighborhood ; a group of five families.

#### lîn-kṳ̆n kâi nâng lóng-cóng lâi;

    those living near all came.

#### choiⁿ kim bói chù, bw̄n kim bói lîn;

    a thousand ducats paid for the house, and ten thousand paid in consideration of the neighborhood.

#### lîn kok;

    conterminous states.

#### lîn ​hieⁿ;

    adjacent towns.

#### chṳ̀ lîn; chù piⁿ;

    neighbors.

#### phò lîn; phò piⁿ;

    adjoining shops.

#### có̤ ĭu lín;

    neighbors on either side.

#### hûa-môk lîn-lí;

    a friendly community.
* 綾lîn5441208
* Damask; thin silk with one glossy surface.

#### sĭ lîn kâi a sĭ tn̄g kâi?

    Is it of damask or of satin?

#### àiⁿ pìe lîn a m̆?

    Are you going to mount it on damask?

#### kún lîn kâi;

    trimmed with damask.

#### páng lîn;

    thick glossy damask.
* 聯lîn53312811
* Parallel sentences or distiches; they are written on scrolls, or enclosed in frames, to hang upon walls.

#### tìo cêk tùi tûi-lîn;

    hang up a pair of matched scrolls.

#### i lâi sàng lîn sìⁿ;

    he came and presented scrolls and a fan.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/lie
### lielie

* 剪lîe978189
* To trim off ; to clip.

#### àiⁿ pīn tī kò̤ lîe?

    From what point shall I shear it off?

#### khîeh khṳ̀ lîe cói cē;

    take it and trim it off even.

#### lîe pêⁿ-pêⁿ tn̂g;

    clip them so as to make them of the same length.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/liap
### liapliap

* 粒lîap5391195
* A classifier of small round objects like grain, beads, and buttons; a kernel; grains of wheat or rice.

#### bí cêk lîap m̄ kam tak-ūng;

    would not waste a single grain of rice.

#### bô̤ lîap tāu hìeⁿ tōa;

    not so large as a pea.

#### cí lîap cu cū ngía;

    this pearl is a fine one.

#### cêk lîap kúi kâi cîⁿ?

    How many cash apiece are they?

#### cêk kṳ̄n ŭ jîeh cōi lîap?

    How many of them does it take to make a pound?

#### i seⁿ lîap thûe;

    he has a boil.

#### nŏ̤ lîap mâk kim-kim;

    two unwinking eyes.

#### i kâi mâk, lîap tōa lîap sòi;

    he has one eye larger than the other.

#### mīn seⁿ lâi sòi lîap sòi lîap;

    her face is very small.

#### nín kò̤ tī-tîang ài cò̤ tōa lîap?

    Who is the big man of your place?

#### pn̄g lîap;

    cold boiled rice.

#### cêk lîap bêh;

    a kernel of wheat.
# Dictionary of the Swatow dialect/liet
### lîetlîet

* 列lîet531184
* To arrange or state in order; to place according to rank or rule; regularly; seriatim; a rank, a series, a file, as of soldiers; a class, as of officials; each, severally.

#### khui-lîet mêng-pêh;

    write out the particulars clearly, (as in a bill).

#### lîet cò̤ nŏ̤ tīn;

    range them in two files.

#### lîet sêng tīn sì;

    drawn out in a line.

#### pái cò̤ cêk lîet;

    place them in a row, at regular distances apart.

#### hâng-lîet côi-cíaⁿ;

    ranged methodically.

#### lîang pôiⁿ pâi lîet;

    placed in regular order on either side.

#### lîet ūi;

    sirs, all you gentlemen (used in direct address).
* 烈lîet531866
* Burning; ardent; violent; impetuous; fierce; chaste.

#### sèⁿ jû lîet húe;

    a nature like a raging flame.

#### sèⁿ lîet căi;

    very impetuous.

#### lîet-ńng put kè nŏ̤ hu;

    a chaste woman does not marry twice.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Burnett, George

​BURNETT, GEORGE (1822–1890), historian and heraldic author, born on 9 March 1822, was third son of John Burnett of Kemnay, an estate in Central Aberdeenshire, by Mary, daughter of Charles Stuart of Dunearn. Educated partly in Germany he acquired a taste for art and became a very competent critic both of music and painting, and was for many years musical critic for the ‘Scotsman’ newspaper.
He was called to the Scots bar in 1845, but did not practise much, devoting himself to the literary side of the profession and distinguishing himself specially in the historical and heraldic (particularly the genealogical) branches. The Spalding Club was in its full vigour at the date of Burnett’s early manhood under the learned supervision of John Hill Burton, George Gibb, Joseph Robertson, Cosmo Innes, and its secretary, John Stuart—scholars with all of whom, as well as with W. Forbes Skene, the Celtic historian, Burnett became intimately acquainted. In Scottish genealogy and peerage law he was one of the foremost lawyers of his time. He wrote ‘Popular Genealogists, or the Art of Pedigree Making’ in 1865, ‘The Red Book of Menteith Reviewed’ in 1881, and towards the close of his life a ‘Treatise on Heraldry, British and Foreign,’ which was completed by the Rev. John Woodward in 1891; their joint work is a masterly treatise on that subject. But Burnett’s principal historical work by which he will be long remembered is the edition of the ‘Exchequer Rolls’ from 1264 to 1507 (vols, i–xii.), published under the control of the lord clerk register, which he undertook on the death of John Stuart (1813–1877) [q. v.] and continued between 1881 and 1890, in twelve volumes. The prefaces to these volumes contain indispensable materials for the history of Scotland during the period to which they relate. In 1864 Burnett entered the Lyon office as Lyon depute, and two years later, when the office was reorganised on the death of the Earl of Kinnoull, he became Lyon King of Arms, and ably discharged the duties of the office. He restored it from an honorary and titular office into a working one, and in this was ably seconded by Mr. Stodart, the Lyon clerk, an accomplished genealogist.
Burnett, who received the degree of LL.D. in 1884 from the university of Edinburgh, died on 24 Jan. 1890. He married Alice, youngest daughter of John Alexander Stuart (son of Charles Stuart of Dunearn), and left a son and daughter.
[Private information; Burke’s Landed Gentry.]
Æ. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Burn, John Southerden

​BURN, JOHN SOUTHERDEN (1799?–1870), antiquary, born in 1798 or 1799, qualified as a solicitor in 1819, when he began to practise at 11 Staples Inn, Holborn. In 1820 he removed to 11 King's Bench Walk, Temple, and in 1822 to 27 King Street, Cheapside. In the following year he entered into a partnership with Samuel Woodgate Durrant, which lasted till 1828, when he removed to 25 Tokenhouse Yard. His professional pursuits frequently affording him the perusal of parish registers, he commenced a collection of miscellaneous particulars concerning them. Finding that no work had appeared dealing exclusively with the subject since the ' Observations on Parochial Registers' of Ralph Bigland [q. v.] in 1764, he published in 1829 his 'Registrum Ecclesiæ Parochialis ' (London, 8vo), a history of parish registers in England, with observations on those in foreign countries A second edition appeared in 1862. In 1831 he published, with biographical notes, the 'Livre des Anglois a Genève' (London, 8vo), the register of the English church in that town from 1554 to 1558, which had been communicated to him by Sir Samuel Egerton Brydges [q. v.] too late to be included in his 'Registrum.'
In 1831 Burn was appointed registrar of marriages at chapels prior to 1754, and in 1833 he published 'The Fleet Registers' (London, 4to), containing a history of Fleet marriages, which reached a third edition in 1836. In the same year he became secretary ​to the commission for inquiring into non-parochial registers, a post which he retained until 1841. In that year he removed to 1 Copthall Court, Throgmorton Street, and entered into a partnership with Stacey Grimaldi and Henry Edward Stables, which lasted until 1847, when Grimaldi retired. In 1854 a new partner, Charles Tayler Ware, joined the firm, but in the following year, after Stables’s death on 13 Oct., Burn retired from practice.
In 1846 he issued his most important work, ‘The History of the French, Walloon, Dutch, and other Foreign Protestant Refugees settled in England’ (London, 8vo), which he compiled chiefly from the registers of their places of worship. The work is little more than a series of disjointed notes on the subject, but it contains a valuable historical summary of the facts contained in the documents in the possession of the foreign congregations in England.
After retiring from the practice of law. Burn went to reside at The Grove at Henley, and in 1861 he published ‘A History of Henley on Thames’ (London, 4to), a work of much research. In 1865 he produced ‘The High Commission’ (London, 4to), dedicated to Sir Charles George Young [q. v.], which consisted of a collection of notices of the court and its procedure drawn from various sources. Early in 1870 he issued a similar but more elaborate work on ‘The Star Chamber,’ which also contained some additional notes on the court of high commission.
Burn died at The Grove, Henley, on 15 June 1870. Besides the works already mentioned, he edited ‘The Marriage and Registrations Acts (6 and 7 William IV),’ London, 1836, 12mo.
[Burn’s Works; Law Lists; Notes and Queries, 4th ser. v. 611]
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Burns, George

​BURNS, Sir GEORGE, first baronet (1795–1890), shipowner, youngest son of the Rev. John Burns (1744–1839) of Glasgow, younger brother of John Burns (1774–1850) [q. v.] and of Allan Burns (1781-1813) [q. v.], was born in Glasgow on 10 Dec. 1795. At the age of twenty-three, in partnership with a third brother, James, he commenced business in Glasgow as a general merchant, and in 1824, in connection with Hugh Matthie of Liverpool, established a line of small sailing vessels trading between the two ports. Belfast was soon included in their operations; sailing vessels gave place to steamers; in 1830 they joined their business with that of the McIvers, and for many years held a practical monopoly of the trade between Liverpool, the north-east of Ireland, and the west of Scotland, the McIvers managing the Liverpool business, and James Burns that of Glasgow, while George devoted himself more especially to the control of the shipping. In 1838, in conjunction with Samuel Cunard [q. v.], {{DNB lkpl|Napier, Robert (1791-1876)|Robert Napier} (1791–1876)} [q. v.], and others, they founded the celebrated Cunard Company, which secured the admiralty contract for carrying the North American mails, and in 1840 made their start with four steamers of the average burden of 1,150 tons, with a speed of 8½ knots, and making the passage in fourteen ​or fifteen days. From that time to the present the history of the Cunard Company would be the history of the growth and development of steam navigation, in the very van of which it has all along been distinguished by the excellence of its ships and of the general management. The original shareholders were gradually bought out till the whole was vested in the three families of Cunard, Burns, and McIver, and so it continued for many years, the Cunards managing its affairs in America, the brothers David and Charles McIver in Liverpool, and George and James Burns in Glasgow. Having acquired a princely fortune, George retired from the active management in 1860, purchased the estate of Wemyss Bay, and spent the remainder of his life mainly at Castle Wemyss, where he died on 2 June 1890. The year before he had been made a baronet. To the last he preserved his faculties, could read without spectacles, and took a lively interest in public affairs, as well as in the management of his own. He married in 1822 Jane, daughter of James Cleland [q.v.], by whom he had seven children, of whom only two—sons—survived.
John, the elder son, succeeded his father in the management of the business; and when, in 1880, it was converted into an open limited liability company, he was appointed its chairman. In 1897 he was raised to the peerage as Lord Inverclyde; he died on 12 Feb. 1901, and his wife Emily, daughter of George Clerk Arbuthnot, on the following day, both being buried on 16 Feb. at Wemyss Bay.
[Men of the Time (12th ed.); Times, 3 June 1890; Fortunes made in Business, ii. 330 et seq.; Lindsay’s Hist. of Merchant Shipping, iv. 179 et seq.]
J. K. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Whitlock, Elizabeth

​WHITLOCK, Mrs. ELIZABETH (1761–1836), actress, the third daughter and fifth child of Roger Kemble [q. v.], was born at Warrington on 2 April 1761, and was apprenticed to a mantua-maker. After acquiring some experience in the country she went with her two elder sisters, Sarah (Mrs. Siddons [q. v.]), and Frances (Mrs. Twiss), to Drury Lane, where she made her first appearance on 22 Feb. 1783 as Portia in the ‘Merchant of Venice,’ a part she repeated on 1 March. Here she remained two seasons, playing, through the influence of Mrs. Siddons, Margaret in ‘A New Way to pay Old Debts,’ Imogen, Leonora in ‘Revenge,’ Elvira in ‘Love makes a Man,’ Lucia in ‘Cato,’ Lady Touchwood in ‘Double Dealer,’ and Mrs. Marwood in ‘Way of the World.’ At the end of this period she went to York, and married on 21 June 1785 Charles Edward Whitlock, proprietor or shareholder of the Newcastle, Sunderland, Lancaster, and Chester theatres; him she accompanied to America, where she played principally in Annapolis, Charleston, and Philadelphia (where she played before Washington), with such success as to obtain an independency. On 18 June 1792 she made, as Mrs. Whitlock, her first appearance at the Haymarket, playing the Queen in the ‘Battle of Hexham’ and Julia in ‘Siege of Calais.’ On 30 Aug. 1797 she first appeared at New York, at the Greenwich Street theatre, as Isabella in the ‘Fatal Marriage’ (Brown, American Stage, p. 392). On 6 Oct. 1807 she reappeared at Drury Lane as Elwina in ‘Percy.’ She was announced as having returned from America, and her reappearance caused some sensation; but she does not appear to have been seen more than once, and is no more heard of on the stage. The characters named are all in which she can be traced. She played others, however, a portrait of her, by De Wilde, as Margaret in the ‘Earl of Warwick’ being in the Mathews collection in the Garrick Club. Her husband died subsequently to 1812. She herself died on 27 Feb. 1836. She was a more than respectable actress in tragedy, but the reputation of her sister, Mrs. Siddons, to whom she bore in youth some resemblance, stood in her way. Her voice was the best in the family, but she dropped it towards the close of a sentence. Her action was statuesque as well as powerful, but her bearing lacked spirit.
J. K.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Whitmore, George

​WHITMORE, Sir GEORGE (d. 1654), lord mayor of London, was the third son of William Whitmore (d. 8 Aug. 1593), a London merchant, by his wife Anne (d. 9 Oct. 1615), daughter of Sir William Bond, an alderman of London. He was master of the Haberdashers' Company, and on 23 May 1609 became a member of the Virginia Company under the second charter. He served the office of sheriff of London in 1621–2, and was alderman of the ward of Farringdon Within from 2 June 1621 to 7 Nov. 1626, when he exchanged to Langbourne ward, of which he was alderman until May 1643. On 7 July 1626 he and his elder brother, Sir William Whitmore, received a grant of the manor of Bridgwater Castle, with Heygrove in Somerset (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1625–6, pp. 369, 569). In 1631 he was chosen lord mayor of London, and on 27 May 1632 he was knighted. The pageants which celebrated his entry into office are detailed in a pamphlet preserved in the Huth Library, entitled ‘Londons Ius Honorarium’ (London, 1631, 4to), compiled by Thomas Heywood (d. 1650?) [q. v.] (cf. Corser, Collectanea, iv. 267). On 5 May 1637 he was appointed a commissioner to carry out the statute of Henry VIII for encouraging the use of the long bow and suppressing unlawful games (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1637, p. 66).
Whitmore was an ardent loyalist, and on 25 Nov. 1641 the king passed through his grounds at Balmes in Hackney on his return from Scotland. In 1642 he was imprisoned in Crosby House as a delinquent (ib. 1641–3, p. 403), and, although he was shortly released, he was reimprisoned on 20 Jan. 1642–1643 for refusing to pay the taxes levied by parliament. His estate was sequestered for some time, but he finally obtained his discharge from the committee of sequestrations, and on 22 Oct. 1651 was commanded to lay his discharge before the committee for compounding (Cal. Comm. for Compounding, p. 491).
He died at Balmes on 12 Dec. 1654, and was buried at St. Mary Magdalen, Milk Street, on 6 Jan. He married Mary (1616–1657), eldest daughter of Richard Daniel of Truro. By her he had three sons—Charles, George, and William—and four daughters: Elizabeth, married to Sir John Weld of Willey; Anne, married to Sir John Robinson, lord mayor of London; Margaret, married to Sir Charles Kemys; and Mary.
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Whittaker, George Byrom

​WHITTAKER, GEORGE BYROM (1793–1847), bookseller and publisher, born at Southampton in March 1793, was the son of the Rev. George Whittaker, master of the grammar school. About 1814 he became a partner of Charles Law, wholesale bookseller, Ave Maria Lane, London, a house established by W. Bidwell Law (d. 1798). Whittaker brought capital and energy into the business. One enterprise was the publication of a translation of Cuvier's ‘Animal Kingdom,’ in sixteen volumes, with many coloured plates. In 1824 he served as sheriff of London and Middlesex. He published for Mrs. Trollope, Colley Grattan, George Croly, and Miss Mitford. The last novel of Sir Walter Scott came out with his imprint, and his firm published in London all the early collective editions of the novelist. In conjunction with the Oxford and Cambridge booksellers he produced a series of Greek and Latin classics. John Payne Collier's edition of Shakespeare (1841) was issued by him. He published the Pinnock educational primers and many other children's books, and he was a promoter of reading among the people by his ‘Popular Library.’
He died at Kensington on 13 Dec. 1847. Richard Gilbert [q. v.], founder of the printing firm of Gilbert & Rivington, married Whittaker's only sister; their son Robert succeeded to his uncle's property and business.
H. R. T.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Whittaker, James William

​WHITTAKER, JAMES WILLIAM (1828–1876), painter in watercolours, son of John Whittaker, warehouseman, was born at Manchester in 1828, and apprenticed to an engraver for calico printers. He subsequently took up etching, and then painting. On coming into a small fortune he removed about 1858 to Llanrwst, North Wales, where he practised landscape-painting in watercolours. Francis William Topham [q. v.] there made his acquaintance, and, being struck with the ability shown in his work, induced him to become a candidate for the Society of Painters in Watercolours. He was elected an associate on 10 Feb. 1862, and a member on 13 June 1864, and exhibited 191 pictures at the exhibitions of that society, and three works at the Royal Academy. His subjects were chiefly views in the Snowdon district, and many of his sketches, especially those of rough moorland tracts of ground, possessed exceptional power.
He was accidentally drowned in the river Llugwy, near Bettws-y-Coed, on 6 Sept. 1876.
By his wife Sarah, daughter of Joseph Heyes of Manchester (to whom he had been apprenticed), he left four children.
C. W. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Whitlock, William

​WHITLOCK, WILLIAM (d. 1584), historian of Lichfield, was educated at Eton College, and elected to King's College, Cambridge, in 1537. He graduated B.A. in 1541–2, commenced M.A. in 1545, and proceeded B.D. in 1553. On 18 Dec. 1558 he was presented by King's College to the vicarage of Prescot in Lancashire. On 2 July 1560 he was admitted to the rectory of Greenford Magna in Middlesex, on the presentation of Sir Edward Thornton, and on 10 Jan. 1560–1 he was collated to the prebend of Curborough in Lichfield Cathedral. He died in or before February 1583–1584. He was a friend of John Twyne [q. v.]
Whitlock is chiefly remarkable for his additions to the manuscript chronicle of Thomas Chesterfield [q. v.] This record of the bishops of Coventry and Lichfield extended to 1347. Whitlock added many details to the existing chronicle, and compiled a supplement continuing it to 1559. His manuscripts were used by Henry Wharton [q. v.] in 1691 in his ‘Anglia Sacra,’ who printed in that work Whitlock's additions to Chesterfield's manuscript under the title ‘Additamenta ad Historiam veterem Litchfeldensem,’ and his supplement under the title ‘Continuatio Historiæ Litchfeldensis ab anno MCCCLIX ad annum MDLIX.’ The earlier date is ​misleading, as Whitlock's chronicle begins after 1347. Whitlock's manuscripts are preserved in the Bodleian Library (MSS. Nos. 770 and 865), and in the Cottonian manuscripts at the British Museum (Vesp. E. 16 and Cleopatra D. 9).
E. I. C.