OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cook v. Cook

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## Concurring Opinion

    Burton

## Dissenting Opinion

    Frankfurter
United States Supreme Court
342 U.S. 126
Cook v. Cook
Argued: Nov. 7, 1951. --- Decided: Dec 3, 1951
Mr. Henry Lincoln Johnson, Jr., Washington, D.C., for petitioner.
Mr. H. Mason Welch, Washington, D.C., for respondent.
Mr. Justice DOUGLAS delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Chamberlaine, John

​CHAMBERLAINE, JOHN (1745–1812), antiquary, succeeded Richard Dalton in February 1791 as keeper of the king's drawings and medals. He deserves recognition as having carried out his predeceseor's proposals and published: 1. ‘Imitations of Drawings, by Hans Holbein, in the Collection of His Majesty, for the Portraits of Illustrious Persons of the Court of Henry VIII. With Biographical Tracts,’ 2 vols. fol. London, 1792-1800 (another edition, with the engravings reduced, 4to, London, 1812). 2. ‘Original Designs of the most celebrated masters of Bolognese, Roman, Florentine, and Venetian Schools; comprising some of the Works of L. da Vinci, the Caracci, C. Lorrain, Raphael, Michael Angelo, the Poussins, and others in his Majesty's Collection,’ 2 parts, fol. London, 1812 (this is a reissue, with additions, of a work published in 1796-7). The plates for these line publications were executed, with few exceptions, by Bartolozzi and his pupil Tomkins. The letterpress accompanying the Holbein series was written with scrupulous care by Edmund Lodge. Chamberlaine died at Paddington Green on 12 Jan. 1812 (Gent. Mag. lxxxii. i. 92). He had been admitted to the Society of Antiquaries on 7 June 1792, and was for some years a member of the Society of Arts.
[European Mag. lxi. 78; Lowndes’s Bibliographer's Manual (ed. Bohn), i. 405; Reuss's Alphabetical Register of Living Authors, ii. 189; Ironsides's Hist. of Twickenham (Nichols's Bibl. Topog. Brit. vol. x. No. 6), p. 94.]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Chamberlane, Robert

​CHAMBERLANE, ROBERT, D.D. (d. 1638), Franciscan friar, was a native of Ulster. He was at first a secular doctor of divinity at Salamanca, and afterwards a Franciscan Friar and lecturer in the Irish college at Louvain. Two manuscript treatises by him, ‘De Scientia Dei’ and ‘De futuris Continguntibus,’ were formerly preserved in the library of that college. He died on 11 June 1688.
[Wadding's Scriptores Ordinum Minorum (1806), 209; Sbaralea's Supplementum et Castigatio, 638; Ware's Writers of Ireland (Harris), 115.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Chamberlayne, James

​CHAMBERLAYNE, Sir JAMES (d. 1699), third baronet, poet, was the second son of Thomas Chamberlayne of Wickham, Oxfordshire, who was created a baronet in consideration of his royalist sympathies by Charles 1, 4 Feb. 1642-3, and died, while high sheriff of Oxfordshire, 6 Oct. 1648 (Dugdale, Diary, p. 55; Davenport, High Sheriffs of Oxfordshire, p. 47). His grandfather was Thomas Chamberlayne or Chamberlain [q. v.], judge in the court of king's bench. On the death, without male issue, of his elder brother, Sir Thomas, Chamberlayne succeeded late in life to the baronetcy. He died in October 1609. By his wife, Margaret Goodwin, he had three sons (James, Henry, and Thomas) and a daughter. James, the heir and fourth baronet, was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the horse guards blue in December 1750, and died in December 1767.
Sir James was the author of two volumes of sacred verse, now rarely met with:
* 'A Sacred Poem,' in rhyming couplets, detailing the life of Jesus Christ, and a paraphrase of eighteen of David's psalms, London, 1680; and
* 'Manuductio ad Cœlum, in two parts, I. Of Joy and Sadness … II. Of Patience … ' London, 1681, a yerse translation of Cardinal Bona's 'Manuductio ad Coelum, medullam continens sanctorum et yeterum philosophorum.' Sir R. L'Estrange brought out another translation of the same work in 1672, which became highly popular.
[Wotton's Baronetage, ed. Kimber and Johnson, i. 494; Corser's Collectanea Anglo-Poetica, iii. 266-70; Brit. Mus. Cat. s. vv. 'Chamberlain' and 'Chamberlayne.']
S. L. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Chamberlain, Robert (fl.1678)

​CHAMBERLAIN, ROBERT (fl. 1678), arithmetician, living in London, in Northumberland Alley, Fenchurch Street, on 22 Oct. 1678, was then an 'accomptant and practitioner of the mathematicks.' He may have been the Robert Chamberlain who entered the Merchant Taylors' School on 13 June 1632 (Robinson, Reg. of Mer. Taylors' School, i. 170). Having been in business in Virginia and at home, ne published in 1679 'The Accomptant's Guide, or Merchant's Book-keeper . . . with Tables for the reducing of Flemish Ells into English, and English into Flemish, . . . Also . . . Tables of Exchange . . . with a Journal or Ledger,' &c. In 1679 he also published ' A Plaine and Easie Explanation of the most Useful and Necessary Art of Arithmetick in Whole Numbers and Fractions . . . whereunto are added Rules and Tables of Interest, Rebate, Purchases, Gaging of Cask, and Extraction of the Square and Cube Roots. Composed by Robert Chamberlain, Accomptant and Practitioner in the Mathematicks;' also called 'Chamberlain's Arithmetick.' His ' effigies ' was engraved by Binneman to appear as frontispiece to his books, and an anonymous admirer wrote six lines of verse for it, given by Granger (Biog. Hist. iv. 102). Bromley, in his ' Catalogue of Portraits ' (p. 188), appears to record that Chamberlain died in 1696.
[Chamberlain's Accomptant's Guide, and his Arithmetick, their Dedications, addresses to the Header, Frontispieces, and Title-pages; Bromley's Cat. of Portraits, p. 188.]
J. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Chamberlain, William

​CHAMBERLAIN, WILLIAM (d. 1807), painter, born in London, was a student of the Royal Academy, and afterwards a pupil of John Opie, R.A. He practised as a portrait painter, and is stated to have had much talent. His chief contributions to the Royal Academy seem, however, to have been paintings of animals. In 1794 and the following year he exhibited two subject pieces, 'A Fortune-teller' and 'An Old Man Reading.' He was an infrequent exhibitor, and appeared in 1802 for the last time with the 'Portrait of a Newfoundland Dog.' He died at Hull 12 July 1807.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Eng. School; Graves's Dict. of Artists.]
E. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Chamberlain, Robert (d.1798?)

​CHAMBERLAIN, ROBERT (d. 1798?), ceramist, is stated to have been the first apprentice of the original Worcester Porcelain Company, founded by Dr. Wall in 1761. In 1776 Dr. Wall died, and in 1783 this factory, after various changes of ownership, was bought by Mr. T. Flight. Chamberlain thereupon severed his connection with the firm, and in 1786, with his son Humphrey, started business on his own account, under the style of Chamberlain & Son. The two factories remained in rivalry until 1840, when they were amalgamated, and a joint-stock company formed to carry them on. With regard to Humphrey Chamberlain, here said to have been the son of Robert Chamberlain, there is some confusion. He is stated by Mr. Chaffers to have been the brother. Mr. Binns does not make the matter clearer. Humphrey Chamberlain, sen., died in 1841, being then seventy-nine years old. He therefore was born in 1762. Robert Chamberlain was apprenticed in 1751, and must consequently have been at least twenty years older than Humphrey. The fact that the firm was ​known from the first as Chamberlain & Son (v. Green, Hist. of Worcester, 1796, ii. 22) helps to establish the point that Humphrey senior was Robert's son. In 1798, probably, Robert. Chamberlain died; for in that year we find Humphrey in partnership with Robert Chamberlain, jun. A second Humphrey Chamberlain (1791–1824), slightly connected with this firm, was a very talented painter in porcelain, and is also stated to have been the son of Robert Chamberlain, sen. But this is another confusion. Probably the second Humphrey was the grandson of the firm's founder, the son either of the elder Humphrey or the younger Robert. He seems not to have had any interest in the business. Humphrey Chamberlain, sen., retired in 1828, and the firm of Chamberlain & Co. was represented from that date till 1840 by Walter Chamberlain and T. Lilly.
[Binns's Century of Pottery in the City of Worcester, 2nd edit. 1877; Jcwitt's Ceramic Art in Great Britain, 1878; Chaffers's Marks and Monograms upon Pottery and Porcelain, 1866.]
E. R.
# Criminal History Background Checks Pilot Extension Act of 2009

Note: This is the original legislation as it was initially enacted. Any subsequent amendments hosted on Wikisource may be listed using What Links Here.
An Act To extend the pilot program for volunteer groups to obtain criminal history background checks.
    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,

### SECTION. 1. SHORT TITLE.

    This Act may be cited as the `Criminal History Background Checks Pilot Extension Act of 2009'.

### SEC. 2. EXTENSION OF PILOT PROGRAM.

    Section 108(a)(3)(A) of the PROTECT Act (42 U.S.C. 5119a note) is amended by striking `a 78-month' and inserting `a 92-month'.
Speaker of the House of Representatives.
Vice President of the United States and
President of the Senate.
This work is in the public domain in the U.S. because it is an edict of a government, local or foreign. See § 313.6(C)(2) of the Compendium II: Copyright Office Practices. Such documents include "legislative enactments, judicial decisions, administrative rulings, public ordinances, or similar types of official legal materials" as well as "any translation prepared by a government employee acting within the course of his or her official duties."
These do not include works of the Organization of American States, United Nations, or any of the UN specialized agencies. See Compendium III § 313.6(C)(2) and 17 U.S.C. 104(b)(5).
A non-American governmental edict may still be copyrighted outside the U.S. Similar to {{PD-in-USGov}}, the above U.S. Copyright Office Practice does not prevent U.S. states or localities from holding copyright abroad, depending on foreign copyright laws and regulations.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Atkinson, William (1773?-1839)

​ATKINSON, WILLIAM (1773?–1839), architect, was born at Bishop's Auckland, near Durham. He began life as a carpenter. Through the patronage of the then bishop of Durham, he became a pupil of James Wyatt. In 1795 he obtained the Academy gold medal for designs for a court of justice. In 1805 he published ‘Picturesque Views of Cottages,’ 4to, London. He had many pupils, and was practically and theoretically an able architect. He was engaged on many important works, and built several large mansions, amongst them Lord Mansfield's house at Scone. ‘He died 22 May 1839, aged 66, at his residence at Cobham, Surrey … and is buried at Walton-on-Thames, Surrey. He was a most excellent chemist, geologist, and botanist, excelling in the latter science to an extraordinary degree. The well-known Roman cement, called, from himself, Atkinson's cement, was introduced by him to the London market.’
E. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Atkinson, William (d.1509)

​ATKINSON, WILLIAM, D.D. (d. 1509), translator, a native of the diocese of York, was M.A. and fellow of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, in 1477, B.D. in 1485, and D.D. in 1498. He became a prebendary of Southwell in 1501, canon of Lincoln 7 March 1503–4, and canon of Windsor 25 Feb. 1506–7. He died 8 Aug. 1509, and was buried in St. George's chapel, Windsor. At the command of Margaret, countess of Richmond and Derby, mother of King Henry VII, Dr. Atkinson translated from the French three books of the ‘Imitation of Jesus Christ’ attributed to John Gerson. This translation was published in 1502, and again in 1503 and 1517, under the title of ‘A full deuoute & gostely treatyse of ye Imytacion & folowynge ye blessyd Lyfe of our most mercifull Sauiour Cryst.’
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Atkinson, Stephen

​ATKINSON, STEPHEN (fl. 1619), metallurgist, was a native of London. After serving an apprenticeship to Francis Tiver, a refiner of gold and silver, he was admitted a ‘finer’ in the Tower of London about 1586, and subsequently he was engaged in refining silver in Devonshire, from lead brought from Ireland. He tells us that he was taught his mining skill ‘by Mr. B. B., an ingenious gent’ (i.e. Mr., afterwards Sir Bevis, Bulmer); that he spent his ‘golden time’ in different shires in England; and that he was for two years in Ireland with Bulmer, who died in his debt 340l., having left him there ‘much in debt for him.’ By a grant of the privy council of Scotland in 1616, confirmed by James I, he obtained leave to search for gold and silver in Crawford Muir, on paying the king one-tenth of the metals found. It appears that he was unsuccessful in his mining operations, and consequently he wrote ‘The Discoverie and Historie of the Gold Mynes in Scotland.’ This was edited by Mr. Gilbert Laing Meason for the Bannatyne Club in 1825, from a manuscript in the Advocates' Library, Edinburgh. Another manuscript is in the Harleian collection, 4621. The author proposes to the king ‘the opening of the secrets of the earth—the gold mines of Scotland, to make his majesty the richest monarch in Europe, yea, in all the world.’ This measure was to be accomplished by moving ‘twenty-four gentlemen of England, of sufficient land, to disburst 300l. each,’ by creating them ‘for ever Knights of the Golden Mynes, or Golden Knights.’ Atkinson failed to make any impression on the king, who had already expended 3,000l. on the gold mines of Crawford Muir, and had obtained not quite three ounces of gold.
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Atkinson, Thomas (1600-1639)

​ATKINSON, THOMAS (1600–1639), divine and dramatist, entered Merchant Taylors' School in August 1608. Seven years later he was elected scholar of St. John's ​College, Oxford, during the presidency of Laud, and, graduating in 1619, proceeded to the degree of B.D. in 1630. After filling the office of senior proctor of the university, Atkinson accepted the living of South Warnborough in Hampshire, to which he was inducted 20 Jan. 1637–8. Towards the end of the same year, by virtue of an exchange with Dr. Peter Heylin, he became rector of Islip, near Oxford, and, dying a few weeks later, was buried in St. John's College chapel 6 Feb. 1638–9.
Atkinson is not known to have published anything; but he wrote two Latin poems, directed against Andrew Melvin, and styled ‘Andrei Melvini Anti-Tami-Cunicategoria’ and ‘Melvinus delirans’ respectively. A Latin tragedy entitled ‘Homo,’ bearing the signature Thomas Atkinson, may (almost certainly) be ascribed to the same author on these grounds: (1) It was dedicated to Laud in his capacity of president (Præses colendissime), which implies that a member of St. John's College wrote it; (2) There was at St. John's, during Laud's time, only one Thomas Atkinson of any note as a scholar. The MS. of ‘Homo’ is preserved in the Harleian library of the British Museum, No. 6925.
J. M. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Atkyns, Edward (1630-1698)

​ATKYNS, Sir EDWARD (1630–1698), baron of the exchequer and younger son of Sir Edward Atkyns, who held a similar office, was born in 1630. He became a student at Lincoln's Inn at the age of 18, and five years later was called to the bar. In 1675 he was appointed ‘autumn reader’ at his inn of court, and in Easter term, 1679, was made a serjeant-at-law. A few weeks afterwards (22 June 1679) Atkyns, who had secured some reputation for legal learning and for hospitality, was raised to the bench as one of the barons of the exchequer, and knighted. He took a prominent part in the trial of Thomas Twining and Mary Pressicks, who were charged on 29 July 1680, at the instigation of the anti-catholic agitators of the day, with compassing the death of the king and seeking the overthrow of the protestant religion; in his summing up Atkyns placed the case before the jury with becoming impartiality. At the close of the same year he was one of the judges appointed to try Lord Stafford and other catholic peers on a charge of high treason, but he there supported his colleagues in their contention that the law, which demanded two witnesses to every overt act of treason, might on occasion be waived. On 21 April 1686, when lord chief baron Montagu was removed from the bench for refusing to certify to the legality of the dispensing power exercised by James II, Atkyns was promoted to his place. After the revolution of 1688 he consistently refused to take the oaths of allegiance to William III, and consequently resigned his office, to which Sir Robert Atkyns, his elder brother, was immediately appointed [see Atkyns, Sir Robert]. Shortly afterwards Atkyns retired from public life, and withdrew to his country seat at Pickenham, in Norfolk. Although he continued to hold Jacobite opinions, he showed no bitterness of spirit to those who differed from him, and earned the gratitude of all classes of his neighbours by his tact in settling their disputes. He died of the stone in London during October 1698.
S. L. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Atkinson, Peter (1776-1822)

​ATKINSON, PETER (1776–1822), architect, son of the above, was educated in his profession by his father, and succeeded to his business. He built the bridge over the Ouse, begun in 1810. For many years he was steward and surveyor to the corporation of York. To him that city remains grateful for its house of correction and gaol. He erected many churches in the service of the church commissioners. During the last years of his life he resided abroad.
E. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Atkinson, Thomas (1801?-1833)

​ATKINSON, THOMAS (1801?–1833), poet and miscellaneous writer, was a native of Glasgow, where he carried on business as a bookseller. He published, under his own editorship, the ‘Sextuple Alliance’ and the ‘Chameleon,’ and also a weekly periodical, the ‘Ant.’ After the passing of the Reform Bill, he became a candidate in the liberal interest for the representation of the Stirling burghs in parliament, but was unsuccessful. Over-exertion during the contest brought on a dangerous illness, which assumed the character of consumption, and he died on the passage to the Barbadoes, 10 Oct. 1833. Daniel Macmillan, founder of the publishing house of Macmillan & Co., was for some time Atkinson's shopman.
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Atkinson, Peter (1725-1805)

​ATKINSON, PETER (1725–1805), architect, was born at Ripon, trained for a carpenter, became the assistant of John Carr, an architect of York, and was engaged upon many works in his employ. He afterwards succeeded to Carr's practice. He erected a large mansion for Sir John V. B. Johnstone at Hackness, near Scarborough.
E. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Atkinson, William (1757-1846)

1904 Errata appended.
​ATKINSON, WILLIAM (1757–1846), poetical writer, was born at Thorpe Arch, in the ainsty of the city of York, in 1757, and was the son of a clergyman. He was admitted a sizar of Jesus College, Cambridge, 29 Dec. 1775, graduated B.A. in 1780, was elected a fellow of his college, and proceeded to the degree of M.A. in 1783. Having taken orders he was appointed lecturer at the parish church of Bradford, in Yorkshire, and subsequently, in 1792, he was presented by the lord chancellor to the rectory of Warham All Saints, in Norfolk. He died at Thorpe Arch 30 Sept. 1846. Mr. Atkinson published a small volume of ‘Poetical Essays,’ Leeds, 1786, 4to, which was most ​sarcastically reviewed by a writer calling himself ‘Trim’ (Edward Baldwyn), in ‘A Critique on the Poetical Essays of the Rev. William Atkinson,’ London, 1787. ‘Trim’ also published another pamphlet, abounding in the coarsest personalities, and entitled ‘A Congratulatory Letter to the Rev. William Atkinson, M.A., Fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge, on his appearance in the character of a printer, with remarks on the several papers that have issued from his press,’ London, 1790.
T. C.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.10 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 226 | ii | 14 f.e. | Atkinson, William: for within the bounds . . . . of York read in the ainsty of York |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fraigneau, William

​FRAIGNEAU, WILLIAM (1717–1788), Greek professor at Cambridge, was the son of John Fraigneau, of Huguenot extraction. He was born in London in 1717, and became a queen's scholar at Westminster School in 1731. He proceeded to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1736. Graduating B.A. 1739 and M.A. 1743, he took holy orders, and was elected a fellow. In 1743 he was appointed professor of Greek to the university, and held that position till 1750, when he resigned it. He then accepted the post of tutor to the family of Frederick, lord Bolingbroke, and in March 1758 was by him presented to the living of Battersea. Three years later the same patron gave him the living of Beckenham, Kent, and in 1765 a dispensation passed to enable Fraigneau to hold the two livings conjointly. He retained both appointments till his death, which took place at Brighton 12 Sept. 1788. He is described by Cole (Athenæ Cantab. F. p. 109) as ‘a little man of great life and vivacity.’
A. V.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fraizer, Alexander

​FRAIZER, Sir ALEXANDER (1610?–1681), physician, was born in Scotland about 1610, and graduated M.D. at Montpelier on 1 Oct. 1635. He was incorporated at Cambridge 9 March 1637, and was elected a fellow of the College of Physicians of London on 23 Nov. 1641. He was a faithful royalist, followed Charles II abroad, and became his physician. The king placed confidence in him, and he was in turn courted and abused by the violent rival factions which grew up among the English exiles on the continent. He was once friendly with Hyde, and at another time avoided communication with him. He was declared by the king to be excellent as a physician, and was employed in court affairs. There was probably some resemblance of character which sustained the confidential relation; but the conclusion stated by some contemporary writers, that the physician was as unprincipled as his royal patient, is unsupported by evidence, and no weight attaches to the abuse of Sir John Denham and of Pepys. Denham's attacks are founded on personal enmity, of which the cause is not now known. Pepys's informant was Pierce, a groom of the privy chamber, who repeated backstairs' gossip. The respect with which Fraizer is mentioned by Dr. Edward Browne (Travels, ed. 1685, p. 115), and the fact that on 26 July 1666 he was chosen an elect at the College of Physicians, a distinction which his being king's physician would not have obtained for him had his professional character been low, are evidences of his general uprightness. Sir Edmundbury Godfrey, who dealt in wood, arrested Fraizer for a wood bill of about 30l. The bailiffs were beaten by the king's order, but this was not due to any misconduct on the physician's part, but to royal indignation at a supposed breach of a prerogative. Few records of Fraizer's practice remain, he attended the princess royal in the attack of small-pox which ended fatally on Christmas eve, 1660, and the young Dukes of Cambridge and Kendal in the illness which killed both in 1667, and he superintended the successful trepanning of Prince Rupert's skull on Sunday, 3 Feb. 1666. At Cologne Mr. Elburg was his apothecary. Soon after the Restoration he was knighted, and his wife made a dresser to the queen. He died 3 May 1681. He had a son, Charles, who became a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, was physician ​in ordinary to Charles II, and was elected a fellow of the College of Physicians in 1684.
N. M.