OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Frederick

Edition of 1906. See also Frederick, Maryland on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FRED'ERICK. A city and the county-seat of Frederick County, Md., 60 miles west-northwest of Baltimore; on the Baltimore and Ohio and the Pennsylvania railroads (Map: Maryland, H 3). It is situated in a beautiful and fertile valley near the famous battlefields of Monocacy and South Mountain. It is the seat of a State institution for the deaf and dumb, and Women's College (Reformed Church), organized in 1893, and has Boyd Academy and other educational institutions, and Emergency Hospital. There are large canning establishments, brick-works, planing-mills, and manufactures of flour, tobacco, fibre brushes, hosiery, leather, shutter-fasteners, and coaches. The government is administered under a charter of 1898 by a mayor, elected every three years, who controls the appointments to all municipal offices except that of city register, and a council elected at large. The city owns and operates its water-works and electric-light plant. Population, in 1890, 8193; in 1900, 9296. Frederick has been made famous by Whittier as the scene of Barbara Frietchie's exploit. Francis Scott Key, the author of the “Star-Spangled Banner,” is buried in Mount Olivet Cemetery, and a splendid monument to him marks its entrance; and the remains of Roger B. Taney (q.v.) lie in the burial-grounds of the Roman Catholic Church. Frederick was first settled in 1745, and was incorporated in 1817. In 1755 Washington met Braddock here to prepare for the expedition against the French. Near by Robert Strawbridge, in 1764, organized a Methodist church, ‘the first in Maryland and America.’ Consult a sketch in Powell's Historic Towns of the Southern States (New York, 1900).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Frederick I., William Charles

Edition of 1906. See also Frederick I of Württemberg on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FREDERICK I., William Charles (1754-1816). Duke and subsequently first King of Württemberg. He was born at Treptow, Pomerania, and was a son of the famous Sophia Dorothea, niece of Frederick the Great. After serving in the Prussian and Russian armies, he in 1797 succeeded to the dukedom, and in 1803 was invested with the Electoral dignity. At the close of 1805, Napoleon, in reward for his alliance against Austria, erected his State into a kingdom, and on January 1, 1806, Frederick assumed the royal title. He soon afterwards joined the Confederation of the Rhine. Although the territory over which he ruled was greatly enlarged during
his reign, his autocratic government and subserviency to Napoleon I. found little favor among his subjects, upon whom the oppressive conditions imposed by enforced conscription, excessive taxation, and other evils weighed most heavily. Frederick joined the league against France after the battle of Leipzig.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Frederick William I. (Hesse)

Edition of 1906. See also Frederick William, Elector of Hesse on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FREDERICK WILLIAM I. (1802-75). Elector of Hesse. He was educated at Marburg and Leipzig, and became co-regent in 1831, and Elector in 1847. He sided with Austria during the War of 1866, and his refusal to accede to the terms of Prussia led to the invasion of his territory. In consequence of his obstinate refusal to treat with the Prussian Government, he was arrested and conveyed to the fortress of Stettin, and his territories were annexed by Prussia.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Frederick William IV.

Edition of 1906. See also Frederick William IV of Prussia on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FREDERICK WILLIAM IV. (1795-1861). King of Prussia from 1840 to 1861. He was the son of Frederick William III., and was born October 15, 1795. He received a careful education, and was fond of the society of learned men. He ascended the throne June 7, 1840. He exhibited much of his father's vacillation and instability of purpose; and although he began his reign by granting minor reforms and promising radical changes of a liberal character, he always, on one plea or another, evaded the fulfillment of these pledges. He had high but vague ideas of ‘the Christian State,’ and showed through life a strong tendency to mystic pietism. Equally vague was his dream of a Germany united under a ‘college of kings’ ruling by divine right. A step in the direction of popular government was taken in 1847 by the convocation of the so-called ‘United Diet,’ whose activity, however, was to be
merely that of an advisory body. The February Revolution in France in 1848 was followed by an outbreak in Prussia which shook the throne of the Hohenzollern to its foundations. On March 18 the people of Berlin rose in arms. To save his crown, the King yielded to the demand for constitutional reform. In May a national Constituent Assembly met, at the same time that the Frankfort Parliament assembled to reorganize the political system of Germany. On February 26, 1849, the new Prussian Chambers met, but the constitutional régime thus inaugurated was granted merely as the King's free gift, to be modified at his pleasure. On March 28, 1849, the Frankfort Parliament offered the Imperial crown of Germany to Frederick William, but he declined it. (See Germany.) In the meanwhile the King had been forced, in 1848, by the clamor of his subjects, to take up arms in support of the people of Schleswig-Holstein in their revolt against Denmark, but Prussia soon abandoned the cause of the duchies. After the complete cessation of the revolutionary movement in Germany, the reactionary régime was in full sway. The ‘pietists’ regained their former influence at Court, and the freedom of the press and of religious and political opinion was strictly circumscribed. In 1857 Frederick William was seized with intermittent attacks of insanity, and in 1858 he resigned the management of public affairs to his brother and heir, Prince William, who acted as regent of the kingdom till his accession, on the death of Frederick William, which occurred January 2, 1861. Consult Biedermann, Dreissig Jahre deutscher Geschichte (Breslau, 1896).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fredericia

Edition of 1906. See also Fredericia on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FREDERICIA, frĕd'ẽr-ĭs'ĭ-ȧ. A seaport of Denmark, situated on the east coast of Jutland, on a projecting tongue of land, at the northern entrance to the Little Belt (Map: Denmark, C 3). The town is surrounded by fortifications, now falling into ruins, and has a famous bronze statue, “The Danish Soldier,” erected in commemoration of the victory of the Danes over the Schleswig-Holstein forces in 1849. Fredericia is connected with Strib, on the island of Fünen,
by steamer, and carries on a considerable trade in exports of meat, fish, eggs, and imports of salt and petroleum. Population, in 1890, 10,000; in 1900, 12,700.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fuller, Melville Weston

Edition of 1905. See also Melville Fuller on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FULLER, Melville Weston (1833—). An American jurist, born in Augusta, Me. He graduated at Bowdoin College in 1853, studied at the Harvard Law School, began legal practice at Augusta in 1855, and was also there for a time an associate editor of The Age, a Democratic newspaper. In 1856 he was president of the Augusta Common Council and city attorney, but in the same year resigned his offices and established himself at Chicago, Ill. He was a member of the Illinois State Constitutional Convention of 1802, and in 1863 sat in the Lower House of the Illinois Legislature. In 1864, 1872, 1876 (when he placed T. A. Hendricks in nomination), and 1880, in which year he withdrew from active politics, he was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention. As a lawyer he attained prominent rank, and in 1888 he was appointed by President Cleveland Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, to succeed M. R. Waite (q.v.), deceased. His term witnessed an expansion of the Federal powers by means of the decision asserting the implied authority of the Executive to protect the Federal judges on occasions when there is just reason to believe that, while in the exercise of official duties, they are exposed to personal danger. In 1899 he was a member of the Arbitration Commission convened at Paris for the adjustment of the Anglo-Venezuelan boundary question. The degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Harvard in 1891.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fuller, Sarah Margaret

Edition of 1906. See also Margaret Fuller on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FULLER, Sarah Margaret (Ossoli) (1810-50). An American critic and essayist, born at Cambridgeport, Mass., May 23, 1810. The eldest of the eight children of Timothy Fuller, a Massachusetts lawyer and politician, she was strenuously educated by her father, by Dr. Park of Boston, and in the Misses Prescott's School of Groton, beginning Latin at six and Greek at thirteen, and permanently injuring her health by over-application. On the death of her father (1835) she supported her brothers and sisters by public and private teaching in Boston and Providence. She was a frequent guest at Brook Farm, though never sharing its enthusiasms, held intellectual conversations in Boston, conducted the Transcendental organ, The Dial (1840-42), made translations from the German, and published in 1844 her first volume, Summer on the Lakes, the record of a season of travel in 1843. In December (1844) she went to New York as literary critic of the Tribune, taking active part in the philanthropic, literary and artistic life of the city. In 1846 she went to Europe, residing for some time at Rome, where she married (December, 1847) Giovanni Angelo, Marquis d'Ossoli, by whom she had one child. She took an active part in the Italian struggle for independence, and served heroically in the hospitals during the French siege of Rome. On its capture (July, 1849) she took refuge with her husband first in the mountains of Abruzzi, then at Florence, and on May 17, 1850, sailed for America, but with her husband and son was drowned off Fire Island Beach just as they were approaching New York on July 16.
Her life falls naturally into three periods. Till 1844 she lived an intense life seeking self-culture in the exciting stimulation of the Transcendental circle. The two years from 1844 till her visit to Italy are those of original literary production. Women in the Nineteenth Century (1844) and Papers on Literature and Art (1846) are its monuments. Her activities in Rome found a literary expression in a book on the Roman Republic, the manuscript of which was lost with her. With all her tact and brilliancy, she was not an original genius; she needed the inspiration of an audience, talking better than she wrote. Her Letters are, therefore, the most readable of her works, and the position that she held in Boston and in New York is hardly to be understood from her writings. It was a natural instinct that led her to select for translation Eckermann's Conversations with Goethe (1839) and The Correspondence of Fräulein Günderode and Bettina von Arnim (1840-42). The impression that she made upon the circle of her intimates is attested by three notable biographies, for which consult: Emerson, Clarke, and Channing (Boston, 1852); Julia Ward Howe (ib., 1883); and Thomas Wentworth Higginson (ib., 1884). There is also a Memoir by her brother, Arthur B. Fuller (Boston, 1855).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Funk, Peter

Edition of 1905. See also Peter Funk at Wiktionary; and the disclaimer.
​FUNK, Peter. A name used of persons employed at auctions to offer bogus bids in order to raise the price.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Funny Bone

Edition of 1905. See also Ulnar nerve on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ FUNNY BONE. A term used to designate really not a bone, but the ulnar nerve, which is so slightly protected in the groove where it passes behind the internal condyle of the humerus (q.v.) that it is often affected by blows on that part. (See Arm; Brachial Artery.) A peculiar electric thrill passes along the arm to the fingers whenever the nerve is struck or pressed.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Funston, Frederick

Edition of 1905. See also Frederick Funston on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ FUN′STON, Frederick (1865—). An American soldier, born at New Carlisle, Clark County, Ohio. He studied for two years at the Kansas State University (Lawrence, Kan.); was a member of the reportorial staff of the Kansas City Journal; became connected with the United States Department of Agriculture, in 1891; accompanied the Death Valley expedition to southern California as assistant botanist; and in 1893-94 was in Alaska, where he made for the Department a collection of the local flora and obtained material for the field-report included in F. V. Coville's Botany of Yakutat Bay (Washington, 1895). In 1896 he was appointed deputy comptroller of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railway; during the same year offered his services to the Cuban Junta; and later was commissioned captain of artillery, and distinguished himself as such at La Machuca. He was promoted successively to be major and lieutenant-colonel (for bravery at Las Tunas); endeavored, by reason of wounds and illness, to escape to the United States; was captured by the Spanish, and, although condemned to death, was finally set free. At the outbreak of the Spanish-American War he organized the Twentieth Kansas Volunteers, a force very similar to the well-known ‘Rough Riders,’ and became its colonel. From November, 1898, he served in the Philippine Islands, where, for bravery at Calumpit, he was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers in 1899. Owing to illnass, he was relieved in 1899, and returned to the United States. He later returned to the Philippines, and on March 23, 1901, succeeded in capturing Emilio Aguinaldo, the insurgent leader, thus dealing an effective blow at serious native resistance. On March 30 he was commissioned brigadier-general, U. S. A. Consult the article by Scott in the Independent, vol. liii. (New York, 1901).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fuller, Thomas

Edition of 1906. See also Thomas Fuller on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FULLER, Thomas (1608-61). An English author and divine. He was born at Aldwincle, Northamptonshire, of which parish his father was rector, and was educated at Queen's College, Cambridge, graduating A.B. in 1625 and M.A. in 1628. Two years later he was appointed to the curacy of Saint Benet's. The next year he was collated to a prebend in Salisbury Cathedral, and in 1634 he was appointed to the rectory of
Broadwindsor, Dorsetshire. Abandoning both his living and his prebend in 1641, he settled in London, where he soon became curate of the Savoy, a church in the Strand. In the meantime he had published an account of the Crusades, entitled History of the Holy War (1639), and the Holy and Profane State (1642), the most characteristic of his works. During the Civil War he adhered firmly to the Royal cause, and shared in its reverses. He was a chaplain in the Royal army, when he wrote for the encouragement of his men a manual of prayers and meditations entitled Good Thoughts in Bad Times (1645), and a sequel, Better Thoughts in Worse Times (1647). About 1648 he was presented to the living of Waltham, in Essex. In 1650 he published a geographical account of the Holy Land, entitled A Pisgah Sight of Palestine and the Confines Thereof, with maps and views. In 1655 appeared The Church History of Britain, from the Birth of Christ Until the Year 1648. In 1658 he received the living of Cranford, Middlesex, and at the Restoration he was reinstated in his prebend of Salisbury, of which he had been deprived by the Parliamentarians. He was also appointed Chaplain Extraordinary to the King. He died in London. The next year (1662) appeared The Worthies of England, valuable for the information it contains on provincial history, and abounding in biographical anecdote, witty remark, and acute observation on men and manners. Quaint humor is one of Fuller's peculiar characteristics; but his writings are no less remarkable for wisdom, imagination, and, when occasion demands, even for pathos. Consult Bailey, Life of Thomas Fuller, with Notices of his Books, etc. (London, 1874).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Funk, Heinrich

​ FUNK, Heinrich (1807-77). A German landscape painter, born at Herford, Westphalia, pupil of Schirmer at the Düsseldorf Academy. In 1836 he settled at Frankfort, and from 1854 to 1876 was professor at the Royal School of Art in Stuttgart. He was gifted with keen observation, a fine sense of beauty of form and line, and his pictures are notable for perfect drawing, minute execution, and poetic conception, often combined with splendid light effects. Among those in public galleries are: “Castle Ruin in the Gloaming” (1834), National Gallery, Berlin; “Lower Inn Valley” (1846), and “Ruin by the Lake” (1852), Städel Institute, Frankfort; “The Kaisergebirge in the Inn Valley,” and “Stormy Weather in the Eifel,” Stuttgart Museum. He also left more than five hundred charcoal and pencil drawings of sterling quality.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Funk, Franz Xavier von

Edition of 1906. See also Franz Xaver von Funk on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FUNK, fōōṉk, Franz Xavier von (1840—). A Catholic theologian. He was born at Abts-Gmünd, Württemberg, and was educated at Tübingen, at the Seminary of Rottenburg, and in Paris, where he devoted himself chiefly to the study of political economy. In 1870 he was appointed professor of theology at Tübingen. His principal publications are: Opera Patrum Apostolicorum (2d ed. 1901); Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte (3d ed. 1898); Kirchengeschichtliche Abhandlungen und Untersuchungen (1897-99).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Funk, Isaac Kauffman

Edition of 1906. See also Isaac K. Funk on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FUNK, Isaac Kauffman (1839—). An American clergyman, editor, and publisher. He was born at Clifton, Ohio, and was educated at Wittenberg College, in his native State. After being pastor of Saint Matthews English Lutheran Church, in Brooklyn, N. Y., for seven years, he made an extensive tour through Europe, Northern Africa, and Asia Minor (1872). Among the numerous religious publications founded by him after 1876 are the following: Metropolitan Pulpit (now the Homiletic Review), the Voice, a well-known prohibition paper, and the Missionary Review. In 1889 the Literary Digest was established, and in 1895 the Standard Dictionary was published. One of the more recent projects undertaken by Dr. Funk is the Jewish Encyclopedia, a repository of the history and traditions of the Jewish people from the earliest times to the present day, the first volume of which appeared in 1901.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Fuller, Richard

Edition of 1906. See also Richard Fuller (minister) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
FULLER, Richard (1804-76). An American clergyman. He was born in Beaufort, S. C., studied at Harvard, was admitted to the bar, and subsequently entered the Baptist ministry. From 1846 until his death he was pastor of the Seventh Baptist Church in Baltimore. He published Letters on the Roman Chancery; Correspondence on Domestic Slavery; and Baptism and Communion. Consult Cuthbert, Memoir of Richard Fuller (New York, 1879).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hemp, Manila

See also Abacá on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HEMP, Manila, or Abaca. The fibre of a species of plantain or banana (Musa textilis), a native of the Philippine Islands, where it is extensively cultivated. It is most widely grown in the southern part of Luzon, and less extensively on the islands of Samar, Leyte, Cebu, and Mindanao. The fibre is white, easily separated, and very tenacious. The harder and stronger outer fibre is used for cordage, the finer inner fibres for weaving delicate fabrics, and the intermediate layers for manufacture of web-cloths and gauzes. From the finer sorts of the fibre, veils, crapes, robes, and women's hats of great beauty are made; also various articles of men's wear, as shirts and suitings of remarkable durability. Manila hemp is largely used in the United States for making binding twine and cordage. Manila cordage is now used for every purpose for which rope is employed. The best conditions for the growth of abaca are shade and abundant moisture, with good drainage. The finest growth is obtained on the slopes of the volcanic mountains. A new plantation is generally made of young shoots, which very quickly throw out suckers. Occasionally the plants are raised from seed. The cultivation of the plant is simple. Weeds and undergrowth must be kept down during the first season, but after that the plants will exterminate other growths. Plants raised from year-old seedlings need at least two years, while those raised from suckers require four years before they will produce fibre of value.
The abaca is cut just before flowering, near the roots, split open longitudinally, and the central peduncle separated from the sheathing layers of fibre. The fibrous coats are dried two or three days in the shade, and are then scraped until only the fibres remain. Two men will cut and scrape about twenty-five pounds of the fibre in a day. It takes about 3200 plants to produce a
ton of 2240 pounds of fibre. The yield is about one and one-third tons of fibre per acre annually. The output of abaca is fairly uniform under natural conditions. The exports for several years preceding the cession of the islands by Spain averaged about 100,000 tons annually.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Herd, David

Edition of 1905. See also David Herd (anthologist) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HERD, David (1732-1810). A Scotch collector of national ballads. He was born in the Parish of Marykirk, Kincardine, where his father had a farm, but early left the country for the town and became a well-known figure among the literary men of Edinburgh. His claim to remembrance rests upon his Ancient and Modern Scottish Songs, Heroic Ballads, etc. (2 vols., 1776), of which a modern edition was published in Glasgow in 1869.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Hemp, Sisal

See also Sisal on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
HEMP, Sisal. The fibre of Agave rigida sisalana, order Ainaryllideæ, native of Yucatan, Mexico, Central America, and West Indies, and closely related to the century plant. It has been introduced into the Bahamas and Florida. As a cordage fibre it is second only to Manila hemp in strength. Its straight smooth strands of fibre become white upon drying without washing. The plants yield best on a gravelly, rocky soil in comparatively arid districts only a few feet above the level of the sea. It thrives upon the Florida Keys, upon the almost naked coral rock, but will not thrive when even slightly shaded. Plants set out at 18 inches high from the nursery will produce leaves fit for cutting in three years. The life of a plant when undisturbed is six or seven years, after which it sends up its blossom-stalk and then dies. Cutting, however, extends its life fifteen to twenty years. No special cultivation is needed except that the land be kept clean and the suckers kept down. The cutting of the leaves is done in Yucatan by Indians, who use a heavy-bladed, sabre-like knife called a machete. The spine at the leaf-end is cut off and the leaves bundled for removal to the machines. On large plantations they are transported by steam-power over tramways which reach different parts of the estate. The fibre is separated from the fresh leaf by a specially constructed machine called a raspodor. The annual yield of fibre is from 1000 to 1470 pounds per acre, 50 to 70 pounds of fibre being derived from 1000 leaves.