OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 2/Czechoslovak camp at Stamford

CZECHOSLOVAK CAMP AT STAMFORD.
Mr. Joseph J. Fekl, who until recently acted as business manager for the Bohemian Review, sends a description of the army camp at Stamford, Conn., where he is at present stationed. He says:
The camp is located in a pleasant wooded country near Stamford. It is not intended for a training camp of recruits as are the great United States army cantonments. The volunteers get some drilling, while waiting for transportation to France, where their real military training will take place.
The Czechoslovak camp is distant about four miles from the city of Stamford and it is located on the property of the well-known sculptor, Gutzon Borglum. Near the entrance is a residential building which is now used for headquarters and reading room. Nearby is a garage. Below on the river are three barracks for the men and the kitchen. Be tween two of these buildings is the laundry and shower bath served by a gasoline pump. Across the river a large residence has been placed by Mr. Borglum at the disposal of the invalids of the Czechoslovak Army.
The camp is commanded by Václav Šolc with the cooperation of officers and drillmasters chosen from among the volunteers. Everything is kept spotlessly clean and the sanitary conditions, as well as the health of the soldiers, are excellent. While strictest discipline is maintained, the democratic spirit of the Czechoslovak army is evident here and all are ad dressed as “brother”.
The men spend their days in drilling and in labor for the maintenance of the camp and the raising of vegetables. There is time for recreation. The camp library contains already several hundred volumes of good reading matter, and nearly all Bohemian and Slovak newspapers are received at the camp through the courtesy of the publishers. Men go in for singing and music, fishing, ball games, etc. Mrs. Borplum, who continually adds something appetizing to the fare of the camp, undertook to teach the men French and is pleased with the progress of her pupils.
Many prominent Americans and foreign guests visited the camp. To some of them the very name of Czechoslovaks had been unknown before: now we have in them warm friends.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1954, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 69 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 2/Czechoslovaks at Zborov, June 1917

CZECHOSLOVAKS AT ZBOROV, JUNE 1917 :
| First regiment marching to their positions. ||
| First regiment marching to their positions. ||
| Third line of captured Austrian trenches. | Wounded Czechoslovak fighters. |
| Third line of captured Austrian trenches. | Wounded Czechoslovak fighters. |
| Counting Austrian Prisoners. | Captured Austrian Battery. |
| Counting Austrian Prisoners. | Captured Austrian Battery. |
This work was published before January 1, 1929 and is anonymous or pseudonymous due to unknown authorship. It is in the public domain in the United States as well as countries and areas where the copyright terms of anonymous or pseudonymous works are 95 years or less since publication.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Collector v. Day/Dissent Bradley

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Dissenting Opinion Bradley
* Wikipedia article
United States Supreme Court
78 U.S. 113
The Collector v. Day
Mr. Justice BRADLEY, dissenting.
I dissent from the opinion of the court in this case, be cause, it seems to me that the general government has the same power of taxing the income of officers of the State governments as it has of taxing that of its own officers. It is the common government of all alike; and every citizen is presumed to trust his own government in the matter of taxation. No man ceases to be a citizen of the United States by being an officer under the State government. I cannot accede to the doctrine that the general government is to be regarded as in any sense foreign or antagonistic to the State governments, their officers, or people; nor can I agree that a presumption can be admitted that the general government will act in a manner hostile to the existence or functions of the State governments, which are constituent parts of the system or body politic forming the basis on which the general government is founded. The taxation by the State governments of the instruments employed by the general government in the exercise of its powers, is a very different thing. Such taxation involves an interference with the powers of a government in which other States and their citizens are equally interested with the State which imposes the taxation. In my judgment, the limitation of the power of taxation in the general government, which the present decision establishes, will be found very difficult of control. Where are we to stop in enumerating the functions of the State governments, which will be interfered with by Federal taxation? If a State incorporates a railroad to carry out its purposes of internal improvement, or a bank to aid its financial arrangements, reserving, perhaps, a percentage on the stock or profits, for the supply of its own treasury, will the bonds or stock of such an institution be free from Federal taxation? How can we now tell what the effect of this decision will be? I cannot but regard it as founded on a fallacy, and that it will lead to mischievous consequences. I am as much opposed as any one can be to any interference by the general government with the just powers of the State governments. But no concession of any of the just powers of the general government can easily be recalled. I, therefore, consider it my duty to at least record may dissent when such concession appears to be made. An extended discussion of the subject would answer on useful purpose.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Collector v. Doswell & Company

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
83 U.S. 156
The Collector v. Doswell & Company
ERROR to the Circuit Court for the District of Louisiana.
The ninth section of the act of July 13th, 1866, to reduce internal taxation, and to amend the internal revenue laws, declares, among other things, that there shall be paid monthly on all sales by commercial brokers of any goods, wares, or merchandise, a tax of one-twentieth of one per cent. on the amount of said sales, and on or before the tenth day of each month every commercial broker shall make a list or return to the assessor of the district of the gross amount of such sales, as aforesaid, for the preceding month; provided, that, in estimating such sales of goods, wares, and merchandise, for the purpose of this section, any sales made by or through another broker, upon which a tax had been paid, shall not be estimated and included as sold by the broker for whom the sale was made.
Doswell & Co., cotton brokers of New Orleans, having paid a tax assessed against them under this statute, and made in vain an appeal to the commissioner of internal revenue to get back the money paid, brought this suit against the collector, to whom they had paid it.
On the trial an agreed statement of facts was submitted to the court, by which it appeared that the plaintiffs did not sell any cotton or other goods, but limited themselves to making purchases for those who required their services; that the money was paid by their principals directly to the parties who made the sales, and that their compensation for making the purchases was one-half of one per cent. paid by the buyer, and one-fourth of one per cent. by the seller, under a custom of the trade in New Orleans, established when cotton brokers were sellers as well as buyers, and kept up, though they were so no longer.
The case agreed on further showed that a tax on all the sales for which the plaintiffs were assessed, had been paid by the parties making the sales.
The court below gave judgment for the plaintiff, and the record of that judgment the government now brought here for review.
Mr. G. H. Williams, Attorney-General, and Mr. S. F. Phillips, Solicitor-General, for the collector, plaintiff in error, submitted the case on a statement of it, and without argument.
Mr. Frederick Chase, contra.
Mr. Justice MILLER delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

* 14 Stat. at Large, 134.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Collector v. Doswell & Company/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
83 U.S. 156
The Collector v. Doswell & Company
That the plaintiffs did not make sales as commercial brokers is too clear for argument. They acted wholly as buyers and other parties as sellers. The per cent. paid them by the sellers under the usage does not change their relation to the transaction.
The section of the statute referred to provides for taxes in a great variety of sales by bankers, brokers, and others, of stocks, real estate, &c., but it is always a tax on sales, and always collected of the seller, or his broker or agent.
It is stated in the agreement of facts submitted that a tax on all the sales for which the plaintiffs were assessed had been paid by the parties making the sales. This clearly relieved the plaintiffs from any obligation to pay this tax, if it otherwise existed, under the proviso of the ninth section of the statute.
It is so very clear, upon applying the statute to the agreed statement of facts, that the transactions charged against the plaintiffs were not sales, and not taxable to them, that it cannot be made plainer by argument; and, while the law officers of the government have furnished a brief statement of the facts, they have neither cited the statute nor made an argument against the right of the plaintiffs to recover.
The judgment of the Circuit Court in their favor is therefore
AFFIRMED.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Cyclopædia of American Biography/Pond, Irving Kane

POND, Irving Kane, architect, b. in Ann Arbor, Mich., 1 May, 1857, son of Elihu Bartlit and Mary Barlow (Allen) Pond. His earliest American ancestor, Samuel Pond, came from England and settled in Connecticut, at a date not definitely known, though there is a record of his marriage in the year 1642. His father was a pioneer newspaper editor and publisher in Michigan, being first president of the Michigan Press Association and for twenty-five years editor and publisher of the Michigan (afterward the Ann Arbor) “Argus.” He was also a member of the Michigan senate and for two years warden of the State prison. Irving K. Pond was educated in the public schools of Ann Arbor and in the University of Michigan, where he was graduated in 1879 with the degree of C.E. In the same year he went to Chicago, where he spent a few years in the office of a prominent architect. After this he traveled abroad, to finish his architectural studies by means of actual observation. In 1886 he entered into partnership with his brother, Allen Bartlit Pond. Together they have designed numerous buildings, private, institutional, and public, among the latter being the Federal Building at Kankakee, Ill. They also built Hull House, in Chicago, for Miss Jane Addams; the Chicago Commons, for Dr. Graham Taylor, and numerous other settlement houses, being themselves interested in social and political betterment movements. They are also the architects for the new Michigan Union, the college home of the students and alumni of the University of Michigan. Mr. Pond has met the problems of his social and professional life with a force and determination of character which have not alone enabled him to win his way to success, but have earned for him the commendation of his fellow citizens and practitioners. He has served on the board of directors of the American Institute of Architects, six years; was its vice-president one year, and president for two years. He represented the U. S. government and the American Institute of Architects at the International Congress of Architects at Rome and Venice, in 1911, delivering addresses before the congress in both cities. In November of the same year he also appeared before the Royal Institute of British Architects. The honorary degree of A.M. was conferred on him by the University of Michigan in 1911. Mr. Pond was one of the founders of the Chicago Architectural Club, of which he is now an
honorary member. He is an honorary member of the San Francisco, Los Angeles and the South Bend Architectural Clubs; of the National Institute of Arts and Letters; of the Little Room (a founder); of the Cliff Dwellers (a founder); of the Chicago Literary Club, and of the City and University Clubs of Chicago. He was president of the Illinois Society of Architects, In recent years he has contributed liberally to the architectural journals and has reviewed many books dealing with the subject for the Chicago “Dial” and other literary papers.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/James, James Alton

Edition of 1920. See also James Alton James on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
JAMES, James Alton, American educator: b. Hazel Green, Wis., 17 Sept. 1864. He is a graduate of the State Normal School, Platteville, Wis., and the University of Wisconsin 1888, receiving his Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University in 1893. He was superintendent of schools in Darlington, Wis., 1888-90; professor of history in Cornell College, Iowa, 1893-97. Since 1897 he has occupied the chair of history in Northwestern University as head of the department, and is also the chairman of the graduate student work of the university. He is a member of several educational and historical societies. He is the author of (with
Allen Hart Stanford) ‘Government in State and Nation’ (1901); ‘Our Government’ (1903); ‘American History’ (1909); ‘Readings in American History’ (1914). He is the editor of the ‘History of Contemporary Civilization’ by Charles Seignobos (1909), and the George Rogers Clark Papers for the Illinois State Historical Society Papers (1912).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Jasper, William

Edition of 1920. See also William Jasper on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
JASPER, William, American soldier: b. South Carolina, about 1750; d. Savannah, Ga., 9 Oct. 1779. At the commencement of the Revolutionary War he enlisted in the 2d South Carolina regiment, in which he became a sergeant. Subsequently, in the attack upon Fort Moultrie by a British fleet, he distinguished himself by leaping through an embrasure to the ground, under a shower of cannon balls, and recovering the flag of South Carolina, which had been shot off. Governor Rutledge presented him with his own sword and offered him a lieutenant's commission; this, however, Jasper declined, saying: “I am not fit to keep officers' company; I am but a sergeant.” His commander gave him a roving commission to scour the country with a few men and surprise and capture the enemy's outposts. His achievements in this capacity seem to belong to romance rather than history and in boldness equal any recorded in the Revolutionary annals of the Southern States. Prominent among them was the rescue by himself and a single comrade of some American captives from a party of British soldiers, whom he overpowered and made prisoners. At the assault upon Savannah he received his death wound while fastening to the parapet the standard which had been presented to his regiment. His hold, however, never relaxed, and he bore the colors to a place of safety before he died. A county of Georgia and a square in Savannah have been named alter him. Consult McGrady, ‘South Carolina in the Revolution’ (1901).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Jasper

Edition of 1920. See also Jasper on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
JASPER, an impure quartz, less hard than flint or even than common quartz, but which gives fire with steel. It is entirely opaque, or sometimes feebly translucent at the edges, and presents almost every variety of color. It is found in metamorphic rocks and often occurs in very large masses. It admits of an elegant polish and is used for vases, seals, snuff-boxes, etc. There are several varieties, as red, brown, blackish, bluish, Egyptian. Ribbon or agate jasper is jasper in layers.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/James, Henry (theologian)

Edition of 1920. See also Henry James, Sr. on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
JAMES, Henry, American Swedenborgian theologian: b. Albany, N. Y., 3 June 1811; d. Cambridge, Mass., 18 Dec 1882. He was educated at Union College and Princeton Theological Seminary, traveled abroad and became a Sandemanian and later a Swedenborgian. He subsequently lived in New York, Newport, R. I., and lastly at Cambridge. Among the most noted of his works on morals and religion are ‘What is the State?’ (1845); ‘Moralism and Christianity’ (1852); ‘Lectures and Miscellanies’ (1852); ‘The Nature of Evil’ (1855); ‘Christianity the Logic of Creation’ (1857); ‘Substance and Shadow’ (1863); ‘The Secret of Swedenborg’ (1869). His ‘Literary Remains,’ edited by William James, appeared in 1885. He was the father of William and Henry James (qq.v.).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Jasper (Alabama)

Edition of 1920. See also Jasper, Alabama on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
JASPER, Ala., village and county-seat of Walker County, 35 miles northwest of Birmingham, on the Alabama Central, the Saint Louis and San Francisco, the Illinois Central and Northern Alabama railroads. It is situated in an important coal and cotton district. Pop. 2,509.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Jasper (Indiana)

Edition of 1920. See also Jasper, Indiana on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
JASPER, Ind., town, county-seat of Dubois County, on the Patoka River, and on a branch of the Louisville, Evansville and Saint Louis Railroad, about 47 miles northeast of Evansville. Jasper is situated in an agricultural region. The chief manufacturing establishments are saw-mills, lumbering and planing-mills, flour-mills, a furniture factory and a brickyard. Pop. 2,196.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Jasper Ware

Edition of 1920. See also Jasperware on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
JASPER WARE, a white terra cotta or porcelain bisque invented by Josiah Wedgwood and used for the delicate reliefs in his cameo ware. It is also used for jewelry settings and statuettes. See Wedgwood Ware.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/James, Jesse W.

Edition of 1920. See also Jesse James on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
JAMES, Jesse W., American outlaw: b. Clay County, Mo., 1847; shot to death, Saint Joseph, Mo., 3 April 1882. During the Civil War the family, sympathizing with the cause of the South, suffered greatly at the hands of their neighbors who favored the Union side. Jesse became a member of the guerilla band led by Quantrell and soon established a reputation for courage and daring second to none. At the end of the war he surrendered and returned to his home. In the following year, however, enemies of his family managed to have him declared an outlaw, and thereafter for 16 years he was hunted throughout the land, a price upon his head. His name became a household word throughout America during this long struggle with the authorities. Many romantic adventures and not a few crimes were ascribed to him. He was invariably successful in the exploits he undertook to replenish his stores of ammunition or food, usually effected by train or bank robberies. A reward of $10,000 for his capture dead or alive was offered by the Governor of Missouri, and James was betrayed by the Ford brothers, members of his own gang. Charles and Robert Ford surrendered themselves after shooting James, received the reward, and, strange to relate, were placed on trial and sentenced to death for murder. They were pardoned by the governor. Later in the same year another member of James' band, his brother Frank, surrendered, was in jail awaiting trial for over a year and finally released. He subsequently occupied a farm in the vicinity of Excelsior Springs, Mo., where he died, 18 Feb. 1915. It has been asserted that Jesse James desired to surrender if he could be given a fair trial. Jesse was far from the criminal desperado many have represented him to be. He was chivalrous to women, and during the long years of his struggle with the law committed no crime with the primary intention of taking human life, but was solely actuated by the motive of maintaining his status as a free man. Consult James, Jesse, Jr., ‘Jesse James, My Father’ (Independence, Mo., 1899).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/James, William (psychologist)

Edition of 1920. See also William James on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
JAMES, William, American psychologist and philosopher: b. New York, 11 Jan. 1842; d. Chocorua, N. H., 26 Aug. 1910. He was the son of Henry James, theologian, and brother of Henry James, novelist. He was educated in New York and abroad, studied in 1861-63 at the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard University, accompanied the Thayer expedition to Brazil in 1864-65, was graduated from the Harvard Medical School in 1870, in 1872 was appointed instructor in anatomy and physiology at the school, and in 1876 assistant professor of physiology. In 1885 he was appointed assistant professor of philosophy in the university, in 1889 professor of psychology, and subsequently professor of philosophy. He was Gifford lecturer on natural religion in the University of Edinburgh (1899-1901); Lowell Institute lecturer (1906); and Hibbert lecturer on the modern status of philosophy at Manchester College, Oxford (1909). His best-known work was done in the domain of analytical psychology, in which he won European recognition. His works are marked by a most readable style and skilful exposition of different topics,
notably “radical empiricism” and “pragmatism.” He was a founder of the American Society for Psychological Research in 1884, and published ‘Principles of Psychology’ (1890); and ‘Psychology, Briefer Course’ (1892), both popular textbooks; ‘The Will to Believe’ (1897); ‘Human Immortality’ (1898); ‘Talks to Teachers on Psychology’ (1899); ‘The Varieties of Religious Experience’ (1902); ‘Pragmatism’ (1907); ‘A Pluralistic Universe’ (1909); ‘The Meaning of Truth’ (1909); ‘Memories and Studies’ (1911); ‘Some Problems of Philosophy’ (1911); ‘Essays in Radical Empiricism’ (1912). Consult ‘Essays Philosophical and Psychological in Honor of William James, by his Colleagues at Columbia University’ (London 1908); Flournoy, Th., ‘The Philosophy of William James’ (New York 1917); Knox, H. V., ‘Philosophy of William James’ (London 1914); Royce, J., ‘William James, and Other Essays on the Philosophy of Life’ (New York 1911).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Past and Present

Edition of 1920. See also Past and Present (book) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
PAST AND PRESENT, a work by Thomas Carlyle, published in England in April 1843 and in May in the United States. It was written in seven weeks, as a respite from the harassing labor of writing ‘Cromwell.’ In 1842, the Camden Society had published the ‘Chronicles of the Abbey of Saint Edmund's Bury,’ written by Joceline de Brakelonde, at the close of the 12th century. This account of a mediæval monastery had taken Carlyle's fancy; and in ‘Past and Present’ he contrasts the England of his own day with the England of Joceline de Brakelonde.