OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Concise History of the U.S. Air Force

* related portals: United States Air Force.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
A Concise History
of the
U.S. Air Force
Stephen L. McFarland
Air Force History and Museums Program
1997
Except in a few instances, since World War II no American soldier or sailor has been attacked by enemy air power. Conversely, no enemy soldier or sailor has acted in combat without being attacked or at least threatened by American air power. Aviators have brought the air power to bear against enemies while denying them the same prerogative. This is the legacy of the U.S. Air Force, purchased at great cost in both human and material resources.
More often than not, aerial pioneers had to fight technological ignorance, bureaucratic opposition, public apathy, and disagreement over purpose. Every step in the evolution of air power led into new and untrodden territory, driven by humanitarian impulses; by the search for higher, faster, and farther flight; or by the conviction that the air way was the best way. Warriors have always coveted the high ground. If technology permitted them to reach it, men, women and an air force held and exploited it―from Thomas Selfridge, first among so many who gave that "last full measure of devotion"; to Women's Airforce Service Pilot Ann Baumgartner, who broke social barriers to become the first American woman to pilot a jet; to Benjamin Davis, who broke racial barriers to become the first African American to command a flying group; to Chuck Yeager, a one-time non-commissioned flight officer who was the first to exceed the speed of sound; to John Levitow, who earned the Medal of Honor by throwing himself over a live flare to save his gunship crew; to John Warden, who began a revolution in air power thought and strategy that was put to spectacular use in the Gulf War.
Industrialization has brought total war and air power has brought the means to overfly an enemy's defenses and attack its source of power directly. American have perceived air power from the start as a more efficient means of waging war and as a symbol of the nation's commitment to technology to master challenges, minimize casualties, and defeat adversaries.
Contents
| The Genesis of American Air Power | ​ | 1 |
| Trial and Error in World War I | ​ | 4 |
| Interwar Doctrine, Organization, and Technology | ​ | 11 |
| World War II‑Global Conflict | ​ | 21 |
| Air Power in the Nuclear Age | ​ | 40 |
| Limited War in Korea | ​ | 45 |
| The "New Look" Air Force | ​ | 51 |
| Flexible Response and Vietnam | ​ | 57 |
| The Cold War Concluded | ​ | 69 |
| Air Power Triumphant‑The Gulf War | ​ | 75 |
| The Future | ​ | 81 |
| Suggested Readings | ​ | 83 |
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Appendix A/36

[Sidenote: (23) The Apartment, XLIX, 15.]
    36. "The true believers are those only who believe in God and his Apostle and afterwards doubt not; and who (Jáhadoo) strive with their substance and their persons on the path of God. These are the sincere."
       Sale here translates Jáhadoo those "who employ their substance and their persons in the defence of God's true religions."
       Rodwell ... "Contend with their substance and their persons."
       Palmer ... "Fight strenuously with their wealth and persons."
See my observations under No. 17, para. 28.
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Appendix A/37

[Sidenote: (24) The Immunity, IX, 16.]
    37. "Think not that ye shall be forsaken and that God doth not yet know those among you who (Jáhadoo) do their utmost and take none for their intimate friends besides God and His Apostles and the faithful. But God is well apprised of your doings."
       Sale ... "Fought for his religion."
       Rodwell ... "Fought valiantly."
       Palmer ... "Fought strenuously."
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Appendix A/4

[Sidenote: The Classical tongue and Arabian poets.]
4. What is called the classical language of Arabia or the loghat, and is an authority for the genuineness of the Arabic terms and their significations, is the language which was spoken throughout the whole of the Peninsula previous to the appearance of Mohammad. After the death of Mohammad the language was rapidly corrupted by the introduction of foreign words. This was doubtless owing to the great extension of the Mohammadan power at this period. The classical poets are those who died before these great conquests were effected, and are the most reliable authorities for Arabic words and their significations, and they are called Jáhilí. Next to the classical poets are the post-classical, or "Mokhadrams", Islámi and Mowallads. Mokhadram is a poet who lived partly before and partly after Mohammad, and who did not embrace Islámism during the life of the Prophet. The Islámi poets are the Mohammadan poets of the first and second centuries of the Hejira, and Mowallads, the poets of the fourth rank, followed the Islámis. The earliest classical poets date only a century before the birth of Mohammad, and the latest, about a century after his death. The period of the Islámi poets is the first and second centuries,—i.e., those who lived after the first corruption of the Arabic language, but before the corruption had become extensive.
The Mowallads co-existed with the general and rapid corruption of the language from the beginning or middle of the second century.
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Appendix A/39

[Sidenote: (26) The Immunity, IX, 20.]
    39. "They who have believed and fled their homes and (Jáhadoo) toiled with their substance and with their persons on the path of God are of the highest degree with God, and these are they who shall enjoy felicity!"
       Sale ... "Employ their substance and their persons in the defence of God's true religion."
       Rodwell ... "And striven with their substance and with their persons in the path of God."
       Palmer ... "Been strenuous in the way of God with their wealth and their persons."
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Appendix A/41

[Sidenote: (28) Ibid, 41.]
    41. "March ye forth light and heavy and (Jáhidoo) toil with your substance and persons on the way of God. This, if ye knew it, will be best for you."
       Sale ... "Employ your substance and your persons for the advancement of God's true religion."
       Rodwell ... "Contend with your...."
       Palmer ... "Fight strenuously with your wealth and persons."
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Appendix A/42

[Sidenote: (29) The Immunity, IX, 44.]
    42. "They who believe in God and in the last day will not ask leave to be exempt from (Yojáhadoo) toiling with their substance and their persons. But God knoweth them that fear Him."
       Sale ... "Employ their substance and their persons for the advancement of God's true religion."
       Rodwell ... "Contending with their substance and persons."
       Palmer ... "Fighting strenuously."
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Appendix A/43

[Sidenote: (30) Ibid, 82.]
    43. "They who were left in their homes were delighted behind God's Apostle and were averse from (Yojáhidoo) exerting with their riches and their persons for the cause of God, and said, 'March not out in the heat.' Say, a fiercer heat will be the fire of hell! Would that they understood this."
       Sale ... "Employ their substance and their persons for the advancement of God's true religion."
       Rodwell ... "Contending with their riches and their persons."
       Palmer ... "Fighting strenuously with their wealth and their person."
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Appendix A/38

[Sidenote: (25) Ibid, 19.]
    38. "Do ye place the giving drink to the pilgrims and the visitation of the sacred temple on the same level with him who believeth in God and the last day, and (Jáhada) taketh pains in the way of God. They are not held equal by God, and God guideth not the unrighteous."
       Sale ... "Fighteth."
       Rodwell ... "Fighteth."
       Palmer ... "Is strenuous."
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Appendix A/40

[Sidenote: (27) Ibid, 24.]
    40. "Say, if your father and your sons and your brethren and your wives, and your kindred and wealth which ye have gained, and merchandise which ye fear may be unsold, and dwellings wherein ye may delight be dearer to you than God and His Apostle and (Jihádan) toiling in My cause, then wait until God shall Himself enter on His work; God guideth not the impious."
       Sale ... "Advancement of his religion."
       Rodwell ... "Efforts on his path."
       Palmer ... "Fighting strenuously."
# A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád'/Appendix A/44

[Sidenote: (31) Ibid, 87.]
    44. "Moreover when a Sura was sent down with 'Believe in God, and (Jáhidoo) toil in company with his Apostle,' those of them who are possessed of riches demanded exemption, and said, 'Allow us to be with those who sit at home.'"
       Sale ... "Go forth to war."
       Rodwell ... "Contend."
       Palmer ... "Fight strenuously."
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Rock-a-bye, baby, thy cradle is green

​LXV.
Rock-a-bye, baby, thy cradle is green, Father's a nobleman, mother's a queen. And Betty's a lady, and wears a gold ring, And Johnny's a drummer, and drums for the king.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/School Over

​LVIII. SCHOOL OVER
When our working school is done, To the fields we go, Walking in the grassy paths Skipping we go.
​Picking cooling buttercups, Many pretty flowers, Violets, forget-me-nots, Spend happy hours. Chase the bee and butterfly, Where the summer daisies lie.
Ofttimes up the hills we go, Gather pretty flowers, Bluebells and daffodils, Spending happy hours, See little streamlets dance, Down the hill-side, See the rocks the sunbeams glance, Whence they glide. Chase the bee and butterfly Where the summer daisies lie.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/See saw, Marjory Daw

​XXXI.
See saw, Marjory Daw, She sold her bed to lie upon straw, Was not she a nasty slut To sell her bed and lie in the dirt.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Rosy Apple

​IX. ROSY APPLE
Rosy apple, mellow pear, Bunch of roses she shall wear; Gold and silver by her side, She shall be my bonny bride.
Take her by the lily-white hand, Lead her over sea and land, Give her kisses, one, two, three, This shall be true love to me.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Rub-a-dub-dub

​XIII.
Rub-a-dub-dub, Three men in a tub. And who do you think they be? The butcher, the baker, The candlestick maker; Turn 'em out, they're knave's all three.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Shoe the colt

​XXXII.
Shoe the colt, Shoe the colt, Shoe the wild mare. But for the little foal, Let her run bare.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Rock-a-bye, baby, on the tree top

​V.
Rock-a-bye, baby, on the tree top, When the wind blows the cradle will rock, When the wind lulls, the cradle will fall, Down will come baby and cradle and all.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Ride a cock horse (2)

​XXXIV.
Ride a cock horse To Banbury Cross, To see what Tommy can buy. A white penny loaf, A white penny cake, And a twopenny apple pie.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Robin Redbreast and Jenny Wren

​XLVIII. ROBIN REDBREAST AND JENNY WREN
'Twas once upon a time When Jenny Wren was young, So daintily she danced And so prettily she sung; Robin Redbreast lost his heart, For he was a gallant bird; So he doffed his hat to Jenny Wren, Requesting to be heard.
'O dearest Jenny Wren, If you will but be mine, You shall feed on cherry-pie, You shall drink red currant wine; ​I'll dress you as a goldfinch, As any peacock gay; So dearest Jen if you'll be mine, Let us appoint the day.'
Jenny blushed behind her fan, And thus declared her mind: 'Since, dearest Bob, I love you, I take your offer kind; Cherry-pie is very nice, And so is currant wine; But I must wear my plain brown gown, And never go too fine.'
Robin Redbreast rose betimes, All at the break of day, He flew to Jenny Wren's house, And sang a roundelay. He sang of Robin Redbreast, And little Jenny Wren; And when he came unto the end, He then began again.
# A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Robin and Richard were two pretty men

​XII.
Robin and Richard were two pretty men, They lay in bed till the clock struck ten; Then up starts Robin and looks at the sky, O brother Richard, the sun is high! You go before with your bottle and bag, And I will come after on little Jack Nag.
# A Course in Miracles/Workbook for Students/Judgment and love are opposites

Lesson 352
Judgment and love are opposites.
From one come all the sorrows of the world.
But from the other comes the peace of God Himself.
Forgiveness looks on sinlessness alone, and judges not. Through this I come to You. Judgment will bind my eyes and make me blind. Yet love, reflected in forgiveness here, reminds me You have given me a way to find Your peace again. I am redeemed when I elect to follow in this way. You have not left me comfortless. I have within me both the memory of You, and One Who leads me to it. Father, I would hear Your Voice and find Your peace today. For I would love my own Identity, and find in It the memory of You.
# A Course in Miracles/Workbook for Students/Let me not bind Your Son with laws I made

Let me not bind Your Son with laws I made.
Your Son is free, my Father. Let me not imagine I have bound him with the laws I made to rule the body. He is not subject to any laws I made by which I try to make the body more secure. He is not changed by what is changeable. He is not slave to any laws of time. He is as You created him, because he knows no law except the law of love.
Let us not worship idols, nor believe in any law idolatry would make to hide the freedom of the Son of God. He is not bound except by his beliefs. Yet what he is, is far beyond his faith in slavery or freedom. He is free because he is his Father's Son. And he cannot be bound unless God's truth can lie, and God can will that He deceive Himself.
# A Course in Miracles/Workbook for Students/Let me forget my brother's past today

Let me forget my brother's past today.
This is the thought that leads the way to You, and brings me to my goal. I cannot come to You without my brother. And to know my Source, I first must recognize what You created one with me. My brother's is the hand that leads me on the way to You. His sins are in the past along with mine, and I am saved because the past is gone. Let me not cherish it within my heart, or I will lose the way to walk to You. My brother is my savior. Let me not attack the savior You have given me. But let me honor him who bears Your Name, and so remember that It is my own.
Forgive me, then, today. And you will know you have forgiven me if you behold your brother in the light of holiness. He cannot be less holy than can I, and you can not be holier than he.
# A Course in Miracles/Workbook for Students/Let all things be exactly as they are

Let all things be exactly as they are.
Let me not be Your critic, Lord, today, and judge against You. Let me not attempt to interfere with Your creation, and distort it into sickly forms. Let me be willing to withdraw my wishes from its unity, and thus to let it be as You created it. For thus will I be able, too, to recognize my Self as You created me. In love was I created, and in love will I remain forever. What can frighten me, when I let all things be exactly as they are?
Let not our sight be blasphemous today, nor let our ears attend to lying tongues. Only reality is free of pain. Only reality is free of loss. Only reality is wholly safe. And it is only this we seek today.
# A Course in Miracles/Workbook for Students/Let every voice but God's be still in me

Let every voice but God's be still in me.
Father, today I would but hear Your Voice. In deepest silence I would come to You, to hear Your Voice and to receive Your Word. I have no prayer but this: I come to You to ask You for the truth. And truth is but Your Will, which I would share with You today.
Today we let no ego thoughts direct our words or actions. When such thoughts occur, we quietly step back and look at them, and then we let them go. We do not want what they would bring with them. And so we do not choose to keep them. They are silent now. And in the stillness, hallowed by His Love, God speaks to us and tells us of our will, as we have chosen to remember Him.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chʽu
### Chʽu.
#### 徐$^{-1}$

    Leisurely; tardy; slow; steady; tranquil.

#### 蜍$^{-1}$

    A species of frog.

#### 除$^{-1}$

    The space inside the door but outside the screen; to remove, as disease, evil, &c., besides; to leave out.

#### 芻$^{-1}$蒭$^{-1}$

    Plants; grass: to cut grass.

#### 趨$^1$

    To go in haste.

#### 雛$^1$

    Young fowls; chickens.

#### 騶$^1$

    To run swiftly; fleet.

#### 鶵$^1$

    Name of a bird.

#### 取$^2$

    To take; receive; assume; to approve; to be sought after.

#### 娶$^2$

    To take a wife; to marry.

#### 處$^2$

    A place; dwelling; to dwell; to place; decide; award.

#### 厝$^{3-}$

    To place; to put; a large coarse stone.

#### 措$^{3-}$

    To place; arrange; employ; a place.

#### 趣$^{3-}$

    Celerity; quick; agreeableness; accommodating.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chʽua
### Chʽua.
#### 孠$^1$

    An heir; to inherit; to succeed. ​

#### 歪$^2$

    Aslant; distorted; depraved; incorrect.

#### 蔡$^{3-}$

    Plants or herbs; a proper name.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chʽit
### Chʽit.
#### 七$^{-4}$

    Seven.

#### 拭$^4$

    To dust; wipe; rub; cleanse.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chʽiu
### Chʽiu.
#### 囚$^{-1}$

    To confine; imprison; a prison; a prisoner.

#### 仇$^{-1}$

    To oppose; to return like for like; an enemy; a rival.

#### 售$^{-1}$

    To sell; pay for.

#### 雔$^{-1}$

    To wrangle; to hate; an enemy; hatred.

#### 犨$^{-1}$

    A white cow; a cow lowing.

#### 讐$^{-1}$

    To oppose; retaliate; hate; an enemy.

#### 酬$^{-1}$

    To return the pledge or compliment in drinking; to recompense.

#### 瘳$^1$

    Convalescent; sudden removal of disease.

#### 秋$^1$

    Autumn;

#### 揪$^1$

    To seize; grasp; gather in the hand.

#### 愀$^1$

    Disconsolate; to change the countenance.

#### 鞦$^1$

    A wheel to sit on and turn around; a Chinese amusement.

#### 鬚$^1$

    The beard.

#### 樹$^1$

    A tree.

#### 手$^2$

    The hand.

#### 醜$^2$

    Deformed; hateful; shame; to hate; abhor.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chʽo
### Chʽo.
#### 愁$^{-1}$

    Mournful; grieved.

#### 粗$^1$

    Coarse; vulgar; large.

#### 麤$^1$

    Same as the last; also to be afraid of and guard against. ​

#### 醋$^{3-}$

    Vinegar; sour wine.

#### 凑$^{3-}$

    Concurrence of circumstances; to collect and make up.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chʽong
### Chʽong.
#### 叢$^{-1}$欉$^{-1}$

    Crowded together; mixed assemblage; woody.

#### 崇$^{-1}$

    Lofty; honorable; noble; to honor.

#### 從$^{-1}$

    By; from; with; to follow. ​

#### 冲$^1$

    Delicate; young; same as the next.

#### 沖$^1$

    To agitate; shake; ascend; concord; deep; hollow.

#### 忡$^1$

    Sorrowful; grieved.

#### 充$^1$

    To fill; to carry to the utmost extent; sufficient; excellent; long; high.

#### 衷$^1$

    Just and right; sincerity; moral rectitude; the heart, the mind; the center; inner garments.

#### 聰$^1$

    Quickness of hearing and perception; discernment.

#### 怱$^1$

    Agitation; hurry.

#### 衝$^1$

    To excite; sudden motion; a parth; a war chariot.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chʽuan
### Chʽuan.
#### 全$^{-1}$

    Complete; entire; to finish.

#### 牷$^{-1}$

    A bullock without blemish for sacrifice.

#### 痊$^{-1}$

    To cure disease; convalescent; cured.

#### 筌$^{-1}$

    A bamboo instrument for catching fish.

#### 銓$^{-1}$

    To weigh; discriminate and select; to examine.

#### 川$^1$

    A stream; flowing; to flow.

#### 穿$^1$

    To bore through; perforate; to put on clothes.

#### 喘$^2$

    To pant; breathe short, as in asthma.

#### 竄$^{3-}$

    To run away and hide; pusilanimous; to seduce to vice.

#### 串$^{3-}$

    To connect as beads; to conspire; unite as accomplices.

#### 篡$^{3-}$

    To rebel and seize by violence; to usurp. ​

#### 爨$^{3-}$

    A furnace; fireplace; to eat.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chʽiàng
### Chʽiàng.
#### 腸$^{-1}$

    Intestines; bowels; the seat of the affections.

#### 嬙$^{-1}$

    Female officers in the dynasty of Han.

#### 長$^{-1}$

    Long in time or space; a senior; superior.

#### 萇$^{-1}$

    Name of a plant.

#### 昌$^1$

    Elegant; suitable; affluent; increasing.

#### 娼$^1$

    A prostitute.

#### 猖$^1$

    Wild and frightened; mad.

#### 菖$^1$

    A water plant; sedge.

#### 厰$^2$

    An open shed.

#### 氅$^2$

    A bird's wing; a garment made of feathers.

#### 倡$^{3-}$

    A showy person; singing girl; seducer; to accord with. ​

#### 唱$^{3-}$

    To recite; sing.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chʽok
### Chʽok.
#### 促$^4$

    Near; close; urgent.

#### 捉$^4$

    To seize; grasp.

#### 齪$^4$

    Gnashing or grinding of the teeth; embarassment.

#### 蹙$^4$

    Pressed upon; impelled; embarassed; anxious.

#### 噈$^4$

    To expel the voice or breath; to taste; to lick.

#### 蹴$^4$

    Pressed upon; embarassed; anxious.

#### 矗$^4$

    Upright; equal; equity; high.

#### 躅$^4$

    Footsteps; stamping with the foot.

#### 觸$^4$

    To gore; hit against; offend; oppose.

#### 戳$^4$

    To stamp with a seal; a seal; to stab.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Chʽuang
### Chʽuang.
#### 闖$^{3-}$

    To strike or hit against; to bolt out or in.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Scorzonera

See also Scorzonera hispanica on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SCORZONERA (Scorzonera hispanica), a hardy perennial, native to central and southern Europe, and cultivated in gardens as a vegetable for its fleshy cylindrical roots, which resemble those of salsafy except in being black outside. They should be treated in every respect like salsafy. The genus is a member of the natural order Compositae, and nearly allied to Tragopogon, to which salsafy belongs.