OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Ephod

* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
* J
* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
* Q
* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* W
* Y
* Z
* Gen
* Ex
* Lev
* Num
* Dt
* Jos
* Jdg
* Ru
* 1-2 Sam
* 1-2 Ki
* 1-2 Chr
* Ezra
* Neh
* Est
* Psm
* Prv
* Job
* Song
* Ecc
* Isa
* Jer
* Lam
* Ezek
* Dan
* Hos
* Joel
* Am
* Ob
* Jnh
* Mic
* Nah
* Habk
* Zeph
* Hag
* Zech
* Mal
* Mt
* Mk
* Lk
* Jn
* Act
* Rom
* 1Cor
* 2Cor
* Gal
* Eph
* Philp
* Col
* 1-2Thes
* 1Tim
* 2Tim
* Titus
* Phim
* Hebr
* Jam
* 1Pet
* 2Pet
* 1Jn
* 2Jn
* 3Jn
* Ju
* Rev
Ephod: something girt, a sacred vestment worn originally by the high priest (Exodus 28:4), afterwards by the ordinary priest (1 Samuel 22:18), and characteristic of his office (1 Samuel 2:18,28; 14:3). It was worn by Samuel, and also by David (2 Samuel 6:14). It was made of fine linen, and consisted of two pieces, which hung from the neck, and covered both the back and front, above the tunic and outer garment (Exodus 28:31). That of the high priest was embroidered with divers colours. The two pieces were joined together over the shoulders (hence in Latin called superhumerale) by clasps or buckles of gold or precious stones, and fastened round the waist by a "curious girdle of gold, blue, purple, and fine twined linen" (Exodus 28:6-12).
The breastplate, with the Urim and Thummim, was attached to the ephod.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Ephron

* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
* J
* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
* Q
* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* W
* Y
* Z
* Gen
* Ex
* Lev
* Num
* Dt
* Jos
* Jdg
* Ru
* 1-2 Sam
* 1-2 Ki
* 1-2 Chr
* Ezra
* Neh
* Est
* Psm
* Prv
* Job
* Song
* Ecc
* Isa
* Jer
* Lam
* Ezek
* Dan
* Hos
* Joel
* Am
* Ob
* Jnh
* Mic
* Nah
* Habk
* Zeph
* Hag
* Zech
* Mal
* Mt
* Mk
* Lk
* Jn
* Act
* Rom
* 1Cor
* 2Cor
* Gal
* Eph
* Philp
* Col
* 1-2Thes
* 1Tim
* 2Tim
* Titus
* Phim
* Hebr
* Jam
* 1Pet
* 2Pet
* 1Jn
* 2Jn
* 3Jn
* Ju
* Rev
Ephron – Fawn-like.
1. The son of Zohar a Hittite, the owner of the field and cave of Machpelah (q.v.), which Abraham bought for 400 shekels of silver Ge 23:8-17 25:9 49:29,30
2. A mountain range which formed one of the landmarks on the north boundary of the tribe of Judah Jos 15:9 probably the range on the west side of the Wady Beit-Hanina.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Red-water

Edition of 1802.
​Red-water: See Lamb; p. 59.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Reddle

Edition of 1802.
​REDDLE, Raddle, or Ruddle, a species of marle, found in various parts of Britain, particularly in the counties of Stafford and Derby.
This mineral is of a deep-red colour; and, on being handled, stains the fingers. It consists of clay and oxyd of iron; falls to powder in water; and, when heated in the fire, becomes black.
Reddle is used in the manufacture of colours; in the marking of sheep; and, we understand, has lately been employed in Staffordshire, with great advantage, as a manure.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Rennet

Edition of 1802.
​RENNET, or Runnet, properly denotes the coagulated milky substance which is found in the stomachs of calves, that have received no other nourishment than the maternal milk. It is, however, generally applied to signify the stomach itself, which possesses equal properties.
The rennet commonly employed, consists of the inner membrane of a calf's stomach, which is cleaned, salted, and suspended in paper bags. Previously to its use, the salt is extracted by washing the rennet, which is soaked in a little water during the night; and, in the morning, the infusion is poured into the milk, with a view to coagulate this fluid. As the preparation now stated, greatly contributes to the superior quality of English cheese, the proper management of it ought to be conducted with the strictest attention to cleanliness: the reader will, therefore, find a receipt for making an excellent rennet, in the article Cheese, vol. i. p. 497.
It sometimes happens, however, that no rennet, sufficiently good for curdling milk, can be procured: hence various plants have been advantageously substituted, and found to answer the same purpose. The principal of these are the flowers of the Cheese-rennet, or Yellow Ladies Bed-straw (Galium verum L.) used in England; and the Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.) in Spain. A strong infusion is made of the down of the latter vegetable in the evening; and, on the succeeding morning, half a pint is poured among fourteen gallons of new milk, which is thus effectually coagulated, and in consequence produces a delicious cheese.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Reed, the Mace

Edition of 1802.
​Reed, the Mace: SeeCat's-tail.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Ridges

Edition of 1802.
​RIDGES, in agriculture, are long but narrow tracts ot rising soil, that intervene between two furrows.
Ploughing in ridges, is chiefly practised on wet lands; in order that the water may discharge itself into the furrows, and be thence conveyed by means of drains, or ditches, into some brook or rivulet. If the soil be deep, such ridges should be narrow; but, in shallow situations, they should be made broader; and, as the best or richest mould is collected in the tops, or crowns, it will be advisable to manure the sides; which, being necessarily rendered poor, would otherwise produce indifferent crops. Thus, the ground will become nearly of equal fertility, so long as the ameliorating properties of the dung or compost remain.
Great attention, however, is requisite, in forming ridges where the land is on a considerable declivity; for if they be too steep, a heavy shower of rain would produce irreparable mischief. To obviate such accidents, they should, if practicable, be directed both north and south, so as to be on a gentle slope; and thus gradually to carry off the water. By such method, crops (the seed of which has been sown on the east and west sides) will be alike exposed to the enlivening rays of the sun, and consequently about the same time attain to maturity.—See also Furrow and Ploughing.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Red Lead

Edition of 1802.
​Red Lead: See Lead; p. 76.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Red Morocco

Edition of 1802.
​Red Morocco: See Pheasant's-eye.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Reed

Edition of 1802.
​REED, or Arundo, L. a genus of plants, comprising ten species; five being natives of Britain; of which the following are the principal, namely:
1. The arenaria (Calamagrostis arenaria of Dr. Withering) or Sea-Reed.—See Matweed.
2. The phragmites, or Common Reed, grows in rivers, lakes, ditches, and fenny or marshy situations, to the height of seven or eight feet: it is perennial, and flowers in the month of July.—This species is employed for covering cottages and barns; for which purpose it is superior to every other indigenous vegetable, being incomparably more neat and durable. By previously soaking the reeds in strong alum-water, such a roof may be rendered fire-proof. They are also manufactured into screens, for sheltering young plants from the cold winds; and may be usefully employed for cane-bottomed chairs. Farther, the Common Reed makes excellent weavers' combs, and is generally nailed across the frame of wood-work, to serve as the foundation for plastered walls, pillars, &c.—From the dried roots of this plant, a very nutritive flour is easily obtained, which may be converted into wholesome and palatable bread. Its panicles are used, in Sweden, to impart a green colour to wool.
3. The epigeios, (calamagrostis epigeios of Withering) or Wood Reed, is perennial, grows in shady ditches, and moist situations, where it flowers in July.—This herb abounds particularly in the Isle of Ely, and is called by the inhabitants of the fens, Maiden-Hair:—it is manufactured into hassocks, or thick mats, for churches.
4. The calamagrostis (lanceolata of Dr. Withering) Small or Hedge-Reed, is likewise ​perennial; grows in moist shady hedges, and meadows; where it flowers in the mouth of July. This species is remarkable for its beauty, and is an ornament to ditch-banks and hedges: it is rejected by cattle.—Prof. Pallas observes, that the panicles of the Small Reed, before the flower expands, impart a beautiful bright-green colour to wool, when boiled, with the addition of alum.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Regimen

Edition of 1802.
​Regimen, of Invalids: See Debility.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Refining

Edition of 1802.
​Refining: See Distilling.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Jacob's Well

* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
* J
* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
* Q
* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* W
* Y
* Z
* Gen
* Ex
* Lev
* Num
* Dt
* Jos
* Jdg
* Ru
* 1-2 Sam
* 1-2 Ki
* 1-2 Chr
* Ezra
* Neh
* Est
* Psm
* Prv
* Job
* Song
* Ecc
* Isa
* Jer
* Lam
* Ezek
* Dan
* Hos
* Joel
* Am
* Ob
* Jnh
* Mic
* Nah
* Habk
* Zeph
* Hag
* Zech
* Mal
* Mt
* Mk
* Lk
* Jn
* Act
* Rom
* 1Cor
* 2Cor
* Gal
* Eph
* Philp
* Col
* 1-2Thes
* 1Tim
* 2Tim
* Titus
* Phim
* Hebr
* Jam
* 1Pet
* 2Pet
* 1Jn
* 2Jn
* 3Jn
* Ju
* Rev
Jacob's Well (John 4:5, 6). This is one of the few sites in Palestine about which there is no dispute. It was dug by Jacob, and hence its name, in the "parcel of ground" which he purchased from the sons of Hamor (Gen. 33:19). It still exists, but although after copious rains it contains a little water, it is now usually quite dry. It is at the entrance to the valley between Ebal and Gerizim, about 2 miles south-east of Shechem. It is about 9 feet in diameter and about 75 feet in depth, though in ancient times it was no doubt much deeper, probably twice as deep. The digging of such a well must have been a very laborious and costly undertaking.
"Unfortunately, the well of Jacob has not escaped that misplaced religious veneration which cannot be satisfied with leaving the object of it as it is, but must build over it a shrine to protect and make it sacred. A series of buildings of various styles, and of different ages, have cumbered the ground, choked up the well, and disfigured the natural beauty and simplicity of the spot. At present the rubbish in the well has been cleared out; but there is still a domed structure over it, and you gaze down the shaft cut in the living rock and see at a depth of 70 feet the surface of the water glimmering with a pale blue light in the darkness, while you notice how the limestone blocks that form its curb have been worn smooth, or else furrowed by the ropes of centuries" (Hugh Macmillan).
At the entrance of the enclosure round the well is planted in the ground one of the wooden poles that hold the telegraph wires between Jerusalem and Haifa.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Jehoiakim

* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
* J
* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
* Q
* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* W
* Y
* Z
* Gen
* Ex
* Lev
* Num
* Dt
* Jos
* Jdg
* Ru
* 1-2 Sam
* 1-2 Ki
* 1-2 Chr
* Ezra
* Neh
* Est
* Psm
* Prv
* Job
* Song
* Ecc
* Isa
* Jer
* Lam
* Ezek
* Dan
* Hos
* Joel
* Am
* Ob
* Jnh
* Mic
* Nah
* Habk
* Zeph
* Hag
* Zech
* Mal
* Mt
* Mk
* Lk
* Jn
* Act
* Rom
* 1Cor
* 2Cor
* Gal
* Eph
* Philp
* Col
* 1-2Thes
* 1Tim
* 2Tim
* Titus
* Phim
* Hebr
* Jam
* 1Pet
* 2Pet
* 1Jn
* 2Jn
* 3Jn
* Ju
* Rev
Jehoiakim He whom Jehovah has set up, the second son of Josiah, and eighteenth king of Judah, which he ruled over for eleven years (B.C. 610-599). His original name was Eliakim (q.v.).
On the death of his father his younger brother Jehoahaz (=Shallum, Jer. 22:11), who favoured the Chaldeans against the Egyptians, was made king by the people; but the king of Egypt, Pharaoh-necho, invaded the land and deposed Jehoahaz (2 Kings 23:33, 34; Jer. 22:10-12), setting Eliakim on the throne in his stead, and changing his name to Jehoiakim.
After this the king of Egypt took no part in Jewish politics, having been defeated by the Chaldeans at Carchemish (2 Kings 24:7; Jer. 46:2). Palestine was now invaded and conquered by Nebuchadnezzar. Jehoiakim was taken prisoner and carried captive to Babylon (2 Chr. 36:6, 7). It was at this time that Daniel also and his three companions were taken captive to Babylon (Dan. 1:1, 2).
Nebuchadnezzar reinstated Jehoiakim on his throne, but treated him as a vassal king. In the year after this, Jeremiah caused his prophecies to be read by Baruch in the court of the temple. Jehoiakim, hearing of this, had them also read in the royal palace before himself. The words displeased him, and taking the roll from the hands of Baruch he cut it in pieces and threw it into the fire (Jer. 36:23). During his disastrous reign there was a return to the old idolatry and corruption of the days of Manasseh.
After three years of subjection to Babylon, Jehoiakim withheld his tribute and threw off the yoke (2 Kings 24:1), hoping to make himself independent. Nebuchadnezzar sent bands of Chaldeans, Syrians, and Ammonites (2 Kings 24:2) to chastise his rebellious vassal. They cruelly harassed the whole country (comp. Jer. 49:1-6). The king came to a violent death, and his body having been thrown over the wall of Jerusalem, to convince the beseieging army that he was dead, after having been dragged away, was buried beyond the gates of Jerusalem "with the burial of an ass," B.C. 599 (Jer. 22:18, 19; 36:30). Nebuchadnezzar placed his son Jehoiachin on the throne, wishing still to retain the kingdom of Judah as tributary to him.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Jehovah

* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
* J
* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
* Q
* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* W
* Y
* Z
* Gen
* Ex
* Lev
* Num
* Dt
* Jos
* Jdg
* Ru
* 1-2 Sam
* 1-2 Ki
* 1-2 Chr
* Ezra
* Neh
* Est
* Psm
* Prv
* Job
* Song
* Ecc
* Isa
* Jer
* Lam
* Ezek
* Dan
* Hos
* Joel
* Am
* Ob
* Jnh
* Mic
* Nah
* Habk
* Zeph
* Hag
* Zech
* Mal
* Mt
* Mk
* Lk
* Jn
* Act
* Rom
* 1Cor
* 2Cor
* Gal
* Eph
* Philp
* Col
* 1-2Thes
* 1Tim
* 2Tim
* Titus
* Phim
* Hebr
* Jam
* 1Pet
* 2Pet
* 1Jn
* 2Jn
* 3Jn
* Ju
* Rev
Jehovah The special and significant name (not merely an appellative title such as Lord [adonai]) by which God revealed himself to the ancient Hebrews (Ex. 6:2, 3). This name, the Tetragrammaton of the Greeks, was held by the later Jews to be so sacred that it was never pronounced except by the high priest on the great Day of Atonement, when he entered into the most holy place. Whenever this name occurred in the sacred books they pronounced it, as they still do, "Adonai" (i.e., Lord), thus using another word in its stead. The Massorets gave to it the vowel-points appropriate to this word. This Jewish practice was founded on a false interpretation of Lev. 24:16. The meaning of the word appears from Ex. 3:14 to be "the unchanging, eternal, self-existent God," the "I am that I am," a convenant-keeping God. (Comp. Mal. 3:6; Hos. 12:5; Rev. 1:4, 8.)
The Hebrew name "Jehovah" is generally translated in the Authorized Version (and the Revised Version has not departed from this rule) by the word LORD printed in small capitals, to distinguish it from the rendering of the Hebrew Adonai and the Greek Kurios, which are also rendered Lord, but printed in the usual type. The Hebrew word is translated "Jehovah" only in Ex. 6:3; Ps. 83:18; Isa. 12:2; 26:4, and in the compound names mentioned below.
It is worthy of notice that this name is never used in the LXX., the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Apocrypha, or in the New Testament. It is found, however, on the "Moabite stone" (q.v.), and consequently it must have been in the days of Mesba so commonly pronounced by the Hebrews as to be familiar to their heathen neighbours.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/James

* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
* J
* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
* Q
* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* W
* Y
* Z
* Gen
* Ex
* Lev
* Num
* Dt
* Jos
* Jdg
* Ru
* 1-2 Sam
* 1-2 Ki
* 1-2 Chr
* Ezra
* Neh
* Est
* Psm
* Prv
* Job
* Song
* Ecc
* Isa
* Jer
* Lam
* Ezek
* Dan
* Hos
* Joel
* Am
* Ob
* Jnh
* Mic
* Nah
* Habk
* Zeph
* Hag
* Zech
* Mal
* Mt
* Mk
* Lk
* Jn
* Act
* Rom
* 1Cor
* 2Cor
* Gal
* Eph
* Philp
* Col
* 1-2Thes
* 1Tim
* 2Tim
* Titus
* Phim
* Hebr
* Jam
* 1Pet
* 2Pet
* 1Jn
* 2Jn
* 3Jn
* Ju
* Rev
James (1.) The son of Zebedee and Salome; an elder brother of John the apostle. He was one of the twelve. He was by trade a fisherman, in partnership with Peter (Matt. 20:20; 27:56). With John and Peter he was present at the transfiguration (Matt. 17:1; Mark 9:2), at the raising of Jairus's daughter (Mark 5:37-43), and in the garden with our Lord (14:33). Because, probably, of their boldness and energy, he and John were called Boanerges, i.e., "sons of thunder." He was the first martyr among the apostles, having been beheaded by King Herod Agrippa (Acts 12:1, 2), A.D. 44. (Comp. Matt. 4:21; 20:20-23).
(2.) The son of Alphaeus, or Cleopas, "the brother" or near kinsman or cousin of our Lord (Gal. 1:18, 19), called James "the Less," or "the Little," probably because he was of low stature. He is mentioned along with the other apostles (Matt. 10:3; Mark 3:18; Luke 6:15). He had a separate interview with our Lord after his resurrection (1 Cor. 15:7), and is mentioned as one of the apostles of the circumcision (Acts 1:13). He appears to have occupied the position of head of the Church at Jerusalem, where he presided at the council held to consider the case of the Gentiles (Acts 12:17; 15:13-29: 21:18-24). This James was the author of the epistle which bears his name.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Jared

* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
* J
* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
* Q
* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* W
* Y
* Z
* Gen
* Ex
* Lev
* Num
* Dt
* Jos
* Jdg
* Ru
* 1-2 Sam
* 1-2 Ki
* 1-2 Chr
* Ezra
* Neh
* Est
* Psm
* Prv
* Job
* Song
* Ecc
* Isa
* Jer
* Lam
* Ezek
* Dan
* Hos
* Joel
* Am
* Ob
* Jnh
* Mic
* Nah
* Habk
* Zeph
* Hag
* Zech
* Mal
* Mt
* Mk
* Lk
* Jn
* Act
* Rom
* 1Cor
* 2Cor
* Gal
* Eph
* Philp
* Col
* 1-2Thes
* 1Tim
* 2Tim
* Titus
* Phim
* Hebr
* Jam
* 1Pet
* 2Pet
* 1Jn
* 2Jn
* 3Jn
* Ju
* Rev
Jared: descent.

### Descendant of Seth

The fourth antediluvian patriarch in descent from Seth (Genesis 5:15-20; Luke 3:37), the father of Enoch; called Jered in 1 Chronicles 1:2.

### Son of Ezra

A son of Ezra probably (1 Chronicles 4:18).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Jehoash

* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
* J
* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
* Q
* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* W
* Y
* Z
* Gen
* Ex
* Lev
* Num
* Dt
* Jos
* Jdg
* Ru
* 1-2 Sam
* 1-2 Ki
* 1-2 Chr
* Ezra
* Neh
* Est
* Psm
* Prv
* Job
* Song
* Ecc
* Isa
* Jer
* Lam
* Ezek
* Dan
* Hos
* Joel
* Am
* Ob
* Jnh
* Mic
* Nah
* Habk
* Zeph
* Hag
* Zech
* Mal
* Mt
* Mk
* Lk
* Jn
* Act
* Rom
* 1Cor
* 2Cor
* Gal
* Eph
* Philp
* Col
* 1-2Thes
* 1Tim
* 2Tim
* Titus
* Phim
* Hebr
* Jam
* 1Pet
* 2Pet
* 1Jn
* 2Jn
* 3Jn
* Ju
* Rev
Jehoash Jehovah-given. (1.) The son of King Ahaziah. While yet an infant, he was saved from the general massacre of the family by his aunt Jehosheba, and was apparently the only surviving descendant of Solomon (2 Chr. 21:4, 17). His uncle, the high priest Jehoiada, brought him forth to public notice when he was eight years of age, and crowned and anointed him king of Judah with the usual ceremonies. Athaliah was taken by surprise when she heard the shout of the people, "Long live the king;" and when she appeared in the temple, Jehoiada commanded her to be led forth to death (2 Kings 11:13-20). While the high priest lived, Jehoash favoured the worship of God and observed the law; but on his death he fell away into evil courses, and the land was defiled with idolatry. Zechariah, the son and successor of the high priest, was put to death. These evil deeds brought down on the land the judgement of God, and it was oppressed by the Syrian invaders. He is one of the three kings omitted by Matthew (1:8) in the genealogy of Christ, the other two being Ahaziah and Amaziah. He was buried in the city of David (2 Kings 12:21). (See [312]JOASH [4].)
(2.) The son and successor of Jehoahaz, king of Israel (2 Kings 14:1; comp. 12:1; 13:10). When he ascended the throne the kingdom was suffering from the invasion of the Syrians. Hazael "was cutting Israel short." He tolerated the worship of the golden calves, yet seems to have manifested a character of sincere devotion to the God of his fathers. He held the prophet Elisha in honour, and wept by his bedside when he was dying, addressing him in the words Elisha himself had used when Elijah was carried up into heaven: "O my father, my father, the chariot of Israel and the horsemen thereof." He was afterwards involved in war with Amaziah, the king of Judah (2 Chr. 25:23-24), whom he utterly defeated at Beth-shemesh, on the borders of Dan and Philistia, and advancing on Jerusalem, broke down a portion of the wall, and carried away the treasures of the temple and the palace. He soon after died (B.C. 825), and was buried in Samaria (2 Kings 14:1-17, 19, 20). He was succeeded by his son. (See [313]JOASH [5.].)
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Jehoshaphat, Valley of

* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
* J
* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
* Q
* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* W
* Y
* Z
* Gen
* Ex
* Lev
* Num
* Dt
* Jos
* Jdg
* Ru
* 1-2 Sam
* 1-2 Ki
* 1-2 Chr
* Ezra
* Neh
* Est
* Psm
* Prv
* Job
* Song
* Ecc
* Isa
* Jer
* Lam
* Ezek
* Dan
* Hos
* Joel
* Am
* Ob
* Jnh
* Mic
* Nah
* Habk
* Zeph
* Hag
* Zech
* Mal
* Mt
* Mk
* Lk
* Jn
* Act
* Rom
* 1Cor
* 2Cor
* Gal
* Eph
* Philp
* Col
* 1-2Thes
* 1Tim
* 2Tim
* Titus
* Phim
* Hebr
* Jam
* 1Pet
* 2Pet
* 1Jn
* 2Jn
* 3Jn
* Ju
* Rev
Jehoshaphat, Valley of Mentioned in Scripture only in Joel 3:2, 12. This is the name given in modern times to the valley between Jerusalem and the Mount of Olives, and the Kidron flows through it. Here Jehoshaphat overthrew the confederated enemies of Israel (Ps. 83:6-8); and in this valley also God was to overthrow the Tyrians, Zidonians, etc. (Joel 3:4, 19), with an utter overthrow. This has been fulfilled; but Joel speaks of the final conflict, when God would destroy all Jerusalem's enemies, of whom Tyre and Zidon, etc., were types. The "valley of Jehoshaphat" may therefore be simply regarded as a general term for the theatre of God's final judgments on the enemies of Israel.
This valley has from ancient times been used by the Jews as a burial-ground. It is all over paved with flat stones as tombstones, bearing on them Hebrew inscriptions.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/James, Epistle of

* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
* J
* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
* Q
* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* W
* Y
* Z
* Gen
* Ex
* Lev
* Num
* Dt
* Jos
* Jdg
* Ru
* 1-2 Sam
* 1-2 Ki
* 1-2 Chr
* Ezra
* Neh
* Est
* Psm
* Prv
* Job
* Song
* Ecc
* Isa
* Jer
* Lam
* Ezek
* Dan
* Hos
* Joel
* Am
* Ob
* Jnh
* Mic
* Nah
* Habk
* Zeph
* Hag
* Zech
* Mal
* Mt
* Mk
* Lk
* Jn
* Act
* Rom
* 1Cor
* 2Cor
* Gal
* Eph
* Philp
* Col
* 1-2Thes
* 1Tim
* 2Tim
* Titus
* Phim
* Hebr
* Jam
* 1Pet
* 2Pet
* 1Jn
* 2Jn
* 3Jn
* Ju
* Rev
James, Epistle of (1.) Author of, was James the Less, the Lord's brother, one of the twelve apostles. He was one of the three pillars of the Church (Gal. 2:9).
(2.) It was addressed to the Jews of the dispersion, "the twelve tribes scattered abroad."
(3.) The place and time of the writing of the epistle were Jerusalem, where James was residing, and, from internal evidence, the period between Paul's two imprisonments at Rome, probably about A.D. 62.
(4.) The object of the writer was to enforce the practical duties of the Christian life. "The Jewish vices against which he warns them are, formalism, which made the service of God consist in washings and outward ceremonies, whereas he reminds them (1:27) that it consists rather in active love and purity; fanaticism, which, under the cloak of religious zeal, was tearing Jerusalem in pieces (1:20); fatalism, which threw its sins on God (1:13); meanness, which crouched before the rich (2:2); falsehood, which had made words and oaths play-things (3:2-12); partisanship (3:14); evil speaking (4:11); boasting (4:16); oppression (5:4). The great lesson which he teaches them as Christians is patience, patience in trial (1:2), patience in good works (1:22-25), patience under provocation (3:17), patience under oppression (5:7), patience under persecution (5:10); and the ground of their patience is that the coming of the Lord draweth nigh, which is to right all wrong (5:8)."
"Justification by works," which James contends for, is justification before man, the justification of our profession of faith by a consistent life. Paul contends for the doctrine of "justification by faith;" but that is justification before God, a being regarded and accepted as just by virtue of the righteousness of Christ, which is received by faith.