OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Swithin

From volume 14 of the work.
(SWITHUN).
Bishop of Winchester; died 2 July, 862.
Very little is known of this saint's life, for his biographers constructed their "Lives" long after his death and there is hardly any mention of him in contemporary documents. Swithin was one of the two trusted counsellors of Egbert, King of the West Saxons (d. 839), helping him in ecclesiastical matters, while Ealstan of Sherborne was his chief advisor He probably entrusted Swithin with the education of his son Ethelwulf and caused the saint to be elected to the Bishopric of Winchester in succession to Helmstan. His consecration by Ceolnoth, Archbishop of Canterbury, seems to have taken place on 30 October, 852. On his deathbed Swithin begged that he should be buried outside the north wall of his cathedral where passers-by should pass over his grave and raindrops from the eaves drop upon it.
More than a century later (931) his body was translated with great pomp to a shrine within the new church erected by Bishop Ethelwulf (d. 984). A number of miraculous cures took place and Swithin was canonized by popular acclamation. In 1093 his remains were again translated to the new church built by Bishop Walkelin. The shrine was destroyed and the relics scattered in 1538.
It has often been said that the saint was a Benedictine monk and even Prior of Winchester but there is no evidence for this statement. From the first translation of his relics in 984 till the destruction of the shrine St. Swithin was the patron of Winchester Cathedral. He is best known from the popular superstition attached to his name and expressed in the following rhyme:
   St. Swithin's day if thou dost rain
   For forty days it will remain
   St. Swithin's day if thou be fair
   For forty days 'twill rain nae mair.
There have been many attempts to explain the origin of this belief, but none have proved generally satisfactory. A similar belief attaches in France to 8 June, the feast of Sts. Gervasius and Protasius, and to other feasts in different countries (see Notes and Queries, 1885, XII, 137, 253). St. Swithin's feast is kept on 15 July, the date of his first translation, and is retained in the Anglican Calendar. The materials for the saint's life will be found in Acta SS., July, I, 321 sqq. See also POTTHAST, Wegweiser, 1588; HUNT in Dict. Nat. Biog., s.v. Swithun; HARDY, Descriptive Catalogue, I (1862), ii, 513 sqq.
Raymund Webster.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Suitbert

From volume 14 of the work.
(Suidbert [or Swithbert]).
Apostle of the Frisians, b. in England in the seventh century; d. at Suitberts-Insel, now Kaiserswerth, near Dusseldorf, 1 March, 713. He studied in Ireland, at Rathmelsigi, Connacht, along with St. Egbert (q. v.). The latter, filled with zeal for the conversion of the Germans, had sent St. Wihtberht, or Wigbert, to evangelize the Frisians, but owing to the opposition of the pagan ruler, Rathbod, Wihtberht was unsuccessful and returned to England. Egbert then sent St. Willibrord and his twelve companions, among whom was St. Suitbert. They landed near the mouth of the Rhine and journeyed to Utrecht, which became their headquarters. The new missionaries worked with great success under the protection of Pepin of Heristal, who, having recently conquered a portion of Frisia, compelled Rathbod to cease harassing the Christians. Suitbert laboured chiefly in North Brabant, Guelderland, and Cleves. After some years he went back to England, and in 693 was consecrated in Mercia as a missionary bishop by St. Wilfrid of York. He returned to Frisia and fixed his see at Wijkbij Duurstede on a branch of the Rhine. A little later, entrusting his flock of converts to St. Willibrord, he proceeded north of the Rhine and the Lippe, among the Bructeri, or Boructuari, in the district of Berg, Westphalia. This mission bore great fruit at first, but was eventually a failure owing to the inroads of the pagan Saxons; when the latter had conquered the territory, Suitbert withdrew to a small island in the Rhine, six miles from Dusseldorf, granted to him by Pepin of Heristal, where he built a monastery and ended his days in peace. His relics were rediscovered in 1626 at Kaiserwerth and are still venerated there. St. Suitbert of Kaiserwerdt is to be distinguished from a holy abbot, Suitbert, who lived in a monastery near the River Dacore, Cumberland, England, about forty years later, and is mentioned by Venerable Bede.
[Note: Suitbert or Swithbert is popularly invoked as the patron saint of those who suffer from angina.]
BOUTERWEK, Swidbert, der Apostel des bergischen Landes (Eberfeld, 1859); HOOF in Anal. bollandiana, VI (1887), 73-6; SURIUS, Vitae sanctorum, III (1613), 3-16; BEDE, Hist. eccl., V, xi; Acta SS., I March, 67-85; BUTLER, Lives of the Saints.
A. A. MacErlean.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Sylvester Gozzolini

From volume 14 of the work.
Founder of the Sylvestrines, b. of the noble family of the Gozzolini at Osimo, 1177; d. 26 Nov., 1267. He was sent to study jurisprudence at Bologna and Padua, but, feeling within himself a call to the ecclesiastical state, abandoned the study of law for that of theology and Holy Scripture, giving long hours daily to prayer. On his return home we are told that his father, angered at his change of purpose, refused to speak to him for ten years. Sylvester now accepted a canonry at Osimo and devoted himself to pastoral work with such zeal as to arouse the hostility of his bishop, whom he had respectfully rebuked for the scandals caused by the prelate's irregular life. The saint was threatened with the loss of his canonry, but decided to leave the world on seeing the decaying corpse of one who had formerly been noted for great beauty. In 1227 he retired to a desert place about thirty miles from Osimo and lived there in the utmost poverty until he was recognized by the owner of the land, a certain nobleman named Conrad, who offered him a better site for his hermitage. From this spot he was driven by damp and next established himself at Grotta Fucile, where he eventually built a monastery of his order. In this place his penances were most severe, for he lived on raw herbs and water and slept on the bare ground. Disciples flocked to him seeking his direction, and it became necessary to choose a rule. According to the legend the various founders appeared to him in a vision, each begging him to adopt his rule. St. Sylvester chose for his followers that of St. Benedict and built his first monastery on Monte Fano, where, like another St. Benedict, he had first to destroy the remains of a pagan temple. In 1247 he obtained from Innocent IV, at Lyons, a bull confirming his order, and before his death founded a number of monasteries. An account of his miracles and of the growth of his cultus will be found in Bolzonetti. His body was disinterred and placed in a shrine (1275-85) and is still honoured in the church of Monte Fano. Clement IV first recognized the title of blessed popularly bestowed on Sylvester, who was inscribed as a saint in the Roman Martyrology by order of Clement VIII (1598). His office and Mass were extended to the Universal Church by Leo XIII. His feast is kept on 26 November.
BOLZONETTI, Il Monte Fano e un Grande Anacoreta (Rome, 1906); FABRINUS, De Vita. . .b. Sylvestri (Venice, 1599).
Raymund Webster.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Stanislaus of Cracow

From volume 14 of the work.
Bishop and martyr, born at Szczepanów (hence called Szczepanowski), in the Diocese of Cracow, 26 July, 1030; died at Cracow, 8 May, 1079; feast on May 7 in Roman Martyrology, but on 8 May in Cracow, which has a special feast of the translation of his relics on 27 September; patron of Poland and the city and Diocese of Cracow; invoked in battle. In pictures he is given the episcopal insignia and the sword. Larger paintings represent him in a court or kneeling before the altar and receiving the fatal blow. No contemporary biography of the saint is in existence. At the time of his canonization a life appeared written by a Dominican Vincent(?) (Acta SS.,May, II, 196) which contains much legendary matter. His parents, Belislaus and Bogna, pious and noble Catholics, gave him a religious education. He made his studies at Gnesen and Paris(?). After the death of his parents he distributed his ample inheritance among the poor. Lambert Zula, Bishop of Cracow, ordained him priest and made him pastor of Czembocz near Cracow, canon and preacher at the cathedral, and later, vicar-general. After the death of Lambert he was elected bishop, but accepted only on explicit command of Pope Alexander II. He worked with his wonted energy for his diocese, and inveighed against vices among high and low, regardless of consequences. Boleslaw II had become King of Poland. the renown he had gained by his successful wars he now sullied by atrocious cruelty and unbridled lust. Moreover the bishop had several serious disputes with the king about a piece of land belonging to the Church which was unjustly claimed by Boleslaw, and about some nobles, who had left their homes to ward off various evils threatening their families and who were in consequence cruelly treated by the king. Stanislaus spared neither tears nor prayers and admonitions to bring the king to lead a more Christian life. All being in vain, Boleslaw was excommunicated and the canons of the cathedral were instructed to discontinue the Divine Offices in case the king should attempt to enter. Stanislaus retired to the Chapel of St. Michael in a suburb of Cracow. The king was furious and followed the bishop with his guards, some of whom he sent to kill the saint. These dared not obey, so Boleslaw slew him during the Holy Sacrifice. The body was at first buried in the chapel, but in 1088 it was transferred to the cathedral by Bishop Lambert II. St. Stanislaus was canonized 1253 by Innocent IV at Assisi.
FRANCIS MERSHMAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Stephen Harding

From volume 14 of the work.
Confessor, the third Abbot of Cîteaux, was born at Sherborne in Dorsetshire, England, about the middle of the eleventh century; died 28 March, 1134. He received his early education in the monastery of Sherborne and afterwards studied in Paris and Rome. On returning from the latter city he stopped at the monastery of Molesme and, being much impressed by the holiness of St. Robert, the abbot, joined that community. Here he practised great austerities, became one of St. Robert's chief supporters and was one of the band of twenty-one monks who, by authority of Hugh, Archbishop of Lyons, retired to Cïteaux to institute a reform in the new foundation there. When St. Robert was recalled to Molesme (1099), Stephen became prior of Cïteaux under Alberic, the new abbot. On Alberic's death (1110) Stephen, who was absent from the monastery at the time, was elected abbot. The number of monks was now very reduced, as no new members had come to fill the places of those who had died. Stephen, however, insisted on retaining the strict observance originally instituted and, having offended the Duke of Burgundy, Cïteau'sx great patron, by forbidding him or his family to enter the cloister, was even forced to beg alms from door to door. It seemed as if the foundation were doomed to die out when (1112) St. Bernard with thirty companions joined the community. This proved the beginning of extraordinary prosperity. The next year Stephen founded his first colony at La Ferté, and before is death he had established thirteen monasteries in all. His powers as an organizer were exceptional, he instituted the system of general chapters and regular visitations and, to ensure uniformity in all his foundations, drew up the famous "Charter of Charity" or collection of statues for the government of all monasteries united to Cïteaux, which was approved by Pope Callistus II in 1119 (see CISTERCIANS). In 1133 Stephen, being now old, infirm, and almost blind, resigned the post of abbot, designating as his successor Robert de Monte, who was accordingly elected by the monks. The saint's choice, however, proved unfortunate and the new abbot only held office for two years.
Stephen was buried in the tomb of Alberic, his predecessor, in the cloister of Cîteaux. In the Roman calendar his feast is 17 April, but the Cistercians themselves keep it on 15 July, with an octave, regarding him as the true founder of the order. Besides the "Carta Caritatis" he is commonly credited with the authorship of the "Exordium Cisterciencis cenobii", which however may not be his. Two of his sermons are preserved and also two letters (Nos. 45 and 49) in the "Epp. S. Bernardi".
G. ROGER HUDLESTON
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Eads, James Buchanan

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
EADS, JAMES BUCHANAN, an American engineer; born in Lawrenceburg, Ind., May 23, 1820. He early designed some useful boats for raising sunken steamers, and in 1861, when called to advise the National Government, constructed within 100 days eight ironclad steamers for use on the Mississippi and its tributaries. He afterward built a number of other ironclads and mortar-boats. His steel arch bridge (1867-1874) across the Mississippi at St. Louis, with its central arch embracing a clear span of 520 feet, ranks deservedly among the notable bridges of the world; his works for improving the South Pass of the Mississippi delta were successfully completed in 1875-1879; and his great plan for deepening the river as far as the mouth of the Ohio by means of jetties, has been demonstrated to be entirely practicable. In 1884 he received the Albert Medal of the Society of Arts, being the first American citizen so honored. He died in Nassau, New Providence, March 8, 1887.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ebenezer

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
EBENEZER (stone of help) , a monument raised by Samuel after his victory over the Philistines, was assumed by early Christian hermits to be at a place now called Deiraban, near the W. border of Judah; but the site is not really known.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Du Lhut, Daniel Greysolon

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
DU LHUT (dü löt), DANIEL GREYSOLON, an American pioneer; born in France about 1645; went to Canada about 1670, and became a trader and a leader of bushrangers. He chose the sites of Detroit and Fort William, fought in the Canadian war with the Senecas in 1687, and against the Iroquois in 1689, and was commander of Fort Frontenac in 1695. The city of Duluth is named after him.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ebert, Friedrich

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
EBERT, FRIEDRICH, President of the German Republic. During his youth he worked first as a harness maker and then as a tailor. He made sufficient money by these trades to purchase a printing establishment in Bremen,
where he also wrote for the Socialist papers. In 1908 he became a member of the Reichstag, elected there by the Social Democrats. His service as a member of that body was featured by his criticisms of the military budgets and
by his conservatism in restraining revolutionary methods. When the war of 1914 came, he with the majority of his party, supported the Government, and even defended the unlimited submarine warfare. In 1916 he was chosen leader of the Socialist group in the Reichstag called the Majority Socialists, as distinguished from the Minority Socialists who opposed the war. He was officially chosen as the national head of the Majority Socialists at the Congress of that party which was held in Würzburg in 1917. Although supporting the Government, Ebert and his group did not fail to criticize it severely and on July 19, 1917, they sponsored the resolution of the Reichstag declaring for peace without annexations and indemnities. Ebert was one of the few prominent Germans who before November, 1918, realized the imminent defeat of the German arms. As early as July of that year he had demanded that the war cease. It was this foresight which caused Prince Max, the Imperial German Chancellor, to turn over his office to him, and when after a few days the office was suppressed, Ebert remained as the directing head of the Government in Berlin. The Independent Socialists and the Communists refused, however, to support his government and during 1919 Berlin and many other German cities were the scenes of considerable street fighting. Ebert's government succeeded in quelling the revolt and also in securing the election of a National Assembly to form a constitution for Germany. In March of 1919 he was elected by that body President of the German Republic. Hardly had the Assembly adjourned when the new Government was overthrown in 1920 by a coup d'état engineered by some ex-army officers. Ebert and the other members of his government escaped from Berlin and succeeded in calling a general strike which in a few days compelled the militarists to capitulate. Ebert and the Republican Government resumed sway in Berlin.
FRIEDRICH EBERT
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Eddy, Mary Baker Glover

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
EDDY, MARY BAKER GLOVER, an American reformer; born in Bow, N. H.; received a public school education, and was connected with the Congregational Church till 1866, when she discovered what are known as the principles of Christian Science. In 1867 she began to
teach them, and in 1879 founded the Church of Christ (Christian Scientist) in Boston, Mass. In 1881 she was ordained to the ministry; in the same year established the Massachusetts Metaphysical College in Boston; and in 1883 started the “Christian Science Journal.” She is the author of “Science and Health, With Key to the Scriptures” (the Christian Science text-book); and numerous other works. She died Dec. 3, 1910. See Christian Science.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Dresden, Battle of

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
DRESDEN, BATTLE OF, a battle fought in 1813 between the French under Napoleon and the allies under Schwarzenberg. Napoleon had come to the relief of the city, which was occupied by the French. The allies assaulted and bombarded the city, and soon after a great pitched battle was fought (Aug. 27), in which the allies were defeated.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Dresden China

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
DRESDEN CHINA, a delicate, semi-transparent, highly-finished china made at Meissen, near Dresden. The manufacture resulted from an accidental discovery made by Böttger, a young chemist, in 1710.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Drown, Thomas Messinger

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
DROWN, THOMAS MESSINGER, an American scientist; born in Philadelphia, March 19, 1842. He was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1862, studying later at Yale, Harvard, and Heidelberg. He was Professor of Chemistry at Lafayette College, 1874-81; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1885-95; was president of Lehigh University, 1895-1904. He died Nov. 16, 1904.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Duluth

* related portals: Minnesota.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, travel guide, Wikidata item.
Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
DULUTH, a city, port of entry, and county-seat of St. Louis co., Minn.; at the head of Lake Superior and the mouth of the St. Louis river. It is the terminus of several important railway systems, including the Northern Pacific, the Chicago and Northwestern, and the Great Northern. It has a splendid harbor on St. Louis bay, extending nine miles into the lake and inclosed by natural breakwaters.
The public buildings are noticeable for their beauty and costliness. The Federal buildings are among the finest in the West. Other notable structures are the High School, City Hall, Chamber of Commerce, Lyceum Theater, Public Library, State Normal School, U. S. Fisheries buildings. Besides these there are over 60 churches, many of which are very ornate in construction and equipment.
The port is connected by steamer lines with all important points on the Great Lakes, and has a very large commerce in coal, iron, grain, and lumber. Trade is greatly facilitated by the Sault Ste. Marie canal, whose traffic now exceeds that of the Suez canal. The imports in the fiscal year 1920 amounted to $17,082,468 and the exports to $34,360,373.
Although pre-eminently a commercial city, Duluth has important manufactures. The principal articles of manufacture were lumber, iron and steel. Other important industrial plants were blast furnaces, stove factories, and railroad car shops. There are valuable quarries of granite, trap, slate, and sandstone near by, and the fisheries of the vicinity are quite important.
In 1919 Duluth had 4 National banks with a capital of $500,000, and several State and private banks, besides a considerable number of loan and trust companies, and building and loan associations.
History.—In May, 1869, the site of the
city was a forest; the old Duluth, at that time situated on Minnesota Point, consisted of a few cabins. The place is named after Captain Du Lhut, a French traveler, who visited it and built a hut in 1670. It was chartered as a city in 1869, and was later enlarged by the annexation of the suburbs, Lake Side and West Duluth. Pop. (1910) 78,466; (1920) 98,917.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ebers, Georg Moritz

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
EBERS, GEORG MORITZ (ā'bers), a German Egyptologist and novelist; born in Berlin, March 1, 1837; was educated at Froebel's school, and studied law at Göttingen. He afterward devoted himself to the study of Egyptology at Berlin. He established himself in 1865 as a lecturer at Jena, where in 1868 he was made professor. Next year he made a long journey to the East, and
in 1870 was called to Leipzig as Professor of Egyptology. His visit to Egypt resulted in the discovery of the celebrated hieratic medical “Papyrus Ebers” which he published in 1875. His series of historical romances comprise in sequence: “An Egyptian Princess” (1864); “Uarda” (1877); “Homo Sum” (1878); “The Sisters” (1879); “The Emperor” (1880); “Serapis” (1885); “The Bride of the Nile” (1886); “Joshua” (1889); “Per Aspera” (1892); “Cleopatra” (1894); and “Eli fên,” in verse (1888). He wrote several other historical novels; including “The Burgomaster's Wife” (1881). He died near Munich, Bavaria, Aug. 8, 1898.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Chiclayo

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ CHICLAYO, a city of Peru, 12 miles S. E. of Lambayeque; is the center of a valuable sugar district. The United States consular agent resides in this municipality. Population about 14,000.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Chico

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ CHICO, a city of California, in Butte co. It is on the Southern Pacific and the Butte County railroads, and on Chico creek. It is the center of an important fruit-growing, dairying, and mining region. It has a large plant of the Diamond Match Company, flour mills, and machine shops. It is the seat of a State normal school, and has a public library and a park. Pop. (1910) 3,750; (1920) 9,339.