OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Teedyuscung

Edition of 1889.
​TEEDYUSCUNG, Delaware chief, b. near Trenton, N. J., about 1700; d. in Wyoming valley, Pa., 16 April, 1763. He was also known as Honest John and War Trumpet. His father, “Old Captain Harris,” and his brothers and half-brothers, “Captain John,” “Young Captain Harris,” “Tom,” “Joe,” and “Sam Evans” (names given them by the English), were all high-spirited men. In 1730 he settled in the forks of the Delaware, and he united in 1749 with the Moravian Indian mission at Gnadenhuetten, Carbon co., Pa., where, on 12 March, 1750, he was baptized by Bishop Cammerhoff, receiving the name of Gideon. Aware of how his countrymen were being injured by the whites and oppressed by the Six Nations, in 1754, when the Delawares and their allies appealed to him to lead them and be their king, he deserted the Moravian mission. Henceforward his name is conspicuous in the provincial history of Pennsylvania. After the repulse of Braddock in July, 1755, he assembled the Delawares, Mohicans, and Shawnees in the Wyoming valley, and in the winter began to wage war among the whites that resided within the “Walking Purchase.” In 1756 the government sought the pacification of the Delaware king, which, through treaties at Easton in July and November, 1756, and November, 1757, was accomplished. In the following spring, agreeably to his request and the conditions of the treaty, a town was built for him and his followers in the Wyoming valley. One of the objects of his life was to recover for the Lenni Lenape that dignity which the Iroquois had treacherously wrested from them in 1742. He was burned to death with his house while asleep under the influence of liquor, the incendiary being instigated by his enemies. Teedyuscung was a fine-looking man, endowed with good sense, quick of comprehension, ambitious, and a patriot.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Teganakoa, Stephen

Edition of 1889. He is more widely known under the name of Stephen Tegananokoa.
​TEGANAKOA, Stephen, Indian convert, d. in Onondaga, N. Y., in 1690. While still a pagan he was noted for the innocence of his life and manners and his attachment to his wife and children. He went with his family to the mission of Caughnawaga, or Sault Ste. Louis, when he was about thirty-five years old, applied for baptism, and after the usual probation was received with his wife and six children. He was afterward considered a model of every virtue. In August, 1790, he went on a hunting expedition with his wife and another Indian. In the following September the party was attacked by a band of seventeen Cayugas and brought to Onondaga. One of his captors said to Stephen that he might attribute his death to his having left his tribe to live among “the dogs of Christians at the Sault.” Stephen replied: “Do what you will with me, I fear neither your outrages nor your fires. I willingly give my life for a God who shed his blood for me.” The savages then put him to death with slow tortures. He bore his sufferings calmly, and died praying for his murderers.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Tellkampf, Johann Ludwig

Edition of 1889.
​TELLKAMPF, Johann Ludwig, German scholar, b. in Germany, 28 Jan., 1808; d. there, 10 Feb., 1876. He came to the United States in 1838, engaged in teaching, and in 1843-'7 was professor of the German language and literature in Columbia. He then returned to Germany as professor in Breslau. In 1848 he was elected to the Frankfort parliament, in 1849 to the Prussian chamber of deputies, in 1855 to the herrenhaus, and in 1871 to the first German reichstag. He wrote “Political Economy” with Alonzo Potter (New York, 1840); “Ueber die Besserungsgefängnisse in Nord-Amerika und England” (1844); with his brother, Theodore, “Essays on Law Reform and Commercial Policy” (London, 1859); “Ueber Arbeiterverhältnisse und Erwerbsgenossenschaften in England und Nord-Amerika” (1870); and “Selbstverwaltung und Reforme der Gemeinde und Kreisordnungen in Preussen, und Self-Government in England und Nord-Amerika” (1872).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Tenney, William Jewett

Used as a source for Catholic Encyclopedia (1913).
​TENNEY, William Jewett, author, b. in Newport, Rhode Island, in 1814; d. in Newark, New Jersey, 20 Sept., 1883. He was graduated at Yale in 1832, and studied medicine in Boston, but abandoned it for law, which he studied in New Haven, Connecticut. After his admission to the bar he opened an office in New York city, but was connected with the "Journal of Commerce" in 1841 and with the “Evening Post” in 1842-'3 and 1847-'8. In 1853 he edited the “Mining Magazine,” and in the same year entered the employ of the firm of D. Appleton and Co., whose “Annual Cyclopaedia” he edited from its inception till his death (1861-'82). He resided for a long time in Elizabeth, New Jersey, where he was several times chosen a freeholder, and was for fourteen years in the city council. He prepared the plan for organizing the public-school system there, was president of the school board, and during Buchanan's administration collector of the port. For two years he was presiding judge of one of the criminal courts in Brooklyn, New York, and he was usually known as Judge Tenney. He became a convert to Roman Catholicism. He added a sixteenth volume to Thomas H. Benton's “Abridgment of the Debates of Congress,” and indexed the work (16 vols., New York, 1857-'60), edited “The Queens of England” (1852), and was the author of a “Military and Naval History of the Rebellion in the United States” (1865) and a work on “Grammatical Analysis” (1866). — His wife, Sarah Brownson, author, born in Chelsea, Massachusetts, 7 June, 1839; died in Elizabeth, New Jersey, 30 October, 1876, was the only daughter of Dr. Orestes A. Brownson, and inherited much of her father's power of analysis. She was the author of “Marian Elwood, or How GMs Live” (New York, 1859); “At Anchor” (1865); and “Life of Demetrius Augustine Gallitzin, Prince and Priest” (1873).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Tecum-Uman

Edition of 1889.
​TECUM-UMAN (tay-coom), last king of Quiche, d. near Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, in 1524. He was the son of King Kicab-Tanub, who died during a war with his neighbors the Zutuhiles and Manies, and Tecum-Uman, hearing of the approach of the Spaniards, tried to form an alliance with his former enemies against the invaders. Only the Mames accepted his offer, and with their auxiliary troops Tecum-Uman is said, by the Spanish chroniclers, to have gathered an army of 230,000 warriors; but they could not resist the superior arms and discipline of Alvarado's army of 450 Spaniards and about 5,000 auxiliary Mexican Indians. The first battle, in the ford of the river Tilapa, 24 Feb., 1524, was sharp and not decisive, but a few days afterward Tecum-Uman was totally defeated on Olintepeque river, and it was afterward called Xequigel, or river of blood. Tecum-Uman retired with the rest of his army, but was overtaken in a valley between Quezaltenango and Totonicapan, where he made the last desperate stand, and was killed by the lance of Alvarado.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Tegakouita, Catharine

Edition of 1889.
​TEGAKOUITA, Catharine, Indian convert, b. in Gandahouague, or Gandawague, in northern New York, in 1656; d. in Caughnawaga, Canada, 17 April, 1680. The name Tegakouita means “who puts things in order,” and is still in use at Caughnawaga. Her father was a heathen Iroquois, and her mother a Christian Algonquin. Her parents died when she was a child, and she was brought up by her uncle, who was a chief. Her first knowledge of Christianity appears to have been obtained from Jacques Fremin and two other missionaries, whom she entertained in her cabin. She embraced the new creed with fervor, resolved to remain single, and suffered much ill treatment from her relatives because of her refusal to marry; but she was not baptized until 1676. Her refusal to work on Sundays increased the hostility of her tribe toward her, and she had on one occasion a narrow escape from death. Calumnies were spread about her character, and she finally resolved to escape to the Christian village of La Prairie, which she reached in October, 1677, after many dangers. The rest of her life was spent in prayer, labor, and mortifications of the severest kind. She enrolled herself in the Confraternity of the Holy Family, and began to be regarded both by the French and Indians as a great saint. After death her grave became a place of pilgrimage, and, although an effort was made by the priests of the neighboring parishes to check devotion to her, she was invoked as a saint throughout Canada. Numerous miracles are said to have been wrought at her tomb, or by her relics. The third plenary council of Baltimore petitioned the holy see to take steps toward her canonization in 1884. See “Life of Catharine Tegakouita,” by Father Claude Chauchetiere (New York, 1886); her life by Cholonek, in vol. xii. of “Lettres édifiantes” (Paris, 1727); and Kipp's “Jesuit Missions” (New York, 1847).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Ternaux, Henry

Edition of 1889.
​TERNAUX, Henry (tair-no), better known as Ternaux-Compans, French historian, b. in Paris in 1807; d. there in December, 1864. After finishing his studies in Paris, he entered the diplomatic service and was secretary of the embassies at Madrid and Lisbon, and chargé d'affaires in Brazil, but resigned, and devoted several years to travel through Spain and South America, making researches in the state libraries. Toward the close of Louis Philippe's reign he was elected deputy, but he soon returned to his studies. Ternaux-Compans collected and published a valuable series of works concerning the discovery and early history of South America. They include “ Bibliothèque Americaine, ou catalogue des ouvrages relatifs à l'Amérique depuis sa découverte en 1493, jusqu'en l'an 1700” (Paris, 1836); “Voyages, relations et mémoires originaux pour servir a l'histoire de la découverte de l'Amérique” (10 vols., 1836-'8; 2d series, 10 vols., 1839-'40); “Archives des voyages, ou collection d'anciennes relations inédites” (2 vols., 1840-'1); “Recueil de documents et mémoires originaux sur l'histoire des possessions Espagnoles dans l'Amérique à diverses époques de la conquête” ​(1840); “Essai sur la théogonie Mexicaine” (1840); “Essai sur l'ancien Cundinamarca” (1862); “Notice historique sur la Guyane Française” (1863); and “Histoire du Mexique par Don Alvaro Tezozomac” (2 vols., 1849).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Raue, Charles Godlove

Edition of 1900. The 1891 edition gives his birth place as Nieder-Kunnersdorf, Saxony.
​RAUE, Charles Godlove, physician, b. in Saxony, 11 May, 1820; d. 6 Aug., 1896. He was graduated at the College of teachers in Bautzen, Saxony, in 1841, and at Philadelphia medical college in 1850. From 1864 till 1871 he was professor of pathology and practice at the Homœopathic college of Pennsylvania, and at Hahnemann medical college in Philadelphia. He is the author of “Die neue Seelenlehre Dr. Beneke's, nach methodischen Grundsätzen für Lehrer bearbeitet” (Bautzen, 1847); “Special Pathology and Diagnostics with Therapeutic Hints” (Philadelphia, 1868); and “Annual Record of Homœopathic Literature” (New York, 1870).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Raumer, Friedrich Ludwig Georg von

Edition of 1900.
​RAUMER, Friedrich Ludwig Georg von (row'-mer), German historian, b. in Woerlitz, near Dessau, 14 May, 1781: d. in Berlin, 14 May, 1873. He studied in the universities of Halle and Göttingen, was a civil magistrate in 1801, became in 1809 councillor to the state chancellor, Count von Hardenberg, was professor of history in the University of Breslau in 1811-'16, and in 1819 became professor of political economy in the University of Berlin. He was elected to the parliament of Frankfort by the latter city in 1848, and appointed by the Archduke John of Austria, vicar of the German empire, his ambassador to Paris in 1848. From 1851 up to the time of his death he was a member of the house of lords of Prussia. After 1816 Raumer undertook several journeys through France, Italy, Switzerland, and the United States, which he visited in 1841-'3 and again in 1853-'5. He is justly considered as one of the great historians of the 19th century. His works include “Geschichte der Hohenstaufen und ihrer Zeit” ​(6 vols., Leipsic, 1823-45), which is the standard history of the imperial house of Swabia; “Geschichte Europas seit dem Ende des XV$^{ten}$ Jahrhunderts” (8 vols., 1832-'50); “ Beiträge zur neuen Geschichte” (5 vols., 1836-'9); and “Die Vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika” (2 vols., 1845), which was translated into French (1846), and English (London, 1847). It treats of the constitution of the United States, which Raumer compares with those of Europe, of the religious movements in the country, of the political parties, and of its foreign policy.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Rauschenbusch, Augustus

Edition of 1900.
​RAUSCHENBUSCH, Augustus, clergyman, b. in Altena, Westphalia, Germany, 13 Feb., 1816. He was graduated at the gymnasium at Elberfeld, and went in his nineteenth year to the University of Berlin to study for the Lutheran ministry. Subsequently he spent some time at the University of Bonn in the study of natural science and theology. On the death of his father, who was a Lutheran pastor in Altena, the son was chosen in 1841 as his successor. His ministry here, while fruitful in spiritual results, excited so much opposition, and was so hampered by his ecclesiastical relations, that he resolved to emigrate to the United States. He came to this country in 1846, and preached for some time to the Germans in Missouri. In 1847 he removed to New York, where he edited the German tracts published by the American tract society. While he was residing in New York his views on the question of baptism underwent a change, and in 1850 he entered the Baptist communion, though retaining his connection with the Tract society until 1853. In 1858 he was called to take charge of the German department of Rochester theological seminary, which place he continued to fill until 1888. He received the honorary degree of D.D. from the University of Rochester.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Reed, Caroline Gallup

Edition of 1900. Supplement.
REED, Caroline Gallup, educator, b. in Berne, N. Y., 5 Aug., 1821. She is the daughter of Albert Gallup, treasurer of Albany county, and was educated at St. Peter's school and the Female academy in Albany. In 1851 she married the Rev. Sylvanus Reed, and in 1864 established a school for young ladies in New York city. In 1883 this very successful school was incorporated under the laws of New York state as Reed college, so that the perpetuity of the establishment might be assured. Mrs. Reed was elected a member of the American geographical society in 1860, of the American association for the advancement of science, and of the New York genealogical and biographical society in 1882. She has published various valuable papers, and before retiring from her school issued regularly “circulars of information” upon subjects of general educational interest.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Raum, Green Berry

Edition of 1900.
​RAUM, Green Berry, commissioner of internal revenue, b. in Golconda, Pope co., Ill., 3 Dec., 1829. He received a common-school education, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1853. In 1856 he removed with his family to Kansas, and at once affiliated with the Free-state party. Becoming obnoxious to the pro-slavery faction, he returned the following year to Illinois and settled at Harrisburg. At the opening of the civil war he made his first speech as a “war” Democrat while he was attending court at Metropolis, Ill. Subsequently he entered the army as major of the 56th Illinois regiment, and was promoted lieutenant-colonel, colonel, and brevet brigadier-general. He was made brigadier-general of volunteers on 15 Feb., 1865, which commission he resigned on 6 May. He served under Gen. William S. Rosecrans in the Mississippi campaign of 1862. At the battle of Corinth he ordered and led the charge that broke the Confederate left and captured a battery. He was with Gen. Grant at Vicksburg, and was wounded at the battle of Missionary Ridge in November, 1863. During the Atlanta campaign he held the line of communication from Dalton to Acworth and from Kingston to Rome, Ga. In October, 1864, he re-enforced Resaca, Ga., and held it against Gen. John B. Hood. In 1866 he obtained a charter for the Cairo and Vincennes railroad company, aided in securing its construction, and became its first president. He was then elected to congress, and served from 4 March, 1867, till 3 March, 1869. In 1876 he was president of the Illinois Republican convention, and in the same year he was a delegate to the National convention of that party in Cincinnati. He was appointed commissioner of internal revenue, 2 Aug., 1876, and retained the office till 31 May, 1883. During this period he collected $850,000,000 and disbursed $30,000,000 without loss. He wrote “Reports” of his bureau for seven successive years. He is also the author of “The Existing Conflict between Republican Government and Southern Oligarchy” (Washington, 1884). He afterward engaged in the practice of law in Washington, D. C.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Reese, Thomas

Edition of 1900.
​REESE, Thomas, clergyman, b. in Pennsylvania in 1742; d. near Pendleton, S. C., in August, 1794. He was graduated at Princeton in 1768, studied theology, and was admitted to the ministry of the Presbyterian church in 1773. He then became pastor of Salem church, Sumter district, S. C., where he continued until the Revolution. During the war he preached in Mecklenburg, N. C., but in 1782 he returned to his previous charge, and in 1792-'3 he was pastor of two churches in Pendleton district. Princeton gave him the degree of D. D. in 1789. Dr. Reese was an eminent scholar and a successful teacher, and did much to promote the religious life of the colored race in his district, to whom he regularly lectured. He published a valuable essay on the “Influence of Religion on Civil Society” (Charleston, S. C., 1788), and three sermons in the “American Preacher.”
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Reese, William Brown

Edition of 1900.
​REESE, William Brown, jurist, b. in Jefferson county, Tenn., 29 Nov., 1793; d. near Knoxville, Tenn., 7 July, 1860. He was graduated at Greenville college with the first honors, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1817. In 1831 he became chancellor of the state, and in 1835 he was elected to the bench of the supreme court in Tennessee. He resigned in 1847. In 1850 he was chosen president of the University of East Tennessee, which place he filled until failing health compelled him to resign. He was elected president of the East Tennessee historical society in 1830, and held the office until his death. In 1845 the University of East Tennessee conferred upon him the degree of LL. D. Judge Reese's opinion in a case involving a construction of the “rule in Shelly's case” elicited high commendation from Chancellor Kent. He was a man of literary tastes and an able scholar.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Plaza, Manuel

Edition of 1900.
​PLAZA, Manuel (plah'-thah), Peruvian missionary, b. in Riobamba. 1 Jan., 1772; d. in Lima about 1845. He entered the Franciscan convent of Quito, was ordained priest at the age of twenty-three years, and immediately afterward set out as a missionary for the river Napo. After a year he went to the missions of Ucayali and settled in Sarayacu, where he soon gained the esteem of the Indians and founded two new villages. There he remained till 1814, when the viceroy, Jose de Abascal, fearing the success of the revolution, appointed him to open another outlet to Europe by way of Comas and Chanchamayo. He explored the country three months, and, after giving an account of his commission to the viceroy, returned to Sarayacu and continued his missions till 1821, when the Spanish missionaries fled to Brazil, and he was left alone among the savages. He suffered greatly till 1828, when he found his way to Quito, and was well received by the bishop and Gen. Bolivar, who provided him with abundant means, and ordered him to return to his missions. After an exploration of the rivers of the interior by a Peruvian commission, the government resolved to assist the efforts of Father Plaza, and the latter came to Lima in 1845. Congress, on 24 May, passed an act that provided a yearly subvention for the missions, and Plaza planned to return in 1846, but died before he could make the journey, and his manuscripts were lost.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Poeppig, Eduard

Edition of 1900.
​POEPPIG, Eduard (pup-pig). German naturalist, b. in Plauen, Saxony, 16 July, 1797; d. in Leipsic. 4 Sept., 1868. He received his education in Leipsic, and, after obtaining a medical degree, was given by the rector of the university a botanical mission to North and South America. He returned to Germany toward the close of 1832 with valuable collections in zoölogy and botany, and was appointed in the following year professor of zoölogy in the University of Leipsic, which post he held till his death. He also contributed to the establishment of a scientific museum in the latter city, and bequeathed to it his collections. He published “Reise nach Chili, Peru, und auf dem Amazonen-Flusse” (2 vols., Leipsic, 1835); “Nova genera ac Species plantarum quas in regno, Chiliensi, Peruviano, ac Terra Amazonica, anni 1827-1832 lectarum” (3 vols., 1835-'45); “Reise nach den Vereinigten Staaten” (1837); and “Landschaftliche Ansichten und erlauternde Darstellungen” (1839). Poeppig also wrote most of the American articles for the “Allgemeine Encyclopaedie,” edited by Ersch and Grüber.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Plaza, Nicanor

Edition of 1900.
​PLAZA, Nicanor (plah'-thah). Chilian sculptor, b. in Santiago in 1844. He entered the academy of sculpture of the University of Chili in 1858, and in 1863 the government sent him to Europe to study. In 1866 he opened a studio in Paris, where he exhibited his “Susannah,” “Hercules,” and “Caupolican” in 1867. In 1871 he was appointed director of the Academy of sculpture of Santiago. In that city he executed many works that relate to the history of his country, some of which are erected in the public places of Santiago. In 1872, at the exposition of Santiago, he received a gold medal. In 1874 he was sent to Europe on an artistic mission, and during the first months of his stay there he executed a statue of Andres Bello, which was erected in 1882 in Santiago, in the square of the national congress. He also made a statue of Domingo Eyzaguirre.