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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/William Clarkson Stanfield

* related authors: Clarkson Frederick Stanfield.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
From volume 14 of the work.
English painter, b. at Sunderland, 1793; d. at Hampstead, near London, 1867. He became a sailor, and on one of his journeys to new Guinea made the acquaintance of Thomas Clarkson, who was strongly interested in the abolition of the slave trade; in proof of his warm friendship with whom, he added the name of Clarkson to his own, and thereafter styled himself William Clarkson Stanfield. He was disabled in 1816, and then started as a scene-painter in a theatre, much frequented by sailors, from which he obtained engagements to the various other London theatres. Making the acquaintance of Douglas Jerrold and Captain Marryat, the novelist, he was strongly recommended to take up the painting of panel pictures, and to try his chance at an exhibition. He exhibited at the Society of British Artists in 1824, and again in 1827, gaining considerable attention and encouragement. Two years later he sent a picture to the Academy, which was favourably received, and, gaining a prize of fifty guineas from the British Institution, he relinquished scene-painting and started on a Continental tour, painting various pictures. From that time he was a steady exhibitor at the Academy, sending in nearly one hundred and forty pictures to its exhibitions. His paintings partook of the character of scene-painting in their spectacular and stagey effect, but many of them were very charming, and were greatly admired, and some of his best will hardly ever be excelled as fine representations of sea scenes. Perhaps his greatest is the one in the possession of Mrs. Burns; other works of importance are those painted for the Marquess of Lansdowne at Bowood, and the four beautiful examples in the Victoria and Albert Museum. He was a man of tremendous energy, and regarded by his friends as exceedingly charming and pleasant. A devout Catholic, he spent the latter part of his life in an old house at Hampstead, still standing, and used partly as a library and partly as a residence. His funeral took place in the Catholic cemetery at Kensal Green, and a couple of years after his death there was a memorial exhibition of his works in the Royal Academy. There is no work dealing with this painter that has any claim for special recognition; consult the memoirs in the local papers of Hampstead, and in the principal journals of the day.
GEORGE CHARLES WILLIAMSON
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Josef Jungmann

From volume 8 of the work.
Born 12 Nov., 1830, at Münster, Westphalia; died at Innsbruck, 25 Nov., 1885. In 1850 he entered the German College at Rome, and was ordained priest in 1855. He afterwards joined the Society of Jesus and as early as 1858, even before the expiration of his novitiate, was chosen to fill the chair of elocution in the re-established theological faculty at Innsbruck. Besides many articles in periodicals Jungmann published: "Fünf Sätze zur Erklärung und wissenschaftlichen Begründung der Andacht zum hl. Herzen Jesu und zum reinsten Herzen Mariæ" (Innsbruck, 1869); "Eine Litanei zum hl. Herzen Jesu aus der hl. Schrift" (2nd ed., ibid., 1871); "Gefahren belletristischer Lektüre" (ibid., 1872); "Zur Verehrung U. L. Frau" (2nd ed., ibid., 1879); "Das Gemüt und das Gefühlsvermögen der neueren Psychologie" (2nd ed., ibid., 1885); "Die Andacht zum hl. Herzen Jesu und die Bedenken gegen dieselbe" (2nd ed., ibid., 1885); "Theorie der geistlichen Beredskamkeit" (2 vols., 3rd ed., Innsbruck, 1886); "Aesthetik" (2 vols., 3rd ed., 1886). A third edition of his" Beredsamkeit" was published by his colleague, Michael Gatterer, who also edited a fourth and much abbreviated edition. Jungmann had a wonderful influence over his students. Speaking of him, one of them writes: "I do not know what it was that always charmed the other students so much, but, for myself, I felt irresistibly drawn to him on account of his high sentiments and character, founded on deeply rooted principles, influenced by such alone, and therefore immovable. These sentiments distinguished him at every turn - in his studies, in his social intercourse, in his daily avocations, and in his religious exercises."
HOFMANN, Das Nikolaihaus zu Innsbruck einst und jetzt (Innsbruck, 1908), 126.
Karl Klaar.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Joseph, Ritter von Aschbach

From volume 1 of the work.
German historian, b. at Hochst, in Hesse-Nassau, 29 April, 1801; d. at Vienna, 25 April, 1882. In 1819, he began the study of theology and philosophy at the University of Heidelberg, but soon turned his attention to that of history, at the instigation of the well-known historian Schlosser. On the completion of this course, in 1823, he was appointed instructor at the Select School of Frankfort-on-the-Main. In 1842 he obtained a reputation as Professor of History at the University of Bonn whence he removed to Vienna in 1853, to fill the same position. Within two years he became a member of the Vienna Academy of Sciences, was ennobled in 1870, and retired from the exercise of his position in 1872, ten years prior to his death. While in Frankfort he wrote: "Geschichte der Westgoten" (Frankfort, 1827); "Geschichte der Omajjaden in Spanien" (Frankfort, 1829, 1830; 2d ed., Vienna, 1860); "Geschichte Spaniens und Portugals zur Zeit der Almaroviden und Almohaden" (2 Vols., Frankfort, 1833, 1837); "Geschichte der Heruler und Gepiden" (first in Schlosser's "Archiv für Geschichte und Literatur" and then separately, Frankfort, 1835); "Geschichte Kaiser Sigmunds" (4 Vols., Hamburg, 1838-45). In Bonn he published, first, the "Urkundliche Geschichte der Grafen von Wertheim" (2 Vols., Frankfort, 1843) and then edited the "Allgemeine Kirchenlexikon" (4 vols., Frankfort and Mainz, 1846-51) most of the historical articles being from his own pen.In Vienna he devoted himself chiefly to the history of the Roman Emporers, and published the interesting, though not always tenable, results of his investigations in the "Sitzungsberichten und Denkschriften" of the Vienna Academy of Sciences. His "Geschichte der Wiener Universität" was written to mark the celebration of the fifth centenary of the University of Vienna. The first volume (Vienna, 1865) dealt with the period from 1365 to 1465; the second (Vienna, 1877), with the Viennese humanists of the time of the Emperor Maximilian I; the third, which appeared after his death (Vienna, 1888), brings the history down to 1565. His two latest works attracted no little attention: "Die früheren Wanderjahre des Conrad Celtes, und die Anfänge der von ihm errichteten gelehrten Sodalitäten" (Vienna, 1869); and, more especially, "Roswitha und Conrad Celtes" (Vienna, 1867, 2d ed., 1868). In this work, he endeavoured to prove that the poem addressed to the Emperor Otto the Great, hitherto attributed to the nun Roswitha of Gandersheim, really originated in the sixteenth century and was composed by the humanist Conrad Celtes. The contention was, however, immediately and effectually confuted.
PATRICIUS SCHLAGER
# Chattanooga Times

* related portals: Newspapers.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Commons category, Wikidata item.
The Chattanooga Times is a daily newspaper based in Chattanooga, Tennessee. The periodical did not renew copyrights for issues.
Content exists for this periodical, though at this stage it is not specifically organised beyond a basic hierarchy.
The pages listed below are an automatically generated listing.
Special:PrefixIndex/Chattanooga Times/
# Chattanooga Foundry Pipe Works v. Atlanta

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
203 U.S. 390
Chattanooga Foundry Pipe Works v. Atlanta
Argued: November 3 and 12, 1906. --- Decided: December 3, 1906
Messrs. Frank Spurlock and Foster V. Brown for plaintiffs in error.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 391-394 intentionally omitted]
Messrs. George Westmoreland, Churchill P. Goree, Linton A. Dean, and J. L. Foust for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice Holmes delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Chatfield v. Boyle

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
105 U.S. 231
Chatfield v. Boyle
MOTION to dismiss an appeal from the Circuit Court of the United, States for the Western District of Tennessee.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the court.
Mr. John D. McPherson and Mr. Jeremiah W. Clapp in support of the motion.
Mr. William M. Ramsey, contra.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE WAITE delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Chattanooga Times/Funeral arrangements for Loveman Noa

Loveman Noa (1878–1902) in the Chattanooga Times on February 23, 1902
Layout 2Funeral arrangements for Loveman Noa. The arrangements for the interment of the body of Naval Cadet Loveman Noa have about been completed. The remains are expected to arrive Wednesday morning about 9 o'clock. From the train they will be taken to the Noa residence, where they will remain until the funeral services are over. The services at the house will be brief and only attended by intimate friends of the family. At 2 o'clock the remains, escorted by Troop B, cavalry, will be taken to the National cemetery. The pall-bearers will be six sergeants, three of the infantry and three from the cavalry troop. These will bear the casket, and in addition there will be eight honorary pall-bearers consisting of officers of Toncray camp, Spanish-American War Veterans. The Chattanooga Military band will also accompany the remains to the grave.
This work was published in 1902 and is anonymous or pseudonymous due to unknown authorship. It is in the public domain in the United States as well as countries and areas where the copyright terms of anonymous or pseudonymous works are 121 years or less since publication.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Adams, Charles Francis

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS, an American statesman; born in Boston, Aug. 18, 1807; was candidate for Vice-President in 1848, twice elected to Congress, was Minister to England from 1861 to 1868, and member of the Geneva Arbitration Commission of 1871. His chief literary work was “Life and Works of John Adams” (10 vols., 1850-1856), his grandfather. He also edited the writings of his father, John Quincy Adams. He died in Boston, Nov. 21, 1886.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Acacia

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
ACACIA, a genus of plants belonging to the mimosæ, one of the leading divisions of the great leguminous order of plants. They abound in Australia, in India, in Africa, tropical America and generally in the hotter regions of the world. Nearly 300 species are known from Australia alone. They are easily cultivated in greenhouses, where they flower, for the most part, in winter or early spring. The type is perhaps the Acacia Arabica, or gum arabic tree, common in India and Arabia. It looks very beautiful with its graceful, doubly pinnate leaves and its heads of flowers like little velvety pellets, of bright gamboge hue. Other species than the A. Arabica produce gum arable. That of the shops is mostly derived from the A. vera, a stunted species growing in the Atlas mountains and other parts of Africa.
Source: Collier's New Encyclopedia 1. (1921) New York: P.F. Collier & Son Company. 15.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Academics

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
ACADEMICS, a name given to a series of philosophers who taught in the Athenian Academy, the scene of Plato's discourses.
Source: Collier's New Encyclopedia 1. (1921) New York: P.F. Collier & Son Company. 15.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Academy

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
ACADEMY, the gymnasium in the suburbs of Athens in which Plato taught, and so called after a hero, by name Academus, to whom it was said to have originally belonged. The word is also applied to a high school designed for the technical or other instruction of those who have already acquired the rudiments of knowledge; also a university.
Anciently, there were two public academies: one at Rome, founded by Adrian, in which all the sciences were taught, but especially jurisprudence; the other at Berytus, in Phœnicia, in which jurists were principally educated. Academy is the name, also, of a society or an association of artists, linked together for the promotion of art, or of scientific men, similarly united for the advancement of science, or of persons united for any more or less analogous object.
Source: Collier's New Encyclopedia 1. (1921) New York: P.F. Collier & Son Company. 15.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Acetylene gas

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
ACETYLENE GAS, an illuminating gas formed by the action of water on Calcium Carbide (q. v.). This gas has come into general favor with cyclists for its brilliancy, safety, and the persistence of its flame in all circumstances. Recent experiments made to produce cheaper calcium carbide, by a new process, resulted in demonstrating that it can be produced at a cost of from half a cent to three cents a pound, or one-fifth its original cost. This will bring acetylene gas within the reach of every one, and it will probably eventually supersede many other forms of lighting. One kilogram of calcium carbide produces about 300 litres of acetylene gas. Acetylene takes fire at 480° Cent.; at 700° it decomposes into carbonic acid and hydrogen.
Source: Collier's New Encyclopedia 1. (1921) New York: P.F. Collier & Son Company. 19.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Acetylene lamp

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
ACETYLENE LAMP, a lamp designed for utilizing acetylene as an illuminant. Acetylene lamps have come into general use among cyclists. In some of the lamps, cartridges filled with calcium carbide are used, and the dropping of the water into the cartridge is regulated by an adjustable valve. The acetylene flame is very brilliant.
Source: Collier's New Encyclopedia 1. (1921) New York: P.F. Collier & Son Company. 19.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Adams

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
ADAMS, a town of Massachusetts in Berkshire co. which includes three villages. It is about 16 miles N. of Pittsfield and is on the Boston and Albany railroad and on the Hoosic river. Mount Greylock, the highest elevation in Massachusetts, is within the town limits. There is a public library, many churches, a statue of William McKinley and a Quaker meeting house. The town has manufactories of cotton and woolen goods, and paper and lime products. Pop. (1910) 13,026; (1920) 12,967.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Adams, Charles Follen

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
ADAMS, CHARLES FOLLEN, an American dialect poet; born at Dorchester, Mass., April 21, 1842; author of “Leedle Yawcob Strauss, and Other Poems” (1878); “Dialect Ballads” (1887), etc.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Acetylene

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
ACETYLENE, a hydrocarbon having the formula C$_2$H$_2$, also called ethine. The carbon atoms are united to each other by three bonds. It is produced by passing an electric current between carbon poles in an atmosphere of hydrogen, and also by the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. It is a colorless gas, specific gravity, 0.92, has a peculiar odor, and burns with a bright flame; it forms a red precipitate with ammoniacal cuprous chloride, which, by the action of nascent hydrogen, is converted into ethylene, C$_2$H$_4$.
* ©Ewing Galloway
* ACETYLENE WELDING ON PRESSED STEEL
Source: Collier's New Encyclopedia 1. (1921) New York: P.F. Collier & Son Company. 19 (text) and following 60 (illustration).
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Adams, Brooks

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
ADAMS, BROOKS, an American lawyer and writer; born in Quincy, Mass., in 1848. He was the son of Charles Francis Adams, and a brother of Henry and Charles Francis Adams. After graduating from Harvard in 1870, he was admitted to the bar and practiced law until 1881. His chief interest, however, was the writing of essays on economic subjects. His works include “Law of Civilization and Decay,” and “America's Economic Supremacy” (1900); “The New Empire” (1902); “Economics and Public Affairs” (1913); “The Theory of Social Revolution” (1913), etc.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Peter of Poitiers

From volume 11 of the work.
A French scholastic theologian, born at Poitiers or in its neighbourhood about 1130; died in Paris in 1215. He studied at the University of Paris, where he became professor of theology and lectured for thirty-eight years. In 1169 he succeeded Peter Comestor in the chair of scholastic theology. His lectures were so brilliant as to inspire the enmity of Gauthier de St-Victor, one of the bitterest opponents of Scholasticism, who ranked him with Gilbert de la Porrée, Abelard, and Peter Lombard in the pamphlet wherein he tries to throw ridicule on the four doctors, under the name of the "Four Labyrinths of France". In 1179 he published five books of sentences which are a synopsis of his lectures. His doctrine is orthodox, but, though containing no condemned proposition, it exhibits more vain subtilty than real theology based on Holy Scripture. Those who accuse Scholasticism of being a mere logomachy can find arguments in the writings of Peter of Poitiers. He wrote commentaries, still unedited, on Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and the Psalms. A chronological and genealogical abridgment of the Bible is attributed to him, but the authorship is uncertain. As Chancellor of the Church of Paris he displayed great zeal on behalf of poor students, and to supply their want of text-books, which were very expensive, he had a kind of synopsis engraved on the walls of the classrooms for their assistance. In 1191 he was appointed by Celestine III to settle a dispute between the Abbeys of St-Eloi and St-Victor. He was a constant correspondent of Celestine III and Innocent III. Certain writers erroneously believe that he died Bishop of Embrun; the "Gallia Christiana Nova" shows that he was only Chancellor of Paris. His works were published by Dom Mathoud with those of Robert Pullus (Paris, 1855).
DU BOULAY, Hist. de l'université de Paris, II; Gallia Christiana, VII; Bibliothèque latine du moyen âge (Paris, 1759).
J. Lataste.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Peter van der Bosch

From volume 2 of the work.
Bollandist, born at Brussels, 19 October, 1686; died 14 November, 1736. After studying the humanities at the College of Brussels, 1698-1705, he entered the novitiate of the Society of Jesus at Mechlin, 25 September, 1705. At the close of his novitiate he studied philosophy at Antwerp, 1707-09, and then spent a year in Italy to complete his literary training. Recalled to Antwerp in 1710, he spent six years in teachingand then went to Louvain, where he took a theological course, 1716-20. He was ordained priest at Louvain in 1719 and distinguished himself by thepublic defence of theses in March and September, 1719, and by his defence "De Universa Theologia" in 1720. In 1721, at the end of his third year of probation, he was made an assistant to the Boilandists and remained a member of this body during the rest of his life. His hagiographical writings are found in July, IV-VI, and August, I-III.
DOLMAUS, Elogium R. P. Petri Boschi hagiographi in Acta SS., III.
Ch. De Smedt.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Petrobrusians

From volume 11 of the work.
Heretics of the twelfth century so named from their founder Peter of Bruys. Our information concerning him is derived from the treatise of Peter the Venerable against the Petrobrusians and from a passage in Abelard. Peter was born perhaps at Bruis in south-eastern France. The history of his early life is unknown, but it is certain that he was a priest who had been deprived of his charge. He began his propaganda in the Dioceses of Embrun, Die, and Gap probably between 1117 and 1120. Twenty years later the populace of St. Gilles near Nimes, exasperated by his burning of crosses, cast him into the flames. The bishops of the above-mentioned dioceses suppressed the heresy within their jurisdiction, but it gained adherents at Narbonne, Toulouse, and in Gascony. Henry of Lausanne, a former Cluniac monk, adopted the Petrobrusians' teaching about 1135 and spread it in a modified form after its author's death. Peter of Bruys admitted the doctrinal authority of the Gospels in their literal interpretation; the other New Testament writings he probably considered valueless, as of doubtful apostolic origin. To the New Testament epistles he assigned only a subordinate place as not coming from Jesus Christ Himself. He rejected the Old Testament as well as the authority of the Fathers and of the Church. His contempt for the Church extended to the clergy, and physical violence was preached and exercised against priests and monks. In his system baptism is indeed a necessary condition for salvation, but it is baptism preceded by personal faith, so that its administration to infants is worthless. The Mass and the Eucharist are rejected because Jesus Christ gave his flesh and blood but once to His disciples, and repetition is impossible. All external forms of worship, ceremonies and chant, are condemned. As the Church consists not in walls, but in the community of the faithful, church buildings should be destroyed, for we may pray to God in a barn as well as in a church, and be heard, if worthy, in a stable as well as before an altar. No good works of the living can profit the dead. Crosses, as the instrument of the death of Christ, cannot deserve veneration; hence they were for the Petrobrusians objects of desecration and were destroyed in bonfires.
PETER THE VENERABLE, Epistola sive tractatus adversus petrobrusianos hereticos in P.L., CLXXXIX, 719-850; ABELARD, Introductio ad theologiam, II, iv, in P.L., CLXXVIII, 1056, VERNET in Dict. theol.cath., II, 1151-56; FUNK, Manual of Church History, tr. CAPPADELTA, I (St. Louis, 1910), 354-5.
N.A. WEBER