OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/New Rochelle

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NEW ROCHELLE, a city of Westchester county, in southern New York, U.S.A., on Long Island Sound, 16½ m. from the Grand Central Station, New York City. Pop. (1890) 9057, (1900) 14,720, of whom 4425 were foreign-born and 777 negroes; (1910 census) 28,867. It is served by the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, and by electric railways to New York City and neighbouring places. The city is primarily a residential suburb of New York City, and has some fine colonial residences, and several beautiful residential parks, notably Rochelle, Neptune and Beechmont Parks. Its large foreign-born population is comparatively recent and comparatively isolated. Among the prominent buildings of the city are a public library, the high school, a theatre (owned by the Knights of Columbus), a Masonic Temple, the City Bank and several churches, of which the most notable, perhaps, are the Baptist, Methodist, and St Gabriel's (Roman Catholic), which is the gift of members of the Iselin family, to whose interest in yachting is due in part the prominence of the New Rochelle and Larchmont Yacht Clubs. The Ursuline College of St Angela (1904) and the Merrill School (1906), both for girls, are in New Rochelle. The principal building of the first is Leland Castle, built in 1858–1860 by Simon Leland and finely decorated with frescoes and coloured marbles. A People's Forum, growing out of the work of the People's Institute of New York City, was established here in 1903–1904. In the road between New Rochelle and White Plains is the monument to Thomas Paine, provided for in his will, on the farm which was confiscated from a Tory by the state and was given to him at the end of the American War of Independence. On the Sound, in Hudson Park, is a monument commemorating the landing-place of the first Huguenot settlers. Immediately S. of New Rochelle, in the Sound, is Glen Island, an amusement resort; belonging to the Glen Island group, E. of Pelham Manor, is Travers Island, with the out-of-town clubhouse and grounds of the New York Athletic Club. On David's Island, 1½ m. S.W. of New Rochelle, is Fort Slocum, a United States Army post. The suburban villages of Larchmont and Pelham (and Pelham Manor) lie respectively N.E. and W. of New Rochelle. The important industries are the manufacture of scales and of other instruments of precision, and printing and publishing—the Knickerbocker Press of G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, is here. The site of New Rochelle is part of a purchase by Thomas Pell in 1654 and of a grant to him by Richard Nicolls in 1666; it was sold in 1689 to Jacob Leisler. The first settlement of importance was made in 1688 by Huguenots, some of whom were natives of La Rochelle. New Rochelle was incorporated as a village in 1847, and as a city in 1899.
See R. and C. W. Bolton, History of the Several Towns, Manors and Patents of Westchester County (New York, 1881), and J. Thomas Scharf's History of Westchester County (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1886).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sundarbans

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​ SUNDARBANS, or Sunderbunds, a tract of waste country in Bengal, India, forming the seaward fringe of the Gangetic delta. It has never been surveyed, nor has the census been extended to it. It stretches for about 165 m., from the mouth of the Hugli to the mouth of the Meghna, and is bordered inland by the three settled districts of the Twenty-four Parganas, Khulna and Backergunje. The total area (including water) is estimated at 6526 sq. m. It is a water-logged jungle, in which tigers and other wild beasts abound. Attempts at reclamation have not been very successful. The forest department realizes a large revenue, chiefly by tolls on produce removed. The characteristic tree is the sundri (Heritiera littoralis), from which the name of the tract has been derived. It yields a hard wood, used for building, and for making boats, furniture, &c. The Sundarbans are everywhere intersected by river channels and creeks, some of which afford water communication between Calcutta and the Brahmaputra valley, both for steamers and for native boats.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sunbury

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​SUNBURY, a borough and the county seat of Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., on the Susquehanna river about 53 m. by rail N. by E. of Harrisburg. Pop. (1900), 9810, of whom 197 were foreign-born; (1910 U.S. census) 13,770. It is served by the Pennsylvania, the Northern Central (controlled by the Pennsylvania) and the Philadelphia & Reading railways. Sunbury's principal industry is the manufacture of silk; the Pennsylvania railway has repair shops here. The total value of the borough's factory products increased from $1,868,157 in 1900 to $2,592,829 in 1905, or 38.8%. The borough stands on the site of the old Indian village, Shamokin, which was occupied by Delawares, Senecas and Tutelos, and was long the most prominent Indian village in the province; in 1747–1755 there was a Moravian mission here. Owing to the strategic importance of the place the provincial government erected Fort Augusta here in 1756; during the War of Independence many of the fugitives from the Wyoming Massacre came to this fort. Sunbury was first surveyed in 1772 and was incorporated as a borough in 1797.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sumy

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​SUMY, a town of Little Russia, in the government of Kharkov, 122 m. by rail N.W. of the city of Kharkov, founded in 1658. Pop. (1900), 28,519. It is an important centre for the trade of Great Russia with Little Russia-cattle and corn being sent to the north in exchange for manufactured and grocery wares. It has important sugar manufacture, and a technical school.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sunbury-on-Thames

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​SUNBURY-ON-THAMES, an urban district in the Uxbridge parliamentary division of Middlesex, England, 17 m. S.W. of St Paul's Cathedral, London, on a branch of the London & South Western railway. Pop. (1901), 4544. It is a favourite riverside resort and has grown considerably as a residential district. The church of St Mary, Byzantine in style, dates from 1752. There are pumping works and filtration beds for the water-supply of London. To the north-east is Kempton Park, the manor-house of which was a royal residence early in the 14th century. The park is famous for its race-meetings, the principal fixture being the Jubilee Handicap, established in 1887. The manor was granted by Edward the Confessor to Westminster Abbey, and passed in the 13th century to the see of London and in the 16th to the Crown; but was not so held later than 1603.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sunda Islands

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​ SUNDA ISLANDS, the collective name of the islands in the Malay Archipelago which extend from the Malay Peninsula to the Moluccas. They are divided into the Great Sunda Islands—i.e. Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Banka and Billiton, with their adjacent islands—and the Little Sunda Islands, of which the more important are Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Sumba and Timor.
Sunda Strait is the channel separating Sumatra from Java. and uniting the Indian Ocean with the Java Sea. It is 15 m. broad between the south-eastern extremity of Sumatra and the town of Anjer in Java. In the middle is the low-lying well-wooded island of Dwars-in-den-Weg (“right in the way”), otherwise Middle Island or Sungian. In 1883 Sunda Strait was the scene of the most terrific results of the eruption of Krakatoa (q.v.), a volcanic island further west in the strait.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Mellor, Francis Hamilton

​Mellor, Francis Hamilton, a member of the Northern circuit, a student of Lincoln's Inn 5 Nov., 1877, went to the Inner Temple 3 Nov., 1880 (then aged 26), where he was called to the bar 17 Nov., 1880 (9th son of Rt. Hon. Sir John Mellor, late justice Queen's bench division); born 22 July, 1854.
    16, Sussex Square, W.; 3, Dr. Johnson's Buildings, Temple, E.C.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Mellor, James Robert

​Mellor, James Robert, LL.M., Trin. Hall, Camb., 1866 (law scholar 1863), master of Crown office Royal Courts of Justice since 1879, also master of High Court since 1874, a student of the Inner Temple 15 Jan., 1862 (then aged 22), called to the bar 17 Nov., 1865 (3rd son of Rt. Hon. Sir John Mellor, late justice Queen's bench division); born 24 May, 1839; married 29 Oct., 1868, Anne Jane, elder dau. of Thomas Shaw, Esq., of London, and has issue (see Foster's Baronetage).
    16, Craven Hill Gardens, W. Crown Office, Royal Courts of Justice, W.C.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Meiklejohn, David Ogilvy

​Meiklejohn, David Ogilvy, assistant commissioner central provinces India, a student of the Middle Temple 4 Nov., 1868, called to the bar 21 June, 1881 (2nd son of late Rev. William Hope Meiklejohn, D.D., of Calcutta); born , .
    Raipur, Central Provinces India.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Meinertzhagen, Ernest Louis

​Meinertzhagen, Ernest Louis, a student of the Inner Temple 3 Nov., 1879 (then aged 24), called to the bar 21 June, 1882 (3rd son of Daniel Meinertzhagen, of Belmont, Wimbledon, Surrey); born 11 Dec., 1854.
    4, Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, S.W.; 6, New Court, Lincoln's Inn, W.C.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Mellish, Henry

​Mellish, Henry, undergrad. Balliol Coll., Oxon, a member of the Midland circuit, a student of the Inner Temple 19 Nov., 1879 (then aged 23), called to the bar 21 June, 1882 (eldest son of late Lt.-Col. William Leigh Mellish, of Hodsock Priory, Worksop, Notts); born , 1856.
    Hodsock Priory, Worksop; 6, Charles Street, Grosvenor Square, W.; 9, King's Bench Walk, Temple, E.C.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Megone, William Bernard

​Megone, William Bernard, matric. London Univ. 1878, a student of the Middle Temple 1 Nov., 1879, called to the bar 21 June, 1882 (youngest son of Bernard Megone, of London, merchant); born , .
    49, Chancery Lane, W.C.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Mellor, Charles

​Mellor, Charles, B.A., Trin. Coll., Camb., 1867, a member of the North-eastern circuit, a student of the Inner Temple 27 May, 1867 (then aged 22), called to the bar 17 Nov., 1871 (6th son of Rt. Hon. Sir John Mellor, late justice Queen's bench division); born 14 March, 1845; married 29 Sept., 1875, Helen, youngest dau. of late John Fenton, Esq., M.P., of Crimble Hall, co. Lanc., and has issue (see Foster's Baronetage).
    5, East Parade, Leeds.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Mellor, George Henry

​Mellor, George Henry, M.A. Lincoln Coll., Oxon, B.C L., B.A. 1876, a member of the Northern circuit, a student of Lincoln's Inn 30 May, 1874, called to the bar 17 Nov., 1877 (4th son of James Mellor, of Liverpool, brewer); born 19 Jan., 1853.
    Weston, Blundell Sands, near Liverpool; 2, Pump Court, Temple, E.C.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Mehta, Phirozeshah Meherwanjee

​Mehta, Phirozeshah Meherwanjee, B.A. Bombay Univ., practises before the High Court at Bombay, a student of Lincoln's Inn 16 Jan., 1865 (then aged 20), called to the bar 30 April, 1868 (2nd son of Meherwanjee Hormusjee Mehta, of Bombay); born , .
    Bombay.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Mellor, John William

​Mellor, John William, Q.C., M.P. Grantham since 1880, M.A., Trin. Hall, Camb., 1860, member of the Bar Committee since Dec., 1883, J.P., D.L. Somerset, a student of the Inner Temple 23 April, 1853 (then aged 17), called to the bar 6 June, 1860, Q.C. 25 June, 1875, bencher 15 June, 1877 (eldest son of Rt. Hon. Sir John Mellor, late justice Queen's bench division); born 26 July, 1835; married 27 Sept., 1860, Caroline, 4th dau. of late Charles Paget, Esq., M.P., of Ruddington Grange, Notts, and has issue (see Foster's Baronetage).
    Culmhead, Pitminster, Taunton; 68, St. George's Square, S.W.; 2, Dr. Johnson's Buildings, Temple, E.C.; Devonshire and Brooks' Clubs, S.W.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Moore, Stevenson Stewart

​Moore, Stevenson Stewart, B.A., Keble Coll., Oxon, 1880, a member of the South Wales circuit, a student of the Middle Temple 27 Oct., 1879, lecture prize Dec., 1880, and Dec., 1881, called to the bar 21 June, 1882 (son of Rev. John S. Moore, of Pagenham, Essex); born , .
    2, Essex Court, Temple, E.C.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Moore-Stevens, John Curzon

​Moore-Stevens, John Curzon, M.A., Christ Church, Oxon, 1844, from Winchester Coll., capt. Devon hussars, J.P., D.L., high sheriff 1870, a student of the Middle Temple 12 Jan., 1841, called to the bar 26 Jan., 1844 (son of late Ven. John Moore-Stevens, of Winscott, archdeacon of Exeter, dec.); born 10 Oct., 1818; married 19 Dec., 1850, Elizabeth Anne, dau. of Rev. Peter Johnson, prebendary of Exeter, and has issue.
    Winscott House, Torrington; Carlton and National Clubs.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Moorhouse, William Sefton

​Moorhouse, William Sefton, practises before the supreme court of New Zealand, a student of the Middle Temple 17 Nov., 1847, called to the bar 22 Nov., 1850 (eldest son of William Moorhouse, Esq., of Knottingley, York); born , .
    Christchurch, New Zealand.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Moore, Thomas (b.?)

​Moore, Thomas, a judge of Vasik, Bombay, a student of the Middle Temple 15 Nov., 1880, called to the bar 29 April, 1885 (only son of late Thomas Moore, of Bailieboro, Newbridge, co. Cavan, dec.); born , .
# Men-at-the-Bar/Moore, William Robert

​Moore, William Robert, B.A., St. John's Coll., Camb., 1880, a member of the Western circuit, a student of the Inner Temple 13 Nov., 1878 (then aged 24), called to the bar 7 May, 1884 (only son of William Moore, of Highbullen, Devon); born 16 Nov., 1853.
    Highbullen, Chittlehamholt, Devon; 1, Harcourt Buildings, Temple, E.C.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Moore, Thomas (b.1857)

​Moore, Thomas, B.A., Jesus Coll., Camb., 1880, a student of the Inner Temple 27 Jan., 1879 (then aged 22), called to the bar 21 June, 1882 (only son of late Edward Moore, of Burnley, co. Lanc.); born , 1857.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Moore, Stuart Archibald

​Moore, Stuart Archibald, a student of the Inner Temple 24 Jan., 1880 (then aged 38), called to the bar 25 June, 1884 (4th son of late Barlow Brass Moore, of the Lawn, South Lambeth, Surrey); born , 1842.
    1, Serjeants' Inn, W.C.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Moorsom, James Marshall

​Moorsom, James Marshall, B.A., Trin. Coll., Camb., 1860, a member of the Southeastern circuit, examiner in common law to Inns of Court 1884, a student of the Inner Temple 18 Nov., 1858 (then aged 20), called to the bar 26 Jan., 1863 (4th son of late Vice-Admiral Constantine Richard Moorsom); born , 1838; married 25 July, 1877, Emma Catherine, eldest dau. of William Browne, Esq., of Tallintire Hall, Cumberland.
    4, St. Alban's Road, Kensington, W.; 2, Paper Buildings, Temple, E.C.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Morasso, Alfred Cyril

​Morasso, Alfred Cyril, matric. King's Coll., London, a student of the Middle Temple 24 Jan., 1881, called to the bar 17 Nov., 1884 (6th son of Andrew Morasso, of Gibraltar); born , .
    33, Lornesfield Road, Finsbury Park, N.
# Men-at-the-Bar/More, Robert Jasper

​More, Robert Jasper, M.P. South Salop 1865-8, M.A., B.C.L., Balliol Coll., Oxon, 1862, J.P., D.L. Salop, high sheriff 1881, J.P. co. Montgomery, a member of the Oxford circuit, a student of Lincoln's Inn 19 April, 1859 (then aged 22), called to the bar 6 June, 1863 (only son of Rev. Thomas Frederick More, of Linley Hall, Salop); born , 1837; married , 1871, Evaline Frances, dau. of Rev. Canon Carr, of St. Helen's, Lancashire, and has issue.
    The Hall, Cleobury North, Bridgnorth; Linley, Bishop's Castle; Brooks', Devonshire, and Oxford & Cambridge Clubs.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tarde, Gabriel

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​TARDE, GABRIEL (1843–1904), French sociologist, was born at Sarlat (Dordogne) in 1843. Entering the legal profession, he was for some time a juge d'instruction in his native town, becoming afterwards head of the statistical department of the ministry of justice. He also held the professorship of modern philosophy at the Collège de France in Paris, and was elected a member of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques in 1900. Attracted to the study of criminology by the opportunities of his profession, he gradually built up for himself a reputation as an acute observer of the phenomena of the subject, while at the same time he made striking and original deductions of his own. Special reference may be made to his theory of “imitation” as outlined in Les Lois de l'imitation (1890), and further elaborated in Logique sociale (1895). He also wrote L'Opinion et la foule (1901); Les Transformations du droit (1894); Les Transformations du pouvoir (1899); L’Opposition universelle (1897) and Psychologie économique (1902; Eng. trans., Social Laws, 1899). He died in Paris in 1904.
See bibliography of the sociological writings of Tarde in M. M. Davis, Psychological Interpretations of Society (Columbia University Press, 1909); also A. Matagrin, La Psychologie sociale de Gabriel Tarde (Paris, 1910).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tardigrada

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​TARDIGRADA, apparently Arthropodous animals whose relationship to the great classes of this sub-kingdom is masked by degenerative modification. They are microscopical in size and live in damp moss or water. The body is elongated and furnished with four pairs of short, unjointed, stump-like legs, each terminated by a pair of claws. The legs of the posterior
Milnesium tardigradum, Schrank. a, ovary; b, oval stylite (?); c, mouth; d., alimentary canal; e...e, legs. pair project from the hinder extremity of the body and the anus opens between them. The mouth, situated at the opposite end and armed with a pair of stylets, leads into an oesophagus, into which the ducts of a pair of so-called salivary glands open. Behind this point there is a muscular pharynx or gizzard, which communicates with the wide intestinal tract. No organs of circulation or respiration are known; but the nervous system is well developed, and consists of a pair of ganglia corresponding with the limbs and connected by longitudinal commissural chords. Anteriorly these chords embrace the oesophagus and unite with the cerebral mass which innervates the pair of eyes when present. The sexes are not distinct, the sexual organs being represented by a pair of testes and a single ovary, which open together into the posterior end of the alimentary canal. The Tardigrada have been regarded as degenerate Acari largely on account of their possessing four pairs of ambulatory limbs, which is considered ​to be an Arachnidan characteristic. But they cannot be affiliated with this order on account of the total suppression of the abdomen, of their hermaphroditism and of the communication that exists between the generative organs and the alimentary tract. These last characteristics also separate them essentially from the Pycnogonida, some members of which resemble them to a certain extent in having only four pairs of limbs, no gnathites, no respiratory organs, a ganglionated ventral nervous system, and the abdomen reduced to a mere rudiment projecting between the last pair of legs.
Several genera and species of Tardigrada have been described, perhaps the best known being Macrobiotus schultzii and Milnesium tardigradum.  (R. I. P.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tare and Tret

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​TARE AND TRET, in commerce, allowances or deductions. Tare is an allowance made from the gross weight of goods for the box, bag or other wrapping in which the goods are packed. It may be real, i.e. representing the actual weight of the wrapping; customary, when a uniform or established rate is allowed; average, when one or two packages among several are weighed, and the mean or average of the whole taken; or super-tare, an additional allowance when the package exceeds a certain weight. Tret is an allowance of 4 ℔. in every 104 ℔. of weight, made as compensation for loss by waste. “Tare” comes through the Fr. tare, cf. Sp. tara, from Arab, tarha, tarh, throwing, casting—the word meant originally loss, that which is thrown away; “tret” is an adaptation of Fr. traite, Lat. trahere, to draw,—and meant a draught, transportation, also a payment on ex- ports, an allowance on exportation.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tarentum (Pennsylvania)

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​TARENTUM, a borough of Allegheny county, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., on the Allegheny river, about 20 m. N.E. of Pittsburg. Pop. (1890) 4627; (1900) 5472 (1173 being foreign-born); (1910) 7414. Tarentum is served by the Pennsylvania railway and by an electric line connecting with Pittsburg. Among manufactures.are plate glass and bottles, table ware, paper, bricks, iron and steel articles, and steel sheets and billets. Coal mining is an important industry, and the borough is supplied with natural gas. Tarentum was first settled in 1796, was laid out in 1829 at the direction of Henry Marie Brackenridge (1786–1871), who by marriage had come into possession of the site, and it was incorporated as a borough in 1842. The first glass manufactory was established in 1872.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Target, Gui Jean Baptiste

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​TARGET, GUI JEAN BAPTISTE (1733–1807), French lawyer and politician, was born in Paris on the 17th of December 1733. ​He acquired a great reputation as a lawyer, less by practice in the courts than in a consultative capacity. He strenuously opposed the “parlement Maupeou,” devised by the Chancellor Maupeou to replace the old judiciary bodies, and refused to plead before it. He was counsel for the cardinal de Rohan in the affair of the Diamond Necklace (q.v.). In 1785 he was elected to the French Academy. In 1789 he was returned as one of the deputies of the Third Estate in Paris to the states-general, where he supported all such revolutionary measures as the union of the orders, the suspensive veto, the civil constitution of the clergy, &c. His excessive obesity, which in the Constituent Assembly made him the butt of the Royalists, had prevented him from practising at the bar for some years before 1789, and when Louis XVI. invited him to undertake his defence he excused himself on this ground. At the same time he published in 1792 some Observations in extenuation of the action of the king, from the constitutional point of view, which in the circumstances of the time argued much courage. For the rest, he took no part in public affairs during the Terror. Under the Directory he was made a member of the Institute (1796) and of the Court of Cassation (1798). He lived to collaborate in the earlier stages of the new criminal code. Among his writings may be mentioned a paper on the grain trade (1776) and a Mémoire sur l’état des Protestants en France (1787), in which he pleaded for the restoration of civil rights to the Protestants.
See Victor du Bled, “Les avocats et l’Academie Francaise,” in the Grand Revue (vol. ii. 1899); H. Moulin, Le Palais a l’Academie: Target et son fauteuil (Paris, 1884); P. Boulloche, Un avocat an 18$^{ème}$ siècle (Paris, 1893).