OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Runkle, John Daniel

Edition of 1900.
​RUNKLE, John Daniel, mathematician, b. in Root, Montgomery co., N. Y., 11 Oct., 1822. He worked on his father's farm until he was of age, and then studied and taught until he entered Lawrence scientific school of Harvard, where he was graduated in 1851. Meanwhile his ability as a mathematician led in 1849 to his appointment as assistant in the preparation of the “American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac,” in which he continued to engage until 1884. He was called to the professorship of mathematics in the Massachusetts institute of technology, and still (1888) holds that chair, being also acting president in 1868-'70, and president in 1870-'8. Prof. Runkle has taken great interest in the subject of manual training, and that system was introduced in the Institute of technology largely in consequence of his efforts. He received the honorary degrees of A. M. from Harvard in 1851, Ph. D. from Hamilton in 1869, and LL. D. from Wesleyan in 1871. In 1859 he founded the “Mathematical Monthly,” which he published until 1861, and he had charge of the astronomical department of the “Illustrated Pilgrim's Almanac.” Besides many papers, including “The Manual Element in Education” in the “Reports of the Massachusetts Board of Education” for 1876-'7 and 1880-'1 and “Report on Industrial Education” (1883), he has published “New Tables for Determining the Values of the Coefficients in the Perturbative Function of Planetary Motion” (Washington, 1856) and “Elements of Plane and Solid Analytic Geometry” (Boston, 1888). — His brother, Cornelius A., lawyer, b. in Montgomery county, N. Y., 9 Dec., 1832; d. in New York city, 19 March, 1888, was graduated at Harvard law-school in 1855, began practice in New York city, and was subsequently made deputy collector and given charge of the law division of the New York custom-house. This rendered him familiar with the legal questions involved in tariff and internal revenue litigation, and resulted in his devoting himself largely to that class of business. Mr. Runkle for about twenty-five years acted as counsel for “The Tribune” association. — Cornelius A.'s wife, Lucia Isabella, author, b. in North Brookfield, Worcester co., Mass., 20 Aug., 1844. Her maiden name was Gilbert, and after receiving her education in Fall River and Worcester, Mass., she removed to New York city. In 1862 she married Mr. Calhoun, and in 1869 Mr. Runkle. For many years she was an editorial writer and contributor to the New York “Tribune,” in which she published a brilliant series of articles on “Cooking,” treated from an artistic standpoint, which attracted much attention. She has also written frequently for other journals and for magazines.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Rowlandson, Mary

Edition of 1900.
​ROWLANDSON, Mary, captive. She was a daughter of John White, and wife of the Rev. Joseph Rowlandson, the first minister of Lancaster, Mass., who died in 1678. On 10 Feb., 1676, during King Philip's war, the Indians surprised and burned Lancaster, and took her captive. For several days she had no food, and after her child was frozen to death and buried in the forest, she was sold by her Narragansett captor to a Sagamore named Quanopin, in whose wife she found a “most uncomfortable mistress,” who treated her with insolence. The Indians with whom she lived remained near the site of Petersham, Worcester co., Mass., until they crossed Connecticut river on hearing that they were pursued. Mrs. Rowlandson then met King Philip, who treated her with much civility. Soon the Indians returned to Worcester county. Timothy Dwight says: “Mrs. Rowlandson went through almost every suffering but death. She was beaten, kicked, turned out of doors, refused food, insulted in the grossest manner, and at times almost starved. Nothing but experience can enable us to conceive what must be the hunger of a person by whom the discovery of six acorns and two chestnuts was regarded as a rich prize. At times, in order to make her miserable, they announced to her the death of her husband and children.” Her captivity lasted nearly three months, and was ended through the agency of a resident of Concord, Mass. She was redeemed for about eighty dollars, which was contributed by several women of Boston. She published her experience in a book entitled the “Narrative of the Captivity and Removes of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson among the Indians” (Cambridge and London, 1682; 2d ed., Boston, 1720; new ed., 1723). The 5th edition was edited by Joseph Willard (Lancaster, Mass., 1828).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Rumsey, James

Edition of 1900.
​RUMSEY, James, inventor, b. in Bohemia Manor, Cecil Co., Md., about 1743; d. in London, England, 23 Dec., 1792. He was a machinist by trade, and early turned his attention to inventing, making various improvements in the mechanism of mills. In 1784 he exhibited to George Washington the model of a boat for stemming the current of rivers by the force of the stream acting on settling poles, which he patented in several states; and he obtained in March, 1785, the exclusive right for ten years “to navigate and build boats calculated to work with greater ease and rapidity against rapid rivers” from the assembly at Philadelphia. Subsequently he succeeded in launching a boat on the Potomac, which he propelled by a steam-engine and machinery of his own construction that secured motion by the force of a stream of water thrown out by a pump at the stern. In December, 1787, a successful trial trip was witnessed by a large concourse of people, and he was granted the rights of navigating the streams of New York, Maryland, and Virginia. The Rumsey society, of which Benjamin Franklin was a member, was founded in Philadelphia in 1788 for the purpose of furthering his schemes. He then went to England, where a similar society was organized, and he obtained patents for his inventions in Great Britain, France, and Holland. A boat and machinery were built for him, and a successful trip was made on the Thames in December, 1792, but he died while preparing for another experiment. The legislature of Kentucky presented in 1839 a gold medal to his son “commemorative of his father's services and high agency in giving to the world the benefits of the steamboat.” He published a “Short Treatise on the Application of Steam” (Philadelphia, 1788), by which he became involved in a controversy with John Fitch (q. v.).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Rumsey, Julian Sidney

Edition of 1900.
​RUMSEY, Julian Sidney, merchant, b. in Batavia, N. Y., 3 April, 1823; d. in Chicago, Ill., 20 April, 1886. He removed to Chicago in 1837, and entered the service of a firm in which he and his brother subsequently became partners. This firm, then known as Newberry and Dole, sent out in September, 1839, the first shipment of grain from ​Chicago. In 1852 Mr. Dole retired and the firm, which was for a time known as Rumsey Brothers, devoted itself exclusively to the grain commission business. Mr. Rumsey was identified with the history of Chicago for more than half a century. During that period he was mayor, county treasurer, and president of the board of trade. Of the latter institution he was a charter member, and through his efforts the present system of grain inspection and grading was adopted. This achievement gave him the title of the “Father of Grain Inspection.” Mr. Rumsey always took an interest in national and state politics. In 1861, during the period that preceded the civil war, he did much, as mayor, to arouse the enthusiasm of his fellow-citizens in favor of the preservation of the Union, and at the mass-meeting in Metropolitan hall a few days after the firing on Fort Sumter, he delivered a stirring address. He was a member of the first war finance committee, and of the Republican state committee the same year. During the panic of 1873 he was president of the Corn exchange national bank.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Rupp, Israel Daniel

Edition of 1900.
​RUPP, Israel Daniel, author, b. in Cumberland county, Pa., 10 July, 1803; d. in Philadelphia, 31 May, 1878. He was born upon a farm and had few educational advantages, but at the age of twenty he had mastered eight languages, and became a teacher. In 1830 he translated into and from the German a large number of religious works, the principal of which was the “Blutige Schau-Platz, oder Geschichte der Martyren” (Cincinnati, 1830), which was originally published in German by the Ephrata brethren. About 1827 he began the preparation of the “History of the Germans of Pennsylvania,” which was not completed at his death. While gathering materials for this work he collected a large amount of data relating to the early history of the different counties in Pennsylvania. In 1836 his first historical compilation was issued from the press, while other volumes of local history followed in rapid succession. He was an indefatigable worker, an excellent German scholar, with good conversational powers, and in his lifetime collected much historical material. He had the peculiar faculty of obtaining facts that few possessed, and hence all his local histories are repositories of zeal and industry. He was not a polished writer, and lacked method in his historical arrangement. He translated, wrote, compiled, and prepared for the press about thirty volumes, but the great work of his life, “The History of the Germans of Pennsylvania,” remains unpublished. Apart from his translations, Mr. Rupp's historical writings are “Geographical Catechism of Pennsylvania” (1836); “History of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania” (1844); “History of Religious Denominations of the United States” (Philadelphia, 1844); “History of Berks and Lebanon Counties” (Lancaster, 1844); “History of York County” (1845); “Events in Indian History” (1842); “History of Northampton, Lehigh, Monroe, Carbon, and Schuylkill Counties” (Harrisburg, 1846); “History of Western Pennsylvania” (1846); “History of Dauphin, Cumberland, Franklin, Bedford, Adams, and Perry Counties” (Lancaster, 1848); “History of Somerset, Cambria, and Indiana Counties” (1848); “History of Northumberland, Huntingdon, Mifflin, Centre, Union, Columbia, Juniata, and Clinton Counties” (1847); “Collection of Names of Thirty Thousand German and other Immigrants to Pennsylvania from 1727 to 1776” (Harrisburg, 1856); “Genealogy of the Descendants at John Jonas Rupp” (1874).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Ruschenberger, William S. W.

Edition of 1900. The 1891 edition notes that he attended schools in Philadelphia and New York before entering the navy.
​RUSCHENBERGER, William S. W., naval surgeon, b. in Cumberland county, N. J., 4 Sept., 1807; d. in Philadelphia, 24 March, 1895. After attending school he entered the navy as surgeon's mate, 10 Aug., 1826, was graduated in medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1830, and was commissioned surgeon, 4 April, 1831. He was fleet surgeon of the East India squadron in 1835-'7, attached to the naval rendezvous at Philadelphia in 1840-'2, and at the naval hospital in Brooklyn in 1843-'7, when he organized the laboratory for ​supplying the service with unadulterated drugs. He was again fleet surgeon of the East India squadron in 1847-'50, of the Pacific squadron in 1854-'7, and of the Mediterranean squadron from August, 1860, till July, 1861. During the intervals between cruises he was on duty at Philadelphia. During the civil war he was surgeon of the Boston navy-yard. He was on special duty at Philadelphia in 1865-'70, was the senior officer in the medical corps in 1866-'9, and was retired on 4 Sept., 1869. He was president of the Academy of natural sciences of Philadelphia in 1870-'82, and president of the College of physicians of Philadelphia in 1879-'83. He was commissioned medical director on the retired list, 3 March, 1871. Dr. Ruschenberger had published some of the results of his investigations during his cruises, by which he had acquired a wide reputation. Among his works are “Three Years in the Pacific” (Philadelphia, 1834; 2 vols., London, 1835); “A Voyage around the World, 1835-7” (Philadelphia, 1838; omitting strictures on the British government, 2 vols., London. 1838); “Elements of Natural History” (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1850); “A Lexicon of Terms used in Natural History” (1850); “A Notice of the Origin, Progress, and Present Condition of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia” (1852); and “Notes and Commentaries during Voyages to Brazil and China, 1848” (Richmond, 1854). He had also published numerous articles on naval rank and organization (1845-'50), and contributed papers to medical and scientific journals, and he edited the American edition of Mrs. Somerville's “Physical Geography,” with additions and a glossary (1850; new ed., 1853).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Ruggles, Benjamin

Edition of 1900.
​RUGGLES, Benjamin, senator, b. in Windham county, Conn., in 1783; d. in St. Clairsville, Ohio, 2 Sept., 1857. He obtained the means for acquiring a classical education by teaching during the winters, studied law, and was admitted to the bar. He removed to Marietta, Ohio, and subsequently to St. Clairsville, and in 1810 became president judge of the court of common pleas for the third circuit. In 1815 he was chosen U.S. senator, and he served until 1833, gaining by his habits of industry the name of the “wheel-horse of the senate.” In 1836 he was chosen a presidential elector on the Whig ticket.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Rundt, Charles Godfrey

Edition of 1900.
​RUNDT, Charles Godfrey, missionary, b. in Königsberg, Germany, 30 May, 1713; d. in Bethlehem, Pa., 17 Aug., 1764. He entered the army of Holstein as a musician, but in 1747 united with the Moravians in Saxony. In 1751 he was sent to Pennsylvania, and became an itinerant missionary among the Indians and white settlers. While residing at Onondaga in 1752 with David Zeisberger he was adopted into the tribe, receiving the name of Thaneraquechta.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume V/Hippolytus/The Extant Works and Fragments of Hippolytus/Exegetical/On Proverbs/Part 2

Another Fragment. St. Hippolytus on Prov. ix. 1, “Wisdom Hath Builded Her House.”
Christ, he means, the wisdom and power of God the Father, hath builded His house, i.e., His nature in the flesh derived from the Virgin, even as he (John) hath said beforetime, “The Word became flesh, and dwelt among us.” As likewise the wise prophet testifies:  Wisdom that was before the world, and is the source of life, the infinite “Wisdom of God, hath builded her house” by a mother who knew no man,—to wit, as He assumed the temple of the body. “And hath raised her seven pillars;” that is, the fragrant grace of the all-holy Spirit, as Isaiah says: “And the seven spirits of God shall rest upon Him.” But others say that the seven pillars are the seven divine orders which sustain the creation by His holy and inspired teaching; to wit, the prophets, the apostles, the martyrs, the hierarchs, the hermits, the saints, and the righteous. And the phrase, “She hath killed her beasts,” denotes the prophets and martyrs who in every city and country are slain like sheep every day by the unbelieving, in behalf of the truth, and cry aloud, “For thy sake we are killed all the day long, we were counted as sheep for the slaughter.” And again, “She hath mingled her wine” in the bowl, by which is meant, that the Saviour, uniting his Godhead, like pure wine, with the flesh in the Virgin, was born of her at once God and man without confusion of the one in the other. “And she hath furnished her table:” that denotes the promised knowledge of the Holy Trinity; it also refers to His honoured and undefiled body and blood, which day by day are administered and offered sacrificially at the spiritual divine table, as a memorial of that first and ever-memorable table of the spiritual divine supper. And again, “She hath sent forth her servants:” Wisdom, that is to say, has done so—Christ, to wit—summoning them with lofty announcement. “Whoso is simple, Let him turn to me,” she says, alluding manifestly to the holy apostles, who traversed the whole world, and called the nations to the knowledge of Him in truth, with their lofty and divine preaching. And again, “And to those that want understanding she said”—that is, to those who have not yet obtained the power of the Holy Ghost—“Come, eat of my bread, and drink of the wine which I have mingled for you;” by which is meant, that He gave His divine flesh and honoured blood to us, to eat and to drink it for the remission of sins.

## Footnotes

* ↑ From Gallandi.
* ↑ [I omit here the suffix “Pope of Rome,” for obvious reasons. He was papa of Portus at a time when all bishops were so called but this is a misleading absurdity, borrowed from the Galland ms., where it could hardly have been placed earlier. A mere mediæval blunder.]
* ↑ John i. 14.
* ↑ i.e., Solomon.
* ↑ Other reading, “hewn out.”
* ↑ Isa. xi. 2.
* ↑ Ps. xliv. 2; Rom. viii. 36.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume V/Hippolytus/The Extant Works and Fragments of Hippolytus/Exegetical/On the Hexaemeron, Or Six Days' Work

The Extant Works and Fragments
of
Hippolytus.
[Translated by the Rev. S. D. F. Salmond.]
Part I.—Exegetical.
Fragments from Commentaries on Various Books of Scripture.
On the Hexaëmeron, Or Six Days’ Work.
Now these things we are under the necessity of setting forth at length, in order to disprove the supposition of others. For some choose to maintain that paradise is in heaven, and forms no part of the system of creation. But since we see with our eyes the rivers that go forth from it which are open, indeed, even in our day, to the inspection of any who choose, let every one conclude from this that it did not belong to heaven, but was in reality planted in the created system. And, in truth, it is a locality in the east, and a place select.

## Footnotes

* ↑ In John Damasc., Sacr. Parall., Works, ii. p. 787.  That Hippolytus wrote on the Hexaëmeron is noticed by Eusebius, Hist. Eccl., vi. 22, and by Jerome, Syncellus, Honorius, etc.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume V/Hippolytus/The Extant Works and Fragments of Hippolytus/Exegetical/On Luke

On Luke.
Chap. ii. 7 And if you please, we say that the Word was the first-born of God, who came down from heaven to the blessed Mary, and was made a first-born man in her womb, in order that the first-born of God might be manifested in union with a first-born man.
22. When they brought Him to the temple to present Him to the Lord, they offered the oblations of purification. For if the gifts of purification according to the law were offered for Him, in this indeed He was made under the law. But the Word was not subject to the law in such wise as the sycophants fancy, since He is the law Himself; neither did God need sacrifices of purification, for He purifieth and sanctifieth all things at once in a moment.  But though He took to Himself the frame of man as He received it from the Virgin, and was made under the law, and was thus purified after the manner of the first-born, it was not because He needed this ceremonial that He underwent its services, but only for the purpose of redeeming from the bondage of the law those who were sold under the judgment of the curse.
Chap. xxiii For this reason the warders of Hades trembled when they saw Him; and the gates of brass and the bolts of iron were broken. For, lo, the Only-begotten entered, a soul among souls, God the Word with a (human) soul. For His body lay in the tomb, not emptied of divinity; but as, while in Hades, He was in essential being with His Father, so was He also in the body and in Hades. For the Son is not contained in space, just as the Father; and He comprehends all things in Himself. But of His own will he dwelt in a body animated by a soul, in order that with His soul He might enter Hades, and not with His pure divinity.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Mai, Script. vet. collectio nova, vol. ix. p. 645, Rome, 1837.
* ↑ οἱ συκοφάνται.
* ↑ Pearson On the Creed, art. iv. p. 355.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume V/Hippolytus/The Extant Works and Fragments of Hippolytus/Exegetical/On Matthew

On Matthew.
Matt. vi. 11.
For this reason we are enjoined to ask what is sufficient for the preservation of the substance of the body: not luxury, but food, which restores what the body loses, and prevents death by hunger; not tables to inflame and drive on to pleasures, nor such things as make the body wax wanton against the soul; but bread, and that, too, not for a great number of years, but what is sufficient for us to-day.

## Footnotes

* ↑ De Magistris, Acta Martyrum Ostiens., p. 405.
* ↑ He is giving his opinion on the ἐπιούσιον, i.e., the “daily bread.”
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume V/Hippolytus/The Extant Works and Fragments of Hippolytus/Exegetical/On Proverbs
## Contents

* Part 1
* Part 2
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume V/Hippolytus/The Extant Works and Fragments of Hippolytus/Exegetical/On Numbers

On Numbers. By the Holy Bishop and Martyr Hippolytus, from Balaam’s Blessings.
Now, in order that He might be shown to have together in Himself at once the nature of God and that of man,—as the apostle, too, says: “Mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus. Now a mediator is not of one man, but two,”—it was therefore necessary that Christ, in becoming the Mediator between God and men, should receive from both an earnest of some kind, that He might appear as the Mediator between two distinct persons.

## Footnotes

* ↑ In Leontius Byzant., book i. Against Nestorius and Eutyches (from Galland). The same fragment is found in Mai, Script. vet., vii. p. 134. [Galiand was a French Orientalist, a.d. 1646–1715.]
* ↑ 1 Tim. ii. 5.
* ↑ This word “man” agrees ill, not only with the text in Galatians, but even with the meaning of the writer here; for he is treating, not of a mediator between “two” men, but between “God and men.”—Migne.
* ↑ Gal. iii. 20.
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume V/Hippolytus/The Extant Works and Fragments of Hippolytus/Exegetical/On the Psalms
## Contents

* Part 1
* Part 2
* Part 3
* Part 4
* Part 5
* Part 6
# Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume V/Hippolytus/The Extant Works and Fragments of Hippolytus/Exegetical/On the Psalms/Part 1

On the Psalms. The Argument Prefixed by Hippolytus, Bishop of Rome, to His Exposition of the Psalms.
The book of Psalms contains new doctrine after the law of Moses. And after the writing of Moses, it is the second book of doctrine. Now, after the death of Moses and Joshua, and after the judges, arose David, who was deemed worthy of bearing the name of father of the Saviour himself; and he first gave to the Hebrews a new style of psalmody, by which he abrogates the ordinances established by Moses with respect to sacrifices, and introduces the new hymn and a new style of jubilant praise in the worship of God; and throughout his whole ministry he teaches very many other things that went beyond the law of Moses.

## Footnotes

* ↑ From Gallandi.
* ↑ [i.e., Samuel prepares for the Christian era, introducing the “schools of the prophets,” and the synagogue service, which God raised up David to complete, by furnishing the Psalter. Compare Acts iii. 24, where Samuel’s position in the “goodly fellowship” is marked. See Payne Smith’s Prophecy a Preparation for Christ.]