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# A Treatise on Painting/Chapter 348

Chap. CCCXLVIII.—Why the most perfect Imitation of Nature will not appear to have the same Relief as Nature itself.
If nature is seen with two eyes, it will be impossible to imitate it upon a picture so as to appear with the same relief, though the lines, the lights, shades, and colour, be perfectly imitated. It is proved thus: let the eyes A B, look at the object C, with the concurrence of both the central visual rays A C ​and B C. I say, that the sides of the visual angles (which contain these central rays) will see the space G D, behind the object C. The eye A will see all
the space FD, and the eye B all the space G E. Therefore the two eyes will see behind the object C all the space F E; for which reason that object C becomes as it were transparent, according to the definition of transparent bodies, behind which nothing is hidden. This cannot happen if an object were seen with one eye only, provided it be larger than the eye. From all that has been said, we may conclude, that a painted object, occupying all the space it has behind, leaves no possible way to see any part of the ground, which it covers entirely by its own circumference.
* ↑ See chap. cxxii.
* ↑ The whole of this chapter, like the next but one preceding, depends on the circumstance of there being in fact two points of sight, one in the centre of each eye, when an object is viewed with both eyes. In natural objects the effect which this circumstance produces is, that the rays from each point of sight, diverging as they extend towards the object, take in not only that, but some part also of the distance behind it, till at length, at a certain distance behind it, they cross each other; whereas, in a painted representation, there being no real distance behind the object, but the whole being a flat surface, it is impossible that the rays from the points of sight should pass beyond that flat surface; and as the object itself is on that flat surface, which is the real extremity of the view, the eyes cannot acquire a sight of any thing beyond.
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# A Treatise on Painting/Chapter 349

Chap. CCCXLIX.—Universality of Painting; a Precept.
A painter cannot be said to aim at universality in the art, unless he love equally every species of that art. For instance, if he delight only in landscape, his can be esteemed only as a simple investigation; and, as our friend Botticello remarks, is but a vain study; since, by throwing a sponge impregnated with various colours against a wall, it leaves some spots upon it, which may appear like a landscape. It is true also, that a variety of compositions may be seen in such spots, according to the disposition of mind with which they are considered; such as heads of men, various animals, battles, rocky scenes, seas, clouds, woods, and the like. It may be compared to the sound of bells, which may seem to say whatever we choose to imagine. In the same manner also, those spots may furnish hints for compositions, though they do not teach us how to finish any particular part; and the imitators of them are but sorry landscape-painters.
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# A Treatise on Painting/Chapter 350

Chap. CCCL.—In what Manner the Mirror is the true Master of Painters.
When you wish to know if your picture be like the object you mean to represent, have a flat looking-glass, and place it so as to reflect the object you have imitated, and compare carefully the original with the copy. You see upon a flat mirror the representation of things which appear real; Painting is the same. They are both an even superficies, and both give the idea of something beyond their superficies. Since you are persuaded that the looking-glass, by means of lines and shades, gives you the representation of things as if they were real; you being in possession of colours which in their different lights and shades are stronger than those of the looking-glass, may certainly, if you employ the rules with judgment, give to your picture the same appearance of Nature as you admire in the looking-glass. Or rather, your picture will be like Nature itself seen in a large looking-glass.
This looking-glass (being your master) will shew you the lights and shades of any object whatever. Amongst your colours there are some lighter than the lightest part of your model, and also some darker than the strongest shades; from which it follows, that you ought to represent Nature as seen in your looking-glass, when you look at it with one eye only; because both eyes surround the objects too much, particularly when they are small.
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# A Treatise on Painting/Chapter 354

Chap. CCCLIV.—Painters are not to imitate one another.
One painter ought never to imitate the manner of any other; because in that case he cannot be called the child of Nature, but the grandchild. It is always best to have recourse to Nature, which is replete with such abundance of objects, than to the productions of other masters, who learnt every thing from her.
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# A Treatise on Painting/Chapter 355

Chap. CCCLV.—How to judge of one’s own Work.
It is an acknowledged fact, that we perceive errors in the works of others more readily than in our own. A painter, therefore, ought to be well instructed in perspective, and acquire a perfect knowledge of the dimensions of the human body; he should also be a good architect, at least as far as concerns the outward shape of buildings, with their different parts; and where he is deficient, he ought not to neglect taking drawings from Nature.
It will be well also to have a looking-glass by him, when he paints, to look often at his work in it, which being seen the contrary way, will appear as the work of another hand, and will better shew his faults. It will be useful also to quit his work often, and take some relaxation, that his judgment may be clearer at his return; for too great application and sitting still is sometimes the cause of many gross errors.
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# A Treatise on Painting/Chapter 347

Chap. CCCXLVII.—Why, on measuring a Face, and then painting it of the same Size, it will appear larger than the natural one.
London. Published by J. Taylor High Holborn.
​ried to the distance O R of the lines A F, B F; so that there is the difference C O and R D. It follows that the line C F, and the line D F, in order to become shorter, have to go and find the paper where the whole height is drawn, that is to say, the lines F A, and F B, where the true size is; and so it makes the difference, as I have said, of C O, and R D.
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# A Treatise on Painting/Chapter 351

Chap. CCCLI.—Which Painting is to be esteemed the best.
That painting is the most commendable which has the greatest conformity to what is meant to be imitated. This kind of comparison will often put to shame a certain description of painters, who pretend they can mend the works of Nature; as they do, for instance, when they pretend to represent a child twelve months old, giving him eight heads in height, when Nature in its best proportion admits but five. The breadth of the shoulders also, which is equal to the head, they make double, giving to a child a year old, the proportions of a man of thirty. They have so often practised, and seen others practise these errors, that they have converted them into habit, which has taken so deep a root in their corrupted judgment, that they persuade themselves that Nature and her imitators are wrong in not following their own practice.
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# A Treatise on Painting/Chapter 35

Chap. XXXV.—Of the Joints of the Fingers.
The joints of the fingers appear larger on all sides when they bend; the more they bend the larger they appear. The contrary is the case when straight. It is the same in the toes, and it will be more perceptible in proportion to their fleshiness.
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# Administrative Code of 1987/Book IV/Title VI/Chapter 5

Source: Supplement to the Official Gazette. Vol. 83, No. 38. Manila. National Printing Office. 1987. p. 117.
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Chapter 5—State Colleges and Universities
Sec. 11. Governance.—By virtue of his chairmanship of their boards of trustees as provided in their respective charters, the Secretary, directly or through his Undersecretaries, shall continue to govern state colleges and universities.
This work is in the public domain because it is a work of the Philippine government (see Republic Act No. 8293 Sec. 176).
All official Philippine texts of a legislative, administrative, or judicial nature, or any official translation thereof, are ineligible for copyright.
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# Administrative Code of 1987/Book IV/Title VI/Chapter 1

Source: Supplement to the Official Gazette. Vol. 83, No. 38. Manila. National Printing Office. 1987. pp. 114–115.
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Chapter 1—General Provisions
Section 1. Declaration of Policy.—The State shall protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality education at all levels and shall take appropriate steps to make such education accessible to all. Pursuant to this, the State shall:
    1) Establish, maintain and support a complete, adequate, and integrated system of education relevant to the needs of the people and society;
    2) Establish and maintain a system of free public education in the elementary and high school levels. Without limiting the natural right of parents to rear their children, elementary education is compulsory for all children of school age;
    3) Establish and maintain a system of scholarship grants, student loan programs, subsidies, and other incentives which shall be available to deserving students in both public and private schools, especially to the underprivileged;
    4) Encourage non-formal, informal, and indigenous learning systems, as well as self-learning, independent, and out-of-school study programs particularly those that respond to community needs; and
    5) Provide adult citizens, the disabled, and out-of-school youth with training in civics, vocational efficiency, and other skills.
Sec. 2. Mandate.—The Department shall be primarily responsible for the formulation, planning, implementation and coordination of the policies, plans, programs and projects in the areas of formal and non-formal education at all levels, supervise all educational institutions, both public and private, and provide for the establishment and maintenance of a complete, adequate and integrated system of education relevant to the goals of national development.
Sec. 3. Powers and Functions.—To accomplish its mandate and objectives, the Department shall have the powers and functions of formulating, planning, implementing and coordinating the policies, plans, programs and projects for the following:
    (1) Elementary, secondary, physical and international education;
    (2) Non-formal and vocational or technical education;
    (3) Higher education;
    (4) Development of culture;
    (5) Foreign and locally assisted projects and other activities relative to Subsections (1), (2), (3), and (4); and
    (6) Perform such other functions as may be provided by law.
Sec. 4. Organizational Structure.—The Department, aside from the Department Proper, shall consist of Bureau and Regional Offices.
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# Administrative Code of 1987/Book IV/Title VI/Chapter 2

Source: Supplement to the Official Gazette. Vol. 83, No. 38. Manila. National Printing Office. 1987. pp. 115–116.
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Chapter 2—Department Proper
Sec. 5. Office of the Secretary.—The Office of the Secretary shall be composed of the Secretary and his immediate staff.
Sec. 6. Undersecretaries.—The Secretary shall be assisted by five (5) Undersecretaries, each of whom shall be responsible for the following:
    (1) Elementary education, secondary education, physical education and international education programs and centers;
    (2) Non-formal education, vocational/technical education, and youth organizations;
    (3) Higher education, cultural agencies, and foreign-assisted projects;
    (4) Internal administration and management, and regional coordination; and
    (5) Legal and legislative affairs, and other attached agencies and centers.
This work is in the public domain because it is a work of the Philippine government (see Republic Act No. 8293 Sec. 176).
All official Philippine texts of a legislative, administrative, or judicial nature, or any official translation thereof, are ineligible for copyright.
An additional license tag is required in order to demonstrate why this work is freely licensed or in the public domain in the United States.
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# Administrative Code of 1987/Book IV/Title VI/Chapter 4

Source: Supplement to the Official Gazette. Vol. 83, No. 38. Manila. National Printing Office. 1987. pp. 116–117.
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Chapter 4—Board of Higher Education
Sec. . Organization.—The Board shall be composed of an Undersecretary of the Department of Education, Culture and Sports designated as Chairman and four other members to be appointed by the President of the Philippines upon nomination by the Secretary of Education, Culture and Sports for a term of four years. The four members shall have distinguished themselves in the field of higher education and development either in the public or private sector. The Director of the Bureau of Higher Education shall participate in the deliberation of the Board but without the right to vote.
Sec. 9. Functions.—The Board of Higher Education shall:
    (1) Articulate the policy and support the framework for both public and private post-secondary education;
    (2) Make policy recommendations regarding the planning and management of the integrated system of higher education and the continuing evaluation thereof;
    (3) Recommend to the Secretary of Education, Culture and Sports steps to improve the governance of the various components of the higher education system at national and regional levels; and
    (4) Assist the Secretary of Education, Culture and Sports in making recommendations relative to the generation of resources and their allocation for higher education.
Sec. 10. Staff Assistance.—The Bureau of Higher Education shall provide the Board with the necessary technical and staff support; Provided, That the Board may create technical panels of experts in the various disciplines as the need arises.
This work is in the public domain because it is a work of the Philippine government (see Republic Act No. 8293 Sec. 176).
All official Philippine texts of a legislative, administrative, or judicial nature, or any official translation thereof, are ineligible for copyright.
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# Administrative Code of 1987/Book IV/Title VI/Chapter 7

Source: Supplement to the Official Gazette. Vol. 83, No. 38. Manila. National Printing Office. 1987. p. 119.
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Chapter 7—Regional Offices
Sec. 18. Organization.—The Department is hereby authorized to establish, operate and maintain a Regional Office in each of the administrative regions of the country. Each Regional Office shall be headed by a Regional Director who shall be assisted by an Assistant Regional Director. The Regional Director shall be responsible for the School Divisions and their Superintendents within his administrative region.
Sec. 19. Functions.—A Regional Office shall have, within its administrative region, the following functions:
    (1) Formulate the regional plan of education based on the national plan of the Department taking into account the specific needs and special traditions of the region;
    (2) Implement laws, rules, regulations, policies, plans, programs and projects of the Department;
    (3) Provide economical, efficient and effective education service to the people;
    (4) Coordinate with regional offices of other Departments, Offices and agencies in the region;
    (5) Coordinate with local government units; and
    (6) Perform such other functions as may be provided by law.
This work is in the public domain because it is a work of the Philippine government (see Republic Act No. 8293 Sec. 176).
All official Philippine texts of a legislative, administrative, or judicial nature, or any official translation thereof, are ineligible for copyright.
An additional license tag is required in order to demonstrate why this work is freely licensed or in the public domain in the United States.
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# Administrative Code of 1987/Book IV/Title VI/Chapter 8

Source: Supplement to the Official Gazette. Vol. 83, No. 38. Manila. National Printing Office. 1987. p. 120.
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Chapter 8—Attached Agencies
are hereby attached to the Department:
    (1) National Museum;
    (2) National Library;
    (3) National Historical Institute;
    (4) Institute of Philippine Languages;
    (5) Instructional Materials Corporation;
    (6) Instructional Materials Council;
    (7) Educational Development Projects Implementing Task Force;
    (8) Educational Assistance Policy Council;
    (9) National Youth and Sports Development Board;
    (10) National Social Action Council;
    (11) National Board of Teachers;
    (12) Boy Scouts of the Philippines;
    (13) Girl Scouts of the Philippines; and
    (14) Records Management and Archives Office.
Sec. 21. Supervised and Controlled Agencies.—The Department shall exercise supervision and control over the following agencies:
    (1) Health and Nutrition Center; and
    (2) National Education Testing and Research Center.
Sec. 22. Functions and Duties.—The agencies attached to as well as those under the supervision and control of the Department shall continue to operate and function in accordance with their respective charters or laws creating them except as otherwise provided in this Code.
This work is in the public domain because it is a work of the Philippine government (see Republic Act No. 8293 Sec. 176).
All official Philippine texts of a legislative, administrative, or judicial nature, or any official translation thereof, are ineligible for copyright.
An additional license tag is required in order to demonstrate why this work is freely licensed or in the public domain in the United States.
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# Administrative Code of 1987/Book IV/Title VII

Source: Supplement to the Official Gazette. Vol. 83, No. 38. Manila. National Printing Office. 1987. pp. 122–131.
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Title VII—LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT
* Chapter 1—General Provisions
* Chapter 2—Department Proper
* Chapter 3—Department Services
* Chapter 4—Bureaus
* Chapter 5—Regional Offices
* Chapter 6—Attached Agencies
This work is in the public domain because it is a work of the Philippine government (see Republic Act No. 8293 Sec. 176).
All official Philippine texts of a legislative, administrative, or judicial nature, or any official translation thereof, are ineligible for copyright.
An additional license tag is required in order to demonstrate why this work is freely licensed or in the public domain in the United States.
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# Administrative Code of 1987/Book IV/Title VI/Chapter 3

Source: Supplement to the Official Gazette. Vol. 83, No. 38. Manila. National Printing Office. 1987. p. 116.
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Chapter 3—Department Services
Sec. 7. Functions of the Services.—The Services of the Department shall consist of the following:
    (1) The Planning Service shall be responsible for providing the Department with economical, efficient, and effective services relating to planning, programming, and project development;
    (2) The Financial and Management Service shall be responsible for providing the Department with staff advice and assistance on budgetary, financial, and management improvement matters;
    (3) The Administrative Service shall be responsible for providing the Department with economical, efficient, and effective services relating to legal assistance, information, records, supplies, equipment, collection, disbursement, security and custodial work;
    (4) The Human Resources Development Service shall:
       (a) Develop and administer a personal program which shall include selection and placement, classification and pay, career and employment development, performance rating, employee relations and welfare services;
       (b) Act on all matters concerning attendance, leaves of absences, appointments, promotions, and other personnel transactions; and
       (c) Conduct training programs in the Department.
    (5) The Technical Service, which includes the Office of the Head Executive Assistant and the Information and Publication Service shall take charge of technical staff activities which cannot be allocated to the four (4) other services.
This work is in the public domain because it is a work of the Philippine government (see Republic Act No. 8293 Sec. 176).
All official Philippine texts of a legislative, administrative, or judicial nature, or any official translation thereof, are ineligible for copyright.
An additional license tag is required in order to demonstrate why this work is freely licensed or in the public domain in the United States.
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# A Pretty Epigram

* information about this edition.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
From Notebook c.1808-1811 p.38. See also: Satiric verses and epigrams.

#### Edited text:

A Pretty Epigram for the encouragement of those who have paid great sums in the Venetian and Flemish ooze
NATURE and Art in this together suit:
What is most grand is always most minute. Rubens thinks tables, chairs and stools are grand, But Raphael thinks a head, a foot, a hand.
________________________________________

#### The original text:

A Pretty Epigram for the Entertainment of those who have Paid Great Sums in the Venetian & Flemish Ooze
Nature & Art in this together Suit
What is Most Grand is always most Minute
Rubens thinks Tables Chairs & Stools are Grand
But Rafael thinks A Head a foot a hand
________________________________________

## Notes

* ↑ The Poetical Works of William Blake, including the unpublished French Revolution together with the Minor Prophetic Books and Selections from The Four Zoas, Milton & Jerusalem; edited with an introduction and textual notes by John Sampson, Hon. D.Litt. Oxon., 1862–1931. London, New York: Oxford University Press, 1908.
* ↑ A Pretty Epigram for those who have given high prices for bad pictures MS. 1st rdg. del.
* ↑ "The Complete Poetry & Prose of William Blake", ed. by David V. Erdman, Anchor Books, 1988, p. 513.
* ↑ A Pretty Epigram . . . N 38 Title revised in ms thus: A [Pretty Epigram for <the entertainment of> those who have Given high Prices for Bad Pictures And ?have] Pretty Epigram for [those] the Entertainment of those Who pay] <have Paid> Great Sums in the Venetian & Flemish Ooze
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse