OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Education and Art in Soviet Russia/Document 34

DOCUMENT No. 34
Memorial Plates for Propaganda Purposes
At the Commissariat of Education, at the initiative of Lenin, a plan for employing memorial plates for propaganda purposes is being worked out at present. A selection of citations and slogans illustrating the moment will be made. These citations ​will be engraved on stone or bronze plates and placed on the main thoroughfares of the cities. The best artists will be entrusted with the execution of the work. The unveiling of each of these memorial plates will be made a celebration with speeches, the text of the particular citation forming the theme. A musical program will also be a feature at these occasions.
It has also been decided to erect at convenient points of the capitals monuments to great personages distinguished in the Russian and world revolutions. These monuments are proposed to be made not of everlasting bronze or marble, but rather to take the form of plaster and terra-cotta statues for propaganda purposes. At the base of each statue will be placed a stone-slab with a short biography of and quotations from its subject.
The statues will be unveiled on Sundays and will be accompanied by speeches bearing on the significance of the individual in question, reading of selected passages from his works and a musical program. The same evening at one of the main city theatres will be given either a performance or a concert in honor of the person celebrated.
As a beginning it is proposed to erect statues of Radischey, Ryliev, Pestel, Belinsky, Dobroluibov, Tchernyshevsky and Nekrasov.
Mr. Sherwood, sculptor, will direct the work.
(Translator's note: The above-named publicists, philosophers, writers and poets, were the intellectual precursors of the revolutionary movement in Russia, active principally in the 1825–50 period. Tchernyshevsky's famous work, "What's to be Done?" is a complete analysis of the intellectual currents of that period.—Sherwood is a common Russian name, of English origin:)
# Education and Art in Soviet Russia/Document 8

​Much has been said boastfully in our country of our great system of popular education, and, in spite of the many other disadvantages to which our proletarians have been subjected, it may be admitted that a certain rudimentary education has always been rather well conducted in America. But the gates to higher institutions have been closed to all but the wealthy, not only by the general conditions of life, which have not afforded the leisure for higher study to the great masses of the population, but also by high tuition fees, which have made the barrier still more insurmountable. How the Russians now decide the fee question, even for higher institutions, is the subject of Document No. 8.
DOCUMENT No. 8
Regulation Concerning Admission to a Higher School (University) of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
1. Every person, regardless of citizenship and sex, reaching the age of 16, can be admitted as a member of the student body to any of the higher institutions of learning without submitting a diploma or testimonial papers attesting graduation from a secondary or other school.
2. It is forbidden to demand from persons seeking entrance any certificates whatsoever, except their identification papers.
3. All school institutions of the Republic, in conformity with the decree on joint instruction, dated May 27, 1918, are thrown open to all, regardless of sex. All persons responsible for violating this decree shall be tried by the Revolutionary Tribunal.
4. Admissions of students (freshmen for the 1918–1919 course) already made on the basis of either school certificates or competitive examinations, are hereby declared void. New entrance conditions in accordance with the requirements of the general provision on the higher schools of the Republic, now in course of preparation, shall be published not later than September 1, 1918.
5. Tuition fees in higher educational institutions of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic are henceforth abolished. Tuition fees already paid for the first half of the academic year 1918–1919 shall be refunded accordingly.
Chairman of the Soviet of People's Commissaires, V. Ulianov (Lenin)
Acting People's Commissaire of Education, Pokrovsky,
Chief Clerk of the Soviet of People's Commissaires, V. Bonch-Bruevich,
Secretary of the Soviet, N. Gorbunov.
# Education and Art in Soviet Russia/Part 1

Education and Art in Soviet Russia
Being a Set of Important Decrees and Documents Published in Russia, with a Few Explanatory Remarks for American Readers
With a Foreword by Max Eastman
I. The Organization of the Educational System
After the installation of proletarian dictatorship in Russia, following the proletarian revolution of November 7, 1917, (October 25, old style), all branches of the government were of course reorganized on the basis of the new source from which the government derived its power. The application of this process of transformation to the Department of Education is announced in the following Document (No. 1), issued by the newly appointed People’s Commissaire of Education, A. V. Lunacharsky, one of the most distinguished publicists and scholars of Russia:
* Document 1: Circular of the People's Commissaire of Education to All Regional Commissioners of Education
* Document 2: Decree of the Workers' and Peasants' Government: Provision for the Organization of Popular Education in the Russian Socialist Soviet Republic
* Document 3: School Reform: Commissary Lepeshinsky's Paper, Read at the First All-Russian Congress of Teachers-Internationalists, June 2, 1918
* Document 4: Regulation of the Soviet of People's Commissaires Concerning Standard Remuneration for Teachers' Labors
* Document 5: Regulation of the Presidium of the Moscow Soviet of Workmen's Deputies, Dated May 15th, 1918
* Document 6: An Appeal by the Section of Independent Proletarian Cultural-Educational Organizations in the Commissariat of People's Education
* Document 7: Schools for Workmen
* Document 8: Regulation Concerning Admission to a Higher School (University) of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
* Document 9: Declaration of Principles of a Socialist School
* Document 10: The Workers' School and the School Servants
* Document 11: Experimental Vocational School
* Document 12: The Institute for Child Study
# Education and Art in Soviet Russia/Part 2

II. School Sanitation and General Hygiene
The hygienic interests of the population are treated in Document No. 13, while the application of hygiene to the school is taken up in Documents Nos. 14 and 15.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Zabdiel

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Zabdiel
(1.) The father of Jashobeam, who was one of David's officers (1 Chr. 27:2).
(2.) An overseer of the priests after the Captivity (Neh. 11:14).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Zabud

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# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Zabad

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Zabad
(2.) A descendant of Tahath (7:21).
(3.) The son of Shemath. He conspired against Joash, king of Judah, and slew him (2 Chr. 24:25, 26). He is called also Jozachar (2 Kings 12:21).
(4.) Ezra 10:27.
(5.) Ezra 10:33.
(6.) Ezra 10:43.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Zabbud

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# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Zaccai

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# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Zabbai

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Zabbai
(2.) The father of Baruch, who "earnestly repaired" part of the wall of Jerusalem (Neh. 3:20; marg., "Zaccai").
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Zabulon

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# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Zabdi

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Zabdi
(2.) A Benjamite (1 Chr. 8:19).
(3.) Called "the Shiphmite," one of David's officers, who had charge of his vineyards (1 Chr. 27:27).
(4.) A Levite, one of the sons of Asaph (Neh. 11:17); probably the same as Zichri (1 Chr. 9:15), and Zaccur (Neh. 12:35).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Zaanannim

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# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Zaavan

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# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Lin Chi

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​LIN Chi 林佶 (T. 吉人, H. 鹿原), b. 1660, calligrapher and bibliophile, was a native of Hou-kuan (Foochow). A chü-jên of 1699, he was appointed in 1706 to serve as a copyist in the Wu-ying-tien 武英殿. In 1712 he was made a chin-shih and became a secretary in the Grand Secretariat. As a student of literature he had three celebrated teachers—Wang Shih-chên and Ch'ên T'ing-ching [qq. v.] in poetry, and Wang Wan [q. v.] in prose. An expert calligrapher, particularly in the regular or k'ai-shu 楷書 style, he copied the literary works of these masters with his own hand and had them printed in facsimile. These works are: Wang Shih-chên’s Yü-yang ching-hua lu, published in Yangchow in 1700; Ch'ên T'ing-ching's Wu-t'ing wên-pien, printed in 1708; and Wang Wan's Yao-fêng wên-ch'ao, printed in 1693. Such reproductions of original transcripts are known in Chinese typography as hsieh-k'o t'i 寫刻體, or "printing in the calligraphic style"—a rather common practice of the early Ch'ing period. As a bibliophile Lin Chi possessed a good library known as P'u-hsüeh chai 樸學齋 which was of service to Hsü Ch'ien-hsüeh [q. v.] in compiling the T'ung-chih-t'ang ching-chieh, and to Chu I-tsun [q. v.] when he made his anthology of Ming poetry, Ming-shih tsung. Lin Chi's collected poems in 10 chüan, entitled P'u-hsüeh chai shih-chi (詩集), were copied into the Imperial Manuscript Library and received descriptive notice in the Catalogue (see under Chi Yün). This collection of his verses and a collection of his works in prose, P'u-hsüeh chai wên-kao (文稿), were reprinted in 1825, along with two other items, under the collective title, P'u-hsüeh chai ch'üan-chi (全集).
Lin Chi's elder brother, Lin T'ung 林侗 (T. 同人, H. 來齋, 于野, 1627–1714), was a student of epigraphy. When their father served as a magistrate in Shensi (1660–65), Lin T'ung took the opportunity to collect rubbings of ancient inscriptions on stone, a collection he enlarged as a result of his travels to other parts of the country. In 1679 he described and annotated these inscriptions in a work entitled 來齋金石刻考略 Lai-chai chin-shih k'o k'ao-lüeh, 3 chüan, printed in 1816 by Fêng Chin 馮縉, and in 1841 at Shanghai by Hsü Wei-jên 徐渭仁 (T. 紫珊, a descendant of Hsü Kuang-ch'i, q. v.) in the latter's collectanea, 春暉堂叢書 Ch'un-hui t'ang ts'ung-shu. Lin T'ung also described the inscriptions on stone at the mausoleum of Emperor T'ai-ts'ung of the Tsang Dynasty, under the title, 唐昭陵石跡考略 T'ang Chao-ling shih-chi k'ao-lüeh, 5 chüan. One edition of this work was printed in 1853 by Wu Ch'ung-yüeh [q. v.].
[2/70/35b; 26/1/57a; Hou-kuan-hsien hsiang-t'u chih (鄉土志) 3/43a; Ssŭ-k'u, 86/96, 116/52, 184/4b; Yeh Ch'ang-ch'ih (see under P'an Tsu-yin), Ts'ang-shu chi-shih shih (1910) 4/52b; Shu-lin ch'ing-hua (seo bibl. under Chi Chên-i) 9/15a; Fukien t'ung-chih (1922), 文苑 7/23a.]
Tu Lien-chê
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Liang T'ung-shu

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​LIANG T'ung-shu 梁同書 (T. 元頴, H. 山舟, 不翁, 新吾長翁), Oct. 26, 1723–1815, Aug. 19, scholar and calligrapher, was a native of Ch'ien-t'ang (Hangchow). He was the elder son of Liang Shih-chêng [q. v.] but was adopted by his uncle, Liang Ch'i-hsin 梁啟心 (T. 首存, H. 蔎林, 1695–1758, a chin-shih of 1739). In 1747 Liang Tsung-shu became a chü-jên. Failing to pass the metropolitan examination of 1752, Emperor Kao-tsung granted him special permission to proceed to the palace examination, thus making it possible for him to take his chin-shih degree in that year and become a member of the Hanlin Academy. In 1756 he was appointed associate examiner of the Shun-t'ien provincial examination, and in the following year, of the metropolitan examination. After the death of his foster father in 1758, he abandoned his official career and retired to private life. Nevertheless he presented himself in the capital in 1770 for the celebration of the eightieth birthday of Empress Hsiao-shêng (see under Hung-li), mother of Emperor Kao-tsung, and again twenty years later, for the eightieth birthday of Emperor Kao-tsung himself. In 1807, the sixtieth anniversary of his graduation as a chü-jên, he participated in the banquet known as Lu-ming yen 鹿鳴宴 which was given to newly-selected chü-jên, and to older men who had passed a cycle since receiving the degree.
As a calligrapher Liang T'ung-shu was one of the foremost of the Ch'ing period. It is said that he could write characters three feet square. Facsimile inscriptions of his calligraphy are very numerous. His fame as a calligrapher even reached Japan and the Loochoo islands. Two contemporaries, likewise surnamed Liang, were also known as great calligraphers—Liang Hsien 梁巘 (T. 聞山, H. 松齋, a chü-jên of 1762) and Liang Kuo-chih [q. v.]. The three were known together as the three Liangs (三梁).
The collected works of Liang Tung-shu, entitled 頻羅庵遺集 P'ing-lo an i-chi, in 16 chüan, were first printed in 1817. The last chüan of this work, entitled 筆史 Pi-shih, contains a brief account of the development of the Chinese writing brush, together with information about well-known brush-makers and the materials they used. Liang T'ung-shu had no son, but adopted Liang Yü-shêng [q. v.], the eldest son of his younger brother. He is said to have led a very simple and regular life, and that he exercised great economy in the management of family affairs.
[1/508/3a; 3/126/35b; 29/5/12b; Hangchow fu chih (1922) 146/6b.]
Tu Lien-chê
# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Liang P'ei-lan

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​LIANG P'ei-lan 梁佩蘭 (T. 芝五, H. 樂亭), 1632–1708, poet and calligrapher, was a native of Nan-hai, Kwangtung. Although he obtained the chü-jên degree with highest honors in 1657, he did not succeed in taking his chin-shih until 1688, thirty-one years later. His official career was uneventful, but he achieved distinction as a poet. He formed in his native place a society of poets known as the Lan-hu shê 蘭湖社. This group comprised, in addition to himself, six other poets of Kwangtung province—Ch'ên Kung-yin [q. v.], Ch'êng K'o-tsê 程可則 (T. 周量, 湟湊, H. 石臞, chin-shih of 1652), Wang Pang-chi 王邦畿 (T. 誠籥, chü-jên of 1645), Fang Tien-yüan 方殿元 (T. 蒙章, H. 九谷, chin-shih of 1664), and the latter's two sons, Fang Huan 方還 (T. 蓂朔) and Fang Chao 方朝 (T. 東華, H. 寄亭)—who came to be known as the "Seven Poets of Lingnan" (嶺南七子). Liang P'ei-lan's poetry was highly praised by contemporary men of letters such as Wang Shih-chên, Chu I-tsun, and P'an Lei [qq. v.]. At other times his name was associated with Ch'ên Kung-yin and Ch'ü Ta-chün [q. v.], and these were referred to collectively as the "Three Great Masters of Lingnan". An anthology of their verse, entitled 嶺南三大家詩選 Ling-nan san-ta-chia shih-hsüan, was compiled by Wang Chun 王隼 (T. 蒲衣), a son of the above-mentioned Wang Pang-chi. In this anthology the poetry of Liang P'ei-lan, entitled 六瑩堂詩 Liu-ying-t'ang shih, occupies 8 chüan. Another collection of his verse, arranged by Wang Kuan 汪觀, under the title 樂亭詩集 Yao-t'ing shih ​chi, in 2 chüan, is given notice in the Imperial Catalogue (see under Chi Yün).
[2/71/16b; 3/121/27a; 26/1/40b; Nan-hai-hsien chih (1835), 39/7a; Ssŭ-k'u, 183/12b.]
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# Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Liang Yü-shêng

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​LIANG Yü-shêng 梁玉繩 (T. 曜北, H. 諫庵, 清白士, 無心子), Jan. 15, 1745–1819, scholar, was a native of Ch'ien-t'ang (Hangchow). He was a son of Liang Tun-shu (see under Liang Shih-chêng), a grandson of Liang Shih-chêng [q. v.], and an adopted son of Liang T'ung-shu [q. v.]. Having failed eight times in the provincial examinations, he decided at the age of thirty-six (sui) to abandon the examination career and devote himself to what he regarded as more serious studies. After some twenty years of labor he produced in 1783 a critical study of Ssŭ-ma Ch'ien's Shih-chi (Historical Record), entitled 史記志疑 Shih-chi chih-i, in 36 chüan. A preface by Ch'ien Ta-hsin [q. v.], dated 1787, lauds it as one of the most valuable studies that had been made of this history. First printed in 1787, the Shih-chi chih-i was later included in the Kuang-ya ts'ung-shu (see under Chang Chih-tung). Liang Yü-shêng also made a study of a section in the History of the Former Han Dynasty (Ch'ien Han-shu) known as 古今人表 Ku-chin jên-piao (Prominent Men of Ancient and Modern Times) which he brought together in 1786 under the title Jên-piao k'ao (考), in 9 chüan. In the spring of 1788 he and Lu Wên-ch'ao [q. v.] together edited the 呂氏春秋 Lü-shih ch'un-ch'iu for Pi Yüan [q. v.]. Having gathered further ​notes on that work, he later compiled the 呂子校補 Lü-tzŭ chiao-pu, in 2 chüan. In 1793 he completed a table of Chinese reign titles, 元號考 Yüan-hao k'ao, in 4 chüan, to which seven years later (1800) he appended a list of Japanese reign names. A short work in 2 chüan, entitled 誌銘廣例 Chih-ming kuang-li, "Styles and Patterns of Epigraphy", was completed in 1796. He had also 7 chüan of miscellaneous notes, entitled 瞥記 P'ieh-chi; and 4 chüan of collected literary works, entitled 蛻稿 T'ui-kao.
All these works, with the exception of the Shih-chi chih-i, which was printed separately, were published together in 1811 under the title 清白士集 Ch'ing-po-shih chi. A further collection of Liang Yü-shêng's miscellaneous notes were brought together by his four sons—Liang Hsüeh-ch'ang 梁學昌 (T. 蛾子), Liang Ch'i 梁耆 (T. 萊子), Liang Chung 梁衆 (T. 成子), and Liang T'ien 梁田 (T. 力子)—each compiling one chüan, and appended to the Ch'ing-po-shih chi under the title 庭立紀聞 T'ing-li chi wên. Later Ts'ai Yün 蔡雲 (T. 鐵耕) added further notes to Liang's collected works, which were printed in 1903 in the Chü-hsüeh hsüan ts'ung-shu (see under Liu Jui-fên) under the title Ch'ing-po-shih chi chiao-pu (校補). One of Liang Yü-shêng's younger brothers, Liang Li-shêng 梁履繩 (T. 處素, H. 夬菴, 1748–1793, a chü-jên of 1788), was also an ardent student. The latter's particular interest was the Tso-chuan, and he wrote on this subject the 左通補釋 Tso-t'ung pu-shih, in 32 chüan, which was printed in the Huang-Ch'ing ching-chieh hsü-pien (see under Juan Yüan).
[1/487/23b; 2/68/68a; 3/420/35a; T'ui-kao 3/14a for date of birth.]
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