# Washington Historical Quarterly/Volume 3/A Contribution toward a Bibliography of Marcus Whitman

The
Washington Historical Quarterly
A CONTRIBUTION TOWARD A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MARCUS WHITMAN.
The following list of references relating to Marcus Whitman has been prepared for the Reference Department of the University of Washington Library. It is submitted for publication as a means of saving cards and space in the library catalogue, and also with the hope that it may prove useful to students and neighboring librarians.
As to scope, the list covers the following points :
* Biographical material.
* The "Macedonian cry" of the Indians as a cause of Whitman's connection with the Oregon Mission.
* Whitman's Waiilatpu station of the Oregon Mission of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.
* Whitman's ride.
* The Whitman massacre.
* The controversy over Whitman's political influence. In connection with this controversy arises the question of the attitude of the United Stales Government towards Oregon, especially during the years immediately preceding Whitman's visit to the East in 1842-43. Owing to the large amount of material relative to this question, it has been excluded from the list with the exception of some few references to authorities that have been prominently brought into the controversy.
As to arrangement, the references have been given in three groups :
* Manuscripts.
* Books.
* References to periodicals and the publications of societies.
​In the form of entry used, a departure has been made from bibliographic custom. Instead of the usual "see" or "in" analytic entry, in which the name of the book or magazine containing the article and the pages referred to are mentioned last, it has been thought desirable to bring these facts to the front. The list exhibits first of all the places where material bearing upon the subject may be found, after that, facts showing what such material may be. This arrangement makes it possible for a student to select with promptness such articles as he may wish to ca for in a library or for the librarian to readily check such items as the library may contain. Notes have been given as to the contents of many of the articles, not at all for the purpose of taking sides in a discussion, but merely to give the student, if possible, some clue to the contents or trend of the article so that he may judge as to whether he wishes to see it or not.
Many of the items have been examined only in the form of clippings and the complier has been compelled to depend upon a marginally pencilled statement for the name and date of the periodical from which the clipping was made. It thus becomes impossible to vouch for the accuracy of all references here given, hut it is hoped that the number of errors may not be large. Many clippings have been discarded from the list because not fully labelled. It is unfortunate that persons who have shown most commendable eal in clipping and preserving scraps of historic worth, have often failed to properly label their clippings, thus greatly impairing their value for reference, and making them bibliographically worthless.
Few, if any, in the list of American heroes, have been more variously estimated than Marcus Whitman. For twenty years before Professor Bourne called the attention of Eastern historians to the saved Oregon story, the question of Whitman's political influence was being debated in Oregon and Washington. The controversy was bitterly contested, and although it has mainly subsided since the death of the principal participants, the results are s in local evidence. No generally accepted conclusions have been reached, and the topic is by many delicately avoided.
In 1897 a Seattle man suggested the rechristening of Mt. Rainier in honor of the savior of Oregon. In 1905, however, a Seattle school board was unwilling even that the name of Whitman should be associated with a grade school building under its charge. Again, in 1908, in the same city, a movement was ​launched towards placing a statue of Marcus Whitman in the rotunda of the National Capitol at Washington.
Nor has there been greater unanimity of opinion in the country at large. In New England the name of Whitman has been ranked with that of Lincoln. A student from the Middle West held that he was not above the stature of a third or a fourth rate man. Barrows, in the East, made him the central figure in his history of "Oregon," while Garrison from the South in an intensive study of the ten year's of "Westward Extension" covering the period of his greatest influence, had room for but two sentences relating to Marcus Whitman.
What are the sources of information in regard to the life and work of this variously estimated man? The greatest single collection of source material is to be found in the correspondence between Whitman and his associates and the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. This correspondence is now on file in the Archives of the American Board in the Congregational House, 14 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass., where "Persons who come with clear certification as to their character and motives are allowed to examine these manuscript letters and documents in the rooms during office hours, from 9 A. M. to 5 P. M., excepting Saturday afternoons." Unfortunately this correspondence is quite out of the reach of the average student. It ought to be published at the earliest moment for the benefit of all who are interested in the history of the Pacific Northwest.
Another important set of Whitman manuscripts is also located outside of the State. This is the collection of letters written from Oregon by Doctor and Mrs. Whitman to friends and relatives in the East, and contained in the Library of the Oregon State Historical Society, Portland, Oregon. Fortunately these letters have been published, and are easily accessible in public and private libraries.
The most important Whitman collection in the State of Washington is owned by Mr. C. B. Bagley, of Seattle. In ​addition to his own collected savings covering many years, he has recently obtained the William I. Marshall collection. Here are to be examined Marshall's letter files containing hundreds of letters written by Whitman's associates and friends, and by the principal parties to the Whitman controversy covering a period of over twenty-five years. Here are also typewritten copies of a great deal of contemporaneous source material. The collection includes twenty-four notebooks containing Marshall's man script notes and memoranda; five of these are filled with copies of letters from the file of the American Board in Boston. It includes also five scrap-books of mounted newspaper clippings and many pamphlets and books relating to the carly history of Oregon. In addition to all this, there is a bound manuscript copy of Marshall's unpublished history of the "Acquisition of Oregon and the long suppressed evidence about Marcus Whitman." This is a remarkable piece of work covering over 1,300 pages with an exhaustive eighty-eight-page index. Fortunately for students, Mr. Bagley makes his collection available to all serious workers in the field of history. For those who have occasion to use his library, he makes generous provision of a large we lighted study room, affording access to his books and pamphlets relating to the Pacific Northwest and to bound files of early newspapers not elsewhere available in the State.
Possessing the Marshall collection, Mr. Bagley's library is naturally strong upon the negative side of the Whitman controversy. Whitman College Library has the best collection upon the affirmative side. Here is the Myron Eells collection of books, pamphlets, mounted clippings and manuscript material. One of the interesting treasures is a scrap-book of clippings collected by Mr. H. H. Spalding and containing much of the material that he used in the compilation of his "Executive Document, Number 37." Whitman College Library is strong in missionary literature.
The University of Washington Library has a good collection of United States Public Documents, and, barring newspaper accounts, is fairly well supplied with secondary material for the study of Whitman.
The present list of references is by no means complete, but t is hoped that the field has been sufficiently covered to make it of practical use as a bibliographic introduction to the study of Marcus Whitman. If it should be the means of causing some few students to suspend judgment until they have had opportunity to carefully examine the sources of information, it will amply ​justify its compilation. There has been so much undignified criticism upon both sides of the controversy and so many misstatements have been made, based upon secondary authorities and long range reminiscences, that it is refreshing to hope that the time has come when no one will have the temerity to rush into print upon this subject without at least some familiarity with the real sources in the case.
CHARLES W. SMITH
University of Washington Library. November 12, 1908.
* ↑ Seattle Post-Intelligencer, December 8, 1807
* ↑ Seattle Dally Times, September 12, 1905
* ↑ Seattle Daily Times, June 21, 1908, Magazine Section, p. 3.
* ↑ J. Wilder Fairbank, in New Haven Evening Register, February 19, 1901.
* ↑ William I. Marshall, in American Historical Association, Annual Report for 1900, v. 1, p. 232.
* ↑ Barrows, William. Oregon, the Struggle for Possession. Boston. Houghton, 1884. (American Statesmen Series.)
* ↑ Garrison, George Pierce. Westward Extension, 1841-1850. N. Y. Harper, 1906. (Hart, A. B., Ed. The American Nation), v. 17, p. 38-39.
* ↑ Letter to the compiler from Dr. E. E. Strong, Corresponding Secretary, A. B. C. F. M., under date of October 26, 1908.
* ↑ Transactions of the Oregon Pioneer Association for the years 1891 and 1893 contain copies of most of the Whitman letters owned by the Oregon State Historical Society.
Notes:
MANUSCRIPTS
Mr. Hutchison based his essay upon a careful study of contemporaneous source material, examining the archives of the A. B. C. F. M. in Boston, the Bowditch Papers in the Boston Public Library, and other records in the Libraries of Harvard and Yale Universities. His paper is of particular interest in connection with the work of Edward Gaylord Bourne. Professor Bourne acknowledged his indebtedness to Mr. Hutchinson as folios "My eyes were first opened to the intricacies and curious origin of the legend by a very careful investigation conducted under my supervision by one of my students, Mr. Arthur Howard Hutchinson. His study of the question convinced him that there was a larger amount of collusion and purpose in developing and disseminating the story than I have thought it best to try to prove in this article." American Historical Review, 6:277, note (January, 1901). Mr. Hutchinson's paper contains a 4-page list of references.
Copyrighted manuscript of over 1,300 pages with an 88-page index. An exhaustive work based upon 23 years of study to combat the saved Oregon story. Mr. Marshall completed this shortly before his death in 1906, and was unable to secure its publication. It is typewritten upon letter size paper and well bound. On the whole, it is not so polemical in tone as his published writings which it entirely supersedes While written to disprove the saved Oregon story, it contains also much material of general interest in the history of the Pacific Northwest. It is especially strong in the study of the attitude and action of the U. S. Government toward the Oregon Territory.
Contains some excellent biographical material. In regard to the personal appearance of Doctor and Mrs. Whitman, Dr. Parker says: "There is to me no good imaginary picture of them...I should recognize the faces of Doctor and Mrs. Whitman if I saw them; but I cannot call their appearance to mind fully; I do Mrs. Whitman's most. Certainly they are not the ideal Methodist clergy faces of Dr. Nixon's book fancies, whatever mav be said."
This manuscript was completed August 1, 1892, and donated to Whitman College Library. Has much material relating to Marcus Whitman. Dr. Parker thinks that Whitman's name has quite overshadowed that of his father, who established the Oregon mission of the A. B. C. F. M. He says it should not be called the Whitman Mission, as Whitman was in charge of only one of the four stations composing it.
Mission of the A. B. C. F. M. p. 33-72. Takes a middle ground in regard to Whitman's influence. Says that he did not save Oregon or any part of it, but that he did exercise a very real and potent political influence. Bound typewritten copy.
This is softened story of the experiences of Esther Lorinda Bewle a survivor of the massacre. The manuscript is dated Forest Grove, Oregon, Apil 28, 908. It is based upon personal recollections.
BOOKS.
plea for the Indians with facts and features of the late war in Oregon. N. Y. Beeson. 1857. p. 116-124.
Says Indians were not treacherous, but that the massacre of Whitman followed directly from his medical practice.
"We shall now see how it was that through the lamentable error of this practice [medicine], the good Dr. Whitman lost his life." p. 118.
Blaisdell, Albert F. The story of American history. Boston. Ginn. 1900. p. 342-345.
"How Dr. Whitman saved Oregon to the Union." A rather dramatic presentation for children. Inaccuracies.
Blanchet, Rev. Francis Norbet. Historical sketches of the Catholic Chruch in Oregon. Portland, n. pub. 1878. p. 133-183.
Defends the Catholics from charges of having incited the murder of Whitman.
Bliss, Edwin Mutisell. Encyclopedia of missions. 2v. N. Y. Funk. 1891. v. 2, p. 472.
One column. Says Whitman saved Oregon.
Bourne, Edward Gaylord. Essays in historical criticism. N. Y. Scribner. 1901. p. 3-109.
"Legend of Marcus Whitman," enlarged from the American Historical Review, 6:276-300 (Jan. 1901). Rejects most of features of the saved Oregon story and attempts to trace its origin and growth.
Bourne, Edward Gaylord and Scott, H. G. The Whitman myth, n. pub. 1905. 13 p.
Reprints from the Morning Oregonian, of March 29, 1903.
British and American joint commission for the final settlement of the claims of the Hudson's Bay and Puget's Sound agricultural companies. [Papers.] Washington. Gov't printing office, etc.; Montreal. Lovell. 1865-1869. 14v.
v 2. Evidence on the part of the Hudson's Bay Co. Montreal. Lovell. 1868. p. 213.
Deposition of Dugald Mctavish bearing upon the Whitman massacre.
v. 4 Memorial and argument on the part of the Hudson's Co. Montreal. Lovell. 1868 p. 142-149.
Shows services of the H. B. Co. in helping the American settlers. Analysizes testimony of W. H. Gray and scores him for his bitter partizanship.
v. 8. Evidence for the United States in the matter of the claim of the Hudson's Bay Co. Wash. McGill & Witherow. 1867. p. 75, 159-191.
Cross examination of Jos. L. Meek and testimony of W. H. Gray. Much material relating to the Whitman station. Gray swears that Whitman when in Washington interviewed President Fillmore!
Note. The compiler has been unable to examine a complete set of the above papers. The University of Washington Library contains but 8 out of the 14 volumes as shown in the printed catalog of the Library of Congress. ​Brouillet, Rev. J. B. A. Protestantism in Oregon; account of the murder of Dr. Whitman and the ungrateful calumnies of H. H. Spalding, Protestant missionary. N. Y. Cozans. 1853.
A Catholic account of the Whitman massacre which appeared later in a U. S. Public Document (U. S. Congress, 35-1, House Exec. Doc, No. 38).
Brown, J. Henry. Political history of Oregon, Volume 1, Provisional government. Portland. 1892. p. 49-52, 57-58, 79, 87-90, 111-115,118-122, 148-154, 316-431.
Contains copies of many important Whitman documents and sources, such as the permit issued by Secretary of War Cass to Whitman and Spalding to reside in the Indian country among the Flathead and Nez Perce Indians, dated March 1, 1836, a fac simile of Whitman's signature, Lovejoy's account of his ride with Whitman, and Whitman's letter to the Secretary of War enclosing synopsis of a proposed bill.
Burnett, Peter H. Recollections and opinions of an old pioneer. N. Y. Appleton. 1880.
Based on a journal of the immigration of 1843 kept from the rendezvous near Independence, Mo., to Walla Walla. A high estimate is given of Whitman's services. Spalding's attack of the Catholics considered unjust. "Mr. Spalding and myself agreed to discuss the matter through the columns of a small monthly newspaper, [Oregon American and Evangelical Unionist], published by Mr. Griffin, and several numbers were written and published by each of us, but the discovery of the gold mines in California put a stop to the discussion," p. 305.
Burgess, John W[illiam]. The middle period. N. Y. Scribner. 1897. P- 315-316.
Ride. Object stated to be political with political results.
Butterworth, Hezekiah. Log school house on the Columbia. N. Y. Appleton, c 1890. p. 235-236, 244-249.
Whitman said to have secured a delay of treaties at Washington City, thus saving Oregon and Washington to the U. S.
Catlin, George. Manners, customs, and condition of the North American Indians, 1832-1839. 2v. Lond. Catlin. 1841. p. 108-109.
Letter No. 48. an oft quoted authority in regard to the "Macedonian cry." Catlin traveled with the two young Nez Perce Indians on their return from St. Louis.
Chittenden, Hiram Martin. Amreican fur trade of the far West. 3v. N. Y. Harper. 1902. v. 2., p. 640-649.
A critical account of the St. Louis delegation of 1832 and of Whitman's return to the East in 1842-43. ​12
Books
Chittenden, Hiram and travels of Fath Harper.. 1905. v. 1, Holds that Whitm of Oregon his chief
Clark,
Joseph
Taylor. 1903. p. 194-200. Saved Oregon story. In a foot note, p. 199, Mowry and
B.
Eells are cited as "conservative and accurate."
Clark, S A . Pioneer days of Oregon history. 2v. Portland. Gill. 1905. Vol. 2 gives much space to various phases of Whitman's life and mission. Author rejects inaccuracies of men like Bar-
rows and Spalding, but is inclined to give all possible praise to Whitman. Quotes much but without carefully citing references.
Coffin, Charles Carleton. Building of the nation. N. Y. Harper, c 1882. p. 371-386.
Dramatic. Macedonian cry. Quart of seed wheat. Walla
Walla dinner. Deep laid scheme.
Colvocoresses, George M. Four years in the government exploring expedition commanded by Captain Charles Wilkes. Ed.
2. N. Y. Young. 1853. p. 238.
Oregon mission. Remarkable experience of Walker and
Eells in teaching the Indians.
Craighead, J[ames] G[eddes]. Story of Marcus Whitman. Phil. Presbyterian Board. Phil. C1895. "The incentive of this volume was the wish to vindicate the characters and the work of the early Protestant mission-
aries in Oregon from aspersions which have been cast upon
them." - Author's preface.
Crawford, Medorem. Journal : an account of his trip across the
plains with the Oregon pioneers of 1842. (Sources of the history of Oregon, v. 1, no. 1). Eugene. University of Oregon. 1897. p. 19-20. Visit at the Whitman station. Mention of the threshing
machine and grinding mill.
Creegan, C[harles] C.? & Goodnow, Mrs. J. A. B. Great missionaries of the church. N. Y. Crowell. 1895. p. 341-366. Inaccuracies. Webster made to say to Whitman that George Simpson was at that time (March, 1843) present in Washington.
Dellenbaugh, Frederick S. Breaking the wilderness. N. Y. Putnams. 1905. p. 287-290. Speaks guardedly of Whitman's services to Oregon.
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L ​Drake, Samuel Adams. Making the great West, 1512-1883. N. Y. Scribners. 1887. p. 232-233, 239-240. Says that Whitman went to Washington with news of the Red River invasion, and that he raised an immigrant train of 200 wagons for Oregon.
De Saint-Amant. See Saint-Amant, Pierre Charles dc.
Dunn, Jacob Piatt, Jr. Massacres of the mountains. Lond. Low. (N. Y. Harper). 1886. p. 37-42, 93-117.
Inaccurate. Says the British prevented wagons from crossing to Oregon. Walla Walla dinner story.
Dunning, Albert E. Congregationalists in America. N. Y. Hill. 1894. p. 442-443
Massacre. States political reasons as the cause of Whitman's ride.
Dye, Eva Emery. McLoughlin and old Oregon. Chic. McClurg. 1900.
Interweaves much Whitman fact and fiction.
Dye, Eva Emery. Stories of Oregon. San Francisco. Whitaker. 1900. p. 91-99.
No extravagant claims for Whitman. A rather guarded account.
Edwards, Jonathan. Marcus Whitman, M. D., the pathfinder of the Pacific Northwest. ......48p. Spokane. Union Printing Co.
Preface states that the pamphlet was issued in the interests of Whitman College. Based upon lectures. Much space given to developing the opposition of the H. B. Co. to a wagon road.
Eells, Myron. Father Eells...a biography of Rev. Cushing Eells, D. D. Boston. Congregational S. S. and Pub. Soc. c 1894. Index.
Claims that the single object that Whitman had in view in making his famous ride was to save Oregon to the U. S.
Eells, Myron. The hand of God in the history of the Pacific Coast. 15p. n. p. n. pub. n. d.
Address at Whitman College, June 1, 1888. Discusses the missionary as an "entering wedge." Gives the H. B. Co. credit for caring for the missionaries.
Eells, M[yron]. History of the Congregational Association of Oregon, Washington and Idaho. Phil. Am. S. S. Union, ci 882. p. 27-32, 162-175. Whitman saved Oregon story.
Eells, Myron. History of the Congregational Association of Oregon and Washington Teritory, 1848- 1880. Portland. Hirnes. 1881. p. 9-12. Story of Whitman's ride. ​Eells, Myron. Memorial of Mrs. Mary R. Walker. 120p. n. p. n. pub. n. d.
Sermon at the funeral of Mrs. Walker, Forest Grove, Dec. 7, 1877. References to the Whitman station and massacre.
Eells, Myron. Marcus Whitman, M. D.; proofs of his work in saving Oregon to the U. S. and in promoting the immigration of 1843. 34P- Portland. Himes. 1883.
Eells was one of the ablest defenders of the saved Oregon story. This pamphlet contains copies of many letters written to him in corroboration of his views.
Eells, Myron. Reply " to Professor Bourne's "The Whitman legend." 122p. Walla Walla. Statesman Pub. Co. 1902. Reprint from Whitman College Quarterly, v. 4, no. 3.
Encyclopedia Britannica. 25V. N. Y. Scribners. 1884. v. 17, p. 825.
Article by G. H. Atkinson. Gives Whitman credit of at least attempting to save Oregon. Says his ride of 1842-43 was made to remove the bar on immigration.
Evans, Elwood. Washington Territory; address delivered at the Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia, Sept. 1876. Olympia (Wash.). Bagley. 1877. p. 12-14. Whitman massacre attributed to "Indian jealousy, superstition and hate."
Evans, Elwood, editor. History of the Pacific Northwest. 2v. Portland. North Pacific History Co. 1889. v. 1, p. 199-207, v. 2, p. 629-630, and elsewhere.
Takes a conservative view of Whitman's political influence.
Fagan, David D. History of Benton County, Oregon. Portland. Walling. 1885. p. 127-163.
Condemns Gray's "fiction" in regard to Whitman.
Farnham, Charles H. History of the descendants of John Whitman, of Weymouth, Mass. New Haven. 1889. p. 237-239.
Perrin B. Whitman's version of the saved Oregon story.
Farnham, Thomas J. Travels in the great western prairies, the Anahuac and Rocky Mountains. 2v. Lond. Bentley. 1843. v. 2, p. 131-149-
Farnham arrived at the mission Sept. 23, 1839, and remained about one week. He tells about the farm, the mill, and the mission work. One of the best contemporaneous accounts. Contained also in the Tribune edition of the same book. N. Y. Greeley & McElrath. 1843. P- 79-83​Flohr, Michael. Did Whitman save Oregon? n. p. n. publ, n. d.
In this unpaged pamphlet issued by St. Patrick's Church, Walla Walla, Wash., is contained an account of Father Flohr's lecture in which he discredits the saved Oregon story.
Foster, John W. Century of American diplomacy. Boston. Houghton. 1901. p. 305-306.
Follows Barrow's Oregon.
Fremont, John C. Report of the exploring expedition to the Rocky Mountains in the year 1842, and to Oregon and California in the years 1843-44. Ed. 1. Wash. Gales & Seaton. 1845. p. 182-183.
Fremont was at the Whitman station, Oct. 23, 1843, f°r about one hour.
Garrison, George Pierce. Westward extension, 1841-1850. N. Y. Harper. 1906 (Hart, A. B. ed. The American Nation, v. 17). P. 38-39.
Two sentences only, as follows: "In 1836 two Presbyterian missions were founded, one at Waiilatpu, on the Walla Walla River, and one on Lapwai Creek near its confluence with Clearwater River. The group of mission workers in this quarter included Rev. Samuel Parker, Rev. H. H. Spalding, a secular assistant named William H. Gray, and a physician, Marcus Whitman, who carried the first wagon over the divide of the Rockies, and whom a most interesting but wholly unfounded myth has credited with saving Oregon from the English."
Gilbert, Frank T. Historic sketches of Walla Walla, Whitman, Columbia and Garfield Counties, Washington Territory, and Umatilla County, Oregon. Portland. Walling. 1882. p. 63-64, 68-70, 85-86, 96-97, 113-131-
Based on Gray.
Gray, W[illiam] H[enry]. History of Oregon, 1792-1849. Portland. Harris. 1870. Use table of contents.
A large part of the book is devoted to the Whitman massacre. Inaccurate. Should be used with extreme caution. Gray's main purpose seems to have been to throw all possible censure upon the Catholics and the Hudson Bay Co.
Greenhow, Robert. History of Oregon and California. Lond. Murray. 1844. p. 361.
Good material on the Oregon question. Bare mention of Whitman. Printing press at the mission noticed.
Griffis, William Elliott. The romance of conquest. Boston. Wilde. 1899. p. 171-173.
The saved Oregon story. Some inaccuracies due, perhaps, to careless proof reading, e. g. "Webster-Ashburton treaty 1846." ​Grover, La Fayette. Oregon archives. Salem. Bush. 1853. p. 218-219, 321-325.
Contains copy of a letter from Robert Greenham [Greenhow], dated Washington City, Sept. 2, 1846, sending six copies of his "History of Oregon and California" with the request that one copy be presented "to my friend, Dr. Whitman, of Walla Walla.' Copies are given of several important documents bearing upon the massacre, including one from James Douglass to George Abernathy, dated Fort Vancouver, Dec. 7, 1847, officially announcing the catastrophe.
Guerber, H A . Story of the great republic. N. Y. American Book Co. C1899. p. 113-117. Macedonian cry. Says nothing as to the real purpose of Whitman's ride.
Hanna, J[oseph] A. Dr. Whitman and his ride to save Oregon. 8p. [Los Angeles? 1903?] Saved Oregon story with the Walla Walla dinner and the announcement of the Red River immigration as the inciting cause of the ride.
Harper and Brothers. Harper's encyclopedia of United States history, iov. N. Y. Harper. C1901. v. 10, p. 349. Brief note saying that Whitman "in all probability kept Oregon from falling into the hands of the British."
Hastings, Langsford W. New description of Oregon and California. Cinn. Rulison. 1857. C1849. p. 21, 54, 60. Hastings stayed at the mission over Sunday, got provisions, etc. Describes the mission and says that the burning of the mill while Whitman was in the East was accidental.
Hawthorne, Julian, editor. History of Washington. 2v. N. Y. Am. Hist. Pub. Co. 1893. v. i, p. 366-370; v. 2, p. 105-132. Biography in v. 1. Whitman massacre in v. 2, written by G. D. Brewerton. Blames Catholics for the massacre. Gives
deposition of Miss Bewley. Hines, Gustavus. Oregon, its history, condition and prospects. Buffalo. Derby. 1851. p. 164-185, 421-422. Hines arrived at the mission May 8, 1843. Received by Mrs. Whitman and Mrs. Geiger. Whitman away on a tour to the U. S. Gives a full account of the meeting of the Indians as called by E. White, Indian Agent.
Hines, H. K. Illustrated history of the State of Washington. Chic. Lewis. 1893. p. 107-112. Guarded account.
Hines, H. K. Missionary history of the Pacific Northwest. Portland. Hines. C1899. p. 446-486. American Board Missions. Says the Wilkes report influenced the board to make the destructive order. ​Holman, Frederick V. Dr. John McLoughlin, the father of Oregon. Cleveland. Clark. 1907. p. 53-54, 73~74, 167, 280.
"History says Dr. Whitman was the man who saved Oregon to the U. S., but that is not true. It was Dr. John McLoughlin, of the Hudson's Bay Company," p. 280.
Hoist, Herman Eduard, von. Constitutional and political history of the United States. 8v. Chic. Callaghan. 18811892. v. 3, p. 51-52.
Whitman's influence with President Tyler is asserted with some hesitation and with a citation to Gray.
Howe, Henry. Historical recollections of the great West. Cinn. Howe. 1853. p. 384.
Speaks highly olf Whitman's hospitality to immigrants. No mention of political services. Hudson's Bay Company versus United States, see British and American Joint Commission. Johnson, Overton and Winter, William H. Route across the Rocky Mountains, with a description of Oregon and California. Lafayette, (Ind.). Semans. 1846. Reprinted in Oregon Historical Society. Quarterly. For brief references to Whitman, see 7:96 (March, 1906) and 7:190. (June, 1906). Johnson, Sidonia V. Short history of Oregon. Chic. McClurg. 1904. p. 194-212, 234-240, 249-259. Story of Whitman told in a fair and careful way with attempt to strike the truth.
Johnson, Theodore T. California and Oregon. Phil. Claxton. 1851. p. 183-184.
Whitman massacre.
Kane, Paul. Wanderings of an artist among the Indians of North America. Lond. Longmans. 1859. P- 278-284, 317-322.
Kane was at the mission from July 18 to July 22, 1847. Sent Whitman a warning of danger from the Indians. (See entry for Sept. 21). Later hears of the massacre.
Kip, Lawrence. Army life on the Pacific. N. Y. Redfíeld. 1859. p. 32-35.
Kip heard reminiscences of Whitman at Walla Walla from the Cayuse, "Cutmouth John."
Lang H[erbert] O . History of the Willamette Valley. Portland. Himes and Lang. 1885. p. 260-273, and elsewhere.
Much on Whitman. Well indexed. Rejects cod fishery episode and the Walla Walla dinner story. Says the Whitman "romance" was first given to the world in the "History of Oregon," written by W. H. Gray, a man "incompetent to form an unprejudiced opinion" (p. 267). Gives Whitman credit for demonstrating a practical emigrant route to Oregon. ​Laurie, Thomas. The Ely volume, or contributions of our foreign missions to science and human well being. Bost. A. B. C. F. M. c1881. p. 11, 13-15.
Some interesting variations to the usual saved Oregon story.
Laurie, Thomas. The Whitman controversy. 24p. Astoria (Ore.). Snyder. 1896.
"Published in the Missionary Herald, Boston, February and September, 1885."
Lee, D. and Frost, J. H. Ten years in Oregon. N. Y. Collard. 1844. p. 109-113, 211-215, 257-259.
Mr. Lee says that the "Macedonian cry" account as published in the "Advocate" is "high wrought" and "incorrect." Says that Dr. Whitman visited the U. S. to obtain further assistance in order to strengthen the efforts that had already been made. The Geigers and Littlejohns to spend the year of Whitman's absence with Mrs. Whitman.
Lenox, Edward Henry. Overland to Oregon…in 1843. Oakland (Cal.). Dowdle Press. 1904. p. 8,
Recollections of Marcus Whitman. Says that Whitman was hired to accompany the emigration of 1843.
Leonard, Zenas. Adventures of Zenas Leo trapper, 1831-36. Cleveland. Burrows.
Mentions incident of Whitman's extrac
Capt. Bridgets back.
Lyman, H[orace] Sumner. History
North Pacific Publishing Society. 19
v. 4, p. 382-392.
Lyman closes the work with an esti quoting Bourne together with defend gon story, but not expressing his own
Lyman, H[orace] Sumner. Mileposts i
Oregon. (Bulletin of the University o Series, v. 1, no. 1). Eugene. 1898. p. 4 Whitman's political influence discusse
Lyman, W D . History of Walla Walla County, State of Washington, n. p. Lever. 1901.« p. 4O"55-
Missions of Walla Walla and the Whitman massacre.
Claims that the last word has been said on the question of why Whitman went East, and that his aim was political.
Refers to Nixon as authority.
McBeth, Kate C. The Nez Perces since Lewis and Clark. N. Y. Revell. c1908. p. 27-74.
Saved Oregon story based upon Gray. Considerable attention given to the Macedonian cry. ​McMaster, John Bach. History of the people of the United States, v. 1-6. N. Y. Appleton. 1892-1906. v. 6, p. 449-451.
Establishing of the Waiilatpu mission. The narrative only comes down to 1841, and hence there is no discussion of the ride of 1842–1843.
McMaster, John Bach. School history of the United States. N. Y. American Book Co. C1897. p. 331.
One sentence regarding Whitman. "Still later in the thirties went Marcus Whitman and his party."
McMaster, John Bach. With the Fathers. N. Y. Appleton. C1896. p. 305–310.
Saved Oregon story, including the Walla Walla dinner and the announcement of the Red River immigration.
Marshall, T[homas], W[illiam] M. Christian missions. 2v. Lond. Longmans. 1863. v. 2, p. 266–267.
Massacre, Spalding and the Catholics. Kane quoted.
Marshall, William I. History vs. the Whitman saved Oregon story. Chic. Blakely. 1904.
Three essays, as follows :
* Strange treatment of original sources. A review of Mowry's "Marcus Whitman" published in the Daily Oregonian, Sept. 3, 1902. p. 9–43.
* Why his search? for the truth of history was a failure. Review of Myron Eells' "Reply to Professor Bourne," p. 45–92.
* Marcus Whitman: a discussion of Professor Bourne's paper. (From the Annual Report of the American Historical Association for 1900, v. 1, p. 219-236).
Marshall has done thorough work and calls attention to many inaccuracies in the extravagant claims that have been made about Whitman. His attitude is belligerent.
Marshall, William I. The Hudson's Bay Company's Archives furnish no support to the Whitman saved Oregon story. 36p. Chic. Blakely. 1905.
Controverts statements which have been made in 1904 to the effect that "The Hudson's Bay Company was Whitman's bitterest enemy, and sought in every way to forestall his plans" and that their records "give positive evidence that Marcus Whitman saved Oregon to the Union."
Miles, Nelson A[ppleton]. Personal recollections. Chic. Werner. 1897. p. 384–396.
"A chapter out of early history." Saved Oregon story. Not based on personal recollections.
Mission life among the Indians of Oregon. N. Y. Carlton and Porter. C1854. p. 36-38.
Mention of Whitman and the incident of the adoption of the Sager children. ​Montgomery, D. H. Leading facts of American history. Bost. Ginn. 1902. p. 263-265.
Credits Whitman with perhaps saving Oregon. Says he went East with a double purpose.
Morris, Charles. Primary history of the United States. Phil. Lippincott. C1899. p. 210-215.
The English boast. Whitman in saddle in a day's time. How Whitman and consequently the whole Oregon country was saved to the Union by the instinct of a mule.
Mowry, William A[ugustus]. Marcus Whitman and the early days of Oregon. N. Y. Silver. 1901.
Attempts to retain so far as possible the saved Oregon story. Some valuable documents are printed.
Mowry William A[ugustus]. Territorial growth of the United States. N. Y. Silver. 1902. p. 161.
Brief statement of Whitman's services to the U. S.
Mowry, William Afugustus], and Arthur May. American heroes and heroism. N. Y. Silver. 1903. p. 176-180. Father Eells and Whitman College. Massacre, p. 176.
Mowry, William A[ugustus], and Afrthur] M [ay]. First steps in the history of our country. N. Y. Silver. 1900. p. 228234.
Mowry, William A[ugustus], and Blanche S. American pioneers. N. Y. Silver. 1905. p. 201-202. Story of Lovejoy, his arrival at the Whitman station, and his return to the East with Whitman on the famous ride.
Nixon, Oliver W. How Marcus Whitman saved Oregon. Chic. Star Pub. Co. C1895. Dramatic.
Nixon, Oliver W. Whitman's ride through savage lands, n. p. Winona Pub. Co. 1905. Saved Oregon story. Much attention to the Macedonian cry.
Pacific Railway Report, see U. S. Congress 36-1, House Executive Document, no. 56. Palladino, L. B. Indian and white in the Northwest. Balti-
more. Murphy. 1894. p. 9-18. Flathead delegation to St. Louis in 1831. Says the Flatheads insisted on having Catholic missionaries. Refers to Whitman and Spalding.
Parker, Henry W. How Oregon was saved to the United States, or facts about Marcus Whitman, n. pub. 1901. iop. Same in Homiletic Review, July, 1901.
This content downloaded from 75.164.168.202 on Sat, 07 Jul 2018 16:09:21 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms ​Palmer, Joel. Journal of travels over the Rocky Mountains to the mouth of the Columbia River.
James. 1847. p. 55, 57-58, 123-132,
A valuable source. Appendix con H. Spalding to Joel Palmer, dated A was written at Mr. Palmer's reques was apparently given to Dr. Whitm contains four notes signed "M. W." and the Oregon country. This rare volume has been reprint Early western' travels, v. 30. The W
p. 108, 112-114, 227-242, and 281-291.
Parker, Samuel. Journal of an explori Mountains under the direction of t 36-37. Ithaca. Published by the author. 1838. One of the important sources for the founding of the Oregon Missions of the American Board of Commissioners
for Foreign Missions. Parker finds Whitman at St. Louis
and they travel together to the Green River, where Whitman turns back to secure associates. Greenhow criticised Parker
for his discursiveness, saying that his narrative "would have
been more valuable had the worthy and intelligent author confined himself to accounts of what he himself experienced, and
not wandered as he has done, into the regions of history, diplomacy, and cosmogony." (Greenhow, Oregon and California, p. 361).
Parrish, Randall. The great plains. Chic. McClurg. 1907.
Asserts that the object of Whitman's ride was to bear to
Wasington the news of British encroachment on the Columbia, p. 143.
Roberts, William P. "The wheels of destiny." n. p. Beacon Ethical Union. C1901. p. 9-13. A pro-Whitman pamphlet.
Robertson, James Rood. Development of civil government in Oregon. Forest Grove (Ore.). Thompson. 1899. p. 29-31. A careful statement of Whitman's political influence. Same article contained in the Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, v. 1, no. 1 (March, 1900), see p. 41-44. Rollins, Alice Wellington. Whitman's ride, by a lady of Brooklyn (name unknown). 8p. Prtland. Baumgardt and Palmer, n. d.
In imitation of the ride of Paul Revere. The saved Oregon story.
This poem is contained also in Nixon's How Marcus Whitman saved Oregon, p. 180-185, and Craighead's Story of Marcus Whitman, p. 205-211. It is said to have made its first appearance in the New York Independent for March
   1:9 (May, 1899). Mentions Alice Whitman as the first white child born west of the Rockies.
   1:27-29 (May, 1899). Letter dated Waiilatpu, July 7, 1842, from Narcissa Whitman to Maria Pambrun.
   Said not to have been previously published. Adds nothing to the Whitman controversy.
   1:62 (June, 1899). Portraits of survivors of the Whitman massacre.
   1:63-65 (June, 1899). Denny, Mrs. Owen N. An interview with a survivor of the Whitman massacre.
   Mrs. Denny was a child at the mission and remembers the massacre.
   1:126-129 (July, 1899). Hampton, F. Who saved Oregon?
   "To acclaim the Doctor [Whitman] 'the Savior of Oregonis to claim more than the facts will warrant." His mission to Washington may have been to secure aid from a "secret service fund."
   1:311-314 (October, 1809). Frederick, S. H. A pioneer patriot.
   An uncritical account of Whitman's career containing many errors of fact.
   1:471-472 (February, 1900). Eells, Myron. Concerning Dr. Marcus Whitman.
   In a letter to the editor of the Native Son contributing extracts from two letters written by Whitman, Mr. Eells maintains that Whitman claimed credit for the Americanization of Oregon.
   1:573 (April, 1900). Hines, H. K. Some historical inaccuracies.
   Statement in regard government of the Oregon Mission of the A. B. C. F. M. Whitman was not superintendent.
   2:60 (June, 1900). Portraits of survivors of the massacre.
   2:120-124 (July-August, 1900). Indian war history errors.
   Myron Eells points out mistakes of Mrs. Victor. Somewhat bitter criticism of Mrs. Victor's "pretended history."
   2:126-128 (July-August, 1900). Riddell, H. H. The Dalles, Oregon, 1858.
   In regard to the transfer of the Dalles Mission in 1847 from the Methodists to Dr. Whitman.
   2:145-149 (July-August, 1900). Walker, Cyrus H. Address before the Oregon Pioneer Association.
   Mr. Walker, son of Rev. Elkanah Walker, was born at the mission, Dec. 7, 1838. His address has no bearing on controverted points.
   2:273-275 (November, 1900). Bode, Minnie M. The Whitman massacre, November, 1847; to the survivors, June, 1897.
   A poem. Illustrations of the scene of the massacre.
1874, p. 68, 81. Thornton, J. Quinn. History of the provisional government of Oregon.
Says Whitman saved Oregon, p. 68. Speaks of Whitman's influence in persuading Thornton to go to Washington to procure the passage of a law organizing territorial government for Oregon, p. 81.
1875, p. 28. Deady, Matthew P. Annual address.
Mentions the Congregational missions. Speaks of Whitman's return to the East but does not state its object.
p. 45, 47-48. Nesmith, J. W. Occasional address.
Mentions Whitman's visit to Washington "to intercede in behalf of the American interests on this coast," p. 45.
Whitman as guide in 1843, P- 47~48.
1876, p. 63-64. Applegate, Jesse. A day with the cow column of 1843.
Speaks of Whitman "that good angel" of the emigrants.
1877, p. 22-23, 35-36. Evans, Elwood. Annual address.
Statements of Robert Newell in regard to the bringing of the first wagon to Walla Walla, in 1840. At the arrival at the mission, Whitman congratulates Newell on "having broken the ice." The Indians crowd around the wagons which they call "horse canoes."
Evans speaks in high terms of Whitman as a friend alike of Indian and emigrant.
p. 69-70. Atkinson, G. H. Rev. Elkinah Walker.
Brief references to the mission and the massacre.
1878, p. 15-16. Thornton, J. Quinn. Annual address.
Indian superstition is given as the cause of the Whitman massacre.
1880, p. 22-23. Nesmith, J. W. Annual address.
Whitman's personality. Massacre not instigated by the Catholics. Missionaries in general have been
credit for self-sacrifice.
p. 52-54. McLoughlin, John. Copy of a document written in McLoughlin's handwriting. Found among his papers. McLoughlin warned Whitman before the massacre of Indian ill-feeling. Speaks of overhearing an Indian say, "It is good for us to kill these Bostons," which sentiment McLoughlin rebuked and which incident he reported to Whitman.
1881, p. 14-17. Crawford, Medorum. Occasional A pioneer of 1842. Tells of his arrival at Dr. W as he was preparing to leave for the East. Gives Dr. W. direct credit for the immigration of 1843, which he says "practically settled the question of occupation by American
citizens of this then disputed territory."
1882, p. 10-11, 22-23. Kelly, James K. Annual address. Says Whitman was influential in saving Oregon to the
Union. Mentions the massacre.
p. 74-75. Whitman quoted as authority for the statemen that Oregon was a good wheat country. ​Page:A Contribution toward a Bibliography of Marcus Whitman.pdf/47 ​Page:A Contribution toward a Bibliography of Marcus Whitman.pdf/48 ​Page:A Contribution toward a Bibliography of Marcus Whitman.pdf/49 ​Page:A Contribution toward a Bibliography of Marcus Whitman.pdf/50 ​Page:A Contribution toward a Bibliography of Marcus Whitman.pdf/51 ​Page:A Contribution toward a Bibliography of Marcus Whitman.pdf/52 ​Page:A Contribution toward a Bibliography of Marcus Whitman.pdf/53 ​Page:A Contribution toward a Bibliography of Marcus Whitman.pdf/54 ​Page:A Contribution toward a Bibliography of Marcus Whitman.pdf/55 ​Page:A Contribution toward a Bibliography of Marcus Whitman.pdf/56 ​Page:A Contribution toward a Bibliography of Marcus Whitman.pdf/57 ​Page:A Contribution toward a Bibliography of Marcus Whitman.pdf/58 ​Page:A Contribution toward a Bibliography of Marcus Whitman.pdf/59 ​62
Periodicals
Whitman
College
Quarterly
2, No. 4:1-17 (December, 1898). Eells, Myron. Rev. Henry Harmon Spalding. (First paper). Contains Whitman material.
2, No. 4:21-26 (December, 1898). "Massacre a,t Whitman mission," by Helen M. Church - a survivor.
2, No. 4:26-29 (December, 1898). Copy of a letter of Marcus Whitman written to H. F. Wisewell, Naples, Ontario Co., New York, dated Fort Vancouver, Oregon, June
29, 1845.
3, No. 1:3-18 (March, 1899). Eells, Myron. Rev. Henry
Harmon Spalding, continued. Intimates that Spalding, as opposed to Whitman, believed in getting the Indians to settle down and cease their migratory habits.
3, No. 2:3-18 (June, 1899). Eells, Myron. The Spalding
article continued.
3, No. 2:19-24 (June, 1899). Letters of Marcus Whitman
to Rev. S. Parker.
The first of these letters is dated at Vancouver, September 18, 1836, and tells of the trip out to the mission. The second letter is dated at Walla Walla, under dates
of October 8 and October 15, 1836, and tells of the locating of the mission. Speaks of the cooperation of the H. B. Co. 3, No. 3-22 (October, 1898). Eells, Myron. The Spalding
article concluded.
Tells of the preparation of Spalding's Executive Document, No. 37. Says that Spalding read the proof sheets in
the Government Printing Office and that half or more of the pamphlets were carried off or destroyed. Gives list of Spalding's writings.
3, No. 3:30 (October, 1899). Eigler, Mary L. Marcus
Whitman.
A poem.
Willamette Farmer, February 1, 1884. Pfingle, Mrs. C. S. "An old pioneer."
Insists on giving Whitman and the Congregationalists fair credit and not to overestimate the Methodists as did Mr.
Hines in reviewing Barrow's Oregon in the Pacific Christian Advocate, December 13, 1883.
Yale Alumni Weekly. 17:642 (March 25, 1908). Hart, Albert Bushnell. The literary career of Edward G. Bourne. "Though not the first to question the preposterous claims made by some people for Whitman as the savior of Oregon, he was "the first to criticise the documents seriatim, and to show by undeniable testimony that a myth had been formed
in the midst of the most recent history/'
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