OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Reihen

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​ Reihen (1.), Reigen, m., ‘chain-dance, roundel, dance and song, frolic,’ from MidHG. reie, reige, m., ‘a sort of dance in a long row across the field’; origin obscure. Comp. also E. ray, ‘a sort of dance,’ the etymology of which is equally obscure.
Reihen (2.), m., ‘instep,’ from the equiv. MidHG. rîhe, m.; OHG. rîho, m., ‘calf of the leg, hock.’ An older *wrîho may be assumed, since ModHG. Rist seems to be allied.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Reiher

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​ Reiher, m., ‘heron,’ from the equiv. ​MidHG. reiger, m.; OHG. *reiar, *reijar, are by chance not recorded; comp. OSax. hreiera, Du. reiger, AS. hrâgra, m., ‘heron.’ OHG. heigir and MidHG. heiger, ‘heron,’ are abnormal forms.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Reim

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​ Reim, m., ‘rhyme,’ from MidHG. rîm, m., ‘verse, line.’ To the assonant OHG. rîm, m., this sense is unknown; it signifies ‘row, succession, number,’ and these meanings are attached to the corresponding words in the other OTeut. dials.; comp. OSax. unrîm, ‘innumerable quantity,’ AS. rîm, ‘number.’ From these OTeut. words MidHG. rîm, ‘verse,’ must be dissociated, and connected rather with Lat. rhythmus (versus rhythmicus). The ModHG. word acquired the sense of Fr. rîme, ‘rhyme,’ in the time of Opitz. In the MidHG. period rîme binden was used for reimen, ‘to rhyme,’ and Gebäude by the Meistersingers for Reim. E. rhyme (MidE. rîme, ‘rhymed poem, poem, rhyme’) is also borrowed from OFr. rime.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Reif

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​ Reif (1.), m., ‘encircling band, hoop, ring,’ from MidHG. and OHG. reif, m., ‘rope, cord, coiled rope, hoop, band, fetter, circle’; corresponding to Du. reep, ‘hoop, rope,’ AS. râp, n., ‘strap, cord, rope,’ E. rope, OIc. reip, n., ‘rope,’ Goth. skaudaraip, ‘shoe-thong,’ Gr. ῥαιβός, ‘crooked,’ is probably not allied, and is best compared with Goth. wraiqs, ‘crooked.’
Reif (2.), m., ‘rime, hoar-frost,’ from the equiv. MidHG. rîfe, OHG. rîfo, hrîfo, m.; corresponding to OLG. hrípo, Du. rijp, ‘rime, hoar-frost’ (Goth. *hreipa). The other dials. have a similarly sounding form, which is not, however, closely allied phonetically; OIc. hrím, AS. hrîm, n., E. rime, Du. rijm, with the same meaning; comp. MidHG. rîmeln, ‘to cover with hoar-frost.’ Does hrîm represent Teut. *hrîpma-, and thus belong to Reif? The comparison of AS. hrîm with Gr. κρῦμός, ‘frost,’ is untenable.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/dunkel

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​ dunkel, adj., ‘dark, gloomy, obscure,’ with MidG. initial d; from MidHG. tunkel, ‘dark, dull, damp,’ OHG. tunchal (with the parallel form tunchar, MidLG. dunker). By another stage of gradation OIc. døkkr, OFris. djunk are formed from the same root; they presuppose a Goth. *diggs (pre-Teut. dhengwos). The primit. allied E. dank points to a connection with dumpf (Teut. root dinq, dump).
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/durch

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​ durch, prep., ‘through, owing to, by,’ from MidHG. durch. dur, ‘through,’ also ‘for the sake of,’ OHG. duruh, durh; comp. OSax. thurh, AS. þurh, E. through and thorough. Goth. þaírh, ‘through,’ with an abnormal vowel, is related to the OHG. dërh, ‘perforated,’ with which are connected OHG. durhil, durihil, MidHG. dürhel, dürkel, ‘pierced, porous,’ AS. þŷrel (for þyrhil), ‘hole’ (comp. Nüster), as well as Goth. þaírkô, f., ‘hole’ (k, from kk, for kn?). The prepos. might easily be a case of an older adj., perhaps the acc. neut. Besides the passive meaning of OHG. dërh, ‘pierced,’ an active sense, ‘piercing,’ may also be added. The base þerh would be best defined by ‘to pierce, penetrate,’ which recalls the HG. dringen; the former is based upon a pre-Teut. root terk, the latter upon a root trenk. The connection with Lat. trans is exceedingly problematical.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/dämmern

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​ dämmern, vb., ‘to grow dusk, dawn,’ from MidHG. dëmere, f. (also even MidHG. dëmerunge, f.), OHG. dëmar, n., ‘crepusculum,’ a deriv. of a Teut. root þem, Aryan tem, ‘to be dusk’ (see also dämisch). OSax. preserves in the Heliand the cognate adj. thimm, ‘gloomy’; allied to MidDu. and MidLG. deemster, ‘dark.’ A part from Teut. the assumed root tem, meaning ‘to grow dusk,’ is widely diffused; Sans. tamas, ‘darkness’ (exactly corresponding to OHG. dëmar), tamrá-s, ‘obscuring, stifling’; támisrâ, f., ‘dark night’; Ir. temel, ‘darkness,’ temen, ‘dark grey.’ With the latter words Lat. tenebrœ, ‘darkness,’ is connected (br in Lat. from sr; n for m on account of the following labial, a process of differentiation); OSlov. tĭma, ‘darkness,’ Lith. tamsùs, ‘dark,’ tamsà, f., ‘dusk,’ témti, ‘to grow dusk.’ In the earlier Germ. periods we have further MidHG. dinster, OHG. dinstar, which are so related to Sans. támisrâ, ‘night,’ and Lat. tenebrœ, as to imply a Goth. þinstra- as an adj. stem; in that case t has intruded between s and r, as in Schwester. With regard to MidHG. dinster comp. also ModHG. düster and finster.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/dulden

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​ dulden, vb. (unknown to the Suab., and perhaps also to the other UpG. dialects), ‘to bear, tolerate, suffer,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. dulten; a denominative of OHG. dult, MidHG. dult, f., ModHG. Geduld. The Goth used þulan for dulden without the dental deriv. (OHG. dolên, MidHG. doln, both far more general in meaning than the ModHG. dulden, ‘to suffer’; AS. þolian, ‘to suffer’). The pre-Teut. root is tel, tol, tlê, which appears, exactly corresponding to the meaning of the Teut. cognates, in Gr. τλή-μων ‘to suffer,’ τλή-μων, ‘miserable,’ πολύτλας, ‘much enduring,’ &c. Lat. tolerâre and ertragen (Lat. perferre), show that Lat. tollo (partic. latus tor *tlâ-tus; pret. tuli, from offero), and Gr. τολμᾶν, ‘to venture, endure,’ may be cognates. Hence the primary sense of the root appearing in the graded forms tel, tol, tlê, tlâ, is ‘to bear, tolerate.’ See Geduld.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/dumm

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​ dumm, adj., ‘stupid, silly,’ from MidHG. tum (gen., -mmes), tump (gen. -bes), ‘stupid, foolish, weak in understanding, dumb,’ OHG. tumb. In Goth. dumbs, OIc. dumbr the adj. is equiv. to AS. and E. dumb; the OHG. word, in addition to the meanings of MidHG., has likewise the signification ‘deaf,’ which also belongs to dumm in early ModHG. ‘Dull in sense and intellect’ may be the primary sense of the adj., which has not yet been found in the non-Teut. languages; stumm too has a peculiar history; see schmecken, hell. Words expressing the perceptions of one sense are often transferred to those of another. Hence Goth. dumbs, ‘dumb,’ OHG. tumb, ‘deaf, dumb,’ may possibly be allied to Gr. τυφλός, ‘blind’ (root dhubh; τυφ by the well-known rule for θυφ). This conjectural etymology is quite as uncertain as that offered under Dieb.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/dumpf

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​ dumpf, adj., ‘damp, dull, heavy,’ ModHG. only; formed by the weakest stage of gradation from MidHG. dimpfen, str. vb., ‘to fume, smoke’; comp. also MidHG. dumpfen, dümpfen, ‘to fume, damp.’ The orig. sense of the adj. is probably ‘smoky,’ i.e. ‘damp,’ or ‘dimming the sight and dulling the hearing’; dumpf appears in Du. dompig, with the meaning ‘damp, gloomy.’ Perhaps the word is connected with dunkel; comp. E. dank.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/dämisch

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​ dämisch, dämlich, adj., ‘dull, drowsy, crazy,’ ModHG. only; a MidG. and LG. word (Bav. damiš, taumiš); from a Teut. root þêm, equiv. to Sans. tam (tâmyati), ‘to get tired, out of breath,’ whence Lat. têmulentus, ‘drunk.’ Probably allied to the cognates of dämmern.
# An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/dünn

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​ dünn, adj., ‘thin, slender, attenuated,’ from the equiv. MidHG. dünne, OHG. dunni; comp. AS. þynne, E. thin, OIc. þunnr, Du. dun, Goth. *þunnus. The adj. retained the primit. meaning ‘thin’ in all the periods and dialects of Teut. The stem þunnu is preserved in OHG. dunwęngi, AS. þunwenge, OIc. þunnvange, ‘temples,’ prop. ‘thin cheek’ (comp. ModHG. dial. Duninge, Dünege, ‘temples’). The adj. is primit. Aryan, in the form tanú-s (respecting Teut. nn comp. Kinn, Mann); comp. OInd. tanú-s, ‘long, drawn out, narrow, thin’; Lat. tenuis, ‘thin, narrow’; Gr. τανυ-, existing only in compounds, denotes ‘drawn or stretched out, long’; comp. ταναός, which has the same meaning; OSlov. tĭnŭkŭ, ‘thin,’ has a suffix. The idea of attenuation comes from ‘extension in one direction, drawn out lengthwise,’ still retained by the Ind. and the Gr. adjs. Lat., Teut., and Slav. deprived the orig. meaning of one of its characteristics. In OInd. and Gr. there occurs a verbal stem, tanu (τανυ), with the primary sense ‘to stretch out, extend.’ Comp. dehnen, Dohne, Donner, and the following word.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Wangenheim, Frederick Adam Julius

Edition of 1889.
​WANGENHEIM, Frederick Adam Julius (vong'-en-hime), Baron von, German scientist, b. in the castle of Wangenheim, near Waltershausen, duchy of Coburg-Gotha, in 1747; d. in Gumbinnen, Prussia, 25 March, 1800. He received his education at Waltershausen, and in 1766 entered the service of the duke of Coburg as lieutenant. He passed afterward to the Prussian army and attained the rank of captain. He came to the United States in 1777 in the Hessian contingent in the British service, commanded a squadron of light cavalry in New York and Pennsylvania in 1778-'83, and won a reputation for his successful raids. On his return to Germany he was given the cross of the Hessian military order, and later re-entered the Prussian service. He had studied while in North America the natural history of the country, and especially the trees and shrubs, and in 1785, in a memoir to the Berlin academy, showed the immense advantages that would be derived from the naturalization of several species of American trees. On request of the academy he was then sent to Gumbinnen as director-general of the waters and forests of eastern Prussia, where he carried on experiments on a large scale and planted a great number of American trees. His works include “Beschreibung einiger Arten von Bäumen die in Nordamerika wachsen, mit Bezug auf ihren Gebrauch in den deutschen Wäldern, nach den Beobachtungen in den nordamerikanischen Provinzen von 1778-1783” (Göttingen, 1781); “Supplement zur Wälder-Kultur-Wissenschaft, mit Anwendung auf die Umpflanzung der Baumarten die in Nordamerika wachsen” (1787); “Beschreibung der verschiedenen Holzarten die in Nordamerika wachsen” (1788); “Betrachtungen über die Tannen von Preussisch-Litthauen” (1789); “Betrachtungen über die Weichhölzer die in Nordamerika wachsen” (1795); and several memoirs in the “Transactions” of the Berlin academy of sciences.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Warren, William (actor)

Edition of 1889.
​WARREN, William, actor, b. in Bath, England, 10 May, 1767; d. in Washington, D. C., 19 Oct., 1832. His first appearance was as Young Norval in Home's tragedy of “Douglas.” Soon afterward Warren came to this country, making his début at Baltimore, Md., as Friar Lawrence in “Romeo and Juliet.” In 1805 he went to England, as agent for the Philadelphia theatre, to collect a company of comedians, and on his return in 1806 he married the actress, Mrs. Ann Merry (q. v.). Later, Warren became manager of the Chestnut street theatre in Philadelphia, where he made his last appearance on 25 Nov., 1829, as Robert Bramble in the “Poor Gentleman.” — His son, William, actor, b. in Philadelphia, 17 Nov., 1812; d. in Boston, 12 Sept., 1888, was educated at the Franklin institute, Philadelphia. He also made his first appearance as Young Norval at the Arch street theatre in that city, 27 Oct., 1832. After continuing for some time in his native place, he appeared in New York, Boston, and other cities, playing in various characters, from broad and eccentric comedy to juvenile tragedy, with general acceptance. In 1845 Warren appeared at the Strand theatre in London, and a year later, for the extraordinary term of thirty-five years, he was permanently connected with the Howard athenæum in Boston. There he was held in special esteem, both as a man and artist, and retired from that theatre and his profession on 7 Nov., 1882, with a complimentary benefit. Toward the last Warren was particularly successful in rendering the roles of fine old English gentlemen. He was a cousin of Joseph Jefferson, and one of the few recent actors who, in their own persons, represented the early age of the American drama. Sir Peter Teazle in “The School for Scandal,” Dr. Pangloss in “The Heir at Law,” and Touchstone in “As You Like It,” were among his noted characters.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Weaver, Jonathan

Edition of 1900.
​WEAVER, Jonathan, bishop of the United Brethren in Christ, b. in Carroll county, Ohio, 23 Feb., 1824. He was brought up on a farm, educated at the common schools and at Hagerstown academy, and in 1845 began to preach. He was a pastor in 1847-'52, presiding elder in 1852-'57, and general agent for Otterbein university in 1857-'65. He was elected in 1865 a bishop of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ, has been re-elected five times, and was in the Ohio diocese in 1887. He received the degree of D.D. from Otterbein university in 1873. He has published “Discourses on the Resurrection” (Dayton, Ohio, 1871); “Ministerial Salary” (1872); “Divine Providence” (1873); and “Universal Restoration not sustained by the Word of God” (1878). He has written much for his church organ, the “Religious Telescope,” published at Dayton, and is now preparing for the press a volume of sermons by different ministers of his denomination.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Webb, Thomas

Edition of 1889.
​WEBB, Thomas Smith, Masonic author, b. in Boston, Mass., 30 Oct., 1771; d. in Cleveland, Ohio, 6 July, 1819. At the age of sixteen he was apprenticed to a printer in Boston, and he afterward removed to Keene, N. H., where he worked for some time at his trade. Here the three degrees of ancient craft Masonry were conferred upon him by Rising Sun lodge. In 1793 he removed to Albany and established a paper-staining factory. On 14 Sept., 1797, as appears from the copyright, he published “The Freemason's Monitor, or Illustrations of Masonry,” and thus secured for himself fame as a Masonic ritualist and author. This small volume, which is now exceedingly rare, consisted of two parts, the second part containing an account of the “Ineffable Degrees of Masonry,” together with several Masonic songs by the author. The publication of this work was followed by successively enlarged and improved editions in 1802, 1805, 1808, 1816, 1818, and by numerous editions after the author's decease. It is still regarded as a standard work. Mr. Webb has long been known as the founder of the American system of chapter and encampment Masonry. He presided over a convention of committees in Boston in October, 1797, for the formation of a general grand chapter of royal arch Masons, and at a meeting in Providence in January, 1799, he presented, as chairman of a committee, a constitution which was adopted. The formation of the grand encampment of the United States was the result of his Masonic work. The original draft of the constitution, with all the changes, additions, and interlineations in his own handwriting, is now on file among the archives of St. John's commandery, Providence. In 1799 he removed with his family to Providence, where he spent the greater part of his remaining years. His musical attainments were considerable, and he was the first president of the Psallonian society, an organization for the improvement of its members in sacred melody. In 1815, having changed his residence to Boston, he instituted, in connection with others, the Handel and Haydn society, of which he was the first president.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Webb, Thomas Smith

Edition of 1889.
​WEBB, Thomas Smith, Masonic author, b. in Boston, Mass., 30 Oct., 1771; d. in Cleveland, Ohio, 6 July, 1819. At the age of sixteen he was apprenticed to a printer in Boston, and he afterward removed to Keene, N. H., where he worked for some time at his trade. Here the three degrees of ancient craft Masonry were conferred upon him by Rising Sun lodge. In 1793 he removed to Albany and established a paper-staining factory. On 14 Sept., 1797, as appears from the copyright, he published “The Freemason's Monitor, or Illustrations of Masonry,” and thus secured for himself fame as a Masonic ritualist and author. This small volume, which is now exceedingly rare, consisted of two parts, the second part containing an account of the “Ineffable Degrees of Masonry,” together with several Masonic songs by the author. The publication of this work was followed by successively enlarged and improved editions in 1802, 1805, 1808, 1816, 1818, and by numerous editions after the author's decease. It is still regarded as a standard work. Mr. Webb has long been known as the founder of the American system of chapter and encampment Masonry. He presided over a convention of committees in Boston in October, 1797, for the formation of a general grand chapter of royal arch Masons, and at a meeting in Providence in January, 1799, he presented, as chairman of a committee, a constitution which was adopted. The formation of the grand encampment of the United States was the result of his Masonic work. The original draft of the constitution, with all the changes, additions, and interlineations in his own handwriting, is now on file among the archives of St. John's commandery, Providence. In 1799 he removed with his family to Providence, where he spent the greater part of his remaining years. His musical attainments were considerable, and he was the first president of the Psallonian society, an organization for the improvement of its members in sacred melody. In 1815, having changed his residence to Boston, he instituted, in connection with others, the Handel and Haydn society, of which he was the first president.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Washington, Booker Taliaferro

Edition of 1889.
WASHINGTON, Booker Taliaferro, educator, b. in Hale's Ford, Franklin co., Va., 18 April, 1856. He is of African descent, and early removed to West Virginia. He was graduated at Hampton institute in 1875, and in the same year entered Wayland seminary, whence he was called to fill the chair of a teacher at Hampton. There he was elected by the Alabama state authorities to the presidency of Tuskegee institute, which he organized in 1881. Under his management it has grown from an institution with one teacher and thirty students to one with twenty teachers and 300 students. The property consists of 540 acres, a blacksmith's shop, saw-mill, carpenter's shop, brick-yard, printing-office, and several large school-buildings, one of which, shown in the vignette, was built by the students. It is valued at $68,000, and is out of debt.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Webber, Charles Wilkins

Edition of 1889.
​WEBBER, Charles Wilkins, author, b. in Russellville, Ky., 29 May, 1819; d. in Nicaragua, Central America, 11 April, 1856. He was the son of Dr. Augustine Webber, a well-known physician in ​Kentucky, and inherited from his mother, who was the daughter of Gen. John Tannehill, a fondness for out-door life. In 1838 he went to Texas, then struggling for independence, and was for several years connected with the famous Texas rangers, with whom he saw much wild and adventurous life. He then returned to Kentucky and studied medicine; but this, he soon relinquished, and in 1843 entered Princeton theological seminary with a view to the Presbyterian ministry. This he soon abandoned, and settled in New York city, where he devoted himself to a literary career and became connected with the “New World,” the “Democratic Review,” and the “Sunday Despatch.” Subsequently he was joint proprietor and associate editor of the “Whig Review” for two years. In 1849 he organized an expedition to the region of Colorado and Gila rivers; but, for various reasons, the principal of which was the seizure of the horses by Comanche Indians, it failed. The difficulty in crossing the western deserts led to his efforts to form a camel company, for which he obtained a charter from the New York legislature in 1854. In the winter of 1855-'6 he left New York to join William Walker, who was then endeavoring to maintain himself in Central America. He took part with Walker's forces in the battle of Rivas, and fell in some chance, rencontre or ambuscade in that engagement. In addition to many stories that he contributed to periodicals, he published “Old Hicks, the Guide, or Adventures in the Comanche Country in Search of a Gold-Mine” (New York, 1848); “Gold-Mines of the Gila” (1849); “The Hunter Naturalist, a Romance of Sporting” (Philadelphia, 1851); “Texan Virago, or the Tailor of Gotham” (1852); “Wild Girl of Nebraska” (1852); “Tales of the Southern Border” (part i., 1852; complete, 1853); “Spiritual Vampirism: the History of Ethered Softdown and her Friends of the New Light” (1853); “Shot in the Eye” (which was his most successful story) and “Adventures with Texas Rifle Rangers” (London, 1853); “Wild Scenes and Song Birds” (New York, 1854); and “History of Mystery” (Philadelphia, 1855).