OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Eyton, Thomas Campbell

​EYTON, THOMAS CAMPBELL (1809–1880), naturalist, twenty-third heir in direct male descent of the well-known Shropshire family, was born at Eyton 10 Sept. 1809. His father was Thomas Eyton, esq. (1777–1855), recorder of Wenlock, and high sheriff of Shropshire in 1840. His mother was Mary, daughter of Major-general Donald Campbell. He took up the study of natural history at an early age, and became the friend and correspondent of Charles Darwin, Agassiz, Asa Gray, Wallace, Professor Owen, and other naturalists. About 1842 he instituted and conducted the ‘Herd Book of Hereford Cattle,’ and continued its publication to 1860, when Mr. T. Duckham became its editor. In his own yacht and at his own expense, he conducted an investigation for the government into the oyster fisheries of the British islands, the results of which he published in ‘A History of the Oyster and the Oyster Fisheries,’ 1858, illustrated by finely drawn lithographs from his own dissections. In 1836 he published his ‘History of the Rarer British Birds,’ with woodcuts which have been compared with Bewick's for fidelity. These were the work of a local engraver on wood, named Marks. In the same year appeared his ‘Catalogue of British Birds,’ and in 1838 his elaborate ‘Monograph of the Anatidæ, or Duck Tribe.’ On coming into possession of the family estate in 1855 Eyton built a spacious museum at Eyton, in which he formed one of the finest collections of skins and skeletons of birds in Europe. The skeletons were mostly prepared and mounted by his own hands. Eyton was a keen sportsman, and hunted the Shropshire hounds for several seasons. All his life he was an active magistrate, and in 1859 was the pioneer of the volunteer movement in Shropshire, in the yeomanry cavalry of which county he had previously held a commission. In addition to the works mentioned Eyton published, through Mr. Hobson of Wellington, between 1871 and 1878: ‘Osteologia Avium,’ a voluminous work on the skeletons of birds, illustrated from the specimens in his own museum; ‘Eyton's Catalogue of Species of Birds in his possession’ (London, 1858), ‘A Synopsis of the Duck Tribe’ (Wellington, 1869), ‘Fishing Literature,’ ‘Fox-hunting Literature,’ ‘Observations on Ozone,’ ‘Notes on Scent,’ and catalogues of the drawings, engravings, and portraits at Eyton, and of the skeletons of birds in his museum. His last publication was a supplement to his fine work ‘Osteologia Avium,’ in 1878. He took especial pleasure to help fellow-students in natural science. Though a firm opponent of the Darwinian theory, his friendship with its author continued to his death; but he was much chagrined at finding some of his own observations on the habits of pigeons used by Darwin in support of the hypothesis of natural selection. Eyton died 25 Oct. 1880. He married, 13 May 1835, Elizabeth Frances, daughter and coheiress of Robert Aglionby Slaney, long M.P. for Shrewsbury, by whom he had seven children. A daughter, Miss Charlotte Eyton, was author of several works on scientific subjects, such as ‘The Rocks of the Wrekin,’ and ‘By Fell and Flood.’
R. A.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Eyre, Thomas (1670-1715)

​EYRE, THOMAS (1670–1715), jesuit, of the family settled at Eastwell, Leicestershire, was born on 23 Dec. 1670. He studied at the college of St. Omer, was admitted into the Society of Jesus in 1687, and was professed of the four vows on 8 March 1705–6. He was chaplain to the court of James II at St. Germain; became professor of theology at Liège (1701–4), and in 1712 was socius to the provincial of his order. He died in London on 9 Nov. 1715. Dr. Kirk believed him to be concerned in a biography of James II.
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Eyre, Thomas (1748-1810)

​EYRE, THOMAS (1748–1810), catholic divine, son of Nathaniel Eyre, esq., was born in 1748 and educated in the school established at Esquerchin in connection with the English College at Douay. After being ordained priest he was retained in the college as a professor. In 1775 he returned to England and was placed in charge of the congregation on the Stella estate in the parish of Ryton, Durham. He began in 1791 to collect materials for a continuation of Dodd's ‘Church History of England,’ but the destruction of the English catholic establishments abroad called him to a more active life and prevented him from proceeding with the work. About 1792 he was appointed to the mission of Pontop Hall, near Lanchester, Durham. In 1794 a number of the students who had been driven from Douay were established in the new college at Crook Hall, Durham, which was temporarily placed under Eyre's direction. The Rev. John Daniel [q. v.], president of Douay College, arrived at Crook Hall in the following year, and by virtue of his office assumed the charge of the students. A few days afterwards, however, Daniel resigned, and Eyre was appointed president of Crook Hall. The institution flourished under his management, and in 1808 the professors and students removed to the larger college which had been built for them at Ushaw, four miles from Durham. There Eyre died on 8 May 1810.
He published: 1. ‘The Instruction of Youth in Christian Piety,’ Newcastle, 1783, ​2 vols. 8vo, a translation from the French of Charles Gobinet. 2. An edition of John Goter's ‘Spiritual Works,’ Newcastle, 1790, 16 vols. 12mo.
His manuscript collections, in 2 vols. 4to, for a continuation of Dodd's ‘Church History’ are preserved at Ushaw College.
[Gillow's Bibl. Dict. i. pref. p. vi, ii. 199; Brady's Episcopal Succession, iii. 218.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ezekiel, Abraham Ezekiel

Ezekiel Abraham Ezekiel in the ODNB.
​EZEKIEL, ABRAHAM EZEKIEL (1757–1806), engraver, was born at Exeter in 1757. He engraved portraits by Opie, Sir Joshua Reynolds, and others, and was also well known as a miniature-painter and a scientific optician. He died in 1806. A miniature portrait of him was exhibited at the Anglo-Jewish Historical Exhibition held in London in 1887.
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Eyston, Bernard

​EYSTON, BERNARD, D.D. (1628–1709), Franciscan friar, called in religion Bernard à Sancto Francisco, was a younger son of William Eyston, esq., of East Hendred, Berkshire, by Mary, daughter of James Thatcher, esq., of Priesthawes, in the parish of Westham, Sussex. He became lector of divinity at St. Bonaventure's Convent, Douay, where he died on 28 May 1709. He wrote ‘The Christian Duty compared, being Discourses upon the Creed, Ten Commandments, and the Sacraments,’ Aire, 1684, 4to.
Another Franciscan named Eyston, whose christian name has not been ascertained, was the author of ‘A Clear Looking-glass for all Wandering Sinners,’ Rouen, 1654, 24mo, dedicated to Lady Willoughby.
[Oliver's Catholic Religion in Cornwall, pp. 545, 551; Gillow's Bibl. Dict. ii. 206, 207.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Johnson, Isaac

​JOHNSON, ISAAC (d. 1630), one of the founders of Massachusetts, was a native of Clipsham, Rutlandshire. In 1630 he accompanied Winthrop to America, arrived at Salem on 12 June, and was one of the four who founded the first church at Charlestown on 30 July. The want of good water at Charlestown obliged them, on 7 Sept., to remove to Shawmut, now Boston, which was settled under Johnson's supervision. He died at Boston on 30 Sept. 1630. the richest man in the colony. His wife Arbella, daughter of Thomas, earl of Lincoln, had died at Salem in the preceding August. It was in honour of her that the admiral ship of Winthrop's fleet, before called the Eagle, was renamed the Arbella.
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Johnson, James (1705-1774)

1904 Errata appended.
​JOHNSON, JAMES (1705–1774), bishop of Worcester, was born in 1705 at Melford in Suffolk, of which parish his father, James Johnson, was rector. In 1719 he was elected a king's scholar of Westminster School, becoming in 1724 a student at Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1728, M.A. 1731, B.D. and D.D. 1 June 1742. From 1733 to 1748 he was second master of Westminster School, and from 1743 to 1759 rector of Berkhampstead, Hertfordshire. In 1748 Johnson (through his old schoolfellow, the Duke of Newcastle) became a king's chaplain in ordinary, and accompanied George II to Hanover. During the same year he was nominated a canon residentiary of St. Paul's. He accompanied the king a second time to Hanover in 1752, and on his return to England it was in contemplation to appoint him preceptor to the Prince of Wales, but the opposition of the whigs was too violent to permit the arrangement to be carried out. He was elevated to the see of Gloucester on 18 Oct. 1752. Shortly afterwards Christopher Fawcett, the recorder of Newcastle, while dining with Lord Ravensworth at Durham, asserted that Johnson had on one occasion, in company with Stone and Murray, two old schoolfellows, drunk the health of the Pretender. This charge reached the ears of Henry Pelham, who summoned ​ Fawcett to London and examined him on the subject in a cabinet council (15, 16, 17 Feb. 1754). Fawcett prevaricated, and the charge was shown to be false. The Duke of Bedford, and subsequently Lord Ravensworth, called the attention of the House of Lords to the matter; Johnson defended himself satisfactorily (22 Feb.), although, according to Horace Walpole, ‘with insolence.’ An eloquent speech was delivered in Johnson's behalf by the Bishop of St. Asaph (Dr. Hay-Drummond), himself an ‘old Westminster,’ and the debate terminated without a division.
In 1759 Johnson was translated to Worcester, and during his tenure of that see made considerable improvements and embellishments in Hartlebury Castle, the ancient country palace of the diocese, in addition to laying out the sum of 5,000l. on the episcopal residence in Worcester. To the ecclesiastical patronage of the see he added the rectory of Richard's Castle in the diocese of Hereford. He died at Bath on 28 Nov. 1774, in consequence of a fall from his horse, and was interred among his ancestors at Laycock in Wiltshire. A monument, designed by Nollekens, was shortly afterwards erected to his memory in Worcester Cathedral. Johnson's amiability was unvarying. His private wealth was large. He was very hospitable, and especially generous to his relatives. He published four sermons separately.
W. C. S.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.169 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
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# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Johnson, James (d.1811)

​JOHNSON, JAMES (d. 1811), Scottish engraver and publisher, is said to have been a native of Ettrick (Wilson, Reminiscences of Old Edinburgh, i. 280). He is first heard of as an engraver and music-seller in Edinburgh, where he published ‘The Scots Musical Museum’ (6 vols. 1787–1803), an extensive collection of Scottish melodies and songs. Burns, who corresponded largely with Johnson, and had a strong personal regard for him, contributed to it 184 pieces; of these some were original, including many of his best lyrics, while others were alterations of old ballads or copies of them. Most of the prefaces to the different volumes were written by Burns, and it may be said that he edited the work. ‘Perhaps you may not find your account lucratively in this business,’ Burns wrote to Johnson, ‘but you are a patriot for the music of your country, and I am certain posterity will look on themselves as highly indebted to your public spirit.’ In another letter the poet describes Johnson as ‘a good, worthy, honest fellow.’ In the Edinburgh subscription list, opened after Burns's death for the benefit of his family, the name of ‘James Johnson, engraver,’ is set down for 4l. There is no record of his having paid Burns anything for his work on the ‘Museum.’ The arrangements of the airs (of which there were six hundred) were prepared for the ‘Museum’ chiefly by Stephen Clarke of Edinburgh. The airs had no introductory or concluding symphonies, and nothing was added in harmony except a figured bass for the harpsichord. The ‘Museum’ was reprinted from the original plates in 1839 (6 vols.) and 1853 (4 vols.) These editions contain copious notes and illustrations by Stenhouse, Laing, and C. K. Sharpe. Johnson died in Edinburgh, 26 Feb. 1811. According to the obituary in the ‘Scots Magazine,’ he was ‘the first who attempted to strike music upon pewter, whereby a great saving is made in the charge of that article.’ He left a widow in indigent circumstances, for whom a public appeal was made in March 1819.
J. C. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Johnson, John (1706-1791)

​JOHNSON, JOHN (1706–1791), baptist minister, son of a peasant, was born at Lostock, in the parish of Eccles, near ​Manchester, in March 1706. He was piously brought up, and when only twenty years old became a preacher. About 1741 he was appointed pastor of the Byrom Street Baptist Chapel, Liverpool, but left about 1747–8 in consequence of his doctrinal views having rendered him obnoxious to a section of the congregation. He and his adherents afterwards built a chapel in Stanley Street, Liverpool, opened in 1750, in charge of which he remained until his death on 20 March 1791, aged 85. His wife, whom he married about 1740, survived him.
Johnson had much vigour and originality of mind, and was the founder of a sect called Johnsonian Baptists. His followers were found for a long time at Wisbech in Cambridgeshire and elsewhere.
Among his numerous writings were: 1. ‘The Advantages and Disadvantages of the Married State,’ 5th edit. 1760, 8vo; often reprinted. 2. ‘A Mathematical Question propounded by the Vicegerent of the World,’ 1755; 5th edit. Windsor, U.S.A., 1794; another printed in London, 1859. 3. ‘The Election of God Undisguised,’ 1759. 4. ‘The Two Opinions Tried,’ &c., 1764. 5. ‘Divine Truth, being a Vindication of the Attributes, &c., of God,’ 1769. 6. ‘The Riches of Gospel Grace Opened,’ 2 vols. Warrington, 1776. 7. ‘A Scriptural Illustration of the Book of Revelation,’ Warrington, 1779. 8. ‘The Evangelical Believer's Confession of the Son of God,’ Liverpool, 1781. 9. ‘The Divine Authority of the Holy Scriptures.’ 10. ‘Original Letters,’ 2 vols. Norwich 1796–1800. This contains an account of the author, probably by Samuel Fisher, who preached his funeral sermon.
[Letters as above; Thom's Liverpool Churches and Chapels, 1854, p. 43; Catalogues of Brit. Mus. and Manchester and Liverpool Free Libraries; Watt's Bibl. Brit.; Gardner's Faiths of the World, ii. 249.]
C. W. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Johnson, John (d.1804)

​JOHNSON, JOHN (d. 1804), dissenting minister, born near Norwich, was one of the first students of the Countess of Huntingdon's college at Trevecca, and a minister in her chapels. He settled at Wigan, Lancashire, and preached there and in neighbouring towns. On one occasion his preaching caused a riotous disturbance. He moved to Tyldesley in the same county, and then, at Lady Huntingdon's desire, went to America to superintend an orphan asylum founded by Whitefield. The state authorities refused to recognise him, and he and his wife were imprisoned for resisting the sheriff's officers. On returning to England he was imprisoned for debts incurred in the erection of his chapel at Tyldesley. He subsequently settled at Manchester as pastor of St. George's, Rochdale Road, where he gathered an appreciative congregation. He was a good Hebrew scholar, and on three occasions he preached to the Jews in that language. He published ‘The Levite's Journal,’ and a prospectus of a universal language. Other works were left in manuscript. He died at Manchester on 22 Sept. 1804.
[W. Roby's Funeral Sermon, Manchester, 1804; Axon's Annals of Manchester, p. 133.]
C. W. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Johnson, John (d.1833)

​JOHNSON, JOHN, LL.D. (d. 1833), the kinsman and friend of William Cowper, was cousin to the poet by one remove, his mother being the daughter of Roger Donne, rector of Catfield, Norfolk, and brother to Cowper's mother. He was educated at Caius College, Cambridge, where he graduated LL.B. in 1774, and LL.D. in 1803. He became chaplain to the Earl of Peterborough, and on 1 Jan. 1800 was presented to the rectory of Yaxham with Welborne, Norfolk, which he held till his death on 29 Sept. 1833. He married a daughter of George Livius, who ​was at the head of the commissariat in India.
For twenty-seven years Cowper held no intercourse with his maternal relations, and knew not whether they were living or dead. Johnson, however, when a Cambridge student, introduced himself to the poet during a Christmas vacation. Cowper conceived an affection for ‘the wild but bashful boy,’ which was amply requited. Cowper, who used to call him ‘Johnny of Norfolk,’ was deeply indebted to his kinsman for the care taken of him during the latter years of his life. Cowper died in Johnson's house in the market-place of East Dereham 25 April 1800.
A portrait of Johnson, painted by Abbott in 1793, was engraved by H. Robinson. Another was engraved by E. Finden, from a sketch by Lady Palgrave after Jackson.
He wrote ‘The Tale of the Lute, or the Beauties of Audley End,’ a pastoral poem, which Cowper advised him not to publish; and edited: 1. Vol. iii. of Cowper's ‘Poems,’ containing the posthumous poetry and a ‘Sketch of the Life of Cowper’ by Johnson, dedicated to Earl Spencer, London, 1815, 8vo. 2. ‘The Letters of William Cowper,’ a new edition, revised by Johnson, 3 vols., London, 1817, 8vo. 3. ‘Memoirs of William Hayley,’ 2 vols., London, 1823, 4to. 4. ‘The Private Correspondence of William Cowper with several of his most intimate Friends, now first published from the Originals in the possession of [and edited by] John Johnson,’ 2 vols., London, 1824; 3rd edit., 2 vols., London, 1837.
Another John Johnson (1759–1833), divine, born on 26 Sept. 1759, in the parish of St. Giles-in-the-Fields, Middlesex, son of John and Elizabeth Johnson, was educated at the Charterhouse, and at Oriel College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1779, M.A. in 1782. In October 1784 he became rector of Great Parndon, Essex, and on 26 Nov. 1790 vicar of North Mimms, Hertfordshire. He died on 11 Sept. 1833. He published, besides two fast-day sermons (1794 and 1795): 1. A translation from the French, ‘Observations on the Military Establishment and Discipline of his Majesty the King of Prussia; with an Account of the Private Life of that celebrated Monarch …,’ London, 1780, 8vo. 2. ‘Trifles in Verse,’ London, 1796, 8vo.
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Johnson, John (1754-1814)

Date of birth 1732 in the ODNB.
​JOHNSON, JOHN (1754–1814), architect, born in Southgate Street, Leicester, in 1754, was son of John and Frances Johnson, who are buried in St. Martin's Church, Leicester, where a monument was designed by their son to their memory. Johnson left Leicester early in life, and practised as an architect with great success in London and many parts of England. His principal works were at Chelmsford in Essex, where he designed the county hall in 1792, and published the designs in 1808. The one-arched bridge at Chelmsford was built by him in 1787; he restored the church of St. Mary there in 1803 after its fall in 1800, and completed the new county gaol and the house of correction. After the completion of the county hall, Johnson was presented with a testimonial and a silver cup by the gentry of Essex (see Chelmsford Chronicle, 13 Jan. 1792). He was for twenty-six years architect and surveyor to the county of Essex. On returning to Leicester, he built on the site of the house in which he was born a ‘Consanguinitarium,’ or home of refuge for his relations, which he endowed from a charge on an estate in chancery. A view of this building is given by Nichols in his ‘History of Leicestershire,’ i. 528, where a list of Johnson's architectural works will be found. Johnson died at Leicester in 1814, aged 60.
[Dict. of Architecture; Gent. Mag. 1814, vol. lxxxiv. pt. ii. p. 296; Nichols's History of Leicestershire, i. 528, 604.]
L. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Johnson, John (1777-1848)

​JOHNSON, JOHN (1777–1848), printer, born in 1777, probably at Chester, was for some time in the printing-office of Thomas Bensley. ‘In 1813,’ says Sir Egerton Brydges, a compositor and a pressman ‘persuaded me to allow them to set up a private press’ at Lee Priory, near Canterbury, Kent (Autobiography, 1834, ii. 191–2). John Warwick was the pressman and Johnson the compositor. They took all pecuniary liabilities and sold the books, and Brydges supplied the copy. A large number of books, pamphlets, and leaflets were printed, all in small editions (see lists in J. Martin, Books Privately Printed, 1834, pp. 379–404; Lowndes, Bibliographer's Manual, ed. Bohn, vi. 218–25). In 1817 Johnson ceased his connection with the press, and in 1824 complained of ‘cruel and unjust treatment,’ adding that chancery proceedings were still lingering (Typographia, Pref. p. viii). He circulated, in July 1818, the prospectus of a work on printing, and with the financial support of Edward Walmsley printed in 1824 at his office, the Apollo Press, Brooke Street, Holborn, in two volumes, ‘Typographia, or the Printer's Instructor, including an Account of the Origin of Printing, with Biographical Notices of the Printers of England from Caxton to the close of the sixteenth century, a series of Ancient and Modern Alphabets and Domesday characters; together with an elucidation of every subject connected with the Art.’ The book appeared in four sizes, 32mo, 16mo, 8vo, and royal 8vo; the last was known as the Roxburghe. ‘It abounds with information of a very useful character, spiced with conceits manifesting the originality, humour, and freshness of the author’ (Bigmore and Wyman, Bibliography of Printing, i. 371). It was unfavourably reviewed in the ‘Gentleman's Magazine,’ 1824, vol. xciv. pt. ii. pp. 341, 447, 537. Richard Thomson, librarian of the London Institution, helped in the historical part. An abridgment, with an appendix, was printed at Boston, 1828, 12mo. Johnson describes an improved composing case introduced by him (Typographia, ii. 108–117), and advertises (ib. Pref.) a ‘typographic specimen,’ executed with brass rules and flowers. He was opposed to stereotype and machine presses. An engraved portrait of Johnson, by W. Harvey, is prefixed to the second volume of ‘Typographia.’ He died in Brooke Street, Holborn, 17 Feb. 1848.
H. R. T.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hope, Charles (1681-1742)

​HOPE, CHARLES, of Hopetoun, first Earl of Hopetoun (1681–1742), only son of John Hope of Hopetoun, by his wife Lady Margaret Hamilton, eldest daughter of John, fourth earl of Haddington, was born in 1681. As soon as he came of age he was (in 1702) elected a member in the Scots parliament for the county of Linlithgow. The following year he was elected a privy councillor, and created on 5 April a peer of Scotland by the titles of Earl of Hopetoun, Viscount Aithrie, and Lord Hope. He was a zealous supporter of the union. In 1715 he was constituted lord-lieutenant of the county of Linlithgow, and in 1723 was appointed lord high commissioner to the general assembly of the church of Scotland. He was chosen a representative Scottish peer in 1722, and at ​subsequent elections till his death. In 1738 he was invested with the order of the Thistle. He built as his chief residence Hopetoun House, Linlithgowshire, and died there on 26 Feb. 1742. By his wife Lady Henrietta Johnstone, only daughter of the first Marquis of Annandale, he had four sons and nine daughters, and he was succeeded by his second son, John.
[Douglas's Scottish Peerage, ed. Wood, i. 744–748; Foster's Members of Parl. (Scotland).]
T. F. H.