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# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Bab-el-Mandeb

See also Bab-el-Mandeb on Wikipedia; Bab-el-Mandeb at Wikipedia, Bab-el-Mandeb in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
BAB-EL-MANDEB, that is, the Gate of Tears, is the strait between Arabia and Abyssinia which connects the Red Sea with the Indian Ocean. It derives its name from the dangers attending its navigation, or, according to an Arabic legend, from the numbers who were drowned by the earth quake which separated Asia and Africa. The distance across is about 20 miles, from Ras Menheli on the Arabian coast to Ras Seyan on the African. The island of Perim, a black and desolate rock, about 4½ miles long by 2 broad, and rising to a height of 240 feet, divides the strait into two channels, of which the eastern and most frequented, known as the Bab Iskender (Alexander's Strait), is not more than 4 miles wide, and varies in width from 7 to 14 fathoms, while the western, or Dact-el-Mayun, has a width of about 15 miles and a depth of 180 fathoms. Near the African coast lie a group of smaller islands known as the Seven Brothers. There is usually a surface outflow from the Red Sea, but a strong under-current must set inwards to compensate not only for this, but for the loss occasioned by the great evaporation. (See Carpenter's "Further Inquiries" in J. R. Geog. S., 1874.) In the end of the 18th century (1799) the island of Perim was taken possession of by the British and held as a military outpost, so to speak, of the Indian empire. They again asserted their right to it in 1857, and in 1861 a lighthouse was built at Straits Point, at the eastern extremity of the island. The harbour is accessible and commodious, and the position gives complete command of the Red Sea.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Babel

See also Babel on Wikipedia; Babylon and Tower of Babel at Wikipedia, Babel in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
by the Greeks. It means " gate of god," or " gate of the gods," and was the Semitic translation of the original Ac- cadian designation Ca-dimirra. According to Gen. -xi. 1-9, mankind, after the deluge, travelled from the mountain of the East (or Elwand), where the ark had rested, and settled in Shinar (Sumir, or the north-west of Chaldea). Here they attempted to build a city and a tower whose top might reach unto heaven, but were miraculously prevented by their language being confounded. In this way the diversity of human speech was accounted for; and an etymology was found for the name of Babylon in the Hebrew verb balbel, " to confound." According to Alexander Poly- histor (frg. 10) and Abydenus (frgs. 5 and 6), the tower was overthrown by the winds. The native version of the story has recently been discovered among the cuneiform ​tablets in the British Museum. It is fuller and more com plete than the account in Genesis, and formed part of a collection of Babylonian legends older, probably, than 2000 B.C. We learn from it that the tower was erected under the supervision of a semi-divine being called Etanna. The tower has been identified with the temple or tomb of Belus, which Strabo stated with some exaggeration to have been a stade (606 feet) high, but without sufficient reason. It is most probably represented by the modern Birs Nimrv.d, the ruined remains of the " Temple of the Seven Lights of the Earth," at Borsippa, a suburb of Babylon, which was dedi cated to Nebo. The temple had been begun by " a former king, " and built to the height of 42 cubits, but it lay an uncompleted ruin for many centuries, and was not finished till the reign of Nebuchadnezzar. Dr Schrader believes that the state of wreck in which it so long remained caused " the legend of the confusion of tongues " to be attached to it. The earliest buildings met with in Chaldea are constructed of sun-dried brick and mud. A similar tradi tion to that of the tower of Babel is found in Central America. Xelhua, one of the seven giants rescued from the deluge, built the great pyramid of Cholula in order to storm heaven. The gods, however, destroyed it with fire and confounded the language of the builders. Traces of a somewhat similar story have also been met with among the Mongolian Tharus in Northern India (Report of the Census of Bengal, 1872, p 160), and, according to Dr Livingstone, among the Africans of Lake Ngami. The Esthonian myth of " the Cooking of Languages " (Kohl, Reisen in die Ostseeprovinzen, ii. 251-255) may also be compared, as well as the Australian legend of the origin of the diversity of speech (Gerstiicker, Reisen, vol. iv. p.
(a. h. s.)
# Elegiac Sonnets, and Other Poems, Volume 2, The Second Edition/Apostrophe to an Old Tree

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APOSTROPHE
TO
An OLD TREE.
WHERE thy broad branches brave the bitter North, Like rugged, indigent, unheeded, worth, Lo! Vegetation's guardian hands emboss Each giant limb with fronds of studded moss, Clothing the bark with many a fringed fold Begemm'd with scarlet shields and cups of gold, Which, to the wildest winds their webs oppose, And mock the arrowy sleet, or weltering snows. —But to the warmer West the Woodbine fair With tassels that perfumed the Summer air,
The mantling Clematis, whose feathery bowers Waved in festoons with Nightshade's purple flowers, The silver weed, whose corded fillets wove Round thy pale rind, even as deceitful love Of mercenary beauty would engage The dotard fondness of decrepit age; All these, that during Summer's halcyon days With their green canopies conceal'd thy sprays, Are gone for ever; or disfigured, trail Their sallow relics in the Autumnal gale; Or o'er thy roots, in faded fragments tost, But tell of happier hours, and sweetness lost! —Thus in Fate's trying hour, when furious storms Strip social life of Pleasure's fragile forms,
And awful Justice, as his rightful prey Tears Luxury's silk, and jewel'd robe, away, While reads Adversity her lesson stern, And Fortune's minions tremble as they learn; The crouds around her gilded car that hung, Bent the lithe knee, and troul'd the honey'd tongue, Desponding fall, or fly in pale despair; And Scorn alone remembers that they were. Not so Integrity; unchanged he lives In the rude armour conscious Honor gives, And dares with hardy front the troubled sky, In Honesty's uninjured panoply. Ne'er on Prosperity's enfeebling bed Or rosy pillows, he reposed his head,
But given to useful arts, his ardent mind Has sought the general welfare of mankind; To mitigate their ills his greatest bliss, While studying them, has taught him what he is; He, when the human tempest rages worst, And the earth shudders as the thunders burst, Firm, as thy northern branch, is rooted fast, And if he can't avert, endures the blast.
# Elegiac Sonnets, and Other Poems, Volume 2, The Second Edition/Ode to Death

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ODE TO DEATH.
FRIEND of the wretched! wherefore should the eye  Of blank Despair, whence tears have ceased to flow, Be turn'd from thee?—Ah! wherefore fears to die  He, who compell'd each poignant grief to know,  Drains to its lowest dregs the cup of woe?
Would Cowardice postpone thy calm embrace,  To linger out long years in torturing pain? Or not prefer thee to the ills that chase  Him, who too much impoverish'd to obtain  From British Themis right, implores her aid in vain!
Sharp goading Indigence who would not fly,  That urges toil the exhausted strength above? Or shun the once fond friend's averted eye?  Or who to thy asylum not remove,  To lose the wasting anguish of ungrateful love?
Can then the wounded wretch, who must deplore  What most she loved, to thy cold arms consign'd, Who hears the voice that sooth'd her soul no more,  Fear thee, O Death!—Or hug the chains that bind  To joyless, cheerless life, her sick, reluctant mind?
Oh, Misery's Cure! who e'er in pale dismay  Has watch'd the angel form they could not save, And seen their dearest blessing torn away,  May well the terrors of thy triumph brave,  Nor pause in fearful dread before the opening grave!
# Elegiac Sonnets, and Other Poems, Volume 2, The Second Edition/A descriptive Ode

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A
DESCRIPTIVE ODE.
Supposed to have been written under the Ruins of Rufus's Castle, among the remains of the ancient Church on the Isle of Portland.
CHAOTIC pile of barren stone, That Nature's hurrying hand has thrown,  Half-finish'd, from the troubled waves; On whose rude brow the rifted tower Has frown'd, thro' many a stormy hour,  On this drear site of tempest-beaten graves.
Sure Desolation loves to shroud His giant form within the cloud  That hovers round thy rugged head; And as thro' broken vaults beneath, The future storms low-muttering breathe,  Hears the complaining voices of the dead.
Here marks the Fiend with eager eyes, Far out at sea the fogs arise  That dimly shade the beacon'd strand, And listens the portentous roar Of sullen waves, as on the shore,  Monotonous, they burst and tell the storm at hand.
Northward the Demon's eyes are cast O'er yonder bare and sterile waste,  Where, born to hew and heave the block, Man, lost in ignorance and toil, Becomes associate to the soil,  And his heart hardens like his native rock.
On the bleak hills, with flint o'erspread, No blossoms rear the purple head;  No shrub perfumes the Zephyrs' breath, But o'er the cold and cheerless down Grim Desolation seems to frown,  Blasting the ungrateful soil with partial death.
Here the scathed trees with leaves half-drest, Shade no soft songster's secret nest,  Whose spring-notes soothe the pensive ear; But high the croaking cormorant flies, And mews and awks with clamorous cries  Tire the lone echoes of these caverns drear.
Perchance among the ruins grey Some widow'd mourner loves to stray,  Marking the melancholy main Where once, afar she could discern O'er the white waves his sail return  Who never, never now, returns again!
On these lone tombs, by storms up-torn, The hopeless wretch may lingering mourn,  Till from the ocean, rising red, The misty Moon with lurid ray Lights her, reluctant, on her way,  To steep in tears her solitary bed.
Hence the dire Spirit oft surveys The ship, that to the western bays  With favouring gales pursues its course; Then calls the vapour dark that blinds The pilot—calls the felon winds  That heave the billows with resistless force.
Commixing with the blotted skies, High and more high the wild waves rise,  Till, as impetuous torrents urge, Driven on yon fatal bank accurst, The vessel's massy timbers burst,  And the crew sinks beneath the infuriate surge.
There find the weak an early grave, While youthful strength the whelming wave  Repels; and labouring for the land, With shorten'd breath and upturn'd eyes, Sees the rough shore above him rise,  Nor dreams that rapine meets him on the strand.
And are there then in human form Monsters more savage than the storm,  Who from the gasping sufferer tear The dripping weed?—who dare to reap The inhuman harvest of the deep,  From half-drown'd victims whom the tempests spare?
Ah! yes! by avarice once possest, No pity moves the rustic breast;  Callous he proves—as those who haply wait Till I (a pilgrim weary worn) To my own native land return,  With legal toils to drag me to my fate!
# Elegiac Sonnets, and Other Poems, Volume 2, The Second Edition/April

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APRIL.
GREEN o'er the copses Spring's soft hues are spreading,  High wave the Reeds in the transparent floods, The Oak its sear and sallow foliage shedding,  From their moss'd cradles start its infant buds.
Pale as the tranquil tide of Summer's ocean,  The Willow now its slender leaf unveils; And thro' the sky with swiftly fleeting motion,  Driv'n by the wind, the rack of April sails.
Then, as the gust declines, the stealing showers  Fall fresh and noiseless; while at closing day The low Sun gleams on moist and half-blown flowers,  That promise garlands for approaching May.
Bless'd are yon peasant children, simply singing,  Who through the new-sprung grass rejoicing rove; More blest! to whom the Time, fond thought is bringing,  Of friends expected, or returning love.
The pensive wanderer blest, to whom reflection  Points out some future views that soothe his mind; Me how unlike!—whom cruel recollection  But tells of comfort I shall never find!
Hope, that on Nature's youth is still attending,  No more to me her syren song shall sing; Never to me her influence extending,  Shall I again enjoy the days of Spring!
Yet, how I loved them once these scenes remind me,  When light of heart, in childhood's thoughtless mirth, I reck'd not that the cruel lot assign'd me  Should make me curse the hour that gave me birth!
Then, from thy wild-wood banks, Aruna! roving,  Thy thymy downs with sportive steps I sought, And Nature's charms, with artless transport loving,  Sung like the birds, unheeded and untaught.
But now the Springtide's pleasant hours returning,  Serve to awaken me to sharper pain; Recalling scenes of agony and mourning,  Of baffled hope and prayers preferr'd in vain.
Thus shone the Sun, his vernal rays displaying,  Thus did the woods in early verdure wave, While dire Disease on all I loved was preying,  And flowers seem'd rising but to strew her grave!
Now, 'mid reviving blooms, I coldly languish,  Spring seems devoid of joy to me alone; Each sound of pleasure aggravates my anguish,  And speaks of beauty, youth, and sweetness gone!
Yet, as stern Duty bids, with faint endeavour  I drag on life, contending with my woe, Tho' conscious Misery still repeats, that never  My soul one pleasurable hour shall know.
Lost in the tomb, when Hope no more appeases  The fester'd wounds that prompt the eternal sigh, Grief, the most fatal of the heart's diseases,  Soon teaches, whom it fastens on, to die.
The wretch undone, for pain alone existing,  The abject dread of Death shall sure subdue, And far from his decisive hand resisting,  Rejoice to bid a world like this, adieu!
# Elegiac Sonnets, and Other Poems, Volume 2, The Second Edition/Inscription on a Stone

INSCRIPTION.
On a Stone, in the Church-Yard at Boreham, in Essex; raised by the Honourable Elizabeth Olmius, to the memory of Ann Gardner, who died at New Hall, after a faithful Service of Forty Years.
WHATE'ER of praise, and of regret attend
The grateful Servant, and the humble friend, Where strict integrity and worth unite To raise the lowly in their Maker's sight, Are her's; whose faithful service, long approved, Wept by the Mistress whom thro' life she loved. Here ends her earthly task; in joyful trust To share the eternal triumph of the Just.
# Elegiac Sonnets, and Other Poems, Volume 2, The Second Edition/Lydia

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LYDIA.
O'ER the high down the night-wind blew,  And as it chill and howling past, The Juniper and scathed Yew  Shrunk from the bitter blast.
Yet on the sea-mark's chalky height,  The rude memorial of the Dane, Thro' many a drear and stormy night  Had hapless Lydia lain.
When I a lonely wanderer too,  Who loved to climb and gaze around, Even as the Autumnal Sun withdrew,  The poor forlorn one found.
"Ah! Wherefore, maiden, sit you so,  "The cold wind raving round your breast, "While in the villages below  "All are retired to rest?
"The fires are out, no lights appear  "But the red flames of burning lime, "None but the Horseman's ghost is here  "At this pale evening time."
With wild yet vacant eye, the maid  Gazed on me, and a mournful smile On her wan sunken features play'd  As thus she spoke the while:
"Yes, to their beds my friends are gone,  "They have no grief; they slumber soon; "But 'tis for me to wait alone  "To meet the midnight Moon.
"The Moon will rise anon, and trace  "Her silver pathway on the sea; "I saw it from this very place,  "When Edward went from me.
"Tho' like a mist the Horseman's ghost  "From yon deep dell I often see, "Glide o'er the mountain to the coast,  "It gives no fear to me.
"I rather dread the clouds that rise  "Like towers and turrets from afar, "And swelling high, obscure the skies,  "And every shining star.
"For then I can no longer trace  "That long bright pathway in the sea, "Where Edward bade me mark the place  "When last he went from me!
"'Twas here, when loth to go, he gave  "To his poor Girl his last adieu; "He mark'd the moonlight on the wave,  "And bade me mark it too.
"And, Lydia!—then he sighing cried,  "When the tenth time that light so clear "Shine on the Sea—whate'er betide,  "Thy Edward will be here.
"Since then I watch with eager eyes,  ("Nor feel I cold, or wind or rain,) "Till the tenth blessed moon arise,  "And Edward comes again."
"Ah, wretched Girl!" I would have cried,  But why awaken her to pain? "Long since thy wandering Lover died,  "The moon returns in vain!
"Tho' with her wane, thy visions fade,  "Yet hopest thou, till again she shine?" ———The hopes of half the World, poor Maid!  Are not more rational than thine!
# Elegiac Sonnets, and Other Poems, Volume 2, The Second Edition/Ode to the Poppy

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ODE
TO THE POPPY.
WRITTEN BY A DECEASED FRIEND.
NOT for the promise of the labour'd field, Not for the good the yellow harvests yield,  I bend at Ceres' shrine; For dull, to human eyes, appear The golden glories of the year,  A far more melancholy worship's mine,
I hail the goddess for her scarlet flower!  Thou brilliant weed,  That dost so far exceed  The richest gifts gay Flora can bestow: Heedless I pass'd thee in life's morning hour,  (Thou comforter of woe) Till sorrow taught me to confess thy power.
 In early days, when Fancy cheats,  A varied wreath I wove,  Of laughing Spring's luxuriant sweets,  To deck ungrateful Love:  The rose, or thorn, my labours crown'd;  As Venus smiled, or Venus frown'd;
* R. Corbould del. J. Neagle sculp.
* Hail, lovely Blossom!—thou canst ease
* The wretched Victims of Disease;
* Canst close those weary Eyes in gentle sleep,
* Which never open but to weep;
* Published May. 15th 1797 by Cadell and Davies, Strand.
But Love, and Joy, and all their train, are flown;  E'en languid Hope no more is mine, And I will sing of thee alone, Unless, perchance, the attributes of Grief, The cypress bud, and willow leaf,  Their pale funereal foliage blend with thine.
 Hail, lovely blossom!—thou canst ease  The wretched victims of Disease;  Canst close those weary eyes in gentle sleep,  Which never open but to weep;  For, oh! thy potent charm  Can agonizing Pain disarm;  Expel imperious Memory from her seat,  And bid the throbbing heart forget to beat.
Soul-soothing plant! that can such blessings give,  By thee the mourner bears to live!  By thee the hopeless die!  Oh! ever "friendly to despair,"  Might Sorrow's pallid votary dare, Without a crime, that remedy implore,  Which bids the spirit from its bondage fly, I'd court thy palliative aid no more;
 No more I'd sue that thou shouldst shed,  A transient calm around my aching head,  But rather would conjure thee to impart  Thy sovereign balsam for a broken heart;  And by thy dear Lethean power,  (Inestimable flower) Burst these terrestrial bonds, and other regions try.
# Ex Parte Slayton

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United States Supreme Court
105 U.S. 451
Ex Parte Slayton
PETITION for a writ of prohibition
The facts are stated in the opinion of the court.
Mr. Alfred Russell for the petitioner.
Mr. J. H. McGowan, contra.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE WAITE delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Ex Parte Schwab

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United States Supreme Court
98 U.S. 240
Ex Parte Schwab
MOTION for an order to show cause why a mandamus shall not be issued.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the court.
Mr. Matt. H. Carpenter and Mr. Don M. Dickinson in support of the motion.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE WAITE delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Ex Parte Tillinghast

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* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
29 U.S. 108
E Parte Tillinghast
Mr Hoffman moved the court for the admission of Mr. J. L. Tillinghast, as a counsellor of this court.
He stated, that he was a counsellor of the court of chancery of the state of New York and of the supreme court of that state, and was at this time in the full exercise and enjoyment of the rights and privileges of a counsellor of those courts. He exhibited the certificates in due form of the time of the admission of Mr Tillinghast, to practise in the courts, and that he is now a practitioner of the same. He was enabled to say, from knowing the opinions of three of the judges of the supreme court of New York, and Mr Tillinghast was respected, and had their confidence.
It was understood that the rule of this court was to admit persons who practised in the highest courts of the several states, and Mr Tillinghast was therefore completely within the rule.
It would be disingenuous not to refer to a circumstance which had occurred, in relation to Mr Tillinghast, in the district court of the United States, for the northern district of New York. In that court, he had been struck off the roll of counsellors of the court by order of the district judge.
If the causes of that proceeding are now to be inquired into; under the relations which existed between him and Judge Conklin, and the respect he entertained for him; Mr Hoffman said he should not interfere. But this court will not look into this circumstance; and the mere fact of an individual having been stricken off the roll, would not in itself induce the court to refuse his admission here. This might occur at the request of the individual, or it might be the effect of his acceptance of an office which disqualified him to practise; as that of marshal. Upon this fact alone the court will not reject this application.
But if the court will go into an examination of the circumstances of the case, Mr Tillinghast is fully prepared, and willing to proceed; in which he will have the aid of other counsel. He is desirous that this court would hear the facts and decide upon them, and he expects to be able in the investigation fully to vindicate himself from all reproach.
It is understood that on a former occasion, when a mandamus was applied for to the district judge to restore the applicant to the roll of counsellors, this court would not go into an examination of the facts of the case, and they may not now be disposed to do it. It might also be objected to it, that it would be ex parte, and will give to Judge Conklin no opportunity to be heard on the matter.
The certificates of the admission of Mr Tillinghast to practise in the highest courts of New York, and of his now being a counsellor of those courts, were then filed by Mr Hoffman.
Mr Chief Justice MARSHALL.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse