OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Bindweed

Edition of 1802.
​BINDWEED, or Convolvulus, L. a genus of plants, comprising forty-three species, of which only three are natives, namely:
1. The arvensis, or Small Bindweed, a common plant in fields and hedges, but particularly troublesome in gardens of a gravelly soil; its white and red flowers appear in June and July. See With. 239, and Engl. Bot. 312.—As the roots of this plant, particularly in wet seasons, strike deep into the ground, and injure the growth of corn, they ought to be carefully extirpated, and transplanted on the sandy banks of rivers and lakes, where they greatly tend to bind the soil. Bees are uncommonly partial to the flowers of the convolvulus; and it is eagerly eaten by black cattle, and sheep.
2. The sepium, or Great Bindweed, likewise a pernicious plant in gardens; it thrives under moist hedges; its stalk grows to the height of several feet, and bears white or purplish blossoms in July and August. See With. 240, and Engl. Bot. 313. The root of this species is very acrid and purgative to the human constitution; but does not affect swine, though eaten in large quantities. Its flowers are frequented by bees.
3. The soldanella, or Sea Bindweed, grows on the sandy shores of the sea, but cannot be long preserved in gardens; its purple flowers blow in July. See With. 240, and Engl. Bot. 314.—This species is also possessed of cathartic properties, so that half an ounce of the juice of the root, or one dram of the powder, is a strong dose. The leaves of the Sea Bindweed have often been externally applied for the reduction of dropsical swellings of the legs; and, it is asserted, with good effect.
Among the exotic species of this plant, we shall only mention the Convolvulus Jalappa, or Jalap, a native of Spanish America, which affords the drastic medicine of that name; the Batatas, or Spanish Potatoes, a delicious root imported from Portugal and Spain, but too delicate to thrive in the open air of our climate; the scoparius, or Bushy Bindweed, which grows wild in the island of Barrancas, and affords, it is said, the fragrant oil and wood of Rhodium; and, ​lastly, the Scammonia, or Syrian Bindweed, from the inspissated juice of which is prepared the efficacious purgative substance known by the name Scammony.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Bindweed, Black

Edition of 1802.
​Bindweed, Black: See Climbing Buckwheat.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Bill, in Commerce

Edition of 1802.
​Bill, in commerce, a security for the payment of money given under the hand of the debtor, by which he is bound to pay the sum specified either on demand, or at some future day, according to the agreement of the parties.
In case of failure, the payment may be legally enforced. These bills must be written on stamped paper: if under 30l. the duty is 8d.; if above 30l. and not exceeding 50l. it is 1s.; above 50l. and not exceeding 100l. the duty is 1s. 4d.; and above 100l. and not exceeding 200l. it is 2s.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Bill of Exchange

Edition of 1802.
​Bill of Exchange, a security among merchants in different countries, for the more easy remittance of money from the one to the other. This mode of facilitating payment in commerce, is now extended to almost every kind of pecuniary transactions.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Bill, in Law

Edition of 1802.
​Bill, in law, a declaration in writing, either of some injury which the plaintiff has suffered from the defendant, or an offence committed by the person complained of, against some law or statute of the realm.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Bill of Sale

Edition of 1802.
​Bill of Sale, is an instrument by which a person who delivers goods as a security to the lender of a sum of money, empowers him to sell them, if the sum borrowed be not repaid at the appointed time.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Bill, in Husbandry

Edition of 1802.
​BILL, in husbandry and mechanics, an edged tool, made of iron, with a curvated point. It is much used by gardeners, for pruning trees, and by plumbers and basket-makers. When fitted to a short handle, it is called a hand-bill; when to a long one, a hedge-bill.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Bill of Lading

Edition of 1802.
​Bill of Lading, an acknowledgment signed by the master of a ship, and given to a merchant. It contains an account of the goods received on board by the former from the latter, with a promise to deliver them at a certain place, for a specified sum.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Autumn

Edition of 1802.
​AUTUMN is computed the third season of the year; and with respect to the animal body, doubtless the most unhealthy.—Hence Tertullian calls it "the test of valetudinarians;" but the ancient Germans, though acquainted with the three other seasons, appear to have been uninfluenced by the severity of autumn; as they had no particular term to express it, unless we admit the word "harvest," in modern German, "Herbst," as equivalent to what they at present call "Erndte," or the gathering in the fruits of the earth.
The circumstances which render this season the least conducive to a healthy state of the body, are the following: 1. Because the vegetable kingdom, with very few exceptions, returns the salubrious leaves of trees and plants to their primitive, maternal earth, where they undergo spontaneous decomposition. This decay, or process of putrefaction, produces a remarkable change in that surrounding medium which supports animal life, and the relative purity of which, determines the most ​important function of the system, namely, that of respiration. 2. As, by the greater pressure and humidity of the atmosphere, the pores of the skin are so affected that they become unable to perform their office of exhalation, with the same facility as in winter and summer, it follows that perspirable matter, or at least, its grosser particles, will in autumn be liable to remain on the surface, in a state inclining to putrefaction, and to be re-absorbed, to the great detriment of the human or animal body. Hence arise bilious and putrid fevers, with a long train of other complaints, according to the constitution and particular circumstances of the individual.
Parental Nature, however, has amply provided the means of obviating such disastrous effects. With this intention, she has given us a great variety of sub-acid fruit, and acescent vegetables, which, at that season, attain to their perfection, and are eminently qualified to counteract the putrid disposition of the fluids. To assist her in this benevolent intention, we ought to choose an appropriate diet; and, at the same time, defend the surface of the body with a proper dress, which is warm, light, and sufficiently porous, in order to admit the evaporation of perspirable volatile humours.
Notwithstanding all the objections made by theorists, against the use of Flannel, worn next the skin, we venture to pronounce it the most beneficial covering; provided the conditions and exceptions we shall state under that article, be duly attended to. But to see the fashionable females of the metropolis, as well as in the country, at all seasons of the year, dressed in muslin, cotton, and other light stuffs, scarcely sufficient to protect them against a sudden blast of wind—such deviations from the rules of prudence, and real economy, may, indeed, deserve the lash of the Roman satyrist, who speaks of the bitter complaints of Proserpine, in chilly autumn, but they cannot be corrected by Reason, till the shrine of that whimsical idol 'Fashion,' be shaken, and its ground-work demolished, by a more dignified system of Education.—See that article.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Arvenusly

Edition of 1802.
​ARVENUSLY, or Pinus Cembra, L. is a species of pine, which is principally found in Siberia, and on the Alpine mountains. Its branches those of the pitch-tree, which is commonly called spruce-fir. The leaves are of a striated form, about three inches in length, and the fruit about the size of a large hen's egg, containing kernels covered with a brown skin, which, when peeled, are as large as a common pea, white and soft as a blanched almond, and of an agreeable taste.
​The arvenusly is applied to various purposes of useful and domestic economy. Its planks afford excellent wainscoting, flooring, and other materials for joiners; are of a finer grain, more beautifully variegated, and of a more agreeable smell, than deal. The white wood has a very pleasant fragrance; and when made into shelves, is said to possess the remarkable property of keeping away moths and other insects. It also furnishes excellent fuel for stoves, ovens and kilns; but is dangerous when used in grates, being liable to splinter, and throw out sparks to a considerable distance. From the resinous parts of this tree, is distilled a fragrant oil, resembling in taste and flavour that of juniper, and possessing the same properties. An expressed oil is also obtained from the fruit, which, on account of its balsamic nature, has been recommended in consumptive cases; and the kernels are employed by the Swiss, as a substitute for mushrooms, in ragouts, and sometimes form a part of their deserts.
The arvenusly is of a healthy and vigorous nature, and will bear removing, when young, even in dry and warm weather. It likewise grows in great abundance on the most mountainous and coldest parts of the Brianconnois, where the natives call it alviez. It bears some resemblance to the Canada, or Weymouth pine.
This tree is the more valuable, as its timber is fit for the choicest furniture; and from its enormous height and size, when full grown, it would make excellent masts.—As the culture of this remarkable tree in no respect differs from the other species of the Pine, we refer to that article.
We have here subjoined a branch of the Arvenusly, of a reduced size, to distinguish it from other species of the same genus.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Assurance

Edition of 1802.
​Assurance. See Insurance.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Ass

Edition of 1802.
​ASS, by naturalists, is classed as a species of horse, or Equus.
The tame, or domestic Ass, is an animal remarkable for his meekness, patience, and tranquillity. He submits with firmness to chastisement, is temperate in his food, and contents himself with the disagreeable herbage which other animals disdain to eat; but is more delicate with regard to his drink, never using water, unless it be perfectly pure. This animal is esteemed for his attachment, and, though generally used with severity and harshness, nay, often with cruelty, he is fond of his master, has a scent of him at a distance, and easily distinguishes him from other persons. Of all animals, the ass, perhaps, is capable of supporting the heaviest burthen, in proportion to his size: and, on account of his slow and regular pace, is particularly useful in journeying over uneven grounds, and mountainous countries.
The finest breed of asses was formerly met with in Egypt, but, at present, those reared in Spain are preferable. In the latter country, as well as in Italy, the inhabitants eat the flesh or asses with avidity. Their milk is of so thin a consistence, that it neither affords butter nor cheese, but is extremely agreeable to the tender stomachs of consumptive persons, and very wholesome for young children, when drank while warm from the animal; but it should be taken at least three or four times a day, ​half a pint at each time, and continued for several weeks or months, if any real benefit be expected from this simple diet.
The manner of preparing artificial asses milk, not inferior in its properties to the natural, is as follows: Take of eryngo-root, or sea-holly, and pearl barley, each half an ounce, liquorice-root three ounces, water two pounds, or one quart; boil it down over a gentle fire to one pint, then strain it, and add an equal quantity of new cow's milk.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Assembly

Edition of 1802.
​ASSEMBLY, in general, signifies a meeting of several persons in the same place, and for a common purpose. Without entering into a history of the assemblies that were customary among the ancients, or those held by the moderns, for deliberating upon political, ecclesiastical, or civil affairs, we shall, in this place, only observe, that all public meetings, when conducted with a spirit of order and decorum, are highly conducive to polish the manners of a people. This good effect is obvious from assemblies instituted in provincial towns, for the purpose of either amusement or instruction, by which the manners of young persons, in particular, acquire a certain grace and dignity, seldom to be met with among those who spend their lives in small country towns, or solitary mansions.
But, on the other hand, it cannot be denied, that the frequent visiting of assemblies, theatres, &c. where a great number of persons, perhaps, afflicted with various chronic diseases, breathe and vitiate a common atmosphere, must be attended with pernicious effects, even to the most healthy.—See Balls and Masquerades.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Assimilation

Edition of 1802.
​ASSIMILATION, in animal economy, is that hidden natural process by which living beings are enabled to convert such bodies as have a certain affinity to them, or at least after having undergone some preparation and change of their properties, into their own substance and nature. Hence every culinary process is conducted on chemical principles analogous to those on which the digestion of food appears to depend in the human stomach.—See Chyle, Digestion, Nutrition, Saliva.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Auction

Edition of 1802.
​AUCTION, a public sale for the disposal of household goods, books, plate, landed estates, &c. By this method of sale, the highest bidder is always the purchaser. The origin of sales by auction is very ancient; for among the Romans it was performed by the public crier sub hasta, i. e. under a spear erected on that occasion; and the goods purchased, were delivered by a magistrate. In the year 1777, the auctioneers residing in London were subjected to a tax of 20s. per annum, and a duty of 6d. was paid for every 20s. arising by sale of furniture, fixtures, &c. and of 3d. in the pound by the sale of freehold or copy-hold estates. In 1787, the duty was increased to 10d. in the pound on furniture, &c. and to 6d. in the pound on real property.
As this method of selling goods appears to be rather founded on the principle of competition, than that of choice, it certainly deserves every encouragement in a commercial country: hence it were only to be wished, that government might be enabled totally to suppress those mock-auctioneers who infest several streets of the metropolis, and use every artifice to entice and deceive the unwary, especially the harmless visitors from the country.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Asplenium scolopendrium

Edition of 1802.
​Asplenium scolopendrum. See Hart's-Tongue.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Asplenium trichomanoides

Edition of 1802.
​Asplenium trichomanoides. See Maiden-Hair.
# Domestic Encyclopædia (1802)/Asafœtida

Edition of 1802.
​ASAFŒTIDA, a gum-resin, so called on account of its offensive smell. It is obtained from the Ferula asafœtida, L. an umbelliferous plant, growing wild in Persia; the root of which, on cutting it, exudes a milky juice: by evaporation, it acquires the consistence of wax, and a yellowish red colour. We have seen fine specimens of ​this plant in the Botanical Garden at Edinburgh; and there is no doubt that it will bear the vicissitudes of our climate, in the open air; and that it is strongly impregnated with its peculiar juice.
Although this nauseous drug possesses a bitter and acrid taste, which is much stronger, when fresh, the Persians nevertheless use it as a spice with their food; so that our epicurean imitators do not deserve the credit of original choice.
Beside its aperient and resolvent properties, asafœtida is one of the most valuable medicines in spasmodic, flatulent, hysteric and hypochondriacal complaints, especially when they arise from obstructions of the bowels. But, as it is of a heating nature, it increases the circulation of the fluids, and ought not, therefore, to be employed either in violent fevers, or in constitutions liable to hemorrhages. On the contrary, where spasms and constipations have contributed to weaken the powers of nature, and the functions are in a languid state, it generally affords effectual relief; as it promotes digestion; enlivens the animal spirits; and, by increasing the peristaltic motion of the intestines, tends to open them in persons of an advanced age. In the spasmodic, as well as in humoral asthma, unattended with fever, it is an excellent remedy; for, in the former, it counteracts the strictures of the respiratory organs; and, in the latter, greatly facilitates expectoration. The hooping-cough has been cured, and worms have frequently been expelled, by the conjoined administration of asafœtida, both by the mouth, and in the form of clysters. When given with the last mentioned intention, it is very usefully combined with jalap; by the assistance of which, it possesses uncommon powers over the tape-worm, especially in adults. Thus, according to C. J. Mellin, an elderly lady was relieved of a formidable tape-worm, together with a considerable portion of coagulated and viscid matter, resembling a fishing-net, after making use of the following pills: Take asafœtida, half an ounce, powder of jalap two drachms; let them be mixed with any syrup, to a proper consistence for making sixty pills: two of these are to be taken every morning and evening, at first; but gradually increased to four or five, according to circumstances.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Resurrection of the Dead

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Resurrection of the Dead Will be simultaneous both of the just and the unjust (Dan. 12:2; John 5:28, 29; Rom. 2:6-16; 2 Thess. 1:6-10). The qualities of the resurrection body will be different from those of the body laid in the grave (1 Cor. 15:53, 54; Phil. 3:21); but its identity will nevertheless be preserved. It will still be the same body (1 Cor. 15:42-44) which rises again.
As to the nature of the resurrection body, (1) it will be spiritual (1 Cor. 15:44), i.e., a body adapted to the use of the soul in its glorified state, and to all the conditions of the heavenly state; (2) glorious, incorruptible, and powerful (54); (3) like unto the glorified body of Christ (Phil. 3:21); and (4) immortal (Rev. 21:4).
Christ's resurrection secures and illustrates that of his people. "(1.) Because his resurrection seals and consummates his redemptive power; and the redemption of our persons involves the redemption of our bodies (Rom. 8:23). (2.) Because of our federal and vital union with Christ (1 Cor. 15:21, 22; 1 Thess. 4:14). (3.) Because of his Spirit which dwells in us making our bodies his members (1 Cor. 6:15; Rom. 8:11). (4.) Because Christ by covenant is Lord both of the living and the dead (Rom. 14:9). This same federal and vital union of the Christian with Christ likewise causes the resurrection of the believer to be similar to as well as consequent upon that of Christ (1 Cor. 15:49; Phil. 3:21; 1 John 3:2)." Hodge's Outlines of Theology.
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Reuben, Tribe of

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Reuben, Tribe of At the Exodus numbered 46,500 male adults, from twenty years old and upwards (Num. 1:20, 21), and at the close of the wilderness wanderings they numbered only 43,730 (26:7). This tribe united with that of Gad in asking permission to settle in the "land of Gilead," "on the other side of Jordan" (32:1-5). The lot assigned to Reuben was the smallest of the lots given to the trans-Jordanic tribes. It extended from the Arnon, in the south along the coast of the Dead Sea to its northern end, where the Jordan flows into it (Josh. 13:15-21, 23). It thus embraced the original kingdom of Sihon. Reuben is "to the eastern tribes what Simeon is to the western. `Unstable as water,' he vanishes away into a mere Arabian tribe. `His men are few;' it is all he can do `to live and not die.' We hear of nothing beyond the multiplication of their cattle in the land of Gilead, their spoils of `camels fifty thousand, and of asses two thousand' (1 Chr. 5:9, 10, 20, 21). In the great struggles of the nation he never took part. The complaint against him in the song of Deborah is the summary of his whole history. `By the streams of Reuben,' i.e., by the fresh streams which descend from the eastern hills into the Jordan and the Dead Sea, on whose banks the Bedouin chiefs met then as now to debate, in the `streams' of Reuben great were the `desires'", i.e., resolutions which were never carried out, the people idly resting among their flocks as if it were a time of peace (Judg. 5:15, 16). Stanley's Sinai and Palestine.
All the three tribes on the east of Jordan at length fell into complete apostasy, and the time of retribution came. God "stirred up the spirit of Pul, king of Assyria, and the spirit of Tiglath-pileser, king of Assyria," to carry them away, the first of the tribes, into captivity (1 Chr. 5:25, 26).
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Rereward

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Rereward
# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Reprobate

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# Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Rephaim, Valley of

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Rephaim, Valley of
A second time, however, the Philistines rallied their forces in this valley (2 Sam. 5:22). Again warned by a divine oracle, David led his army to Gibeon, and attacked the Philistines from the south, inflicting on them another severe defeat, and chasing them with great slaughter to Gezer (q.v.). There David kept in check these enemies of Israel. This valley is now called el-Bukei'a.