OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Latham, Simon

​LATHAM, SIMON (fl. 1618), falconer, derived his 'art and understanding' from Henry Sadleir of Everley, Wiltshire, third son of Sir Ralph Sadleir, grand falconer to Queen Elizabeth. He was afterwards appointed one of the officers under the master of the hawks. At the request of his friends he embodied his experiences in an excellent treatise entitled 'Lathams Falconry or the Faulcons Lure and Cure; in two Bookes. The first, concerning the ordering … of all Hawkes in generall, especially the Haggard Favlcon Gentle. The second, teaching approved medicines for the cure of all Diseases in them,' &c. ('Lathams new and second Booke of Falconrie, concerning the training vp of all Hawkes that were mentioned in his first Booke of the Haggart Favlcon, &c.'), 2 pts., 4to, London, 1615–18 (other editions in 1633, 1653, and 1658). There was likewise published under his name 'The Gentleman's Exercise, or Supplement to the Bookes of Faulconry,' 4to, London, 1662. Latham is thought to have been the nephew of Lewis Latham of Elstow, Bedfordshire, under falconer (1625) but afterwards (1627) serjeant falconer to the king (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1625–6 p. 544, 1627–8 p. 301, 1661–2 pp. 366, 369), who died a reputed centenarian in May 1655 (Elstow parish register; will registered in P. C. C. 316, Aylett). A curious portrait of Lewis Latham is in the possession of his descendants, the Holden family of the United States.
[Latham's Falconry; J. O. Austin's Genealog. Dict. of Rhode Island; Harting's Bibliotheca accipitraria.]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burdon, William

​BURDON, WILLIAM (1764–1818), miscellaneous writer, was born at Newcastle-upon-Tyne in 1764, was educated at the free grammar school there, proceeded to Emmanuel College, Cambridge, in 1782, and graduated B.A. 1786, and M.A. 1788, when he was elected a fellow of his college. He resigned his fellowship eight years later, on declining to take holy orders. He married in 1798 a daughter of Lieutenant-general Dickson. He was a man of wealth, and owned coalmines at Hartford, near Morpeth, where he lived for a part of each year. He died at his London house in Welbeck Street, Cavendish Square, on 30 May 1818. His wife had died in 1806. He was a voluminous writer on political and literary subjects. His chief works are as follows: 1. ‘Examination of the Merits and Tendency of the Pursuits of Literature,’ 1799. 2. ‘A Vindication of Pope and Grattan from the Attacks of an anonymous Defamer,’ 1799. 3. ‘Various Thoughts on Politicks, Morality, and Literature,’ 1800. 4. ‘Materials for Thinking,’ 1803, 1812. 5. ‘The Life and Character of Buonaparte,’ 1804. 6. ‘Letters on the Affairs of Spain,’ 1809. He also wrote many pamphlets on the political questions of the hour, and translated in 1810, from the Spanish of Estrada, ‘A Constitution for the Spanish Nation,’ and an ‘Introduction to the History of the Revolution in Spain,’ besides circulating an ‘Examination of the Dispute between Spain and her Colonies.’ In ‘Cobbett and the Reformers impartially examined,’ 1813, he proves himself a very moderate reformer. Burdon was the editor of the ‘Memoirs of Count Boruwlaski,’ which appeared in 1820.
[Gent. Mag. 1818, pt. ii. 87; Watt's Bibl. Brit; Biog. Dict. of Living Authors, 1816.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burford, Thomas

​BURFORD, THOMAS (fl. 1740–1765), mezzotint engraver, was born about 1710, and is said to have died in London in 1770. His prints, however, range from 1741 to 1765. He was a member of the Incorporated Society of Artists, and scraped some plates of landscapes and hunting, but was best known as an engraver of portraits. Mr. John Chaloner Smith, in his ‘Catalogue of British Mezzotinto Portraits,’ describes twenty plates by him, in addition to a set of twelve three-quarter length portraits of ladies in ovals representing the months, published in 1745; and a female figure, with the title of ‘Plenty,’ published in 1749. Among the portraits we have William, duke of Cumberland, after Murray; Frederick V of Denmark, George II, Charles Emmanuel of Sardinia, William Warburton, and Edward, duke of York.
L. F.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burder, Thomas Harrison

​BURDER, THOMAS HARRISON (1789–1843), physician, was born in 1789 at Coventry, where his father [see Burder, George] was a congregationalist minister. His general education was imperfect. It was at first intended that he should be a chemist and druggist, but after a while he decided to adopt the medical profession. After pursuing his studies for about five years in London he went to Edinburgh in 1812, where he had the honour of being elected one of the presidents of the Royal Medical Society, and where he took the degree of M.D. in 1815. He determined to settle in London as a physician, and was for a time attached to the Westminster General Dispensary. But he suffered from almost constant ill health, which rendered him quite unequal to bear the harassing fatigues of medical practice, and obliged him, during the nineteen years that he struggled on in London, to give it up sometimes for weeks, sometimes even for months together. He had married his cousin, Elizabeth Burder, in 1828, and his father had passed the last four years of his life under their roof; but after his death in 1832 Dr. Burder began to think seriously of leaving London altogether, and this plan he carried out in 1834. The change of air and mode of life added much to his comfort, but did not completely restore his health; and he died at Tunbridge Wells in 1843 at the age of fifty-four. He left no family, and his widow died in the following year. He was one of the writers in the ‘Cyclopædia of Practical Medicine’ (1833–5), and the materials for one of his articles (‘Headache’) were drawn in a great measure from his own painful experience. Throughout his life he was from time to time inclined to devote himself entirely to ministerial work, and at one time had serious thoughts of joining the church of England. He continued, however, to belong to the congregationalists, though he did not become a member of the ‘church’ or ‘society’ of that body till he was nearly forty. About six years before he left London he became acquainted with Dr. James Hope [see Hope, James]; and at a later period, when he discovered that Dr. Hope was influenced by the same religious feelings as himself, this acquaintance ripened into warm affection. After he had finally relinquished his profession a suggestion from Dr. Hope induced him to address to him three letters, which appeared in the ‘Evangelical Magazine’ for 1836, under the title of ‘Letters from a Senior to a Junior Physician on the importance of promoting the religious welfare of his patients,’ and which were inserted in his ‘Memoir’ and in the ‘Memoir of Dr. Hope,’ and also published in a separate form at Oxford in 1845. These ‘Letters’ (which he at one time entertained the idea of expanding and further illustrating), and the pattern of personal holiness exhibited in his correspondence published after his death, are the only remains of a man of more than ordinary abilities.
[Dr. Theoph. Thompson's Sketch; Rev. John Burder's Memoir; Life, with Extracts from his Correspondence, Oxford, 1845.
W. A. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burford, Robert

​BURFORD, ROBERT (1791–1861), panorama painter, was born in 1791. In 1812 he first exhibited at the Royal Academy ‘A View of Westminster Hall.’ In conjunction with H. A. Barker [q. v.] he opened a panorama on the site of the present Strand Theatre, and then removed it to Leicester Square, where for many years it formed one of the chief attractions oi London. Burford exhibited there a succession of panoramic views of the chief places of interest in Europe, all of which he visited himself in order to obtain accurate drawings. Mr. Ruskin visited the exhibition as a boy, and speaks in high praise of Burford's abilities in his ‘Præterita’ (1885), p. 200. He died at his residence, 35 Camden Road Villas, on 30 Jan. ​ 1861, just after finishing a view of Naples and Messina. Among the panoramas exhibited may be mentioned the ‘Battle of Waterloo,’ ‘Cabool,’ ‘Baden,’ ‘The Embarkation of the Queen at Treport,’ ‘Athens,’ ‘Constantinople,’ ‘Grand Cairo,’ ‘Ruins of Pompeii,’ ‘The Polar Regions,’ ‘The Battle of the Alma,’ ‘Siege of Sebastopol,’ ‘Venice,’ ‘Rome,’ ‘Rio Janeiro,’ &c.
L. F.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burder, Henry Forster

1904 Errata appended.
​BURDER, HENRY FORSTER, D.D. (1783–1864), nonconformist divine, eldest son of the Rev. George Burder [q. v.], and brother of Thomas Harrison Burder [q. v.], was born 27 Nov. 1783, at Coventry. He was articled in 1798 to a wholesale firm of Nottingham and London. In London he attended the Weigh-house Chapel, and decided to devote himself to the ministry. Accordingly he became a student in Hoxton Academy, and in 1804 entered the university of Glasgow, where he took his M.A. degree in 1807, and subsequently that of D.D. After his graduation Burder became classical tutor at Wymondley College; resigned this appointment in 1808; was (31 Oct. 1811) assistant to the Rev. Samuel Palmer of St. Thomas's Square Congregational Chapel, Hackney, and on Palmer's death was ordained to his pastorate on 2 March 1814. From 1810 he also filled the chair of philosophy and mathematics at Hoxton College till its removal to Highbury in 1830. He was chairman of the Congregational Union in 1844. He remained at Hackney till 1852. He delivered on 26 Dec. 1852, and afterwards published, ‘A Pastor's Farewell,’ 8vo, London, 1853. His congregation presented him with a purse of 1,000l., wherewith a Burder scholarship was founded at New College, London.
Burder was twice married: first, in 1810, to Ann, eldest daughter of Joseph Hardcastle of Hatcham House, New Cross, London, who died in 1827, leaving a daughter and three sons; and secondly, in 1833, to Mary, eldest daughter of the Rev. J. Tayler of Whitlinge, Worcestershire, who died in 1851. He afterwards lived in the house of his eldest son at Hatcham Park, where he died 29 Dec. 1864.
Besides many sermons separately printed in various collections the principal works published by Burder were: 1. ‘The Scripture Character of God, or Discourses on the Divine Attributes,’ 8vo, London, 1822. 2. ‘Mental Discipline, or Hints on the Cultivation of Intellectual Habits, addressed particularly to Students in Theology and Young Preachers,’ 8vo, London, 1822, and other editions. 3. ‘Lectures on the Pleasures of Religion,’ 8vo, London, 1823, 12mo, Philadelphia, 1839, &c. 4. ‘Lectures on the Essentials of Religion, personal, domestic, and social,’ 8vo, London, 1825. 5. A collection of ‘Psalms and Hymns, principally for Public Worship,’ 8vo, London, 1826, third edition, 1845, and others. 6. ‘Pastoral Discourses on Revivals in Religion,’ 8vo, London, 1829. 7. ‘Memoir of the Rev. George Burder,’ 8vo, London, 1833. 8. ‘Notes on the Prophecies of the Apocalypse,’ 8vo, London, 1849. 9. ‘Sermons preached at St. Thomas's Square Chapel, Hackney,’ 8vo, London, 1854.
A. H. G.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.42 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 295 | ii | 19 | Burder, Henry F.: after 1830 insert He was chairman of the Congregational Union in 1844 |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burder, Samuel

​BURDER, SAMUEL (1773–1837), divine, was related to George Burder [q. v.], and brought up as a dissenter. After being minister of an independent congregation at St. Albans he conformed to the church of England, and was ordained by Bishop Barrington about 1809. He was for some time at Clare Hall, Cambridge, but his name does not appear in the list of graduates. He was preacher at St. Margaret's, Lothbury, at St. Dunstan's, Fleet Street, and afterwards at Christ Church, Newgate Street. He was appointed (before 1816) chaplain to the Duke of Kent, and in 1827 to the Earl of Bridgewater. He died 21 Nov. 1837. He was the author of
* ‘The Moral Law … an Antidote to Antinomianism,’ 1795.
* ‘A Christian Directory,’ 1800.
* ‘Owen's Display of Arminianism.’
* ‘Oriental Customs in illustration of the Scriptures,’ 1802 and 1807; several editions and a German translation by Rosenmüller, 1819.
* ‘The Scripture Expositor,’ 1809.
* ‘Oriental Literature applied to the Illustration of the Sacred Scriptures,’ 1812.
* ‘Memoirs of eminently Pious British Women,’ 1815.
* ‘Oriental Customs,’ 1831.
Burder's works on oriental customs were popular compilations.
[Gent. Mag. for 1827, i. 361, 1832, ii. 88, 1837, i. 215–16; Biog. Dict. of Living Authors, 1816; Orme's Bibliotheca Biblica.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fowler, Robert

​FOWLER, ROBERT (1726?–1801), archbishop of Dublin and chancellor of the order of St. Patrick, third son of George Fowler of Skendleby Thorpe, Lincolnshire, by Mary, daughter and coheiress of Robert Hurst, was a king's scholar at Westminster School in 1744. Thence he went to Trinity College, Cambridge, and graduated B.A. 1747, M.A. 1751, and D.D. 1764. In 1756 he was appointed chaplain to George II, and ​in January 1765 became prebendary of Westminster. He was promoted from his prebend to the bishopric of Killaloe and Kilfenora by patent dated 29 June 1771, and on 8 Jan. 1779 was translated to the archbishopric of Dublin, with a seat in the Irish privy council. While he held the bishopric of Killaloe he caused the present see-house to be erected. Philip Skelton [q. v.] has spoken of him in terms of high respect for his great regard for religion, as well as for his kindness and affability, not, however, unattended by warmth of temper—an ordinary ‘concomitant of good nature;’ and he has noticed as unrivalled his solemnity of manner in reading the services of the church (Burdy, Life of Skelton, 1792, p. 183). John Wesley makes a similar remark (Journal, xx. 14). In 1782, as a member of the Irish House of Lords, Fowler was one of twelve spiritual peers who protested against the bill for the relief of dissenters, as likely to promote clandestine and improvident marriages. In 1789 he concurred with fourteen other peers in protesting against the memorable address to the Prince of Wales (Lords' Journals, vi. 243). He also joined in protesting against the resolution condemning the answer of the lord-lieutenant refusing to transmit the address. He married, in 1766, Mildred, eldest daughter of William Dealtry of Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, and coheiress of her brother, William Dealtry of Ashby in the same county, and had an only son, Robert, who was promoted to the bishopric of Ossory in 1813, and two daughters, Mary, countess of Kilkenny, and Frances, who married the Hon. and Rev. Richard Bourke (subsequently bishop of Waterford and Lismore), and was mother of Robert, fifth earl of Mayo. Fowler died suddenly at Bassingbourne Hall, near Dunmow, Essex, where he had resided two years for his health, on 10 Oct. 1801.
[Graduati Cantabr.; Cotton's Fasti Ecclesiæ Hibernicæ, i. 471, ii. 27; Mant's Hist. of Church of Ireland, ii. 648, 660; Cooke's Diocesan Hist. of Killaloe, &c. p. 62; D'Alton's Memoirs of Archbishops of Dublin, p. 347; Gent. Mag. 1801, lxxi. pt. ii. 965, 1049; Ann. Reg. 1801, xliii. Chron. 74; Burke's Landed Gentry, 3rd ed. p. 409.]
B. H. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fowler, William (1761-1832)

​FOWLER, WILLIAM (1761–1832), artist, was born at Winterton, Lincolnshire, 12 March 1761, not, as is wrongly stated in the parish register, 13 March 1760. He became an architect and builder at Winterton, and about 1796 made drawings of Roman pavements discovered there. These were so much admired that he took them to London to be engraved. He there studied the ​process of copper-plate engraving, and in April 1799 brought out a fine coloured engraving of a Roman pavement at Roxby. From that time to 30 Jan. 1829, the date of his latest engraving, he published three volumes, containing coloured engravings of twenty-five pavements, thirty-nine subjects from painted glass, five brasses and incised slabs, four fonts, and eight miscellaneous subjects. He also executed at least twenty-nine engravings, mostly of objects of antiquity, which were never published. Many of the published plates are accompanied by printed broadsides. Most of the lettering on the plates was done by professed engravers. Those which he did himself are much more characteristic and interesting. He became acquainted with Sir Joseph Banks, Sir Walter Scott, and other celebrities, and was once at least presented to the royal family at Windsor.
Fowler, though an earnest member of the church of England, was at the same time a ‘class-leader’ among the methodists. Some of his neighbours used to say that they ‘did not know whether he was more of a methodist or a catholic.’ He died 22 Sept. 1832, and was buried at Winterton under a cruciform slab, in accordance with his own desire. Sir Joseph Banks once said: ‘Others have shown us what they thought these remains ought to have been, but Fowler has shown us what they are, and that is what we want.’ His works are distinguished by a strict fidelity especially remarkable at the time. Whenever it was possible he worked from tracings, rubbings, &c., reducing the scale by means of the pantograph. It is said that he was the first to introduce the lead-lines in representations of painted glass. There is a characteristic portrait of him by W. Bond, from a painting by G. F. Joseph, A.R.A., dated 4 June 1810.
[Notes on William Fowler and his Works, by H. W. Ball of Barton-on-Humber, reprinted from the North Lincolnshire Monthly Illustrated Journal, April 1869; Bibliotheca Lindesiana; Collections and Notes, No. 2; Fowler's Mosaic Pavements, &c., by Ludovic, earl of Crawford and Balcarres, London, 1883; information from the Rev. J. T. Fowler.]
H. W. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fowler, William (fl.1603)

1904 Errata appended.
​FOWLER, WILLIAM (fl. 1603), Scottish poet, has been doubtfully described as at one time pastor of Hawick, a living formerly held by Gavin Douglas. He was in France before 1581, whence, he wrote, he was driven by the Jesuits. In 1581 he published, with Robert Lekprewick, at Edinburgh, ' An Answer to the Calumnious Letter and erroneous propositiouns of an apostat named M. Jo. Hammiltoun.' The dedication, dated from Edinburgh 2 June 1581, is addressed to Francis, earl Bothwell. Fowler sets forth what he alleges to be the errors of Roman Catholicism, and claims acquaintance incidentally with the Earl of Crawford, Sir James Balfour, and other distinguished Scottish statesmen. He was subsequently prominent as a burgess of Edinburgh, and about 1590 became secretary to James VI's wife, Queen Anne. He was engaged in political negotiations with England, and in 1597 wrote an epitaph on his friend, Robert Bowes [q. v.], the English agent at Berwick. In 1603 he accompanied his royal mistress to England, and was reappointed not only her secretary but her master of requests. His leisure was always devoted to poetry, and soon after his arrival in London he enclosed two sonnets addressed to Arabella Stuart in a letter to the Earl and Countess of Shrewsbury; they are printed in Nichols's ‘Progresses of James I,’ i. 250, 260–1. In September 1609 a grant was made him of two thousand acres in Ulster.
Fowler's sister married John Drummond, first laird of Hawthornden, and was mother of William Drummond, the poet [q. v.] Fowler seems to have left the chief part of his poetry, none of which has been published, to his nephew William. This consists of two volumes, entitled ‘The Tarantula of Love’ and ‘The Triumphs of Petrarch.’ The former is composed of seventy-two sonnets in the manner of the Italian sonneteers, and the latter is a somewhat diffuse translation from Petrarch. These manuscripts were presented by Drummond of Hawthornden to the university of Edinburgh in 1627. The esteem in which Fowler was held by his contemporaries is illustrated by the commendatory sonnets, including one by the king himself, prefixed to his poems. His style is marked by the verbal and sentimental affectation of the period, but it is not seldom scholarly and graceful.
[Masson's Life of William Drummond of Hawthornden, pp. 7–8; Register of Privy Council of Scotland, iv. 383, v. 423, vii. lxxxix, 330; Nichols's Progresses of James I, i. passim; Manuscripts of Fowler's poems in Edinburgh University Library; Scottish Descriptive Poems, edited by J. Leyden; Irving's Hist. of Scottish Poetry.]
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.129 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 89 | i | 8 f.e. | Fowler, William (fl. 1603): after poet, insert son of Thomas Fowler (d. 1590), executor to the Countess of Lennox, Arabella Stuart's grandmother (cf. E.T. Bradley [Mrs. A. Murray Smith], Life of Arabella Stuart, 1889 passim) |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fowler, John (1826-1864)

​FOWLER, JOHN (1826–1864), inventor of the steam plough, was born at Melksham, Wiltshire, 11 July 1826. He was at first engaged in the corn trade, but in 1847 entered the works of Gilke, Wilson, & Co. at Middlesborough. While in Ireland in 1849 he became impressed by the necessity of draining waste lands, and conceived the idea of a mechanical system. In 1850 he conducted experiments with Albert Fry at Bristol, which resulted in the completion of the drain plough, which was first worked by horses. He then undertook a contract for the drainage of Hainault Forest, Essex, and there introduced his patent drainage plough. Finding, however, that the application of steam to the cultivation of the soil was yet a desideratum, he henceforth applied all his energies to supply that want. Some of his experimental appliances were made by Ransome & Sims at Ipswich in 1856, others by George and Robert Stephenson at Newcastle. He was afterwards introduced by his father-in-law to Jeremiah Head, and working with that gentleman, they succeeded in producing at Stephenson's works a plough which fulfilled all the conditions laid down by the Royal Agricultural Society, and received at the Chester show in 1858 the prize of 500l. offered ‘for a steam cultivator that shall, in the most efficient manner, turn over the soil and be an economic substitute for the plough or the spade.’ In this invention, discarding the idea of using a locomotive digger, a stationary engine was employed, which moved the plough ​up and down the field by means of ropes attached to a drum. By its use a great saving was effected in the cost of labour, and the soil was left in a better state for all purposes of husbandry. In 1860 Fowler made further improvements by bringing out his double engine tackle, the invention of which has given a great impetus to steam cultivation not only in Great Britain but also on the continent, and in the cotton districts of Egypt. The cost of one of these machines being upwards of 2,000l., their use could not become general, but by a system of lending the ploughs and charging so much a week for the loan, they at last came into greater demand. In 1860, in conjunction with Mr. Kitson and Mr. Hewitson, he established extensive manufacturing works at Hunslet, Leeds, where in 1864 nine hundred hands were employed. Between 1850 and 1864 he took out himself, and in partnership with other persons, thirty-two patents for ploughs and ploughing apparatus, reaping machines, seed drills, horseshoes, traction engines, slide valves, laying electric telegraph cables, and making bricks and tiles. The mental strain to which Fowler had been subject had wrought his brain into a state of undue activity, and he now retired to Ackworth, Yorkshire, for repose. Being recommended active exercise, he began to hunt, and in November 1864 fractured his arm by falling from his horse; tetanus ensued, from the effect of which he died at Ackworth 4 Dec. 1864. He married, 30 July 1857, Elizabeth Lucy, ninth child of Joseph Pease, M.P. for South Durham, by whom he left five children.
G. C. B.