OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rivet

See also Rivet on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
RIVET (O. Fr. rivet, from river, to fix, fasten together, of unknown origin; Skeat compares Icel. rifa, to stitch together), a metal pin or bolt used to fasten metal plates together. A rivet, made of wrought iron, copper or other malleable substance, is usually made with a head at one end, the other end being hammered out after passing through the plates so as to keep them closely fastened together. A “bolt” differs from a rivet in that one or both ends have screw-threads to hold a nut (see Shipbuilding).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Riviera

See also Italian Riviera on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
RIVIERA, the narrow belt of coast which lies between the mountains and the sea all round the Gulf of Genoa in the north of Italy, extending from Nice on the W. to Spezia on the E. It is usually spoken of as Riviera di Ponente (“the coast of the setting sun”), the portion between Nice and the city of Genoa; and as Riviera di Levante (“the coast of the rising sun”), the portion from Genoa to Spezia. All this district, being open to the S. and sheltered from the N. and E. winds, enjoys a remarkably mild climate (winter mean, about 49º Fahr.); so much so that the vegetation in many places partakes of a subtropical character (e.g. the pomegranate, agave, prickly pear, date, palm and banana). Large numbers of flowers, especially roses, violets, hyacinths, &c., are grown near Nice, Mentone, Bordighera and other towns, and sent to the London and Paris markets. Bordighera is particularly noted for its noble groves of date-palms, one of the few places in Europe where these trees grow. The uncommon mildness of the climate, conjoined with the natural beauty of the coast scenery, — the steep sea-crags, the ruined towers and the range of the Maritime Alps, — attracts thousands of invalids and convalescents to spend the winter in the chain of towns and villages which stretch from the one end of the Riviera to the other, while these resorts are frequented for sea-bathing in summer by the Italians. Proceeding from W. to E. the following are the places to which visitors principally resort: Nice, Monaco (an independent principality), Monte Carlo, Mentone (the last town on the French Riviera), Ventimiglia, Bordighera, Ospedaletti, San Remo, Porto Maurizio, Oneglia, Diano Marina, Alassio, Arenzano, Pegli (in the Riviera di Ponente), and Nervi, Santa Margherita, Rapallo, Chiavari, Sestri Levante, Levanto, Spezia, and San Terenzo (Lerici) in the Riviera di Levante. The Riviera labours, however, under the grave drawback of being liable to earthquakes. In the 19th century there were four such visitations, in 1818, 1831, 1854 and 1887, which especially affected the western Riviera. A railway runs close along the shore all through the Riviera, the distance from Nice to Genoa being 116 m., and the distance from Genoa to Spezia 56 m. In the latter stretch the line burrows through the many projecting headlands by means of more than eighty tunnels. The pearl of the eastern Riviera is the stretch (6 to 7 m.) between Rapallo and Chiavari. Lord Byron and Shelley both lived and wrote on the shores of the Gulf of Spezia, and Dickens wrote The Chimes at Genoa.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Riviere, Briton

See also Briton Rivière on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​RIVIERE, BRITON (1840–), English artist, was born in London on the 14th of August 1840. His father, William Riviere, was for some years drawing-master at Cheltenham College, and afterwards an art teacher at Oxford. He was educated at Cheltenham College and at Oxford, where he took his degree in 1867. For his art training he was indebted almost entirely to his father, and early in life made for himself a place of importance among the artists of his time. His first pictures appeared at the British Institution, and in 1857 he exhibited three works at the Royal Academy, but it was not until 1863 that he became a regular contributor to the Academy exhibitions. In that year he was represented by “The Eve of the Spanish Armada,” and in 1864 by a “Romeo and Juliet.” Subjects of this kind did not, however, attract him long, for in 1865 he began, with a picture of a “Sleeping Deerhound,” that series of paintings of animal-subjects which has since occupied him almost exclusively. Among the most memorable of his productions are: “The Poacher’s Nurse” (1866), “Circe” (1871), “Daniel” (1872), “The Last of the Garrison” (1875), “Lazarus” (1877), “Persepolis” (1878), “In Manus Tuas, Domine” (1879), “The Magician’s Doorway” (1882), “Vac Victis” (1885), “Rizpah” (1886), “An Old-World Wanderer” (1887), “Of a Fool and his Folly there is no End” (1889), “A Mighty Hunter before the Lord” (1891), “The King’s Libation” (1893), “Beyond Man’s Footsteps” (1894), now in the National Gallery of British Art; “Phoebus Apollo” (1895); “Aggravation” (1896), “St George” (1900), and “To the Hills” (1901). He has also painted portraits; and at the outset of his career made some mark as an illustrator, beginning with Punch. He was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy in 1878, and R.A. in 1881, and received the degree of D.C.L. at Oxford in 1891.
See Sir Walter Armstrong, “Briton Riviere, R.A.; His Life and Work,” Art Annual (1891).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rixdorf

See also Rixdorf on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​RIXDORF, a town of Germany, lying immediately south of Berlin, of which it practically forms a suburb, though retaining its own civic administration. Pop. (1880) 18,729; (1895) 59,495; (1905) 153,650. It is connected with the metropolis by a railway (Ring-bahn) and by an electric tramway. It contains no public buildings of any interest, and is almost entirely occupied by a large industrial and artisan population, engaged in the manufacture of linoleum, furniture, cloth, pianos, beer, soap, &c.
Rixdorf is chiefly interesting as a foundation of Moravian Brethren from Bohemia, who settled here in 1737 under the protection of King Frederick William I. German Rixdorf, which is now united with Bohemian Rixdorf, was a much more ancient place, and appears as Richardsdorf in 1630 and as Riegenstorp in 1435. Before 1435 it belonged to the order of the Knights of St John.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rizzio, David

See also David Rizzio on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​RIZZIO, or Riccio, DAVID (c. 1533-1566), secretary of Mary (q.v.), queen of Scots, was a native of Turin, and came to Scotland in 1561 in the train of the Piedmontese ambassador. The queen wanted a bass singer, and he entered her service as a musician, becoming also her valet de chambre, and in 1564 private foreign secretary. After her marriage to Darnley in 1565 his influence with Mary became paramount, and he gave himself great airs and affected considerable state, practically superseding Maitland of Lethington as secretary of state. His elevation aroused the active hostility of Darnley and the other nobles, and he was suspected of being the queen's lover. On the evening of the 9th of March 1566, the earls of Morton and Lindsay, with armed followers, entered Mary's supper chamber at Holyrood, seized Rizzio, hacked him to death with daggers, and threw his body into the courtyard.
See Ruthven's Narrative of Riccio's Murder (1836); and the articles on Mary, Queen of Scots, and allied biographies.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Roach

See also Common roach and Leuciscus on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ROACH (Leuciscus rutilus), a small fish belonging to the Cyprinid family, the genus Leuciscus having many representatives in Europe, in which the rudd, the chub and the dace are included. It may attain a length of over 12 in., but a roach of 2 ℔ is an unusually large one. It is good sport for anglers, but is not esteemed for the table. The general colour is silvery, with reddish fins. It does not occur in Ireland. In America, the “ golden shiner ” minnow (Abramis chrysoleucus) is sometimes called a roach.
See Greville Fennell's Book of the Roach, 1870.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Roan

See also Roan on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ROAN (O. Fr. rouan, rouen; Ital. roano, rovano; perhaps connected with rufus, red), a word applied to a variety of colour in an animal's coat, especially that of a horse, where there is a mixture of grey or white hair with the prevailing tint of bay, chestnut or sorrel. A sorrel when thus modified is either a strawberry-roan or a cream-roan. The term is also used of a soft, flexible kind of leather made of sheepskin, used in bookbinding as a substitute for or in imitation of morocco; but in this sense the origin is doubtful.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rivington, Charles

See also Charles Rivington on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​RIVINGTON, CHARLES (1688–1742), British publisher, was born at Chesterfield, Derbyshire, in 1688. Coming to London as apprentice to a bookseller, he took over in 1711 the publishing business of Richard Chiswell (1639–1711), and, at the sign of the Bible and the Crown in Paternoster Row, he carried on a business almost entirely connected with theological and educational literature. He also published one of Whitefield’s earliest works, and brought out an edition of the Imitation of Christ. In 1736 Rivington founded the company of booksellers who called themselves the “New Conger,” in rivalry with the older association, the “Conger,” dating from about 1700. In 1741 he published the first volume of Richardson’s Pamela. Charles Rivington died on the 22nd of February 1742, and was succeeded by his two sons, John (1720–1792) and James (1724–1802). James emigrated to America, and pursued his trade in New York (see Newspapers, U.S.A.); John carried on the business on the lines marked out by his father, and was the great Church of England publisher of the day. In 1760 he was appointed publisher to the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, and the firm retained the agency for over seventy years. Having admitted his sons Francis (1745–1822) and Charles (1754–1831) into partnership he undertook for the “New Conger” Association the issue of a standard edition of the works of Shakespeare, Milton, Locke and other British classics; also Cruden’s Concordance. John Rivington died on the 16th of January 1792. In 1810 John (1779–1841), the eldest son of Francis, was admitted a partner. In 1827 George (1801–1858) and Francis (1805–1885), sons of Charles Rivington, joined the firm. Rivington contracted further ties with the High Church party by the publication (1833, &c.) of Tracts for the Times. John Rivington died on the 21st of November 1841, his son, John Rivington (1812–1886) having been admitted a partner in 1836. George Rivington died in 1858; and in 1859 Francis Rivington retired, leaving the conduct of affairs in the hands of John Rivington and his own sons, Francis Hansard (b. 1834) and Septimus (b. 1846). In 1890 the business was sold to Messrs Longmans (q.v.). A business of the same character was, however, carried on from 1889 to 1893 by Mr Septimus Rivington and Mr John Guthrie Percival, as Percival & Co. This was changed in 1893 to Rivington, Percival & Co.; and in 1897 the firm revived its earlier title of Rivington & Co., maintaining its reputation for educational works and its connexion with the Moderate and High Church party.
See The House of Rivington, by Septimus Rivington (1894); also the Publishers’ Circular (15th January 1885, 2nd June 1890).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rivoli Veronese

See also Rivoli Veronese on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​RIVOLI VERONESE, a village of Venetia, Italy, in the province of Verona, on a hill on the right; bank of the Adige, 13 m. N.W. of Verona, 617 ft. above sea-level. Pop. (1901) 1340. It is celebrated as the scene of the battle in which, on the 15th of January 1797, Napoleon inflicted a decisive defeat upon the Austrians commanded by Josef Alvintzi, Baron von Barberek (1735–1810) (see French Revolutionary Wars). A famous street in Paris (Rue de Rivoli) commemorates ​the victory, and under the empire Marshal Masséna received the title of duke of Rivoli. The strong positions around Rivoli, which command the approaches from Tirol and the upper Adige into the Italian plain, have always been celebrated in military history as a formidable obstacle, and Charles V. and Prince Eugene of Savoy preferred to turn them by difficult mountain paths instead of attacking them directly. Minor engagements, such as rearguard actions and holding attacks, have consequently often taken place about them, notably in the campaign of 1796–97. An engagement of this character was fought here in 1848 between the Austrian and the Piedmontese troops.
# Massa's in de Cold Ground

   1. Round de meadows am a ringing De darkeys' mournful song, While de mocking-bird am singing, Happy as de day am long. Where de ivy am creeping O'er de grassy mound, Dare old massa am a sleeping,
   Sleeping in de cold, cold ground. Chorus: (2 times) Down in de cornfield Hear dat mournful sound: All de darkeys am a weeping -- Massa's in de cold, cold ground.
   2. When de autumn leaves were falling, When de days were cold, 'Twas hard to hear old massa calling, Cayse he was so weak and old. Now de orange tree am blooming On de sandy shore, Now de summer days am comming, Massa nebber calls no more. Chorus:
   3. Massa made de darkeys love him, Cayse he was so kind, Now dey sadly weep above him, Mourning cayse he leave dem behind. I cannot work before tomorrow, Cayse de tear drops flow, I try to drive away my sorrow Pickin on de old banjo. Chorus:
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Massachusetts & S. Construction Company v. Township of Cane Creek/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Wikipedia article
United States Supreme Court
155 U.S. 283
Massachusetts & S.C.onstruction Company v. Township of Cane Creek
The plea to the jurisdiction should have been sustained. The substantial object of the suit was to obtain possession of the bonds. The deposit and trust company was the party in possession, and, although it claimed no interest in the bonds, as against the plaintiff and its codefendant, yet possession could not be enforced in favor of the plaintiff except by a decree against it. Where the object of an action or suit is to recover the possession of real or personal property, the one in possession is a necessary and indispensable, and not a formal, party. The case of Wilson v. Oswego Tp., 151 U.S. 56, 14 Sup. Ct. 259, is decisive on this point. In that case a suit was commenced in a state court in Missouri to recover possession of certain bonds in the custody of the Union Savings Association. There were several defendants (among them, one Montague) and an intervener, Oswego township, who, claiming the bonds, removed the case, on the ground of diverse citizenship, to the federal court. Such removal was adjudged to be erroneous, this court holding that 'the Union Savings Association, being the bailee or trustee of the bonds, was a necessary and indispensable party to the relief sought by the petition, and that, defendant being a citizen of the same state with the plaintiff, there was no right of removal on the part of Montague or of the intervening defendant, the Oswego township, on the ground that the Union Savings Association was a formal, unnecessary, or nominal party.'
Further comment is not required. The decree of the circuit court must be reversed and the case remanded, with instructions to sustain the plea and to dismiss the bill for want of jurisdiction.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Massachusetts Bonding Insurance Company v. United States

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.

## Concurring Opinion

    Harlan
United States Supreme Court
352 U.S. 128
Massachusetts Bonding Insurance Company v. United States
Argued: Nov. 8, 1956. --- Decided: Dec 10, 1956
Mr. John R. Kewer, Boston, Mass., for petitioners.
Mr. Paul A. Sweeney, Washington, D.C., for respondent.
Mr. Justice DOUGLAS delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Massachusetts Ben Association v. Miles

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
137 U.S. 689
Massachusetts Ben Association v. Miles
Richard P. White, for defendant in error.
F. Carroll Brewster, for plaintiff in error.
BROWN, J.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Littell's Living Age/Volume 135/Issue 1747/At the Last

* AT THE LAST.
* There must be something after all this woe,
* A sweet fruition from the harrowed past;
* Rest some day for this pacing to and fro;
* A tender sunbeam and dear flowers at last.
* There will be something when these days are done,
* Something more fair by far than starry nights —
* A prospect limitless, as one by one
* Embodied castles crown the airy heights.
* So cheer up, heart, and for that morrow wait!
* Dream what you will, but press toward the dream;
* Let fancy guide dull effort through the gate,
* And face the current, would she cross the stream.
* Then when that something lies athwart the way —
* Coming unsought as good things seem to do —
* 'Twill prove beneath the flush of setting day
* A nobler meed than now would beckon you.
* For lifted up by constant, forward strife,
* Hope will attain so marvellous a height,
* There can be nothing found within this life
* After the day to form a fitting night.
* So heaven alone shall ever satisfy,
* And God's own light be ever light enough
* To guide the purified, ennobled eye
* Toward the smooth which lies beyond the rough.
* There will be something when these clouds skim by —
* A bounteous yielding from the fruitful past;
* Sweet peace and rest upon the pathway lie,
* E'en though but death and flowers at the last.
* Transcript.JAMES BERRY BENSEE.
# Littell's Living Age/Volume 135/Issue 1748

LITTELL'S LIVING AGE.
| Fifth Series, Volume XX. | $\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,$ | No. 1748. — December 15, 1877. | $\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$ | From Beginning Vol. CXXXV. |
CONTENTS. :
| I. | The Russians, the Turks, and the Bulgarians. At the Theatre of War, | Nineteenth Century, | 643 |
| II. | Erica. Part IV. Translated for The Living Age from the German of | Frau von Ingersleben, | 656 |
| III. | M. Thiers: a Sketch From Life, by an English Pencil, | Macmillan's Bazar, | 664 |
| IV. | Green Pastures and Piccadilly. By William Black. Part XL., | Harper's Bazar, | 688 |
| V. | Budhist Schools in Burmah. By the Director of Public Instruction in British Burmah, | Fraser's Magazine, | 692 |
| VI. | Da Capo. By Miss Thackeray. Part III., | Advance Sheets, | 699 |
| VII. | The Motion of "Cirrus" Clouds, | Acadamy, | 704 |
POETRY. :
| Sunflowers, | 642 | Before the Winter, | 642 |
| Adrift, | 642 | |
| Miscellany, | Miscellany, | Miscellany, | 704 |
# Littell's Living Age/Volume 135/Issue 1748/Sunflowers

* SUNFLOWERS.
* They blossom brightly, straight and tall,
* Against the mossy garden wall,
* Beneath the poplar-trees;
* The sunbeams kiss each golden face,
* Their green leaves wave with airy grace,
* In fresh September's breeze.
* On one fair disc of gold and brown,
* A purple butterfly lights down;
* A sister-blossom yields
* Her honey store, content to be
* A late provider for the bee,
* Flown here from clover fields.
* Each dawning day, when climbs the sun,
* And steadfast till his course is run,
* These royal blossoms raise
* Their grand, wide-opened, golden eyes,
* To watch his journey through the skies,
* Undaunted by his blaze.
* The butterfly may sleep or soar,
* The bee may steal their honey store,
* But still the flowers gaze on.
* With burning looks of changeless love,
* Toward the day-god, high above,
* Until the day is gone.
* Fair maid beside the garden wall!
* Thy lithe form copies, straight and tall,
* The sunflower's stately grace:
* The golden tresses of thine hair,
* Like sunflower-rays do weave a fair
* Bright halo round thy face.
* And through their shadows looking down,
* We find thine eyes of softest brown
* Like sunflowercentres are;
* We watch thee standing in the bloom,
* The God-given sunflower of our home,
* Yet meek as evening's star!
* Ah, watching thus, high thoughts arise,
* Deep thoughts, that fill our time-worn eyes
* With fearful, hopeful tears.
* God give thee sunshine on thy way!
* God crown thy happy summer day
* With peaceful autumn years!
* In due time coming, on thy breast
* Love's purple butterfly may rest,
* And nestle close to thee;
* And ere thy summer-time is o'er,
* Thy sweetness may yield honey store,
* For life's brown working-bee.
* But evermore, though love should come
* And fold his pinions in thine home,
* Lift thy calm gaze above!
* Mark thou the sunflower’s constant eye,
* And follow through life’s changing sky,
* The sun of faith and love.
* All The Year Round.
# Littell's Living Age/Volume 135/Issue 1748/The Motion of "Cirrus" Clouds

From The Academy.
THE MOTION OF "CIRRUS" CLOUDS.
The researches of Mr. Clement Ley into this subject are well known, and now we have to notice the appearance of a most important work by Prof. Hildebrandsson, of Upsala, entitled "Atlas des Mouvements supérieurs de l’Atmosphère," which is published at the expense of the Swedish government, and is copiously illustrated by ﬁfty-two charts. In the discussion the author fairly says that meteorology is still in the ﬁrst stage of its development as a science, and that what is at present necessary is to determine what are the real facts of air movement before beginning to theorize about them. The paper accordingly contains a most careful digest of the present state of our knowledge of the motion of the air in cyclones and anticyclones, as given by the best recent authorities, and then proceeds to treat the materials for the study of the motions of upper clouds furnished by the observations collected from the various volunteer stations established in different parts of Europe, which are, however, very scanty compared with what is really requisite. He summarizes the ﬁnal outcome of his labors as follows: — Around a barometrical minimum the air moves along the earth's surface in a spiral path towards the centre, in the direction opposite to watch-hands. At the centre it rises and moves further and further away from the axis the more it ascends. In the upper strata of the atmosphere the air flows away from the region of minimum pressure, and collects itself in a uniform layer above the district of maximum pressure, where it gradually descends to the surface of the ground in order to ﬂow away from the region of highest barometrical readings. These statements are based on the evidence afforded by the charts, and, speaking generally, we ﬁnd some eight or ten cirrus observations on each chart. The ﬁnal dictum, however, merits great attention, as it comes from a most painstaking investigator, but it is needless to say that it indicates the necessity of increased efforts to collect observations of cirrus clouds.