OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/St Dié

See also Saint-Dié-des-Vosges on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ST DIÉ, a town of eastern France, capital of an arrondissement in the department of Vosges, 38 m. N.E. of Épinal by rail. Pop. (1906) town, 16,783; commune, 22,136. St Dié is situated on the Meurthe in a basin surrounded by well-wooded hills. The town, part of which was laid out in a uniform style after the fire of 1757, is built largely of red sandstone. Its cathedral has a Romanesque nave (12th century) and a Gothic choir; the portal of red stone dates from the 18th century. A fine cloister (13th century), containing a stone pulpit, communicates with the Petite-Église or Notre-Dame, a well-preserved specimen of Romanesque architecture (12th century). The hôtel-de-ville contains a theatre, a library with some valuable manuscripts, and a museum of antiquities. There is a monument by Mercié to Jules Ferry, born in the town in 1832. St Dié is the seat of a bishop and of a sub-prefect. The town benehted from the immigration of Alsatians after the Franco-German War of 1870-71, and its industries include the spinning and Weaving of cotton, bleaching, Wire-drawing, metal-founding, and the manufacture of hosiery, woodwork of various kinds, machinery, iron goods and wire-gauze.
St Dié (Deodatum, Theodata, S. Deodati Fanum) grew up round a monastery founded in the 7th century by St Deodatus of Nevers, who gave up his episcopal functions to retire to this place. In the 10th century the community became a chapter of canons; among those who subsequently held the rank of provost or dean were Giovanni de' Medici, afterwards Pope Leo X., and several princes of the house of Lorraine. Among the extensive privileges enjoyed by them was that of coining money. Though they co-operated in building the town walls, the canons and the dukes of Lorraine soon became rivals for the authority over St Dié. Towards the end of the 15th century one of the earliest printing-presses of Lorraine was founded at St Dié. The institution of a town council in 1628, and the establishment in 1777 of a bishopric which appropriated part of their spiritual jurisdiction, contributed greatly to diminish the influence of the canons; and with the Revolution they were completely swept away. During the wars of the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries the town was repeatedly sacked. It was also partially destroyed by fire in 1065, 1155, 1554 and 1757. Funds for the rebuilding of the portion of the town destroyed by the last fire were supplied by Stanislas, last duke of Lorraine.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/St Dizier

See also Saint-Dizier on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ST DIZIER, a town of north-eastern France, in the department of Haute-Marne, 45 m. N.N.W. of Chaumont by rail, on the Marne and the Haute-Marne canal. Pop. (1906) town, 10,316; commune, 14,661. The town is a very important centre of the iron trade, with foundries, forges and engineering ​works, and has trade in grain and timber. It dates from the 3rd century, when the relics of Bishop St Didier (whence the name of the town) were brought thither after the destruction of Langres by the Germans. It sustained a memorable siege against Charles V. in 1544.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/St Elmo's Fire

See also St. Elmo's fire on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​ST ELMO'S FIRE, the glow accompanying the slow discharge of electricity to earth from the atmosphere. This discharge, which is identical with the “ brush ” discharge of laboratory experiments, usually appears as a tip of light on the extremities of pointed objects such as church towers, the masts of ships, or even the fingers of the outstretched hand: it is commonly accompanied by a crackling or fizzing noise. St Elmo's fire is most frequently observed at low levels through the winter season during and after snowstorms.
The name St Elmo is an Italian corruption through Sant' Ermo of St Erasmus, a bishop, during the reign of Domitian, of Formiae, Italy, who was broken on the wheel about the 2nd of June 304. He has ever been the patron saint of Mediterranean sailors, who regard St Elmo's fire as the visible sign of his guardianship. The phenomenon was known to the ancient Greeks, and Pliny in his Natural History states that when there were two lights sailors called them Castor and Pollux and invoked them as gods. To English sailors St Elmo's fires were known as “corposants” (Ital. corpo santo).
See Hazlitt's edition of Brand's Antiquities (1905) under “Castor and Pollux.”
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rupprecht

See also Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RUPPRECHT, Crown Prince of Bavaria (1860-), eldest son of King Louis III., was born May 18 1869 at Munich. In 1899 he visited India and in 1902-3 undertook a journey round the world, of which he gave some account in his Reiseerinnerungen aus Ostasien (1905). In 1906 he was appointed to the command of the I. Bavarian Army Corps. At the outbreak of the World War he was commander of the Bavarian troops (the VI. German Army) and led them to victory in the great battles fought in Lorraine (Aug. 20-22 1914). In the following Oct. he was placed in command on the German front in Artois and southern Flanders, and, after having been advanced to the rank of field-marshal, was entrusted in the spring of 1917 with the chief command of the Northern Group of Armies on the
western front. Prince Rupprecht's first wife, a daughter of Duke Karl Theodor of Bavaria and sister of the Queen of the Belgians, died in 1912. In 1918 he was betrothed to Princess Charlotte, afterwards Grand Duchess of Luxemburg, but at the end of the war the betrothal was annulled. Prince Rupprecht renounced his claims to the Bavarian throne at the time of his father's abdication (Nov. 1918), and in 1919 he offered to stand his trial before a Court of Justice for State Affairs, if such a court, as had been contemplated, were instituted. In a letter written in 1917, but published only in 1921 in the press, Prince Rupprecht declared his disapproval of the foreign and military policy of Germany during the World War, and expressed the well-founded opinion that it was doubtful whether the Hohenzollern dynasty would survive the war.
It may be noted that through his mother, the Archduchess Maria-Therese of Austria-Este, Prince Rupprecht is the descendant of the Stuarts and might, therefore, pose as the “legitimist” claimant of the British Throne.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Russell, Bertrand Arthur William

See also Bertrand Russell on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
RUSSELL, BERTRAND ARTHUR WILLIAM (1872-), English mathematician and philosopher, second son of Viscount Amberley and grandson of the 1st Earl Russell, was born at Chepstow May 18 1872. Educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took a first-class both in the mathematical tripos and in the 2nd part of the moral sciences tripos, he remained at Cambridge as a lecturer, and became well known as a student of mathematical philosophy and a leading exponent of the views of the newer school of Realists. In June 1916, Mr. Russell, who had taken a strong line against the Government, and was a “conscientious objector,” throughout the World War, was fined £100 and £10 costs for making statements calculated to prejudice recruiting, and, in consequence, Trinity College, Cambridge, deprived him of his lectureship. His chief published works, on which his philosophical reputation was based up to the outbreak of the World War, were German Social Democracy (1896); Essay on the Foundations of Geometry (1897); Principles of Mathematics (1903); Principia Mathematica (with A. N. Whitehead, 1910) and Our Knowledge of the External World (1914). Later he published Principles of Social Reconstruction (1917); Mysticism and Logic (1918); The Analysis of Mind (1920) and (after a visit to Russia) The Theory and Practice of Bolshevism (1920).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Russell, Sir Thomas Wallace

See also Sir Thomas Russell, 1st Baronet on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​RUSSELL, SIR THOMAS WALLACE, 1st Bart. (1841–1920), Irish politician, was born at Cupar, Fife, Feb. 28 1841. At the age of eighteen he went to Ireland and settled at Donaghmore, co. Tyrone, working as an assistant in a drapery shop. In 1864 he became secretary and parliamentary agent of the Irish temperance movement, and became well known as a speaker for that cause; it was largely due to his energy that the Irish Sunday Closing Act was passed in 1878. In 1885 he unsuccessfully contested Preston as a Liberal, but in the following year was elected to Parliament for S. Tyrone. The Home Rule controversy was then at its height, and Russell was one of the most determined opponents of Gladstone's measure. His valuable work for the Unionist cause led in 1895 to his appointment as parliamentary secretary to the Local Government Board, a post he held until the general election of 1900. About 1899, however, Russell's views underwent a change, and from this time he not only gave up his advocacy of the Unionist policy in Ireland, but became its unceasing and rather bitter critic. His book Ireland and the Empire (1901) was largely an attack on the Irish agrarian system, and he also expressed in it his distaste for the Ulster point of view in no measured terms. He became in 1902–3 a member of the Dublin Land Conference, presided over by Lord Dunraven, which ultimately led to the passing of Mr. George Wyndham's Land Purchase Act (1903). In 1907 ​Russell succeeded Sir Horace Plunkett as vice-president of the Irish Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction. In 1910 he withdrew from the representation of S. Tyrone, but in the following year was elected for N. Tyrone as a Liberal and Home Ruler. He received a baronetcy in 1917 and retired from public life in 1918. He died at Terenure, co. Dublin, May 3 1920.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Saionji, Kimmochi, Prince

See also Saionji Kinmochi on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​SAIONJI, KIMMOCHI, Prince (1839–), Japanese statesman, was born in Kyoto, in 1839. When less than 20 years of age, he took part in the councils which led to the Restoration and at 19 was commander-in-chief of an imperial army. He studied in France from 1869 to 1880, and returned home imbued with democratic ideas. In 1881 he commenced his official career and in the following year accompanied Mr. (afterwards Prince) Ito to Europe and the United States to investigate the parliamentary system. In 1885 he was appointed minister to Austria; in 1888 he occupied a similar post in Berlin and in 1891 was appointed president of the Board of Decoration. In 1893, he became vice-​president of the House of Peers and was raised to the Privy Council in 1894. In the same year he received the portfolio of education in the second Ito Cabinet, temporarily acting as Minister of Foreign Affairs during the illness of the late Count Mutsu. He was again Minister for Education in the third Ito Cabinet from Jan. to June 1898, and was nominated president of the Privy Council on the death of Count Kuroda, three times acting as prime minister during the interval between the resignation of one Cabinet and the formation of the succeeding one. In July 1903, he became the leader of the Seiyu-Kai and in 1905 formed his first Cabinet as prime minister; he was again premier in 1911 to 1912. In 1919 he represented Japan as chief envoy at the Peace Conference and was invested with the Grand Order of Merit. He was made a prince in 1920 in recognition of his services in connexion with the World War and the Peace Conference.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Saintsbury, George Edward Bateman

See also George Saintsbury on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​SAINTSBURY, GEORGE EDWARD BATEMAN (1845–), English man of letters (see 24.45), published subsequently to 1910 a History of English Prose Rhythm (1912); The English Novel (1913); A First Book of English Literature (1914); The Peace of the Augustans (1916); A History of the French Novel (2 vols., 1917–9) and Notes on a Cellarbook (1920).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Saint-Saëms, Charles Camille

See also Camille Saint-Saëns on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​SAINT-SAËNS, CHARLES CAMILLE (1835–1921), French musical composer (see 24.44), died at Algiers Dec. 16 1921.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sakhalin

See also Sakhalin on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​SAKHALIN (see 24.54).—The Japanese portion of the island of Sakhalin, to the S. of the parallel of 50° N. lat., known officially as Karafuto, was ceded to Japan under the treaty of peace with Russia in Oct. 1905. The area is about 13,148 sq. m. and the pop. in 1920 was 105,765. The taxes and other sources of revenue from the island, with the addition of a grant of about 700,000 yen from the national treasury, are sufficient to cover the administration, the budget balancing at about 10,000,000 yen.
The chief industry of the island, and one of the oldest, is that of the fisheries, and these are being successfully developed. The most important is the herring fishery, followed by trout and salmon, these all being relegated to specially controlled areas; cod and crab are also plentiful, the latter being canned and exported chiefly to America.
About 17,000 ac. of land were under cultivation in 1918, the chief crops raised being oats, barley, potatoes, peas and buckwheat. More than 900,000 ac., suitable for cultivation and pasturage, are still available and many settlers are engaged in agriculture, the climate and soil rendering this a profitable undertaking. There are over 8,000,000 ac. of practically untouched forest, chiefly conifer, on the island, providing in the future an almost inexhaustible supply for the manufacture of pulp for paper-making. In consequence, five pulp manufactories have already been established, each producing over 10,000 tons per annum, and five more are projected.
There are three important coal-fields in the island, producing about 136,000 tons annually. Alluvial gold is found in the river beds, iron pyrites exist in large quantities in the Notoro peninsula, and in 1907 and 1913 oil-bearing strata were discovered on the W. coast in large areas at Anshi and Notasamu.  (H. Sa.)
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Peng
### Peng.
#### 崩$^{-1}$

    Death of the emperor or high rulers.

#### 駢$^{-1}$

    A pair of horses attached to a carriage; together.

#### 胼$^2$

    Hard; stiff; indurated skin; callous.

#### 迸$^2$

    To be dispersed; to water idly; flow away; expel.

#### 秉$^2$

    A handful; to grasp; lay hold of; adhere to.

#### 炳$^2$

    The light of fire; luminous; perspicuous.

#### 掽$^{-3}$

    To expel; drive away.

#### 並$^{-3}$并$^{-3}$

    Together with; and; also; moreover; united.

#### 併$^{-3}$

    On a line with; even; together; to reject.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Pia
### Pia.
#### 壁$^4$

    A wall; a rampart; a rocky precipice.

#### 璧$^4$

    A round precious stone used as a badge of authority; an auspicious stone.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Pit
### Pit.
#### 畢$^{-4}$

    The end; close; termination; finished; at last.

#### 篳$^{-4}$

    A hedge; an inclosure; a mean abode; a cart.

#### 蓽$^{-4}$

    Name of a medicinal plant; a wicket gate.

#### 蹕$^{-4}$

    To oblige to stop; to clear the way for the emperor; imperial traveling.

#### 弼$^{-4}$

    A splice attached to a bow; to assist; add to; distorted.

#### 觱$^{-4}$

    A horn blown to frighten horses.

#### 筆$^4$

    A pen, pencil or any utensil for writing with.

#### 必$^4$

    Decided; certain; necessary; must.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Pi
### Pi.
#### 尼$^{-1}$

    To pass wind backwards; contempt for a person.

#### 琵$^{-1}$

    To push from; name of a stringed instrument.

#### 秕$^{-1}$

    Blasted grain; tares; chaff or grain not filled.

#### 痺$^{-1}$

    A disease arising from damp.

#### 脾$^{-1}$

    The internal membrane of the stomach; to stop.

#### 碑$^1$

    A stone tablet erected at tombs; in temples &c.

#### 貔$^1$

    Name of an animal resembling a hog.

#### 匕$^2$

    A spoon; a ladle.

#### 比$^2$

    To compare; classify; collate; prepare.

#### 妣$^2$

    A deceased mother; a female ancestor.

#### 彼$^2$

    That person, place, or thing; that; he.

#### 偹$^{-3}$備$^{-3}$

    Completed; ready; prepared; to prepare; provide.

#### 俾$^{-3}$

    To cause that; to enable; to perform; accord.

#### 婢$^{-3}$

    A female slave.

#### 庳$^{-3}$

    A low cottage; low; short; the nose.

#### 裨$^{-3}$

    To be benefited; to assist; supply what is deficient; to enable.

#### 閉$^{-3}$

    To shut a door; to stop or close up; conceal.

#### 枇$^{-3}$

    A fruit tree; a fine comb.

#### 紕$^{-3}$

    Silk fringes and tassels applied to flags; a series.

#### 陛$^{-3}$

    Stairs; steps; to ascend high.

#### 敝$^{-3}$

    Bad; spoiled; poor; tattered raiment; evil; vice; crime.

#### 幣$^{-3}$

    Silk; wealth; present.

#### 蔽$^{-3}$

    To shade; shelter; conceal; screen; small. ​

#### 斃$^{-3}$

    To die; dead.

#### 被$^{-3}$

    A sign of the passive verb; is; a covering; to cover over.

#### 豼$^3$

    Name of a ferocious animal resembling a tiger.

#### 毖$^3$

    Careful; attentive; painstaking; laborious.

#### 柲$^3$

    The handle of a spear; a pair; stem of a pencil.

#### 泌$^3$

    Water flowing from a spring constantly increasing and widening.

#### 避$^3$

    To avoid; shun; retire; from; escape.

#### 弊$^3$

    To fall prostate or dead; to kill; wearied; vicious.

#### 賁$^{3-}$

    Glossed over; ornamented; herbage.

#### 秘$^{3-}$

    Mysterious; divine; abstruse; secret.

#### 閟$^{3-}$

    Anything secret; mysterious; careful.

#### 庇$^{3-}$

    Affording shade and shelter; to cover over; protect.

#### 詖$^{3-}$

    Artful debate and litigation; insidious accusation.

#### 轡$^{3-}$

    The rain by which a horse is guided.

#### 臂$^{3-}$

    The arm from the elbow to the wrist.

#### 鱉$^4$

    A species of tortoise.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Piet
### Piet.
#### 別$^{-4}$

    To divide; separate; distinguish.

#### 畢$^{-4}$

    The end; at last; finally.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Pin
### Pin.
#### 賓$^1$

    A guest; a visitor; to receive a visitor.

#### 儐$^1$

    To accompany; to receive a guest with due ceremony; to pay respect to.

#### 嬪$^1$

    A woman; a beautiful woman; a deceased wife.

#### 擯$^1$

    To expel; reject; an envoy; to receive a national visitor.

#### 濱$^1$

    The margin of a river, lake or sea; contiguous; near.

#### 繽$^1$

    Numerous; crowded; mixed; variegated; in confusion.

#### 鑌$^1$

    Refined steel suitable for knives or swords.

#### 邠$^1$

    Name of a province or state.

#### 斌$^1$彬$^1$

    A due mixture of plainness and ornament.

#### 豳$^1$

    Name of an ancient state.

#### 品$^2$

    A series; rank; class; actions; conduct; to arrange; a thing.

#### 禀$^2$

    To give; confer; receive; receive what is conferred; to state before a superior.

#### 殯$^{3-}$

    To perform funeral rites; to inter.

#### 𩯭$^{3-}$

    The hair on the temples.

#### 遍$^{3-}$

    See Pien

#### 笓$^{3-}$

    A comb; a bamboo rake; to lead; draw.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Pie
### Pie.
#### 漂$^{3-}$

    To float; sail; moved and agitated as by the wind.

#### 裱$^{3-}$

    A lady's kerchief; pictures pasted on anything.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Pien
### Pien.
#### 綆$^1$

    The rope of a well; a rope for drawing water.

#### 鞭$^1$

    A whip, lash or rod; to whip; flog.

#### 籩$^1$

    Name of an office; a basket used in sacrifice.

#### 匾$^2$

    A thin utensil; flat; a board; or tablet.

#### 卞$^{-3}$

    Hurry; perturbed; hasty; a law; system of government.

#### 忭$^{-3}$

    Gladsome; joyful.

#### 抃$^{-3}$

    To touch with the hand; to strike the hands together, as in beating time, dancing etc.

#### 便$^{-3}$

    Easel convenient; advantageous; then; forthwith; thus.

#### 辨$^{-3}$

    To divide; distinguish; discuss; ascertain.

#### 瓣$^{-3}$

    The internal sections of fruit like an orange; petals of flowers.

#### 辯$^{-3}$

    To distinguish; judge; discriminate clearly; to dispute.

#### 變$^{3-}$

    A change; alternation; revolution; calamity.

#### 徧$^{3-}$遍$^{3-}$

    To go round; extend every where; to pervade every place.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Pio
### Pio.
#### 嫖$^{-1}$

    Levity; given up to prostitution; addicted to lewdness.

#### 表$^2$

    Exterior; external; to manifest; point out; a manifest.

#### 俵$^2$

    To give; distribute.

#### ⿰歹表$^2$

    To die of hunger; famished to death; decayed trees &c.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Piu
### Piu.
#### 彪$^1$

    Streaks, spots or veins, as of a tiger; a small tiger; a company.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Tʽát
### Tʽát.
#### 達$^4$

    A light playful gait; to frisk; to send a letter.

#### 㒓$^4$

    To run away; to rebel against.

#### 撻$^4$

    To strike; beat; chastise.

#### 躂$^4$

    To strike the foot against; to stamp the foot; to slip.

#### 闥$^4$

    A sereen in a door-way; an inner door.

#### 拓$^4$

    To separate; divide; open.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Tʽó
### Tʽó.
#### 桃$^1$

    A peach.

#### 沱$^1$

    A stream diverging from a river; tears falling; rain.

#### 跎$^1$

    To stumble; fall; to lose an opportunity.

#### 陀$^1$

    Irregular; dangerous.

#### 鮀$^1$

    Name of a fish; a shark.

#### 萄$^1$

    A grape.

#### 鼉$^1$

    A species of large fish; a kind of alligator.

#### 唾$^1$

    Spittle; to spit; to treat with contempt.

#### 討$^2$

    To investigate; search for; demand; to excite; kill.

#### 妥$^2$

    Tranquil; secure; firm; trusty; safe.

#### 它$^{-4}$

    To bear; carry; a camel.

#### 駝$^4$

    A camel.

#### 托$^4$

    To take with the hand; else used for the next word.

#### 託$^4$

    To commit to the care of; to charge with; trust to.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Tʽⁿia
### Tʽⁿia.
#### 呈$^{-1}$

    A statement in the form of a petition; to present or offer up to a superior.

#### 程$^{-1}$

    To travel; journey; proceed; to offer to a superior.

#### 聽$^1$

    To hear; listen; comply; obey; to hear and decide a cause.

#### 㕔$^1$

    A place where causes are heard; a court; office.

#### 痛$^{3-}$

    Sick; in pain; painful; pain of mind; sorrow; pity.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Tʽáp
### Tʽáp.
#### 塌$^4$

    Below the surface of the ground; to fall down.

#### 榻$^4$

    A couch; bed; a long narrow bed.

#### 橐$^4$

    A bag open at both ends; a mould; without a bottom.

#### 凹$^4$

    Hollow; concave; indented.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Tʽᵘng
### Tʽᵘng.
#### 糖$^{-1}$

    Sugar; honey; candy.

#### 湯$^1$

    Broth; soup; gravy; sauce.
# A Chinese and English vocabulary, in the Tie-chiu dialect/Tᵘng
### Tᵘng.
#### 堂$^{-1}$

    A mansion; temple; hall; court; college.

#### 腸$^{-1}$

    The intestines; bowels; the seat of the affections.

#### 唐$^{-1}$

    Name of an ancient Chinese dynasty, and hence used for China or Chinese.

#### 塘$^{-1}$

    An artificial pond.

#### 長$^{-1}$

    Long.

#### 當$^1$

    What is proper; ought; to sustain; be adequate; to meet; oppose; a pledge; firm.

#### 擋$^1$

    To oppose; stand on the way of; impede; withstand.

#### 斷$^{-3}$

    To break off; intermit; cease. ​

#### 段$^3$

    A piece, as of silk, a business or work; a section of history.

#### 縀$^3$

    Inside lining of a shoe; silk.

#### 當$^{3-}$

    Firm; stable; a pledge.

#### 儅$^{3-}$

    To cease; to stop.