OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Knights of Labor

Edition of 1905. See also Knights of Labor on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KNIGHTS OF LABOR. A national labor organization in the United States formed in December, 1869, by leaders of a dissolved local union of garment-cutters in Philadelphia. Until 1882 the name and purpose of the order was kept secret, its only official representation being a line of five stars. This secrecy was instituted on the ground of the dislike of employers to organized labor, and on the alleged ground that open associations of working men had hitherto proved failures. Admittance to the order was granted to all persons over sixteen, except liquor-dealers, gamblers, bankers, and lawyers. The government of the Knights of Labor is vested in local assemblies, district assemblies, national trade assemblies, and State assemblies. The administrative power is given to a general master workman, a general worthy foreman, a general
secretary-treasurer, and a general executive board, consisting of the master workman, the worthy foreman, and three other members. Until 1886, when the order became involved in the Missouri Pacific strike, the membership increased, at first slowly and then rapidly, until it numbered, as was claimed, over 700,000. Thereafter, split by internal dissensions, and weakened by failing strikes, the membership declined, until in 1900 it was officially 200,000, and practically perhaps 50,000. The political platform adopted by the Knights of Labor advocated the unlimited coinage of silver, compulsory arbitration, equal rights for both sexes, the ownership by the Government of telegraphs, telephones, and railroads, and the common ownership of land. Coöperative enterprises, such as joint partnerships and mutual benefit funds, were started by the order. The official organ was the Journal of United Labor. Consult: The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. i.; Ely, The Labor Movement in America (New York, 1886). See Labor, American Federation of; Labor Organizations; Trade Unions.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Knight, Thomas Andrew

Edition of 1905. See also Thomas Andrew Knight on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KNIGHT, Thomas Andrew (1758-1858). An English horticulturist, born near Ludlow, Hertfordshire. He was educated at Balliol College, Oxford, and subsequently devoted himself to researches in vegetable and animal physiology. In 1795 he published his views on the inheritance of diseases among fruit-trees, which attracted much attention. In addition to many papers, he published a Treatise on the Culture of the Apple and Pear, and on the Manufacture of Cider and Perry (1797), a work which passed through several editions. Many of his papers, with a biographical memoir, were published posthumously under the editorship of Bentham and Lindley, as A Selection from the Physiological and Horticultural Papers Published in the Transactions of the Royal and Horticultural Societies by the Late Thomas Andrew Knight (1841).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Knobel, Karl August

Edition of 1905. See also August Wilhelm Knobel on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KNOBEL, knō'bĕl, Karl August (1807-63). A German Old Testament scholar. He was born near Sorau in Silesia, and was educated there and at Breslau. In 1831 he became docent, and four years later professor extraordinary of theology at Breslau, and in 1838 became professor at Giessen, where he spent the remainder of his life. His greatest service was the preparation of the commentaries upon the books of Ecclesiastes (1836), Isaiah (1843), Genesis (1852), Exodus and Leviticus (1857), and Numbers, Deuteronomy, and Joshua (1861) in the series known as Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch zum Alten Testament. The commentaries upon Isaiah and the books of the Pentateuch were rewritten by August Dillmann (q.v.).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Knight, Sarah Kemble

Edition of 1905. See also Sarah Kemble Knight on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
KNIGHT, Sarah Kemble (1666-1727). A preacher and traveler, born in Boston, the daughter of Thomas Kemble, a merchant. Having been left a widow, she opened in middle life a school which gained some reputation in Boston, and included among its pupils Benjamin Franklin. Before opening this school, Madame Knight, as she was generally called, took a journey in 1704 on horseback from Boston to New York — for those days an unparalleled feat for a woman. She recounted her experiences in the ‘journals’ which have made her known to students of colonial literature and history. The discomforts of primitive traveling are described with much sprightliness, and not a little humor. The writer's personality emerges also as that of a modern American woman in embryo. Little is known of her later life. She seems to have removed to Norwalk, Conn., and there to have got into trouble for selling liquors to the Indians — an offense which she herself charged to her maid. Her diary, which is not bulky, was first edited in 1825 by Theodore Dwight. Forty years later it was reprinted with additional biographical information, and there is a recent edition, published by the Free Academy of Norwich, Conn. Consult Tyler, History of American Literature, vol. ii. (New York, 1897-99).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Austrian Hymn

See also Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Austrian Hymn. Known also as the Emperor's Hymn. Written by the poet Hauschka in 1796, and set to music for four voices by Joseph Haydn. It was first sung on the emperor's birth-day, February 12, 1797, at the national theater in Vienna and at the principal theaters in the provinces. Its combination of strength and simplicity well fit it for an adequate expression of patriotic sentiment. With Haydn it was a great favorite, which he often delighted to play, and which he introduced into the Kaiser quartet, No. 77, with elaborate variations. It endures as the best of Haydn's songs.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Avalanche

See also Avalanche on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Av′alanche, a mass of snow or ice which slides down the sides of high mountains, often causing great destruction. There are various kinds of avalanches. Drift or powder avalanches are loose, dry snow, which is set in motion by the wind and rushes into valleys in the form of great dust-clouds. They usually occur in winter and are very dangerous, because of their suddenness, often suffocating men and animals and overturning houses by the compression of the air which they cause. Another kind of avalanche is like a landslide. The melting of the snow in spring makes the soil slippery, and great masses of snow are carried down the mountains by their own weight, taking trees and stones with them. If they come to a precipice in their course, as they often do, they are hurled with tremendous force into the valley beneath, destroying whatever is in their path. Ice avalanches often occur in summer. They are masses of ice which detach themselves from the mountain glaciers, commonly in July, August and September. Nine great Alpine avalanches, which destroyed 447 lives, are recorded between the years 1578 and 1827.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Avebury, Lord

See also John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Avebury, Lord. See Lubbock, Sir John.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Autumn Coloration

See also Autumn leaf color on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Autumn Coloration (in plants). This phenomenon is associated with the deciduous habit, and is displayed by shrubs and trees throughout the temperate regions. The vivid colors have attracted a great deal of attention, but as yet no adequate explanation has been offered. The two types of color which appear, the reds and the yellows, seem to be due to different causes. The yellow is a post-mortem change of the green, an example of which may be observed in a poorly blanched stalk of celery, where the transition from green to white is seen to be through yellow. The red color is a product of the living substance of the leaves, manufactured at a time when the work of the leaf is beginning to flag. It has been suggested that the red color is of incidental advantage to the plant in that it raises the temperature of the leaves slightly and in this way protects the living substance from chill while it is retreating into the permanent parts of the plant previous to the fall of the leaves.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Auvergne

See also Auvergne (province) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Auvergne (ō′vârn′y’), a branch of the Cevennes Mountains. The mountains lie in confused groups, sending up several summits to the height of 6,000 feet. Not only do the cone and domelike shapes of the summits betray a volcanic formation, but the great masses of peculiar rock that break through the crust of granite and gneiss render it evident that this was a great focus of volcanic action at a comparatively recent period. Among the summits that have apparently been at one time volcanoes, the most remarkable are Cantal, Mont-Dore and Puy-de-Dôme. All are now covered with verdure. There are rich deposits of iron, lead and other ores in the region, which was once an ancient province and today is a department of France.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Auto-da-fé

See also Auto de fé on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Auto=da=fé (a̤′tṓ-dȧ-fā′) or Act of Faith, a ceremony, often of a hideously fantastic and inhuman kind, by which the guilt or innocence of a heretical human victim was inquired into or set forth by the Spanish Inquisition. During these ceremonies and processions, a large concourse of people were generally gathered together, to witness what mostly happened, the handing over of the victim to the secular power to be put to death at the stake. Autos-da-fé were, in the 17th century, of frequent occurrence in Seville and Madrid, as well as in some cities of Portugal.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Averell, William Woods

See also William W. Averell on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Averell, William Woods, American general and inventor, was born in Steuben County, New York state, November 5, 1832, and graduated from West Point in 1855. When the Civil War broke out, he was on duty in the west, fighting the Kiowa Indians. He then organized a corps of mounted riflemen, and in August, 1861, received the appointment of colonel, acting in most of the campaigns of the period with the Army of the Potomac and operating in cavalry raids. In 1865 he resigned, having the rank of major-general, and from 1866 to 1869 was United States consul-general in Canada, subsequently becoming interested in a large manufacturing company as president. While so occupied, he in 1869–70 discovered and perfected a process of obtaining cast steel direct from the ore; in 1879 he invented the American asphalt pavement; and subsequently he invented what is known as the Averell insulated conduit for electric wires and also a machine for laying electric conductors underground. He died in 1900.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Austrian Succession, War of the

See also War of the Austrian Succession on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Austrian Succession, War of the, a war on the European continent which broke out in 1741 to defend the rights of Maria Theresa in her Austrian dominions, left to her, in what is called the "Pragmatic Sanction," by her father, Emperor Charles VI., who died without male issue. These dominions were claimed by some pretenders, notably by Charles Albert, elector of Bavaria (descending from Ferdinand I.), and by Augustus III., elector of Saxony (husband of the eldest daughter of the Emperor Joseph I.). In the struggle Britain allied herself with Austria, Russia, Hungary, and Poland, against France, Prussia, Spain, Sardinia, and Bavaria. The war continued from 1741 to 1748, when it was terminated by the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, Austria emerging from the conflict with the loss of Silesia, Parma, and Piacenza. The chief incidents of the war were the defeat of the French by the British at Dettingen, and the French victory of Fontenoy over the Duke of Cumberland (British), and the allied Austrians, Dutch, and Hanoverians (Prussia having, in 1742, withdrawn from the struggle at the close of what is known as the first Silesian war). Other phases of the war of the period between the English and the French are known as King George's war, and the attempt of Prince Charles Edward Stuart, "the Young Pretender," to effect a landing in Scotland in 1745, and who, after winning the battle of Prestonpans, was routed at Culloden.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Auxanometer

See also Auxanometer on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* AUXANOMETER
Aux′anom′eter. A device for measuring the growth of plants during short periods, when it is too slight readily to admit of direct measurement. In all forms the growth is magnified by causing the plant, acting on the short arm of a lever or the hub of a wheel, to displace an index five to twenty times more than the actual movement. (See figure.) In the more elaborate forms the index registers its movements on a smoked surface.
# The New York Times/1898/6/26/Carl Schurz Writes to Berlin

From The New York Times of June 26, 1898.
CARL SCHURZ WRITES TO BERLIN.
Die Nation Publishes a Letter on Germany's Attitude in the War.
BERLIN, June 25. — Herr Theodore Barth's paper, Die Nation, publishes a letter from Carl Schurz of New York, who was Secretary of the Interior under President Hayes, on the subject of Germany's attitude in the war between Spain and the United States, in which the distinguished German-American says:
“While the utterances of the Emperor's Government leave nothing to desire, there is danger of them being wiped out by the eruption of malevolent antipathy of the German press, which to Americans of German birth is not only painful but inexplicable. The German citizens of the United States have retained warm sympathy for the old fatherland, but if our consanguineous friends across the ocean intend to eradicate this sympathy they could not find better means than such groundless abuse of the American people. German-Americans are proud of their new fatherland and know how to appreciate its advantages and great qualities. Now that war is going on, they stand with their new country. Its friends are their friends and its enemies are their enemies.”
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The New York Times/1899

Content exists for this periodical, though at this stage it is not specifically organised beyond a basic hierarchy.
The pages listed below are an automatically generated listing.
Special:PrefixIndex/The New York Times/1899/
# The New York Times/1898/3/26/Politics and Spoil

From the NYT of March 26, 1899
The organization of powerful political parties becomes natural and inevitable. It is just as natural and inevitable that the more numerous the duties intrusted to the State - that is, the greater the spoil to be fought for in caucus and convention and on the floors of Legislatures - the more powerful, dangerous and demoralizing they are certain to be. Were these duties confined to the maintenance of order and the enforcement of justice, it would be an easy matter for the busiest citizen to give them the attention they required. When to these duties are added the managemnet of agricultural stations, the inspection of all kinds of food, the extirpation of injurious insects, noxious weeds and contagious diseases; the licensing of various trades and professions, the suppression of quacks, fortune tellers, and gamblers; the production and sale of sterilized milk and the multitude of other duties now intrusted to the Government, it is no wonder that he finds himself obliged to neglect public questions and to devote himself more closely to his own affairs in order to meet the ever-increasing burdens of taxation. Neither is it any wonder that there springs up a class of men to look after the duties he neglects and to make such work a means of subsistence. The very law of evolution requires such a differentiation of social functions and organs.
The politicians is not, therefore, the product of his own love of spoliation solely, but of the necessities of a vicious extension of the duties of the State. There is nothing more abnormal or reprehensible about his existence under the present regime than there is about the physician or lawyer where disease and contention prevail. As long as the conditions are maintained that created him, so long will he ply his profession. When they are abolished he will be abolished. No number of citizens' unions or non-partisan movements, or other devices of hopeful but misguided reformers to abolish him, can modify or reverse this immutable decree of social science.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Deus-Ramos, João de

Edition of 1905. See also João de Deus on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DEUS-RAMOS, dā'oosh rä'môsh, João de (1830-97). A Portuguese poet, born in the Province of Algarve and educated at the University of Coimbra. His verses, chiefly lyrical, consist of the following collections: Flored do campo (1805); Ramo de flores (1870); and Folhas soltas (1876). He also wrote a Diccionario prosodico de Portugal e Brazil (1877). He is one of the most popular of contemporary Portuguese poets.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Deus ex Machina

Edition of 1905. See also Deus ex machina on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DEUS EX MACHINA, măk'ĭ-nȧ (Lat., God from a machine, a translation of Gk. Θεὸς ἀπὸ μηχανῆς, Theos apo mēchanēs) . An expression borrowed from the ancient classical theatre. The tragic poets often employed the intervention of a divinity to solve abruptly a tragic difficulty, and quickly bring about the dénouement. The god was brought on by stage machinery; lienee the name. Examples of the use of this device are the appearance of Heracles in the Philoctetes and of Athena in the Iphigenia in Taurica. From the ancient usage, the term has been extended to mean any device by which a dramatic situation is abruptly solved.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Dettingen

Edition of 1905. See also Battle of Dettingen on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​DETTINGEN, dĕt′tĭng-en (Teut., ‘the people's home,’ from OHG. diot, diota, MHG. diet, Goth. þiuda, AS. þēod, people + ingen, the patronymic suffix). A village in Bavaria (Lower Franconia), on the right bank of the Main. It is noted as the scene of a battle during the War of the Austrian Succession, June 27, 1743. George II. of England headed the armies of the Allies, and this was the last occasion in which a King of England appeared in person on the field. Cooped up in a narrow valley, 37,000 English, Hanoverian, and Hessian troops lay, surrounded by 60,000 French on the heights. Noailles's cannon swept the flank and rear of the Allies, and the only exit from the valley, the defile of Dettingen, was held by young De Grammont with 25,000 men. Had he waited for the Allies to advance through the narrow pass, victory would have been assured; but, impatiently charging upon them, he was thrown back with slaughter and confusion. The French loss amounted to 6000 men; that of the Allies to 2000. Consult Steiner, Beschreibung der Schlacht von Dettingen (Darmstadt, 1834).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Deus Vult

Edition of 1905. See also Deus vult on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DEUS VULT (God wills it). The rallying cry of the First Crusade, originating in the exclamation of the multitude after the completion of Pope Urban II.'s address at the Council of Clermont, 1095.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Deutsch, Emanuel Oscar

Edition of 1905. See also Immanuel Oscar Menahem Deutsch on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DEUTSCH, doich, Emanuel Oscar (1829-73). A distinguished Semitic scholar. He was born of Jewish parents, at Neisse, in Silesia. His education was begun by an uncle, to whose inspiration he owed his interest in Oriental languages and literature, and was finished at the University of Berlin. In 1855 he was called to England to fill an appointment in the library of the British Museum and labored there until his death in 1873. He acquired an extraordinary mastery of the whole range of Hebrew, Aramaic, and Rabbinical literature, and is best known for his articles on the Talmud and Islam in the Quarterly Review, and also wrote excellent articles on the Targum and the Samaritan Pentateuch for Smith's Dictionary of the Bible. The monument of his official work in the British Museum is to be found in the Phœnician Inscriptions, edited by Mr. Vaux, to whom Deutsch rendered most valuable assistance. His engrossing public duties and comparatively short life prevented Deutsch from fulfilling the dream of his life, an elaborate work on the Talmud. Consult his Literary Remains, containing reprints of his most important articles, with memoir (London and New York, 1874). The essay on the Talmud has also been reprinted by the American Jewish Publication Society, Special Series No. 3 (Philadelphia, 1897).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Devil's Island

Edition of 1905. See also Devil's Island on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
DEVIL'S ISLAND. A small barren island off the coast of French Guiana, South America, about 30 miles northwest of Cayenne (Map: Guiana, French, G 2). It became famous chiefly through the confinement there of Capt. Alfred Dreyfus (q.v.). A short distance from Devil's Island are situated the two small French penal islands of Saint-Joseph and Ile Royale, which formerly constituted, together with Devil's Island, the group known as Iles du Diable, but which later received the name Iles du Salut.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Deucalion

Edition of 1905. See also Deucalion on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​DEUCA′LION (Gk. Δευκαλίων) . According to the Greek myth, a son of Prometheus, grandson of Japetus, and husband of Pyrrha. The crimes of the race of men then living led Zeus to destroy them in a great flood, but Deucalion, warned by his father, saved himself and his wife in a chest (λάρναξ), which floated for nine days on the waters, and then grounded on Mount Othrys in Thessaly. Other and later versions made Deucalion land on Mount Parnassus, or Athos, or even Etna. Deucalion and Pyrrha now offered up sacrifices to Zeus Phyxius, i.e. Zeus, the protector of fugitives, and when Zeus through Hermes promised to grant his wish, he begged for human companions. Bidden to throw the ‘bones of their mother,’ i.e. the stones of the earth, over their shoulders, they obeyed, and the stones thrown by Deucalion became men, and those by Pyrrha women. The story of Deucalion seems to have sprung up near Dodona, or in Thessaly, where he was said to have settled after the flood, and thence spread over the Greek world. His grave was shown at Athens, where he was said to have founded the temple of Olympian Zeus. Through his son Hellen (q.v.), he became the ancestor of the Greeks. Though many details of the story are late, some of the features were known to the Hesiodic poetry. Consult Usener, Die Sintflutsagen (Bonn, 1899).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Deucher, Adolf

Edition of 1905. See also Adolf Deucher on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​DEUCHER, doiK′ẽr, Adolf (1831—). A Swiss statesman. He was born at Steekborn, Canton of Thurgau, and studied medicine at Heidelberg, Zurich, Prague, and Vienna. In 1855 he became a member of the council of his canton, and in 1868 he served as a member of the council established to formulate a new democratic constitution for Thurgau. From 1869 to 1873 he was a member of the National Council of Switzerland, and, three years after his reëlection to that body became its President (1882). In 1883 he became a member of the Federal Council, and in 1886 was elected President of the Swiss Confederacy, serving until 1887. He was reëlected to that office in 1897.