OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Orinoco

Edition of 1905. See also Orinoco on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
ORINOCO, ṓ'rḗ-nō'kṓ. The smallest of the three great rivers of South America (Map: Venezuela, D 2). The main stream runs wholly within Venezuelan territory, except for a short distance in its middle course, where it forms the boundary between Venezuela and Colombia. It rises on the Parima uplands near the Brazilian frontier, and flows first northwest to the Colombian boundary, then north into Central Venezuela, and finally eastward until it empties into the Atlantic Ocean through a large delta beginning near the boundary of British Guiana. The total
length of the main stream is 1490 miles. Its course forms a large curve around the edge of the Parima plateau; hence its right banks are generally higher, and the tributaries received from that side smaller, while on the left side are the large plains or llanos (q.v.), and through these are received several tributaries equaling or exceeding the main stream. About 150 miles from its source and 920 feet above sea level the Orinoco branches, sending one-sixth of its volume into the Cassiquiare, which flows into the Rio Negro, an affluent of the Amazon. The remainder flows as a navigable river until it is broken by the romantic Maypures and Atures rapids, 870 miles from its mouth. These rapids are the only serious obstruction in the main stream, which below them flows with a very gentle current over a bed so nearly level that the tides are felt at Ciudad Bolivar, 260 miles from the sea. Though the country around the upper courses of the river and its tributaries is heavily forested, the lower reaches traverse open savannas where only the banks are lined with trees, and where the adjacent country is periodically flooded so that the natives are compelled to live in pile dwellings. The marshy but heavily forested delta occupies an area of 7000 square miles, and has a coast line of nearly 200 miles, through which upward of 50 channels enter the ocean. Many of these shift their beds, but seven are permanently navigable for large vessels. The principal navigable tributaries of the Orinoco are the Guaviare, the Meta, and the Apuré (qq.v.), and the total navigable length of the system is 4300 miles. This great waterway, however, is but little used, since the adjacent regions are thinly inhabited, and the great natural wealth practically untouched. In 1900 only one steamer of the Royal Mail Steamship Company plied once every two weeks between Trinidad and Ciudad Bolívar. Smaller steamers continue the service as far as Nutrias on the Apuré, but above the Apuré confluence there is no regular navigation. Consult: Humboldt, Travels in South America, trans., Bohn Library (London, 1877); Chassanjon, L'Orénoque et le Caura (Paris, 1889); Triand, Down the Orinoco in a Canoe (London, 1902); Guzman, “La exploración del Orinoco,” in La España Moderna, vol. clxvi. (Madrid, 1902).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Oregon City

Edition of 1905. See also Oregon City, Oregon on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​OREGON CITY. The county-seat of Clackamas County, Ore., 15 miles south-southeast of Portland; on the Willamette River, and on the Southern Pacific Railroad (Map: Oregon, C 4). It is developing as an industrial centre, its manufactures, which include paper and pulp, woolen goods, flour, lumber, soap, etc., being promoted by the immense water power derived from the falls of the Willamette, 40 feet in height, which are utilized also as a source of electrical power. The city is at the head of deep-water navigation on the river, but vessels pass above the falls by means of a system of locks. There are municipal water-works. Population, in 1890, 3062; in 1900, 3494.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Oregon Snowbird

Edition of 1905. See also Dark-eyed junco on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​OREGON SNOWBIRD. A junco (Junco Oregonus) common in the Northwestern United States and Canada. It differs from the common Eastern junco (q.v.) in the blacker and more sharply defined hue of the head and neck, the absence of dark color under the wings, and the square patch of rufous brown on the upper part of the back. As in other juncos, white feathers appear in the tail. The male of this species has the second tail feather mostly white and the third partly so near the tip. The adult female's plumage differs from that of the male in being prevailingly brown.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Oregon Trail, The

Edition of 1905. See also The Oregon Trail: Sketches of Prairie and Rocky-Mountain Life on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​OREGON TRAIL, The. A narrative of travel by Francis Parkman (1849). It is the account of a trip to the far West which he made in 1846, and first appeared in the Knickerbocker Magazine in 1849 as "The California and Oregon Trail."
# The New International Encyclopædia/Oregon (Illinois)

Edition of 1905. See also Oregon, Illinois on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​OREGON. A city and the county-seat of Ogle County, Ill., 99 miles west of Chicago; on the Rock River, and on the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (Map: Illinois, C 2 ). It has a public library with over 2400 volumes. Good water power is furnished by the river; and there are manufactures of pianos, street sprinklers, flour, foundry and machine-shop products, etc. Oregon is an attractive summer resort. Population, in 1890, 1566; in 1900, 1577.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Oregon River

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​OREGON RIVER. A river in North America. See Columbia River.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Oregon Robin

Edition of 1905. See also Varied thrush on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​OREGON ROBIN. A thrush (Merula nævia) of the Columbia River Valley and northward, which is closely related to the Eastern robin (Merula migratoria), but very different in colors. It is dark bluish slate above, and orange-brown below, with a line of black from the bill backward below the eye and along the side of the neck, whence it curves forward into a broad, crescentic band across the breast. The bird breeds in British Columbia and Alaska, makes a strong nest in bushes, and lays eggs colored light greenish blue, and distinctly marked and spotted with blackish brown. It has a sweet song.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Oregon Sturgeon

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​OREGON STURGEON. The white sturgeon of the Pacific Coast. See Sturgeon.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bedouins

See also Bedouin on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Bedouins (bĕd′o͝o-ĭnz), meaning “dwellers in the desert,” are Arabs who lead a wandering life. While the desert of Arabia is their central place of abode, they have spread themselves over many countries, and are now to be found from the western boundary of Persia to the Atlantic and from the mountains of Kurdistan to the negro countries of Sudan. In a few regions they have mixed with other nations; but as a rule they have kept their separate character and independence. They now form a seventh of the population of Arabia. They have seldom acted as a united people in the world's politics. They are herdsmen and generally robbers, and recognize little law except tribal custom. One or more families form the core of a tribe, a kind of aristocracy, and from their number a superior sheikh is chosen to lead them and to judge between those engaged in disputes, if they choose to come to him. They manufacture their own woolen clothes, and their food is mainly obtained from their herds, though they also eat rice, honey, locusts and even lizards. Certain tribes, however, live in houses and practice agriculture.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Berkeley

See also Berkeley, California on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Berkeley (bẽrk′ lĭ), a town in Alameda County, California, in Oakland Township, is situated on the east shore of San Francisco Bay opposite the Golden Gate. It is five miles from the city of Oakland, which lies immediately south of it, and eight miles from San Francisco. The Southern Pacific and Santa Fe railroads both pass through the town. Communication with San Francisco every twenty minutes is furnished by the Southern Pacific local trains and the Realty Syndicate furnishes a like number of the best equipped electric trains every hour. A large number of manufactures and planing mills are located near the water front. The University of California, the State Agricultural College and the State Institution for the Deaf, Dumb and Blind are located here. The population in 1910, United States Census, was 40,434.
There is a complete school system, including manual training, domestic science, primary and grammar schools and high schools, including a Polytechnic High School. Within the last two years, bonds to the amount of one-half million dollars have been voted for school purposes, and municipal bonds for a like amount for other municipal improvements have also been voted.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Berkeley, George

See also the disclaimer.
Berkeley, George, bishop of Cloyne, was born near Kilkenny, Ireland, in 1685. After graduating at Trinity College, Dublin, he remained there thirteen years as a fellow, studying and writing on philosophy. His theory, called Idealism was that the world exists only in our thoughts and that the objects around us are only ideas, which God, as the highest reason, causes to pass before our minds. At Trinity, he had become a friend of Dean Swift, and in 1713 he went to London, where Swift introduced him into the brilliant society of the reign of Queen Anne. He next traveled for some years through France and Italy. On his return he wrote a great deal on social questions. In 1728, having formed a plan to convert the American savages, he came to America; and for three years lived in Rhode Island, writing, studying and preaching. He then gave up his work and returned to England, leaving his library of 800 volumes and his estate in Rhode Island, called Whitehall, to Yale College. He was soon after made bishop of Cloyne, in the south of Ireland, where he lived for eighteen years, and then removed to London and died in January, 1753. Besides his writings on philosophy and social questions, Bishop Berkeley wrote the well-known stanzas On the Prospect of Planting Arts and Learning in America, in which occurs the famous line: “Westward the course of empire takes its way.”
# The New Student's Reference Work/Berlin (Ontario)

See also Kitchener, Ontario on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Ber′lin. A city of 13,664 in Waterloo County (Ontario), one of the busiest manufacturing centers in all Canada. Is rapidly growing. Amongst other articles of manufacture may be mentioned furniture, leather, buttons, machinery and felt goods. Population largely of German descent, churches, schools, private residences noticeably attractive, evidences of thrift and progress everywhere, the County of Waterloo is one of the richest and most fertile in all Canada. Another important manufacturing town, Waterloo, lies immediately adjacent to it.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bessemer, Ala.

See also Bessemer, Alabama on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Bessemer, Ala., a city in Jefferson County, in the center of an iron-producing region, on the Louisville &. Nashville and other railroads,11 miles southwest of Birmingham. Its industries embrace large iron and steel works, blast furnaces, foundries, rolling and planing mills, machine shops and fire brick works. There are coal as well as iron mines in the vicinity. Population (1910), 10,864.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Belgrade

See also Belgrade on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Belgrade (bel ′grad), meaning “white town,” is the capital of Servia and lies at the junction of the Save and the Danube, with a population of 90,890. From a Turkish city it is year by year becoming a modern and European one. The royal palace and the national theater are the chief buildings. Opposite the theater is a bronze statue of the murdered Prince Michael III. It is important from the trade of Turkey and Austria which passes through it. Belgrade has been the scene of many hard fights, and has been successively in the hands of Romans, Greeks, Hungarians, Bulgarians, Servians, Turks, Austrians and French. It was made the capital of Servia in 1862, but the citadel was not given up by the Turks until 1867. Elementary education in the city and state is compulsory, and in all the schools under the ministry of education, including the university, education is free. Hence there is little pauperism in the kingdom. Belgrade also forms a department of Servia, area 782 square miles; population, 155,815.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bering Sea

See also Bering Sea on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Be′ring (or Behring) Sea, a part of the North Pacific Ocean, commonly known as the Sea of Kamchatka, is bounded by Kamchatka, Alaska, the Aleutian Islands and Bering Strait, which connects it with the Arctic Ocean. The strait was passed through first by a Siberian named Deschner, in 1648, and later the sea and strait were explored by Bering, a Danish navigator in the employ of Peter the Great, in 1741. The latter died on Bering Island, one of the Aleutian group. The seal fisheries of Bering Sea caused a sharp dispute between the United States and Great Britain on behalf of Canada. These fisheries, owned and operated by Americans directly for their own benefit, but indirectly for the benefit of the world, were in danger of being entirely destroyed by the lawless acts of the Canadian seal-fishers or sealers. An agreement was concluded which permitted the United States to put a stop to the acts of the Canadian sealers and provided that the whole dispute be settled peaceably by a board of arbitrators.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Berkeley, Sir William

* related authors: William Berkeley (1605-1677).
* sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
See also the disclaimer.
Berkeley, Sir William, colonial governor of Virginia in the time of Charles I and Charles II of England, was born near London in 1608, and died in England in 1677. He was commissioned royal governor of Virginia in 1641, and being a monarchist and partisan of the crown, he held, for nearly thirty-five years, this colonial outpost, with the exception of the interval of the Commonwealth. During the Cromwellian period Virginia was an asylum for many Englishmen of rank who were loyal to the crown; the colony, indeed, was among the last of the crown possessions abroad to acknowledge the Protector’s authority. Berkeley, in his later years, grew irascible and intolerant, and behaved despotically toward those who took part in Nathaniel Bacon’s rebellion (see the latter). He was opposed to free schools, to printing and to religious liberty, and was recalled to England in 1676.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Berlin

See also Berlin on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Berlin, the capital of Prussia and, since 1871, of the German Empire, the third largest city of Europe, lies on the banks of the River Spree, which flows through the center of the city from southeast to northwest. Its population is 2,070,695, and it covers an area whose circumference is nearly thirty-five miles. The city dates as a small fishing village as far back as the 13th century, but the beginning of its rapid growth and prosperity was not made until the Great Elector, Frederick William (1640–88), united the separate duchies of which Prussia is now formed, and made Berlin the capital of the new state. Among the fine buildings for which the city is noted are the royal palace, with 700 apartments, and other palaces; the royal library, with over 710,000 volumes and 15,000 manuscripts; the old and new museums, with their fine collections and art galleries; the national gallery; the arsenal; the royal theater; the opera house; the guardhouse; and the university. Throughout the city and in the parks are numerous statues of national heroes, and monuments, such as the great Column of Victory, 197 feet high. The street called from its double avenue of limes Unter den Linden is one of the finest streets in Europe. The University of Berlin is now one of the foremost in Germany. Founded in 1810, it has had many famous professors and scholars. It now numbers over 414 professors and lecturers with over 5,000 students, and as many more non-matriculated students. Besides the university, there are the Academy of Sciences, one of the most learned institutions in Germany; the military academy and academies of art and architecture; and the schools of mining, agriculture, artillery, engineering, music, etc. The Zoölogical and Botanical Gardens are also worthy of mention. The commerce of Berlin, carried on by the Spree, the canals and many railroads, with its manufactures, places it in the front rank of the mercantile cities of the continent. Grain, cattle, spirits and wool are the staples of trade. The exchange is daily visited by 3,500 persons. The main branches of industry are woolen weaving, calico printing and the manufacture of engines and other machinery, also of iron, steel and bronze wares, drapery goods and confections. Together with Leipsic, Berlin holds the first place among German cities in the publishing trade. Owing to the recent great strides in German manufactures and in the extension abroad of German colonies, the capital has become a still greater financial and imperial center.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Bering Strait

See also Bering Strait on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Bering Strait, a narrow water-passage north of the Aleutian Islands and Bering Sea, in the Northern Pacific, connecting the latter with the Arctic Ocean. It is in the vicinity of long. 170° W., having on the east of it Alaska and on the west the projecting peninsula of Siberia, in Russian Asia. It was at an early era discovered by a Russian Cossack navigator, named Deshneff, and subsequently explored by Captains Bering and Cook. At its narrowest part it is about 40 miles in width, and has a depth varying from 150 to 250 feet, the deeper water being on the Asiatic side. St. Lawrence Island lies to the south of the Strait, in Bering Sea,
# The New Student's Reference Work/Atreus

See also Atreus on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
A'treus, according to the Greek legend, the son of Pelops and Hippodamia. By some versions he is accounted the father of Agamemnon and Menelaus, while others say he was their grandfather but that he reared them as sons. The whole story of the house of Atreus is one of bloodshed, the series of crimes beginning with the murder of Chrysippus by his half brothers, Atreus and Thyestes, and ending with the murder of Clytemnestra and her husband by Clytemnestra's son, Orestes. Because of the first murder, Pelops pronounced the curse upon his sons that they and their posterity should perish by means of one another.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Attar of Roses

See also Rose oil on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
At'tar of Roses (from the Arab word for perfume), the oil extracted from the petals of the rose. It is prepared from rose-water in Persia, India and other eastern countries by setting it out during the night in large open vessels, and early in the morning skimming off the oil which floats at the top. It is very costly, and is often adulterated with sandalwood and other oils. Half an ounce of the oil can be made from 200,000 well-grown roses, and this amount, when manufactured, is worth about $40. The oil is at first colorless, but later shows a yellow tint. The oil of Adrianople and of Ghazipoor in Hindustan is considered the best. The region about Ghazipoor is one great expanse of roses.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Attica

See also Attica on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
At'tica, one of the divisions of ancient Greece, with Athens as its capital. Its area was about 640 square miles. It is of the shape of a triangle, having its northeast and southwest sides washed by the sea, and joined to the mainland on the north. As early as the time of Solon it was well cultivated, and produced wine and corn. Figs, olives and grapes are still grown, and goats and sheep are raised. Today Attica and Bœotia together form a division or government in the kingdom of Greece, with an area of 2,472 square miles and a population of 341,247.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Attleboro, Mass.

See also Attleboro, Massachusetts on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
At'tleboro, Mass., an early settled and progressive manufacturing town in Bristol County, on the line of the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, 32 miles southwest of Boston. Originally composed of a group of villages, Attleboro was incorporated as a town in 1694. Today it has a number of bleacheries, dye-houses, smelters, gold and silver refineries and manufactures besides jewelry and jeweler's supplies, silverware, carriages, leather, buttons, cotton goods, etc. It has a well equipped public library, owns its waterworks and is the seat of the Attleboro Home Sanitarium and of a public alms-house. See Daggett: Sketch of the History of Attleboro (Boston, 1894). Population, 16,215.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Auburn

See also Auburn, New York on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Auburn (au' bûrn), a city of Cayuga County, New York state. Electricity from Niagara and water-power from Owasco Lake, which is within two and a half miles of the city, supply its factories with power. The city contains a state prison, Theological Seminary and two free libraries. It was long the home of William H. Seward. It has manufactories of farm implements, rope, twine, engines and shoes. Population 34,668.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Auburn, Me.

See also Auburn, Maine on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Auburn, Me., the capital of Androscoggin County, southwestern Maine, on two rivers of the same county name, which furnish the city with splendid water-power. It is situated about 35 miles north of Portland, and has good railroad facilities for the shipping of its special manufactures of cotton and shoes, in which trade it gives employment to some 5,000 hands. Its other industries include last, box and carriage works, machine shops, shoe findings, packing houses, etc. The town is lighted by electricity, and owns its water-works. It has many and good schools, at the head of the public school system being the Edward Little High School, a noted institution, a number of churches and fine public buildings. Population, 15,064.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Auckland

See also Auckland on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Auck'land, a New Zealand seaport and the chief town in the North Island. For a time it was the capital of England's colony in the South Pacific, before the choice fell upon Wellington in 1865. Auckland has a fine harbor on the Gulf of Hauraki, and possesses considerable trade, being the chief town of its provincial district of the same name. The district has an area of 25,746 square miles, with a population (exclusive of Maoris) of 264,520 in 1911, and a fertile soil and delightful climate. The city of Auckland has considerable foreign trade, chiefly with Britain; it is also the seat of a university, and with its suburbs has a population of 102,676.