# A Concise Grammar of the Malagasy Language/Prepositions

PREPOSITIONS.
There are only a few prepositions in the Malagasy language, their place being supplied by a large number of prepositional phrases or compound prepositions: these are formed by prefixing a-, am-, an-, or i- to nouns.
| preposition. | preposition. | meaning. | government. |
| Àmy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | Àmy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | to, for, from, in, by, with, at or on (of time), &c. | The meaning of àmy is so variable, and it has to serve for so many of our English prepositions, that it practically has no special meaning of its own, but merely points out the indirect object or the adjunct to a verb. Most of the prepositions, whether simple or compound, are followed by the suffix pronouns; as, àmiko, an-ìlako. Hàtra is (1) generally joined with àmy; as, hatràmy nỳ andrèfana kà hatràmy nỳ àtsinànana, from east to west; or (2) with adverbs of place: as; hatrèto, thus far. hitherto; or (3) is merely followed by a noun with nỳ or izày before it; as, hàtry nỳ omàly, since yesterday; hàtr' izaỳ naìnako, since my birth. Ambàraka and màndraka are generally contracted and joined with habitual modal nouns, or with adjectives or phrases preceded by fàha-; as, ambàra- (or màndra-) pirèriko (root vèrina), until my return; màndra-pòhafàtiny, until his death. They are rarely followed by a relative; as, màndra-panaò-vanào àzy, until your doing it. Akaìky takes either a suffixed pronoun or the separate form in the accusative case; as, akaìky anào (or akaìkinào), near you. Nòho and àfa-tsy govern only a nominative case. Hò takes after it the pronoun àzy; as, hò àzy, for him, or, to be his. Otherwise it requires àny; as, hò àny nỳ tènany, for himself. Hò àzy, also means 'of its own accord'; as, manìry hò àzy nỳ hàzo, 'the tree grows of its own accord'; misèho hò àzy, 'visible of itself'. |
| Àny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | Àny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | belonging to. | The meaning of àmy is so variable, and it has to serve for so many of our English prepositions, that it practically has no special meaning of its own, but merely points out the indirect object or the adjunct to a verb. Most of the prepositions, whether simple or compound, are followed by the suffix pronouns; as, àmiko, an-ìlako. Hàtra is (1) generally joined with àmy; as, hatràmy nỳ andrèfana kà hatràmy nỳ àtsinànana, from east to west; or (2) with adverbs of place: as; hatrèto, thus far. hitherto; or (3) is merely followed by a noun with nỳ or izày before it; as, hàtry nỳ omàly, since yesterday; hàtr' izaỳ naìnako, since my birth. Ambàraka and màndraka are generally contracted and joined with habitual modal nouns, or with adjectives or phrases preceded by fàha-; as, ambàra- (or màndra-) pirèriko (root vèrina), until my return; màndra-pòhafàtiny, until his death. They are rarely followed by a relative; as, màndra-panaò-vanào àzy, until your doing it. Akaìky takes either a suffixed pronoun or the separate form in the accusative case; as, akaìky anào (or akaìkinào), near you. Nòho and àfa-tsy govern only a nominative case. Hò takes after it the pronoun àzy; as, hò àzy, for him, or, to be his. Otherwise it requires àny; as, hò àny nỳ tènany, for himself. Hò àzy, also means 'of its own accord'; as, manìry hò àzy nỳ hàzo, 'the tree grows of its own accord'; misèho hò àzy, 'visible of itself'. |
| Akaìky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | Akaìky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | near to. | The meaning of àmy is so variable, and it has to serve for so many of our English prepositions, that it practically has no special meaning of its own, but merely points out the indirect object or the adjunct to a verb. Most of the prepositions, whether simple or compound, are followed by the suffix pronouns; as, àmiko, an-ìlako. Hàtra is (1) generally joined with àmy; as, hatràmy nỳ andrèfana kà hatràmy nỳ àtsinànana, from east to west; or (2) with adverbs of place: as; hatrèto, thus far. hitherto; or (3) is merely followed by a noun with nỳ or izày before it; as, hàtry nỳ omàly, since yesterday; hàtr' izaỳ naìnako, since my birth. Ambàraka and màndraka are generally contracted and joined with habitual modal nouns, or with adjectives or phrases preceded by fàha-; as, ambàra- (or màndra-) pirèriko (root vèrina), until my return; màndra-pòhafàtiny, until his death. They are rarely followed by a relative; as, màndra-panaò-vanào àzy, until your doing it. Akaìky takes either a suffixed pronoun or the separate form in the accusative case; as, akaìky anào (or akaìkinào), near you. Nòho and àfa-tsy govern only a nominative case. Hò takes after it the pronoun àzy; as, hò àzy, for him, or, to be his. Otherwise it requires àny; as, hò àny nỳ tènany, for himself. Hò àzy, also means 'of its own accord'; as, manìry hò àzy nỳ hàzo, 'the tree grows of its own accord'; misèho hò àzy, 'visible of itself'. |
| Àfa-tsỳ (àfaka, tsỳ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | Àfa-tsỳ (àfaka, tsỳ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | except. | The meaning of àmy is so variable, and it has to serve for so many of our English prepositions, that it practically has no special meaning of its own, but merely points out the indirect object or the adjunct to a verb. Most of the prepositions, whether simple or compound, are followed by the suffix pronouns; as, àmiko, an-ìlako. Hàtra is (1) generally joined with àmy; as, hatràmy nỳ andrèfana kà hatràmy nỳ àtsinànana, from east to west; or (2) with adverbs of place: as; hatrèto, thus far. hitherto; or (3) is merely followed by a noun with nỳ or izày before it; as, hàtry nỳ omàly, since yesterday; hàtr' izaỳ naìnako, since my birth. Ambàraka and màndraka are generally contracted and joined with habitual modal nouns, or with adjectives or phrases preceded by fàha-; as, ambàra- (or màndra-) pirèriko (root vèrina), until my return; màndra-pòhafàtiny, until his death. They are rarely followed by a relative; as, màndra-panaò-vanào àzy, until your doing it. Akaìky takes either a suffixed pronoun or the separate form in the accusative case; as, akaìky anào (or akaìkinào), near you. Nòho and àfa-tsy govern only a nominative case. Hò takes after it the pronoun àzy; as, hò àzy, for him, or, to be his. Otherwise it requires àny; as, hò àny nỳ tènany, for himself. Hò àzy, also means 'of its own accord'; as, manìry hò àzy nỳ hàzo, 'the tree grows of its own accord'; misèho hò àzy, 'visible of itself'. |
| Ambàraka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | | until. | The meaning of àmy is so variable, and it has to serve for so many of our English prepositions, that it practically has no special meaning of its own, but merely points out the indirect object or the adjunct to a verb. Most of the prepositions, whether simple or compound, are followed by the suffix pronouns; as, àmiko, an-ìlako. Hàtra is (1) generally joined with àmy; as, hatràmy nỳ andrèfana kà hatràmy nỳ àtsinànana, from east to west; or (2) with adverbs of place: as; hatrèto, thus far. hitherto; or (3) is merely followed by a noun with nỳ or izày before it; as, hàtry nỳ omàly, since yesterday; hàtr' izaỳ naìnako, since my birth. Ambàraka and màndraka are generally contracted and joined with habitual modal nouns, or with adjectives or phrases preceded by fàha-; as, ambàra- (or màndra-) pirèriko (root vèrina), until my return; màndra-pòhafàtiny, until his death. They are rarely followed by a relative; as, màndra-panaò-vanào àzy, until your doing it. Akaìky takes either a suffixed pronoun or the separate form in the accusative case; as, akaìky anào (or akaìkinào), near you. Nòho and àfa-tsy govern only a nominative case. Hò takes after it the pronoun àzy; as, hò àzy, for him, or, to be his. Otherwise it requires àny; as, hò àny nỳ tènany, for himself. Hò àzy, also means 'of its own accord'; as, manìry hò àzy nỳ hàzo, 'the tree grows of its own accord'; misèho hò àzy, 'visible of itself'. |
| Màndraka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | | until. | The meaning of àmy is so variable, and it has to serve for so many of our English prepositions, that it practically has no special meaning of its own, but merely points out the indirect object or the adjunct to a verb. Most of the prepositions, whether simple or compound, are followed by the suffix pronouns; as, àmiko, an-ìlako. Hàtra is (1) generally joined with àmy; as, hatràmy nỳ andrèfana kà hatràmy nỳ àtsinànana, from east to west; or (2) with adverbs of place: as; hatrèto, thus far. hitherto; or (3) is merely followed by a noun with nỳ or izày before it; as, hàtry nỳ omàly, since yesterday; hàtr' izaỳ naìnako, since my birth. Ambàraka and màndraka are generally contracted and joined with habitual modal nouns, or with adjectives or phrases preceded by fàha-; as, ambàra- (or màndra-) pirèriko (root vèrina), until my return; màndra-pòhafàtiny, until his death. They are rarely followed by a relative; as, màndra-panaò-vanào àzy, until your doing it. Akaìky takes either a suffixed pronoun or the separate form in the accusative case; as, akaìky anào (or akaìkinào), near you. Nòho and àfa-tsy govern only a nominative case. Hò takes after it the pronoun àzy; as, hò àzy, for him, or, to be his. Otherwise it requires àny; as, hò àny nỳ tènany, for himself. Hò àzy, also means 'of its own accord'; as, manìry hò àzy nỳ hàzo, 'the tree grows of its own accord'; misèho hò àzy, 'visible of itself'. |
| Àraka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | Àraka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | according to, after. (This is the root of the verb nàraka, 'to follow'.) | The meaning of àmy is so variable, and it has to serve for so many of our English prepositions, that it practically has no special meaning of its own, but merely points out the indirect object or the adjunct to a verb. Most of the prepositions, whether simple or compound, are followed by the suffix pronouns; as, àmiko, an-ìlako. Hàtra is (1) generally joined with àmy; as, hatràmy nỳ andrèfana kà hatràmy nỳ àtsinànana, from east to west; or (2) with adverbs of place: as; hatrèto, thus far. hitherto; or (3) is merely followed by a noun with nỳ or izày before it; as, hàtry nỳ omàly, since yesterday; hàtr' izaỳ naìnako, since my birth. Ambàraka and màndraka are generally contracted and joined with habitual modal nouns, or with adjectives or phrases preceded by fàha-; as, ambàra- (or màndra-) pirèriko (root vèrina), until my return; màndra-pòhafàtiny, until his death. They are rarely followed by a relative; as, màndra-panaò-vanào àzy, until your doing it. Akaìky takes either a suffixed pronoun or the separate form in the accusative case; as, akaìky anào (or akaìkinào), near you. Nòho and àfa-tsy govern only a nominative case. Hò takes after it the pronoun àzy; as, hò àzy, for him, or, to be his. Otherwise it requires àny; as, hò àny nỳ tènany, for himself. Hò àzy, also means 'of its own accord'; as, manìry hò àzy nỳ hàzo, 'the tree grows of its own accord'; misèho hò àzy, 'visible of itself'. |
| Hàtra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | Hàtra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | from, to (towards, up to, so far as). | The meaning of àmy is so variable, and it has to serve for so many of our English prepositions, that it practically has no special meaning of its own, but merely points out the indirect object or the adjunct to a verb. Most of the prepositions, whether simple or compound, are followed by the suffix pronouns; as, àmiko, an-ìlako. Hàtra is (1) generally joined with àmy; as, hatràmy nỳ andrèfana kà hatràmy nỳ àtsinànana, from east to west; or (2) with adverbs of place: as; hatrèto, thus far. hitherto; or (3) is merely followed by a noun with nỳ or izày before it; as, hàtry nỳ omàly, since yesterday; hàtr' izaỳ naìnako, since my birth. Ambàraka and màndraka are generally contracted and joined with habitual modal nouns, or with adjectives or phrases preceded by fàha-; as, ambàra- (or màndra-) pirèriko (root vèrina), until my return; màndra-pòhafàtiny, until his death. They are rarely followed by a relative; as, màndra-panaò-vanào àzy, until your doing it. Akaìky takes either a suffixed pronoun or the separate form in the accusative case; as, akaìky anào (or akaìkinào), near you. Nòho and àfa-tsy govern only a nominative case. Hò takes after it the pronoun àzy; as, hò àzy, for him, or, to be his. Otherwise it requires àny; as, hò àny nỳ tènany, for himself. Hò àzy, also means 'of its own accord'; as, manìry hò àzy nỳ hàzo, 'the tree grows of its own accord'; misèho hò àzy, 'visible of itself'. |
| Hò, hò àny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | Hò, hò àny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | for, to. | The meaning of àmy is so variable, and it has to serve for so many of our English prepositions, that it practically has no special meaning of its own, but merely points out the indirect object or the adjunct to a verb. Most of the prepositions, whether simple or compound, are followed by the suffix pronouns; as, àmiko, an-ìlako. Hàtra is (1) generally joined with àmy; as, hatràmy nỳ andrèfana kà hatràmy nỳ àtsinànana, from east to west; or (2) with adverbs of place: as; hatrèto, thus far. hitherto; or (3) is merely followed by a noun with nỳ or izày before it; as, hàtry nỳ omàly, since yesterday; hàtr' izaỳ naìnako, since my birth. Ambàraka and màndraka are generally contracted and joined with habitual modal nouns, or with adjectives or phrases preceded by fàha-; as, ambàra- (or màndra-) pirèriko (root vèrina), until my return; màndra-pòhafàtiny, until his death. They are rarely followed by a relative; as, màndra-panaò-vanào àzy, until your doing it. Akaìky takes either a suffixed pronoun or the separate form in the accusative case; as, akaìky anào (or akaìkinào), near you. Nòho and àfa-tsy govern only a nominative case. Hò takes after it the pronoun àzy; as, hò àzy, for him, or, to be his. Otherwise it requires àny; as, hò àny nỳ tènany, for himself. Hò àzy, also means 'of its own accord'; as, manìry hò àzy nỳ hàzo, 'the tree grows of its own accord'; misèho hò àzy, 'visible of itself'. |
| Nòhò . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | Nòhò . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | on account of, because. | The meaning of àmy is so variable, and it has to serve for so many of our English prepositions, that it practically has no special meaning of its own, but merely points out the indirect object or the adjunct to a verb. Most of the prepositions, whether simple or compound, are followed by the suffix pronouns; as, àmiko, an-ìlako. Hàtra is (1) generally joined with àmy; as, hatràmy nỳ andrèfana kà hatràmy nỳ àtsinànana, from east to west; or (2) with adverbs of place: as; hatrèto, thus far. hitherto; or (3) is merely followed by a noun with nỳ or izày before it; as, hàtry nỳ omàly, since yesterday; hàtr' izaỳ naìnako, since my birth. Ambàraka and màndraka are generally contracted and joined with habitual modal nouns, or with adjectives or phrases preceded by fàha-; as, ambàra- (or màndra-) pirèriko (root vèrina), until my return; màndra-pòhafàtiny, until his death. They are rarely followed by a relative; as, màndra-panaò-vanào àzy, until your doing it. Akaìky takes either a suffixed pronoun or the separate form in the accusative case; as, akaìky anào (or akaìkinào), near you. Nòho and àfa-tsy govern only a nominative case. Hò takes after it the pronoun àzy; as, hò àzy, for him, or, to be his. Otherwise it requires àny; as, hò àny nỳ tènany, for himself. Hò àzy, also means 'of its own accord'; as, manìry hò àzy nỳ hàzo, 'the tree grows of its own accord'; misèho hò àzy, 'visible of itself'. |
| Tandrìfy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | Tandrìfy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | opposite to. | The meaning of àmy is so variable, and it has to serve for so many of our English prepositions, that it practically has no special meaning of its own, but merely points out the indirect object or the adjunct to a verb. Most of the prepositions, whether simple or compound, are followed by the suffix pronouns; as, àmiko, an-ìlako. Hàtra is (1) generally joined with àmy; as, hatràmy nỳ andrèfana kà hatràmy nỳ àtsinànana, from east to west; or (2) with adverbs of place: as; hatrèto, thus far. hitherto; or (3) is merely followed by a noun with nỳ or izày before it; as, hàtry nỳ omàly, since yesterday; hàtr' izaỳ naìnako, since my birth. Ambàraka and màndraka are generally contracted and joined with habitual modal nouns, or with adjectives or phrases preceded by fàha-; as, ambàra- (or màndra-) pirèriko (root vèrina), until my return; màndra-pòhafàtiny, until his death. They are rarely followed by a relative; as, màndra-panaò-vanào àzy, until your doing it. Akaìky takes either a suffixed pronoun or the separate form in the accusative case; as, akaìky anào (or akaìkinào), near you. Nòho and àfa-tsy govern only a nominative case. Hò takes after it the pronoun àzy; as, hò àzy, for him, or, to be his. Otherwise it requires àny; as, hò àny nỳ tènany, for himself. Hò àzy, also means 'of its own accord'; as, manìry hò àzy nỳ hàzo, 'the tree grows of its own accord'; misèho hò àzy, 'visible of itself'. |
    (a-)
          Àfovòana (fò and vòa? or, fò reduplicated?), in the heart of, in the midst of.
          Alòha (lòha), ahead, before.
          Àörìana, behind.
          Amòrona (mòrona), on the edge of, on the brink (or, margin) of.
          Atsìmo, south of.
          Àtsinànana (tsìnana?), east of.
          Avàratra (vàratra?), north of.
    (am-)
          Ambàny (vàny?), beneath, below, under.
          Ambòny (vòny?), above, upon.
          Ambòdy (vòdy), at the rump (or, tail) of, at the bottom of.
          Ambàdika (vàdika), on the other side of (i.e. as of a thing turned upside down).
          Àmpovòany (fò and vòa? or, fò reduplicated?), in the middle of.
          Ampìta (ìta), on the other side of, across (a river).
    (an-)
          Ànatrèhana (àtrika), in the presence of.
          Anàty (àty), inside of, within, among.
          Andàfy (làfy), on the other side of. Andàny (làny),
          An-dòha (loha), on the head of, on, at the head of.
          Andrèfana, west of. ​
          Anèlanèlana (èlanèlana, from èla), in the intervals between, between.
          Anìla (ìla), at the side of, beside.
          Ankìla (hìla), on the side of.
          Ankòatra (hòatra), beyond, further than.
          Ànkavìa (havìa), at the left hand of.
          Ànkavànana (havànana, from hàvana), at the right hand of.
          Antènatèna (tèna), in the body (or, substance) of.
          Antàmpona (tàmpona), on the top (or, summit) of.
    (i-)
          Ifòtotra (fòtotra), at the root of.
          Imàso (màso), in the eyes (or, sight) of.
          Ivèla, (vèla) outside of.
          Ivòho (vòho), at the back of, behind.
The want of prepositions is also supplied in the following ways:—
       1. By certain verbs, some implying motion to or from (as àvy, miàla, &c.), others not implying any motion (as mànodìdina).
       2. By certain active verbs, which contain a prepositional force and govern a direct accusative, where in English they would need a preposition; as, mandaìnga àzy, 'to tell a lie to him'; milàza àzy, 'to tell about him,' (but milàza àminy, 'to tell to him').
       3. The relative voice of a verb often contains a ​prepositional force; as, nìtondràny ràno àho, 'I was the person (in respect) to whom he brought water'.
       4. Many Malagasy verbs govern two accusatives, which in English would require a preposition before one of them; as, manòsotra sòlika àzy, 'to smear it with oil'.
       5. "By" before the agent of a passive or relative verb, and "Of" before a possessive case.—For the different ways of expressing these two prepositions, see "Indications of Cases".