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# Dictionary of Indian Biography/Barthelemy Saint-Hilaire, Jules

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​BARTHELEMY SAINT-HILAIRE, JULES (1805–1895)
Born Aug. 19, 1805, in Paris: studied Sanskrit under Eugene Burnouf: early entered public life: attached to the Ministry of Finance, 1825–38: an editor of the Globe, 1825–30: as a journalist, signed the protest against the July ordinances of Charles X.: became famous as a politician and ardent Republican, and lived through several revolutions: held office several times, as colleague of Victor Cousin in the Ministry of Public Instruction: in 1848, as Secretary of the provisional Government: from 1871, took an active part in public affairs, as member of the National Assembly: Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1880, etc.: yet he was greatest as a scholar, and student of Philosophy: was Professor of Greek and Latin Philosophy at the College de France, 1838–52, Member of the Institute, 1839: in this year, began his study of Sanskrit Philosophy: administrator of the College de France, 1849: accompanied Lesseps on his journey to Egypt, 1855, to explore the Isthmus of Suez. After the death of Eugene Burnouf, Barthelemy took his place as a writer on Indian matters in the Journal des Savants: died Nov. 24, 1895: best known as a Greek scholar: the great achievement of his life was his translation of Aristotle: also did valuable work as an Indianist: among his publications are Des Vedas, 1854: Du Bouddhisme, 1855: Le Bouddha et sa religion, 1866: L'Inde Anglaise, 1887,. etc.
# Constitution of Sri Lanka/Chapter XIII

Submission of Bills to People by Referendum.
85. (1) The President shall submit to the People by Referendum every Bill or any provision in any Bill which the Cabinet of Ministers has certified as being intended to be submitted to the People by Referendum, or which the Supreme Court has determined as requiring the approval of the People at a Referendum if the number of votes cast in favour of such Bill amounts to not less than two-thirds of the whole number of Members (including those not present).
(2) The President may in his discretion submit to the People by Referendum any Bill (not being a Bill for the repeal or amendment of any provision of the Constitution, or for the addition of any provision to the Constitution, or for the repeal and replacement of the Constitution, or which is inconsistent with any provision of the Constitution), which has been rejected by Parliament.
(3) Any Bill or any provision in any Bill submitted to the People by Referendum shall be deemed to be approved by the People if approved by an absolute majority of the valid votes cast at such Referendum:
Provided that when the total number of valid votes cast does not exceed two-thirds of the whole number of electors entered in the register of electors, such Bill shall be deemed to be approved only if approved by not less than one-third of the whole number of such electors.
Submission of matters of national importance to People by Referendum.
86. The President may, subject to the provisions of Article 85, submit to the People by Referendum any matter which in the opinion of the President is of national importance.
Parliament to provide for procedure.
87. (1) Every Referendum shall be conducted by the Commissioner of Elections who shall communicate the result thereof to the President.
(2) Parliament shall by law provide for all matters relating to the procedure for the submission of Bills and of matters of national importance to the People by Referenda, the register of electors to be used at a Referendum, the creation of offences relating thereto and the punishment therefor, and, all other matters necessary or incidental thereto.
# Constitution of Sri Lanka/Chapter V

Citizenship of Sri Lanka.
26. (1) There shall be one status of citizenship known as "the status of a citizen of Sri Lanka."
(2) A citizen of Sri Lanka shall for all purposes be described only as a "citizen of Sri Lanka," whether such person became entitled to citizenship by descent or by virtue of registration in accordance with the law relating to citizenship.
(3) No distinction shall be drawn between citizens of Sri Lanka for any purpose by reference to the mode of acquisition of such status, as to whether acquired by descent or by virtue of registration.
(4) No citizen of Sri Lanka shall be deprived of his status of a citizen of Sri Lanka, except under and by virtue of the provisions of sections 19, 20, 21 and 22 of the Citizenship Act:
Provided that the provisions of sections 23 and 24 of that Act shall also be applicable to a person who became entitled to the status of a citizen of Sri Lanka by virtue of registration under the provisions of section 11, 12 or 13 of that Act.
(5) Every person who immediately prior to the commencement of the Constitution was a citizen of Sri Lanka, whether by descent or by virtue of registration in accordance with any law relating to citizenship, shall be entitled to the status and to the rights of a citizen of Sri Lanka as provided in the preceding provisions of this Article.
(6) The provisions of all existing written laws relating to citizenship and all other existing written laws wherein reference is made to citizenship shall be read subject to the preceding provisions of this Article.
# Constitution of Sri Lanka/Chapter XIX

Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration.
156. (1) Parliament shall by law provide for the establishment of the office of the Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration (Ombudsman) charged with the duty of investigating and reporting upon complaints or allegations of the infringement of fundamental rights and other injustices by public officers and officers of public corporations, local authorities and other like institutions, in accordance with and subject to the provisions of such law.
(2) The Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration shall be appointed by the President and shall hold office during good behaviour.
(3) The salary of the Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration shall be determined by Parliament and shall not be diminished during his term of office.
(4) The office of the Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration shall become vacant-
(a) upon his death ;
(b) on his resignation in writing addressed to the President ;
(c) on his attaining the age fixed by law ;
(d) on his removal by the President on account of ill health or physical or mental infirmity ; or
(e) on his removal by the President on an address of Parliament.
(5) Whenever the Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration is unable to perform and discharge the duties and functions of his office, the President shall appoint a person to act in his place.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Amyot, Thomas

1904 Errata appended.
​AMYOT, THOMAS (1775–1850), antiquary, was born at Norwich on 7 Jan. 1775, and was descended from one of the Huguenot families settled in that city. Intended for the profession of a country attorney, he was articled to a Norwich firm, and eventually spent a year in London before entering into the full practice of his profession. Having made the acquaintance of Mr. Windham, he became that gentleman's agent during the election contest which followed the dissolution of parliament in 1802, and a permanent friendship was established between them. In 1806, upon Windham becoming war and colonial minister, he appointed Amyot his private secretary, who thereupon threw up his Norwich practice, and came to London. On the death of Windham in 1810, Amyot collected his parliamentary speeches; and they were published, preceded by a memoir, in 1812, in octavo, three volumes.
By the influence of his political
​connections and the unbroken friendship of Windham, he obtained in succession several valuable appointments in the colonial department; he thus acquired a position of independence, and he devoted the rest of his life to the illustration of English history through the medium of archæology. He soon joined the Royal Society and the Society of Antiquaries, and, having become treasurer of the latter society in 1823, he very actively promoted its interests. He contributed fifteen valuable papers to the Transactions, which will be round in vols. xix., xx., xxi., xxii., xxiii., xxv.; and some time before his death he was appointed a vice-president of the society.
Amyot assisted in founding the Camden Society, and was one of its directors from 1839 until his death. He also largely aided the Percy, the Shakespeare, and other literary societies.
Besides those above mentioned, his writings include a description of Tewkesbury Abbey contributed to ‘Vetusta Monumenta’ (vol. v.), and an edition of ‘The Old Taming of a Shrew, upon which Shakespeare founded his Comedy,’ for the Shakespeare Society, printed in 1844.
Amyot was a favourite with all who knew him, well informed, accomplished, amiable, industrious. He collected a very fine library, and was always ready to give literary assistance. He died on 28 Sept. 1850.
Amyot married, about the year 1806, Miss Colman of Norwich, who bore him eight children. She died in 1848.
[Gent. Mag., N.S., xxxv.; Literary Gazette, 5 Oct. 1850; Athenæum, 5 Oct. 1850.]
E. S.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.5 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 369 | i | 9-10 | Amyot, Thomas: for having become treasurer . . . 1823 read as treasurer of the latter society from 1823 to 1847 |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Amner, Richard

​AMNER, RICHARD (1736–1803), a presbyterian (otherwise unitarian) divine, and born in 1736, was one of several children of Richard and Anne Amner, of Hinckley, Leicestershire, his baptism, in the register of the presbyterian (otherwise unitarian) meeting-house there, being set down for 26 April 1737. He entered the Daventry Academy, to prepare for a dissenting pulpit, in 1755; he stayed there seven years, accepting the charge of the unitarian chapel in Middlegate Street, Yarmouth, 21 July 1762 (Browne's Congregationalism in Norfolk and Suffolk). Here his theology did not prove to be in harmony with the theology of his congregation; and, preaching to them for the last time on 5 March 1764, he moved to Hampstead, London, where he commenced duty the following year, 1765. He published three books whilst at Hampstead : 1. ‘A Dissertation on the Weekly Festival of the Christian Church’ (anonymous), 1768. 2. ‘An Account of the Positive Institutions of Christianity,’ 1774. 3. ‘An Essay towards the Interpretation of the Prophecies of Daniel,’ 1776. In 1777 he left to be pastor at Coseley, Staffordshire; he retained this charge till the end of 1794, when, retiring from the ministry to devote himself entirely to study in Hinckley, his native town, he became one of the contributors to the ‘Gentleman's Magazine’ (Nichols's Preface to General Index to Gent. Mag. from 1787 to 1818). He published his fourth, and last, volume there, ‘Considerations on the Doctrines of a Future State,’ in 1797, and died 8 June 1803, aged 67.
George Steevens lived at Hampstead during the twelve years that Amner preached there; and in 1793 (Amner having removed in 1777, sixteen years before), when Steevens brought out his renowned edition of Shakespeare, it was found that he had put Amner's name to gross notes to which he was ashamed to put his own. Allibone gives an erroneous account of this literary scandal, which procured much sympathy for Amner in its day.
J. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ammonio, Andrea

​AMMONIO, ANDREA (1477–1517), Latin secretary to Henry VIII, was born at Lucca in Italy, and lived during his early years in Rome, where he acquired a great reputation as a classical student. He was sent to England as apostolic notary and collector for the pope, and became the friend of the eminent English scholars, John Colet and William Grocyn, and of Erasmus, then residing in this country. For some time he lodged with the celebrated Sir Thomas More, and suffered great misery, as he says in one of his letters to Erasmus (Erasm. Epist. 125), where he expresses his regret at having left Rome. In 1512 the king gave him a canonry and a prebendal stall in the cathedral of Westminster, and the following year he was appointed Latin secretary to Henry VIII, and was made prebendary of Compton-Dundon and Writhlington in Somersetshire, as well as prebendary of Fordington in the diocese of Salisbury. The same year he accompanied the king during his campaign in France, and is said to have celebrated the Battle of the Spurs, the taking of Tournay and Terouenne, as well as the victory obtained in Scotland over James IV, in a Latin poem called Panegyricus, which seems never to have been printed, but was highly extolled by Erasmus. In 1514 he became naturalised by letters patent, and it is said that shortly afterwards Leo X appointed him his nuncio at the English court. But, according to the ‘Calendar of State Papers’ (ii. par. 774), Ammonio was still secretary to the king in 1516, whilst the pope's nuncio was Cardinal Chieregato. Sir Thomas More in a letter to Erasmus, dated 19 Aug. 1517, bewails the loss of Andrea Ammonio, who died, probably the day before, of the sweating sickness, when he had not yet reached his fortieth year. This sickness seems to have attacked him suddenly, for on 14 July he wrote to the Marquis of Mantua, professing his devotion (Calendar of Venetian State Papers, ii. par. 906). Eleven of his letters are found among those of Erasmus, and three holograph letters are in the manuscript department of the British Museum. In one of these three he raises Wolsey's suspicion against the Bishop of Worcester; in the second he exposes to the cardinal the dangers threatening Italy from the Turks and the Swiss, and in the third he expresses his apprehension that the pope will join France unless Henry VIII can bring the Swiss to assist him. In the ‘Scriptorum illustrium Majoris Brytanniæ Catalogus,’ Bâle, 1559 (cent. xiii. num. 45), it is mentioned that Ammonio wrote several eclogues, bucolic and other poems and epigrams, a history of the war in Scotland, and a ‘De Rebus Nihili,’ all in Latin. These seem to have been lost, or perhaps were never published. A clever Latin eclogue, however, between Ammon and Lycas, was printed in the ‘Bucolicorum Auctores,’ Bâle, 1546, and a poem entitled ‘Lucensis, carmen Asclepiadeum et alia carmina,’ attributed to Ammonio, is said to have been, in 1784, in the Royal Library of Paris.
H. v. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Amner, John

​AMNER, JOHN (d. 1641), was appointed organist of Ely Cathedral and master of the choristers in 1610. He took the degree of Mus. Bac. at Oxford in 1613, and seems to have been in holy orders. He composed several services and anthems, the autographs of which are presented in the cathedral library at Ely, and other manuscript compositions by him are in the British Museum, and the collections at Peterhouse, Cambridge, and Christ Church, Oxford. In 1615 he published a collection of ‘Sacred Hymns ... for Voices and Viols.’ He died at Ely in 1641.
W. B. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Amner, Ralph

W. B. S.
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Stagirus, friend of Chrysostom

Stagirus (Stagirius), a young friend of Chrysostom, of noble birth, who against his father's wishes embraced a monastic life, joining the brotherhood of which Chrysostom was a member, and continuing there after failure of health compelled Chrysostom's return to Antioch. The self-indulgent life Stagirus had led was a door preparation for the austerities of monasticism, and he proved a very unsatisfactory monk. He found the nightly vigils intolerable, and reading hardly less distasteful. He spent his time m attending to a garden and orchard. He also manifested much pride of his high birth. His health broke down under the strain of so uncongenial a life. He became subject to convulsive attacks, which were then considered to indicate demoniacal possession. He employed all recognised means for expelling the evil spirit. He applied to persons of superior sanctity, often taking long journeys to obtain the aid of those who had the reputation of healing those afflicted with spiritual maladies, and visited the most celebrated martyrs' shrines, and prayed long and fervently both there and at home, but in vain, though his religious character sensibly improved. He rose at night and devoted much time to prayer and became meek and humble. Chrysostom's counsels to him are in the 3 books ad Stagirium a daemone vexatum, or de Divina Providentia (Socr. H. E. vi. 3). What the physical issue was we do not know. Nilus highly commends his piety, humility, and contrition, but uses language which indicates that his attacks did not entirely pass away (Nilus, Epp. lib. iii. 19).
[E.V.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Spyridon, bp. of Trimithus

Spyridon, bp. of Trimithus in Cyprus, one of the most popularly celebrated of the bishops attending the council of Nicaea, although his name is not found in the list of signatures. He was the centre of many legendary stories which Socrates heard from his fellow-islanders (Socr. H. E. i. 12). Spyridon was married, with at least one daughter, Irene. He continued his occupation as a sheep farmer after, for his many virtues, he had been called to the episcopate. He is mentioned by Athanasius among the orthodox bishops at the council of Sardica (Athan. Apol. ii. p. 768). His body was first buried in his native island, then removed to Constantinople, and when the Turks captured the city it was transmitted to Corfu, where it is annually carried in procession round the capital as the patron saint of the Ionian isles (Stanley, Eastern Church, p. 126). His Life, written in iambics by his pupil, Triphyllius of Ledra, is spoken of by Suidas as "very profitable" (Suidas sub voc. Triphyllius, ii. 947). Rufin. 1, 3–5; Socr. H. E. i. 8, 12; Soz. H. E. i. 11; Niceph. H. E. viii. 15, 42; Tillemont, Mém. eccl. vi. 643, 679, vii. 242–246; Hefele, Hist. of Councils, vol. i. p. 284, Clark's trans.; Stanley, op. cit. pp. 124–126, 132).
[E.V.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Stephanus, bp. of Ephesus

Stephanus (12), bp. of Ephesus at the time of the "Robber Synod" and the 4th council of Chalcedon. The 11th session of that council (Oct. 29, 451) was wholly occupied with investigating a complaint brought by Bassianus, formerly bp. of Ephesus, against Stephen, who was in advanced age, having been then 50 years one of the clergy of Ephesus. Bassianus had been expelled by violence from the see c. 448, and succeeded by Stephen. Both were deprived of the see by decree of the synod, but allowed a pension of 200 gold pieces (Mansi, t. vii. 271–294; Hefele's Councils, t. iii. p. 371, Clark's trans.). The name of Stephen of Ephesus is attached to a MS. collection of sermons in the Vienna imperial library (Lambecii, Comment. iii. 66; Fabric. Bib. Graec. xii. 183, ed. Harles).
[G.T.S.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Stephanus I., patriarch of Antioch

Stephanus (16) I., patriarch of Antioch a.d. 478–480 (Clinton, F. R. ii. 536, 553). Stephen having sent a synodic letter to Acacius bp. of Constantinople acquainting him with the circumstances of his consecration, Acacius convened a synod, a.d. 478, by which the whole transaction was confirmed. The partisans of Peter the Fuller accused Stephen to Zeno of Nestorian heresy, and demanded to have his soundness in the faith investigated by a synod. Zeno yielded, and a synod was called for the Syrian Laodicea (Labbe, iv. 1152 ). The charge was declared groundless (Theophan. 108). Stephen's enemies, rendered furious by defeat, made an onslaught on the church of St. Barlaam in which he was celebrating the Eucharist, dragged him from the altar, tortured him to death, and threw his body into the Orontes (Evagr. H. E. iii. 10; Niceph. H. E. xv. 88). The emperor, indignant at the murder of his nominee, despatched a military force to punish the Eutychian party, at whose instigation the crime had been committed (Simplicii Ep. xiv. ad Zenonem, Labbe, iv: 1033; Lib. Synod. ib. 1152). According to some authorities it was Stephen's successor, another Stephen, who was thus murdered. Valesius, Seb. Binius, Tillemont (Mém. xvi. 315) and Le Quien (Or. Christ. ii. 726) take the view given above.
[E.V.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Stratonice, martyr at Cyzicum

Stratonice, martyr at Cyzicum in Mysia with Seleucus her husband at the quinquennalia of Galerius during Diocletian's persecution. The wife of a leading magistrate of the town, she came to see a large number of Christians tortured. Their patience converted her and she converted her husband. Her father, Apollonius, after every effort to win her back to paganism had failed, became her most bitter accuser. Husband and wife were beheaded, and buried in one tomb over which Constantine built a church (Assemani, Acta Mart. Orient. t. ii. p. 65 ). The Acts offer many marks of authenticity. Cf. Le Blant, Actes des Martyrs; p. 224, etc.; AA. SS. Boll. Oct. xiii. pp 893–916; Ceill. ii. 481–483.
[G.T.S.]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Sylvia, bp. of Jerusalem

Sylvia [Gordianus (7).]
# Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Sylvia, sister of Flavius Rufinus

Sylvia (Silvania), sister of Flavius Rufinus, consul in 392 and prefect of the East under Theodosius and Arcadius. A work written by her was discovered at Arezzo in 1885, bound up with an unpublished work of St. Hilary of Poictiers (de Mysteriis). It contained 2 hymns and an account of a journey in the East. M. Ch. Kohler gave an analysis of the text in Bibl. de l’Ecole des Chartres, and M. Gamurrini discussed its authorship in a paper before the Academy of Christian Archaeology at Rome (cf. Revue Critique, May 25, 1885, p. 419). It has since been shown by M. Fératin that the pilgrim author is Etheria, a Spanish nun, mentioned by the monk Valerius (Migne, Patr. Lat. lxxxvii. 421). It has been generally quoted, however, as the Peregrinatio Silviae. It is of the highest interest from its account of the services at Jerusalem at the time (c. 385 ). Important extracts from it are given in Duchesne's Origines du Culte Chrétien, of which a good trans. by Mrs. McClure has been pub, by S.P.C.K. Cf. also F. Cabrol, Les Eglises de Jerusalem; la discipline et la liturgae au IV$^{mé}$ Siècle, Etude sur la Peregrinatio Salviae.
[G.T.S. AND H.W.]
# Cook v. Fortson

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
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United States Supreme Court
329 U.S. 675
Cook v. Fortson
On Jurisdictional Statement Distributed Oct. 12, 1946.
Rehearing Denied Nov. 25, 1946.
See 329 U.S. 829, 67 S.Ct. 296.
Messrs. Alex W. Smith and Croom Partridge, both of Atlanta, Ga., for appellants.
Messrs. J. Eugene Cook and B. D. Murphy, both of Atlanta, Ga., for appellees.
PER CURIAM.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Cook v. Burnley

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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* Cook v. Burnley (78 U.S. 659), ( 20 L.Ed. 29 ), ( 11 Wall. 659 )
* Cook v. Burnley (78 U.S. 672), ( 20 L.Ed. 84 ), ( 11 Wall. 672 )
# Cook v. Cook/Concurrence Burton

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Concurring Opinion Burton
* Dissenting Opinion Frankfurter
United States Supreme Court
342 U.S. 126
Cook v. Cook
Argued: Nov. 7, 1951. --- Decided: Dec 3, 1951
Mr. Justice BURTON concurs in the result.
Mr. Justice FRANKFURTER, dissenting.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse