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# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Mazzinghi, Joseph

From volume 2 of the work.
​MAZZINGHI, Joseph, son of Tommaso, of an ancient Corsican family, born in London in 1765, was a pupil of John Christian Bach, under whom he made such progress that, on the death of his father in 1775, he was, although but 10 years of age, appointed organist of the Portuguese Chapel. He then studied under Bertolini, Sacchini and Anfossi. In 1784 he became musical director and composer at the King's Theatre, and produced the operas of 'Il Tesoro' and 'La Belle Arsène,' besides many songs, duets, etc., for introduction into other operas, and the music for several ballets. The score of Paisiello's opera 'La Locanda' having been consumed in the fire of the Opera House in June, 1789, Mazzinghi rescored the work so faithfully as to admit of its continued performance. For the English theatre he set the following pieces;—'A Day in Turkey,' 1791; 'The Magician no Conjuror,' 1792; 'Ramah Droog,' 1793; 'The Turnpike Gate,' 1799; 'Paul and Virginia,' 1800; 'The Blind Girl,' 1801; 'Chains of the Heart,' 1802 (the last five in collaboration with Reeve); 'The Wife of two Husbands,' 1803; 'The Exile,' 1808; and 'The Free Knights,' 1810. The last piece contained the duet 'When a little farm we keep,' which for nearly half a century was highly popular and constantly introduced into other pieces, and is even now occasionally heard. The manner of its original performance was strikingly characteristic of the utter want of regard for congruity which prevailed among the stage managers of that day. Although the piece was represented as taking place in Westphalia in the 14th century, the duet was accompanied upon the pianoforte! [App. p.715 "To have made clear the incongruity in the manner of the original performance of the duet 'When a little farm we keep,' it should have been mentioned that the duet was accompanied on the pianoforte by one of the singers of it, upon the stage."]
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/McGuckin, Barton

[ A. C. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Mean

From volume 2 of the work.
​MEAN (Old Eng. Meane, Mene; Lat. Medius.) 1. An old name for a middle Voicepart, whether Alto, or Tenor.
2. A name given to the second instrument in a Concert of Viols, as in Orlando Gibbons's 'Fantasies in three parts, for Viols,' reprinted by the Musical Antiquarian Society.
3. The name of the Second and Third Strings of the Viol—the former being called the Small, and the latter, the Great Meane.
4. The title of an ingenious Fugue, for the Organ, composed by William Blitheman, and printed, by Hawkins, in the Appendix to Vol. V. of his History.
[ W. S. R. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/McMurdie, Joseph

From volume 2 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Mears, Richard

[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Measure (dance)

From volume 2 of the work.
[ W. B. S. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Mazurka

From volume 2 of the work.
​MAZURKA, Mazourka, Masurek, or Masure, a national Polish dance, deriving its name from the ancient Palatinate of Masovia. Mazurkas were known as early as the 16th century; they originated in national songs accompanied with dancing. They were introduced into Germany by Augustus III, Elector of Saxony and King of Poland (1733–1763), and after becoming fashionable in Paris, reached England towards 1845. The Mazurka was naturalised in Russia after the subjugation of Poland, but the Russian dance differs from the Polish in being performed by an indefinite number, while the latter is usually danced by four or eight couples. The ​Mazurka is remarkable for the variety and liberty allowed in its figures, and for the peculiar steps necessary to its performance. Indeed, the whole dance partakes of the character of an improvisation, even the invention of new steps and figures being allowable. The music (in 3-4 or 3-8 time) consists usually of two or four parts of eight bars, each part being repeated. In the earliest Mazurkas the bass was invariably on one note, usually the tonic. There is often a strong accent on the second beat of the bar, which was emphasized in the bass by the breaking off of the regular accompaniment. The tune should also end on the second beat of the bar, but in old Mazurkas there is often no definite conclusion, and the repeats are made ad libitum. The Tempo is much slower than that of the ordinary waltz. Chopin, who wrote eleven sets of Mazurkas, treated the dance in a new and characteristic manner. He extended its original forms, eliminated all vulgarity, introduced all sorts of Polish airs, and thus retained little more than the intensely national character of the original simple dance tune. (See Karasowski's Life of Chopin, chap, vii; and also the somewhat rhapsodical but still interesting remarks of Liszt in his essay on Chopin.) No less than 14 sets of his Mazurkas have been published, containing 52 in all (op. 6, 7, 17, 24, 30, 33, 41, 50, 56, 59, 63, 67, 68 and one without opus number). Weber gives the title 'Masurik' to the 4th of his six pieces for the P.F. à quatre mains (op. 10).
The following example is a simple Mazurka popular in the neighbourhood of Warsaw. The first part of the melody has a vocal accompaniment:—
[ W. B. S. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Maçon, Le

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Measure (of time)

From volume 2 of the work.
[ C. H. H. P. ]
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Milne, Sir George Frederick

See also George Milne, 1st Baron Milne on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MILNE, SIR GEORGE FREDERICK (1866-), British general, was born Nov. 5 1866 and joined the Royal Artillery in 1885. He served in the Nile Expedition of 1898, and on the staff in S. Africa throughout the war of 1899-1902, for which he was promoted brevet lieutenant-colonel and given the D.S.O. He was afterwards almost continuously on the staff until 1913, and was promoted colonel in 1905. In 1913 he became commander of the artillery of the 4th Div., with which he went out to France in 1914. He was soon promoted major-general for distinguished service, and after some months on the staff on the western front was given, in July 1915, command of the 27th Div. which, three months later, he took out to the Salonika theatre. At the end of the year he was placed in charge of an army corps there. In May 1916 Milne, who had been given the K.C.B. for his services, was advanced to the command of the British forces in Macedonia, and he occupied this responsible position under the orders of three successive French commanders-in-chief until the end of the struggle. Little progress was made during the ensuing two years, the situation scarcely lending itself to the prosecution of effectual offensive operations, and the British military authorities at home being throughout opposed to the using-up of resources in this theatre. Milne, however, filled a difficult position with unfailing tact and sound judgment, and, when a general advance at last took place in the autumn of 1918 after Bulgarian powers of resistance had become spent, the forces under his personal command contributed appreciably to the bringing about of the final victory. He had been promoted lieutenant-general in 1917 and he was, on conclusion of hostilities, given the G.C.M.G. He remained in charge of the British forces in the Near East and about the Black Sea until 1920, and his services received further recognition in 1919 by his being promoted full general.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Millet, Francis Davis

See also Francis Davis Millet on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MILLET, FRANCIS DAVIS (1846-1912), American painter (see 18.466), died in the “Titanic” disaster at sea April 15 1912.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Milne, John

See also John Milne on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MILNE, JOHN (1850-1913), British seismologist and mining engineer, was born at Liverpool Dec. 30 1850, and was educated at King's College, London, afterwards studying at the Royal School of Mines. He then worked as a mining engineer in Newfoundland and Labrador, and in 1874 went as geologist with Dr. Beke's expedition to north-western Arabia. In 1875 he was appointed professor of geology and mining in the Imperial Engineering College at Tokyo, and for nearly 20 years made his home in Japan, marrying a Japanese lady. Prof. Milne made a special study of seismology (see 8.817, 819, 820), and was recognized as the first authority on the subject. He travelled widely in the East in pursuit of his researches, and about 1880 established the seismic survey of Japan, with 968 stations. He also invented or perfected various forms of seismograph. In 1894 his books and instruments were destroyed by fire, and he returned to England, settling at Shide, I. of Wight, where he established an observing station. During the ensuing years he was largely responsible for the establishment of seismological stations throughout the world, in connexion with his work as secretary of the seismological committee of the British Association. He published two standard works, Earthquakes (1883) and Seismology (1898), besides books on scientific mining and crystallography and many papers in scientific journals. He died at Shide July 30 1913.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mill, Hugh Robert

See also Hugh Robert Mill on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MILL, HUGH ROBERT (1861-), British geographer and meteorologist, was born at Thurso May 28 1861, and was educated at Edinburgh University. In 1884 he was appointed chemist and physicist to the Scottish marine station, and in 1887 became a lecturer for the university extension movement, being at the same time (1893-9) recorder of the geographical section of the British Association. He was president of this section in 1901. In 1892 he succeeded Dr. John Scott Keltie as librarian to the Royal Geographical Society and from 1902 to 1906 was hon. secretary of the Royal Meteorological Society, becoming its president in 1907. Dr. Mill served on many committees connected with meteorology and allied subjects, including the International Council for the study of the sea (1901-8), and the Board of Trade committee on the water power of the British Isles (1918). On the death of Mr. G. J. Symons he became (1901) director of the British Rainfall Organization, and editor of British Rainfall and Symons's Meteorological Magazine, and when the organization was converted into a trust in 1910 he became chairman of trustees, a position from which he retired in 1919. From 1906 to 1919 he was rainfall expert to the Metropolitan Water Board. Dr. Mill received many honours from learned societies, including the Victoria medal of the Royal Geographical Society (1915), and the Symons medal of the Meteorological Society (1918).
His chief works are The Realm of Nature (1892; latest ed. 1913); The English Lakes (1895); Hints on the Choice of Geographical Books (1897); New Lands (1900); The Siege of the South Pole (1905) and a historical introduction to Sir Ernest Shackleton's Heart of the Antarctic (1909). He also edited International Geography (1911).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Miller, Joaquin

See also Joaquin Miller on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MILLER, JOAQUIN (1841-1913), American poet (see 18.464), died at Oakland, Cal., Feb. 17 1913.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mills, Roger Quarles

See also Roger Q. Mills on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832-1911), American legislator (see 18.475), died at Corsicana, Tex., Sept. 2 1911.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Millerand, Alexandre

See also Alexandre Millerand on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
MILLERAND, ALEXANDRE (1859-), French statesman, (see 18.465), was included in the Briand Ministry of July 1909 with the portfolio of Public Works, and in the Poincaré Ministry of Jan. 1912 he became Minister of War. He resumed this portfolio when, immediately after the outbreak of war in 1914, the Prime Minister, Viviani, desired to strengthen his team. He was Minister of War during the most difficult period when, after the first battle of the Marne, the Government had to have recourse to all sorts of improvisations in order to make good the deficiencies revealed in the country's military equipment. His administration was severely criticised by Clemenceau on account of the muddle and mismanagement which ruled the army medical services. He was also criticised with some vehemence for the delays in producing the right kind of shell and gun in adequate quantities. His extremely dogged character enabled him to withstand the many parliamentary attacks made upon his political position, and his departure from the War Office only took place when Delcassé's resignation brought about that of the whole Viviani Ministry in 1915. For the rest of the war he devoted himself to relief work, and went back to his very large practice
at the bar. After the Armistice M. Clemenceau appointed him to the posts of Commissioner-General of the Republic at Strasbourg and Administrator of Alsace-Lorraine. These posts he filled with great distinction and ability. In the elections of 1919 he played the chief part in constituting the national bloc with which the moderate parties successfully fought the elections. When Clemenceau resigned Millerand formed the new Government. He was called upon to play a big part in the protracted inter-Allied negotiations with regard to the application of the Treaty of Versailles. His political prestige grew steadily during office, and when M. Deschanel was forced to resign the presidency of the republic he succeeded him as President, being elected by 695 votes out of 892 on Sept. 23 1920.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Browne, Peter

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​Browne, Peter, Bishop of Cork; previously Provost of Trinity College. He was appointed to the former office in 1710. A very high character is given of him in Ware's Bishops, where also his generous charitable donations and bequests are mentioned. In 1730 he published a tract Against the Custom of Drinking to the Memory of the Dead, in truth levelled against those who were continually pledging to the memory of William III. It attracted considerable attention; but its only effect was that William's admirers appended to their toasts, "in spite of the Bishop of Cork." He died at Cork, 25th August 1735, and was buried at Bishopstown. Ware styles him "a great enemy to death-bed donations; an austere, retired and mortified man; his whole life was one uniform tenor of piety and true religion." "A man not unworthy of note in the philosophical annals of Ireland, as the author afterwards of the Procedure and Limits of Human Understanding, and the Divine Analogy, and as a learned, critical antagonist of Locke. … In 1700 he was known as the author of the most learned and vigorous reply then encountered by Toland's Christianity not Mysterious."
* ↑ Ecclesiæ Hiberniæ Fasti: Rev. Henry Cotton: Indices by John R. Garstin, M.A, 5 vols. Dublin, 1851–'60.
* ↑ Berkeley, George, Bishop of Cloyne, Life and Works: Alexander C. Fraser. 4 vols. Oxford, 1871.
* ↑ Ware, Sir James, Works: Walter Harris. 2 vols. Dublin, 1764.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Bunting, Edward

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​Bunting, Edward, musician and composer, was born at Armagh, February 1773. At the age of nine he lost his father, and went to live with his brother in Drogheda. His extraordinary talents soon showed themselves, and when only eleven years old he was appointed sub-organist of a church in Belfast. There he became intimate with the McCracken family, who proved his best friends all through life. The boy taught music; and it is related that his ears were occasionally boxed by irate young lady pupils, who resented his necessary criticisms upon their performances. As he grew older, his attention was mainly directed towards the collection of ancient Irish airs—especially after 1792, when there was an assemblage of Irish harpers at Belfast; and his life may be said to have been principally devoted to this pursuit—for which he was well qualified, were it not for a spoiled, dilatory, wayward, and more or less dissipated disposition. His publications supplied Moore with many of the airs for his Melodies. Bunting's last ambition was, as he himself expressed, "as he was the first to give to the world a regularly arranged selection of our national airs, to terminate his labours by leaving behind him a complete, uniform, and, he trusts, very nearly perfect collection of Irish music." He died in Dublin, 21st December 1843, aged 70, and was buried in the cemetery of Mount-Jerome. Moore, in his Journal, speaks of one volume of Bunting's collection as "a mere mess of trash; "but bears testimony to the good-nature and good sense with which Bunting hailed his success, dimming, as it inevitably did, Bunting's hopes of fame from his own collections of Irish music.$^{(29)}$
* ↑ Dublin University Magazine. Dublin, 1833–'77.
* ↑ Moore, Thomas, Memoir, Journal and Correspondence: Lord John Russell. 8 vols. London, 1850–'6.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Browne, George

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​Browne, George, Archbishop of Dublin. As friar of the order of St. Augustin, he commended himself to Henry VIII.'s notice, and on the murder of Archbishop Allen by the FitzGeralds,he was appointed to the see of Dublin, and consecrated by Cranmer, 19th March 1535. He continued an ardent advocate of the Reformation through life. He wrote to Thomas Cromwell in 1535, that he had "endeavoured almost to the hazard of his life to reduce the nobility and gentry of Ireland to due obedience in owning the King their supreme head as well spiritual as temporal, but that he was much opposed therein especially by Cromer, Archbishop of Armagh." He followed all Henry VIII.'s changes, opportunely supporting them with Scriptural arguments. In his efforts to establish the Reformation in Ireland, he met with but slight success, and Henry found it difficult to reconcile himself to this, seeing how readily his English subjects accorded. The Bishop of Meath and other prelates met him with open resistance, "and his attempts to displace the images and relics from the cathedrals of Dublin were stubbornly opposed by his clergy, who despatched a secret emissary to Rome, to bear their assurances of devotion and implore for aid." Browne also met much opposition from Lord Grey and others high in power. In 1542 we find him successfully contending in a lawsuit with Lord Howth concerning the ownership of Ireland's Eye. On Mary's accession he was, as a married man, deprived of his see, and he died soon afterwards. Ussher describes him as "a man of cheerful countenance; in his acts and conduct, plain and downright; to the poor, merciful and ​compassionate." It is surmised that he died about 1556.
* ↑ Ware, Sir James, Works: Walter Harris. 2 vols. Dublin, 1764.
* ↑ Irishmen, Lives of Illustrious and Distinguished, Rev. James Wills, D.D. 6 vols. or 12 parts. Dublin, 1840–'7.
* ↑ Ecclesiæ Hiberniæ Fasti: Rev. Henry Cotton: Indices by John R. Garstin, M.A, 5 vols. Dublin, 1851–'60.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Browne, George, Count de

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​Browne, George, Count de, an Irish soldier of fortune, born 15th June 1698. He distinguished himself in the Russian service, against the Poles, French, and Turks. His life was one of constant adventure, and he was thrice taken prisoner and sold as a slave. Appointed Field-Marshal under Peter III.,the government of Livonia was committed to him. At the end of thirty years he was anxious to retire from public duties; but the Empress Catherine would not consent to lose his services. He died in 1792, aged about 94.
* ↑ Biographical Dictionary, Imperial: Edited by John F. Waller. 3 vols. London, N. D.
* ↑ Biographical Treasury: Samuel Maunder. London, 1870.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Burgh, Walter Hussey

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​Burgh, Walter Hussey, an Irish statesman, was born, probably at Donore, County of Kildare, 23rd August 1742. His father's name was Ignatius Hussey. At college he was distinguished for poetic tastes and brilliant talents. He assumed the name of Burgh upon the death of a maternal uncle, the Rev. Rickard Burgh, whose estates in the County of Limerick he inherited. Nominated to a borough by the Duke of Leinster in 1768, he took a leading part in opposing Lord Townshend's government. Under Lord Buckingham's administration he obtained the rank of Prime-Sergeant. In 1779, he was returned for the University, and, on the address to the Lord-Lieutenant, after a spirited debate, he moved a resolution already concerted with Grattan: "That it is not by temporary expedients, but by a free trade alone, that this nation is now to be saved from impending ruin." In the same year his speech on limiting the supplies to six months, in consequence of the national demands not being complied with, was a splendid piece of oratory. Mr. Froude, in speaking of this debate, writes: "It was in these debates that Hussey Burgh made his reputation as an orator, by the famous sentence so often quoted. Some one had said Ireland was at peace. 'Talk not to me of peace,' said Hussey Burgh, 'Ireland is not at peace; it is smothered war. England has sown her laws as dragon's teeth, and they have sprung up as armed men.' Never yet had Grattan so moved the Irish House of Commons as it was moved at these words. From the floor the applause rose to the gallery. From the gallery it was thundered to the crowd at the door. From the door it rung through the city. As the tumult calmed down, Hussey Burgh rose again, and, amidst a renewed burst of cheers, declared that he resigned the office he held under the Crown. 'The gates of promotion are shut,' exclaimed Grattan, 'and the gates of glory are opened.'" After the Revolution of 1782, he was appointed Chief-Baron of the Exchequer. He died 29th September 1783, aged 41. Fond of ostentatious display, it is said that he left his family in embarrassed circumstances; and that Grattan obtained ​a grant from Parliament for their benefit. Flood remarked of him: "He did not live to be ennobled by patent—he was ennobled by nature." Lord Temple wrote: "No one had that steady decided weight which he possessed in the judgment and affections of his country; and no one had more decidedly that inilexible and constitutional integrity which the times and circumstances peculiarly call for." His grandson held the family estates in 1868, and was High-Sheriff of Kildare in 1839-40.
* ↑ Barrington, Sir Jonah, Personal Sketches of his own Time: Townsend Young, LL.D. 2 vols. London, 1869.
* ↑ Burke, Sir Bernard: Landed Gentry. 2 vols. London, 1871.
* ↑ Froude, James A.: The English in Ireland in the Eighteenth Century. 3 vols. London, 1872–'4.
* ↑ Grattan Henry, his Life and Times: Henry Grattan. 5 vols. London, 1839–'46.
* ↑ Irishmen, Lives of Illustrious and Distinguished, Rev. James Wills, D.D. 6 vols. or 12 parts. Dublin, 1840–'7.
# A Compendium of Irish Biography/Browne, Patrick

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​Browne, Patrick, M.D., was born at Woodstock, County of Mayo, in 1720. For several years he resided with a relative in Antigua; but ill-health compelled his return to Europe. He studied and took his degree of M.D. at Leyden, where he formed an intimacy with Linnaeus and other eminent naturalists. After practising two years in London, he returned to the West Indies, and made collections of the fauna and flora of the islands. In 1755 he published in London a map of Jamaica. Next year he brought out his Civil and Natural History of Jamaica. Altogether he made six visits to the West Indies. The latter part of his life was spent in Mayo. In 1774 his catalogues of the birds and fishes of Ireland appeared in Exshaw's Magazine; and in 1788 appeared in Latin, English, and Irish, a short Fasciculus Plantarum Hiberniæ. He died at Rushbrook, County of Mayo, 29th August 1790, aged about 70, and was buried at Crossboyne.$^{(1795)}$