OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tasso, Torquato

See also Torquato Tasso on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Tasso, Torquato (tăs′sō̇, tor-kwä′to), an Italian poet, was born at Sorrento, March 11, 1544. His father, also a poet, lived in exile, and Torquato was brought up by his mother, and went to school to the Jesuits till his tenth year, when he joined his father at Rome. He passed some years in study and in helping his father by copying and correcting, when he left for Padua to study law, where he wrote Rinaldo, his first poem, and, after a course of philosophy at Bologna, returned to become a member of a literary academy established by one of his friends. While at the court of Alphonso II, duke of Ferrara, in 1575, Tasso finished his masterpiece, Jerusalem Delivered, but rashly sent it to a society of scholars, critics and churchmen at Rome, instead of publishing it at once. Their criticisms drove him to madness. He believed he had been denounced to the Inquisition and one evening in 1577 he drew his dagger to stab a servant, whom he fancied to be one of his secret enemies. He was imprisoned, but escaped to his birthplace, where he recovered his reason. Two visits to Ferrara were followed by two returns of madness, after one of which he suffered an imprisonment of seven years, being set free in 1586. In 1595 the excitement of visiting Rome to be crowned a poet — the same honor which had been bestowed on Petrarch — caused an illness from which he died on April 25. See Milman’s Life of Torquato Tasso.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Taste

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​Taste, the sense by which such properties of substance as sweet, sour, bitter, salt etc. are distinguished. The principal organ of taste is the tongue, especially its sides, base and tip. The soft palate and the arches of the palate also have the sense of taste. The sense of taste is weakened by any great change in temperature, either of heat or cold, as after holding the tongue in ice-water or in very hot water the taste of sugar will not be noticed. It is necessary that bodies to be tasted should be dissolved, so as to come in contact with ​the nerves of taste. Any substance which will not dissolve in the fluids of the mouth will be found to be tasteless, and only recognized by the sense of touch in the tongue. Bitters and acids excite sensations of taste in the most diluted forms. One part of quinine in 1,000,000 parts of water can be easily distinguished from pure water. The sense of smell (q. v.) is affected by most substances as well as the sense of taste, and taste and smell together form what is called the flavor. The great use of the sense of taste is to direct in the choice of food, and in the lower animals it is even a surer guide than in man. Usually articles that are agreeable to the taste are desirable for food.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tauchnitz, Karl Christoph Traugott

See also Karl Christoph Traugott Tauchnitz on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Tauchnitz (touk′nits), Karl Christoph Traugott, a famous German printer and bookseller, was born at Grosspardau, near Leipsic, Germany, in 1761. Bred a printer, he began a small printing-business of his own in Leipsic in 1796. Publishing and type-founding were added, and it became one of the largest establishments of the kind in Germany. In 1809 he began to issue classic works in such fine and cheap editions that they circulated throughout Europe. By offering a prize of a ducat for every error pointed out, he brought out a remarkably correct edition of Homer. In 1816 he introduced stereotyping into Germany and applied it to music, an experiment which had not been tried before. The well-known Tauchnitz edition of English authors, which numbers over 3,700 volumes, was begun in 1842 by his nephew. The older Tauchnitz died in 1836.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tartars

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Tar'tars, in the widest sense include all the tribes living in the tablelands of central and northern Asia who are not of Aryan blood, that is, the Tartars proper, the Kirghiz, the Kalmucks, the Manchu Tartars, the Mongols proper and the Tungusians. In a narrower sense they comprise the Mongolian or Turanian people of Turkestan (q. v.). These tribes are the wandering Kirghiz, the Uzbegs, who are the ruling class, the Kiptchaks, the Buddhist Kalmucks of eastern Turkestan and many other tribes. In central Asia the words Turk and Tartar are used interchangeably to mean Mongolian. Tartar tribes, as distinct from Turks, formed the bulk of the great Mongolian migrations from the 4th to the 10th century, which planted the Tartar in southern Russia. Tartars and Turks (q. v.) made up the hordes which followed Genhis Khan (q. v.) and Timur (q. v.).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tattooing

​Tattoo′ing, a widespread custom among savages of marking the skin with figures by means of slight cuts or punctures and a coloring matter. It is almost universal in the islands of the Pacific. New Zealanders often cover the whole face and sometimes the chest, arms and other parts of the body with tattoo patterns. A boy is tattooed on entering manhood; the operation causes considerable pain but is born unflinchingly. A bone, edged with teeth, is dipped in a thick mixture of charcoal and water, and hammered through the skin by means of a piece of wood. The marks last for life, and look black on a brown skin, but are dark-blue on the skin of a European or American. Tattooing seems to have been common among the nations with whom the Jews came in contact, as they were forbidden to practice it. The Bedouin Arabs and many tribes of American Indians tattoo, and sailors all over the world print anchors and other marks on their arms.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tula

See also Tula, Russia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Tu′la, a city in Russia, on Upa River, i re miles south of Moscow. It has a large cannon-factory and manufactory of arms, founded by Peter the Great, and nearly 800 other factories which supply the Russian army with arms. Cutlery, locks, tea-urns and bells are made in large quantities, and the preparation of bristles for market is a large industry. Population 114,733.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tuileries, Palace of the

See also Tuileries Palace on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Tuileries (twē′le-riz), Palace of the, a famous domicile of French royalty, now destroyed, in Paris, on the right bank of the Seine and adjoining the Louvre. The site originally was a tile-field, whence the origin of the name (the word signifying a tile-kiln). The palace was commenced in 1654 as a residence for Catherine de Medici, and was enlarged by Henry IV and by Louis XIV, the attached grounds being converted into ornamental gardens. When the palace of Versailles was erected, the Tuileries ceased to some extent to be used by the French kings. In the Revolution it was stormed and sacked by the frenzied Parisian mob (1792), and for a time became the seat of the national convention which governed France after abolishing monarchy. The Tuileries were also attacked and taken in the insurrections of 1830 and 1848, and during the Commune (1871) the buildings were burned, the ruins not being removed till 12 years later. Nothing of the palace remains except the pavilions which flanked it. In their restored order they terminate the two galleries or extended arms of the Louvre (q. v.).
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tweedie, Hon. L. J.

See also Lemuel John Tweedie on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Twee′die, Hon. L. J., was born at Chatham, New Brunswick, in 1849. Called to the bar in 1871 and elected to the legislature in 1874, he was surveyor-general in 1890, and became provincial secretary in the Mitchell administration and in the Emerson government. He became premier and provincial secretary in 1900, and was appointed lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick in 1907.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Twilight

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​Twi′light is the faint light before sunrise and after sunset, which is produced by the reflection by the atmosphere of the sun's rays when it is still below the horizon. If we had no atmosphere, we should have no light until the exact moment when the sun would rise and no light after the sun had set. The sun must be approximately 18° below the horizon at any place before the twilight will entirely cease; so in the polar region where the sun is nearer the horizon than 18° there will be twilight all night, or rather there will be no complete night. Just what there is in the earth's atmosphere that reflects the sunlight is yet unknown. It may be dust-particles; it may be minute crystals of ice; it may be pure air itself.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tweed, William Marcy

See also William M. Tweed on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Tweed, William Marcy, an American politician, was born at New York, April 3, 1823. He held the different offices of alderman, congressman, supervisor of the city of New York, school and street commissioner and state senator. While commissioner of public works in 1870, he and his followers, constituting the famous Tweed Ring, used large amounts of public funds for their own purposes. After several trials Tweed was convicted of fraud and sentenced to 12 years' imprisonment and the payment of $12,550 as a fine. He was confined at Blackwell's Island, but his imprisonment was declared illegal by the court of appeals. Several other suits had been brought against him, and he was again imprisoned for want of the $3,000,000 of bail required. He escaped to Spain, but was recaptured, and died in jail in New York City on April 12, 1878.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tweed

See also Tweed River on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Tweed, the most famous river in Scotland, rises in Peebleshire, flows for about 20 miles northeast and then in an easterly direction, emptying into the North Sea at Berwick in England. It is 95 miles long, but navigable only a few miles from its mouth. It owes its fame to beautiful scenery and historical associations. Crossing the heart of the Borders between England and Scotland, it has been the scene of many a deadly struggle, and its name is frequent in ballad and story.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Twickenham

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​Twickenham (twĭk′en-am), a village in Middlesex, England, on the Thames opposite Richmond. It is known as the residence of Pope, whose grotto is still to be seen and whose monument is in the parish church. Strawberry Hill, famous as the home of Walpole, is near by, and the Orleans house, used by Louis Philippe while in England and still belonging to his family, is in the town. Population 20,991.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Turtle

See also Turtle on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Turtle, a general name for all reptiles having the body inclosed between an upper shield (carapax) and a lower shield (plastron). Names like tortoise and terrapin apply to particular kinds of turtles, but the general name embraces the green turtle, famous for making soups, the loggerhead turtle, soft-shelled turtle, snapping-turtle, pond-turtle, terrapin, tortoise and others. They inhabit both fresh and salt water, and some forms are terrestrial. Many kinds are sought for food.
Unlike tortoises and terrapins which have feet adapted for walking on land, the true turtles or sea-turtles have their limbs in the form of flippers or paddles, suited to their aquatic life and enabling them to swim with great swiftness. Their bodies also are so depressed or flattened as to facilitate their progress through the water. The head is so placed upon the neck as to permit the nostrils to be raised above the surface of the water for breathing, and the nostrils can be closed by a fleshy valve. The turtles live in the sea and come to the shore only for breeding. Their eggs are soft, differing in this respect from those of the tortoise and terrapin. The best known species is the green turtle, famous as the source of the turtle-soup so widely prized. It is a vegetarian, feeding upon seaweed. It reaches a length of 42 inches and its shell is olive or brown with yellowish spots. The hawksbill-turtle feeds upon animal substances and is not itself used for food, but is prized for the mottled shields of its shell which furnish the tortoise-shell of commerce. The loggerhead-turtle is known by its enormous head and hooked beak. It is the largest species, and readily crushes a conch-shell in its strong beak.
Turtles never leave the sea except to lay eggs. They scramble along clumsily, and if turned on their backs they are helpless. Turtles generally come ashore on moonlight nights and often utter a loud hissing noise. Audubon writes that when the female turtle is once landed she “proceeds to form a hole in the sand by removing it from under her body with her hind flippers. The hole is dug to the depth of 18 inches or two feet. The eggs are then dropped one by one and disposed in regular layers to the number of 150 or sometimes nearly 200. She now scratches back the loose sand and so levels and smoothes the surface that few persons on seeing the spot could imagine that anything had been done to it. This accomplished to her mind, she retreats to the water with all possible dispatch, leaving the hatching of the eggs to the heat of the sand.” The eggs of turtles are prized as food. Large numbers of turtles are caught by turning them on their backs when on land. Sometimes they are harpooned; sometimes they are pursued in shallow water by men in canoe or boat, and when overtaken, a man springs upon the turtle’s back and clings to it until it is tired out and secured.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tuscaroras

See also Tuscarora (tribe) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Tus'caro'ras, a tribe of American Indians, one of the Six Nations of the Iroquois family, found in North Carolina at its settlement. After difficulties with the whites, in which many of the Indians were killed or taken prisoners, a part of the tribe fled to New York,.where they settled on Lake Oneida, and still have a reservation in that state. In 1829 North Carolina bought the lands still held in that state by the Tuscaroras. The name means a shirt-wearer.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Tulip

See also Tulip on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Tu′lip, species of Tulipa, a genus of the lily family, and native to Central Asia. They are extensively cultivated for their beautiful flowers, and over 1,000 garden-varieties have been catalogued. Haarlem in Holland is the chief source for tulip bulbs. In the 17th century the cultivation of tulips became a mania in Holland, and enormous prices were often paid for single bulbs of some rare variety.
# The Poetical Works of Robert Burns/Epistle to a Young Friend

EPISTLE TO A YOUNG FRIEND.
MAY, 1786.
# The Poetical Works of Robert Burns/Despondency

DESPONDENCY.
AN ODE.
# The Poetical Works of Robert Burns/Blithe was she

BLITHE WAS SHE.
TUNE—'ANDRO AND HIS CUTTIE GUN.'
# The Poetical Works of Robert Burns/Dainty Davie

DAINTY DAVIE.
# The Poetical Works of Robert Burns/Death and Doctor Hornbook

DEATH AND DOCTOR HORNBOOK.
A TRUE STORY.
# The Poetical Works of Robert Burns/Epistle to Davie, a Brother Poet

EPISTLE TO DAVIE, A BROTHER POET.
January, 1784.
# The Poetical Works of Robert Burns/Fair Eliza

FAIR ELIZA.
TUNE—'THE BONIE BRUCKET LASSIE.'
# The Poetical Works of Robert Burns/Epitaph on Holy Willie

EPITAPH ON HOLY WILLIE.
# The New International Encyclopædia/San José (Costa Rica)

Edition of 1905. See also San José, Costa Rica on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SAN JOSÉ, Hṓ-sā′. The capital of Costa Rica, situated 44 miles east of Puntarenas, on the Pacific coast, and 68 miles west of Limón, on the Atlantic coast (Map: Central America, E 6). It is regularly built, with broad macadamized streets crossing at right angles, and all lighted by electric incandescent lamps. There are several fine squares containing park-like gardens. The most prominent buildings and institutions are the cathedral, the National Museum, the school of law, a seminary, the National Library, and the Institute of Physical Geography. The elevation of the town above the sea is 3868 feet. It has a temperate climate and a good water supply. It is the centre of a rich agricultural region, and the principal station on the transcontinental railroad from Limón to Puntarenas. Population, in 1897, 25,000. San José was founded in 1738 and became the capital of Costa Rica on the establishment of independence in 1823.
# The New International Encyclopædia/San José de Buena Vista

Edition of 1905. See also San Jose de Buenavista, Antique on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SAN JOSÉ DE BUENA VISTA, sän Hṓ-sā′ dắ bwā′nȧ-vēs′tȧ. The capital of the Province of Antique, in Panay, Philippines (Map: Philippine Islands, F 9). It is on the coast in the southern part of the province, is a port of entry, and has an active coasting trade with Iloilo. Population, estimated, in 1899, 5621.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sanborn, Franklin Benjamin

Edition of 1905. See also Franklin Benjamin Sanborn on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
SAN′BORN, Franklin Benjamin (1831—). An American journalist and social reformer, born at Hampton Falls, N. H. He was graduated at Harvard in 1855, and in 1856 was made secretary of the Massachusetts Kansas Committee, which led to his knowledge of John Brown, with whose fame he was closely connected. Later he was active in the Massachusetts State Board of Charity, of which he was secretary (1863-68) and chairman (1874-76). He reformed the Tewksbury Almshouse, aided in founding the Massachusetts Infant Asylum and the Clark Institution for Deaf Mutes, and in ameliorating the treatment of the insane. In 1879 he was made inspector of charities. He was also active in the organization of the American Social Science Association, of which he became (1873) chief secretary, and he aided in establishing the Concord Summer School of Philosophy (1879). For several years, beginning with 1868, he was editorially connected with the Springfield Republican. He wrote Lives of Thoreau (1882), of John Brown (1885), his most important book, of A. Bronson Alcott, Emerson, and Dr. S. E. Howe; and edited William E. Channing's Wanderer (1871); Bronson Alcott's Sonnets and Canzonettes (1882); his New Connecticut (1886); and for a time The Journal of Social Science. A brief study of Emerson appeared in the Beacon Biographies (1901); and later he edited essays of Thoreau and poems by W. E. Channing the younger.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sand-grouse

Edition of 1905. See also Sandgrouse on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SAND-GROUSE. A game bird of the family Pteroclidæ, related more nearly to the pigeons than to the grouse. There are rather more than sixteen species, chiefly African, but five are Asiatic and two of these occur also in Europe. They are in all important respects terrestrial pigeons, modified for a grouse-like life. The genus Syrrhaptes contains the three-toed forms, of which there are two species. They have the feet feathered. The tail is long and pointed, the middle feathers filamentous and long-exserted. Both species occur in Asia, but occasionally migrate into Europe, even as far as England, in great numbers. The genus Pterocles contains the four-toed forms, of which the best known is the common or ‘banded’ sand-grouse (Pterocles arenaria), abundant in Southeastern Europe. Another species (Pterocles alchata) also occurs in Europe and is sometimes called ganga, a name occasionally extended to the whole family. Consult: Morris, British Game Birds (London, 1891); Bryden, Nature and Sport in South Africa (London, 1897); Elliot, “A Study of the Pteroclidæ,” in Proceedings of the Zoölogical Society of London (London, 1878). See Plate of Partridges, etc.
# The New International Encyclopædia/San José (California)

Edition of 1905. See also San Jose, California on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SAN JOSÉ, sän Hṓ-sā′, or, colloquially, săn ṓ-zā′. The county-seat of Santa Clara County, Cal., 50 miles south by east of San Francisco, on the Southern Pacific and the Central Pacific railroads (Map: California, C 3). It is situated in the beautiful Santa Clara Valley, and is a popular health resort. San José is the seat of the University of the Pacific (Methodist Episcopal), with handsome buildings and a campus covering 17 acres; the College of Notre Dame, a Roman Catholic institution, opened in 1851; and a State Normal School. Noteworthy also are the city hall, court house and hall of records, the post office building, and the high school building. The city has a public library and the San José Library. There are two parks—Saint James and the City Hall Park. Alum Rock Park, 7 miles distant, with its mineral springs and picturesque scenery, and the Lick Observatory (q.v.), on the summit of Mount Hamilton, 18 miles to the east, attract many vistors. San José is the centre of the Santa Clara Valley, which produces large quantities of prunes, apricots, peaches, cherries, grapes, olives, wheat, and barley. It is an important fruit packing and shipping point, and also ranks high industrially. In the census year 1900 the various industries had an invested capital of $3,534,136, and a production valued at $4,584,072. There are foundries, fruit canning and drying establishments, marble works, and manufactories of wine and malt liquors, leather, windmills, etc. The government, under the revised charter of 1897, is vested in a mayor, elected every two years, and a unicameral council. Population, in 1890, 18,060; in 1900, 21,500. The Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe was founded here in 1777, and the Mission of San José was established near by in 1797. In 1840 a small force took possession for the United States, and from 1849 to 1851 San José was the capital of California. Consult: Hall, History of San José and surroundings (San Francisco, 1871); Mars, Reminiscences of Santa Clara Valley and San José (ib., 1901).
# The New International Encyclopædia/San José (Guatemala)

Edition of 1905. See also Puerto San José on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SAN JOSÉ. The principal seaport on the Pacific Coast of Guatemala, situated 54 miles southwest of the city of Guatemala, with which it is connected by rail (Map: Central America, B 4). The harbor is provided with an iron pier, and is a station for several lines of steamers. The town exports coffee, sugar, cotton, dyestuffs, and lumber.
# The New International Encyclopædia/San José (Philippine Islands)

Edition of 1905. See also San Jose, Batangas on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SAN JOSÉ. A town of Luzon, in the Province of Batangas, Philippine Islands. It lies 7 miles north of Batangas on the projected Manila-Batangas Railroad. Population, 10,000.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Sana

Edition of 1905. See also Sana'a on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SANA, or SANAA, sȧ-nä′. The capital of the Turkish Vilayet of Yemen, Arabia, situated in a beautiful valley at an altitude of 7300 feet (Map: Turkey in Asia, Q 12). The city is surrounded by high brick walls, and dominated by the fortress of Jebal Nigcim. The old white-washed palace of the Imams, now the residence of the Turkish Governor, is a prominent feature. There are numerous mosques, public baths, and caravanserais. The city has excellent bazaars, and there is a flourishing trade in aloes, skins, coffee, indigo, and gum arabic. There are manufactures of carpets, arms, jewelry, silks, and cottons. Sana was taken by the Turks in 1872. Population, estimated at 50,000.
# The New International Encyclopædia/San José de Cúcuta

Edition of 1905. See also Cúcuta on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ SAN JOSÉ DE CÚCUTA, kōō′kōō-tȧ, or simply Cúcuta. A town in the Department of Santander, Colombia, situated on the Tachira, near the Venezuelan frontier (Map: Colombia, C 2). Since the earthquake which destroyed the town in 1875 it has been reconstructed with broad clean streets and a large square. It is a centre of trade between Santander and Venezuela, and is the terminus of a railroad to Puerto Villamizar. Population, 13,000.