OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Dictionary of Hymnology/Appendix/Z

Z
Zeal for Christ which will not tire. A. Midlane. [Zeal for Christ.] Written Aug. 14, 1862, and printed in the London Messenger, Sept. 1864.
Zehner, Samuel, D.D., p. 54, ii. 2. B. at Suhl in Thuringia, May 4, 1594; became pastor and superintendent at Schleusingen, 1632, and d. there April 27, 1635.
Zinzendorf, Nicolaus Ludwig, Count von, p. 1301, ii. The Rev. J. T. Müller of Herrnhut, has kindly supplied the following additional notes to certain of Zinzendorf's hymns:—
i. Ach Bein von meinen Beinen, p. 1302, ii. This is st. v., vi. of the hymn "Gedanken und Ideen, Ach die vorzeitigen," 1st pub. in his Kinderbüchlein, vol. vi., No. 3, dated Aug. 18, 1755.
x. Ich bin ein kleines Kindelein, p. 1303, i., 1st appeared as an Appx. to the catechism, Lautere Milch der Wahrheit von Jesu Christo, pub. in June 1723.
xvi. Ruht aus von eurer Mühe, p. 1303, ii. Written Feb. 6, 1737, at London, on receiving the news of the death of some of the Brethren on the island of St. Thomas.
xix. Wenn sich die Kinder freuen, p. 1303, ii., 1st pub. in Gemeintagslectionen, dated Jan. 12, 1752.
xxv. Du innig geliebter Erlöser der Sünder, p. 1304, i. Written for the birthday of his daughter Benigna (p. 769, ii., No. 40), Dec. 28, 1735.
xxxiii, Schau von deinem Thron, p. 1304, ii. Written in December 1720 for his cousin Theodora (see No. xxxvi. at p. 1305, i.). The initial letters of ll. 1–30 form the acrostic Sophia Theodora Graefin zu Castell; and the initial letters of ll. 31–36 were intended to represent "Friede sei mit dir verliebte Schwester."
# A Dictionary of Hymnology/Ave, plena gratiâ, cujus

​Ave, plena gratiâ, cujus. Anon. [The Purification.] In the revised Paris Missal of 1736, this hymn is given as the Sequence for the Feast of the Purification. The text is in Card. Newman's Hymni Ecclesiae, 1838 and 1865.
Translations in C. U.:—
1. Ave, Mary, full of grace. By W. J. Copeland. 1st pub. in his Hymns for the Week, &c, 1848, p. 111, in 10 st. of 3 l., and repeated in Rorison's Hymns and Anthems, 1851, and later editions, in 5 st. of 6 l.
2. Jesus, Son of Mary, hail, No. 73 in Murray's Hymnal, 1852, and some later collections, is Copeland's tr. slightly altered.
3. In His Mother's pure embrace. No. 346 in the Hymnary is the same tr. altered by the editors of that selection.
4. Hail, thou Mother, full of grace, in the Altar Hymnal, 1884, is also Copeland's tr. altered by C. R.
Another tr. not in C.U. is, "Mary, hail to thee, we sing," in the Monthly Packet, Feb., 1868.
# A Dictionary of Hymnology/Ave regina coelorum

Translation in C. U.:—
Hail, O Queen of Heaven enthroned! By E. Caswall, in his Lyra Catholica, 1849, p. 39, in 8 lines; and again in his Hys. & Poems, 1873, p. 23. It is largely used in Roman Catholic collections for schools and missions. Another tr. is "Hail, thou mighty Queen of heaven," by J. R. Beste, in his Church Hymns, 1849, p. 66. It is not in C. U.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wreath

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​WREATH (O. Eng. wræð, from wrīðan, to twist), a band of leaves, flowers or metal, twisted into a circular form, and used either as a chaplet or diadem for the head or as an ornament to be hung upon or round an object. For the ancient usages of crowning victors in the games with wreaths, and the bestowal of them as marks of honour see Crown and Coronet.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wright, Carroll Davidson

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​WRIGHT, CARROLL DAVIDSON (1840-1909), American statistician, was born at Dunbarton, New Hampshire, on the 25th of July 1840. He began to study law in 1860, but in 1862 enlisted as a private in a New Hampshire volunteer regiment. He became colonel in 1864, and served as assistant-adjutant-general of a brigade in the Shenandoah Valley campaign. He was admitted to the New Hampshire bar after the war, and in 1867 became a member of the Massachusetts and United States bars. From 1872 to 1873 he served in the Senate of Massachusetts, and from 1873 to 1878 he was chief of the Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor. He was U.S. commissioner of labour from 1885 to 1905, and in 1893 was placed in charge of the Eleventh Census. In 1894 he was chairman of the commission which investigated the great railway strike of Chicago, and in 1902 was a member of the Anthracite Strike Commission. He was honorary professor of social economics in the Catholic university of America from 1895 to 1904; in 1900 became professor of statistics and social economics in Columbian (now George Washington) University, from 1900 to 1901 was university lecturer on wage statistics at Harvard, and in 1903 was a member of the special committee appointed to revise the labour laws of Massachusetts. In 1902 he was chosen president of Clark College, Worcester, Mass., where he was also professor of statistics and social economics from 1904 until his death. Dr Wright was president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1903, and in 1907 received the Cross of the Legion of Honour for his work in improving industrial conditions, a similar honour having been conferred upon him in 1906 by the Italian government. He died on the 20th of February 1909.
His publications include The Factory System of the United States (1880); Relation of Political Economy to the Labor Question (1882); History of Wages and Prices in Massachusetts, 1752-1883 (1885); The Industrial Evolution of the United States (1887); Outline of Practical Sociology (1899); Battles of Labor (1906); and numerous pamphlets and monographs on social and economic topics.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wrede, Karl Philipp, Prince von

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​WREDE, KARL PHILIPP. Prince von (1767-1838), Bavarian field-marshal, was born at Heidelberg on the 29th of April 1767, and educated, for the career of a civil official under the Palatinate government, but on the outbreak of the campaign of 1799 he raised a volunteer corps in the Palatinate and was made its colonel. This corps excited the mirth of the well-drilled Austrians with whom it served, but its colonel soon brought it into a good condition, and it distingtiished itself during Kray's retreat on Ulm. At Hohenlinden Wrede commanded one of the Palatinate infantry brigades with credit, and after the peace of Lunéville he was made lieutenant-general in the Bavarian army, which was entering upon a period of reforms. Wrede soon made himself very popular, and distinguished himself in opposing the Austrian invasion of 1805. The Bavarians were for several years the active allies of Napoleon, and Wrede was ​engaged in the campaign against Prussia, winning especial distinction at Pultusk. But the contemptuous attitude of the French towards the Bavarian troops, and accusations of looting against himself, exasperated the general's fiery temper, and both in 1807 and in 1809 even outward harmony was only maintained by the tact of the king of Bavaria. In the latter year, under Lefebvre, Wrede conducted the rearguard operations on the Isar and the Abens, commanded the Bavarians in the bitter Tirolese war, was wounded in the decisive attack at Wagram, and returned to Tirol in November to complete the subjection of the mountaineers. Napoleon made him a count of the Empire in this year. But after a visit to France, recognizing that Napoleon would not respect the independence of the Rhine states, and that the empire would collapse under the emperor's ambitions, he gradually went over to the anti-French party in Bavaria, and though he displayed his usual vigour in the Russian campaign, the retreat convinced him that Napoleon's was a losing cause and he left the army. At first his resignation was not accepted, but early in 1813 he was allowed to return to Bavaria to reorganize the Bavarian army. But he had no intention of using that army on Napoleon's side, and when the king of Bavaria resolved at last to join Napoleon's enemies, Wrede's army was ready to take the field. In concert with Schwarzenberg Wrede threw himself across Napoleon's line of retreat from Germany at Hanau, but on the 30th of October he was driven off the road with heavy losses. Nexc year, after recovering from a dangerous wound, he led a corps in the invasion of France, and supported Blücher's vigorous policy. In 1815 the Bavarians took the field but were not actively engaged. After Waterloo, Wrede, who had been made a prince in 1814, played a conspicuous part in Bavarian politics as the opponent of Montgelas, whom he succeeded in power in 1817, and in 1S35 he was made head of the council of regency during the king's absence. He died on the 12th of December 1838.
See lives by Riedel (1844) and Heilmann (1881).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wright, Chauncey

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​WRIGHT, CHAUNCEY (1830-1875), American philosopher and mathematician, was born at Northampton, Mass., on the 20th of September 1830, and died at Cambridge, Mass., on the 12th of September 1875. In 1852 he graduated at Harvard, and became computer to the American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac. He made his name by contributions on mathematical and physical subjects in the Mathematical Monthly. He soon, however, turned his attention to metaphysics and psychology, and for the North American Review and later for the National he wrote philosophical essays on the lines of Mill, Darwin and Spencer. In 1870-71 he lectured on psychology at Harvard. Although, in general, he adhered to the evolution theory, he was a free lance in thought. Among his essays may be mentioned The Evolution of Self-Consciousness and two articles published in 1871 on the Genesis of Species. Of these, the former endeavours to explain the most elaborate psychical activities of men as developments of elementary forms of conscious processes in the animal kingdom as a whole; the latter is a defence of the theory of natural selection against the attacks of St George Mivart, and appeared in an English edition on the suggestion of Darwin. From 1863 to 1870 he was secretary and recorder to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and in the last year of his life he lectured on mathematical physics at Harvard.
His essays were collected and published by C. E. Norton in 1877, and his Letters were edited and privately printed at Cambridge, Mass., in 1878 by James Bradley Thayer.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wraxall, Sir Nathaniel William

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​WRAXALL, SIR NATHANIEL WILLIAM (1751–1831), English author, was born in Queen’s Square, Bristol, on the 8th of April 1751. He was the son of a Bristol merchant, Nathaniel Wraxall, and his wife Anne, great niece of Sir James Thornhill the painter. He entered the employment of the East India Company in 1769, and served as judge-advocate and paymaster during the expeditions against Guzerat and Baroche in 1771. In the following year he left the service of the company and returned to Europe. He visited Portugal and was presented to the court, of which he gives a curious account in his Historical Memoirs; and in the N. of Europe he made the acquaintance of several Danish nobles who had been exiled for their support of the deposed Queen Caroline Matilda, sister of George III. Wraxall at their suggestion undertook to endeavour to persuade the king to act on her behalf. He was able to secure an interview with her at Zell in September 1774. His exertions are told in his Posthumous Memoirs. As the queen died on the 11th of May 1775, his schemes came to nothing and he complained that he was out of pocket, but George III. took no notice of him for some time. In 1775 he published his first book, Cursory Remarks made in a Tour through some of the Northern Parts of Europe, which reached its fourth edition by 1807, when it was renamed A Tour Round the Baltic. In 1777 he travelled again in Germany and Italy. As he had by this time secured the patronage of important people, he obtained a complimentary lieutenant’s commission from the king on the application of Lord Robert Manners, which gave him the right to wear uniform though he never performed any military service. In this year he published his Memoirs of the Kings of France of the Race of Valois, to which he appended an account of his tour in the Western, Southern and Interior Provinces of France. In 1778 he went again on his travels to Germany and Italy, and accumulated materials for his Memoirs of the Courts of Berlin, Dresden, Warsaw and Vienna (1799). In 1780 he entered parliament and sat till 1794 for Hinton in Wiltshire, Ludgershall and Wallingford, in succession. He published in 1795 the beginning of a History of France from the Accession of Henry III. to the Death of Louis XIV., which was never completed. Little is known of his later years except that he was made a baronet by the prince regent in 1813. His Historical Memoirs appeared in 1815. Both they and the Posthumous Memoirs (1836) are very readable and have real historical value. Wraxall married Miss Jane Lascelles in 1789, and died suddenly at Dover on the 7th of November 1831. His grandson, Sir F. C. Lascelles Wraxall (1828–1865), was a miscellaneous writer of some note.
See preface to The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir N. W. Wraxall, by H. B. Wheatley (London, 1884).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wrexham

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​WREXHAM (Welsh Gwrecsam, in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Wrightesham), a market town and parliamentary and municipal borough of Denbighshire, N. Wales, 11 m. S.S.W. of Chester, with stations on the Great Western railway, and on the Great Central railway, 202 m. from London. Pop. (1901) 14,966. “One of the seven wonders of Wales” is St Giles's church, of the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, with a panelled tower of several stages erected between 1506 and 1520, and containing ten famous bells cast (1726) by Rudhall; the interior is Decorated, and has two monuments by Roubilliac to the Myddletons. Wrexham is the seat of the Roman Catholic bishop of Menevia, whose diocese includes all Wales except Glamorganshire. The endowed free school was established in 1603. The markets and fairs are good, and the ales, mills (corn and paper) and tanneries locally famous. Brymbo Hall, in the neighbourhood, is said to have been built from a design by Inigo Jones, as were probably Gwydyr chapel (1633) and the Conwy bridge (1636), both at Llanrwst. Erddig Hall was noted for its Welsh MSS. Near Wrexham, but in a detached portion of Flintshire, to the S.E., is Bangor-is-coed (Bangor yn Maetor), the site of the most ancient monastery in the kingdom, founded before 180; some 1200 monks were slain here by Æthelfrith of Northumbria, who also spoiled the monastery. Bangor-is-coed was probably Antoninus's Bovium, and the Banchorium of Richard of Cirencester. Wrightesham was of Saxon origin, and lying E. of Offa's Dyke, was yet reckoned in Mercia. It was given (with Bromfield and Yale, or Iâl) by Edward I. to Earl Warenne.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Rowson, Susannah

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ROWSON, SUSANNAH,
Was the daughter of Lieutenant Haswell, of the British navy, who was sent to New England in 1769, when his daughter was about seven years old. On the breaking out of the revolution. Lieutenant Haswell returned to London with his family, where, in 1786, Miss Haswell was married to William Rowson. While in this country she published several novels, of which the only one that is now known is the one entitled "Charlotte Temple." Mrs. Rowson returned to the United States in 1793, and was engaged as an actress in the theatres of Boston and Philadelphia for the next three years; and was also diligently occupied with her literary pursuits. In 1797, she opened a school for girls in Boston, which succeeded extremely well. She died in that city in 1824. She was considered a poetess as well as a novelist, though but few of her poems are now known. Her writings are very voluminous.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Rozee, Mademoiselle

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ROZEE, MADEMOISELLE.
This extraordinary lady was born at Leyden in 1682. Konbraken says he cannot tell how she managed her work, nor with what ​instruments; but that she painted on the rough side of the panel, in such tints, and in such a manner, that, at a competent distance, the picture had all the effect of the neatest pencil and high finishing. Other writers, however, affirm, that she neither used oil nor watercolours in her performances; and only worked on the rough side of the panel with a preparation of silk floss, selected with great care, and disposed in different boxes, according to the several degrees of bright and dark tints, out of which she applied whatever colour was requisite for her work; and blended, softened, and united there with such Inconceivable art and judgment, that she imitated the warmth of flesh with as great a glow of life as could be produced by the most exquisite pencil in oil. Nor could the nicest eye discern, at a proper distance, whether the whole was not the work of the pencil. But by whatever art her pictures were wrought, they were exquisitely beautiful, and perfectly natural. Her portraits were remarkably faithful, and every object was a just imitation of the model, whether the subject was animal life, architecture, landscape, or flowers. As her manner of working could not well be accounted for, she was distinguished by the name of the Sorceress. One of her landscapes is said to have been sold for five hundred florins; and though the subject was only the trunk of an old tree covered with moss, and a large spider finishing its web among the leaves and branches, every part appeared with so great a degree of force and expression, that it was beheld with astonishment. One of her principal performances is in the cabinet at Florence, and is considered a singular curiosity in that collection. She died in 1680.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Rufina, Claudia

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RUFINA, CLAUDIA,
A noble British lady, who lived about the year 100, wife of Aulus Rufus Pudens, a Bononian philosopher, and one of the Roman equestrian order. She is said to have been an intimate associate of the poet Martial, who, in many places, highly extols her for beauty, learning, and virtue. Of her poetic writings, Balseus mentions a book of Epigrams, an "Elegy on her Husband's Death," and other poems besides which she wrote many things in prose.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Rutsch, Rachel

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RUTSCH, RACHEL,
A celebrated artist, was born at Amsterdam, in 1664. She excelled in painting flowers and fruits. She died in 1750.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Russell, Lady Elizabeth

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RUSSELL, LADY ELIZABETH,
Daughter of Sir Anthony Cook, married Sir Thomas Hobbey, and afterwards Lord John Russell, son and heir of Francis, second Earl of Bedford. She was a woman of well-cultivated mind, and translated from the French a religious book on the Sacrament. She died about 1600, aged seventy-one. She lived to write the epitaphs in Greek, Latin, and English, for both her husbands.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Ryves, Eliza

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RYVES, ELIZA,
An Irish lady, known for her literary abilities. Having lost her property by a lawsuit, she subsisted by the labours of her pen. She wrote the "Hermit of Snowden," a novel; besides some translations from the French, and frequent contributions to the annual registers. She died in London, in 1797,
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Ruth

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RUTH.
A Moabitess, widow of Mahlon, an Israelite, and one of the ancestors of our Saviour, lived, probably, in the days of Gideon. Being left a widow, she accompanied her mother-in-law, Naomi, to Judca, where she married Boaz, a wealthy Hebrew and a near relative of her late husband—and became the ancestress of David and of our Saviour. Her name signifies "full, or satisfied."
Her story, told at length in the eighth book of the Old Testament, is one of the most interesting in the Bible. Poetry and painting have exhausted their arts to illustrate her beautiful character; yet to the truthful simplicity of the inspired historian, the name of Ruth still owes its sweetest associations. Her example shows what woman can do, if she is true to the best impulses of her nature, and faithfully works in her mission, and waits the appointed time.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Rutilia

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RUTILIA,
A Roman lady, sister of that Pub. Rutilius who suffered his unjust banishment with so much fortitude, was the wife of Marcus Aurelius Cotta; and had a son, who was a man of great merit, whom she tenderly loved, but whose death she bore with resignation.
Seneca, during his exile, wrote to his mother and exhorted her to imitate Rutilia, who, he says, followed her son Cotta into banishment; nor did she return to her country till her son came with her. Yet she bore his death, after his return, with equal courage, for she followed him to his burial without shedding a tear. She lived about B.C. 120.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Sabina, Julia

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SABINA, JULIA,
Grand-niece and heiress of Trajan, and wife of Adrian, Emperor of Rome, is celebrated for her private as well as her public virtues Adrian had married Sabina chiefly through the favour of the Empress Plotina; he never loved her, and treated her with the greatest asperity; and the empress was so irritated by his unkindness, that she boasted in his presence that she had disdained to make him a father, lest his children should be more odious and tyrannical than he himself was. The behaviour of Sabina at last so exasperated Adrian, that he poisoned her, or, according to some, obliged her to destroy herself. Divine honours were paid to her memory. She died about 138, after she had been married to Adrian thirty-eight years. It is difficult to assign any motive less unworthy than ​the base passion of envy for the cruel treatment Sabina endured from her husband. Adrian did not feel flattered by the means which had placed him on the greatest throne in the world. He owed it to Plotina—a woman; and though he was never ungrateful to her, yet Sabina, the niece of Trajan, was really, in birth, above him; and he never forgave her for this superiority. To implicate her in some plot or crime, seemed his first desire. He set spies about her to watch her conduct, and even had the meanness to intercept and read all her letters. After the death of her aunt Plotina, he overwhelmed Sabina with his contempt and calumny. One of the historians of his reign says that he engaged "les personnes de sa cour à lui faire éprouver les plus sanglantes mortifications, et la maltraita tellement qu'elle finit par se donner la mort." And this wretch was one of the best emperors who governed Rome! That the soul of the woman had not thus lost its love of the good and the true, is proven in this sad history of Sabina; with all his scrutiny, the vindictive Adrian could never find cause of accusation against her. She was murdered, not executed.