OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Faust (Gounod)

Edition of 1920. See also Faust (opera) on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FAUST. Grand opera in five acts by Charles François Gounod (libretto by Barbier and Carré, after Goethe's poem) first produced at Paris, 19 March 1859. Easily the most popular French opera of the second half of the 19th century, Gounod's masterpiece has penetrated to the farthest corners of the earth. The romantic story, the appealing figures of the lovers, with the sinister Mephistopheles in the background are admirable operatic material and Gounod's genius found its highest expression in the musical garment with which he clothed it. The opera abounds in sensuous melody that contains a potent magic. Its language was new to France, but the idiom was soon adopted by other composers to such an extent indeed that much of it has become hackneyed. It is not difficult to point to weaknesses, to dwell upon its cloying sweetness, to decry the soldiers' chorus as banal; but when all has been said, there remains a bulk of finely felt material used with skill and developed into stirring musical climaxes. There is a distinctive personal note throughout, traceable perhaps most directly in the striking combination of the voluptuous and the religious elements. It seems superfluous to single out the important numbers. The quartette in the garden scene is one of the most successful operatic ensembles, almost ranking with that in ‘Rigoletto’ in the success with which the diverse dramatic interests are harmonized. The succeeding love scene is borne along on an uninterrupted stream of delicious melody. The vigorous and dramatic kermesse scene and, above all, the thrilling final terzetto, which has done yeoman's service as a model for other composers, need but to be mentioned to be vividly recalled to mind.
Musical settings of Goethe's poem have been made by other composers. The most important are, Hector Berlioz's "La Damnation de Faust," a dramatic legend in four parts, first performed in Paris, 6 Dec. 1846, and generally given in concert form, to which it is better adapted, and Arrigo Boito's "Mefistofele," a grand opera in a prologue and five acts (later condensed to four) first produced at Milan, 5 March 1868. The latter, which still finds local and spasmodic favor in the opera house, was not without influence both on Verdi, with whom Boito, as librettist, was closely associated in his later years, and on Ponchielli and the later Italian composers.
An opera on the Faust legend by Ludwig Spohr was first produced at Frankfort, March
1818. The book has no connection with Goethe's poem and the work, which had a certain vogue in its own day, is of slight musical importance.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Faust, Albert Bernhardt

Edition of 1920. See also Albert Bernhardt Faust on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FAUST, foust, Albert Bernhardt, American Germanic scholar: b. Baltimore, Md., 20 April 1870. He was graduated at Johns Hopkins in 1889, took the degree of Ph.D. there in 1892 and matriculated at the University of Berlin in 1892. He studied and traveled abroad in 1892-94, was instructor in German at Johns Hopkins, 1894-96, associate professor of German at Wesleyan University, Conn., 1896-1903. In 1903-04 he was assistant professor of German at the University of Wisconsin and in 1904-10 at Cornell University, becoming full professor in the latter year. He is a member of the Modern Language Association of America and other learned societies and has published ‘Charles Sealsfield (Carl Postl), Der Dichter beider Hemisphären’ (1897); ‘The German Element in the United States’ (1909; Ger. trans. 1911), for which he was awarded the Conrad Seipp Memorial Prize by the University of Chicago and the Loubat prize by the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences; ‘Guide to the Materials for American History in Swiss and Austrian Archives’ (1915). He edited ‘Zschokke's Tales’ (1895); ‘Heine's Prose’ (1909); and wrote ‘The Problematic Hero in German Fiction’ (1901); ‘Development of Goethe's Ethical and Religious Views’ (1902); ‘Defense and
Interpretation of Book IX of Wolfram's Parzival’ (1903); ‘Friedrich Spielhagen’ (1905).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Faustin I

Edition of 1920. See also Faustin Soulouque on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FAUSTIN I, fō'staṅ' (Faustin Soulouque), dictator of Haiti: b. Petit Goave, Haiti, 1785; d. 6 Aug. 1867. He came of a poor negro family and in early life was servant to General Lamarre. In 1803 he took part in the negro insurrection and subsequently was made a captain by President Boyer. In 1844-47 Faustin was striving for power in the new Haitian Republic, after the defection of La Republica Dominicana, holding at that time the offices of governor of Port-au-Prince, and commander of the Presidential Guard. The Senate chose him President in 1847, thinking that he would be amenable to the will of that body, but he soon showed his independence and instigated a massacre of the mulattoes in Port-au-Prince on 16 April 1848. He had himself proclaimed emperor in 1849, and for 10 years ruled with iron severity and cruelty. In 1858 General Geffrard overthrew Faustin's government, forced him to abdicate and exiled him to Jamaica. He returned to Haiti a short time before his death.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Faustina, Annia

Edition of 1920. See also Faustina the Younger on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FAUSTINA, Annia, an'i-ạ fas-ti'nạ (surnamed Junior), Roman empress: d. near Mount Taurus, Asia Minor, 175 A.D. She was a daughter of Annia Galeria Faustina (q.v.) and was married to Marcus Aurelius 145 or 146 A.D., who, in spite of her profligacy, was devoted to her. After her death, charity schools were founded in her honor.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fay, Charles Alexandre

Edition of 1920. See also the disclaimer.
FAY, fā, Charles Alexandre, French military officer: b. Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port, 1827. He received his education at the military school of Saint-Cyr and at the General Staff school. He first saw active service in Africa and in the Crimean War served as aide-de-camp to General Bosquet, winning distinction at the battles of Alma and Inkerman. In 1870 he was a member of Bazaine's staff and was made prisoner at Metz. He was appointed brigadier-general in 1874 and charged with reorganizing the bureau of the general staff. In 1890 he was given command of an army corps and retired in 1892. His published works include ‘Souvenirs de la guerre de Crimée’ (1867); ‘Etude sur la guerre d'Allemagne en 1866’ (1867); ‘De la loi militaire’ (1870); ‘Journal d'un officier de l'armée du Rhin’ (1871; 5th ed., 1890); ‘Etudes de marches: Jéna, Sedan’ (1899).
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Faust, Johann

Edition of 1920. See also Johann Fust on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FAUST, or FUST, Johann, German goldsmith of the 15th century and one of the persons to whom the invention of printing was long mistakenly ascribed. It is now well established that he loaned money to Gutenberg, who had previously made some attempts with movable types at Strassburg, and took a mortgage on the business. In 1455 Faust prosecuted Gutenberg for money advanced, and seized enough of the apparatus to cover the mortgage. He improved and used the apparatus, and in the 16th century was hailed as the inventor of printing but modern research has established Gutenberg's claims on a firm basis. The third person concerned was Schöffer, who married the daughter of Faust, and who is allowed the honor of having invented punches and matrices for casting types, by means of which this grand art was carried to perfection. The first fruits of the new process, that is, a work printed with cast letters, appears to have been the ‘Mazarin Bible,’ or ‘Forty-two-line Bible’ (the latter name from the number of lines in a column) completed about 1455. Another early work was ‘Durandi Rationale Divinorum Officiorum,’ published by Faust and Schöffer 1459, followed a year or two after by the ‘Catholicon Johannis Januensis’; after which, in 1462, succeeded the ‘Latin and German Bible,’ so much sought for by those fond of early specimens of typography. There is reason to believe that Faust died of the plague in 1466, as the name of Schöffer alone is found in the books printed after that time at Maintz. Owing, perhaps, to a similarity of name some of the noted deeds of Dr. Faust have been ascribed in popular German legends to the printer.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fausta, Flavia Maximiana

Edition of 1920. See also Fausta on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FAUSTA, Flavia Maximiana, flā'vi-ạ mak"sim-i-ā'nạ fās-tạ, Roman empress: d. probably 326 A.D. She was a daughter of the Emperor Maximianus Herculius and was married to Constantine the Great 307; and, for reasons that have never been made clear, was executed by order of her husband.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Faustina, Annia Galeria

Edition of 1920. See also Faustina the Elder on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
FAUSTINA, Annia Galeria (surnamed Senior), Roman empress: b. about 104 A.D.; d. 141. She was the wife of Antoninus Pius, and like her daughter, the wife of Marcus Aurelius, was noted for her licentiousness.
# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 2/What a small society has accomplished

Beseda J. V. FRIČ, Chicago.
WHAT A SMALL SOCIETY HAS ACCOMPLISHED.
The whole world knows by this time the story of the hundreds of thousands of Czech soldiers who would not fight for Austria and surrendered by companies and regiments to the Serbians and Russians. Out of them grew up the large Czechoslovak army in Russia, and they made possible the formation of the more recent Czechoslovak army in France.
No other nation at war has had such a large percentage of its manhood at one time in prisoner camps. From three to four hundred thousand Czechs alone, not counting the Slovaks, all former Austrian conscripts, could be found in the camps of Siberia, Serbia, the Greek islands, Italy, France, Japan and in the uttermost parts of the earth. If the same percentage were applied to America, it would mean five million men as prisoners.
From their friends at home these men received little news and no reading matter. The Austrian government did not permit Czech newspapers to be sent to the prisoners of war in Russia. Now every Bohemian can read and newspapers are as indispensable to him as they are to the American. Letters that came to this country in the early days of the war from Serbia and Siberia told of many privations which were the lot of the Slav prisoners on account of Serbia’s poverty and Russia’s lack of system. But the constant plaint was: send us something to read.
While sporadic efforts were made in every Bohemian settlement in the United States to satisfy this spiritual hunger of masses more numerous than the entire Bohemian born population of this country, a small organization in Chicago undertook to reach every camp, from France and Italy all the way through Asia to Japan, with Bohemian newspapers and books. The organization is called the “Beseda J. V. Frič”. The total membership is now 43, though most of the work fell upon the shoulders of a very few sacrificing men and women. The organization is a social club, composed of immigrants who in the old country were adherents of the National Socialist Party.
The work of supplying the prisoners with reading matter was taken in hand in March 1915. A report has just been published from which it appears that in three years these few workingmen mailed to prisoners of war over 900,000 copies of Bohemian newspapers, 40,000 books, almanacs and pamphlets, answered thousands of letters and located American relatives of 1600 Czech prisoners. From its limited means the Beseda Frič managed in addition to all this to forward to the prisoners 36 large boxes of clothing and underwear.
This work was published before January 1, 1929 and is anonymous or pseudonymous due to unknown authorship. It is in the public domain in the United States as well as countries and areas where the copyright terms of anonymous or pseudonymous works are 95 years or less since publication.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 2/What's in a name?

WHAT’S IN A NAME?
The name “Czechoslovak” is getting to be somewhat more familiar to the people of this country. What all the propaganda and newspaper writing could not accomplish was effected by the Czechoslovak soldiers in Siberia. The American people today are familiar with this new word, although one may well doubt, whether the great majority of the people who read the headlines only and not the detailed accounts know even now who the Czechoslovaks are. A good many of them still think that the Czechoslovaks are one of the many political parties in Russia, parties with terrible names like the Bolsheviki, Mensheviki or the Social Revolutionists.
A good many people who know the meaning of the word “Czechoslovak” have no idea of its pronunciation. At a Czechoslovak meeting held in one of the larger Eastern cities with a considerable Bohemian population, the chairman, a former governor of the State, insisted over and over on praising the brave and patriotic “Ze-ko-slo-vaks”.
But the best one comes from Italy. It seems that the editor of an Italian daily, full of zeal for the new Ally of his country, wrote an article in which he intended to approve of the attitude of his government toward the liberation of the Czechoslovaks. But unfortunately the unaccustomed name tripped him up and he spoke of the new Italian Ally as the “Greco-Polaks”.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 2/What the Austrian Germans demand

WHAT THE AUSTRIAN GERMANS DEMAND.
From the Prague Venkov, May 26, 1918.
The Executive committee of the German National Socialist Labor Party had a meeting in Vienna on May 21. Deputy Knirsch presided. After the current business of the party had been transacted, resolutions were adopted welcoming the closer alliance with the German Empire. At the same time the resolutions expressed the conviction of the party that only the union of the western Austrian lands, formerly a part of the German Bund, would constitute a satisfactory solution of German-Austrian relations. The resolutions further take up the decree of the Minister of the Interior, Count Toggenburg, breaking up the unity of Bohemia by erecting there twelve administrative districts subject directly to the ministry at Vienna, instead of to the governor of Bohemia. The resolutions look upon this decree as a very indifferent substitute for German demands, upon the fulfillment of which the party must insist, namely the annexation of German-speaking districts of southern Bohemia to Upper Austria, of southern Moravia ot Lower Austria, and of northern Moravia and northeastern Bohemia, together with the industrial district of Moravian Ostrava to Silesia. At the southern end of the monarchy the party is opposed to all attempts to unite the South Slav districts with Croatia; it favors the union of Craotia with Bosnia-Herzegovina, Dalmatia, Montenegro and Western Serbia and as compensation Hungary is to cede to Austria German,-speaking territory in Western Hungary.
(The rest of this paragraph, containing four lines, is confiscated.)
This work was published before January 1, 1929 and is anonymous or pseudonymous due to unknown authorship. It is in the public domain in the United States as well as countries and areas where the copyright terms of anonymous or pseudonymous works are 95 years or less since publication.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 2/What the Bohemian National Alliance is doing

WHAT THE BOHEMIAN NATIONAL ALLIANCE IS DOING.
The war which has made great gaps in every business organization and almost every family has also reached into the ranks of the active workers of the Alliance. Dr. L. J. Fisher, who has been president of the organization since its foundation, is in France doing medical work for the Czechoslovak army. His place is taken by the first vice-president of the Alliance, Dr. Joseph P. Pecival. The best known worker in the East, Mr. Emanual V. Voska, is now an officer in the American army.
After the Fourth of July which was celebrated with extreme enthusiasm in every town in this broad land in which there is a branch of the Alliance or the Slovak League came the French National holiday. There is no other land for which the Bohemians and Slovaks feel so much affection as for the brave France, which gave its hospitality to the Czechoslovak National Council, organized the Czechoslovak Army| and was the first of the Allied Powers to recognize the Czechoslovak National Council as the supreme representative of its people. And so on the Fourteenth of July hundreds of telegrams rached the French Embassy in Washington from all parts of this counntry congratulating France on her holiday and assuring her of the gratitude of all the sons of Bohemia.
The Bohemian National Alliance still sustains the chief burden of supporting financially the Czechoslovak National Council. The figures of the Secretary of the Alliance showing the state of affairs for this year have considerable interest. The amount expeected to be raised in 1918 was apportioned last year among the various districts of the Alliance. After six months it appears that the New England district has paid up 94% of its apportionment, next comes Oklahoma with 55%, San Francisco 51%, Omaha 50.50%, Canada 47%, Chicago 47%, St. Louis 40.50%, Cleveland 34.50%, Detroit 32%, Milwaukee 27.50%, Texas 26%, Pittsburgh 23.43%, Cedar Rapids 12.55%. The total for the six months lacks somewhat of one-half of the assessment, but there is no doubt that the full amount will be raised before the end of the year.
# The Czechoslovak Review/Volume 2/With the Bohemian National Alliance (2)

WITH THE BOHEMIAN NATIONAL ALLIANCE.
The first feeling of discouragement at the apparent intention of the Allies to leave the Austrian Slavs under the Hapsburgs has been succeeded by a determination to work harder than ever for the attainment of Czechoslovak independence. The unfavorable diplomatic situation has emphasized the supreme importance of the Czechoslovak army. The decree of the French president published elsewhere in this issue and a ringing call to arms by Masaryk as head of the revolutionary government helped to increase the number of recruits for the army in France. If only volunteers from Russia can be brought soon to France, the Czechoslovak army will give a good account of itself in the campaign of 1918 and thus strengthen tremendously the claims of Bohemia.
Next to the army in importance is the necessity of urging the justice of Bohemian demands upon the hearts and consciences of America. Among the means to that end is the establishment of an office in Washington, increased press activity and greater efforts on the part of the entire membership of the Bohemian National Alliance so that the leaders in Europe may not suffer on account of lack of funds. For the purpose of carrying out plans for greater activity, removing causes of dissatisfaction and strengthening the whole movement in America a convention of the Bohemian National Alliance has been called to meet in Chicago for February 8th. There will be delegates from cities as far distant as New York and San Francisco, Winnipeg and Dallas.
Have you subscribed for the second volume of the Bohemian Review?
One Dollar per year.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Schlesinger, Frank

Edition of 1920. See also Frank Schlesinger on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SCHLESINGER, slĕs'ĭn-jėr, Frank, American astronomer: b. New York, 11 May 1871. He was graduated at the College of the City of New York in 1890 and took his Ph.D. at Columbia in 1898. He was an observer in charge of the International Latitude Observatory, Ukiah, Cal., in 1898, and in 1899-1903 he was astronomer at Yerkes Observatory. Since 1903 he has been the head of the Allegheny Observatory at the University of Pittsburgh. He is author of numerous papers on variations of latitude, spectroscopic binaries, stellar parallaxes and the reduction of astronomical photographic plates.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Schleswig

Edition of 1920. See also Schleswig, Schleswig-Holstein on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SCHLESWIG, shlāz'vĭg, Germany, a seaport in the province of Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, at the head of the Schlei, 29 miles northwest of Kiel. It resembles a Dutch town in point of architecture and is divided into three parts — the Alstadt, or Old Town, the Lollfuss and the Friedrichsberg. The only square is the market-place in the Altstadt. The principal street, two miles long, is the Lollfuss. The buildings of importance are the three churches, of which the cathedral (12th century) is a fine Gothic pile, with a tower 368 feet high. Other buildings are the old castle, various benevolent institutions and the Convent for Noble Women. At the south are the remains of a wall erected by pagan kings against the invasion of Jutlanders. As early as the 9th century the city was a great mart for exchange of goods between the countries of the North Sea and those of the Baltic. The chief manufactures are woolen goods, laces, sugar, earthenware and leather. There are seven annual fairs. Pop. 19,905.
# The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Schliemann, Heinrich

Edition of 1920. See also Heinrich Schliemann on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
SCHLIEMANN, shlē'män, Heinrich, German archæologist: b. Neubuckow (Mecklenburg-Schwerin), 6 Jan. 1822; d. Naples, 27 Dec. 1890. He spent five years as a pupil in retail business in Fürstenberg, then embarked as cabin-boy on board a ship bound for Venezuela. The ship was wrecked on the coast of Texel, but Schliemann was saved and taken to Amsterdam. Here he obtained a post in a commercial house and set himself to acquire a thorough knowledge of the chief European languages. In 1846 he was sent to Saint Petersburg as agent for another Amsterdam firm. In 1850 he happened to be in California on 4 July when the State entered the Union and acquired American citizenship. By 1856 he had learned modern Greek and begun the study of ancient Greek, and in 1858-59 traveled in Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Egypt, Syria and Greece. Having amassed a considerable fortune in trade, he retired from it in 1864 in order to devote himself wholly to archæological studies. He traveled round the world in 1864-66, and in 1868 went to the coast of Asia Minor by way of Corfu and the Morea. In 1870 he undertook at his own cost the excavation of the heaps of ruins at Hessarlik, in the Troad, which he believed to be the site of ancient Troy
(q.v.). These excavations he carried on with interruptions until 1890. Contrary to agreement with the Porte, he retained possession of all the spoils discovered there, and was compelled by the Greek courts to pay the sum of $10,000. He presented his collections to the Museum für Völkerkunde at Berlin. In 1876 he began similar excavations at the site of ancient Mycenæ in Greece. Little confidence was at first placed in his methods by trained archæologists, and when his discoveries had been made their historical value was for a time doubted. But scholars now generally agree that they attest powers adequate to the Trojan War, and make the traditional account probable in its main outlines. Consult his autobiography edited by his wife (Leipzig 1891); Schuchardt, ‘Schliemann's Excavations and Archæological and Historical Studies’ (London 1891); Sandys, J. E., ‘A History of Classical Scholarship’ (Cambridge 1908); Hawes, C. H. and H., ‘Crete: the Forerunner of Greece’ (London 1909).