OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Breitbach, Karl

Edition of 1905. See also Carl Breitbach on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BREITBACH, brīt'bäG, Karl (1833-1904). A German painter. He was born in Berlin, and was a pupil of the Academy of Art, in that city, and of Couture, in Paris. He settled in Berlin, where he devoted himself to landscape, genre, and portrait painting. The following are among his principal works: “Mill of Saint-Ouen, near Paris;” “Park of Trianon;” “Autumn Evening in the Weser Valley;” “Sunrise in the Bavarian Highlands;” “Kirmess-Joy;” “Kirmess-Woe;” “At the Fortune-Teller's;” “In the Village Tavern;” and portraits of Intendant General von Hülsen, the painter Theodore Weber, and others.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Braun, Kaspar

Edition of 1905. See also Kaspar Braun on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BRAUN, Kaspar (1807-77). A German wood-engraver. He was born at Aschaffenburg, and studied engraving in Munich and in Paris. In conjunction with Dessauer he established a xylographic institute in Munich in 1839. He became associated with Friedrich Schneider in 1843, and established the humorous publication Fliegende Blätter. Among the numerous works to which he contributed engravings are the following: Das Nibelungenlied, after the drawings of Schnorr and Neureuther; Volkskalender, with illustrations after Kaulbach and Cornelius; Göttz von Berlichingen; and Münchner Bilderbogen.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Braune, Theodor Wilhelm

Edition of 1905. See also Wilhelm Braune on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BRAUNE, Theodor Wilhelm (1850—). A German philologist, born in Grossthiemig, Saxony. He graduated at the University of Leipzig, and afterwards served as professor of the German language and literature at the universities of Leipzig, Giessen, and Heidelberg. His published works include: Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Litteratur (1874-91); Neudrucke deutscher Litteraturwerke des 16ten und 17ten Jahrhunderts (1876); Althochdeutsches Lesebuch (1888).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Braunsberg

Edition of 1905. See also Braniewo on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BRAUNSBERG, brouns'bĕrK (earlier Brunsberg). A town of East Prussia, in the administrative district of Königsberg, about 35 miles southwest of the city of that name (Map: Prussia, J 1). It is situated on the Passarge, five miles from its junction with the Frische Haff. It contains a Catholic seminary and gymnasium, and the Lyceum Hosianum founded by Bishop Hosius in 1568. It has a large number of manufactories, the principal articles being soap, leather, and feltware. It has also a trade in grain and flax. It has regular steamship communication with Pillau and Königsberg. The town was founded about 1251 by the Teutonic Knights. It has belonged to Prussia since 1772. Population, in 1890, 10,851; in 1900, 12,497.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Braun, Karl

Edition of 1905. See also Karl Braun (politician) on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BRAUN, Karl (1822-93). A German statesman and author. He was born at Hadamar, in the Duchy of Nassau, and studied classical philology and history at Marburg, and law and political economy at Göttingen. He was president of the Nassau Chamber of Deputies from 1859 to 1866, and as the leader of the Liberals advocated German unity and industrial freedom. He was one of the founders of the Volkswirtschaftlicher Kongress, and was elected its permanent president in 1859. In 1863 he established the Vierteljahrschrift für Volkswirtschaft und Kulturgeschichte—the representative organ of the Free-Trade Party of Germany—and edited this publication until 1887. As a deputy in the Reichstag he was successively identified with the National Liberal, Secessionist, and German Liberal parties. He published a great variety of works, among which the volumes entitled Bilder aus der deutschen Kleinstaaterei (1881) probably take first rank.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Braune, Christian Wilhelm

Edition of 1905. See also Christian Wilhelm Braune on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BRAUNE, brou'ne, Christian Wilhelm (1831-92). A German anatomist. He was born in Leipzig, and studied at the universities of Göttingen and Würzburg. In 1872 he became professor of topographical anatomy at the University of Leipzig. In his scientific investigations, Braune devoted himself particularly to the mechanical physiological side of anatomy, particularly as regards the movements of the joints and the equilibrium of the body in their bearing upon the equipment of the infantry. He also introduced dissection of frozen corpses into the technique of anatomy. Among his numerous works are the following: Topographisch-anatomischer Atlas, nach Durchschnitten an gefrorenen Kadavern (1872); Die Lage des Uterus und Fötus am Ende der Schwangerschaft nach Durchschnitten an gefrorenen Kadavern (1873); Das Tenensystem des menschlichen Körpers (1884-88). In collaboration with His, he edited, after 1876, the Archiv für Anatomie und Entwickelungsgeschichte. He was also instrumental in securing the publication of the musical works of Frederick the Great.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Breisgau

Edition of 1905. See also Breisgau on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
BREISGAU, brīs'gou (Ger. Breis, for Breisach + Gau, district). A former district in the southwest corner of Germany which extended along the right bank of the Rhine and embraced Freiburg and the southern Black Forest. In the latter part of the Middle Ages, Austria became mistress of most of it. She was dispossessed in the Napoleonic wars, and since 1810 the whole of Breisgau has been a part of Baden.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mary Magdalene

Edition of 1905. See also Mary Magdalene on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​MARY MAGDALENE, măg′dȧ-lēn, or măg′-dȧ-lē′nē̇, or Mary of Magdala. A woman mentioned in the Gospels as a follower of Jesus and, with others, a contributor to His support (Luke viii. 2-3). Her home was doubtless at Magdala (q.v.). She had been cured of demoniacal possession by Jesus and was among His most devoted friends. With the like-minded women she was a witness of the crucifixion (Matt. xxvii. 55, 56; Mark xv. 40-41; Luke xxiii. 48-49) and of the entombment of Jesus (Matt. xxvii. 61 and parallels). The same company came to the tomb on the Sunday morning following the crucifixion, and, finding it open and empty, ran back to the city to inform the disciples (Matt. xxviii. 1-10 and parallels). But Mary appears to have soon returned alone to the tomb, and to her the risen Jesus first appeared (John xx. 1-18; Mark xvi. 9). Her joy on hearing and seeing Him again was excessive, but Jesus would not permit her to touch Him, to show her that the relation between them was now entirely different from what it had been. Nothing more is told of her in the New Testament. The very common identification of her with the ‘woman who was a sinner’ (Luke vii. 36-50) rests on no sure foundation. This idea, the ruling one in art and literature, with its accompanying conception of the word ‘Magdalene,’ has therefore no basis in fact. A late and confused legend represented her as ending her days in Southern France. Consult Mrs. Jameson, Sacred and Legendary Art, vol. ii. (London, 1866); Baring-Gould, In Troubadour Land (London, 1890).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Marx, Adolf Bernhard

Edition of 1905. See also Adolf Bernhard Marx on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MARX, märks, Adolf Bernhard (1795-1866). A German writer on musical subjects, born at
Halle. He studied law and practiced it for a short time, but soon devoted himself exclusively to music and became editor of the Berlin Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung. In 1830 he was made professor of music at the Berlin University, and in 1832 obtained the post of musical director at the university. His works include: Die Lehre von der musikalischen Komposition (1837-45); Allgemeine Musiklehre (1839; 10th ed. 1884); Ludwig van Beethoven: Leben und Schaffen (1859; 4th ed. 1884); Gluck und die Oper (1862); and Das Ideal und die Gegenwart (1867).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mary, Apocalypse of the Virgin

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ MARY, Apocalypse of the Virgin. See Apocrypha, section on New Testament.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mary II.

Edition of 1905. See also Mary II of England on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ MARY II. (1662-94). Queen of Great Britain. She was born at Saint James's Palace, April 30, 1662, the eldest daughter of James II. and Anne Hyde, who was a daughter of the Earl of Clarendon. At the age of fifteen she was married to William, Prince of Orange. She joined her husband in England early in 1689 after the flight of her father. In the same year Parliament declared the crown of England vacant by the abdication of James, and conferred it upon William (III.) and Mary. She died of smallpox December 28, 1694. Consult: Burnet, Essay Upon the Life of Queen Mary (London, 1695); Doebner (ed.), Memoirs and Letters of Mary II., Queen of England (Leipzig, 1886). See William III.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Marseillaise

Edition of 1905. See also La Marseillaise on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MARSEILLAISE, mär'sắ'yắz'. The hymn of the French Revolution and anthem of freedom in all European movements of liberation since. In April, 1792, when a column of volunteers was about to leave Strassburg, the Mayor of the city, Diedrich, gave a banquet on the occasion and asked an officer of artillery named Rouget de Lisle to compose a song in their honor. Rouget wrote the words during the night, adapting the music probably from the Oratorio Esther, by Jean Baptiste Lucien Grison, and calling it the Chant de guerre de l'armée du Rhin. On the following day it was sung with rapturous enthusiasm, and instead of 600 volunteers, 1000 marched out of Strassburg. The whole Army of the North soon took up the song. In Paris the song was unknown till the Marseilles battalion brought it to the city and sang it at the storming of the Tuileries. It was received with
transports by the Parisians, who — ignorant of its real authorship — named it Hymne des Marseillais, which name it has ever since borne. The last and most pathetic strophe, the stance des enfants, was not written by Rouget de Lisle, but was added later.
The following is the first verse, with refrain, approved in 1887 by a commission appointed by the French Minister of War to determine the exact form of the song:
* Allons enfants de la patrie,
* Le jour de gloire est arrivé!
* Contre nous de la tyrannie
* L'étendard sanglant est levé (bis)
* Entendez-vous dans ces campagnes
* Mugir ces féroces soldats?
* Ils viennent jusque dans nos bras
* Égorger nos fils, nos compagnes.
See Rouget de Lisle.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Marsh, Othniel Charles

Edition of 1905. See also Othniel Charles Marsh on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
MARSH, Othniel Charles (1831-99). An American zoölogist and paleontologist. He was born in Lockport, N. Y., graduated at Yale College, and studied in Germany. Upon his return to the United States he was appointed professor of paleontology and curator of the geological museum at Yale, and held these positions until his death. Professor Marsh accomplished a great amount of valuable scientific work in the discovery and description of new fossil vertebrates from the geological formations of the Western States and Territories. In carrying out his investigations he organized many exploring expeditions at his own expense, and directed others which were equipped by the United States Geological Survey. More than 400 new fossil species of vertebrates were described by Professor Marsh, among them such interesting types as the Dinocerata (huge tapir-like animals), Pterodactyls (flying lizards), and Odontornithes (toothed birds). His discoveries of the fossil ancestors of the horse marked an epoch in evolutionary science and have been frequently employed as an illustration of the principle of evolution. The more extended and general articles by Professor Marsh were incorporated in the Reports and Monographs of the United States Geological Survey. He served as president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1878, and of the National Academy of Sciences from 1883 to 1895.
The Geological Society of London, of which he was a fellow, bestowed upon him the first Bigsby medal in 1877. He also received the Cuvier prize of the French Academy of Sciences. His valuable collection of fossil vertebrates was left to Yale University.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Mary, Nativity of the Virgin

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​ MARY, Nativity of the Virgin. See Apocrypha, section on New Testament.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Maryborough (Queensland)

Edition of 1905. See also Maryborough, Queensland on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​ MARYBOROUGH, mā′rĭ-bŭr′ō̇. A seaport municipality of March County, Queensland, Australia, at the mouth of the Mary River on Hervey Bay, 160 miles north of Brisbane, with which it has railroad and steam communication (Map: Australia, J 4). It is the port of a rich coal, gold, and copper mining and agricultural region; has sugar mills and refineries, iron foundries, breweries, tanyards, shipbuilding industries, active fisheries, and a considerable export trade in timber, sugar, and minerals. The river is crossed at Maryborough by a wooden bridge; the commodious wharves are available to vessels of 17½ feet draught. Population, in 1891, 9700; in 1901, 10,159.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Milwaukee

See also Milwaukee on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Milwaukee (mĭl-wa′kḗ), the largest city in Wisconsin, is on Lake Michigan, 85 miles north of Chicago. It is at the mouth of three navigable rivers, which with a canal, make 24 miles of docks. Milwaukee Bay is seven miles wide, and furnishes a good harbor. The bluffs are terraced and parked, and stand 80 feet above the water. The city is built largely of what is known as Milwaukee brick, which is cream-colored, and gives the city its name of the Cream City. It is six and a half miles long, its extreme width five and a quarter miles, and its area 23.1 square miles. There are 600 acres of public parks connected by boulevards, wide, shaded streets, good water-works and many fine public buildings. Among these are the Federal building, a public library, city hall, art-gallery, and the great Milwaukee Auditorium. Near the city is the national home for disabled soldiers, with 2,400 inmates. Milwaukee has many charitable and philanthropic institutions, orphan homes, public bath-houses, swimming-schools, medical schools and 10 or 12 hospitals. Milwaukee has a well-organized system of public schools: four high schools, 55 schools of lower grade, 1,113 teachers and 41,500 pupils. There are 75 incorporated colleges, academies and lower schools with an attendance of 47,600 It is the seat of Milwaukee-Downer College for women, Marquette College (R. C.), Layton Art-Gallery and other institutions of higher learning. It has a very complete system of water works, costing over $8,000,000, and over 150 miles of electric street-railway. Milwaukee is one of the foremost grain-ports of the world, and its immense flour-mills and grain-elevators can fit out an extensive commercial fleet. It has 3,600 manufacturing establishments, with 130,388 employes, making large quantities of leather and leather goods, iron, steel and brass products, engines and machinery. The capital invested in manufactures is $269,308,659, and the annual output $420,116,266. It has an enormous beer-trade, the Pabst brewery being one of the largest in the world and filling over 1,000,000 barrels a year. It also has a large trade in factory clothing, tobacco ​and cigars, in agricultural implements, furniture and carriages, besides its extensive slaughtering and meat-packing products. The city has a large German population, which is seen in the many foreign signs met with and also in the high development of art and music in city circles. The town was settled in 1818, organized as a village in 1837, and became a city in 1845. It enjoys a steady and substantial growth, and its financial credit is of the highest. The assessed value of the city's entire taxable property in 1912 was over $450,000,000. Milwaukee is served by the “Soo” line, the Chicago and Northwestern and the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul road. It also has a large lake-trade. Population 373,857.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mimicry

See also Mimicry on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Mim′icry, the imitative resemblance of one animal to another or to some inanimate object for which it may be mistaken. This is also called protective resemblance, inasmuch as animals escape notice through this form of imitation and are protected from their enemies. A wide range of cases occurs in nature. Certain insects resemble leaves, others twigs and knots. Animals of the desert have a color merging into their surroundings; many animals, like lizards, adapt their colors to their surroundings and so escape observation. Color resemblance is also carried further. Certain butterflies and caterpillars are not eaten by birds on account of their unpleasant taste. The birds learn to distinguish them by their bright “warning” colors and to leave them alone. Others forms, without noxious taste, imitate these colors and escape. A harmless animal sometimes imitates a stinging or poisonous one and is shunned. The animals protected in these various ways are, as a rule, unconscious of their imitation. Protective mimicry may be an important factor in the preservation of species. See Poulton's The Colors of Animals.
PROTECTIVE MIMICRY AMONG INSECTS
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mindoro

See also Mindoro on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Mindoro (mḗn-dō′rṓ), one of the Philippine Islands, containing, it is estimated, about 4,050 square miles. It lies directly south of Manila Bay, having for its capital Calapan, 120 miles from Manila. It formerly was inhabited by the Tagalogs, but various expeditions of the Moros greatly reduced the native population. Others died from cholera and fever some years ago, when an epidemic among their herds carried off all their buffaloes and rendered cultivation of the soil impossible. The once rich rice-fields have for the most part gone back to tropical wilderness. In the interior are mountains rising 8,000 feet. The native races in these mountain fastnesses are greatly distrusted by those nearer the coasts. The population is supposed to be in the neighborhood of 28,000; but dread of the Sulus has kept the native races so far from the sea that but little is really known about them.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mineral Oil

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​ Min′eral Oil. See Petro′leum.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mineral Wool

See also Mineral wool on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Mineral Wool is the thread-like filaments produced by the action of steam or compressed air upon vitreous substances in a molten state. The product is also called silicate cotton by some, as its principal material is silica. The fibers produced are used to incase boilers and steam-pipes, thereby preventing the diffusion and waste of heat. It also is of great value in deadening sounds. As it will not burn or rust and is not subject to the depredations of insects, it is of great value in many mechanical adjustments. The use of it increases every year. The best mineral wool is obtained from the melting of a cinder made by mixing together four parts of orthocase feldspar and six parts of dolomitic limestone.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Minerva

See also Minerva on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Miner′va, in Roman mythology the goddess of wisdom. She seems to be the same as the Greek Pallas Athené. She was said to have sprung in full armor from the head of Jupiter. She was the patron god of Athens, and her statue by Pheidias adorned the Parthenon. In her hand she carried the spindle, needle and spool, and was skilled in all kinds of woman's work. She was patron of art and trades; painters, teachers and physicians invoked her aid. Minerva, like Athené, is represented in art with a grave and majestic countenance, armed with helmet, shield and spear. The olive-branch, serpent and owl were sacred to her. Her festival, held in March, lasted from the 19th to the 23d.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mindanao

See also Mindanao on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Mindanao (mḗn′dȧ-nä′ṓ), the most southeastern of the Philippine Islands, next in size to Luzon, containing, it is estimated, 37,000 square miles. The population of that portion under Spanish domination was given by the last census made under the Spaniards as a little over 200,000. The population now ascertained is 499,634, of whom nearly 253,000 are uncivilized. The surface is broken into high mountains, reaching in the case of Apo, a volcano near Davao Gulf, an altitude of over 10,000 feet. The wet and the dry season shift from one side of the island to the other according to the direction of the prevailing winds. The island is densely wooded with timber of great value, and the tropical fauna is varied and abundant. The inhabitants are greatly divided in origin, temperament and religion. The interior is held by wild tribes of Malayan race or by the small, black Negritos with whom they have intermarried. The Jesuits, who knew most about the island before the American occupancy, divided the people into 24 distinct tribes, of whom 17 were pagan, six Mohammedan (Moro) and the remainder Christian Visayans, who came from the north. The warlike Moros are most dreaded, and, living along the frequented coasts, have held command of all important points. The rivers are larger and longer than those of Luzon, the Butan practically traversing the whole island from south to north. The soil is wonderfully productive. Gold is believed to exist in the mountains. The capital is Zamboanga, a large, clean city, with a pier extending into moderately deep water. This island was the first of the group to be discovered by Magellan in 1521.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Mineral Waters

See also Mineral water on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Min′eral Waters, strictly speaking, are waters impregnated with mineral solutions by natural processes; but the term is commonly applied to all waters which possess real or even fancied therapeutic value other than that of ordinary water. In consequence hot springs are often spoken of as mineral springs when used for medicinal purposes. The ancients had great faith in all waters which felt or tasted other than the common “springs which run among the hills.” Josephus mentions the visits of Herod to the warm baths of Callirrhoe near the Dead Sea. Tiberias was famous for its springs of hot sulphur water. The Romans frequented the gaseous springs situated in southern Italy, much visited by tourists to-day. The springs of Karlsbad, Aix-la-Chapelle, Baden-Baden and Ems are well known. In our country Saratoga has been a resort ever since the settlement of New York. White Sulphur Springs in Virginia, Hot Springs in Arkansas and many others are popular resorts. It is impossible to divide the springs into any well-defined classes as salt springs often contain sulphur, and alum springs may hold a dozen other minerals in solution besides the one giving the water its name. The best known springs, those at Saratoga, contain more of chloride of sodium (common salt) than of any other or all other mineral substances, bicarbonate of lime standing second and bicarbonate of magnesia third. It is carbonic acid gas which gives these springs their delightful effervescence. In the United States there are about 300 springs whose waters are bottled and put on the market.