OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cimelliauc

​CIMELLIAUC (d. 927), bishop of Llandaff, is said by a late authority to have been consecrated bishop at Canterbury by Archbishop Æthelred (Diceto in Twysden, p. 451). This story may very likely be true, as King Ælfred certainly obtained a very decided hold over South Wales (Asser, De Rebus Gestis Ælfredi in M. H. B., p. 488), and there is no very great chronological difficulty involved, since Æthelred was archbishop between 870 and 889. Yet these dates would give Cimelliauc an unusually long episcopal career for his turbulent times, and the authority for the statement proceeds to claim Æthelred as the consecrator of a bishop whose consecration took place thirty-eight years after Æthelred’s death.
During Cimelliauc’s episcopate several grants were reputed to have been made to the church of Llandaff, which are recorded in the ‘Liber Landavensis’ (pp. 490-8). Several of these came from Brochmael [q. v.], king of Gwent, between whom and the bishop a dispute had arisen as to their title to certain estates. A synod was held to settle the matter. Brochmael and his household were afterwards synodically excommunicated by Cimelliauc for wrongs done to him and his household. In 918 a Viking fleet, under Jarls Ohtor and Hroald, devastated the northern coast of the Bristol Channel, and penetrated inland as far as Archenfield, the district round Ross, which then seems to have been subject to the bishops of Llandaff, though later in the diocese of Hereford. Here they took Cimelliauc prisoner, and with great rejoicings led him to their ships, where he was detained until King Eadward the elder ransomed him with forty pounds (English Chron. s. a. 918; Flor. Wig. s. a. 915; Hen. Hunt. s. a. 918). The almost contemporary MS. A of the ‘Annales Cambriæ’ puts Ohtor’s invasion in 913. Cimelliauc died in 927 (Lib. Land.)
The name is spelt Cimelliauc in the ‘Liber Landavensis,’ Cameleac in the ‘English Chronicle,’ Cymelgeac in ‘Florence of Worcester,’ and Camelegeac in ‘Henry of Huntingdon.’ Cyfeiliawg is the modern form. It is sometimes identified with Cyfelach. The bishop appears to have been canonised under the latter name, and the church of Llangyfelach, near Swansea, is sometimes said to have been dedicated to him (Rees, Welsh Saints, pp. 50 and 305). But the canonised Cyfelach may be the Bishop Cyfelach of Morganwg, said to have been slain at Hereford in 754 (Gwentian Brut, p. 7).
[Authorities given in the text; see also Haddan and Stubbs’s Councils, i. 207-8.]
T. F. T.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clagett, Nicholas (1610?-1663)

​CLAGETT, NICHOLAS, the elder (1610?–1663), puritan divine, was born at Canterbury about 1610 (Biog. Brit. ed. Kippis, iii. 592, note A) and in 1628 was entered as a student of Merton College, Oxford, where he proceeded B.A. in October 1681 (Wood, Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 460). Afterwards he migrated to Magdalen Hall, and commenced M.A. in June 1634, being then generally esteemed a very able moderator in philosophy (ib. i. 474). About 1636 he became vicar of Melbourne, Derbyshire, and about 1644 he was chosen lecturer or preacher at St. Mary's Church, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk, where he was popular with 'the precise party.' After the Restoration he was ejected from the preachership for nonconformity. He died on 12 Sept. 1663, and was buried in the chancel of St. Mary's Church, Bury St. Edmunds (Addit. MS. 19165, f. 237).
He wrote: 'The Abuse of God's Grace; discovered in the Kinds, Causes, Punishments, Symptoms, Cures, Differences, Cautions, and other Practical Improvements thereof. Proposed as a seasonable check to the wanton Libertinisme of the present Age,' Oxford, 1659, 4to. Dedicated to his honoured cousin William Clagot, and his dear consort the Lady Southcote.
By his wife Jane, who died at Bury St. Edmunds on 23 Aug. 1673, he had two sons who became eminent divines, viz., Dr. William Clagett [q. v.] and Dr. Nicholas Clagett the younger [q. v.]
[Wood's Athenæ Oxon. ed. Bliss, iii. 340; Tymms's Account of St. Mary's Church, Bury St. Eilmunds, pp. 129, 197; Wilkinson's preface to The Abuse of God's Grace; Calamy's Ejected Ministers, p. 646, Continuation, p. 787.]
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clagett, Nicholas (d.1746)

1904 Errata appended.
​CLAGETT, NICHOLAS (d. 1746), bishop of Exeter, was son of Nicholas Clagett the younger [q. v.], minister at Bury St. Edmunds, and nephew of William Clagett [q. v.] All the family were more or less connected with Bury St. Edmunds, where the bishop was probably born, but no record of his birth or baptism can now be found. He was doubtless educated at the grammar school in his native town, and proceeded thence to Cambridge, but again no particulars remain. He took the degree of D.D., and was appointed archdeacon of Buckingham on 1 Sept. 1722, succeeding on the death of Samuel Pratt. After this he became dean of Rochester, 8 Feb. 1723-4, and was elected bishop of St. David's, pursuant to the congé d'élire issued on 17 Dec. 1731. He was consecrated on 23 Jan. 1731-2, being allowed to hold in commendam the rectories of ​Shobrooke and of Overton in the diocese of Winchester. He was a canon and treasurer in the cathedral of St. David's. On 2 Aug. 1742 he was translated to Exeter, where also he held a canonry and the archdeaconry of Exeter. He died on 8 Dec. 1746, and was buried at St. Margaret's, Westminster, with no epitaph, and only the meagre words in the burials register — '11 Dec. 1746, Dr. Nicholas Clegett, L'd Bishop of Exeter.' The portraits at the Palace, Exeter, include his predecessor, Weston, and his successor, Lavington, but there is none of Clagett.
He published 'Articles of Enquiry for the Archdeaconry of Buckingham,' 1732, and eleven sermons. One was preached before the House of Lords on the anniversary of Charles I's martyrdom, another on the consecration of Bishop White. A 'Persuasive to an ingenuous trial of Opinions in Religion' (1685), sometimes ascribed to him, belongs rather to his father, Nicholas Clagett the younger [q. v.]
[Watt's Bibl. Brit.; Gent. Mag. 1746, p. 668; Brit. Mus. Cat.; Gibson's Preservative against Popery; Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy), i. 304, 383, ii. 71, 678.]
M. G. W.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.66 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 366 | ii | 12-9 f.e. | Clagett, Nicholas: for He was doubtless . . . . the degree of D.D. read He was admitted at Trinity College, Cambridge, on 14 April 1702 and graduated B.A. 1705-6, M.A. 1709, and D.D. 1724. He was elected librarian of Trinity 27 Nov. 1706 |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cilian

​CILIAN, Saint (d. 697), apostle of Franconia, whose name is also written Kilian, Ghillianus, Gselianus, Quillianus, was an Irish bishop who was martyred at Wiirzburg, at about the age of fifty-three, in 697. No Irish life of him has been printed, and the Latin lives have no early Irish characteristics. He was born, according to local tradition, in the southern part of the kingdom of Breifne, and present county of Cavan. The sacred spot is believed by the inhabitants to be a level piece of ground, at the foot of a long ridge of pasture, on the boundary of the townlands of Cloghwallybeg and Longfield, and on the left of the road leading from the Gates of Mullagh to Virginia. Some traces of a cairn among the roots of an old thorn tree mark the site of a well, and near this was a very ancient church dedicated to St. Cilian, and built like that of St. Gregory at Rome, on the site of the house of the saint's father. The thick wall, a few yards from the site, though of ancient appearance, was built by Henry Brooke the novelist, and no traces of the church exist. When after the war of 1641 the church of Virginia was built, the great blocks of stone which formed its walls were removed for use in that structure. Some of these large squared stones may be traced in the existing church at Virginia, and they are of the kind used in the very early Irish churches. Children born in the district are sometimes called after the saint, and the local legend of his life agrees with the lives in the Acta Sanctorum (Acta SS. Antwerp, 1721, July, vol. ii.) He was already a bishop before he left Ireland about 689 (Baronius, xii. 89).
​He converted the ruler of Franconia and his subjects, but was killed by the sword by order of the ruler’s wife, whose repudiation Cilian had required because she was in the position of Herodias. The day of his martyrdom was 8 July. It is still kept in Würzburg, where his name is common both as a baptismal name and as a surname. The lives all make Cilian the son of a king of Ireland, but the local tradition does not, and as there are no signs of a dun or rath on the site of his father’s dwelling, it is probable that his father was not a great man, though of course related to the nearest king, as every tribesman was. The famous Codex Paulinus of Würzburg is a very ancient manuscript, but can hardly have belonged to Cilian, though its scribe may have lived within two centuries of his martyrdom.
[Bollandist Acta Sanctorum, Antwerp, 1721, July, vol. ii.; Baronius’s Annales Ecclesiastici, Lucæ, 1742, xii. 89; Stephen White’s Apologia pro Hibernia. ed. Kelly, Dublin, 1849, pp. 130, 151, &c.; H. Zimmer’s Glossæ Hibernicæ, Berlin, 1881. The isolated district of Cavan where Cilian was born retained much of Irish learning till a recent date. The exact tradition of the birthplace was related to the writer of this article by Patrick Connell, a carpenter and a scholar, and confirmed independently by James Connell of Fartha and Terence Osborne, farmers and scholars, all old men and pupils of the famous Irish schoolmaster of Mullagh, Matthew Monaghan.]
N. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clagett, Nicholas (1654-1727)

​CLAGETT, NICHOLAS, the younger, D.D. (1654–1727), controversialist, was the son of the Rev. Nicholas Clagett the elder [q. v.], of Bury St. Edmunds. He was baptised 20 May 1654, and was educated at the Norwich free school. In 1671 he was admitted to Christ's College, Cambridge, and took the degrees of B.A. and M.A, in due course. In 1680, upon the removal of his brother to the preachership of Gray's Inn, he was elected preacher of St. Mary's, Bury St. Edmunds, in his room, which office he held for nearly forty-six years. Three years later he was also instituted to the rectory of Thurlow Parva in Norfolk, and in 1693 Dr. John Moore, then bishop of Norwich, who was well acquainted with his abilities and virtues, collated him to the archdeaconry of Sudbury. In 1704 he graduated D.D., and in 1707 he was instituted to the rectory of Hitcham in Suffolk. He died in January 1727, and was buried in the chancel of the parish church in which he had been so long preacher. He is reported to have been a good preacher, and a charitable and blameless man. He had several children, among them being Nicholas, bishop of Exeter [q. v.] His chief works are: 1. 'A Persuasive to Peaceableness and Obedience,' 1683. 2. 'A Persuasive to an Ingenuous Trial of Opinions in Religion,' 1085. 3. 'Christian Simplicity,' 1705. 4. 'Truth defended and Boldness in Error rebuked; or a Vindication of those Christian Commentators who have expounded some Prophecies of the Messias not to be meant only of him,' &c., 1710 (against Whiston's 'Accomplishment of Scripture Prophecies'). He published in 1689-93 a collection of sermons by his brother William [q. v.]
[Biog. Brit, (article communicated by Clagett's son, the bishop).]
A. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cirencester, Richard of

​CIRENCESTER, RICHARD of (d. 1401?), compiler of a chronicle, was a monk of St. Peters, Westminster, in 1365. He obtained leave from his abbot to make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1391, was an inmate of the abbey in 1397, and in 1400 was in the infirmary sick. He died in 1400 or 1401. He compiled from various chronicles his 'Speculum Historiale de Gratis Regum Angliæ,' in four books, extending from 447​to 1066. At the end he announces his intention of continuing his work, but no continuation is known to exist. The 'Speculum' contains several Westminster charters and a great many legends. It is of no independent value, and even as a compilation is executed with great carelessness. It has been edited by Mr. J. E. B. Mayor for the Rolls Series. To Cirencester have also been attributed two works, now lost, a treatise 'De Officiis,' and 'Super Symbolum majus et minus,' said to have been in the library of Peterborough Cathedral. On Richard of Cirencester Charles Bertram in 1747 fathered his famous forgery entitled 'Ricardus Corinensis de situ Britanniæ' [see Bertram, Charles].
[Richard of Cirencester's Speculum Historiale, i. 1-4. ii. editor's preface edited by Mayor, Rolls Series; Widmore's History of St. Peter's, Westminster; Bale's Script. Brit. Cat. (Basle). 430.]
W. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Craven, Louisa

Louisa Brunton in the ODNB.
​CRAVEN, LOUISA, Countess of (1785?–1860), actress, came of a theatrical family. Her father, John Brunton, son of a soap dealer in Norwich, was at one time a grocer in Drury Lane. He appeared at Covent Garden, 11 April 1774, as Cyrus, and, 3 May 1774, as Hamlet. He then played at Norwich and at Bath, becoming ultimately manager of the Norwich theatre. Louisa, the youngest of six sisters, one of whom, Elizabeth (Mrs. Merry), eclipsed her in reputation, was born, according to the statement of various biographers, in February 1785. Her birth may probably be put back two or three years. She displayed at an early age capacity for the stage, and on 5 Oct. 1803 made at Covent Garden her first appearance, playing Lady Townley in the ‘Provoked Husband’ to the Lord Townley of Kemble. On 2 Nov. she played Beatrice in ‘Much Ado about Nothing.’ These débuts are favourably noticed in the ‘Theatrical Inquisitor’ for November 1803, where she is described as ‘extremely handsome and striking,’ and her features are said to be ‘expressive of archness, vivacity,’ &c. Her name also appears in this season to Marcella in the ‘Pannel,’ a farce founded by John Philip Kemble on Bickerstaff's ‘'Tis well it's no worse,’ 21 Dec. 1803. Between this date and December 1807 she played Julia in the ‘School of Reform,’ Miss Mortimer in the ‘Chapter of Accidents,’ Celia in ‘As you like it,’ Rosara in ‘She would and she would not,’ Alithea in the ‘Country Girl,’ Lady Anne in ‘Richard III,’ Irene in ‘Barbarossa’ to the Achmet of Master Betty, Dorinda in the ‘Beaux' Stratagem,’ Marianne in the ‘Mysterious Husband,’ Hero in ‘Much Ado about Nothing,’ Angelina in ‘Love makes a Man,’ Ismene in ‘Merope,’ Anne Bullen in ‘Henry VIII,’ Volante in the ‘Honeymoon,’ Donna Olivia in ‘A bold Stroke for a Husband,’ Miranda in the ‘Tempest,’ Leonora in the ‘Revenge,’ Harriet in the ‘Jealous Wife,’ Marian in the ‘School for Prejudice,’ &c. She was also the original of various characters in forgotten pieces of Manners, Morton, and Dimond. On 21 Oct. 1807 she played Clara Sedley in Reynolds's comedy ‘The Rage.’ This is the last appearance recorded in Genest. She left the stage in December 1807, and married, 30 Dec. 1807, William, seventh baron and first earl of Craven of the second creation. After the death of her husband, 30 July 1825, she lived in privacy, and died, almost forgotten, 27 Aug. 1860. Her beauty, of which she had a remarkable share, was no small part of her stage property. She was, however, sprightly and natural. Her brother, who appeared at Covent Garden 22 Sept. 1800 as Brunton the younger, was with her during her entire stay at the theatre. She was aunt to Miss Brunton, afterwards Mrs. Yates.
J. K.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Crawford, David

​CRAWFORD, DAVID (1665–1726), of Drumsoy, historiographer for Scotland, born in 1665, was the son of David Crawford of Drumsoy, and a daughter of James Crawford of Baidland, afterwards Ardmillan, a prominent supporter of the anti-covenanting persecution in Scotland. He was educated at the university of Glasgow and called to the bar, but having devoted himself to the study of history and antiquities was appointed historiographer for Scotland by Queen Anne. In 1706 he published ‘Memoirs of the Affairs of Scotland, containing a full and impartial account of the Revolution in that Kingdom begun in 1567. Faithfully published from an authentic manuscript.’ The manuscript was, he said, presented him by Sir James Baird of Saughton Hall, who purchased it from the widow of an episcopal clergyman. The ‘Memoirs’ were dedicated to the Earl of Glasgow, and the editor stated that his aim in publishing them was to furnish an antidote to what he regarded as the pernicious tendency of Buchanan's ‘History.’ For more than a century the work was, on the testimony of Crawford, received as the genuine composition of a contemporaneous writer, and implicitly relied upon by Hume, Robertson, and other historians, until Malcolm Laing in 1804 published ‘The Historie and Life of King James the Sext’ as contained in the Belhaven MS., the avowed prototype of Crawford's ‘Memoirs.’ Laing asserted the ‘Memoirs’ of Crawford to be an impudent forgery, and showed that the narrative had been garbled throughout, by the omission of every passage unfavourable to Mary, and the insertion of statements from Camden, Spottiswood, Melville, and others, these writers being at the same time quoted in the margin as collateral authorities. The Newbattle MS. of the same ‘Historie,’ in the possession of the Marquis of Lothian, was published by the Bannatyne Club in 1825. Crawford was the author of: 1. ‘Courtship-a-la-mode, a comedy,’ 1700. 2. ‘Ovidius Britannicus, or Love Epistles in imitation of Ovid,’ 1703. 3. ‘Love at First Sight, a comedy,’ 1704. He died in 1726, leaving an only daughter and heiress, Emilia, who died unmarried in 1731.
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Craufurd, James

​CRAUFURD, JAMES, Lord Ardmillan (1805–1876), Scottish judge, eldest son of Major Archibald Clifford Blackwell Craufurd of Ardmillan, Ayrshire, by Jane, daughter of John Leslie, was born at Havant in Hampshire in 1805, and educated at the academy at Ayr, at the burgh school, Edinburgh, and at the universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh. In 1829 he passed his examination in Roman and Scotch law, and became an advocate. His progress at the bar was not at all rapid, but he nevertheless acquired a considerable criminal business both in the court of justiciary and in the church courts. He never had much civil business, although he could address juries very effectively. On 14 March 1849 he became sheriff of Perthshire, and four years later, 16 Nov. 1853, was appointed solicitor-general for Scotland under the administration of Lord Aberdeen. He was nominated to the post of a lord of the court of session 10 Jan. 1855, when he took the courtesy title of Lord Ardmillan, after the name of his paternal estate. On 16 June in the same year he was also appointed a lord of justiciary, and held these two places until his death. His speeches and other literary utterances are not great performances, and his lectures to young men on ecclesiastical dogmas are open to hostile criticism, but they bear the cardinal merit of sincerity and are not without literary polish. In the court of justiciary his speeches were effective and eloquent of expression, which he had cultivated by a rather discursive study of English and Scotch poetical literature. The best remembered of his judgments is that which he delivered in connection with the well-known Yelverton case, when, on 3 July 1862, acting as lord ordinary of the outer house of session, he pronounced against the legality of the supposed marriage between Maria Theresa Longworth and Major William Charles Yelverton (Cases in Court of Session, Longworth v. Yelverton, 1863, pp. 93–116; Shaw, Digest, p. 97, &c.). He died of cancer of the stomach at his residence, 18 Charlotte Square, Edinburgh, on 7 Sept. 1876. He married in 1834 Theodosia, daughter of James Balfour. This lady, who before her marriage was known as Beauty Balfour, died on 29 Dec. 1883, aged 70.
G. C. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Craufurd, John Walkinshaw

​CRAUFURD, JOHN WALKINSHAW (1721–1793), twenty-first laird of Craufurdland, Ayrshire, son of John Craufurd of ​Craufurdland, by his wife Robina, heiress of John Walkinshaw of Walkinshaw, was born in 1721. He entered the army in 1741 as cornet in the North British dragoons, and distinguished himself at Dettingen in 1743, and Fontenoy in 1745. Having returned to England in the summer of the latter year on sick leave, he in August 1746 accompanied his friend, the Earl of Kilmarnock, to the scaffold on Tower Hill, for which act of friendship his name, it was said, was placed at the bottom of the army list. He, however, subsequently served in America with the rank of captain, and was present at the capture of Quebec in 1759. Returning to England the following year he obtained the command of the 115th foot in 1761, and was promoted lieutenant-colonel in 1772. In 1761 he was appointed his majesty's falconer for Scotland, and in 1762 he received the freedom of the city of Perth. He died unmarried in February 1793. The estates to which he succeeded on the death of his father in 1763 he settled on Thomas Coutts, the London banker [q. v.], but the deed was disputed by his aunt, Elizabeth Craufurd, the next heir, and after a long litigation the case was finally decided in 1806 in favour of the natural heir. A correspondence between the sixteenth earl of Sutherland and Craufurd has been printed in the ‘Ayr and Wigton Archæological Collections,’ ii. 156–84.
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cockburn, Archibald

​COCKBURN, ARCHIBALD (fl. 1722), divine, describes himself as being 'M.A., rector of the parishes of St. Mary Cayon and Christ's Church, Nichols Town, in St. Christopher's.' At the request of the Hon. William Matthew, lieutenant-governor of the Leeward Caribbee Islands, he wrote 'A Philosophical Essay concerning the intermediate State of Blessed Souls,' London, 1722, 8vo, which is curious from the author's profound belief in apparitions. The extracts which Noble professes to give would be highly interesting were they only to be found in the book. Cockburn's portrait was engraved by Gerard Vandergucht.
[Noble's Continuation of Granger, iii. 140-1.]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cockayne, William

​COCKAYNE, WILLIAM (1717–1798), astronomer, son of the Rev. George Cockayne, vicar of Doveridge in Derbyshire, was born 3 Nov. 1717. Admitted to Merchant Taylors' School in 1728, he was elected to St. John's College, Oxford, in 1736, took degrees of B.A., M.A., and B.D. respectively in 1740, 1744, and 1751, was junior proctor of the university in 1750, and proceeded D.D. 13 July 1754. His uncle, Francis Cockayne, being elected lord mayor of London in 1750, he was appointed his chaplain, and preached before him the anniversary sermon of 5 Nov. in that year. In 1753 we find him acting as chaplain to the Countess of Orkney and Inchiquin. He filled the chair of astronomy in Gresham College 1752-95, and was nominated, 20 Sept. 1763, rector of Kilkhampton in Cornwall, occupying the post until his death in 1798. He published 'A Sermon preached before the Right Hon. the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and Citizens of London, 5 Nov. 1750,' London, 1751; and 'A Sermon preached before the Right Hon. the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and Citizens of London, 3 Sept. 1753,' London, 1753.
A. M. C.