OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Palmer, Thomas (fl.1644-1666)

​PALMER, THOMAS (fl. 1644–1666), independent minister and agitator, born about 1620, was said to be a clergyman's son. In 1644 he became, probably after serving as a soldier, chaplain to Skippon's regiment. He was vicar, or perpetual curate, of St. Laurence Pountney from 24 Nov. 1644 to 22 April 1646. Early in the latter year he was presented by the Westminster assembly to the rectory of Aston-upon-Trent in Derbyshire. The living had been sequestered from a royalist, Richard Clark or Clerke, who in April 1646 made an effort to regain possession of the parsonage. A fifth part of the value of the rectory was allowed to Clark's wife by the committee for plundered ministers on 13 June. In March 1646–7 Palmer obtained an ordinance from the lords for settling himself in the rectory, when he disputed the right of Clark's family to the portion of the revenue allotted to them.
Palmer has been identified with the Thomas Palmer who matriculated from Magdalen College, Oxford, on 22 Jan. 1648–9, was demy from 1648 to 1655, graduated B.A. on 26 Feb. 1651–2, was chosen fellow of Magdalen in 1653, and graduated M.A. on 13 June 1654. In 1658 he communicated the articles agreed upon by the independent ministers at Oxford to the congregations of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire. He attended meetings of the Nottingham presbyterian classis in 1658 and 1659. In 1659 he described himself as ‘pastor of a church of Christ in Nottingham.’ He was ejected from both rectory and fellowship in 1660, after which he wandered about the country preaching and fanning ‘the flames of rebellion.’ In November 1661 he was holding meetings on the premises of a rich brewer at Limehouse, and a year later, though disguised, was taken prisoner at Egerton in Kent, and imprisoned at Canterbury. Early in 1663 he was residing in Rope Alley, Little Moorfields, London, and described as a dangerous person, holding the Fifth-monarchy opinions. About June he was imprisoned at Nottingham for preaching in conventicles. In the autumn of 1663 he distinguished himself as an agitator in the Farnley Wood plot, having undertaken to raise a troop of horse to meet at Nottingham on 12 Oct. He was specially mentioned in the king's proclamation of 10 Nov. 1663 for ‘The Discovery and Apprehension of Divers Trayterous Conspirators,’ but escaped from Nottingham to London. In the summer of 1666 Palmer is stated to have gone to Ireland ‘to do mischief.’ He is described as a tall man, with flaxen hair.
He published: 1. ‘The Saint's Support in these sad Times,’ London, 1644. 2. ‘Christian's Freedom, or God's Deed of Gift to his Saints,’ London, 1646 (Wood). 3. ‘A Sermon on 1 Cor. iii. 22, 23,’ London, 1647 (Wood). 4. ‘A Little View of this Old World, in two books. I. A Map of Monarchy … II. An Epitome of Papacy,’ London, 1659.
B. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Palmer, William (1539?-1605)

​PALMER, WILLIAM (1539?–1605), divine, of Nottinghamshire descent (Hawes, Hist. of Framlingham, p. 231), was born about 1539 (epitaph). He was educated at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, and graduated B.A. in 1559–60. He was elected fellow of that house in 1560, while Grindal, who remained his constant patron, was master. He took holy orders in 1560, and three years later became Grindal's chaplain. From 24 Sept. 1565 to 14 Aug. 1574 he was prebendary of Mora in the cathedral church of St. Paul's; from 20 Dec. 1566 till 11 Oct. 1570 vicar of St. Lawrence Jewry; and from 17 June 1570 to 12 April 1573 prebendary of Riccall, in the cathedral church of York.
According to the catholic historian, Nicholas Sanders, Palmer persisted in attending Thomas Percy, seventh earl of Northumberland [q. v.], on the scaffold, in 1572, against the earl's express wish. On 13 Oct. 1575 he was collated to the prebend of Norwell Palishall in the church of Southwell. This prebend he held till his death. On 13 March 1576–7 he officiated at the enthronisation of Edwin Sandys [q. v.], archbishop of York (Strype, Annals, ii. ii. 42). ​In the disputation with the jesuit William Hart, who was executed at York 15 March 1583 (Dodd, iii. 162), Palmer was associated with Hutton on account of his logical powers. Bridgewater (Aquepontanus), the catholic historian, represents Palmer as worsted. Palmer sat in the convocation of the province of York in March 1586, which granted a subsidy and benevolence to the queen (Strype, Whitgift, i. 499). In 1598 he was made D.D. at Cambridge, and in 1599 was a member of the ‘commissio specialis de schismate supprimendo’ (24 Nov. 1579; Rymer, Fœdera, xvi. 386; Pat. 42 Eliz. 31 M. 24, 302). He was also rector of Kirk Deighton, York, 5 March 1570, to some time before 8 June 1577, and of Wheldrake, Yorkshire, from 7 Feb. 1576–1577 to his death in 1605. He died at Wheldrake on 23 Oct. 1605, and was buried in York minster. In the south aisle of the choir there is a mural tablet bearing an inscription (Francis Drake, Eboracum, p. 508), which speaks of his wife, Anna, the daughter of the memorable Dr. Rowland Taylor [q. v.], the martyr parson of Hadley. Seven of Palmer's children by her survived him. In the Tanner MSS. at the Bodleian Library, No. 50, are notes of a sermon preached by Palmer at Paul's Cross 11 Aug. 1566, on 1 Cor. x. 12.
[Cooper's Ath. Cant.; Willis's Cathedrals, i. 80; John Bridgewater's (Aquepontanus) Concertatio Eccl. Cath. in Anglia adversus Calvino-papistas et Puritanos, 1588, pp. 48, 106b; Hutton Corresp. (Surtees Soc.), pp. 57, 66; Hawes's Hist. of Framlingham, p. 331; Drake's Eboracum, pp. 232, 359, 508, 567; Coxe's Cat. of Tanner MSS.; Strype's Grindal, p. 279; Annals, II. ii. 42, Whitgift, i. 499; Newcourt Repert. i. 181, 386; Dodd's Church Hist. ed. Tierney, iii. 152; Taylor's Ecclesia Leodiensis; information kindly furnished by Rev. J. W. Geldart, rector of Kirk Deighton, and by Rev. Sidney Smith, rector of Wheldrake.]
W. A. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Palmeranus, Thomas

​PALMERANUS or PALMERSTON, THOMAS (fl. 1310), Irish monk. [See Thomas Hibernicus.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Palmer, William (1802-1858)

​PALMER, WILLIAM (1802–1858), conveyancer and legal author, second son of George Palmer [q. v.] of Nazeing Park, Essex, M.P. for the southern division of that county from 1836 to 1847, by Anna Maria, daughter of William Bund of Wick Episcopi, Worcestershire, was born on 9 Nov. 1802. He matriculated at Oxford (St. Mary Hall) on 16 Feb. 1822, graduated B.A. in 1825, and proceeded M.A. in 1828. In May 1830 he was called to the bar at the Inner Temple, where he acquired a large practice as a conveyancer. In 1836 he was appointed to the professorship of civil law at Gresham College, which he held until his death on 24 April 1858. Palmer was a man of high principle and unostentatious philanthropy. He did not marry.
He is author of the following: 1. ‘An Inquiry into the Navigation Laws,’ London, 1833, 8vo. 2. ‘Discourse on the Gresham Foundation; or two introductory Lectures delivered at the Royal Exchange,’ London, 1837, 8vo. 3. ‘The Law of Wreck considered with a View to its Amendment,’ London, 1843, 8vo. 4. ‘Principles of the Legal Provision for the Relief of the Poor. Four ​lectures partly read at Gresham College in Hilary Term 1844,’ London, 1844, 8vo.
J. M. R.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Palmer, Thomas (fl.1410)

​PALMER or PALMARIUS, THOMAS (fl. 1410), theological writer, was a friar of the house of Dominicans in London. He took the degree of doctor of theology, and assisted in 1412 at the trial of Sir John Oldcastle (Foxe, Acts and Monuments, iii. 329, 334). He was a friend of Richard Clifford [q. v.], bishop of London; was skilful in disputation, and wrote orthodox works to repair the schisms of the church. These were: 1. ‘Super facienda unione,’ which Leland saw at Westminster (Coll. iii. 48). 2. ‘De Adoratione Imaginum libellus,’ beginning ‘Nunquid domini nostri crucifixi,’ now in the Merton College MS. lxviii. f. 18 b. The second part is entitled ‘De Veneratione Sanctorum,’ and begins ‘Tractatum de sanctorum veneratione.’ 3. ‘De originali peccato’ (MS. Merton, ib.), beginning ‘Ego cum sim pulvis et cinis.’ Tanner ascribes the rest of the manuscript to him—‘De peregrinatione,’ on the pilgrimages to Canterbury—but the manuscript does not name Palmer as the author. 4. ‘De indulgentiis.’
M. B.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Bellin, Samuel

​BELLIN, SAMUEL (1799–1893), engraver, son of John Bellin of Chigwell, Essex, was born on 13 May 1799. He studied for some years in Rome, where he made some excellent copies of celebrated pictures, and acquired great facility as a draughtsman. On his return to England, about 1834, he devoted himself to engraving, and became one of the leading workers in mezzotint and the mixed method. His plates, which are all from pictures by popular English painters of the day, include 'The Meeting of the Council of the Anti-Corn Law League,' after J. R. Herbert; 'Heather Belles,' after J. Phillip; 'The Council of War in the Crimea,' after A. Egg; 'The Gentle Warning,' after F. Stone; 'The Heart's Resolve,' and 'The Momentous Question,' after S. Setchell; 'Milton composing "Samson Agonistes,"' after J. C. Horsley; 'Opening of the Great Exhibition of 1851,' after H. C. Selous; 'Salutation to the Aged Friars,' after C. L. Eastlake; 'Dr. Johnson's Visit to Garrick,' after E. M. Ward; and portraits of the Prince Consort, Lord John Russell, and Joseph Hume, M.P. His latest plate appeared in 1870, when he retired from the profession. Bellin drew and etched on three plates a panoramic view of Rome from Monte Pincio, which he published, with a dedication to the Duke of Sussex, in 1835. He was an original member of the Graphic Society. He died at his house in Regent's Park Road, London, on 29 April 1893.
[Athenæum, 6 May 1893; Andresen's Handbuch für Kupferstichsammler.]
F. M. O'D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Bennett, James Risdon

​BENNETT, Sir JAMES RISDON (1809–1891), physician, eldest son of the Rev. James Bennett, D.D. [q. v.], nonconformist minister, was born at Romsey on 29 Sept. 1809. He received his education at the Rotherham College, Yorkshire, of which his father became principal; and at the age of fifteen was apprenticed to Thomas Waterhouse of Sheffield. In 1830 he went to Paris, and afterwards to Edinburgh, where he graduated M.D. in 1833. In the autumn of the same year he accompanied Lord Beverley to Rome, and spent two or three summers in his company and that of Lord Aberdeen. On his return to England in 1837 he became physician to the Aldersgate Street dispensary, and lectured on medicine at the Charing Cross Hospital medical school, and also at Grainger's private school of medicine. In 1843 he was appointed assistant physician to St. Thomas's Hospital, and in 1849 full physician. On the foundation of the City of London Hospital for Diseases of the Chest in 1848 he was appointed physician to that institution; and from 1843 to its dissolution in 1867 acted as secretary to the Sydenham Society. In 1875 he was elected F.R.S.
Settling in Finsbury Square on his marriage in 1841, he enjoyed for many years a good position as a consultant, especially in connection with chest diseases, having been one of the first to introduce into this country the use of the stethoscope. In 1876 he was elected to the office of president of the Royal College of Physicians, and was knighted. He then removed to Cavendish Square, where he died on 14 Dec. 1891.
He married, in June 1841, Ellen Selfe, daughter of the Rev. Henry Page of Rose Hill, Worcester, by whom he had nine children, of whom six survived.
His published works include a translation of 'Kramer on Diseases of the Ear,' 1837; an essay on 'Acute Hydrocephalus,' which obtained the Fothergillian gold medal of the Medical Society of London in 1842, and was published in the following year; and the 'Lumleian Lectures at the College of Physicians on Intra-thoracic Tumours,' 1872.
[Private information from members of the family; Men and Women of the Time, 13th ed. 1891; Times, 16 Dec. 1891.]
J. B. N.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Beckett, Gilbert Arthur À.

​BECKETT, GILBERT ARTHUR À. (1837–1891), humorist. [See À Beckett.]
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Pratt, Charles (1768-1838)

​PRATT, Sir CHARLES (1768–1838), lieutenant-general, is said to have come of an Irish family, and may have been distantly connected with the earls of Camden. He was born in 1768, and became ensign in the army on 14 April 1794. He was subsequently promoted lieutenant 5th foot (after Northumberland fusiliers), 3 Sept. 1795; captain, 28 Feb. 1798; major, 25 Aug. 1804; lieutenant-colonel, 25 March 1808; colonel, 4 June 1814; major-general, 27 May 1825; lieutenant-general and colonel of the 95th foot (after the Derbyshire regiment), 23 Dec. 1834.
Pratt commanded the first battalion of the 5th foot which embarked at Cork in May 1812, and landed at Lisbon to join the English army under Wellington in the Peninsula. He thus took a prominent part in a long series of brilliant engagements. Joining Wellington on landing by forced marches, both battalions of the 5th regiment shared in the honours and triumphs of Salamanca on 22 July 1812. Pratt received a medal, and the regiment the right to bear ‘Salamanca’ on their colours. He and his battalion rendered no less service at Vittoria, where a superior force of the enemy was driven in (21 June 1813). Pratt again obtained a medal. He was present in command of the first battalion at the battles of Nivelle, 10 Nov. 1814, Orthes, 27 Feb. 1814, and finally at the closing struggle and crowning victory of the war, the battle of Toulouse, on 10 April 1814. The regiment, in consideration of these achievements, received permission to add ‘Peninsula’ to the long list of names on its colours. On the extension of the order of the Bath in 1814, Pratt was nominated C.B. With his regiment he served in the army of occupation in France till 1818. In the following year he embarked with the regiment for St. Vincent. In May 1825 he came home on being succeeded in his command by Lieutenant-colonel W. Sutherland. In 1830 he was made K.C.B. and declined the command of troops in Jamaica. He died, without issue, of an apoplectic fit at Brighton on 25 Oct. 1838.
B. H. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Pratt, Anne

​PRATT, ANNE, afterwards Mrs. Pearless (1806–1893), botanist, born on 5 Dec. 1806 in Strood, Kent, was the second of three daughters of Robert Pratt (1777–1819), a wholesale grocer of that town, by his wife, Sarah Bundock (1780–1845), of Huguenot descent. Her childhood and youth were passed at Chatham, whither her father had removed, and she was educated by Mrs. Roffey at the Eastgate House school, Rochester. Her delicate health rendering her unfit for active pursuits, she devoted herself to literary study. A Scottish friend, Dr. Dods, undertook to teach her botany, and she soon became an ardent student. Aided by her elder sister, who collected for her, she formed an extensive herbarium, and supplemented her collection by making sketches of the specimens. The drawings afterwards formed illustrations for her books.
She left Chatham in 1846, and went to reside with friends at Brixton and other places, but subsequently settled at Dover in 1849. There she wrote her principal work, ‘The Flowering Plants and Ferns of Great Britain.’ Other changes of residence followed.
On 4 Dec. 1866 she was married to John Pearless of East Grinstead, Sussex. She resided there for two and a half years. They settled for some years at Redhill, Surrey. She died on 27 July 1893 at Rylett Road, Shepherd's Bush, London.
Although her works were written in popular style, they were fairly accurate, and were instrumental in spreading a knowledge and love of botany, and were at one time acknowledged by a grant from the civil list. They were:
* ‘The Field, the Garden, and the Woodland. … By a Lady,’ 16mo, London, 1838; 3rd edit. 12mo, London (Knight's monthly volume), 1847.
* ‘Flowers and their Associations,’ 8vo, London, 1840; 2nd edit. (Knight's weekly volume), 1846.
* ‘Dawnings of Genius, or the Early Lives of some Eminent Persons of the Last Century,’ 8vo, London, 1841.
* ‘The Pictorial Catechism of Botany,’ 16mo, London, 1842.
* ‘The Excellent Woman, as described in ​the Book of Proverbs,’ 16mo [London, 1846] [anon.].
* ‘Wild Flowers of the Year,’ 16mo, London [1846?].
* ‘Garden Flowers of the Year,’ 16mo, London [1847].
* ‘Chapters on Common Things of the Seaside,’ 8vo, London, 1850.
* ‘Wild Flowers,’ 2 vols. 16mo, London, 1852; 2nd edition [1892?].
* ‘The Green Fields and their Grasses,’ 8vo, London, 1852.
* ‘Our Native Songsters,’ 16mo, London, 1852.
* ‘The Flowering Plants and Ferns of Great Britain,’ 5 vols. 8vo, London [1855]; 3rd edit. 1873.
* ‘The Ferns of Great Britain and their Allies,’ 8vo, London [1855]; 2nd edit. 1871.
* ‘The Poisonous, Noxious, and Suspected Plants of our Fields and Woods,’ 8vo, London [1857]; 2nd edit. [1866].
* ‘The British Grasses and Sedges,’ &c., 8vo, London [1859].
* ‘Haunts of the Wild Flowers,’ 8vo, London, 1863.
She also edited ‘By Daylight,’ 8vo, London, 1865, a translation of Ottilie Wildermuth's ‘Im Tageslicht.’
[Women's Penny Paper, 9 Nov. 1889, with portrait; Journ. Bot. 1894, pp. 205–7; Brit. Mus. Cat.; Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Cat.; information kindly supplied by Mrs. Pearless's niece, Mrs. Wells.]
B. B. W.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Pratt, John Burnett

​PRATT, JOHN BURNETT (1799–1869), Scottish divine and antiquary, born in 1799 at Cairnbanno, New Deer, was son of a working tradesman. After graduating M.A. at Aberdeen University, he took orders in the Scottish episcopal church, and obtained a living at Stuartfield in 1821. In 1825 he was elected to St. James's Church, Cruden, where he remained till his death. He was also examining chaplain to the bishop of Aberdeen and domestic chaplain to the Earl of Errol. Aberdeen University conferred on him the honorary degree of LL.D. in 1865. He died at Cruden on 20 March 1869.
Besides editing the ‘Scottish Episcopal Communion Service’ in 1866, he was the author of: 1. ‘The Old Paths, where is the Good Way,’ 3rd edit. Oxford, 1840. 2. ‘Buchan,’ 8vo, Aberdeen, 1858; 3rd edit., with a memoir, 1870; this work embodied the results of many years of antiquarian and topographical research in the district. 3. ‘The Druids,’ 8vo, London, 1861. 4. ‘Letters on the Scandinavian Churches, their Doctrine, Worship, and Polity,’ 8vo, London, 1865. 5. ‘Scottish Episcopacy and Scottish Episcopalians. Three Sermons,’ 8vo, Aberdeen, 1838.
E. I. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Pratt, John (1772-1855)

​PRATT, JOHN (1772–1855), organist, son of Jonas Pratt, music seller and teacher, was born at Cambridge in 1772. In 1780 he was admitted chorister of King's College (Grove). On the death in 1799 of Dr. John Randall [q. v.], Pratt succeeded him as organist to the college. In the same year he was appointed organist to Cambridge University, and in 1813 he held the same post at St. Peter's College. Pratt composed sacred music, including a morning and evening service (Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 11730), which he declined the risk of publishing. He occupied himself with compilations for the use of choirs in college chapels, and published in 1810 a ‘Psalmody’ which became widely known and generally used. Pratt retired from the active performance of his duties many years before his death, which took place on 9 March 1855, in his eighty-fourth year.
His publications were: 1. ‘A Selection of Ancient and Modern Psalm Tunes arranged and adapted for Two Trebles or Tenors and a Bass for the use of Parish Churches,’ 1810; it was republished about 1820, with new title-page, ‘Psalmodia Cantabrigiensis … for the use of the University Church, Cambridge.’ The appendix contains about twenty psalms and hymns ‘not used at the University Church.’ 2. ‘A Collection of Anthems in Score selected from the Works of Handel, ​Haydn, Mozart, Clari, Leo, and Carissimi, with a separate arrangement for pianoforte or organ,’ about 1825. 3. ‘Four Double Chants, the Responses to the Commandments, as performed at King's College, Cambridge,’ 8vo, no date (Brown). Some of Pratt's manuscripts are in the Rochester Cathedral library.
L. M. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Saywell, William

​SAYWELL, WILLIAM (1643–1701), controversialist, born in 1643, was son of Gabriel Saywell (d. 1688), rector of Pentridge, Dorset. After a few months passed at Cranbourne school, he proceeded in 1659 to St. John's College, Cambridge, where he was admitted a sizar. He graduated A.B. in 1663, A.M. 1667. On 2 April 1666 he was elected a fellow of his college. In 1669 he was incorporated M.A. at Oxford. In 1679 he proceeded D.D., and on 8 March in the same year was installed a prebendary of Ely. On the 9th of the following December, on the promotion of Humphrey Gower [q. v.] to the mastership of St. John's College, he was elected his successor as master of Jesus College in the same university. On 28 Nov. 1672 he was appointed chancellor of the diocese of Chichester, and on 22 Jan. 1681 was collated to the archdeaconry of Ely. He gave to Jesus College 100l. for the adornment of the hall, and also 200l. for the purchase of advowsons. He died in London on 9 June 1701, and was buried in the chapel of his college on the 14th. Saywell appears as a contributor to the ‘Hymenæus Cantabrigiensis’ in 1683 and to the ‘Academiæ Cantabrigiensis Affectus’ in 1685, compositions which show him to have possessed some taste and skill as a writer of Latin verse; but his reputation is mainly that of a staunch theologian of what was afterwards known as the evangelical school, equally opposed to presbyterianism and to popery.
His works are: 1. ‘The Original of all Plots in Christendom: with the Danger and Remedy of Schism,’ London, 1681. 2. ‘A Serious Inquiry into the Means of an Happy Union; or, What Reformation is necessary to prevent Popery?’ London, 1681. 3. ‘Evangelical and Catholick Unity maintained in the Church of England; or, an Apology for her Government, Liturgy, Subscriptions,’ London, 1682 [written in reply to Baxter's ‘Answer to the Accusations’]. 4. ‘The Reformation of the Church of England justified, according to the Canons of the Council of Nice and other General Councils,’ Cambridge, 1688 [published without author's name]. 5. ‘The Necessity of adhering to the Church of England as by Law established; or, the Duty of a good Christian, and particularly of Parents and Masters of Families under the present Toleration,’ Cambridge, 1692.
J. B. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Scalby, John de

1904 Errata appended. John Schalby in the ODNB.
​SCALBY, SCALLEBY, SCHALBY, JOHN de (d. 1333), registrar and canon of Lincoln Cathedral, was rector of Mumby, and held successively the prebends of Bedford Major, Welton, Beckhall, and Dunham, all in Lincoln diocese. He was for eighteen years registrar to Bishop Oliver de Sutton (d. 1299) [q. v.], and was a member of Bishop Dalderby's household for eight years. He took a leading part in the controversy on questions of jurisdiction between the dean and canons of Lincoln in 1312. In 1322 he was made guardian of John de Screvelby of Lincoln. A manuscript Martyrologium, in the possession of the dean and chapter of Lincoln (Muniment Room, A. 2. 3), was written under Scalby's eye, and contains rubrics in his hand. He added to it an account of the unwritten customs of the church. Passages from it are cited by Dimock and by Bradshaw. Lives by him of several bishops are printed in ‘Giraldus Cambrensis,’ vii. 193–216. He died in 1333.
M. B.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.241 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 394 | ii | 6 f.e. | Scalby, John de: after shaw. insert Scalby was also author of the lives of several bishops of Lincoln (cf. Giraldus Cambrensis, vol. vii. pp. 193-216, where they are printed). |