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# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ambrosian Basilica

From volume 1 of the work.
THE PALA D'ORO IN THE AMBROSIAN BASILICA, MILAN
After the final victory of Ambrose over the Arian faction at court, the people requested him to consecrate the basilica, which at its opening had only been dedicated. The Bishop replied that he would do so, could he obtain relics of martyrs. This obstacle was removed, St. Augustine informs us (Confess., IX, vii), by the discovery in the Naborian basilica of the relics of Sts. Gervasius and Protasius, the location of whose tombs was revealed to St. Ambrose in a vision. The translation of these martyrs' relics to the new basilica was made with the greatest solemnity, and served as the crowning triumph of the orthodox over the Arians. In the explorations of 1864 the sarcophagi which in the fourth century contained these relics, as well as the sarcophagus of St. Ambrose, were discovered in the confession of the basilica. The remains of all three saints were found in a porphyry sarcophagus to which they had been transferred, probably in the ninth century, by Archbishop Angilbert II (824–859). Like his contemporary and friend, St. Paulinus of Nola, St. Ambrose adorned the walls of his basilica with frescoes representing various scenes from the Old and New Testament. From the distich inscriptions, composed by St. Ambrose, accompanying each group, we learn what subjects were depicted. Noe, the ark, and the dove recalled a favorite subject of the catacombs, though the symbolic meaning was somewhat different. Abraham was represented contemplating the stars, less numerous than his posterity were destined to be; the same patriarch with Sara, in another scene, was acting as host to Angels. Isaac and Rebecca, two scenes from the life of Jacob, and two from that of Joseph formed part of the cycle from the Old Testament. The New Testament was represented by five scenes: the Annunciation, the conversion of Zaccheus, the Haemorrhoissa, the Transfiguration, and St. John, reclining on the breast of Our Saviour. The altar of the basilica, erected in the first half of the ninth century, is a work of rare merit. The famous brazen serpent stands on a column in the nave, on the left, and is balanced by a cross on the right. This was brought from Constantinople about the year 1001, by Archbishop Arnolf, and placed in the Ambrosian basilica under the supposition that it was the brazen serpent erected in the desert by Moses. Archaeologists regard it as very probably a pagan emblem of Esculapius.
Maurice M. Hassett.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ambrose Pelargus

From volume 11 of the work.
Theologian, born at Nidda, Hesse, about 1488; died at Trier, 1557. Stork (Greek Pelargon, whence Pelargus) entered the Dominican order probably at Freiburg, Breisgau. He was famed for his eloquence and admired for the elegance of his writings, being skilled in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. His polemical efforts were directed principally against the Anabaptists, the Iconoclasts, and those who rejected the Mass. He attended the Diet of Worms (1540) and the Council of Trent in 1546, as theologian and procurator of the Archbishop of Trier. On 10 May, 1546, he addressed the assembled Fathers. When the Council was transferred to Bologna in 1547, Charles V, incensed against Pelargus because he had favoured the transfer, induced the archbishop to recall him, but the latter chose him again as his theologian in 1561. His principal works are: "Apologia sacrificii eucharistiae contra Oecolampadium" (Basle, 1528); "Hyperaspismus, seu apologiae propugnatio..." (Basle, 1529); "Opuscula", against Anabaptists and Iconoclasts (Freiburg, 1534); "Divina S. Joannis Chrysos. Liturgia, e Graeco Latine ab Ambrosio Pelargo versa et illustrata" (Worms, 1541); "Inter Pelargum et Erasmum epistolae" (Cologne, 1539).
D. J. KENNEDY
# Brown v. Webster

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
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United States Supreme Court
156 U.S. 328
Brown v. Webster
J. H. Blair, for plaintiff in error.
Frank W. Hackett, for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice WHITE, after stating the case, delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Brown v. Western Railway of Alabama

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United States Supreme Court
338 U.S. 294
Brown v. Western Railway of Alabama
Argued: Oct. 19, 1949. --- Decided: Nov 21, 1949
See 57 S.E.2d 454.
Mr. Richard M. Maxwell, Atlanta, Ga., for petitioner.
Mr. Herman Heyman, Atlanta, Ga., for respondent.
Mr. Justice BLACK delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Brown v. Webster/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
156 U.S. 328
Brown v. Webster
The only error complained of here is the absolute want of jurisdiction in the court below, which it is asserted is apparent on the face of the record. The argument is that the matter in dispute did not exceed $2,000, exclusive of interest and costs, and hence the alleged want of jurisdiction. The demand of the plaintiff was for damages in the sum of $6,000. This was the principal controversy. It is insisted, however, that as, under the law of Nebraska, damages in case of eviction involved responsibility only for the return of the price, with interest thereon, and the price here was only $1,200, the sum in controversy could not exceed $2,000, exclusive of interest; that is to say, as the measure of the damage was price and interest, the price being below $2,000, the jurisdictional amount could not be arrived at by adding the interest to the price. This contention overlooks the elementary distinction between interest as such and the use of an interest calculation as an instrumentality in arriving at the amount of damages to be awarded on the principal demand. As we have said the recovery sought was not the price and interest thereon, but the sum of the damage resulting from eviction. All such damage was therefore the principal demand in controversy, although interest and price and other things may have constituted some of the elements entering into the legal unit, the damage which the party was entitled to recover. Whether, therefore, the court below considered the interest as an instrument or means for ascertaining the amount of the principal demand, is wholly immaterial, provided the principal demand as made and ascertained was within the jurisdiction of the court. Indeed, the confusion of thought which the assertion of want of jurisdiction involves is a failure to distinguish between a principal and an accessory demand. The sum of the principal demand determines the question of jurisdiction. The accessory or the interest demand cannot be computed for jurisdictional purposes. Here the entire damage claimed was the principal demand, without reference to the constituent elements entering therein. This demand was predicated on a distinct cause of action,-eviction from the property bought. Thus considered, the attack on the jurisdiction is manifestly unsound, since its premise is that a sum, which was an essential ingredient in the one principal claim, should be segregated therefrom, and be considered as a mere accessory thereto.
Judgment affirmed.

## Notes

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# Brown v. Wiley

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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* Brown v. Wiley (61 U.S. 442)
* Brown v. Wiley (71 U.S. 165)
# British North America Act, 1951

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Gave the federal government the power to pass legislation concerning Old Age Pensions while recognizing the right of provincial legislatures to do likewise. While parliament had instituted an Old Age Pension in 1927 it was administered by the provinces and jointly funded by them. This amendment allowed the federal government to administer and operate its own pension plan and allowed it to pass the Old Age Security Act.
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Note: This Act was repealed by the Constitution Act, 1982

## Contents

British North America Act, 1951
    1. Amendment as to legislation respecting old age pensions.
    2. Short title and citation.
Notes
14 & 15 George VI, c. 32 (U.K.)
An Act to amend the British North America Act, 1867
[Assented to 31st May, 1951.]
Whereas the Senate and House of Commons of Canada in Parliament assembled have submitted an address to His Majesty praying that His Majesty may graciously be pleased to cause a measure to be laid before the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the enactment of the provisions hereinafter set forth:
Be it therefore enacted by the King's Most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:
1. The British North America Act, 1867, is amended by adding thereto immediately after section ninety-four thereof the following heading and section:—
94A. It is hereby declared that the Parliament of Canada may from time to time make laws in relation to old age pensions in Canada, but no law made by the Parliament of Canada in relation to old age pensions shall affect the operation of any law present or future of a Provincial Legislature in relation to old age pensions.
2. This Act may be cited as the British North America Act, 1951; and the British North America Acts, 1867 to 1849, and this Act may be cited together as the British North America Acts, 1867 to 1951.
This work is in the public domain worldwide because it is one of the following types of legislation in the United Kingdom or its predecessor states, and received Royal Assent or the approval of HM in Council (as applicable) before 1974:
* Act of Parliament
* Act of the Scottish Parliament
* Measure of the National Assembly for Wales
* Act of Senedd Cymru (formerly known as an Act of the National Assembly for Wales)
* Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly
* Measure of the General Synod of the Church of England
See section 164 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (as amended).
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# British North America Act (No. 2), 1975

Increased the number of Senate seats to 104 from 102 and allocated one seat for the Yukon and one for the Northwest Territories.
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## Contents

British North America Act (No. 2), 1975
       1. Constitution of Senate altered.
       2. "Province".
       3. Short title and citation.
23 & 24 Elizabeth II, c. 53 (Canada)
An Act to amend the British North America Acts, 1867 to 1975
[Assented to 19th March, 1975.]
Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada, enacts as follows:—
1. Notwithstanding anything in the British North America Act, 1867, or in any Act of the Parliament of Canada, or in any order in council or terms or conditions of union made or approved under any such Act,
    (a) the number of Senators provided for under section 21 of the British North America Act, 1867, as amended, is increased from one hundred and two to one hundred and four;
    (b) the maximum number of Senators is increased from one hundred and ten to one hundred and twelve; and
    (c) the Yukon Territory and the Northwest Territories shall be entitled to be represented in the Senate by one member each.
2. For the purposes of this Act, the term "Province" in section 23 of the British North America Act, 1867 has the same meaning as is assigned to the term "province" by section 28 of the Interpretation Act.
3. This Act may be cited as the British North America Act (No. 2), 1975, and shall be included among the Acts that may be cited as the British North America Acts, 1867 to 1975.
This work is reproduced under the terms of the Reproduction of Federal Law Order for enactments of the Government of Canada. This document is not an official version, and not endorsed by the Government of Canada.
This work is also in the public domain in the U.S. because it is an edict of a government, local or foreign. See § 313.6(C)(2) of the Compendium II: Copyright Office Practices. Such documents include "legislative enactments, judicial decisions, administrative rulings, public ordinances, or similar types of official legal materials" as well as "any translation prepared by a government employee acting within the course of his or her official duties."
Canadian legislation is under Crown Copyright pursuant to Section 12 of the Copyright Act for 50 years after the year of first publication. That section and the lack of modern case law make it unclear whether these documents remain protected by perpetual Crown rights and privileges after that term ends.
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# British North America Act, 1960

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This act instituted a mandatory retirement age of 75 for all superior court judges. Those appointed prior to the act's passage were exempt
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## Contents

British North America Act, 1960
    1. Amendment as to legislation respecting old age pensions.
    2. Short title and citation.
    3. Commencement.
9 Elizabeth II, c. 2 (U.K.)
An Act to amend the British North America Act, 1867
[Assented to 20th December, 1960.]
Wheras the Senate and House of Commons of Canada in Parliament assembled have submitted addresses to Her Majesty praying that Her Majesty may graciously be pleased to cause a measure to be laid before the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the enactment of the provisions hereinafter set forth:
Be it therefore enacted by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
1. Section ninety-nine of the British North America Act, 1867, is hereby repealed and the following substituted therefor:—
99.(1) Subject to subsection (2) of this section, the judges of the superior courts shall hold office during good behaviour, but shall be removable by the Governor General on address of the Senate and House of Commons.
(2) A judge of a superior court, whether appointed before or after the coming into force of this section, shall cease to hold office upon attaining the age of seventy-five years, or upon the coming into force of this section if at that time he has already attained that age.
2. This Act may be cited as the British North America Act, 1960; and the British North America Acts, 1867 to 1952 and this Act may be cited together as the British North America Acts, 1867 to 1960.
3. This Act shall come into force on the first day of March, nineteen hundred and sixty-one.
This work is in the public domain worldwide because it is one of the following types of legislation in the United Kingdom or its predecessor states, and received Royal Assent or the approval of HM in Council (as applicable) before 1974:
* Act of Parliament
* Act of the Scottish Parliament
* Measure of the National Assembly for Wales
* Act of Senedd Cymru (formerly known as an Act of the National Assembly for Wales)
* Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly
* Measure of the General Synod of the Church of England
See section 164 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (as amended).
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# British Prime Minister’s message to new Irish Free State

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The following is the text of a telegram received by W.T. Cosgrave, first President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State, on 6 December 1922 from the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Mr Andrew Bonar Law. The telegram was upon the occasion of the inauguration of the Irish Free State. Mr Cosgrave read the telegram in Leinster House (Source: The Times, 7 December 1922)
On the inauguration of the Irish Free State, I desire, on behalf of my colleagues and myself, to convey to you a message of greeting and of good will. You may be assured that we on our part will do all that lies in our power to further the common ends we have both in view-the peace and prosperity of Ireland and lasting concord between the two countries.
# British North America Act, 1965

Renamed the Constitution Act, 1965 in 1982, this legislation was introduced by the government of Lester Pearson and instituted a mandatory retirement age of 75 for all persons appointed to the Canadian Senate. Those appointed prior to the passage of the Act were exempt. Warning: template has been deprecated.

## Contents

British North America Act, 1965
       1. Amendment as to legislation respecting the term of office for Senators.
       2. Short title and citation of Part I.
14 Elizabeth II, c. 4 (Canada)
An Act to make provision for the retirement of members of the Senate
[Assented to 2nd June, 1965.]
Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada, enacts as follows:
1. Section 29 of the British North America Act, 1867 is repealed and the following substituted therefor:
29.(1) Subject to subsection (2), a Senator shall, subject to the provisions of this Act, hold his place in the Senate for life.
(2) A Senator who is summoned to the Senate after the coming into force of this subsection shall, subject to this Act, hold his place in the Senate until he attains the age of seventy-five years.
2. This Part may be cited as the British North America Act, 1965, and the British North America Acts, 1867 to 1964, and this Part may be cited together as the British North America Acts, 1867 to 1965.
This work is in the public domain worldwide because it was prepared or published by or under the direction or control of the Canadian Government or any government department prior to 1974.
Section 12 of the Canadian Copyright Act provides a reservation for Crown rights or privileges. Lack of modern case law on the subject makes it unclear whether perpetual prerogative rights over these documents still apply, or whether these rights have lapsed. Notwithstanding, these documents are reproducible under the terms of the Reproduction of Federal Law Order.
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# British North America Act, 1964

* related portals: Constitutional documents.
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This act expanded the federal government's jurisdiction over pensions to include survivor benefits and disability benefits while continuing to allow provincial legislation. This amendment to the BNA Act made the Canada Pension Plan possible.
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## Contents

British North America Act, 1964
    1. Amendment as to legislation respecting old age pensions.
    2. Short title and citation.
12 & 13 Elizabeth II, c. 73 (U.K.)
An Act to amend the British North America Act, 1867
[Assented to 31st July, 1964.]
Whereas the Senate and House of Commons of Canada in Parliament assembled have submitted an Address to Her Majesty praying that Her Majesty may graciously be pleased to cause a measure to be laid before the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the enactment the provisions hereinafter set forth:
Be it therefore enacted by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:
1. Section 94A of the British North America Act, 1867 is hereby repealed and the following substituted herefor:—
94A. The Parliament of Canada may make laws in relation to old age pensions and supplementary benefits, including survivors' and disability benefits irrespective of age, but no such law shall affect the operation of any law present or future of a provincial legislature in relation to any such matter.
2. This Act may be cited as the British North America Act, 1964; and the British North America Acts, 1867 to 1960 and this Act may be cited together as the British North America Acts, 1867 to 1964.
This work is in the public domain worldwide because it is one of the following types of legislation in the United Kingdom or its predecessor states, and received Royal Assent or the approval of HM in Council (as applicable) before 1974:
* Act of Parliament
* Act of the Scottish Parliament
* Measure of the National Assembly for Wales
* Act of Senedd Cymru (formerly known as an Act of the National Assembly for Wales)
* Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly
* Measure of the General Synod of the Church of England
See section 164 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (as amended).
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## Source

Official text of the statute as amended and in force today within the United Kingdom, from the UK Statute Law Database
# Brigadier-General Thomas Francis Meagher: his political and military career

BRIGADIER-GENERAL
THOMAS FRANCIS MEAGHER
HIS POLITICAL AND MILITARY CAREER;
WITH SELECTIONS FROM
HIS SPEECHES AND WRITINGS.
BY
Capt. W. F. LYONS.
GLASGOW: CAMERON & FERGUSON, WEST NILE STREET. LONDON: 12 AVE MARIA LANE.
GLASGOW:
DUNN AND WRIGHT,
PRINTERS.
DEDICATION
Meagher was a soldier before he girded on the sword. He was a soldier in tho cause of liberty from the time when he stood upon the battlements of Antwerp, as he describod in that famous speach, delivered in Dublin, July 28, 1846, when he stigimatize the sword, because "at its blow a giant nation started from tho waters of the Atlantic, and by its redeeming magie, and in the quivering of its crimson light, the crippled Colopy sprang into the attitude of a proud Republic-prosperous, limit- less, and invincible!" The fortunes and the honour of the brayo nion of his race who took up arms all the world over, "in any good cause at all," were always dear and near to his heart.
In sympathy with this feelins, therefore, I dedicate this volume to
The Irish Soldier Everywhere.
W. F. LYONS.
CONTENTS.
| | PAGE |
| Introduction, | 7 |
| CHAPTER I. | |
| His early Career— The Revolutionary Movement of 48. | 9 |
| CHAPTER II. |
| Meagher's Social and Personal Character— His Wit and Courage, | |
| CHAPTER III. |
| Convict Life in Van Dieman's Land— Escape, and Arrival in America, | 37 |
| CHAPTER IV. |
| Meagher as a Soldier— He raises and takes command of the Irish Brigade, | 41 |
| CHAPTER V. |
| The Boston Speech at the Music Hall, | 50 |
| CHAPTER VI. |
| The General at the head of his Brigade—Appointment by President Lincoln, and Confirmation by the Senate— The First Battle, | 68 |
| CHAPTER VII. |
| The Brigade goes into Action with eclat—Perils of the Rear-guard—Meagher in the thick of the Fight, | 84 |
| CHAPTER VIII. |
| | PAGE |
| The Battle of Chancellorsville - Decimation of the Brigade—Meagher's Farewell, | 91 |
| CHAPTER IX. |
| The Etowah Command-Dolence of Chattanooga—Recognition of Meagher's Services, | 93 |
| CHAPTER X. |
| His Career in Montana Territory-Icagher appointed Secretary and Acting Governor-He lights the Politicians—Raising the Militia—Journey to Fort Benton—His Death, | 101 |
| APPENDIX. |
| Speech on the Transportation of Mitchel, | 112 |
| Speech on American Benevolence-Irish Gratitude, | 118 |
| Speech at the Mitchel Banquet in the Broadway Theatre, New York, January, 1854, | 120 |
| Lectures in California, | 126 |
| John Philpot Curran, | 139 |
| Catholicism and Republicanism, | 142 |
| Extracts from Holidays in Costa Rica, | 148 |
| Meagher's Last Hours, | 183 |
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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