OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Raymond d'Agiles

From volume 1 of the work.
See also w:Raymond of Aguilers.
​Agiles (or Aguilers), Raymond d', a chronicler and canon of Puy-en-Velay, France, toward the close of the eleventh century. He accompanied the Count of Toulouse on the First Crusade (1096–99), as chaplain to Adhémar, Bishop of Puy, legate of Pope Urban II. With Pons de Balazuc he undertook to write a history of the expedition, but, Pons having been killed, he was obliged to carry on the undertaking alone. At a sortie of the crusaders during the siege of Antioch (28 June, 1098) Agiles went before the column, bearing in his hands the Sacred Lance. He took part in the entry into Jerusalem, accompanied the Count of Toulouse on his pilgrimage to the Jordan, and was at the battle of Ascalon. After this he is lost sight of. His "Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Hierusalem" (P.L., CLV, 591-668) is the account of an ​eyewitness of most of the events of the First Crusade. It was first published by Bongars (Gesta Dei per Francos, I, 139–183), and again in the "Recueil des historiens occidentaux des croisades" (1866), 235–309; it is translated into French in Guizot, "Memoires sur l'histoire de France" (1824), XXI, 227–397. The narrative is largely devoted to the visions of Pierre Barthélemy, and the authenticity of the Holy Lance found on the eve of battle. Molinier says of the author that he is partial, credulous, ignorant, and prejudiced. "He may be utilized, but on condition of close criticism."
Molinier, Sources de l'hist. de France (Paris, 1902), no. 2122, 283.
Thomas Walsh.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Laurentius Surius

From volume 14 of the work.
Hagiologist, born at the Hanseatic city of Lübeck, 1522; died at Cologne, 23 May, 1578. It is not certain whether his parents were Catholics or Lutherans. According to a remark made by Peter Canisius ("Epistolæ", ed. Braunsberger, I, 36), he was born a heretic and was brought into the Church by Canisius. Surius studied at the universities of Frankfort-on-the-Oder and Cologne. In the latter university Peter Canisius was a fellow-student. Surius also met there Johannes Justus Lansperger, who induced him to enter the Carthusian monastery at Cologne, in 1542. The greater part of his life after this was spent in his monastery, where he was a model of piety, of rigid observance of the rules of the order, and of earnest work as a scholar; for these reasons he was held in high esteem by St. Pius V. He devoted himself chiefly to the domains of church history and hagiography, and wrote a large number of works on these subjects. He also translated into Latin many works, mainly ascetical and theological. Among these translations should be mentioned writings by Tauler, Heinrich Seuse, Ruysbroeck, Gropper's work on the reality of Christ's Flesh and Blood, the sermons of Michael Sidonius, the apologies of Friedrich Staphylus, and an oration by Martin Eisengrein. He completed the "Institutiones" of Florentius of Haarlem, prior of the Carthusians of Louvain, and edited a new edition of the "Homiliarium" of Charlemagne. He wrote against Sleidanus his "Commentarius brevis rerum in orbe gestarum ab a. 1500 ad a. 1564" (Cologne, 1566), which was continued by others. He was also the author of a collection of the Acts of the councils: "Concilia omnia tum generalia tum provincialia" (4 vols., Cologne, 1567).
His most important and still valuable work is his collection of the lives of the saints, "De probatis Sanctorum historiis ab Al. Lipomano olim conscriptis nunc primum a Laur. Surio emendatis et auctis", the first edition of which appeared in six volumes at Cologne in 1570-77. He began a second edition which was finished after his death by his colleague in the monastery, Mosander, who added a seventh volume (Cologne, 1582). A third edition with an improved text appeared at Cologne in 1618; a new and revised edition was published (1875-80) at Turin in thirteen volumes. Notwithstanding the liberties taken by Surius with the text of the manuscripts he used, his work has rendered great service and has furnished many narratives concerning the lives of the saints that have been published in various languages.
HURTER, Nomenclator, III (3rd ed.), 111-115; HARTZHEIM, Bibliotheca Coloniensis, (Cologne, 1747), 218 sq.; Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, s. v.
J. P. KIRSCH.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Laurent Bénard

From volume 2 of the work.
Chief founder of the Maurist Congregation of the Benedictine Order, b. at Nevers, 1573; d. at Paris, 1620. He joined the Cluniac Benedictines at Nevers, became a Doctor of the Sorbonne and later Prior of the Cluny College, Paris, which he reformed with the help of two monks of the recently established Congregation of St.-Vannes. Refusing the abbacy of St. Etienne, Caen, and the grand-priorship of Cluny, he passed through a second novitiate at St.-Vannes, and renewed his profession there in 1615. At his suggestion the Congregation of St.-Maur was formed, to be for France what that of St.-Vannes was for Lorraine. Royal letters patent were obtained for it in 1618 and the project was warmly supported by Cardinal de Retz and others. Bénard's works include "Parénèses", "De l'esprit des ordres religieux", "Instructions Monastiques", "L'éloge Bénédictin", and "Police régulière", all published in Paris between 1616 and 1619.
Tassin, Hist. Lit. Cong. S. Maur (Brussels, 1770); Sainte-Marthe, Gallia Christiana (Paris, 1744), VII, 474.
G. CYPRIAN ALSTON
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Laurenz Forer

From volume 6 of the work.
Controversialist, b. at Lucerne, 1580; d. at Ratisbon, 7 January, 1659. He entered the Society of Jesus at the age of twenty, in Landshut, and made part of his studies under Fathers Laymann and Tanner. He taught philosophy at Ingolstadt (1615-1619), and theology, moral and controversial, for six years at Dillingen. In the latter institution he held also the office of chancellor for several years. He spent the years 1632-1643 in the Tyrol, whither he had withdrawn with his illustrious penitent Heinrich von Knoringen, Bishop of Augsburg, on account of the inroads of the Swedes. Forer visited Rome (1645-1646) as the representative of the province of Upper Germany in the eighth congregation. He became rector of the college of Lucerne in 1650. Father Sommervogel enumerates sixty-two titles of publications from the pen of Forer; though not all of them are very voluminous, they show at least the writer's versatility and erudition, as well as his zeal for the integrity and the honour of the Catholic Faith. He wrote one or more treatises each against the apostates Reihing and de Dominis, against Melchior Nicolai, Hottinger, Kallisen, Schopp, Molinos, Haberkorn, Voet, Hoe, the Ubiquists, and others. Such works as "Lutherus thaumaturgus" (Dillingen, 1624), "Septem characteres Lutheri" (Dillingen, 1626), "Quaestio ubinam ante Lutherum protestantium ecclesia fuerit" (Pt. I, Amberg, 1653; P. II, Ingolstadt, 1654), "Bellum ubiquisticum vetus et novum inter ipsos Lutheranos bellatum et needum debellatum" (Dillingen, 1627) are directed against all Protestants. Others, as "Anatomia anatomiae Societatis Jesu" (Innsbruck, 1634), "Mantissa Ant-anatomiae Jesuiticae" (Innsbruck, 1635; Cologne, 1635), "Grammaticus Proteus, arcanorum Societatis Jesu Daedalus" (Ingolstadt, 1636), "Appendix ad grammaticum Proteum" (Ingolstadt, 1636), attack the enemies of the Society of Jesus; finally, two of his works, written for Catholics, "Disputirkunst fur die einfaltigen Catholischen" (Ingolstadt, 1656) and "Leben Jesu Christi" (Dillingen, 1650-1658), have been re-edited and republished at Wurzburg (1861) and Ratisbon (1856).
A.J. MAAS
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Francis Solanus

From volume 6 of the work.
South American missionary of the Order of Friars Minor; b. at Montilla, in the Diocese of Cordova, Spain, 10 March, 1549; d. at Lima, Peru, 14 July, 1610. His parents, Matthew Sanchez Solanus and Anna Ximenes, were distinguished no less for their noble birth than for their virtue and piety. When Francis was twenty years old, he was received into the Franciscan Order at Montilla, and after his ordination, several years later, he was sent by his superiors to the convent of Arifazza as master of novices. In 1589 he sailed from Spain to the New World, and having landed at Panama, crossed the isthmus and embarked on a vessel that was to convey him to Peru. His missionary labours in South America extended over a period of twenty years, during which time he spared no fatigue, shrank from no sacrifice however great, and feared no danger that stood in the way of evangelizing the vast and savage regions of Tucuman and Paraguay. So successful, indeed, was his apostolate that he has been aptly styled the Thaumaturgus of the New World. Notwithstanding the number and difficulty of the dialects spoken by the Indians, he learned them all in a very short time, and it is said that he often addressed tribes of different tongues in one language and was understood by them all. Besides being engaged in active missionary work, he filled the office of custos of the convents of his order in Tucuman and Paraguay, and later was elected guardian of the Franciscan convent in Lima, Peru. In 1610, while preaching at Truxillo he foretold the calamities that were to befall that city, which was destroyed by an earthquake eight years later, most of the inhabitants perishing in the ruins. The death of St. Francis, which he himself had foretold, was the cause of general grief throughout Peru. In his funeral sermon at the burial of the saint, Father Sebastiani, S.J., said that "Divine Providence had chosen Father Francis Solanus to be the hope and edification of all Peru, the example and glory of Lima and the splendour of the Seraphic Order". St. Francis was beatified by Clement X, in 1675, and canonized by Benedict XIII, in 1726. His feast is kept throughout the Franciscan Order on the twenty-fourth of July.
"Life of St. Francis Solanus" (New York, 1888); LEO, "Lives of the Saints and Blessed of the Three Orders of St. Francis" (Taunton, 1886), II 509-522; Acta SS., July, V, 847-901.
STEPHEN M. DONOVAN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Frideswide

From volume 6 of the work.
(FRIDESWIDA, FREDESWIDA, Fr. FRÉVISSE, Old Eng. FRIS).
Virgin, patroness of Oxford, lived from about 650 to 735. According to her legend, in its latest form, she was the child of King Didan and Safrida, and was brought up to holiness by Algiva. She refused the proffered hand of King Algar, a Mercian, and fled from him to Oxford. It was in vain that he pursued her; a mysterious blindness fell on him, and he left her in her cell. From this eventually developed the monastery, in which she died in 19 October (her principal feast), and was buried. The earliest written life now extant was not composed until four hundred years after her death, but it is generally admitted that the substance of the tradition has every appearance of verisimilitude. From the time of her translation in 1180 (commemorated 12 Feb.) from her original tomb to the great shrine of her church, her fame spread far and wide; for the university was now visited by students from all parts, who went twice a year in solemn procession to her shrine and kept her feasts with great solemnity. Cardinal Wolsey transformed her monastery into Christ Church College, King Henry made her church into Oxford cathedral, but her shrine was dismantled, and her relics, which seem to have been preserved, were relegated to some out-of-the-way corner. In the reign of Edward VI, Catherine Cathie was buried near the site of her shrine. She was a runaway nun, who had been through the form of marriage with Peter Martyr, the ex-friar. The Catholics, as was but natural, ejected her bones in the reign of Queen Mary. But after Elizabeth had reinstated Protestantism, James Calfhill, appointed Canon of Christ Church in 1561, dug up Cathie's bones once more, mixed them up (in derision of the Catholics) with the alleged remaining relics of the saint, and buried them both together amid the plaudits of his Zwinglian friends in England and Germany, where two relations of his exploit, one in Latin and one in German, were published in 1562. The Latin relation, which is conveniently reprinted in the Bollandists, is followed in the original by a number of epitaphs on the theme Hic jacet religio cum superstitione, but it does not seem that these words were incised on the tomb, though it is often said that they were. The episode strikingly illustrates the character of the continuity between the ancient faith and the reformed religion of England.
Acta SS., Oct., VIII, 533-564; MABILLON, Acta SS. Ben. (1672), III, I, 561; HOLE in Dict. Christ. Biog., s. v.; HUBERT, Historia Bucerii, Fagii, item C. Vermiliæ (1562); PARKER, Early Oxford, 727-1100 (1885); PLUMMER, Elizabethan Oxford (1887).
J.H. POLLEN
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Frances of Rome

From volume 6 of the work.
(Bussa di Leoni.)
One of the greatest mystics of the fifteenth century; born at Rome, of a noble family, in 1384; died there, 9 March, 1440. Her youthful desire was to enter religion, but at her father's wish she married, at the age of twelve, Lorenzo de' Ponziani. Among her children we know of Battista, who carried on the family name, Evangelista, a child of great gifts (d. 1411), and Ages (d. 1413). Frances was remarkable for her charity to the poor, and her zeal for souls. She won away many Roman ladies from a life of frivolity, and united them in an association of oblates attached to the White Benedictine monastery of Santa Maria Nuova; later they became the Benedictine Oblate Congregation of Tor di Specchi (25 March, 1433) which was approved by Eugene IV (4 July, 1433). Its members led the life of religious, but without the strict cloister or formal vows, and gave themselves up to prayer and good works. With her husband's consent Frances practiced continency, and advanced in a life of contemplation. Her visions often assumed the form of drama enacted for her by heavenly personages. She had the gift of miracles and ecstasy, we well as the bodily vision of her guardian angel, had revelations concerning purgatory and hell, and foretold the ending of the Western Schism. She could read the secrets of consciences and detect plots of diabolical origin. She was remarkable for her humility and detachment, her obedience and patience, exemplified on the occasion ofher husband's banishment, the captivity of Battista, her sons' death, and the loss of all her property.
On the death of husband (1436) she retired among her oblates at Tor di Specchi, seeking admission for charity's sake, and was made superior. On the occasion of a visit to her son, she fell ill and died on the day she had foretold. Her canonization was preceded by three processes (1440, 1443, 1451) and Paul V declared her a saint on 9 May, 1608, assigning 9 March as her feast day. Long before that, however, the faithful were wont to venerate her body in the church of Santa Maria Nuova in the Roman Forum, now known as the church of Santa Francesca Romana.
Francesco Paoli.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ica (department)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
ICA (ē'kä), a government department of Peru; area 8,718 square miles. It is well watered, fertile and of growing importance. Pop. about 100,000.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ice, Artificial

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
ICE, ARTIFICIAL, ice frozen by mechanical or chemical means. It has the great advantage of being easily rendered chemically pure, and it can be manufactured in the hottest countries. Its commercial value in the preservation and transportation of meats, fruits, etc., and for other purposes, can scarcely be estimated. The water is first boiled and allowed to settle. It is then distilled, boiled again and run through three kinds of filters. Underneath the great square middle space of the freezing room, which is paved with large rectangular removable tiles, is a series of tanks. These contain a strong solution of brine, and through it run scores of pipes which are charged with liquefied ammonia gas. When this volatile chemical leaves the engine room it is in the form of a fluid, but in making its long journey along the pipes which thread their way through the brine it evaporates into gas.
The evaporating process within absorbs so much heat from the surrounding mass of salt and water that the distilled water in the rectangular ice cans submerged in the brine is congealed into the finest ice. Each can contains 300 pounds of distilled water, which remains in its cold bath 48 hours. Natural gas is often employed in the process of manufacturing artificial ice. As it escapes from the borings with a pressure of 20 to
30 atmospheres, the lowering of the temperature as it is released serves to freeze water even in summer. A still more simple and inexpensive process of preparing artificial ice is used in connection with the newly-perfected method of condensing the atmosphere into a liquid. The rapid evaporation of liquid air absorbs an immense amount of heat and everything brought into contact with it is frozen.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Iceberg

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
ICEBERG, a mountainous mass of ice floating in the sea. Icebergs are produced by the breaking off of great masses from glaciers which have descended into the sea. When numbers of icebergs freeze together, they form what are called “fields” or “packs,” which are often of great extent, stretching across the ocean as far as the eye can reach, and often rising in perpendicular cliffs from 80 to 100 feet above the water.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ica (river)

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
ICA (ē-sä'), a river rising in Colombia and flowing about 1,000 miles through Colombia, Ecuador, and Brazil. It empties into the Amazon.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ibzan

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
IBZAN, the 10th judge of Israel, in 1182 B. C. His property is marked by the great number of his children (30 sons and 30 daughters), and his wealth by their marriages — for they were all married.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Icarian Sea

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
ICARIAN SEA (ē-kar'-ē-an) , a portion of the Ægean sea, near the islands of Myconus and Gyarus, and by some supposed to be named for Icarus, who fell into it and was drowned. It extended from Chios to Cos, where the Carpathian sea began.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Icarus

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
ICARUS (ē-kar'us), in Greek legend, a son of Dædalus, who with his father fled with wings from Crete to escape the resentment of Minos. His flight being too high proved fatal to him, for the sun melted the wax which cemented his wings and he fell into that part of the Ægean sea which bears his name.
# Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Iconography

Edition of 1921; disclaimer.
​ICONOGRAPHY, in an extended sense, the description of any figures found in paintings and sculpture, as well as monumental records of ancient date; but in its restricted signification this word is confined to descriptions and drawings of any sculptured images or paintings of the human form, animals, and inanimate objects, that are found in buildings and appurtenances, and furniture devoted to ecclesiastical purposes.
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Magnoald Ziegelbauer

From volume 15 of the work.
Historian, born at Ellwangen, Swabia, 1689; died at Olmütz, 14 January, 1750. He took vows at the Abbey of Zwiefalten 21 November, 1707, was ordained priest, 21 March, 1713, and became professor of theology at his monastery. Soon, however, some of the illiterate monks of Zwiefalten manifested their aversion to the learned and studious Ziegelbauer, who obtained his abbot's permission to reside at another monastery of his order. At first he went to Reichenau, where he taught theology. About 1730 the prior of this imperial monastery sent him to the court of Vienna on business pertaining to the monastery, after the successful accomplishment of which he taught moral theology at Göttweig from 1732-33, then returned to Vienna to devote himself to literary labours. In 1734 he became tutor of the young Barons von Latermann. From 1747 he resided at Olmütz as secretary of the learned club "Societas incognitorum". His chief literary production is "Historia rei literariae ordinis S. Benedicti", which was published posthumously by his friend and collaborator Oliverius Legipontius (4 vols., Augsburg, 1754) and still remains the standard literary history of the Benedictine Order. His other 19 printed works (see list in Lindner, loc. cit. below) include "Mancipatus illibatae virginis deciparae" (Constance, 1726); "Lebengeschichte des ertz-martyrers Stephani" (Vienna, 1736; "Epitome historica regii, liberii et exempti in regno Bohemiae antiquissimi monasterii Brevnoviensis" (Cologne, 1740); and other historical and theological treatises of minor importance. Among his unprinted works are "Olomucium sacrum", an ecclesiastical history of Moravia and its bishops, and "Bibliotheca Bohemica", a collection of writers on Bohemia.
LEGIPONTUS, Elogiuim historicum, prefixed to vol. I. of Hist. rei literariae O.S.B., and reproduced by MONSE, Infulae doctae Morativae (Brunn, 1779), 151-92; LINDNER in Studien und mitteilungen aus dem Ben. Un Cist. Orden, IV (Wurzburg, 1883), I, 70-78; BERLIERE in Revue Benedictine, XV (Maredsous, 1898).
MICHAEL OTT
# Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Magin Catalá

From volume 9 of the work.
Born at Montblanch, Catalonia, Spain, 29 or 30 January, 1761; died at Santa Clara, California, 22 Nov., 1830. He received the habit of St. Francis at Barcelona on 4 April, 1777, and was ordained priest probably in 1785. After obtaining permission to devote himself to the missions in America, he sailed from Cadiz in October, 1786, and joined the famous missionary college of San Fernando in the City of Mexico.
In 1793 he acted as chaplain on a Spanish ship which plied between Mexico and Nootka Sound (Vancouver). In the following year he was sent to the Indian mission of Santa Clara, California, where in company with Father Jose Viader he laboured most zealously until his death. All through his missionary life Father Catalá suffered intensely from inflammatory rheumatism, so that in his last years he could neither walk nor stand unassisted. He nevertheless visited the sick, and preached in Indian and Spanish while seated in a chair at the altar-rail. Despite his infirmities he observed the rule strictly, used the discipline and penitential girdle, tasted nothing till noon, and then and in the evening would eat only a gruel of corn and milk. He never used meat, fish, eggs, or vine. The venerable missionary was famed far and wide for his miracles and prophecies, as well as for his virtues. In 1884 Archbishop J.S. Alemany of San Francisco instituted the process of his beatification. This, in 1908-9, was followed by the process de non cultu publico.
ENGELHARDT, The Holy Man of Santa Clara (San Francisco, 1909); Santa Clara Mission Records.
Zephyrin Engelhardt.