OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Men-at-the-Bar/Barrett, George Goodin Moulton

​Barrett, George Goodin Moulton, a student of the Inner Temple 13 Jan., 1836 (then aged 19), called to the bar 22 Nov., 1839 (4th son of E. M. Barrett, Esq., of Portman Square, London); born , 1817.
    Care of 19, Warwick Crescent, Harrow Road, W.; Reform Club.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Barnes, George Stapylton

​Barnes, George Stapylton, undergrad. Univ. Coll., Oxon, equity draftsman and conveyancer, a student of the Inner Temple 21 Nov., 1878 (then aged 20), called to the bar 26 Jan., 1883 (eldest son of George Carnac Barnes, late chief commissioner of the Punjab, dec.); born , 1858.
    3, New Square, Lincoln's Inn, W.C.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Barnes, John Gorell

​Barnes, John Gorell, M.A. Peterhouse, Camb., a member of the Northern circuit, a student of the Inner Temple 19 April, 1873 (then aged 24), called to the bar 26 Jan., 1876 (eldest son of late Henry Barnes, of Liverpool, shipowner); born , 1849; married 20 April, 1881, Mary Humpston, eldest dau. of late Thomas Mitchell, Esq., of West Athurlie.
    80, Kensington Park Rd., W.; Lamb Blgs., Temple, E.C.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Barney, Stephen

​Barney, Stephen, M.A., Exeter Coll., Oxon, 1830, a student of the Inner Temple 22 May, 1833 (then aged 18), called to the bar 11 June, 1841 (2nd son of John Barney, of Southampton, solicitor); born , 1815.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Baron, Edward

​Baron, Edward, M.A., St. John's Coll., Camb., 1867, late professor of mathematics education department north-western provinces India, a student of Lincoln's Inn 1 June, 1869 (aged 27), called to the bar 7 June, 1873 (eldest son of Edward George Baron, of Ulceby, co. Lincoln, surgeon); born , 1842.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vanini, Lucilio

See also Lucilio Vanini on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​VANINI, LUCILIO, or, as he styled himself in his works, Giulio Cesare (1585-1619), Italian free-thinker, was born at Taurisano, near Naples, in 1585. He studied philosophy and theology at Rome, and after his return to Naples applied himself to the physical studies which had come into vogue with the Renaissance. Like Giordano Bruno, though morally and intellectually inferior to him, he was among those who led the attack on the old scholasticism and helped to lay the foundation of modern philosophy. Vanini resembles Bruno, not only in his wandering life and in his tragic death, but also in his anti-Christian bias. From Naples he went to Padua, where he came under the influence of the Alexandrist Pomponazzi (q.v.), whom he styles his divine master. At Padua he studied law, and was ordained priest. Subsequently he led a roving life in France, Switzerland and the Low Countries, supporting himself by giving lessons and disseminating anti religious views. He was obliged to flee from Lyons to England in 1614, but was imprisoned in London for some reason for forty nine days. Returning to Italy he made an attempt to teach in Genoa, but was driven once more to France, where he made a valiant effort to clear himself of suspicion by publishing a book against atheists, Amphitheatrum Aeternae Providentiae Divino-Magirum (1615). Though the definitions of God are somewhat pantheistic, the book is sufficiently orthodox, but the arguments are largely ironical, and cannot be taken as expounding his real views. Vanini expressly tells us so in his second (and only other published) work, De Admirandis Naturae Reginae Deaeque Mortalium Arcanis (Paris, 1616), which, originally certified by two doctors of the Sorbonne, was afterwards re-examined and condemned to the flames. Vanini then left Paris, where he had been staying as chaplain to the maréchal de Bassompierre, and began to teach in Toulouse. In November 1618 he was arrested, and after a prolonged trial was condemned, as an atheist, to have his tongue cut out, and to be strangled at the stake, his body to be afterwards burned to ashes. The sentence was executed on the 6th of February 1619.
See Cousin, Fragments de philosophies cartésienne (Brussels, 1838~40), i. 1-99; French trans. M. X. Rousselot (Paris, 1842); John Owen, Skeptics of the Italian Renaissance (London, 1893), 345-419; J. Toulan, Etude sur L. Vonini (Strassburg, 1869); Cesare Cantu, Gli Erelici d'Italia (Turin, 1867), 111. 72 .; Furmann, Leben und Schicksale (Leipzig, 1800); Vaisse, L. Vanini (Paris, 1871); Palumbo, Vanini, e i ruoi tempi (Naples, 1878); Passamonti in Rivista italiano di filosofia (1893), vol. iii.
(W. MacD.*)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vansittart, Henry

See also Henry Vansittart on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​VANSITTART, HENRY (1732–1770 or 1771), Anglo-Indian governor, was born in London on the 3rd of June 1732. His father, Arthur van Sittart (1691–1760), and his grandfather, Peter van Sittart (1651–1705), were both wealthy merchants and directors of the Russia company. Peter, a merchant adventurer, who had migrated from Danzig to London about 1670, was also a director of the East India company. The family name is taken from the town of Sittard in Limburg. Educated at Reading school and at Winchester college, Henry Vansittart joined the society of the Franciscans, or the “Hellfire club,” at Medmenham, his elder brothers, Arthur and Robert, being also members of this fraternity. In 1745 he entered the service of the East India company and sailed for Fort St David; here he showed himself very industrious, made the acquaintance of Robert Clive and rose rapidly from one position to another. As a member of the council of Madras he helped to defend the city against the French in 1759, and in July 1760 he went to Bengal as president of the council and governor of Fort William. Courageously facing the difficulties of his new position, which included a serious lack of funds, he deposed the subadar of Bengal, Mir Jafar, whom he replaced by his son-in-law, Mir Kasim, a circumstance which increased the influence of England in the province. He was, however, less successful in another direction. Practically all the company’s servants were traders in their private capacity, and as they claimed various privileges and exemptions this system was detrimental to the interests of the native princes and gave rise to an enormous amount of corruption. Vansittart sought to check this, and in 1762 he made a treaty with Mir Kasim, but the majority of his council were against him and in the following year this was repudiated. Reprisals on the part of the subadar were followed by war, and, annoyed at the failure of his pacific schemes, the governor resigned and returned to England in 1764. His conduct was attacked before the board of directors in London, but events seemed to prove that he was in the right, and in 1769 he became a director of the company, having in the previous year obtained a seat in parliament. He was now sent on an important mission to India; he left England in September 1769, but the ship in which he sailed was lost at sea late in 1770 or early in 1771. One of his five sons was Nicholas Vansittart, Baron Bexley (q.v.). To defend his conduct in Bengal Vansittart published some papers as A Narrative of the Transactions in Bengal from 1760 to 1764 (London, 1766).
Vansittart’s brother, Robert Vansittart (1728–1789), who was educated at Winchester and at Trinity College, Oxford, was regius professor of civil law at Oxford from 1757 until his death on the 31st of January 1789. Another brother, George Vansittart (1745–1825), of Bisham Abbey, Berkshire, was the father of General George Henry Vansittart (1768–1824) and of Vice-Admiral Henry Vansittart (1777–1843).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vapereau, Louis Gustave

See also Louis Gustave Vapereau on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​VAPEREAU, LOUIS GUSTAVE (1810-1906), French man of letters and lexicographer, was born at Orleans on the 4th of April 1819. Educated at the École Normale he became a teacher of philosophy, and was entrusted by Victor Cousin with the preparation of his studies on the Pensées of Pascal. Under the empire his republican principles cost him his position, and Vapereau studied for the bar. He practised, however, little or not at all, and after 1870 he was appointed prefect of Cantal (1870) and of Tarn et Garonne (1871-73). From 1877 to 1888 he was inspector-general of public instruction. He was the author of some excellent editions of the classics, and of works on political and social questions, but he is famous for his valuable Dictionnaire universel des contemporains (1858; 6th ed., 1893), brought up to date in 1895 by a supplementary volume. He also drew up a Dictionnaire universel des littérateurs (1876). At the time of his death at Norsang-sur-Orge in 1906, he had been for twenty-six years a regular contributor to L'Illustration, some of his notes written for this journal being collected in 1896 as L'Homme et la vie.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vaphio

See also Vaphio on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​VAPHIO, an ancient site in Laconia, Greece, on the right bank of the Eurotas, some 5 m. S. of Sparta. It is famous for its “bee-hive” tomb, excavated in 1889 by Dr Tsountas. This consists of a walled approach, or δρόμος, about 97 ft. long, leading to a vaulted chamber some 33 ft. in diameter, in the floor of which the actual grave was cut. The objects found here and transferred to the National Museum in Athens include a large number of gems and amethyst beads, together with articles in gold, silver, bronze, iron, lead, amber and crystal. But by far the finest of them are two golden cups decorated with scenes in relief, picturing the capture of bulls. These form perhaps the most perfect works of “Mycenaean” or “Minoan” art which have survived. It seems likely that the Vaphio cups do not represent a local art but were imported from Crete, which at that early period was far ahead of mainland Greece in artistic development. The tomb, which probably belonged to Amyclae rather than to Pharis, as is commonly stated, is now almost entirely destroyed.
See C. Tsountas, Ἐφημερὶς Ἀρχαιολογική (1889), 136-172; J. G. Frazer, Pausanias's Description of Greece, iii. 135 f. (with full bibliography); W. Ridgeway, The Early Age of Greece, i. 26-28; R. C. Bosanquet, Journal of Hellenic Studies (1904), xxiv. 317 ff.; A. Riegl, Jahreshefte d. österr. arch. Institutes (1906), ix. 1 ff.
(M. N. T.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vanloo, John Baptist

See also Jean-Baptiste van Loo on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​VANLOO, JOHN BAPTIST (1684-1745), French subject and portrait painter, was born at Aix in Provence on the 14th of January 1684. He was instructed in art by his father. Having at an early age executed several pictures for the decoration of the church and public buildings at Aix, he was employed on similar work at Toulon, which he was obliged to leave during the siege of 1707. He was patronized by the prince of Carignan, who sent him to Rome, where he studied under Benedetto Luti. Here he was much employed on church pictures, and in particular executed a greatly praised "Scourging of Christ" for St Maria in Monticelli. At Turin he painted the duke of Savoy and several members of his court. Then, removing to Paris, where he was elected a member of the French Academy, he executed various altar-pieces and restored the works of Primaticcio at Fontainebleau. In 1737 he went to England, where he attracted attention by his portrait of Colley Cibber and of Owen McSwiny, the theatrical manager; the latter, like many other of Vanloo's works, was engraved in mezzotint by the younger Faber. He also painted Sir Robert Walpole, whose portrait by Vanloo in his robes as chancellor of the exchequer is in the National Portrait Gallery (London) , and the prince and princess of Wales. He did not, however, practise long in England, for. his health failing he retired to Paris in 1742, and afterwards to Aix, where he died on the 19th of December 1745. His likenesses were striking and faithful, but seldom flattering, and his heads are forcible in colouring. The draperies and accessories in his pictures were usually painted by Van Achen, Eccardt and Root.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vaquero

See also Vaquero on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​VAQUERO, a Spanish word meaning a cowherd or herdsman, and so particularly used in Mexico and Spanish America for the whole class of men employed on the large cattle-ranches or vaquerias. The word, like the corresponding Fr. vacher, cow- herd, comes from the Med. Lat. vaccarius (vacca, cow).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vanloo, Charles Andrew

See also Charles-André van Loo on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​VANLOO, CHARLES ANDREW (1705-1765), subject painter, a younger brother of John Baptist Vanloo (q.v.), was born at Nice on the 15th of February 1705. He received some induction from his brother, and like him studied in Rome under Luti. Leaving Italy in 1723, he worked in Paris, where he gained the first prize for historical painting. After again visiting Italy in 1727, he was employed by the king of Sardinia, for whom he painted a- series of subjects illustrative of Tasso. In 1734 he settled in Paris, and in 1735 became a member of the French Academy; and he was decorated with the order of St Michael and appointed principal painter to the king. By his simplicity of style and correctness of design, the result of his study of the great Italian masters, he did much to purify the modern French school; but the contemporary praise that was lavished upon his productions now appears undue and excessive. His "Marriage of the Virgin" is preserved in the Louvre. He died at Paris on the 15th of July 1765.
# A Book of the Pyrenees/front matter

BY THE SAME AUTHOR
THE LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE THE TRAGEDY OF THE CÆSARS STRANGE SURVIVALS SONGS OF THE WEST A GARLAND OF COUNTRY SONG OLD COUNTRY LIFE YORKSHIRE ODDITIES OLD ENGLISH FAIRY TALE
A BOOK OF GHOSTS THE VICAR OF MORWENSTOW A BOOK OF NURSERY SONGS AND RHYMES A BOOK OF FAIRY TALES
and (Uniform with this Volume)
A BOOK OF BRITTANY A BOOK OF CORNWALL A BOOK OF DEVON A BOOK OF NORTH WALES A BOOK OF SOUTH WALES A BOOK OF THE RHINE A BOOK OF THE RIVIERA
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Calmette, Gaston

See also Gaston Calmette on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
CALMETTE, GASTON (1858-1914), French journalist and writer, was born at Montpellier July 30 1858. He was educated at Nice, Bordeaux, Clermont-Ferrand and Mâcon, and afterwards entered journalism. In 1884 he joined the staff of the Figaro, and in 1894 became its editor. Calmette came much into public notice in 1913 and 1914 as the leader and inspirer of the bitter attacks on the policy of M. Caillaux. Almost every day the Figaro produced evidence of a damaging sort against the minister with the object of proving that he used his official position to facilitate speculation on the Bourse. The attitude of M. Caillaux in the Rochette case of 1911, in which it was alleged by the Figaro that the director of public prosecutions had been influenced by the ministry to delay the course of justice, was brought forward, and a newspaper campaign of extraordinary violence was the result. M. Caillaux was urged by some of his colleagues to take legal proceedings against his accusers, but declined. Some days later (March 17 1914) Mme. Caillaux called at the office of the Figaro and shot M. Calmette dead
with a revolver. The unfortunate journalist was well known for his interest in art, and possessed a fine collection of caricatures and engravings of the First Empire.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Capello, Luigi

See also Luigi Capello on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Capello, Luigi (1859– ), Italian general, was born April 14 1859. He entered the infantry, and his career till he became a general officer was passed in this branch of the service. During the Italo-Turkish War he served in Cyrenaica, and as a major-general he took part in the operations round Derna, commanding a column in the final action of the war in Oct. 1912. In 1913 he was promoted to lieutenant-general. He commanded the 25th Sardinian Div. during the early attacks upon the Carso in the summer of 1915, and the VI. Corps opposite the southern part of the Sabotino-Podgora bridgehead in Sept. 1915. In Aug. 1916, Capello, whose command had been increased to the strength of six divisions, conducted the attack which stormed the bridgehead and led to the capture of Gorizia. A difference of opinion between Cadorna and Capello led to the latter's transference to the Trentino front, where he commanded successively the XXII. and V. Corps in the Asiago uplands. In March 1917 he returned to the Julian front as commander of the “Gorizia Zone” (VIII., VI. and II. Corps), in which capacity he conducted the first phase of the Italian offensive in the following May. In June Capello was given command of the II. Army, which extended from the Plezzo valley to the Vippacco, and in Aug. he directed the attack on the Bainsizza plateau. There was a difference of opinion between Cadorna and Capello regarding the development of the action after the initial success, and this difference became more serious when Cadorna decided to stand on the defensive in view of the forthcoming enemy attack. Capello wished to go on attacking, and it is difficult to avoid the conviction that his belief in his own method of meeting the coming threat prevented him from coöperating whole-heartedly in the plan of his chief. Capello fell ill shortly before the enemy attack was launched and only returned to his post on the very eve of the battle. He was quite unfit for the strain of command, and had to resign after two days. When sufficiently recovered in health he was given the task of creating the new V. Army out of units broken and disbanded by the retreat. To this task he gave all his energy, and in it he achieved remarkable results, but in the spring of 1918, on the constitution of the Caporetto Inquiry Commission, he was put on half-pay, and in July he was retired. After his retirement Capello wrote two books, a reply to the criticisms of the Inquiry Commission, entitled Per la Verità, and Note di Guerra, a work which deals with the Italian campaign as a whole but especially with those operations in which he played an active part. He also took some part in politics, presiding at various important Nationalist and Fascisti meetings.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cambon, Paul Pierre

See also Paul Cambon and Jules Cambon on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
CAMBON, PAUL PIERRE (1843-), French diplomatist (see 5.85), was appointed French ambassador in London in 1898. His career at the London embassy was brilliant in the extreme. He was one of the leading artisans of the Entente Cordiale, and played a very important part in frustrating the efforts made by Germany to separate France and Great Britain in 1914 on the eve of the World War and in maintaining good Franco-British relations during the peace negotiations. He resigned his post in Nov. 1920.
His brother, Jules Martin Cambon (1845-), had become French ambassador at Berlin in 1907, and was there when the World War opened. He reached France from his post in Berlin after a journey in the course of which he was subjected by the Germans to many indignities. He had been a close observer of Germany's year-long preparations for war. He became General Secretary of the Foreign Office during M. Briand's war term of office, a post which he occupied with distinction. He was also elected a member of the French Academy.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cambrai, Battle of

CAMBRAI, BATTLE OF (1917): see Artois, Battles in; also Tanks.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Hendrickson, Adalbert Ebenezer

​Hendrickson, Adalbert Ebenezer, practises before the supreme court of Trinidad, matric. London Univ. 1880, a student of Gray's Inn 2 Nov., 1880, called to the bar 17 Nov., 1883 (only son of William James Hendrickson, of Port of Spain, Trinidad, clerk of peace for district courts); born , .
    Port of Spain, Trinidad.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Hennell, John

​Hennell, John, B.A., Univ. Coll., London, 1856, and a member of Convocation, a clerk in examining department of Civil Service Commission, a student of Lincoln's Inn 14 Jan., 1860 (then aged 23), called to the bar 17 Nov., 1864 (eldest son of John Hennell, late of Coventry, co. Warwick, gentleman, dec.); born , 1837.
    Civil Service Commission, Cameron Road, S.W.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Hennessy, Sir John Pope

​Hennessy, Sir John Pope, K.C.M.G. (21 April, 1880), governor of Mauritius since 1882, matric. Queen's Univ., Cork, J.P. co. Cork, M.P. King's Co. 1859-65, governor of Labuan 1867-71, of the West African settlements 1871-2 (C.M.G. 13 May, 1872), of the Bahamas 1873-4, of the Windward Islands 1875-6, of Hong Kong 1876-82, a student of the Inner Temple 21 Jan., 1856 (then aged 23), called to the bar 18 Nov., 1861 (3rd son of John Hennessy, Esq., of Cork); born , 1833; married and has issue.
    Port Louis, Mauritius; Ralegh House, Youghal; St. George's Club, W.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Henry, Alexander (1)

​Henry, Alexander, M.A., Trin. Coll., Camb., 1837, a student of Lincoln's Inn 6 May, 1829 (then aged 16), went to the Inner Temple Jan., 1845, where he was called to the bar on the 31st of that month (eldest son of Alexander Henry, Esq., of Ardwick Grove, Manchester); born , 1813.
    Care of 27, Bristol Gardens, W.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Henderson, John (b.1844)

​Henderson, John, equity draftsman and conveyancer, a student of Lincoln's Inn 4 May, 1867 (then aged 23), exhibition Trin., 1869, called to the bar 7 June, 1869 (2nd son of George Henderson, of London, solicitor); born , 1844; married 2 March, 1873, Agnes Elizabeth, eldest dau. of James Clark, of Crossbasket.
    Care of 12, Gloucester Terrace, Hyde Park, W.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Henderson, John (b.?)

​Henderson, John, a student of the Middle Temple 22 June, 1819, called to the bar 10 June, 1831 (2nd son of William Henderson, Esq., of London); born , .
    Care of Upton House, Sandwich, or Cranley Down.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Henderson, Richard

​Henderson, Richard, B.A. Pembroke Coll., Camb., a student of the Inner Temple 21 June, 1878 (then aged 23), called to the bar 18 April, 1883 (6th son of John Henderson, gentleman, late of Liverpool); born , 1855.
    Farrar's Buildings, Temple, E.G.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Henfrey, William

​Henfrey, William, conveyancer, a student of the Middle Temple 13 Nov., 1848, called to the bar 8 Nov., 1851 (youngest son of Henry Outram Henfrey, Esq., of London, dec.); born , .
    38, Great Ormond Street, W.C.; 6, Pump Court, Temple, E.C.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Henn, Edward Lovett

​Henn, Edward Lovett, M.A. (fellow) Trin. Hall, Camb., equity draftsman and conveyancer, a student of the Inner Temple 1 May, 1875 (then aged 23), called to the bar 17 Nov., 1879 (4th son of Thomas Rice Henn, of Paradise Hill, Co. Clare, Q.C.); born 25 Sept., 1851; married 6 Aug., 1878, Margaret Agnes Vaughan, dau. of Mitchell Henry, Esq., M.P., of Kylemore Castle, Co. Galway, s.p. (see Foster's Our Noble and Gentle Families).
    Stratheden House, Rutland Gate, S.W.; 11, New Square, Lincoln's Inn, W.C.
# Men-at-the-Bar/Henriques, Alfred Gutteres

​Henriques, Alfred Gutteres, equity draftsman and conveyancer, a student of the Middle Temple 13 Jan., 1851, called to the bar 17 Nov., 1853 (2nd son of Joseph Gutteres Henriques, Esq., of London); born , ; married 14 June, 1865, Alice Rose, 4th dau. of Philip Lucas, Esq., of Temple House, Cheetham, co. Lanc.
    71, Westbourne Terrace, W.