OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Afghans

AFGHANS, a people in India, inhabiting a province of Cabul, or cabulistan, who boast of being descended from Saul, the first king of Israel. They say that their great ancestor was raised from the rank of a shepherd, not for any princely qualities which he possessed, but because his stature was exactly equal to the length of a rod given by the angel Gabriel to the prophet Samuel, as the measure of royal stature.
This story is supposed to be one of the fictions which Mahomet borrowed from the latter rabbins. Sir William Jones, however, though he gave no credit to this fable, seems to have had no doubt but that the Afghans are descendants of Israel carried off in the captivity of the ten tribes.
This great man strongly recommended an inquiry into the language, literature, and history of the Afghans. "We learn," said he, " from Esdras, that the ten tribes, after a wandering journey, came to a country, called Arsareth, where we may suppose they settled. Now the best Persian historians affirm, that the Afghans are descended from the Jews; and they have among themselves traditions of the same import. It is even asserted that their families are distinguished by the names of Jewish tribes, though since their conversion to Islamism they have studiously concealed their origin. The language they use has a manifest resemblance to the Chaldaic, and a considerable district under their dominions is called Hazareth, which might easily have been changed from Arsareth."

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Asiatic Researches, vol. ii. p. 76, and Works of Sir William Jones, vol. i. p. 336.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Agnotae

AGNOETAE, [unknowing,] a denomination of the fourth century, followers of Theophronius,the Cappadocian, who called in question the omniscience of God; alleging that he knew things past only by memory, and future only by an uncertain prescience. Another sect of the same name arose about the year 535, who followed the sentiments of Themistius, deacon of Alexandria, who, from Mark xiii. 32, denied that Christ, in any sense, knew the day of judgment.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Broughton, p. 26.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Agynians

AGYNIANS, a small sect about the end of the seventh century. They condemned the use of certain meats, and marriage, whence their name.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Almaricians

ALMARICIANS, the followers of Almaric, professor of logic and theology at Paris, in the fifteenth century. He opposed the worship of saints and images ; and his enemies charged him with maintaining that in his time the reign of the Holy Spirit commenced, in which the sacraments and all external worship were to be abolished.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Mosheim, vol. iii. 120, &c.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Aerians

AERIANS, a denomination which arose about the year 342. They were so called from one Aerius, a monk, and Semi-Arian. He opposed episcopacy, prayers for the dead, stated fasts and feasts, &c.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Mosheim, vol. i, p. 314.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Agonistici

*AGONISTICI, a name given to certain followers of Donatus, who used to attend the public markets, fairs, &c. to contend in favour of his principles. They were properly itinerant Polemics ; and are sometimes called Circuitores, Circelliones, &c.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Ency. Brit.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Albanenses

ALBANENSES, and ALBANOIS were petty sects of the eighth century, the probable remains of the Gnostics and Mancheans, which see.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Allenites

ALLENITES, the disciples of Henry Allen, of Nova Scotia, who began to propagate his doctrines in that country about the year 1778, and died in 1783, during which time he made many proselytes, and at his death left a considerable party behind him, though now much declined. He published several treatises and sermons, in which he declares, that the souls of all the human race are emanations, or rather parts of the one great Spirit; that they were all present in Eden, and were actually in the first transgression. He supposes that our first parents in innocency were pure spirits, and that the material world was not then made; but that in consequence of the fall, that mankind might not sink into utter destruction, the world was produced, and men clothed with material bodies; and that all the human race will, in their turn, be invested with such bodies, and in them enjoy a state of probation for immortal happiness.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Manuscript from a clergyman in Nova Scotia, 1783.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Aetians

AETIANS, a branch of Arians in the fourth century, who are said to have maintained that faith without works was sufficient to salvation; and that no sin, however grievous, would be imputed to the faithful; and they pretended to immediate revelations.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Broughton, vol i. p. 24.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Albigenses

ALBIGENSES, so called from their first residence in Albi and Albigeois. A denomination remarkable for their opposition to the discipline and ceremonies of the church of Rome. Their opinions were similar to the Waldenses, which see.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Rozée, (Madame)

ROZÉE (MADAME), an extraordinary Paintress; born at Leyden, in 1632.
It is said, that she neither used oil nor water colours, but only worked on the rough side of the pannel with a preparation of silk floss, disposed in different boxes, according to the different degrees of light and dark tints, out of which she applied whatever colour was requisite for her work, and blended, softened, and united the tints with such art and judgment, that she imitated the warmth of flesh as well as could be done with oil. The pictures were exquisitely beautiful, and curious, some being historical subjects, others landscapes, and some portraits. She died 1682.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Russel, (Lady Elizabeth)

RUSSEL (LADY ELIZABETH), third Daughter of Sir Anthony Cooke, 1529,
Was equally happy with her two sisters in having the advantages of a learned and polite education, and in the progress she made in the languages.
She was married first to Sir Thomas Hobby, who was sent by queen Elizabeth, ambassador into France, where she accompanied him. He dying at Paris 1566, she brought home his corpse, which she deposited in the church of Bisham, in Berkshire, together with the remains of Sir Philip, his brother, in the same tomb, which she adorned with large inscriptions in Latin and English verse of her own composing. She had by Sir ​Thomas four children, Edward, Elizabeth, Anne, and Thomas Posthumus, who, according to the account she gives of him to her brother, lord treasurer Burleigh, by his excessive extravagance and want of duty gave her much uneasiness. From this letter it appears, she was a lady of great spirit and: sense, as well as an excellent economist.
Some years after the death of Sir Thomas, she married Lord John Russel, son and heir to the second earl of Bedford of that name; who, dying before his father in the year 1584, was buried in the abbey church at Westminster, where is a very noble monument erected to his memory, embellished with inscriptions in Greek, Latin and English, drawn up by his lady. She had by him one son, who died young; and two daughters, Anne and Elizabeth.
She translated from the French into English, a tract intituled, A Way of Reconciliation of a good and learned Man, touching the true Nature and Substance of the Body and Blood of Christ in the Sacrament, printed 1605; and dedicated to her daughter, Anne Herbert, wife to the Lord H. Herbert.
Where or when this worthy lady died we do not find. But by a letter she wrote to her nephew Cecil, without date, it seems to have been about the year 1597; she complains much of her bad health, and the infirmities of old age, being apprehensive of a sudden death; and concludes, "your lordship's owld awnt of compleat 68 years, that prays for your lordship's long life,
Elizabeth Russel, Dowager."
Poetical inscriptions and epitaphs were a favourite kind of composition with Lady Russel. She wrote epitaphs ​for her son, daughter, brother, sister, and a venerable old friend, in the Greek, Latin, and English tongues.
Female Worthies.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Sabuco, (Donna Oliva de Nantis)

S.
SABUCO (DONNA OLIVA DE NANTIS), born at Alcarez, in Spain, in the time of Philip II.
"Had a most sublime and extensive genius, which shines forth in her writings on physical, moral, and political subjects. But what she is most to be praised for is her new physiological and medical system; in which, contrary to all the ancients, she maintains that it is not the blood which nourishes our bodies, but that white juice, which issuing from the brain, pervades all the nerves; and to distempers in this vital lymph she ​attributes most diseases and complaints. This system, which was neglected in Spain, raised the admiration, and inflamed the curiosity of England, so that others assumed the honour of it, though due to a Spanish lady. She was prior to the celebrated Descartes, in the opinion that the rational soul resided in the brain, but extended it to the whole substance, and did not like him confine it to the pineal gland. Donna Oliva was so confident of her ability to maintain her opinions, that, in the dedication of one of her works to the president of Castile, she requested that an assembly of the most learned naturalists and physicians might be convened; offering to shew, beyond denial, that the natural philosophy and physic then taught in the schools, were wide of the mark."
Father Feejoo, &c.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Roxalana

ROXALANA (a Russian Captive, and Slave to Solyman the Magnificent, Emperor of the Turks,)
Supplanted a beautiful Circassian in the heart of her master, who had borne him Mustapha, the destined heir of his empire, and kept possession of it many years ​without a rival, after which, Roxalana had also several children. All the pleasure, however, she derived from her power, was embittered by the idea that on her son in-law's accession to the throne, from the barbarous policy of the East, her children must be put to death. She began therefore to hate him, and to seek his ruin. With the grand vizier, to whom she had prevailed on the sultan to give her daughter, she planned her own exaltation, and the downfal of the unhappy prince. She pretended great zeal for the Mahometan religion, to which Solyman was much attached, and proposed to found a mosque, when the mufti, whom she consulted , and who had been previously instructed, told her that as a slave she could derive no benefit from that holy deed. Upon this she seemed sunk in sorrow, and Solyman, who was absent with the army, on being informed of her dejection, instantly hastened to remove it, by declaring, under his own hand, she was a free woman. Roxalana on this reassumed all her gaiety of spirit, and built her mosque. But when Solyman returned, she refused to live with him as a concubine any longer, alledging that what was an honour to a slave was a disgrace to a free woman. The passionate monarch consulted the mufti, who suggested the idea of espousing her. Solyman accordingly solemnly married her, thereby disregarding the customs of the monarchs of his race. Now was the time to alienate the heart of the sultan from his son, whose praises she so often repeated, that Solyman began to hear them with uneasiness, and suspicion. He placed spies about him, and consented to another innovation, the appearance of Roxalana's children at court. The crafty visier also contrived to have the different accounts sent to court full of the praises of Mustapha, till Solyman himself set out for the distant army, and had his son put to death ​in his own presence. The son of this unfortunate prince was likewise privately dispatched, and no rival left to dispute the Ottoman throne with the sons of Roxalana.
Robertson's Charles V.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Ryves, (Elizabeth)

RYVES (ELIZABETH),
An ingenious lady, born in Ireland of a respectable, but reduced family, and the small fortune she had was swallowed up in a law suit. In this exigence she had recourse to her pen for subsistence, and compiled some part of the Annual Register.
She also wrote a novel, intituled The Hermit of Snowdon, and translated several pieces from the French. She died in 1797.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Ruisch, (Rachael)

RUISCH (RACHAEL),
Was born at Amsterdam, and was one of those women who have honoured her country by her manners and talents. Young, without master, and without assistance, her taste for drawing led her to copy whatever struck her in paintings or engravings. At length she was put under the tuition of Wm. Van Aelst, (in the European Museum, of 1801, there were two very beautiful specimens her talents, which were said to have been given by her in part of the marriage portion of her daughter) she was called the pupil of Van Huysum, who was celebrated for his fruits and flowers; in which kind of painting she obtained the highest reputation. The academy of the Hague received her as one of its members, as they also did Van Pool, her husband, who was a good painter. The Elector Palatine sent her a diploma, constituting her painter to the court of Dusseldorp. The Prince sent her a letter, accompanied with a ​magnificent present, and stood godfather to her child. She painted as well at eighty as at thirty, and died aged eighty-six, in 1750.
Madame Genlis.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Russel, (Lady Rachael)

Famous for her equanimity, her fortitude, spirit, and sensibility. Her Letters have been published from the originals, by Mr. T. Selwood.
Female Worthies.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Rossi, (Propertia de)

ROSSI (PROPERTIA DE); born at Bologna, at the Close of the 15th Century;
Was not only versed in sculpture, but professed painting and music, in both of which she had reached no common excellence. Her first works were carvings in wood, and on peach-stones, eleven of which were in the museum of the Marquis Grassi, at Bologna, each ​resenting, on one side one of the apostles, and on the other several saints. In these minute attempts having gained universal applause, she then gave a public proof of her genius, in Two Angels, which she finished in marble, for the front of the church of St. Petronius. A bust of Count Guido Pepoli was equally admired. The rules of perspective and architecture were not only familar to her, but she is known to have sketched many designs in those arts; yet with all those talents, and unrivalled fame, Propertia was most unfortunate. In early life, she had been married without sympathy, and had fixed her affections on one whose heart was totally insensible. As her health was daily yielding to despair, she undertook a bas-relief of the story of Joseph and Potiphar's wife, which she lived just long enough to finish, and died young in 1530. It was at once a monument of her hopeless passion and admirable skill.
Dallaway's Anecdotes of the Arts.
# A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country/Sachon, (Gabrielle)

SACHON (GABRIELLE), a French Lady of an ancient family, born at Rheims, 1631,
Having indiscreetly become a nun in that city, some years after her profession, protested against her vows, and obtained absolution from the at the court of Rome. Afterwards she went to live with her mother, where she addicted herself to the study of the belles letters; she composed many works, and the only recreation she allowed herself was that of instructing children in the intervals of her study.
F. C.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Jannequin, Clement

From volume 2 of the work.
​JANNEQUIN, Clement, composer of the 16th century, by tradition a Frenchman, and one of the most distinguished followers, if not actually a pupil, of Josquin Després. There is no musician of the time of whose life we know less. No mention is made of his holding any court appointment or of his being connected with any church. We may perhaps guess that, like many other artists, he went in early life to Rome, and was attached to the Papal Chapel; for some of his MS. masses are said to be still preserved there, while they are unknown elsewhere. But he must soon have abandoned writing for the church, for among his published works two masses, 'L'aveugle Dieu' and 'La Bataille,' and a single motet 'Congregati sunt,' seem almost nothing by the side of more than 200 secular compositions. Later in life, it is true, he writes again with sacred words, but in a far different style, setting to music 82 psalms of David, and 'The Proverbs of Solomon' (selon la verité Hébraique), leading us to conjecture that he may have become, like Goudimel, a convert to the reformed church, as Fétis thinks, or that he had never been a Christian at all, but was of Jewish origin and had only written a few masses as the inevitable trials of his contrapuntal skill. But apart from these vague speculations, it is certain that Jannequin trod a very different path from his contemporaries. Practically confining himself to secular music, he exhibited great originality in the choice and treatment of his subjects. He was the follower of Gombert in the art of writing descriptive music, and made it his speciality. Among his works of this class are 'La Bataille,' written to commemorate and describe the battle of Marignan, fought between the French and Swiss in 1515, to which composition Burney has directed particular attention in his History, and which he ​has copied in his Musical Extracts (Brit. Mus. Add. MSS. 11,588), 'Le chant des Oyseaux,' 'Le caquet des Femmes,' 'La chasse de liévre, Le chant du Rossignol,' and one containing imitations of the street cries of Paris—'Voulez ouyr les cris de Paris.' To those who would know how far it may be possible to reproduce these compositions at the present day, it will be a fact of interest that the first three of them were sung in Paris in 1828 under the direction of M. Choron and 'produced a surprising effect.' The Bataille was sung by pupils of the Conservatoire in a course of historical lectures by M. Bourgault Ducoudray, Dec. 26, 1878.
A second edition of some of Jannequin's works was published in Paris (according to Fétis) in the year 1559, and the composer must have been living at that time, for they were 'reveuz et corrigez par lui meme.'
[ J. R. S.-B. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Janotha, Natalie

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Jean de Paris

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Janitscharen

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Jannaconi, Giuseppe

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Jansa, Leopold

From volume 2 of the work.
​JANSA, Leopold, violinist and composer, was born in 1797 [App. p.685 "1794"] at Wildenschwert in Bohemia. Though playing the violin from his childhood, he entered the University of Vienna in 1817 to study law according to the wish of his father, but very soon gave up the law and devoted himself to music. After a few years he appeared successfully as a violinist in public; in 1824 became member of the Imperial Band, and in 1834 Conductor of Music at the University of Vienna. Jansa, though a good player and sound musician was not a great virtuoso. In 1849 he lost his appointment in Vienna for having assisted at a concert in London for the benefit of the Hungarian Refugees. He then remained in London and gained a good position as teacher. [App. p.685 "He last appeared at Vienna in 1871, when he was 77 years of age."] He died at Vienna in 1875 [App. p.685 "Jan. 25"].
[ P. D. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Jay, John

From volume 2 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Janiewicz, Felix

From volume 2 of the work.
​JANIEWICZ, Felix, violinist,a Polish gentleman, born at Wilna 1762. He went to Vienna in 1784 or 5 to see Haydn and Mozart, and hear their works conducted by themselves. ​He had nearly made arrangements to study composition under Haydn, when a Polish princess offered to take him to Italy; and he availed himself of her protection in order to hear the best violinists of the period, such as Nardini, Pugnani and others, as well as the best singers. After 3 years in Italy he went to Paris, and appeared at the Concerts Spirituels and Olympiens. Madame de Genlis procured him a pension from the Duc d'0rléans as a musician on the establishment of Mademoiselle d'0rléans, but on the reduction of the expenses of the Duke's court in 1790 he left Paris. In 1792 he came to London, and made his débût in February at Salomon's Concerts. He also appeared at Rauzzini's Bath concerts, visited Ireland several times, and for many years conducted the subscription concerts at Liverpool and Manchester. In 1800 he married Miss Breeze, a Liverpool lady. He was one of the 30 members who originally formed the London Philharmonic Society, and was one of the leaders of the orchestra in its first season. In 1815 he settled in Edinburgh, took leave of the public at a farewell concert in 1829, and died in that city in 1848.
[ V. de P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Jardine and Co.

[ V. de P. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Jarnowick

From volume 2 of the work.
[ G. ]
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Bountiful, Land of

​BOUNTIFUL, LAND OF, (in Arabia). This must not be confounded with the Bountiful in the northern part of South America, where the Savior appeared and taught the Nephites. It was a portion of Arabia Felix, or Arabia the happy, so called in contradistinction to Arabia the stony, and Arabia the desert, on account of its abundant productiveness and great fertility. It was in this blessed region, on the shore of the Arabian sea, that Nephi built the ship that carried Lehi's colony to the promised land. To the sea itself ​they gave the name of Irreantum, which word means many waters.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Calno

​CALNO. A place in Palestine, of which little is known. It is mentioned in Nephi's extracts from the prophecies of Isaiah (II Nephi, 20:9.)
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Bethabary

​BETHABARY. Otherwise BETHABARA. The place “beyond Jordan” where John the Baptist baptized. It is mentioned in Lehi's prophecy (I Nephi, 10:9) of the baptism of the Savior.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Birds

​BIRDS. The Birds named in the Book of Mormon are the Bittern, Chicken, Dove, Fowl, Hen, Owl, and Vulture.
# A Dictionary of the Book of Mormon/Boaz, City of

​BOAZ, CITY OF. A city evidently situated a short distance north of the Isthmus of Panama. In the last war between the Nephites and Lamanites, the Nephites having on one occasion been beaten in a severe battle, in the land of Desolation, fled to Boaz. To this place the Lamanites followed them, but were unsuccessful in their first attack, as the Nephites defended it with great boldness. In their second attack they carried the city, and the defenders suffered great loss. The conquerors took the Nephite women and children whom they had made prisoners and sacrificed them to their idols. (About A. C. 375.)