OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Frampton, John

​FRAMPTON, JOHN (fl. 1577–1596), merchant, was resident for many years in Spain, and on his retirement about 1576 to his native country employed his leisure in translating from Spanish into English the following: Escalante's ‘A Discourse of the Navigation which the Portugales doe Make,’ dedicated to Edward Dyer, 1579, 4to; Monardes's ‘Joyfull Newes ovt of the Newe Founde Worlde,’ dedicated to Edward Dyer, 1577, 1580 (with three other tracts by Monardes), 1596, 4to; Marco Polo's ‘Travels,’ 1579, 4to; ‘An Account of the Empire of China in 1579’ (in ‘Harleian Collection of Voyages,’ 1745, vol. ii.)
B. D. J.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Frampton, Mary

​FRAMPTON, MARY (1773–1846), writer of a journal, was the daughter of James Frampton of Moreton, Dorsetshire, by his second wife Phillis, who had been previously married to Dr. Charlton Wollaston. Frampton died in 1784, but his widow survived until 1829, when she had reached her ninety-second year. She was evidently an accomplished person, with a wide circle of well-connected relations and friends. Mary Frampton during the earlier part of her life went with her parents to London once every two years, and was present at the Gordon riots, the Warren Hastings trial, and the thanksgiving service for the recovery of George III in 1789. About two years after her father's death she and her mother settled at Dorchester, and formed a centre for the society of the county. Miss Frampton is said by all who have any recollection of her to have been a most agreeable person. Her views were evidently those of a strong tory. She died, unmarried, on 12 Nov. 1846.
Miss Frampton's ‘Journal from the year 1779 until the year 1846, edited with notes by her niece, Harriot Georgina Mundy,’ was published in 1885. It begins in 1803, prefaced by reminiscences from 1779, and incorporating a large correspondence from friends and acquaintances, together with much additional information supplied by the editor, Mrs. Mundy, who died in January 1886. The whole forms an interesting picture of the times, and gives, in particular, a good deal of information about the court. The Framptons became acquainted with the family of George III during his frequent visits to Weymouth, and their correspondents supplied them with many stories about the prince regent and his relations with Mrs. Fitzherbert, Lady Jersey, and Caroline of Brunswick; also about the Princess Charlotte, whose governess, Mrs. Campbell, was a great friend of the Framptons. The book deals with public affairs and society talk, giving anecdotes about Mrs. Montagu, ‘Mary of Buttermere,’ Archbishop Sumner, Miss Edgeworth, Napoleon and his widow, the Empress Maria Louisa, Charles X of France, and Baron Stockmar, and touching upon events like the outbreak of the French revolution, the French invasion of Wales in 1797, the visit of the allied sovereigns to London in 1814, and the riots and Swing fires of 1830.
L. C. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Foxe, Simeon

​FOXE, SIMEON, M.D. (1568–1642), president of the College of Physicians, born in 1568 ‘in the house of the Duke of Norfolk,’ was the youngest son of John Foxe, the martyrologist [q. v.] He was educated at Eton, and on 24 Aug. 1583 was elected a scholar of King's College, Cambridge, where ​he proceeded B.A. in 1587, having become a fellow 24 Aug. 1586. He graduated M.A. in 1591. Bishop Piers promised him a prebend, but he preferred to study medicine. After leaving college he resided for some time with Archbishop Whitgift, then visited Italy, and took the degree of M.D. at Padua. On his return home he engaged in military service, and was with Sir John Norris and the Earl of Southampton in Ireland and the Netherlands. In the Low Countries he is said to have been taken prisoner and detained for a time at Dunkirk. He reached London in 1603, and shortly afterwards commenced to practise, attaining to the highest eminence in his profession. He was admitted a candidate of the College of Physicians on 30 Sept. 1605, and a fellow on 25 June 1608. He was censor in 1614, 1620, 1621, 1623, 1624, 1625, 1631, and 1632; registrar on 20 Nov. 1627, on the death of Dr. Matthew Gwinne; treasurer on 3 Dec. 1629, on Harvey's resignation of that office; anatomy reader, 1630; elect, 22 Dec. 1630, in place of Dr. Thomas Moundeford, deceased; president from 1634 to 1640; consiliarius in 1641. He died at the college house at Amen Corner, Paternoster Row, on 20 April 1642. In his will, dated 21 Oct. 1641, proved by his nephew, Thomas Fox, he describes himself as of the parish of St. Martin's, Ludgate, London, and desires ‘to be buried in Christian buriall within the Cathedrall Church of St. Paule in London, as neere to the monument of Doctor Lynacer as conveniently may be,’ bequeathing the sum of 20l. ‘towards the repayring of the same Cathedrall’ (registered in P. C. C. 51, Cambell). He was buried according to his directions on 24 April. He also bequeathed to the college 40l., to which his nephew added another 60l. ‘On 22 Dec. 1656 the college, on the proposition of Dr. Baldwin Hamey, unanimously voted the erection of a marble bust to his memory in the Harveian Museum;’ the statue was destroyed in the great fire of 1666, as was his monument in St. Paul's erected by his nephew. His portrait in the college was one of two pictures rescued from the fire, but has disappeared. He attended John Donne, dean of St. Paul's, and contributed liberally towards the erection of a monument to his memory. In Harleian MS. 416 (ff. 203b, 210, 214) are three Latin letters of Fox, two of which are addressed to his father and brother Samuel respectively. The life of his father prefixed to the second volume of the 1641 edition of the ‘Actes and Monuments,’ long attributed to his brother Samuel, has lately been assigned, on very feeble grounds, to Simeon himself. He was certainly alive at the date of its publication, when Samuel had been dead twelve years. But internal evidence does not justify Simeon's claim to the memoir [see Foxe, John, ad fin.]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Foy, Nathaniel

​FOY, NATHANIEL, D.D. (d. 1707), bishop of Waterford and Lismore, son of John Foy, M.D., was born at York, and educated at Trinity College, Dublin, of which he became a senior fellow (M.A. 1671, B.D. and D.D. 1684). He was ordained priest in 1670, and in the same year was installed as a canon of Kildare. On 20 Dec. 1678 he was appointed minister of the parish of St. Bride, Dublin. In the reign of James II he stood up boldly in defence of the established church. Crowds assembled at St. Bride's every alternate Sunday to hear his replies to the sermons delivered at Christ Church on the preceding Sundays by a doctor of the Sorbonne in the presence of the king. This task he accomplished by means of abstracts of his antagonist's arguments supplied to him by gentlemen who wrote shorthand. He was prevented from preaching on several occasions by the menaces of some of the king's guard, and his firmness in supporting the protestant faith fled to his being imprisoned, together with Dr. King and other clergymen.
After the battle of the Boyne his constancy was rewarded by William III, who promoted him to the united sees of Waterford and Lismore by letters patent 13 July 1691. In September 1695 he was imprisoned in Dublin Castle for three days by order of the House of Lords, because he had spoken disrespectfully of that assembly in a protest against the rejection of a bill for union and division of parishes. He died in Dublin on 31 Dec. 1707, and was buried at the west end of Waterford Cathedral, in St. Saviour's Chapel.
During his lifetime he expended 800l. on the improvement of the palace at Waterford, and by his will he established and endowed the free school at Grantstown. His only publication is ‘A Sermon preached in Christ's Church, Dublin, on 23 Oct. 1698, being the anniversary thanksgiving for putting an end to the Irish Rebellion, which broke out on that day 1641. Before the House of Lords,’ Dublin 1698, 4to.
T. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fradelle, Henry Joseph

His name is given as Henri Jean-Baptiste Victoire Fradelle in the ODNB, which notes the confusion with his son.
​FRADELLE, HENRY JOSEPH (1778–1865), historical painter, was born at Lille in 1778, studied in Paris, and afterwards in Italy. He settled in London in 1816, and sent to the Royal Academy in the following year ‘Milton dictating Paradise Lost to his Daughter.’ He then resided at No. 4 Nassau Street, Middlesex Hospital. He also contributed thirty-six pictures to the British Institution, and two in Suffolk Street, between 1817 and 1854. In this latter year his address was 5 Brecknock Crescent, Camden New Town, where he painted the portrait of the son of W. T. Barnes of Rowley Lodge, Shenley, Hertfordshire. This was exhibited at the Royal Academy. The following rank among his best works: ‘The Escape of Mary Queen of Scots from Lochleven Castle,’ engraved by H. Dawe; ‘The Earl of Leicester's Visit to Amy Robsart at Canmore Place,’ engraved by Charles Turner in 1826; ‘Queen Elizabeth and Lady Paget,’ engraved by William Say in 1828; ‘Mary Queen of Scots and her Secretary, Chastelard,’ ‘Rebecca and Ivanhoe,’ ‘Belinda at her Toilet,’ and ‘Lady Jane Grey,’ most of which are in the collections at Petworth, Munich, Holland House, &c. The original drawing, dated 1824, in black chalk, of the picture representing the Earl of Leicester's visit to Amy Robsart is in the department of prints and drawings, British Museum. He died 14 March 1865.
L. F.
# Cruz v. Beto/Concurrence Burger

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Per Curiam Opinion of the Court
* Concurring Opinion Burger
* Dissenting Opinion Rehnquist
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE BURGER, concurring in the result.
I concur in the result reached even though the allegations of the complaint are on the borderline necessary to compel an evidentiary hearing. Some of the claims alleged are frivolous; others do not present justiciable issues. There cannot possible be any constitutional or legal requirement that the government provide materials for every religion and sect practiced in this diverse country. At most, Buddhist materials cannot be denied to prisoners if someone offers to supply them.
# Cruz v. Beto

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikipedia article.

## Concurring Opinion

    Burger

## Dissenting Opinion

    Rehnquist
Supreme Court of the United States
405 U.S. 319
Cruz v. Beto, Corrections Director
On Petition for Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
No. 71-5552
Petitioner prisoner, an alleged Buddhist, complained that he was not allowed to use the prison chapel, that he was prohibited from writing to his religious advisor, and that he was placed in solitary confinement for sharing his religious material with other prisoners. The Federal District Court denied relief without a hearing or findings, holding the complaint to be in an area that should be left "to the sound discretion of prison administration." The Court of Appeals affirmed.
Held: On the basis of the allegations, Texas has discriminated against petitioner by denying him a reasonable opportunity to pursue his Buddhist faith comparable to that offered other prisoners adhering to conventional religious precepts, and the cause is remanded for a hearing and appropriate findings.
Certiorari granted; 445 F. 2d 801, vacated and remanded.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gilburne, Samuel

​GILBURNE or GILBORNE, SAMUEL (fl. 1605), actor, mentioned in the 1623 folio of Shakespeare, was apprentice to Augustine Phillips, a well-known member of the same company. In Phillips's will appears the following: 'Item I geve to Samuel Gilborne, my late apprentice, the some of fortye shillings and my mouse colloured velvit hose, and a white taffety dublet, a blacke taffety sute, my purple cloke, sword and dagger, and my base viall.' The will in question is dated 4 May 1605, and is printed in Chalmers's ​‘Further Account of the Early English Stage,’ p. 483, and in Payne Collier's ‘English Dramatic Poetry,’ iii. 410. No other reference to Gilburne has been traced. Malone's ‘Historical Account of the English Stage,’ Basle, 1800, simply writes opposite the name, ‘unknown,’ p. 268.
[Works cited.]
J. K.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gilby, William Hall

​GILBY, WILLIAM HALL (d. 1821?), geologist, was the son of William Gilby, M.D., an English physician, and studied under Professor Jameson at Edinburgh, where he graduated M.D. in 1815, his thesis being ‘Disceptatio … de mutationibus quas ea, quæ e terra gignuntur, aëri inferent,’ Edinb. 1815, 8vo, pp. 26, at which time he was annual president of the Royal Society of Medicine in that city. He wrote several papers, chiefly on geological subjects, his last being on the respiration of plants in the ‘Edinburgh Philosophical Journal’ for 1821. The date of his death has not been ascertained, but, as he was a frequent essayist until that year, he probably died either then or very shortly after. He was a member of the Geological Society before its incorporation.
[Disceptatio, title-page, &c.]
B. D. J.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gilchrist, Alexander

​GILCHRIST, ALEXANDER (1828–1861), biographer, son of James Gilchrist (author of ‘The Intellectual Patrimony,’ 1817), was born at Newington Green, London, 25 April 1828. In 1829 his father moved to an old water-mill on the Thames at Mapledurham, near Reading. Alexander was an affectionate and sympathetic child, and ‘almost as soon as he could walk’ his father's constant companion. At the age of twelve he was sent to University College School, and at sixteen left it to study law. He entered the Middle Temple in 1846, and was called to the bar in 1849. Legal studies, however, proved uncongenial, and he preferred the ‘most modest literary achievement’ to ‘brilliant legal success.’ Though he met with some disappointments from editors, his talents were recognised in 1848 by Dr. Price, editor of the ‘Eclectic Review.’ All his writings for three or four years appeared in the ‘Eclectic,’ and one upon Etty, published in 1849 and reissued separately, brought him a commission from David Bogue to write Etty's life. On 4 Feb. 1851 he married Anne Burrows [see Gilchrist, Anne] at Earl's Colne, Essex. He wrote an article on decorative art as illustrated by the Great Exhibition, and then collected materials for the ‘Life of Etty,’ which appeared in 1855. He afterwards wrote lives of artists for an edition of ‘Men of the Time.’
In 1853 he settled at Guildford. In a visit to London a sight of some of Blake's illustrations of the Book of Job decided him to undertake a life of the artist. He had previously only known the illustrations to Blair's ‘Grave’ and Allan Cunningham's life of the artist. He now resolved to write a full life of Blake. In 1856 he settled in Chelsea, at the express wish of Carlyle, who was his next door neighbour, and with whom he and his wife had some pleasant intercourse. He was for two years afterwards chiefly occupied in winding up the business affairs of a brother who had died suddenly. He then devoted himself to Blake, contributing also to the ‘Literary Gazette’ and the ‘Critic.’ In the spring of 1861 he made the acquaintance of D. G. Rossetti. He had not finished Blake when he died of scarlet fever on 30 Nov. 1861. He had made preparations for lives of Wordsworth, the Countess d'Aulnoy, Lord Herbert of Cherbury, and Sir Kenelm Digby. His loss called forth strong expressions of sympathy from Mr. Madox Brown and D. G. Rossetti—the latter calling him ‘a far-sighted and nobly honest writer on subjects of which few indeed are able to treat worthily.’
The ‘Life of Blake’ was completed by his widow, and published in 1863. She also edited a second edition in 1880, and prefixed to it a ‘Memoir of Alexander Gilchrist.’
[Memoir as above.]
H. H. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gilchrist, James

​GILCHRIST, JAMES (d. 1777), captain in the navy, was promoted to be a lieutenant in the navy on 28 Aug. 1741, and in 1749 was serving in the Namur when, on 12 April, she was lost with all hands on board [see Boscawen, Hon. Edward]. As only those ​who were on shore with the admiral, or sick in hospital, escaped, it would seem probable that Gilchrist was Boscawen's flag-lieutenant. When the news of the peace was confirmed, he was sent home in command of the Basilisk bomb, bringing the few survivors. He arrived at Plymouth on 17 April 1750, putting in there on account of the inclemency of the weather, which the men were unable to stand, being, he wrote, entirely naked. On 18 July 1755 he was advanced to post-rank and appointed to the Experiment frigate, which he joined on 8 August. In September he was sent over to the coast of France, where in eleven days he captured no fewer than sixteen, mostly small, vessels. In the beginning of 1756 he was sent into the Mediterranean, where he joined Admiral Byng, and was present at the action off Minorca on 20 May. He was afterwards appointed by Sir Edward Hawke, in rapid succession to the Chesterfield, the Deptford, and the Trident; was then sent home as a witness at the trial of Admiral Byng, and in April 1757 was appointed to the Southampton, a 32-gun frigate, in which, off Portland, on 25 July, he fought a severe action with two French frigates of superior force (Laughton, Studies in Naval history, p. 333), and succeeded in beating them off. With better fortune he met, on 12 Sept, the French frigate Émeraude, which he captured after a sharp action of thirty-five minutes' duration, and brought into Falmouth. During the following year he was still employed in Channel service, in the course of which he captured two large privateers; and on 28 March 1759, being in company with Captain Hotham in the Melampe [see Hotham, William, Lord], on a cruise in the North sea, met and engaged the 40-gun French frigate Danae, which, after a hard-fought action, lasting all through the night, struck her flag in the morning. Gilchrist was shot through the shoulder by a one-pound ball, a wound that for the time endangered his life, and rendered his arm permanently useless. He never served again, but lived in retirement at his family seat of Hunsfield in Lanarkshire, where he died in 1777. One of his daughters married the ninth earl of Dundonald, and was the mother of Thomas Cochrane, tenth earl of Dundonald [q. v.]
J. K. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gilbert the Great

​GILBERT the Great or the Theologian (d. 1167?), abbot of Cîteaux, is described as an Englishman in an epistle prefixed to the commentary ‘In Oraculum Cyrilli,’ of which he is said to be the author (cf. Tanner). Going to France he entered the Cistercian order, and in 1143 became abbot of Ourcamp. In 1163 he succeeded Fastradus as eighth abbot of Cîteaux and general of the order (Recueil des Historiens, xiii. 278). In this capacity he drew up statutes for the knights of Calatrava in 1164, and in 1165 obtained from Alexander III a charter exempting his order from all episcopal jurisdiction. He supported ​Geoffrey of Clairvaux against the pope and the king of France; and under his rule Becket found a refuge at Pontigny, although regard for the interests of his order compelled Gilbert to convey to the archbishop the threats of Henry II against the Cistercians (Materials for Hist. of Becket (Rolls Ser.), iii. 397). In May 1167 he made an agreement with the chapter of Autun, and probably died 17 Oct. of that year, although some fix his death in 1168. All writers celebrate the learning and piety to which he owed his cognomen, but seem to confuse him with other Gilberts. Bale and Pits ascribe to him various works, of which, with one or two exceptions, nothing seems known. Among them there are ‘Commentaries on the Psalms,’ the opening words of which correspond with Bodl. MS. Auct. D. 4. 6; a treatise styled ‘Distinctiones Theologicæ’ is also assigned to Gilbert in Bodl. MSS. 29 and 45. Mabillon prints a sermon which he ascribes to Gilbert in his edition of S. Bernard's works, ii. 745. There are also three letters from Gilbert to Louis VII in Duchesne's ‘Historiæ Francorum Scriptores,’ iv. 670, 679, 744; these, however, are all short, and contain nothing to justify the high praise bestowed on their author for his literary ability. Henrique includes Gilbert among the saints of the Cistercian order. Bale and Pits wrongly give his date as 1280, and say that he had studied at Paris and Toulouse.
C. L. K.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gilchrist, Ebenezer

​GILCHRIST, EBENEZER, M.D. (1707–1774), physician, was born at Dumfries in 1707, studied medicine at Edinburgh, London, and Paris, and graduated at Rheims. In 1732 he returned to Dumfries, where he practised with a reputation which extended beyond the locality, until his death, on 12 June 1774. He became known by reviving certain modes of treatment which he found in the ancient writers. In his first papers on nervous fevers (typhus), published in the ‘Edinburgh Medical Essays and Observations,’ vols. iv. and v. (1746–8), he recommended the use of wine and warm baths. His best known work, ‘The Use of Sea Voyages in Medicine’ (1756; 2nd edit., with a supplement, 1757; 3rd edit. 1771; French transl. 1770), contains a very full analysis of the benefits of sea-exercise and sea-air, especially in consumption, together with cases. The analytical or theoretical handling of the subject is judicious and has hardly been surpassed, but the experience is meagre, and limited too much to short voyages. In the ‘Essays Physical and Literary’ (vol. iii. 1770, and reprint 1770), he published an account of the symptoms and circumstances of the sibbens, the endemic form of syphilis among the poor in the west of Scotland, said to date from the Cromwellian occupation. His other papers are a defence of inoculation for small-pox, an account of the epidemic catarrh (influenza) of 1762, and on cases of vesical hypertrophy, all in ‘Essays, Physical and Literary,’ vols. ii. and iii.
[Encycl. Brit., 3rd ed.; Watt's Bibl. Brit.; Gilchrist's writings as above.]
C. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Blackstone, John

​BLACKSTONE, JOHN (d. 1753), botanist, was a London apothecary. He published ‘Fasciculus Plantarum circa Harefield (Middlesex) sponte nascentium,' London, 1737; ‘Plantæ rariores Angliæ,' London, 1737; ‘Specimen Botanicum quo Plantarum plurium rariorum Angliæ indigenarum loci naturales illustrantur,’ London, 1746, to which a number of other botanists contributed. In it several species were added to the British flora. The author intended to publish a second volume of the ‘Specimen,' for which he had collected materials, but he died in 1753 before its completion.
[Pulteney’s Sketches of the Progress of`Botany, ii. 270, London, 1790.]
G. T. B.