OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fourdrinier, Henry

Contains subarticle Sealy Fourdrinier (d 1847)
​FOURDRINIER, HENRY (1766–1854), inventor, was born on 11 Feb. 1766, in Lombard Street, London. His father was a paper-maker and wholesale stationer, and was in all probability grandson of Paul Fourdrinier [see under Fourdrinier, Peter]. Henry Fourdrinier succeeded his father as a paper manufacturer. In conjunction with his brother Sealy he devoted himself for many years to the invention and improvement of paper-making machinery. Their first patent was taken out in 1801. In 1807 they perfected their machine for making continuous paper. This machine imitated with some improvements the processes used in paper by hand. Its chief advantages were that it produced paper of any size, and with greatly increased rapidity. The experiments were very costly, and much litigation was required to protect the patent. When the invention was completed they had expended 60,000l., and became bankrupt. Parliament extended the Fourdriniers' letters patent for fourteen years, and the new system of paper-making was widely adopted, but the brothers were greatly hampered by the defective state of the law of patents. In 1814 the Emperor Alexander, while visiting England, was interested in Fourdriniers' machine. An agreement was made that the Fourdriniers should receive 700l. annually for the use of two machines for ten years. The machines were erected at Peterhoff under the superintendence of Henry Fourdrinier's son, but no portion of the stipulated yearly sum was ever paid. Henry Fourdrinier repeatedly asserted his claim, and at the age of seventy-two, attended by his daughter, made a journey to St. Petersburg, and placed his petition personally in the hands of the Emperor Nicholas. No result followed. Meanwhile the Fourdriniers had petitioned parliament for compensation for the losses sustained by them. On 25 April 1839 a motion was brought forward in the House of Commons, when the chancellor of the exchequer promised to go into the merits of the case. On 8 May 1840 7,000l. was voted to the Fourdriniers. Many persons thought this inadequate, and a few years later a subscription, raised by firms in the paper trade, enabled annuities to be purchased for Henry Fourdrinier, the then surviving patentee, and his two daughters, insuring a comfortable income during their respective lives. Henry Fourdrinier died on 3 Sept. 1854, in his eighty-ninth year, at Mavesyn Ridware, near Rugeley, where he spent the last years of his life in humble but cheerful retirement.
His brother, Sealy Fourdrinier, participated in the parliamentary compensation, but died in 1847 before the subscription had been applied.
J. B-y.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Foulis, James (d.1688)

​FOULIS, Sir JAMES, Lord Colinton (d. 1688), judge, was only son of Alexander Foulis, by Elizabeth, daughter of Robert Hepburn, esq., of Ford, and widow of Sir John Stuart, sheriff of Bute. His father was created a baronet of Nova Scotia 7 June 1634. James was knighted by Charles I 14 Nov. 1641, and represented Edinburgh in parliament in 1645–8 and in 1651. He was a commissioner to enforce the acts against runaways and deficients in 1644, and a member of the committee of estates in 1646–7. He warmly adopted the royalist cause, was taken prisoner at Alyth by a detachment of Monck's force, then besieging Dundee, 28 Sept. 1651, and long imprisoned for his royalist opinions. After the Restoration he became an ordinary lord of session (14 Feb.), and a ​commissioner of excise in 1661. He was commissioner to parliament for Edinburghshire from 1661 to 1681, and a lord of the articles in each parliament from the Restoration. When the court of justiciary was constituted in February 1671 he became a lord commissioner, and took his seat in parliament and the oaths in 1672, having the title of Lord Colinton. He was sworn of the privy council in 1674, and was a commissioner for the plantation of kirks in 1678. On 12 Dec. 1681, upon the trial of Argyll, he voted, old cavalier though he was, against the relevancy of the indictment, and it was only carried by Lord Nairn's casting vote. On 22 Feb. 1684 he was appointed lord justice clerk in succession to Sir Richard Maitland, and died at Edinburgh 19 Jan. 1688. He was twice married, secondly to Margaret, daughter of Sir George Erskine of Innertail, and had a son James (1645?–1711) [q. v.], who succeeded to the title, and was a member of parliament, and a daughter, who married James Livingstone.
J. A. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Neill, John (1777?-1860?)

​O'NEILL, JOHN (1777?–1860?), temperance poet, was born in the city of Waterford on 8 Jan. 1777 or 1778, and was the son of a poor shoemaker. He left school when nine years of age, and was apprenticed to the shoemaking business under his uncle. In 1798 he was living in Carrick-on-Suir, and in 1799 went to Dublin in search of employment. He returned to Carrick in the following year, and there married, though in extremely poor circumstances. At this time he began to write verse, some of which became popular, and he produced a satire against master-tailors called ‘The Clothier's Looking-Glass.’ His poverty was great, but he prided himself on his sobriety. After his removal to London early in the century he tried many callings, but was unsuccessful in all. Meanwhile he wrote poetry, eight dramas, and a novel in three volumes, entitled ‘Mary of Avonmore; or the Foundling of the Beach.’ None of these works seem now accessible. Hampered by a very large family, he managed to subsist by working as a shoemaker.
Connecting himself with temperance organisations, he prominently identified himself with their principles, and attracted the notice of Mrs. S. C. Hall and George Cruikshank. In 1840 he published a poem called ‘The Drunkard,’ and dedicated it to Father Mathew [q. v.] For a new edition of 1842 Cruikshank designed his remarkable etchings of the effects of the ‘Bottle.’ O'Neill died about 1860.
His published works are: 1. ‘Irish Melodies.’ 2. ‘The Sorows of Memory,’ a poem. 3. ‘Alva,’ a drama, 1821. 4. ‘The Drunkard,’ a poem, 12mo, London, 1840; ditto, with a portrait and etchings by George Cruikshank, 8vo, 1842; another edition, under the title of ‘The Blessings of Temperance,’ and containing the author's life and portrait, 12mo, London, 1851. 6. ‘The Triumph of Temperance; or the Destruction of the British Upas Tree,’ a poem in three cantos, 12mo, London, 1852. 7. ‘Handerahan the Irish Fairy-Man, and Legends of Carrick’ (edited by Mrs. S. C. Hall), 12mo, London, 1854.
Another John O'Neill published a poem entitled ‘Hugh O'Neill, the Prince of Ulster,’ in Dublin, 1859.
[The Blessings of Temperance, 1851, introduction; O'Donoghue's Poets of Ireland; Brit. Mus. Cat.]
D. J. O'D.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Neill, Neill

​O'NEILL, Sir NEILL or NIALL (1658?–1690), soldier, born late in December 1657 or early in January 1658, was the eldest son of Sir Henry O'Neill of Shane's Castle, co. Antrim, who was created baronet of Killelagh on 23 Feb. 1666, and his wife, Eleanor Talbot, sister of Richard Talbot, earl of Tyrconnel [q. v.] He must be distinguished from Niall Og O'Neill, a well-known Ulster tory (cf. Prendergast, Ireland from the Restoration to the Revolution, pp. 101–2). In 1687 O'Neill raised a regiment of dragoons for the service of James II; on 10 May 1689 he was sent with his dragoons into Down and Antrim, where he signalised himself by his bravery. He was also present at the siege of Derry early in 1689, and was afterwards despatched to oppose a detachment of Schomberg's army in Sligo. On 25 March 1690 he had a skirmish with an English force at Hacketstown, co. Meath, when he was wounded in the thigh, but quickly recovered (An Exact Journal of the Victorious Progress of their Majesties' Forces in Ireland, 1690, p. 4). About the same time he was appointed lord lieutenant of Armagh. At the battle of the Boyne he was placed with his dragoons at the ford of Rosnaree, a little below the bridge of Slane, which had been previously broken down; the object was to prevent Schomberg crossing and attacking the flank of James II's army. For some time O'Neill defended the ford with conspicuous bravery, more than once charging through the river and beating back Schomberg's troops. At length he was wounded and his troops gave way. He was carried from the battlefield to Dublin, and thence to Waterford, where, owing to the carelessness of his surgeons, he died of his wound on 8 July, aged thirty-two years and six months. He was buried in the church of the Franciscan abbey at Waterford, where his tomb is still extant. He was attainted in 1691, and his estates confiscated.
O'Neill married Frances, daughter of Caryll, third viscount Maryborough [see under Molyneux, Sir Richard, Viscount Maryborough]. By her he had four or five daugh​ters, but no sons, and he was succeeded by his brother, Sir Daniel O'Neill. His widow, who survived until 1732, succeeded in recovering his estates in 1700.
[A Light to the Blind, or a Brief Narration of the Warr in Ireland, among the Earl of Fingall's MSS. in Hist. MSS. Comm. 10th Rep. App. pt. v. pp. 133–5, 2nd Rep. App. p. 530; Macpherson's Original Papers, i. 226, 339; Memoirs of Ireland, pp. 86, 122; Somers Tracts, xi. 411; O'Kelly's Macariæ Excidium, p. 352; O'Conor's Military Memoirs, p. 107; Irish Compendium, 1756, p. 288; Clarke's Hist. of James II, ii. 382, 395–6; Rapin's Hist. of England, iii. 137; Lodge's Peerage, ed. Archdall, iii. 256; O'Hart's Irish Pedigrees, ed. 1887, i. 726–7, 737; D'Alton's Army Lists of James II, pp. 99, 299–304; O'Callaghan's Irish Brigades, pp. 130–1; Cusack's Irish Nation, p. 906; Macaulay's Hist. ii. 190.]
A. F. P.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/O'Neill, William Chichester

​O'NEILL, WILLIAM CHICHESTER, Lord O'Neill (1813–1883), musical composer, born on 3 March 1813, at the residence of his father, the Rev. Edward Chichester (d. 1840), rector of Kilmore, Armagh, was educated at Foyle College, Londonderry, and at the High School, Shrewsbury, under Dr. Butler. He graduated at Trinity College, Dublin; was ordained in 1837, and was appointed to a prebendal stall in Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, in 1848. By the death of John Bruce O'Neill, third viscount O'Neill, younger son of John O'Neill, first viscount [q. v.], in 1835, he came into possession of the great estates of the O'Neill family, to whom he was related by the marriage of his great-grandfather, the Rev. Arthur Chichester, with Mary, daughter of Henry O'Neill of Shane's Castle, co. Antrim, the first cousin of the first Viscount O'Neill. In 1868 the peerage, originally conferred in 1793, and extinct on the death of the third Viscount O'Neill, was restored to Chichester under the title of ‘Baron O'Neill of Shane's Castle.’ O'Neill exhibited remarkable talent and ability as a performer on the violin and organ, especially the latter instrument; he was also a skilled singer and composer. On the occasion of the visit of Prince Arthur (Duke of Connaught) to Shane's Castle in 1869, Lord O'Neill composed the poetry and music of an ode which he accompanied on the organ at the performance. He frequently officiated as organist in the Dublin cathedrals, and composed church music, glees and songs, all remarkable for purity of style and grammatical accuracy. Some of these pieces have been published. He died on 17 April 1883, at Shane's Castle. He was twice married: first, in 1839, to Henrietta (d. 1857), eldest daughter of Robert Torrens, judge of the common pleas in Ireland, by whom he had three sons and a daughter; secondly, in 1858, to Elizabeth Grace, daughter of John Torrens, D.D., archdeacon of Dublin.
[Memoir by Archdeacon Hamilton,; private information.]
W. H. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Jackson, Thomas (d.1646)

​JACKSON, THOMAS (d. 1646), prebendary of Canterbury, born in Lancashire and educated at Cambridge, graduated M.A. in 1600, and B.D. in 1608, at Christ's College; and proceeded D.D. in 1615 from Emmanuel College. He was beneficed at several places in Kent, between 1603 and 1614 at Wye, and later at Ivychurch, Chilham-with-Molash, Great Chart, Milton, near Canterbury, and St. George's in Canterbury. On 30 March 1614 he was installed a prebendary in Canterbury Cathedral. At the trial of Laud in 1644 he testified that the archbishop had in one of his statutes enjoined bowing towards the altar. When Laud was taunted with giving preferment only to men ‘popishly inclined,’ he replied that he disposed of livings to ‘divers good and orthodox men, as to Doctor Jackson of Canterbury,’ to whom he had given ‘an hospital.’ Wood says that he ‘mostly seemed to be a true son of the church of England.’ He nevertheless found favour with the parliament, as he continued in office until his death in November 1646. His wife Elizabeth was buried at Canterbury on 27 Jan. 1657. One of his sons, also named Thomas, was among a number of Canterbury clergymen who in August 1636 were reported to Laud for tavern-haunting and drunkenness.
Jackson was author of: 1. ‘David's Pastorall Poeme, or Sheepeheards Song. Seven Sermons on the 23 Psalme,’ 1603, 8vo. 2. ‘The Converts Happiness: a Comfortable Sermon,’ 1609, 4to. 3. ‘Londons New Yeeres Gift, or the Uncouching of the Foxe. A Godly Sermon,’ 1609, 4to. 4. ‘Peters Teares, a Sermon,’ 1612, 4to. 5. ‘Sinnelesse Sorrow for the Dead. A Comfortable Sermon at the Funeral of Mr. John Moyle,’ 1614, 12mo. 6. ‘Judah must into Captivitie. Six Sermons,’ &c., 1622, 4to. 7. ‘The Raging Tempest Stilled. The Historie of Christ, His Passage with His Disciples over the Sea of Galilee,’ &c., 1623, 4to. 8. ‘An Helpe to the Best Bargaine. A Sermon,’ 1624, 8vo.
[Wood's Athenæ Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 669; Prynne's Canterbury's Doom, 1646, pp. 79, 534; Wharton's Troubles and Tryal of Laud, 1695, pp. 326, 369; Walker's Sufferings of the Clergy, fol. pt. ii. p. 7; Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th Rep. p. 125; House of Lords' Journals, viii. 573; Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy), i. 49; Hasted's Kent, ‘Canterbury,’ 1801, ii. 65; Registers of Canterbury Cathedral (Harl. Soc.); Masters's Corpus Christi College (Lamb), pp. 193, 199; Calendar of State Papers, Dom. Ser. James I, i. 74, 1634–5, 1635, 1635–6, 1636–7; Brit. Mus. Cat.; information kindly supplied by the Revs. J. I. Dredge and J. E. B. Mayor.]
C. W. S.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Jackson, William (1751-1815)

​JACKSON, WILLIAM (1751–1815), bishop of Oxford, born in 1751, was the younger son of Cyril Jackson, physician, of Stamford, Lincolnshire, but latterly of York. He was entered at Manchester grammar school on 12 Jan. 1762, but was removed to Westminster in 1764, when he was elected a king's scholar. On 1 June 1768 he matriculated at Oxford as a student of Christ Church (Foster, Alumni Oxon. 1715–1886, ii. 737), and in 1770 gained the chancellor's prize for Latin verse, the subject being ‘Ars Medendi.’ He graduated B.A. in 1772, M.A. in 1775, B.D. in 1783, and D.D. in 1799. At Christ Church he was for many years actively engaged as tutor, rhetoric reader, and censor. He also became chaplain to Markham, archbishop of York, who appointed him prebendary of Southwell on 23 Sept. 1780 (Le Neve, Fasti, ed. Hardy, iii. 420), prebendary of York on 26 March 1783 (ib. iii. 208), and rector of Beeford in East Yorkshire. On 19 Dec. 1783 he was elected regius professor of Greek at Oxford (ib. iii. 517), and shortly afterwards one of the curators of the Clarendon press. In the same year he was chosen preacher of Lincoln's Inn. On 4 Jan. 1792 he was made prebendary of Bath and Wells (ib. i. 203), and became dean in 1799 (ib. i. 155). He was preferred to a canonry at Christ Church on 2 Aug. 1799 (ib. ii. 522). The prince regent having vainly solicited his old tutor, Jackson's elder brother, Cyril [q. v.], to accept a bishopric, conferred that dignity upon William. Jackson was accordingly consecrated bishop of Oxford on 23 Feb. 1812 (ib. ii. 509), and was subsequently appointed clerk of the closet to the king. He died at Cuddesdon, Oxford, on 2 Dec. 1815 (Gent. Mag. vol. lxxxv. pt. ii. p. 633). In E. H. Barker's ‘Parriana’ (i. 421–4) Jackson is described as very self-indulgent. His portrait, by W. Owen, is in Christ Church Hall. An engraving by S. W. Reynolds is in the old school at Manchester.
Jackson published several sermons.
[Reg. Manchester Grammar School (Chetham Soc.), i. 98–9; Welch's Alumni Westmon. 1852, p. 388; Wood's Antiq. of Oxford (Gutch), vol. ii. pt. ii. pp. 855, 950; Brit. Mus. Cat.]
G. G.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Jacob, Benjamin

​JACOB, BENJAMIN (1778–1829), organist, son of Benjamin Jacob, an amateur violinist, was born before 26 April 1778, and was employed as a chorister at Portland Chapel, London. He learnt the rudiments of music from his father, singing from Robert Willoughby, harpsichord and organ from William Shrubsole and Matthew Cooke, and at a later date harmony from Dr. Samuel Arnold [q. v.] At the age of ten Jacob became organist of Salem Chapel, Soho; in 1789 organist of Carlisle Chapel, Kennington Lane; in 1790 organist of Bentinck Chapel, Lisson Grove; in 1791 he was a chorister at the Handel commemoration; and in 1794 was appointed organist of Surrey Chapel, in succession to John Immyns [q. v.], the first organist there. An organ (built by Thomas Elliot) was first introduced into Surrey Chapel in 1793, ten years after the chapel was opened ​ by Rowland Hill (1744–1833) [q. v.], and ‘all the serious people were exceedingly grieved’ by its introduction. Jacob held the post until 1825; he was a very fine executant, and established a series of organ recitals at the chapel. In 1809 the elder Wesley played alternately with him, and in 1811 and some years afterwards Dr. Crotch [q. v.] was his principal coadjutor. Their concerts began at 11 A.M. and lasted between three and four hours, the audiences numbering three thousand people. A variation was made when Salomon played the violin in concert with the organ. Jacob also gave annual public concerts in aid of the Rowland Hill Almshouses. His connection with Hill ceased after May 1825, when he accepted the post of organist to St. John's Church, Waterloo Road, at a salary of 70l., with permission to play once each Sunday at Surrey Chapel. Hill preferred to dispense entirely with the musician's services, and after a painful discussion and a published correspondence their friendship was interrupted. Jacob remained at St. John's Church until his death on 24 Aug. 1829. He was buried at Bunhill Fields. He left a widow and three daughters. An only son died early.
Jacob's compositions were few and unimportant. The best known are ‘Dr. Watts's Divine and Moral Songs, Solos, Duets, and Trios,’ London, 1800 (?); ‘National Psalmody’ contains twelve pieces by Jacob among a large collection of old church melodies, London, 1819, 4to. Jacob is also represented in ‘Surrey Chapel Music,’ London, 2 vols. 1800 (?) and 1815 (?). ‘Letters’ addressed by Wesley to Jacob ‘relating to Bach’ were published by Eliza Wesley in 1875.
[Dict. of Music, 1827, i. 385; Georgian Era, iv. 324; Grove's Dict. of Music, ii. 28; article by F. G. Edwards in the Nonconformist Musical Journal, April and May 1890.]
L. M. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Jacob, Edward

Contains subarticle John Jacob (1765–1840).
​JACOB, EDWARD (1710?–1788), antiquary and naturalist, born about 1710, was son of Edward Jacob, surgeon, alderman, and chamberlain of Canterbury, by his wife Jane, daughter of Strangford Violl, vicar of Upminster. He practised as a surgeon at Faversham, Kent, and was several times mayor of the borough. He purchased the estate of Sextries in Nackington, near Canterbury. He died at Faversham on 26 Nov. 1788, in his seventy-eighth year (Gent. Mag. vol. lviii. pt. ii. p. 1127). Jacob married, first, on 4 Sept. 1739, Margaret, daughter of John Rigden of Canterbury, by whom he had no surviving issue; and, secondly, Mary, only daughter of Stephen Long of Sandwich, Kent, by whom he had eleven children; she died on 7 March 1803, in her eighty-first year (ib. vol. lxxiii. pt. i. p. 290; Archæologia Cantiana, xiv. 384).
Jacob was author of: 1. ‘The History of the Town and Port of Faversham,’ 8vo, London, 1774; and 2. ‘Plantæ Favershamienses. A Catalogue of … Plants growing … about Faversham … With an Appendix, exhibiting a short view of the Fossil bodies of the adjacent Island of Shepey,’ 8vo, London, 1777, to which his portrait, engraved by Charles Hall, is prefixed. In 1754 he communicated to the Royal Society ‘An Account of several Bones of an Elephant found at Leysdown, in the Island of Sheppey’ (Phil. Trans. vol. xlviii. pt. ii. pp. 626–7). In 1770 he edited, with a preface, the tragedy, ‘Arden of Faversham.’ Jacob was elected F.S.A. on 5 June 1755, and in 1780 contributed to the ‘Archæologia’ some ‘Observations on the Roman Earthen Ware taken from the Pan-Pudding Rock’ at Whitstable, Kent, in which he took occasion to refute the views held by Governor Thomas Pownall, F.S.A. He also assisted William Boys in ‘A Collection of the minute … Shells … discovered near Sandwich,’ 4to [1784]. Some of his letters to A. C. Ducarel are printed in Nichols's ‘Illustrations of Literature’ (vols. iv. vi.); his correspondence with E. M. da Costa, extending from 1748 to 1776, is in Addit. MS. 28538, ff. 260–77.
John Jacob (1765–1840), third son of the above, born on 27 Dec. 1765, was in 1803 residing at Roath Court, Glamorganshire. In 1815 he removed to Guernsey, where he employed his leisure in collecting materials for ‘Annals of some of the British Norman Isles constituting the Bailiwick of Guernsey,’ of which part i., comprising the Casket Lighthouses, Alderney, Sark, Herm, and Jethou, with part of Guernsey, was printed in a large octavo volume at Paris in 1830. Part ii., announced for December 1831, never appeared. John Jacob died on 21 Feb. 1840, in Guernsey, in his seventy-fifth year (Gent. Mag. new ser. xiv. 663–4). He married Anna Maria, daughter of George Le Grand, surgeon, of Canterbury, and had five sons and four daughters. Sir George Le Grand Jacob [q. v.] was his fifth son.
[Nichols's Lit. Anecd. vii. 194, 601; Jacob and Glascott's Hist. and Geneal. Narrative of the Families of Jacob, privately printed, 1875, pp. 15, 23.]
G. G.