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# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Atwood, Thomas

​ATWOOD, THOMAS (d. 1793), chief judge of the island of Dominica, and afterwards of the Bahamas, died in the King's Bench prison, at an advanced age, broken down with misfortunes, on 27 May 1793. He is the reputed author of the 'History of the Island of Dominica,' published in 1791, and of a pamphlet published in 1790 entitled 'Observations on the True Method of Treatment and Usage of the Negro Slaves in the British West India Islands.'
[Gent. Mag. lxiii. 576, 669.]
T. F. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Attwood, Thomas

1904 Errata appended.
​ATTWOOD, THOMAS (1765–1838), musician, born in London, 23 Nov. 1765, was the son of a coal merchant. When nine years old he was admitted as a chorister to the Chapel Royal, where he attracted the attention of the Prince of Wales (George IV), who invited him to Buckingham House, and was so pleased by his pianoforte playing and musical talent that in 1783 he sent him to Naples to study under Cinque and Latilla. From Naples Attwood went (1785) to Vienna, where he studied under Mozart, who expressed a favourable opinion of his talent. He left Vienna in company with the Storaces in February 1787. Shortly after his return to London he was appointed music master to the Duchess of York; he also subsequently occupied the same post with the Duchess of Cumberland and the Princess of Wales. In the following year (1792) he produced a musical afterpiece, 'The Prisoner,' at the Opera House, where the Drury Lane company was then performing. This was the first of several similar pieces he composed; in all his writings for the stage, after the fashion of the time, he eked out his own music by considerable interpolations from the works of other composers, particularly those of Mozart and Cherubini. In 1793 Attwood married Mary, the only child of Matthew Denton, of Stotfold, Bedfordshire. His eldest son, a lieutenant in the army, was assassinated at Madrid in October 1821; another son, after a distinguished career at Cambridge, became in 1837 rector of Framlingham, Suffolk. In 1796, on the death of John Jones, Attwood was appointed organist and vicar choral of St. Paul's, and in June of the same year he succeeded Dr. Dupuis as composer to the Chapel Royal. For the coronation of George IV (19 July 1821) Attwood wrote an anthem, 'I was glad.' In the same year the king appointed him organist of the chapel in the Pavilion, Brighton. He wrote an anthem, 'O Lord, grant the King,' for the coronation of William IV, and had begun another for the coronation of Queen Victoria when he was interrupted by his last illness. On the death of Stafford Smith (1836) he was appointed organist to the Chapel Royal, a post he did not live long to occupy. He was taken ill soon after Christmas 1837, and, preferring some peculiar mode of treating his ​complaint, neglected the proper remedies, and died at his house, 17 Cheyne Walk, on 24 March 1838. He was buried in St. Paul's on 31 March. Besides the works mentioned above, Attwood wrote some chamber music, many songs, glees, and pianoforte pieces. His music is melodious and graceful, as would be expected from a pupil of Mozart, but it is deficient in individuality and force. During the latter part of his life he made the acquaintance of Mendelssohn, who often stayed with the English composer at his house at Norwood.
W. B. S.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.10 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
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# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Atwood, George

​ATWOOD, GEORGE (1746–1807), a distinguished mathematician, was born in 1746, entered Westminster School in 1759, and was elected to a scholarship at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1765. He graduated B.A. in 1769 as third wrangler and first Smith's prizeman, became subsequently a fellow and tutor of his college, took a degree of M.A. in 1772, and was chosen fellow of the Royal Society in 1776. His lectures were remarkable both for the fluent ease of their delivery, and for the ingenuity of their experimental illustrations, and exercised much influence on the scientific studies of the university. Amongst his auditors and admirers was William Pitt, who bestowed upon him, on leaving Cambridge in 1784, a sinecure place as one of the patent searchers of the customs, with a salary of 500l. a year. This, however, was only an indirect mode of remunerating financial services of a very arduous kind, all the calculations connected with the revenue being executed by him until failing health forbade the intense application said to have been its cause. He died at his house in Westminster, in July 1807, at the age of 61, and was buried in St. Margaret's Church. As a writer he was less gifted than as a lecturer. His treatises, though marked by considerable ability, are deficient both in power and elegance, and are now completely superseded. In accuracy of calculation he could scarcely be surpassed, and he possessed musical as well as mathematical accomplishments.
He wrote:
* 'A Description of the Experiments intended to illustrate a Course of Lectures on the Principles of Natural Philosophy,' London, 1776.
* 'A Treatise on the Rectilinear Motion and Rotation of Bodies, with a Description of Original Experiments relative to the Subject,' Cambridge, 1784, in which occurs (p. 298) the first description of the ingenious apparatus since so well known as 'Atwood's Machine,' for exhibiting and verifying the accelerative action of gravity.
* 'An Analysis of a Course of Lectures on the Principles of Natural Philosophy,' London, 1784, still of interest as illustrating the state of science at Cambridge a century ago.
* 'A Dissertation on the Construction and Properties of Arches,' 1801, with a supplement, 1804, written at the request of a committee of the House of Commons, then engaged in considering Telford's plan for replacing London Bridge with a one-arched iron construction.
* 'A general Theory for the Mensuration of the Angle subtended by two Objects,' Phil. Trans. vol. lxxi., 1781.
* 'Investigations founded on the Theory of Motion for determining the Times of Vibration of Watch Balances,' Phil. Trans. vol. lxxxiv., 1794.
* 'The Construction and Analysis of Geometrical Propositions determining the Positions assumed by homogeneal Bodies which float freely, and at rest, on a Fluid's Surface,' Phil. Trans. vol. lxxxvi., 1796, honoured with the Copley medal (1796).
* 'A Disquisition on the Stability of Ships,' Phil. Trans. vol. lxxxviii., 1798.
[Gent. Mag. Ixxvii. pt. ii. 690; Hutton's Phil. and Math. Dict. (1815), i. 189; De Morgan in Biog. Dict. Soc. D. U. K. iv. 44.]
A. M. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Aubert, Alexander

​AUBERT, ALEXANDER (1730–1805), astronomer, was born at Austin Friars, London, 11 May 1730. The appearance of the magnificent comet of 1744 gave him, then a schoolboy at Geneva, a permanent bias towards astronomy; he diligently prepared, however, for a mercantile career in counting-houses at Geneva, Leghorn, and Genoa; visited Rome in the jubilee year (1750), and, returning to London in 1751, was, in the following year, taken into partnership by his father. In 1753 he became a director, and some years later governor, of the London Assurance Company. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1772, and of the Society of Antiquaries in 1784, receiving, moreover, in 1793, a diploma of admission to the St, Petersburg Academy of Sciences. The transit of Venus, of 3 June 1769, was observed by him at Austin Friars (Phil. Tras. lix. 378), and that of Mercury, 4 May 1786 (Phil. Trans. Ixxvii. 47) at an observatory built by him at Loampit Hill, near Deptford, and furnished with the best instruments by Short, Bird, Ramsden, and Dollond. Except that of Count Brühl, it was at that period the only well-equipped private establishment of the kind in England. In 1788 he purchased Highbury House, Islington, for 6,000 guineas, and erected on the grounds, with the assistance of his friend Smeaton, the celebrated engineer, a new observatory on improved plans of his own. His mechanical knowledge caused him to be appointed chairman of the trustees for the completion of Ramsgate harbour, and his energy contributed materially to the ultimate success of Smeaton's designs. In 1792 Aubert headed a society for the suppression of sedition, and in 1797 he organised, and was appointed lieutenant-colonel of, the 'Loyal Islington VoInnteers.' While staying in the house of Mr. John Lloyd, of Wygfair, St. Asaph, he was struck with apoplexy, and died 19 Oct. 1805, at the age of 75, highly esteemed both in scientific and commercial circles, and widely popular, owing to his genial manners and unstinted hospitality. His valuable astronomical library and instruments were sold and dispersed after his death. Amongst the latter were a Dollond 46-inch achromatic, aperture 3¾ inches, and the one Cassegrain reflector constructed by Short, of 24 inches focus and 6 aperture, known among opticians as 'Short's Dumpy.' Both had been originally made for Topham Beauclerk. Two slight papers by Aubert appeared in the 'Philosophical Transactions,' viz., 'A New Method of finding Time by Equal Altitudes' (lxvi 92-8), and 'An Account of the Meteors of 18 Aug. and 4 Oct, 1783' (lxxiv, 112-15).
A. M. C.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bowman, Walter

1904 Errata appended.
​BOWMAN, WALTER (d. 1782), antiquary, was a native of Scotland, and owned an estate at Logie in Fifeshire. He had been travelling tutor to the eldest son of the first Marquis of Hertford, and was rewarded with the place of comptroller of the port of Bristol. For many years he resided at East Molesey, Surrey, but latterly on his property at Egham, in the same county. A zealous traveller and collector, he had some celebrity in his day as a virtuoso and man of science, which gained him admission in 1735 to the Society of Antiquaries, and in 1742 to the Royal Society. To the former he contributed several papers, chiefly on classical antiquities, three of which were printed in vol. i. of the 'Archæologia,' pp. 100, 109, 112. His only published communication to the Royal Society was an eccentric letter addressed to Dr. Stephen Hales, on an earthquake felt at East Molesey 14 March 1749-50, which appeared in the 'Philosophical Transactions,' xlvi. 684. Bowman had withdrawn from both societies several years before his death, in February 1782. In his will (proved 16 March of that year) he left singularly minute and whimsical directions regarding the arrangement and preservation of his fine library at Logie, where the family still continues to flourish.
[Leighton's History of the County of Fife, ii. 50; Letters of Horace Walpole, ed. Cunningham, iv. 122, 199, iii. 282; Nichols's Literary Illustrations, iv. 795; Egerton MS. 2381, f. 41; Sloane MS. 4038, f. 324; Addit. MS. 4301, ff. 229-233; Will reg. in P. C. C. 111 Gostling.]
G. G.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.34 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 73 | ii | 22 | Bowman, Walter : for f. 324 read f. 334 |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bowne, Peter

​BOWNE, PETER (1575–1624?), physician, was a native of Bedfordshire; became at the age of fifteen a scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, in April 1590; and was afterwards elected a fellow of that society. After taking degrees in arts he applied himself to medicine, and proceeded B.M. and D.M. at Oxford on 12 July 1614. He was admitted a candidate of the College of Physicians on 24 Jan. 1616-17, and fellow on 21 April 1620. On 3 March 1623-4 Richard Spicer was admitted a fellow in his place. According to Wood, Bowne practised medicine in London, 'and was much in esteem for it in the latter end of King Jam. I and beginning of Ch. I.' It is probable, nevertheless, that 1624 was the date of his death. He was the author of 'Pseudo-Medicorum Anatomia,' London, 1624, 4to, in which his name appears as Bounæus. A Laurentius Bounæus, probably a son of Peter Bowne, matriculated at Leyden University on 16 Nov. 1602, and is described in the register as 'Anglus-Londinensis' (Peacock's Leyden Students (Index Soc.), p. 12).
[Wood's Athenæ Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 363-4; Fasti Oxon. (Bliss), i. 357-8; Munk's College of Physicians, i. 177.]
S. L. L.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bowtell, John

​BOWTELL, JOHN (1753–1813), topographer, born in the parish of Holy Trinity, Cambridge, in 1753, became a bookbinder and stationer there. He compiled a history of the town, keeping it by him unprinted; collected fossils, manuscripts, and other curiosities; and was a member of the London College Youths. He was also an enthusiastic bell-ringer, and in 1788, at Great St. Mary's, Cambridge, he rang on the 30-cwt. tenor bell as many as 6,609 harmonious changes 'in the method of bob maximus, generally termed "twelve-in."' Bowtell had no family, and dying on 1 Dec. 1813, aged 60, he made the following important bequests for the benefit of Cambridge: 7,000l. to enlarge Addenbrooke's Hospital; 1,000l. to repair Holy Trinity; 500l. to repair St. Michael's; 500l. to apprentice boys belonging to Hobson's workhouse; and his 'History of the Town' and other manuscripts, his books, his fossils, and curiosities, to Downing College. He was buried at St. Michael's, where the Addenbrooke's Hospital governors erected a tablet to his memory. The governors also placed a portrait of him in their court-room.
[Cooper's Annals of Cambridge, iv. 505-6; Gent. Mag. vol. lxxxiv. pt. ii. p. 85; Cambridge Chronicle for 3, 17, 24 Dec. 1813.]
J. H.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bowyer, George (1740?-1800)

1904 Errata appended.
​BOWYER, Sir GEORGE (1740?–1800), admiral, third son of Sir William Bowyer, bart., of Denham, Buckinghamshire, and, by right of his wife, of Radley, Berkshire, attained the rank of lieutenant in the navy on 13 Feb. 1758, commander 4 May 1761, and captain 28 Oct. 1762, from which time he commanded the Sheerness frigate till the peace. On the breaking out of the dispute with the colonies of North America he was appointed to the Burford of 70 guns, and early in 1778 was transferred to the Albion of 74 guns, one of the squadron which sailed for North America with Vice-admiral Byron, whom he accompanied to the West Indies, taking part in the battle of Grenada, 6 July 1779. He remained in the West Indies for two years longer, and was present in Sir George Rodney's three actions with the Count de Guichen on 17 April, 15 and 19 May, 1780, in which the Albion suffered severely in men, spars, and hull, and had to be sent to Jamaica for repairs. In 1783 he commissioned the Irresistible of 74 guns, as guardship in the Medway, and commanded there for the next two years, during which time he wore a commodore's broad pennant. In 1784 he was returned to parliament by the borough of Queenborough, and in 1785 was a member of a committee appointed to consider the defences of Portsmouth and Plymouth. On the occasion of the Spanish armament in 1790, he was appointed to the Boyne of 98 guns, a ship newly launched at Woolwich, which, however, was paid off towards the end of the year. On 1 Feb. 1793 he was advanced to the rank of rear-admiral, and shortly afterwards hoisted his flag in the Prince of 90 guns, in the Channel fleet, under the command of Lord Howe. On 1 June 1794 he took an important part in the engagement off Ushant, in which he sustained the loss of a leg. For this he received a pension of 1,000l. in addition to the chain and gold medal, and on 16 Aug. was created a baronet. His wound incapacitated him from further active service, though he was in due course advanced to the rank of vice-admiral, 4 July 1794, and of admiral, 14 Feb. 1799. By the death of his brother in April 1797 he succeeded to the older baronetcy, in which his newer title was merged. He died at Radley, 6 Dec. 1800. He was twice married: first to Lady Downing, widow of Sir Jacob Downing, bart., who died without issue; and second, to Henrietta, only daughter of Admiral Sir Peircy Brett, by whom he had three sons and two daughters.
[Ralfe's Nav. Biog. i. 374; Charnock's Biog. Nav. vi. 511.]
J. K. L.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.34 N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
| Page | Col. | Line | |
| 81 | i | 36 | Bowyer, Sir George (1740?-1800): after the year insert From 1787 to 1793 he was colonel of marines |
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bowman, John Eddowes (1819-1854)

​BOWMAN, JOHN EDDOWES, the younger (1819–1854), chemist, son of John Eddowes Bowman the elder [q. v.], and brother of Sir William Bowman, physiologist and oculist, was born at Welchpool on 7 July 1819. He was a pupil of Professor Daniell at King's College, London, and in 1845 succeeded W. A. Miller as demonstrator of chemistry at that college, becoming subsequently, in 1851, the first professor of practical chemistry there. He was one of the founders of the Chemical Society of London. He died on 10 Feb. 1854. Besides contributions to scientific journals, he published 'A Lecture on Steam Boiler Explosions,' 1845; 'An Introduction to Practical Chemistry' (London, 1848; subsequent editions in 1854, 1858, 1861, 1866, and 1871); and 'A Practical Handbook of Medical Chemistry' (London, 1850, 1852, 1855, and 1862). The later editions of these works are edited by C. L. Bloxam.
[Chem. Soc. Journ. ix. 159, and private information.]
H. F. M.
# Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bowness, William

​BOWNESS, WILLIAM (1809–1867), painter, was born at Kendal. He was self-taught, and after some practice in his native town he, soon after his twentieth year, came to London and achieved moderate success as a portrait and figure painter. In 1836 he exhibited his 'Keepsake' at the Royal Academy, and afterwards sent thither about one picture annually until his death. He also contributed to the exhibitions of the British Institution in Pall Mall, and, in great number, to those ​of the Society of British Artists in Suffolk Street. His works are mostly portraits and figure-subjects of domestic character.
He periodically visited his native town, and is author of a number of poems in the Westmoreland dialect, and of some of sentimental strain in ordinary English. He died at his house in Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square, London, 27 Dec. 1867.
His writings have been collected under the title 'Rustic Studies in the Westmoreland Dialect, with other scraps from the sketch-book of an artist,' London and Kendal, 1868. A pamphlet, 'Specimens of the Westmoreland Dialect,' by Rev. T. Clarke, William Bowness, &c., Kendal, 1872, contains one poem from the above-named collection.
[Cat. Royal Academy; Cat. Brit. Institution; Cat. Soc. Brit. Artists; Art Journal, February 1868; Kendal Mercury, 4 Jan. 1868; Redgrave's Dict. of Artists (1878).]
W. H-h.
# Cummings v. Jones

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United States Supreme Court
104 U.S. 419
Cummings v. Jones
MOTION to dismiss a writ of error to the Supreme Court of the State of Louisiana.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the court.
Mr. Charles W. Hornor in support of the motion.
Mr. Samuel Field Phillips, contra.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE WAITE delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Cummings v. Deutsche Bank Und Disconto-Gesellschaft

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United States Supreme Court
300 U.S. 115
Cummings v. Deutsche Bank Und Disconto-Gesellschaft
Argued: Jan. 4, 5, 1937. --- Decided: Feb 1, 1937
Messrs. Homer S.C.ummings, Atty. Gen., and James W. Morris, Asst. Atty. Gen., for petitioners.
Messrs. James J. Lenihan, of Washington, D.C., and Otto C. Sommerich, of New York City, for respondent.
Mr. Justice BUTLER delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Cummings v. Jones/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
104 U.S. 419
Cummings v. Jones
This is a writ of error to the Supreme Court of Louisiana, brought more than two but less than five years after the judgment to be reviewed was rendered, and one of the questions raised on this motion is whether the limitation of two years prescribed by sect. 1008 of the Revised Statutes, for bringing writs of error to the Circuit and District Courts, applies to writs of error to State courts. We have no hesitation in saying it does. Sect. 1003 provides that 'writs of error from the Supreme Court to a State court, in cases authorized by law, shall be issued in the same manner, and under the same regulations, and shall have the same effect, as if the judgment or decree complained of had been rendered or passed in a court of the United States.' This is almost the exact language of a similar provision in the twenty-fifth section of the Judiciary Act of 1789, and we are not aware it was ever supposed that writs issued to the State court under that section were not subject to the limitation prescribed for writs to the Circuit Courts by the twenty-second section. In Brooks v. Norris (11 How. 204), this seems to have been assumed, and a writ to a State court was dismissed 'on the ground that it is barred by the limitation of time prescribed by the act of Congress.' There was at that time no other limitation than the one contained in the twenty-second section.
Inasmuch as the writ was not brought within two years after the judgment complained of was rendered, the motion is
Granted.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Cummings v. National Bank

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United States Supreme Court
101 U.S. 153
Cummings v. National Bank
APPEAL from the Circuit Court of the United States for the Northern District of Ohio.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the court.
Mr. J. K. Hamilton for the appellant.
Mr. Wager Swayne for the appellee.
MR. JUSTICE MILLER delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Cummings v. Missouri

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United States Supreme Court
71 U.S. 277
Cummings v. Missouri

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse