OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Johnson, Hiram Warren

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JOHNSON, HIRAM WARREN (1866-), American politician, was born at Sacramento, Cal., Sept. 2 1866. He entered the university of California but did not finish his course. He became a reporter, at the same time studying law in his father's office; was admitted to the bar in 1888; and practised with his father and his brother in Sacramento. In 1902 he established his office in San Francisco, where he became widely known for the vigour and success with which, as prosecuting attorney, he proceeded against dishonest public officials and corporations. He was elected governor of California for the term 1911-5; and in 1912 was an unsuccessful candidate for vice-president (on the ticket with Theodore Roosevelt), as the nominee of the short-lived National Progressive party, which he had helped to organize. As governor he signed in 1913 the Webb anti-alien bill, designed to prohibit the ownership of land in California by Japanese, although the President had asked for delay. He was reëlected governor 1915-9 but resigned in 1917, having been elected a U.S. senator. He opposed many of the policies of President Wilson's administration and declared that a league of nations would involve the United States in European wars. At the Republican National Convention in 1920 he had considerable support as presidential candidate, especially from those opposed to the League of Nations and the Treaty of Peace as submitted to the Senate.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Jensen, Wilhelm

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​JENSEN, WILHELM (1837–1911), German author (see 15.321), died at Munich Nov. 24 1911. His later works include Die Fränkische Leuchte (1901); Vor der Elbmündung (1905); Unter der Tarnkappe (1906) ; and Fremdlinge unter den Menschen (1911).
See J. A. Erdmann, Wilhelm Jensen, sein Leben und Dichten (1907); W. Barchfeld, Wilhelm Jensen als Lyriker (1913).
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Johannesburg

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​Johannesburg, Transvaal, S. Africa (see 15.431). At the 1911 census the pop. within the municipal area was 237,104, compared with 155,642 in 1904. In the interval Johannesburg had outstripped Cape Town in number of inhabitants and had become the largest city in Africa S. of Egypt. In 1919 the pop. was estimated at 260,000, of whom 149,750 were whites (the white pop. in 1904 having been 83,903).
Though other industries were developed the life of Johannesburg continued to be bound up with the working of the Witwatersrand gold-mines, and it is the business centre for the other municipalities on the Rand, some of which grew at a more rapid rate than Johannesburg itself. Improvement in the amenities of the town were carried out with energy, largely the result of the activities of the town council which acquired and worked all public utility services and possessed live stock and produce markets. New law courts, a new town hall and a municipal art gallery (the last in Joubert Park) were completed between 1910 and 1915. Eighty acres of Milner Park were given in 1916 by the town council as a site for a university; owing to the World War building did not begin till 1920. The proposed university became a constituent college of the university of South Africa, and includes the S.A. School of Mines and Technology (situated in Plein Square), and, since 1919, schools of anatomy and art. Many street improvements were effected, the suburbs provided with open spaces, and churches, clubs and handsome business premises erected by private enterprise. The Asiatic and native locations at Vrededorp, little over a mile from the centre of the city, were however allowed to remain in an insanitary and shocking condition. The S.A. Asiatic Inquiry Commission after a visit in 1920 wrote of the location, “It is difficult to conceive of a worse slum existing in any part of the world.”
Johannesburg retains its position as the chief horse-racing centre in South Africa, and from 1919, when an aerodrome was laid out, it also became a centre for air travel.
The rateable value of the municipality for 1919–20 was £34,358,000 (including £14,565,000 land value) and the rate 7d. in the £ on site values. The municipal income in 1918–9 was £1,988,000, the expenditure £1,934,000. In that year the net profit on the trading departments' transactions (gas, electricity, tramways, water and markets) was £149,000.
Johannesburg was the scene of serious riots in 1913–4 arising out of strikes by white miners and railwaymen and of anti-German riots in 1915 when, following the sinking of the “Lusitania,” property valued at fully £500,000 was destroyed. In 1917 the first S.A. trade union congress was held in the city. In 1919 there were strikes and disturbances among the native workers in the mines.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/John, Augustus Edwyn

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​John, Augustus Edwyn (1879–), British painter, was born at Tenby on Jan. 4 1879. He received his art education at the Slade School, London, and afterwards worked in Paris, later spending some time in Provence. He became a regular exhibitor at the New English Art Club, and in 1901–2 was teacher of art in the university of Liverpool, returning to London in 1902. He early became prominent as a powerful draughtsman and painter with a fine sense of design. His earlier work includes “The Way Down to the Sea” (1906), lent by Mr. John Quinn to the Metropolitan Museum of New York; “The Kitchen Garden,” “The Smiling Woman” (1910) and “The Mumpers” (1912). For the Arts and Crafts Exhibition at Burlington House 1916, he executed a mural decoration illustrating “Peasant Industry.” During the war he held a commission as official artist in the Canadian Corps, and exhibited at the Canadian War Memorial Exhibition 1919 a cartoon for a large decoration, “Canadians opposite Lens.” He was later commissioned by the Imperial authorities to paint the chief characters of the Peace Conference. These portraits include two of the Emir Faisal and of Mr. W. M. Hughes, and those of Lt.-Col. T. E. Lawrence (presented to the Tate Gallery by the Duke of Westminster), Sir Robert Borden and Mr. Massey. He also painted portraits of Mr. Lloyd George (1916), Mr. Bernard Shaw (1916), Lord Fisher (1917), Lord Sumner (1918–9) and the Marchesa Casati (1918–9). His etchings form an important part of his work, the majority being produced between 1901–10. They include portraits, single figures and groups. He is marked among his contemporaries by his choice of figure subjects and a preference for small plates. He is represented in the Tate Gallery by several pictures, including “The Smiling Woman,” “Peasant Industry,” “Robin” (1917–8), and “Rachael,” and in the Print Room of the British Museum. His early work, with its definite contour enclosing areas of colour, relates him to the quattrocento Italian painters. Distortion for personal emphasis and decorative effect is another marked characteristic. In 1921 he was elected A.R.A.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/John, Griffith

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​John, Griffith (1831–1912), Welsh missionary, was born at Swansea Dec. 14 1831. He was brought up a Congregationalist, and at the age of eight was admitted to full membership of his chapel. When only fourteen he delivered his first sermon at a prayer meeting; at sixteen he became a regular preacher, and was subsequently trained at the Brecon Congregational College for the ministry. In 1853 he offered his services to the London Missionary Society, and after two years' training sailed for Shanghai in 1855. His work in China covered a period of 55 years. In 1861 he went from Shanghai through the provinces of central China, which he was the first Christian missionary to penetrate, and he claimed that with his colleagues he had established over 100 mission stations in Hu-peh and Hu-nan. He acquired an intimate knowledge of the Chinese language and literature, and translated the New Testament and a great part of the Old into more than one Chinese dialect. In the Yang-tsze valley he founded a theological college for native preachers, which bears his name. In 1911 his health finally gave way and he returned to England. He died at Hampstead July 25 1912.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Amôgha

​Amôgha or Amoghavadjra. See Pu K'ung.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/A-chiao

​1A-chiao 阿嬌. 2nd cent. B.C. The name of one of the consorts of the Emperor Wu Ti of the Han dynasty. When the latter was a boy, his father, the Emperor Ching Ti, asked him if he would like to be married. His aunt, the Princess 長 Ch'ang, who happened to be present, pointed to her little daughter, A-chiao, and enquired what he thought of her. "Ah," replied the boy, "if I could get A-chiao, I would have a golden house to keep her in."
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Achakpa

​4Achakpa 阿速吉八. A.D. 1320–1328. Son of Yesun Timur, whom he succeeded as seventh Emperor of the Yüan dynasty. He was proclaimed Emperor at Xanadu; whereupon 燕帖木兒 Yen Timur, his father's Minister, declared at Peking for the sons of Kaisun. Civil war ensued, and ended in the capture of Xanadu and the disappearance of Achakpa. Known in history as 幼主.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Ai Ti

​Ai Ti. See (Han) Liu Hsin; (Chin) Ssu-ma P'ei; (T'ang) Li Chu.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Ai Tsung

​Ai Tsung. See Wan-yen Shou-hsü.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Akuta

​6Akuta 阿骨打. A.D. 1069–1123. Son of 楊割 Yang-ko, a chieftain of the Chin$^a$ Tartars under the Liao dynasty. The father was already preparing for revolt when he died, A.D. 1100. In 1114 Akuta threw off his allegiance, and his immediate success emboldened him to demand from the House of Liao recognition as first Emperor of the Chin$^a$ dynasty. He also entered into ​diplomatic relations with the House of Sung, and adopted the Chinese government system. Four years later the Liao Emperor fled (see Yeh-lü Yen-hsi), and Peking was taken. The family name was 完顔 Wan-yen, said to be a corruption of the Chinese 王 wang prince. Akuta changed his own name to 旻 Min. Canonised as 太祖.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/A-lu-t'ai

​3A-lu-t'ai 阿魯台. Died A.D. 1434. A chief of the Tartars, who gave great trouble to the Emperor Yung Lo. In 1409 he set up the heir of the Yüan dynasty at Bishbalik, and ignored the Chinese demands for satisfaction for the murder of an Envoy in ​the previous year. War followed, in which at first A-la-t'ai was successful, owing to the rashness of the Chinese; but in the following year he was beaten and fled. In 1413, for promising help against the Oirads, he received the title of Prince 和寧 Ho-ning and sent a mission to China. Beaten by the Oirads, he presently sought refuge on the Chinese frontier; but so soon as his strength increased, he renewed his raids. The Emperor marched against him in 1422, 1423, and 1424, but A-lu-t'ai never risked a pitched battle. Ten years later he was surprised and slain by his old foes the Oirads, and his son submitted to China.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Ai-hsing-a

​5Ai-hsing-a 慶星阿. Died A.D. 1664. Grandson of Prince 揚古利 Yang-ku-li, head of the Kurka tribe, who won fame and title by his courage and energy in the wars of the Emperors T'ai Tsu and T'ai Tsung of the present dynasty. Coadjutor of Wu San-kuei in the invasion of Burmah, 1661—2, which resulted in the surrender of the Ming pretenders from Yünnan. Canonised as 敬康.
# A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/A-lao-wa-ting

​2A-lao-wa-ting 阿老瓦丁. A Mahomedan, a native of Turkestan. In 1271 Kublai Khan despatched envoys to obtain persons skilled in the management of mangonels from his kinsman 阿不哥王 A-pu-ko-wang. The latter sent A-lao-wa-ting and I-ssŭ-ma-yin, together with their families, by post route to Hangchow, where they began by building large mangonels which they erected in front of the city gates. A-lao-wa-ting was subsequently attached to the staff of the general Alihaya, with whom he crossed the Yang-tsze, being present at the capture of many towns. He died in 1312, loaded with honours, and was succeeded in his dignities by his son 馬哈沙 Ma-ho-sha.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Potter, John

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​POTTER, JOHN (c. 1674–1747), archbishop of Canterbury, was the son of a linen-draper at Wakefield, Yorkshire, and was born about 1674. At the age of fourteen he entered University College, Oxford, and in 1693 he published notes on Plutarch's De audiendis poetis and Basil"s Oratio ad juvenes. In 1694 he was elected fellow of Lincoln College, and in 1697 his edition of Lycophron appeared. It was followed by his Archaeologia graeca (2 vols. 8vo, 1697–1798), the popularity of which endured till the advent of Dr William Smith's dictionaries. A reprint of his Lycophron in 1702 was dedicated to Graevius, and the Antiquities was afterwards published in Latin in the Thesaurus of Gronovius. Besides holding several livings he became in 1704 chaplain to Archbishop Tenison, and shortly afterwards was made chaplain-in-ordinary to Queen Anne. From 1708 he was regius professor of divinity and canon of Christ Church, Oxford; and from 1715 he was bishop of Oxford. In the latter year appeared his edition of Clement of Alexandria. In 1707 he published a Discourse on Church Government, and he took a prominent part in the controversy with Benjamin Hoadly, ​bishop of Bangor. In January 1737 Potter was unexpectedly appointed to succeed Wake in the see of Canterbury. He died on the 10th of October 1747. His Theological Works, consisting of sermons, charges, divinity lectures and the Discourse on Church Government, were published in 3 vols. 8vo, in 1753.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pottinger, Eldred

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​POTTINGER, ELDRED (1811-1843), Anglo-Indian soldier and diplomatist, entered the Bombay Artillery in 1827, and after some years of regimental duty was appointed to the political department under Colonel (afterwards Sir Henry) Pottinger. In 1837 he made a journey through Afghanistan in disguise. Arriving at Herat, he found it threatened by a Persian army (with which were some Russian officers) and immediately made himself known to the Afghan commander, offering his services. The attack which soon followed was conducted with the greatest vigour, but the defence, inspired by Pottinger, was invariably successful, and after a year the siege was raised. For this great service Pottinger was thanked by the governor-general, the earl of Auckland, made brevet-major, and also received the C.B. He was also appointed political officer at Herat. In 1841 he was political officer in Kohistan when the revolt against Shah Shuja broke out there. Taking refuge with the Gurkha garrison of Charikar, Major Pottinger stood a siege of fourteen days, and then made an adventurous retreat to Kabul. Less than a fortnight after his arrival Sir William Macnaghten was murdered, and Pottinger succeeded to his position as envoy to the Afghan court. The apathy of the military leaders made resistance hopeless, and it only remained to negotiate for the withdrawal of the British mission. Pottinger himself was one of the hostages handed over to Akbar Khan, and thus escaped the massacre in the Khyber Pass. Released, after many months' captivity, by Sir George Pollock's army, he returned to India, and a year later died while visiting Hong-Kong.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pott, August Friedrich

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​POTT, AUGUST FRIEDRICH (1802–1887), German philologist, was born at Nettelrede, Hanover, on the 14th of November 1802. He studied in Göttingen, and in 1825 became schoolmaster at Celle, Hanover; but after two years removed to Berlin, where he became privatdozent at the university. He studied comparative philology, and in 1883 was made professor at Halle, where he lived till his death on the 5th of July 1887. His Etymologische Forschungen (1834–1836) entitled him to rank as Bopp's foremost disciple in the Indo-Germanic science of language. Pott also devoted much attention to the origins of the gipsies.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pott, Percivall

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POTT, PERCIVALL (1714–1788), English surgeon, was born in London on the 6th of January 1714. He served his apprenticeship with Edward Nourse, assistant surgeon to St Bartholomew's and in 1736, was admitted to the Barbers' Company and licensed to practise. He became assistant surgeon to St Bartholomew's in 1744 and full surgeon from 1749 till 1787. He died in London on the 22nd of December 1788. The first surgeon of his day in England, excelling even his pupil, John Hunter, on the practical side, he introduced various important innovations in procedure, doing much to abolish the extensive use of escharotics and the actual cautery that was prevalent when he began his career. A particular form of fracture of the ankle which he sustained through a fall from his horse in 1756 is still described as Pott's fracture, and his book, Some few Remarks upon Fractures and Dislocations, published in 1768 and translated into French and Italian, had a far-reaching influence in Great Britain and France. "Pott's disease" is a spinal affection of which he gave an excellent clinical description in his Remarks on that kind of Palsy of the Lower Limbs which is frequently found to accompany a Curvature of the Spine (1779). Among his other writings the most noteworthy are A Treatise on Ruptures (1756), Observations on the Nature and Consequences of those injuries to which the Head is liable from external violence (1768), and Chirurgical Observations (1775). There are several editions of his collected works; that published by Sir James Earle in 1790 contains a sketch of his life.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Potter, Philip Cipriani Hambley

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​POTTER, PHILIP CIPRIANI HAMBLEY (1792-1871), English musician, was born in London, the son of a pianoforte teacher, and godson of a sister of G. B. Cipriani, the painter. He was educated for the musical profession under Attwood, Callcott, Crotch and Woelfl; later at Vienna, where he received encouragement from Beethoven. In 1816 an overture by him was performed at a Philharmonic concert, and he began a distinguished career as a pianist. In 1822 he became a professor, and in 1832 principal (resigning in 1859) of the Royal Academy of Music; in 1860 an exhibition was founded there in his honour. Cipriani Potter composed many works, now mostly forgotten, though important in their day. He died on the 28th of September 1871.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Potteries, The

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​POTTERIES, THE, a name popularly applied to a district of north Staffordshire, the principal seat of the china and earthenware industry in England. It lies in the valley of the Trent a little south of its source, and extends into tributary valleys and up the hills iianking them. For a distance of 9 m. from south-east to north-west, and about 3 m. from north-east to south-west, the district resembles one great town, but the chief centres are Burslem, Hanley, Longton, Stoke-on-Trent, Fenton and Tunstall. Under the “Potteries federation” scheme (1908) these towns were amalgamated in 1910 as one municipal borough under the name of Stoke-on-Trent. Newcastle-under-Lyme, though not sharing in the staple industry, may also be reckoned in the district. Among the lesser manufacturing centres Etruria, ranking as a suburb of Hanley, is well known for its connexion with Josiah Wedgwood, who founded works here in 1769. The Wedgwoods and the Mintons are the two most famous family names connected with the china industry of the district. Coal and coarse clay are the only local natural products necessary to the industry; the finer clay and other ingredients are brought from Cornwall and elsewhere. Ironstone is raised in the district. The North Staffordshire and London & North-Western railways and the Grand Trunk canal are the principal means of communication.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Potthast, August

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​POTTHAST, AUGUST, (1824–1898), German historian, was born at Höxter on the 13th of August 1824, and was educated at Paderborn, Münster and Berlin. He assisted G. H. Pertz, the editor of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica, and edited the Regesta pontificum romanorum, 1198–1304 (Berlin, 1874–1875). From 1874 to 1894 he was librarian of the German Reichstag. Potthast is chiefly known through his monumental Bibliotheca historica medii aevi (1862), a guide to the sources of European history in the middle ages. The work, in the form of an index, gives particulars of practically all the historical writers of Europe and their work between 375 and 1500. A new and enlarged edition appeared at Berlin in 1896. Potthast died on the 13th of February 1898.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wood, John George

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​WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827–1889), English writer and lecturer on natural history, was born in London on the 21st of July 1827. He was educated at Ashbourne grammar school and Merton College, Oxford; and after he had taken his degree in 1848 he worked for two years in the anatomical museum at Christ Church under Sir Henry Acland. In 1852 he was ordained a deacon of the Church of England, became curate of the parish of St Thomas the Martyr, Oxford, and also took up the post of chaplain to the Boatmen's Floating Chapel at Oxford. He was ordained priest in 1854, and in that year gave up his curacy to devote himself for a time to literary work. In 1858 he accepted a readership at Christ Church, Newgate Street, and he was assistant-chaplain to St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, from 1856 until 1862. Between 1868 and 1876 he held the office of precentor to the Canterbury Diocesan Choral Union. After 1876 he devoted himself to the production of books and to delivering in all parts of the country lectures on zoology, which he illustrated by drawing on a black-board or on large sheets of white paper with coloured crayons. These “sketch lectures,” as he called them, were very popular, and made his name widely known both in Great Britain and in the United States. In 1883–1884 he delivered the Lowell lectures at Boston. Wood was for a time editor of the Boy's Own Magazine. His most important work was a Natural History in three volumes, but he was better known by the series of books which began with Common Objects of the Sea-Shore, and which included popular monographs on shells, moths, beetles, the microscope and Common Objects of the Country. Our Garden Friends and Foes was another book which found hosts of appreciative readers. He died at Coventry on the 3rd of March 1889.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wood Green

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​WOOD GREEN, an urban district in the Tottenham parliamentary division of Middlesex, England, suburban to London, 7 m. N. of St Paul's Cathedral, on the Great Northern railway. Pop. (1891) 25,831, (1901) 34,233. The name covers a populous residential district lying north of Hornsey and west of Tottenham. To the west lies Muswell Hill, with the grounds and building of the Alexandra Palace, an establishment somewhat similar to the Crystal Palace. It was opened in 1873, destroyed by fire almost immediately, and reopened in 1875. Muswell Hill ​took name from a holy well, of high repute for curative powers, over which an oratory was erected early in the 12th century, attached to the priory of St John of Jerusalem in Clerkenwell.