OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bougie

See also Béjaïa on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​BOUGIE, a seaport of Algeria, chief town of an arrondissement in the department of Constantine, 120 m. E. of Algiers. The town, which is defended by a wall built since the French occupation, and by detached forts, is beautifully situated on the slope of Mount Guraya. Behind it are the heights of Mounts Babor and Tababort, rising some 6400 ft. and crowned with forests of pinsapo fir and cedar. The most interesting buildings in the town are the ancient forts, Borj-el-Ahmer and Abd-el-Kader, and the kasbah or citadel, rectangular in form, flanked by bastions and towers, and bearing inscriptions stating that it was built by the Spaniards in 1545. Parts of the Roman wall exist, and considerable portions of that built by the Hammadites in the 11th century. The streets are very steep, and many are ascended by stairs. The harbour, sheltered from the east by a breakwater, was enlarged in 1897–1902. It covers 63 acres and has a depth of water of 23 to 30 ft. Bougie is the natural port of Kabylia, and under the French rule its commerce—chiefly in oils, wools, hides and minerals—has greatly developed; a branch railway runs to Beni Mansur on the main line from Constantine to Oran. Pop. (1906) of the town, 10,419; of the commune, 17,540; of the arrondissement, which includes eight communes, 37,711.
Bougie, if it be correctly identified with the Saldae of the Romans, is a town of great antiquity, and probably owes its origin to the Carthaginians. Early in the 5th century Genseric the Vandal surrounded it with walls and for some time made it his capital. En-Nasr (1062–1088), the most powerful of the Berber dynasty of Hammad, made Bougie the seat of his government, and it became the greatest commercial centre of the North African coast, attaining a high degree of civilization. From an old MS. it appears that as early as 1068 the heliograph was in common use, special towers, with mirrors properly arranged, being built for the purpose of signalling. The Italian merchants of the 12th and 13th centuries owned numerous buildings in the city, such as warehouses, baths and churches. At the end of the 13th century Bougie passed under the dominion of the Hafsides, and in the 15th century it became one of the strongholds of the Barbary pirates. It enjoyed partial independence under amirs of Hafside origin, but in January 1510 was captured by the Spaniards under Pedro Navarro. The Spaniards strongly fortified the place and held it against two attacks by the corsairs Barbarossa. In 1555, however, Bougie was taken by Salah Rais, the pasha of Algiers. Leo Africanus, in his Africae descriptio, speaks of the “magnificence” of the temples, palaces and other buildings of the city in his day (c. 1525), but it appears to have fallen into decay not long afterwards. When the French took the town from the Algerians in 1833 it consisted of little more than a few fortifications and ruins. It is said that the French word for a candle is derived from the name of the town, candles being first made of wax imported from Bougie.
# Gardner v. Panama Railroad Company

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United States Supreme Court
342 U.S. 29
Gardner v. Panama Railroad Company
Argued: Oct. 11, 1951. --- Decided: Nov 5, 1951
Mr. Eugene Eisenmann, New York City, for petitioner.
Mr. Thomas J. Maginnis, New York City, for respondent.
PER CURIAM.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Gardner v. New Jersey

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United States Supreme Court
329 U.S. 565
Gardner v. New Jersey
Argued: Dec. 20, 1946. --- Decided: Jan 20, 1947
See 330 U.S. 853, 67 S.Ct. 768.
[Syllabus from pages 565-567 intentionally omitted]
Mr.James D. Carpenter, Jr., of Jersey City, N.J., for petitioner.
Mr. Benjamin C. Van Tine, of Trenton, N.J., for respondent.
Mr. Justice DOUGLAS delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Gardner v. Herz

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United States Supreme Court
118 U.S. 180
Gardner v. Herz
Argued: May 10, 1886. ---
E. N. Dickerson, for appellants.
Jas. P. Foster, for appellees.
BLATCHFORD, J.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Gardner v. Michigan

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United States Supreme Court
199 U.S. 325
Gardner v. Michigan
Argued: November 9, 1905. --- Decided: November 27, 1905
Mr. Fred A. Baker for plaintiff in error.
Messrs. T. E. Tarsney, John B. Corliss, and Corliss, Leete, & Joslyn for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice Harlan delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

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Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Hamilton v. Texas

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United States Supreme Court
497 U.S. 1016
Hamilton v. Texas
No. 89-7838 (A-917)
Alexzene HAMILTON, as Natural Mother and
Next Friend to James Edward Smith, petitioner
v.
James A. COLLINS, Director, Texas Department of
Criminal Justice, Institutional Division.
No. 89-7842 (A-921).
Case below, Tex.Cr.App., Smith v. State, 744 S.W.2d 86.
On Applications for Stay.
June 26, 1990. The applications for stay of execution of sentence of death presented to Justice WHITE and by him referred to the Court are denied.
Justice BRENNAN, with whom Justice MARSHALL joins, dissenting.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Hamilton’s Lessee v. Galloway

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HAMILTON'S Leʃʃee verʃus GALLOWAY.
A
It was objected, however, that this atteftation is no proof of the deed at common law, unless it be an ancient deed, and possession is proved to have gone along with it ; for, the witness ought to appear in Court.—Nor is it admissible under the Act oƒ Assembly, for that expressly requires it to be recorded.
Yeates answered, that the point had already been ruled in M‘Dill, versus M‘Dill.
And,by the court : The deed may be read in evidence ; for, the recording does not contribute to the proof of the deed, ​
1784.
which is established by the oath before the justice ; the recording only gives the deed a special operation by the express provisions of the Act of Assembly.
# Hamilton v. Vicksburg S. P. Railroad Company

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United States Supreme Court
119 U.S. 280
Hamilton v. Vicksburg S. P. Railroad Company
John T. Ludeling, for plaintiff in error.
Geo. Hoadly, C. M. Johnson, and Edw. Colston, for defendant in error.
FIELD, J.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Hamlet

* Search for titles containing or beginning with: "Hamlet."
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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, a play by William Shakespeare (c. 1599)
* "Hamlet," in Tales from Shakspeare, by Charles and Mary Lamb (1807)
* "Hamlet," by William Hazlitt in Characters of Shakespear's Plays (1817)
* "Hamlet," by George Grove in A Dictionary of Music and Musicians, (ed.) by George Grove, London: MacMillan & Co., Ltd. (1900)
* "Hamlet," in Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed., 1911)
* "Hamlet," in The New Student's Reference Work, Chicago: F.E. Compton and Co. (1914)
* "Hamlet," in Collier's New Encyclopedia, New York: P. F. Collier & Son Co. (1921)
# Hamlet (1917) Yale

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Part of The Yale Shakespeare series.
Layout 2
The Yale Shakespeare
THE TRAGEDY OF HAMLET PRINCE OF DENMARK
EDITED BY JACK RANDALL CRAWFORD
NEW HAVEN • YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON • HUMPHREY MILFORD OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS • MCMXVII
Copyright, 1917 By Yale University Press
First published, October, 1917
TABLE OF CONTENTS :
| | PAGE |
| The Text | 1 |
| Act I | 1 |
| Act II | 35 |
| Act III | 63 |
| Act IV | 100 |
| Act V | 126 |
| Notes | 155 |
| Appendix A. Sources | 177 |
| Appendix B. History of the Play | 181 |
| Appendix C. The Text | 183 |
| Appendix D. Suggestions for Collateral Reading | 186 |
| Index of Words Glossed | 187 |
The facsimile opposite represents the title-page of the Elizabethan Club copy of the Second Quarto (1604). Only three copies of this edition are known to survive.
THE YALE SHAKESPEARE
Edited by
Wilbur L. CrossTucker Brooke
Willard Higley Durham
Published under the Direction
of the
Department of English, Yale University,
on the Fund
Given to the Yale University Press in 1917
by the Members of the
Kingsley Trust Association
To Commemorate the Seventy-Fifth Anniversary
of the Founding of the Society
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1968, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 55 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Griffin v. United States

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This is a disambiguation page. It lists works that share the same title. If an article link referred you here, please consider editing it to point directly to the intended page.
* Griffin v. United States (502 U.S. 46)
* Griffin v. United States (336 U.S. 704)
See also United States v. Griffin.
# Griffin v. United States (502 U.S. 46)

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## Concurring Opinion

    Blackmun
United States Supreme Court
502 U.S. 46
Griffin v. United States
No. 90-6352 Argued: Oct. 7, 1991. --- Decided: Dec 3, 1991
Syllabus
Petitioner Griffin and others were charged in a multiple-object conspiracy. The evidence introduced at trial implicated Griffin in the first object of the conspiracy but not the second. The District Court nevertheless instructed the jury in a manner that would permit it to return a verdict against Griffin if it found her to have participated in either one of the two objects. The jury returned a general verdict of guilty. The Court of Appeals upheld Griffin's conviction, rejecting the argument that the verdict could not stand because it left in doubt whether the jury had convicted her as to the first or the second object.
Held: Neither the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment nor this Court's precedents require, in a federal prosecution, that a general guilty verdict on a multiple-object conspiracy be set aside if the evidence is inadequate to support conviction as to one of the objects. Pp. 49-60.
(a) The historical practice fails to support Griffin's due process claim, since the rule of criminal procedure applied by the Court of Appeals was a settled feature of the common law. Pp. 49-51.
(b) The precedent governing this case is not Yates v. United States, 354 U.S. 298, 77 S.Ct. 1064, 1 L.Ed.2d 1356, which invalidated a general verdict when one of the possible bases of conviction was legally inadequate, but Turner v. United States, 396 U.S. 398, 420, 90 S.Ct. 642, 654, 24 L.Ed.2d 610, which upheld a general verdict when one of the possible bases of conviction was supported by inadequate evidence. The line between Yates and Turner makes good sense: jurors are not generally equipped to determine whether a particular theory of conviction is contrary to law, but are well equipped to determine whether the theory is supported by the facts. Although it would generally be preferable to give an instruction removing from the jury's consideration an alternative basis of liability that does not have adequate evidentiary support, the refusal to do so does not provide an independent basis for reversing an otherwise valid conviction. Pp. 51-60.
913 F.2d 337 (CA7 1990), affirmed.
SCALIA, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which REHNQUIST, C.J., and WHITE, STEVENS, O'CONNOR, KENNEDY, and SOUTER, JJ., joined. BLACKMUN, J., filed an opinion concurring in the judgment. THOMAS, J., took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.
Michael G. Logan, Chicago, Ill., for petitioner.
William C. Bryson, Washington, D.C., for respondent.
Justice SCALIA delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Griffin v. Maryland (384 U.S. 893)/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
384 U.S. 893
Griffin v. Maryland
Upon consideration of the entire record and the consent of the Attorney General of Maryland, the motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis and the petition for a writ of certiorari are granted. The motion to remand is also granted, the judgment of the Court of Appeals of Maryland is vacated and the case is remanded to that court for further consideration in light of its decisions in Schowgurow v. Maryland, 240 Md. 121, 213 A.2d 475, and Smith v. State of Maryland 240 Md. 464, 214 A.2d 563. This disposition of the case is without prejudice to any other questions presented by the petition for a writ of certiorari.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Griffin v. McCoach

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United States Supreme Court
313 U.S. 498
Griffin v. McCoach
Argued: May 2, 1941. --- Decided: June 2, 1941
Messrs. Charles J. Shaeffer and Jos. W. Bailey, Jr., both of Dallas, Tex., for petitioner.
Mr. Carl B. Callaway, of Dallas, Tex., for respondent.
Mr. Justice REED delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Griffin v. Reynolds

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United States Supreme Court
58 U.S. 609
Griffin v. Reynolds
THIS case was brought up by writ of error from the district court of the United States for the northern district of Mississippi.
The case is stated in the opinion of the court.
It was argued by Mr. Reverdy Johnson, Jr., and Mr. Reverdy Johnson, with whom was Mr. Adams, for the plaintiffs in error, and by Mr. Lawrence, for the defendant in error.
Mr. Justice CAMPBELL delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Griffin v. United States (336 U.S. 704)

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## Dissenting Opinion

    Murphy
United States Supreme Court
336 U.S. 704
Griffin v. United States (336 U.S. 704)
Argued: Dec. 15, 16, 1948. --- Decided: April 25, 1949
See 337 U.S. 921, 69 S.Ct. 1152.
Mr. Francis J. Kelly, of Washington, D.C., for petitioner.
Mr. Charles B. Murray, of Washington, D.C., for respondent.
Mr. Justice FRANKFURTER delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Franklin D. Roosevelt to Winston Churchill (July 12, 1941)

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Source: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration
​TELEGRAM
TO: AMEMBASSY July 12, 1941 LONDON SECRET FROM THE PRESIDENT TO THE FORMER NAVAL PERSON. WE HAVE HAD A THOROUGH REVIEW OF YOUR WHOLE TANK SITUATION HERE DURING THE LAST FEW DAYS AND I CAN NOW GIVE YOU THE FOLLOWING RESULTS. WE PLAN TO INCREASE OUR PEAK PRODUCTION OF OUR MEDIUM TANK FROM 600 TO 1000 A MONTH REACHING THAT GOAL BY APRIL 1, 1942. WE WILL BUILD 600 MEDIUM TANKS MORE THAN WE HAD PLANNED PRIOR TO JANUARY 1. WE WILL INCREASE OUR LIGHT TANK PRODUCTION BY 150 PER MONTH SO THAT WE WILL HAVE 900 MORE LIGHT TANKS PRIOR TO JANUARY 1 than WE HAD PLANNED. ASSUMING THESE SCHEDULES ARE MAINTAINED, AND I BELIEVE THAT WILL BE, IT MEANS THAT WE CAN GIVE YOU 800 TO 1000 LIGHT TANKS AND 800 TO 1000 MEDIUM TANKS PRIOR TO JANUARY 1. I WILL SEND YOU IN A FEW DAYS THE EXACT SCHEDULING OF THESE. WE CAN ALSO AS OF AUGUST 1 START TRAINING 500 OF YOU TANK CORPS MEN IN THIS COUNTRY IF YOU THINK THAT WOULD BE HELPFUL. WILL YOU LET ME KNOW ABOUT THIS SOON SO THAT WE CAN MAKE OUR PLANS IMMEDIATELY.
HLH/LMB
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# Franklin D. Roosevelt to Winston Churchill (December 10, 1941) Draft A

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Source: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
PERSONAL AND
December 10, 1941.
FOR FORMER NAVAL PERSON FROM THE PRESIDENT
I know you will understand why it is impossible for me to leave Washington until January sixth. We are in the throes of mobilization and the preparations for the new Congress.
The production and allocation problems are will being worked out with complete understanding and accord. Because of the naval situation, Hawaii and West Coast, we shall have to use allotted planes for about three weeks but expect like to resume regular schedule of shipments to you and Russia by January first. Practically all other Lend Lease articles are continuing to be shipped.
I wholly agree about the gravity of naval position especially in Pacific. We are both of us reduced to defensive fighting in Pacific Islands and Malaya. At this moment you cannot help us there and we cannot help you except with very small American naval forces now retiring southward from Philippines. Only small reinforcements on both sides can be sent to that area immediately. My first impression is that full discussion would be more useful a few weeks hence than immediately,
However, I will wholeheartedly and gladly accept your opinion on timing. Overjoyed to have you here at White House. If you come, give consideration Canadian route, Bermuda route with plane from there, or sea route all the way.
I know you will disregard anything I may say to you about the personal risk but I want you to remember that it is essential for Empire and us that you stay at the helm.
There are a number of things relating to joint operations that we will be discussing over the radio with you very soon.
Best regards
ROOSEVELT
F. D. R.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# Franklin D. Roosevelt to Winston Churchill (December 10, 1941) Draft C

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​PERSONAL AND SECRET
December 10, 1941
FOR FORMER NAVAL PERSON FROM THE PRESIDENT
I know you will understand why it is impossible for me to leave Washington until January sixth. We are in the throes of mobilization and the preparations for the new Congress.
The production and allocation problems are being worked out with complete understanding and accord. Because of the naval situation, Hawaii and West Coast, we shall have to use allotted planes for about three weeks but expect to resume regular schedule of shipments to you and Russia by January first. Practically all other Lend Lease articles are continuing to be shipped.
I wholly agree about the gravity of naval position especially in Pacific. We are both of us reduced to defensive fighting in Pacific Islands and Malaya. At this moment you cannot help us there and we cannot help you except with very small American naval forces now retiring southward from Philippines. Only small reinforcements on both sides can be sent to the area immediately. My first impression is that full discussion would be more useful a few weeks hence then immediately.
However, I will wholeheartedly and gladly accept your opinion on timing. Overjoyed to have you here at White House. If you come, give consideration to Canadian rout, Bermuda routh with plane from there, or sea route all the way.
I know you will disregard anything I may say to you about the personal risk but I want you to remember that it is essential for Empire and us that you stay at the helm.
There are a number of things relating to joint operations that we will be discussing over the radio with you very soon.
Best regards
ROOSEVELT
F.D.R.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Franklin D. Roosevelt to Winston Churchill (December 8, 1941)

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Source: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration
                December 8, 1941.
WINANT
FOR THE FORMER NAVAL PERSON
    LONDON
The Senate passed the all-out
declaration of war eighty-two to
nothing, and the House has passed
it three hundred eighty-eight to one.
Today all of us are in the same boat
with you and the people of the
Empire and it is a ship which will
not and cannot be sunk.
                   F.D.R.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Franklin D. Roosevelt to Winston Churchill (July, 1941)

* related portals: World War II.
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Source: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration
​TELEGRAM
TO: AMEMBASSY LONDON
SECRET FROM THE PRESIDENT TO THE FORMER NAVAL PERSON. WE ARE TRANSFERRING TO YOU AT ONCE FOR SHIPMENT TO THE MIDDLE EAST 490,000 ROUNDS 155 mm HOWITZER AMMUNITION
200 LIGHT TANKS FROM OUR JUNE AND JULY PRODUCTION
COMPLETE WITH ARMAMENT SPARKS AND ACCESSORIES 24 THREE
INCH ANTIAIRCRAFT GUNS WITH FIRE CONTROL 12,000 ROUNDS
THREE INCH AA SHRAPNEL 4 155 mm GUNS WITH ONCARRIAGE
FIRE CONTROL 2,000 ROUNDS 155 mm GUN AMMUNITION AS
SPECIFIED BY YOU 20 AIR COMPRESSOR TRUCKS 30 SETS SMALL
BOX GIRDER BRIDGES WITH TRANSPORTERS 5 SETS HEAVY
PONTONS WITH TRANSPORTERS 50 MOBILE LIGHTING SETS
100 SETS WATER SUPPLY EQUIPMENT 700 TEN TON TRUCKS
25 PORTABLE WELDING SETS VERY SUBSTANTIAL AMOUNT OF MACHINERY AND TOOLS ROAD AND EXCAVATING EQUIPMENT MACHINE TOOLS ENGINEER STORES SURVEY EQUIPMENT QUARTERMASTER STORES AND SIGNAL EQUIPMENT. THESE WILL BE RUSHED AT EARLIEST POSSIBLE MOMENT. WE NOW HAVE 44 AMERICAN FLAG SHIPS ASSIGNED TO MIDDLE EAST AND WE ARE PLANNING TO MOVE SOME 75,000 TONS OF FREIGHT TO THAT REGION. ALL OF THE ABOVE IS IN ADDITION TO ANY PREVIOUS COMMITMENTS WE HAVE MADE FOR THE MIDDLE EAST.
HLH/lmb
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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