OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Brande, William Thomas

See also William Thomas Brande on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​BRANDE, WILLIAM THOMAS (1788–1866), English chemist, was born in London on the 11th of January 1788. After leaving Westminster school, he was apprenticed, in 1802, to his brother, an apothecary, with the view of adopting the profession of medicine, but his bent was towards chemistry, a sound knowledge of which he acquired in his spare time. In 1812 he was appointed professor of chemistry to the Apothecaries' Society, and delivered a course of lectures before the Board of Agriculture in place of Sir Humphry Davy, whom in the following year he succeeded in the chair of chemistry at the Royal Institution, London. His Manual of Chemistry, first published in 1819, enjoyed wide popularity, and among other works he brought out a Dictionary of Science, Literature and Art in 1842, on a new edition of which he was engaged when he died at Tunbridge Wells on the 11th of February 1866.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Brander, Gustavus

See also Gustavus Brander on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​BRANDER, GUSTAVUS (1720–1787), English naturalist, who came of a Swedish family, was born in London in 1720, and was brought up as a merchant, in which capacity he achieved success and became a director of the Bank of England. His leisure time was occupied in scientific pursuits, and at his country residence at Christchurch in Hampshire he became interested in the fossils so abundant in the clays of Hordwell and Barton. A set of these was presented by him to the British Museum, and they were described by D. C. Solander in the beautifully illustrated work entitled Fossilia Hantoniensia collecta, et in Musaeo Britannico deposita a Gustavo Brander (London, 1766). Brander was elected F.R.S. in 1754, and he was also a trustee of the British Museum. He died on the 21st of January 1787.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Brand, John

See also John Brand (antiquarian) on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​BRAND, JOHN (1744–1806), English antiquary, was born on the 19th of August 1744 at Washington, Durham, where his father was parish clerk. His early years were spent at Newcastle-on-Tyne with his uncle, a cordwainer, to whom he was apprentice in his fourteenth year. Showing promise, however, at Newcastle grammar school, friends interested themselves in him and assisted him to go to Oxford. It was not, however, until his twenty-eighth year that he matriculated at Lincoln College, but before this he had been ordained, holding in succession the curacies of Bolam, Northumberland, of St Andrew’s, Newcastle, and of Cramlington, 8 m. from the county town. He graduated in 1775 and two years later was elected fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. Having for a short time been under-usher at the Newcastle grammar school, the duke of Northumberland, a former patron, gave him in 1784 the rectory of the combined parishes of St Mary-at-Hill and St Mary Hubbard, London. Appointed secretary to the Society of Antiquaries in the same year, he was annually re-elected until his death in 1806. He was buried in the chancel of his church. His most important work is Observations on Popular Antiquities: including the whole of Mr Bourne’s “Antiquitates Vulgares,” with addenda to every chapter of that work. This was published in London in 1777, and after Brand’s death, a new edition embodying the MSS. left by him, was published by Sir Henry Ellis in 1813. Brand also published ​a poem entitled: On Illicit Love, written among the ruins of Godstow Nunnery, near Oxford (1775, Newcastle); The History and Antiquities of Newcastle-upon-Tyne (2 vols., London, 1789), and many papers in the Archaeologia.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Brand, Sir John Henry

See also Johannes Brand on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​BRAND, SIR JOHN HENRY (1823 – 1888), president of the Orange Free State, was the son of Sir Christoffel Brand, speaker of the House of Assembly of the Cape Colony. He was born at Cape Town on the 6th of December 1823, and was educated at the South African College in that city. Continuing his studies at Leiden, he took the degree of D.C.L. in 1845. He was called to the English bar from the Inner Temple in 1849, and practised as an advocate in the supreme court of the Cape of Good Hope from that year until 1863. In 1858 he was appointed professor of law in the South African College. He was elected president of the Orange Free State in 1863, and subsequently re-elected for five years in 1869, 1874, 1879 and 1884. In 1864 he resisted the pressure of the Basuto on the Free State boundary, and after vainly endeavouring to induce Moshesh, the Basuto chief, to keep his people within bounds, he took up arms against them in 1865. This first war ended in the treaty of Thaba Bosigo, signed on the 3rd of April 1866; and a second war, caused by the treachery of the Basuto, ended in the treaty of Aliwal North, concluded on the 12th of February 1869. In 1871 Brand was solicited by a large party to become president of the Transvaal, and thus unite the two Dutch republics of South Africa; but as the project was hostile to Great Britain he declined to do so, and maintained his constant policy of friendship towards England, where his merits were recognized in 1882 by the honour of the G.C.M.G. He died on the 14th of July 1888. (See Orange Free State: History.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Brandenburg (province)

See also Province of Brandenburg on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​BRANDENBURG, the central and one of the largest provinces of Prussia, consisting of a part of the former electorate of Brandenburg from which it derives its name. With the other territories of the elector of Brandenburg, it was merged in 1701 in the kingdom of Prussia, and when the administration of Prussia was reformed in 1815, Brandenburg became one of the provinces of Prussia. The boundaries of the new province, however, differed considerably from those of the old district. The old mark, the district on the left bank of the Elbe, was added to the province of Saxony, and in return a district to the south, taken from the kingdom of Saxony, was added to the province of Brandenburg. It has an area of 15,382 sq. m., and is divided into the two governments of Potsdam and Frankfort-on-Oder; the capital, Berlin, forming a separate jurisdiction. The province is a sandy plain interspersed with numerous fertile districts and considerable stretches of woodland, mostly pine and fir. Its barrenness was formerly much exaggerated, when it was popularly described as the “sandbox of the Holy Roman Empire.” It is generally well watered by tributaries of its two principal rivers, the Elbe and the Oder, and is besides remarkable for the number of its lakes, of which it contains between 600 and 700. The mineral products comprise lignite, limestone, gypsum, alum and potter’s earth; barley and rye are the usual cereals; fruits and vegetables are abundant; and considerable quantities of hemp, flax, hops and tobacco are raised. The breeding of sheep receives much attention, and the province exports wool in considerable quantity. Bees are largely kept, and there is an abundance of game. The rivers and lakes also furnish fish, particularly carp, of excellent quality. The climate is cold and raw in winter, excessively hot in summer, and there are frequently violent storms of wind. The manufacturing industry of the province is both varied and extensive, but is for the most part concentrated in the principal towns. The most important branches are the spinning and weaving of wool and cotton, the manufacturing of paper, and the distillation of brandy. Pop. (1895) 2,821,695; (1905) 3,529,839.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Brandis, Christian August

See also Christian August Brandis on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​BRANDIS, CHRISTIAN AUGUST (1790–1867), German philologist and historian of philosophy, was born at Hildesheim and educated at Kiel University. In 1812 he graduated at Copenhagen, with a thesis Commentationes Eleaticae (a collection of fragments from Xenophanes, Parmenides and Melissus). For a time he studied at Göttingen, and in 1815 presented as his inaugural dissertation at Berlin his essay Von dem Begriff der Geschichte der Philosophie. In 1816 he refused an extraordinary professorship at Heidelberg in order to accompany B. G. Niebuhr to Italy as secretary to the Prussian embassy. Subsequently he assisted I. Bekker in the preparation of his edition of Aristotle. In 1821 he became professor of philosophy in the newly founded university of Bonn, and in 1823 published his Aristotelius et Theophrasti Metaphysica. With Boeckh and Niebuhr he edited the Rheinisches Museum, to which he contributed important articles on Socrates (1827, 1829). In 1836–1839 he was tutor to the young king Otho of Greece. His great work, the Handbuch der Geschichte der griechisch-röm. Philos. (1835–1866; republished in a smaller and more systematic form, Gesch. d. Entwickelungen d. griech. Philos., 1862–1866), is characterized by sound criticism. Brandis died on the 21st of July 1867.
See Trendelenburg, Zur Erinnerung an C. A. B. (Berlin, 1868).
# Holland v. Challen

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
110 U.S. 15
Holland v. Challen
C. S. Montgomery, for appellant.
T. M. Marguette, for appellee.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 16-17 intentionally omitted]
FIELD, J.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Holland v. Hogan/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Per Curiam Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
392 U.S. 654
Holland v. Hogan
The judgment is vacated and the case is remanded to the United States District Court for further consideration in light of Gardner v. Broderick, 392 U.S. 273, 88 S.Ct. 1913, 20 L.Ed.2d 1082, and George Campbell Painting Corp. v. Reid, 392 U.S. 286, 88 S.Ct. 1978, 20 L.Ed.2d 1094.
Mr. Justice BLACK and Mr. Justice DOUGLAS are of the opinion that probable jurisdiction should be noted and the case set for oral argument.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Holland v. Chambers

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
110 U.S. 59
Holland v. Chambers
No brief filed for plaintiff in error.
Jas. O. Broadhead, for defendant in error.
WAITE, C. J.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Holland v. Chambers/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
110 U.S. 59
Holland v. Chambers
This is a writ of error brought under section 5 of the act of March 3, 1875, c. 137, (18 St. 470,) to review an order of the circuit court remanding a cause which had been removed from a state court. The facts are as follows: The suit was begun in the state court on the nineteenth of July, 1879, by Chambers, as plaintiff, against C. M. Swope and Joseph B. Holland, defendants, to recover damages for writing and publishing an alleged libel. An answer was filed by Holland on the sixth of October, 1879, and an amended answer on January 24, 1880. A reply was filed February 5th. At the April term, 1880, a trial was had, which resulted in a verdict and judgment for $20,000 in favor of Chambers. This judgment was afterwards set aside by the court and a new trial granted. On the twentieth of January, 1882, Holland petitioned for the removal of the suit as against him to the circuit court of the United States for the eastern district of Missouri. The petition set forth that Holland was a citizen of Illinois, and both Swope and Chambers citizens of Missouri; 'that said suit is one in which there can be a final determination of the controversy, so far as it concerns your petitioner, without the presence of the said defendant Swope as a party in said cause; and that your petitioner desires to remove said suit as against your petitioner, and so far as concerns him, into the circuit court, * * * in pursuance of the act of congress in that behalf provided, to-wit, the Revised Statutes of the United States, section 639, subdivision second.' Upon these facts the order of the circuit court remanding the cause was clearly right. The second subdivision of section 639 was repealed by the act of March 3, 1875, c. 137. That was settled in Hyde v. Ruble, 104 U.S. 407, and King v. Cornell, 106 U.S. 395; [S.C.. 1 SUP. CT. REP. 312.]
Under the act of 1875 the petition for removal must be filed in the state court before or at the term at which the cause could be first tried. This suit could not only have been tried, but it actually was tried once, nearly two years before the petition to remove. Such being the case, it is needless to inquire whether there might have been a removal under that act if an application had been made in time and in proper form.
The order remanding the cause is affirmed.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Mathew M. Trumbull

​ MATHEW M. TRUMBULL was born in London, England, in 1826. He emigrated to America when twenty-one and for some time taught school in Vermont. He lived for a time in Virginia but his outspoken opposition to slavery aroused enmity which rendered it prudent for him to remove to a free State. He came to Iowa in 1853, studied law and began practice in Clarksville, Butler County. In 1857 he was elected to the House of the Seventh General Assembly on the Republican ticket, serving one term. When the Civil War began he raised a company for the Third Infantry and was appointed captain. In 1862 he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel. In the fall of 1863 he was appointed colonel of the Ninth Cavalry and at the close of the war attained the rank of Brigadier-General. In 1869 he was appointed by President Grant Collector of Internal Revenue which position he held for twelve years. He then removed to Chicago where most of his time was given to literary work. His book on “Free Trade in England” was a standard authority on that subject. He was an able writer on sociology, theology and reform topics. He contributed regularly to the Open Court, the Forum, the Monist and other periodicals and magazines. He died in Chicago May 9, 1894.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Mathias Loras

​ MATHIAS LORAS, the first Catholic Bishop of Iowa, was born at Lyons, France, August 30, 1792. His father, who was a loyalist at the time of the French Revolution, fell a victim to the “reign of terror.” Young Loras studied at Lyons several years and became a priest in 1817. He came to America in 1829. His fine ability attracted attention and in a few years he became Vicar-General. When the Diocese of Dubuque was established Father Loras was made bishop. He returned to France and procured six missionaries for the new diocese and reached Dubuque in April, 1839. The diocese embraced all of the territory north of Missouri between the Mississippi and Missouri rivers in which were more than 30,000 Indians who were in his charge. Throughout this region he established schools. He sat in the Fourth Council of Baltimore in 1840, in the Fifth in 1843, the Sixth in 1846 and again in 1849. After many ineffectual efforts in 1843 he succeeded in obtaining a religious community for the girls' school of his diocese. In 1854 he had established thirty-one Catholic churches in the State of Iowa with a membership of more than 15,000. During nearly twenty years of devoted work for the church he won the esteem of thousands of its best citizens. He died on the 19th of February, 1858, at Dubuque.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Melvin H. Byers

​ MELVIN H. BYERS was born in Noble County, Ohio, January 12, 1846. When seven years of age his father came to Iowa, locating at Glenwood, Mills County, later removing to a farm where the son worked summers, attending the public schools winters. In January, 1864, Melvin enlisted in Company B, Twenty-ninth Iowa Volunteer Infantry, serving until the close of the Civil War. He served as recorder of Mills County and mayor of Glenwood. In 1879 he enlisted in the Iowa National Guard and has been promoted from private to major. In 1898 he was appointed by Governor Shaw, Adjutant General of the State. Upon him devolved the responsibility of organizing the quota of troops which Iowa was called upon to furnish for the Spanish War. This duty was performed with a degree of energy and ability that placed the Iowa troops in the field with thorough drill and equipment unsurpassed by those of any State in the Union. During his administration General Byers has brought the National Guard of Iowa to a high degree of efficiency in all soldierly qualities.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Milo Smith

​ MILO SMITH was born in the State of Vermont about the year 1819. He came to Iowa taking up his residence at Clinton. The Twenty-sixth Regiment of Iowa Volunteers was raised in Clinton County in the summer of 1862. Milo Smith was appointed colonel and remained in command until near the close of the war, making an excellent officer. He resigned the command in January, 1865, and returned to private life and was soon after appointed General Superintendent of the Des Moines Valley Railroad which position he held many years.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Mary B. Welch

MRS. MARY B. WELCH
​ MARY BEAUMONT WELCH, a native of the State of New York, was born at Lyons, in Wayne County, on the 3d of July, 1841. She received an education at Elmira Seminary and for several years was a teacher. Her first husband was George E. Dudley to whom she was married in 1858. After his death she married A. S. Welch of Michigan in 1868. She came with him to Iowa upon his election as president of the State Agricultural College, and at once became his most faithful and efficient helper in the varied duties devolving upon him in the organization of the new college. Her influence with the girls was unbounded from the beginning. As the first professor and organizer of the new department of Domestic Economy, she carried on a work that required a high order of inventive and executive ability and filled the position with such marked success as to win for it a high place in the experimental college achievements. She was frequently called upon for lectures in the line of her work and helped to elevate that branch of home accomplishments in public estimation. She aroused among her students much of her own enthusiasm over home making and all improved methods of conducting household ​affairs on a higher plane. Mrs. Welch was an ardent advocate of equal suffrage and was one of the officers of the State Association. After the death of President Welch she removed to California.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Maturin L. Fisher

​ MATURIN L. FISHER was born in Danville, Vermont, on the 10th of June, 1807. He was a graduate of Brown University and studied law, but never practiced. He was the Democratic candidate for Congress in the Worcester District of Massachusetts in 1836. In 1849 he removed to Iowa, settling on a farm in Clayton County, making that his permanent home. In 1852 he was elected to the State Senate from a district embracing fifteen counties of northeastern Iowa. Two years later he was elected President of the Senate of the Fifth General Assembly and presided over the joint convention which first elected James Harlan to the United States Senate. At the extra session of 1856 Mr. Fisher was chosen President of the Senate by a unanimous vote. In April, 1857, he was elected Superintendent of Public Instruction on the Democratic ticket, although the ​Republicans had carried the State at the preceding August election by more than 7,000 majority. Mr. Fisher was elected one of the trustees of the Mount Pleasant Insane Asylum in 1860 and served as president of the board until 1872. In 1801 he was appointed to act with the State Treasurer to negotiate the sale of State bonds for the War and Defense Fund. In 1863 Mr. Fisher was nominated for Governor by the Democratic State Convention but declined. He was one of the commissioners who superintended the erection of the Hospital for the Insane at Independence and the State House at Des Moines and was universally esteemed as one of the most useful public men of Iowa. He died on the 5th of February, 1879.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Maurice D. O'Connell

​ MAURICE D. O'CONNELL has, for more than thirty years, been one of the foremost lawyers in northern Iowa. He was born in Franklin County, New York, on the 23d of April, 1839. His education was acquired at the public schools and Franklin Academy, Malone. For several years he taught school in the counties of Franklin, St. Lawrence and Clinton. He entered upon the study of law in the office of George E. Clark of Plattsburg and took the law course in Columbian University at Washington, D. C., graduating in the class of 1866. He received the appointment of chief of a division in the department of the Comptroller of the Currency, serving two years. In September, 1869, he went west, locating at Fort Dodge, Iowa, then a village of a few hundred inhabitants. He was young, full of courage and enthusiasm and from the start won his way to a good practice. He was an active Republican in those exciting years of reconstruction and one of the most eloquent public speakers in northwest Iowa. In 1871 he was nominated by the Republicans for a seat in the Legislature; the county was very close politically and John F. Duncombe was the Democratic candidate. He was one of the earliest settlers of Fort Dodge, knew every voter in the district personally, was an able man and lawyer and received enough Republican votes to give him a small majority. In 1871 Mr. O'Connell was chosen District Attorney for the Eleventh Judicial District, serving four years. In 1881 he was appointed United States District Attorney for Iowa, holding the position until Cleveland became President, when he resigned. After the election of President Harrison, Mr. O'Connell was again appointed to his former position. On the 6th of July, 1897, he received the appointment by President McKinley of Solicitor of the Treasury Department of the United States. Twenty-eight years before, the unknown young lawyer left the Capital, having little besides his profession to rely upon; now he returned at the call of the President to assume one of the most responsible places in the Treasury Department, in the direct line of the profession to which he had closely adhered through all of the intervening years.