OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Downs v. Kissam/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
51 U.S. 102
Downs v. Kissam
This writ of error brings before us the judgment of the Circuit Court, held by the District Judge for the Southern District of Mississippi.
An execution having been levied on certain slaves as the property of one James J. Chewning, at the instance of the defendant in error, which slaves were claimed by the plaintiff in error, an issue was joined, under the laws of Mississippi, to try the right of property. On the trial, a mortgage was given in evidence, executed by Chewning in 1839, long prior to the levy, to secure to the Railroad Bank of Vicksburg a debt of $130,000. This mortgage embraced all the slaves levied on, except one. Other mortgages were given in evidence, executed by Chewning, to secure the payment of several other debts.
On the trial, the Circuit Court instructed the jury, that if 'any one of the mortgages conveyed more property than would be sufficient to secure the debt provided for in the mortgage, such mortgage was fraudulent,' and that the fact of more property being conveyed as aforesaid was a circumstance from which the jury might presume fraud.
This instruction is erroneous. It is no badge of fraud for a mortgage, which is a mere security, to cover more property than will secure the debt due. Any creditor may pay the mortgage debt, and proceed against the property; or he may subject it to the payment of his debt, by other modes of proceeding.
The judgment of the Circuit Court is reversed, and a venire de novo awarded.
This cause came on to be heard on the transcript of the record from the Circuit Court of the United States for the Southern District of Mississippi, and was argued by counsel. On consideration whereof, it is now here ordered and adjudged by this court, that the judgment of the said Circuit Court in this cause be, and the same is hereby, reversed, with costs, and that this cause be, and the same is hereby, remanded to the said Circuit Court, with directions to award a venire facias de novo.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Downs v. United States

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
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United States Supreme Court
187 U.S. 496
Downs v. United States
Argued: October 29, 1902. --- Decided: January 5, 1903
This was a writ of certiorari to review a decree of the circuit court of appeals, affirming a decree of the circuit court for the district of Maryland, which itself affirmed the action of the board of general appraisers, holding a cargo of refined sugar imported into Baltimore from Russia subject to a countervailing duty leviable upon merchandise upon which a bounty is paid upon exportation.
The proceedings were instituted by a petition filed in the circuit court setting up the importation of sugar on the steamship Assyria July 6, 1899, the imposition of a countervailing duty by the collector of customs at Baltimore, and the payment of the same under protest, and the fact that the decision of the collector had been affirmed by the board of general appraisers. The grounds stated in the petition for a review are, generally, that the country from which the sugar was exported did not pay or bestow, directly or indirectly, any bounty or grant upon the exportation of said sugar.
The return of the general appraisers contained a copy of the proceedings before them, including a copy of the Russian law and regulations, a stipulation of facts, a copy of certain reports from the United States consul at Odessa, and their opinion overruling the protest, and affirming the decision of the collector. The circuit court affirmed the action of the general appraisers, and upon appeal to the circuit court of appeals that court in turn affirmed the decree of the circuit court. 51 C. C. A. 100, 113 Fed. 144.
Mr. Ernest A. Bigelow for petitioner.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 497-499 intentionally omitted]
Assistant Attorney General Hoyt for respondent.
Mr. Justice Brown delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Downham v. Alexandria Council/Opinion of the Court

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
77 U.S. 173
Downham v. Alexandria Council
The argument of counsel proceeds upon the supposition that the beer and ale in which the defendants dealt was manufactured either in a foreign country, or in another State of the Union; but there is nothing in the record to warrant the supposition. The first question that the parties desired to present in the agreed statement is not, in truth, raised by the facts admitted. It is not alleged in the statement that the defendants were dealers in 'foreign beer or ale,' or even in beer or ale manufactured without the State of Virginia. It is only alleged that they were dealers in beer and ale by the cask, which was not manufactured in the city of Alexandria. For anything which appears, the beer and ale in which they dealt may have been manufactured in other parts of the State. If manufactured within the State, the exaction of the special license tax for the privilege of selling them in casks in Alexandria, would not, of course, be obnoxious to either clause of the Constitution cited. In that case, it would not interfere with any regulation of commerce with foreign nations, or between the States, or with any authority to make regulations for such commerce. Nor would it, in that case, impair any privileges or immunities of citizens of other States, who, equally with citizens of Virginia, and upon the same terms, could deal in the city of Alexandria in similar goods. It is only equality of privileges and immunities between citizens of different States that the Constitution guarantees.
The defendants have, in fact, presented for our consideration a possible, but not an actual question, on which may hereafter arise under the ordinance, but which has not arisen as yet; at least the record does not aver any facts which show that it has arisen, and we cannot indulge in presumptions to supply the omissions of material averments.
The secound question presented in the statement depends for its solution upon the construction of local statutes, and does not involve the consideration of any act of Congress, or any provision of the Constitution of the United States.
We are of opinion that no question is raised by the record which this court can consider under the twenty-fifth section of the Judiciary Act, and the writ of error must, therefore, be
DISMISSED.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Downman v. Texas

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
231 U.S. 353
Downman v. Texas
Argued: November 3, 1913. --- Decided: December 1, 1913
Messrs. R. L. Batts and V. L. Brooks for plaintiff in error.
Mr. B. F. Looney, Attorney General of Texas, and Messrs. G. B. Smedley and Knight Stith for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice Lamar delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001/Title IX
## TITLE IX—COMPLIANCE WITH CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET ACT
### SEC. 901. SUNSET OF PROVISIONS OF ACT.

    (a) In General.—All provisions of, and amendments made by, this Act shall not apply—
       (1) to taxable, plan, or limitation years beginning after December 31, 2010, or
       (2) in the case of title V, to estates of decedents dying, gifts made, or generation skipping transfers, after December 31, 2010.
    (b) Application of Certain Laws.—The Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 shall be applied and administered to years, estates, gifts, and transfers described in subsection (a) as if the provisions and amendments described in subsection (a) had never been enacted.
# Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001/Title VII
## TITLE VII—ALTERNATIVE MINIMUM TAX
### SEC. 701. INCREASE IN ALTERNATIVE MINIMUM TAX EXEMPTION.

    (a) In General.—
       (1) Subparagraph (A) of section 55(d)(1) (relating to exemption amount for taxpayers other than corporations) is amended by striking ``$45,000'' and inserting ``$45,000 ($49,000 in the case of taxable years beginning in 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2004)''.
       (2) Subparagraph (B) of section 55(d)(1) (relating to exemption amount for taxpayers other than corporations) is amended by striking ``$33,750'' and inserting ``$33,750 ($35,750 in the case of taxable years beginning in 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2004)''.
    (b) Conforming Amendments.—
       (1) Paragraph (1) of section 55(d) is amended by striking ``and'' at the end of subparagraph (B), by striking subparagraph (C), and by inserting after subparagraph (B) the following new subparagraphs:
                      ``(C) 50 percent of the dollar amount applicable under paragraph (1)(A) in the case of a married individual who files a separate return, and
                      ``(D) $22,500 in the case of an estate or trust.''.
       (2) Subparagraph (C) of section 55(d)(3) is amended by striking ``paragraph (1)(C)'' and inserting ``subparagraph (C) or (D) of paragraph (1)''.
       (3) The last sentence of section 55(d)(3) is amended—
          (A) by striking ``paragraph (1)(C)(i)'' and inserting ``paragraph (1)(C)''; and
          (B) by striking ``$165,000 or (ii) $22,500'' and inserting ``the minimum amount of such income (as so determined) for which the exemption amount under paragraph (1)(C) is zero, or (ii) such exemption amount (determined without regard to this paragraph)''.
    (c) Effective Date.—The amendments made by this section shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2000.
# Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century

* information about this edition.
* related portals: Economic history.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
New York: MacMillan and Co., 1896
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF VIRGINIA IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
AN INQUIRY INTO THE MATERIAL CONDITION OF THE PEOPLE, BASED UPON ORIGINAL AND CONTEMPORANEOUS RECORDS
BY
PHILIP ALEXANDER BRUCE
Author of “The Plantation Negro as a Freeman,” and Corresponding Secretary of the Virginia Historical Society
In Two Volumes
New York MACMILLAN AND CO. AND LONDON
1896
All rights reserved

## Contents

* Preface
* Bibliography
Volume I
* I. Reasons for the Colonization of Virginia
* II. Aboriginal Virginia: Its Physical Character
* III. Aboriginal Virginia: Indian Economy
* IV. Agricultural Development, 1607-1624
* V. Agricultural Development, 1624-1650
* VI. Agricultural Development, 1650-1685
* VII. Agricultural Development, 1685-1700
* VIII. Acquisition of Title to Land: The Patent
* IX. System of Labor: The Servant
Volume II
* X. System of Labor: The Servant--continued
* XI. System of Labor: The Slave
* XII. Domestic Economy of the Planter
* XIII. Domestic Economy of the Planter--continued
* XIV. Relative Value of Estates
* XV. Manufactured Supplies: Foreign
* XVI. Manufactured Supplies: Foreign--continued
* XVII. Manufactured Supplies: Domestic
* XVIII. Manufactured Supplies: Domestic--continued
* XIX. Money
* XX. The Town
* XXI. Conclusion
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Twenty-Four Pargánas

See also 24 Parganas on Wikipedia; The Twenty-Four Parganas in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
TWENTY-FOUR PARGÁNAS, the metropolitan district of the lieutenant-governorship of Bengal, India, takes its name from the territory originally ceded to the East India Company, which contained twenty-four parganas or sub-districts. The district lies between 21° 55′ 20″ and 22° 57′ 32″ N. lat. and 88° 6′ 45″ and 88° 20′ 51″ E. long. It has an area of 2124 square miles, and is bounded on the north by Nadiya, on the north-east by Jessore, on the south and south-east by the Sundarbans, and on the west by the river Hugli (Hooghly). The country consists for the most part of a vast alluvial plain within the delta of the Ganges, and is everywhere watered by numerous rivers, all branches of the Hugli. In the northern portion the soil is very rich, but the southern or seaboard part consists of the network of swamps and inland channels known as the Sundarbans. The Hugli and six other streams are navigable by the largest boats throughout the year. The district is well supplied with canals, the most important being Tolly's Nala (10 miles long), which connects the Hugli with the Bidyadhari. The Twenty-Four Parganas was once famous for its sport, but owing to the extension of cultivation game is now scarce. Tigers are seldom met with; leopards are more numerous; there are several varieties of deer. The district has many roads, and is traversed by the Eastern Bengal Railway and the Calcutta and South-Eastern State Railway.
In 1881 the population of the district, exclusive of Calcutta, numbered 1,869,859 (males 975,430, females 894,429), embracing 1,153,040 Hindus, 701,306 Mohammedans, and 13,976 Christians. The ten following municipalities had each a population of upwards of 10,000 South Suburban, 51,658; Agarpara, 30,317; Barangar, 29,982; Naihati, 21,533; Xawabganj, 17,702; Basurhat, 14,843; South Dum Durn, 14,108; Baduria, 12,981; Rajpore, 10,576; and Barasat, 10,533. The administrative headquarters of the district are at Alipur, a southern suburb of Calcutta. Rice forms the staple crop of the district; other crops are pulses, oil seeds, sugar-cane, tobacco, &c. Its principal exports are rice, sugar, pan leaf, fish, pottery, &c.; the imports comprise pulses of all kinds, oil-seeds, spices, turmeric, chillies, cloth, cotton, &c. The objects of the rural manufactures are sugar, cotton curtains, brass and iron work, horn sticks, and cotton and tasar silk cloth. The gross revenue of the district in 1885-86 amounted to 338,895, of which the land-tax contributed 155,181. The district was ceded to the East India Company by treaty by the nawab naziin of Bengal in 1757. Since then several changes have been made in its boundaries, the latest in 1863.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Twilight

See also Twilight on Wikipedia; Twilight in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
TWILIGHT.The light of what is called the "sky" depends upon the scattering or reflexion of direct sunlight in the earth's atmosphere, mainly if not entirely due to those fine dust particles which (as we have recently learned) form the necessary nuclei for condensation of aqueous vapour. Were it not for these particles the sky would appear by day as it does in a clear winter night, and the stars would be always visible. Alpine climbers and aeronauts, when they have left the grosser strata of the atmosphere below them, find this state of things approximated to; and even at the sea-level the blue of the sky is darker when the air contains but few motes. After the sun has set, its rays continue for a time to. pass through parts of the atmosphere above the spectator's horizon, and the scattered light from these is called twilight. It is, of course, most brilliant in the quarter where the sun has set. Before sunrise we have essentially the same phenomenon, but it goes by the name of "dawn." The brilliancy of either depends upon several conditions, of which the chief is, of course, the degree by which the sun has sunk below the horizon. But the amount of dust in the air affects the phenomenon in two antagonistic ways: it diminishes the amount of sunlight which reaches the upper air after passing close to the earth and it increases the fraction of this light which is scattered to form twilight. Hence no general law can be laid down as to the duration of twilight; but it is usual to state (roughly) that it lasts until the sun is about 18 under the horizon. If we make this assumption, it is a simple matter of calculation to solve questions as to the duration of twilight at a given place at a given time of year, the maximum duration of twilight at a given place, fee. In the older works on astronomy such questions were common enough, but they have now little beyond antiquarian interest. The more complex phenomena of twilight, such as the "after-glow," &c., probably depend upon the precipitation of moisture on the dust particles as the air becomes gradually colder. This will of course alter the amount of scattering; but it may also lead (by reflexion from strata of such particles) to an increase in the amount of light to be scattered.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tver (2.)

See also Tver on Wikipedia; Tver in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
Tver dates its origin from 1180, when a fort was erected at the mouth of the Tvertsa to protect the Suzdal principality against Novgorod. In the 13th century it became the capital of an in dependent principality, and remained so until the end of the loth century. Mikhail Yaroslavovitch, prince of Tver, was killed fighting against the Tatars, as also was Alexander Mikhailovitch, who boldly fought for the independence of Tver against Moscow. It long remained an open question whether Moscow or Tver would ultimately gain the supremacy in Great Russia, and it was only with the help of the Tatars that the princes of the former eventually succeeded in breaking down the independence of Tver. In 1486, when the city was almost entirely burned down by the Muscovites, the son of Ivan III. became prince of Tver; the final annexation to Moscow followed four years later. In 1570 Tver had to endure, for some reason now difficult to understand, the vengeance of Ivan the Terrible, who ordered the massacre of 90,000 inhabitants of the principality. In 1609-12 it was plundered both by the followers of the second false Demetrius and by the Poles.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tweeds

See also Tweed on Wikipedia; Tweed in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
TWEEDS.See Woollen and Worsted Manufactures.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Twelve Tables

See also Twelve Tables on Wikipedia; Twelve Tables in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
TWELVE TABLES.See Roman Law vol. xx. p. 679 sq., and Rome vol. xx. p. 737.
# Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Twickenham

See also Twickenham on Wikipedia; Twickenham in the 11th Edition; and the disclaimer.
Twickenham at Domesday was included in Isleworth. Anciently it was called Twittenham or Twicanham. The manor was given in 941 by King Edmund to the monks of Christ Church, Canter bury, from whom it had been previously taken, but it was again alienated, for it was restored to the same monks by Edred in 948. In the reign of Henry VIII. it came into the possession of the crown, and by Charles I. was assigned to Henrietta Maria as part of her jointure. It was sold during the Protectorate, but after the Restoration the queen mother resumed possession of it. In 1670 it was settled for life oil Catherine of Braganza, queen of Charles II. It still remains in possession of the crown, but since the death of Catherine has been let on leases. In the neighbour hood are many residences of literary or historical interest. Pope's villa, where he lived from 1717 till his death in 1744, has been removed. Among old mansions of interest still remaining are Strawberry Hill, the residence of Horace Walpole, now much altered; Marble Hill, built by George III. for the countess of Suffolk, and subsequently resided in by the marquis of Wellesley; Orleans House, built in the reign of Queen Anne by Johnstone, occupied for some time by the duke of Orleans, and from 1879 to 1883 as a club house; York House, said to have been the residence of James II. when duke of York, bestowed by Charles II. on Lord Clarendon when he married the duke of York's daughter, and in modern times resided in by the Comte de Paris; and Twickenham House, formerly the residence of Sir John Hawkins, author of the History of Music, and the meeting place of the "Literary Club." Of the old manor house of Twickenham, to which Catherine of Aragon is said to have retired after her divorce from Henry VIII., and which was subsequently the residence of Catherine of Braganza, queen of Charles II., the only remains are a ruin called the Aragoa tower. Twickenham Park House, for some tune the residence of Lord Chancellor Bacon, has been demolished.
# Edmund Dulac's picture-book for the French Red Cross/My Lisette

MY LISETTE
AN OLD FRENCH SONG
Of all the pretty maidens There ne'er was lassie yet That looked so sweet and sprightly, That moved so gay and lightly, As my darling, my Lisette,— Little pet!— 'Tis Lisette whom I adore, And with reason, more and more!
Her face it is her fortune,— But who will smiling let Me kiss it at my pleasure, Nor ever stint the measure?— 'Tis my darling, my Lisette,— Little pet!— 'Tis Lisette whom I adore, And with reason, more and more!
Along the pavement tripping, Through sunshine and through wet, To all, as she advances, Who casts her winning glances?— 'Tis my darling, my Lisette,— Little pet!— 'Tis Lisette whom I adore, And with reason, more and more!
​To blind, and poor, and crippled, Who gives, without regret, Her bread, and does not sorrow That she must starve to-morrow?— Tis my darling, my Lisette,— Little pet!— 'Tis Lisette whom I adore, And with reason, more and more!
Who oftentimes deceives me, Though truly no coquette,— And then, for me, who hoaxes, Cajoles, and dupes, and coaxes?— 'Tis my darling, my Lisette,— Little pet!— 'Tis Lisette whom I adore, And with reason, more and more!
Who, by her tender teaching, Has aided me to get The impudence and passion Of which my songs I fashion?— 'Tis my darling, my Lisette,- Little pet!— 'Tis Lisette whom I adore, And with reason, more and more!
On week-days and on Sundays, Who, in my hovel set, Can turn its corners gloomy To a palace rich and roomy?—
'TIS LISETTE WHOM I ADORE
AND WITH REASON MORE AND MORE
p. 61
​'Tis my darling, my Lisette,— Little pet!— 'Tis Lisette whom I adore, And with reason, more and more!
When Prudence o'er our playtime Would hold a distant threat,— 'Twixt now and what comes after, Who throws her merry laughter?— 'Tis my darling, my Lisette,— Little pet!— 'Tis Lisette whom I adore, And with reason, more and more!
# Edmund Dulac's picture-book for the French Red Cross/The Chilly Lover

THE CHILLY LOVER
A SONG FROM THE FRENCH
Behold me here, my dear to meet! Alas, I must have come too soon The wind that blows beneath the moon In winter is not over-sweet. Ah I never think my love is backward turning, It still increases by a thousand-fold; O Ursula, for thee My heart is burning,— But I'm so cold!
I would I had thy hand to kiss, That pledge of faith so white and small, Instead of these great flakes that fall And chill me to the bone like this! Upon my back they tumble helter-skelter, And yet, beyond whatever could be told, Ursula, for thee I simply swelter,— But I'm so cold!
While thus my deathless love I trill, My soft guitar for thee I play; Alas, the north wind fierce and grey Plays upon me a measure shrill! ​On me his miserable music making, Seizing each finger in his icy hold.— Ursula, for thee My heart is baking,— But I'm so cold!
Within thy room with friendly glow I see the hearthfire shining clear; The crackling faggots I can hear,— And I am numb from top to toe! Oh, must I freeze while thou art toasting? Shall not my suffering be consoled? Sweet Ursula, for thee I am just roasting,— But I'm so cold!
O URSULA, FOR THEE
MY HEART IS BURNING,— BUT I'M SO COLD!
79