OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sémonville, Charles Louis Huguet, Marquis de

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​SEMONVILLE, CHARLES LOUIS HUGUET, Marquis de (1759–1839), French diplomat, was born in Paris on the 9th of March 1759, the son of one of thelroyal secretaries. Minister and envoy extraordinary of France at Genoa in 1790—1791, he was instructed by Dumouriez to go to Turin to detach Victor Amadeo III. of Sardinia from the Austrian alliance, but was not permitted to cross the Sardinian frontier. In 1793 he had started with H. B. Maret (afterwards duc de Bassano) for Italy where they had missions to Florence and Naples respectively, when the two envoys were kidnapped by Austrian orders in the Valtelline. They remained in a Tirolese prison until December 1795, when there was an exchange of prisoners on the release of Madame Royale, daughter of Louis XVI., from the Temple. In 1799 Bonaparte, through whose influence his release had been obtained, sent him to the Hague to consolidate the alliance between France and the Batavian Republic. In this mission he was entirely successfulfand he is credited with another diplomatic success in the inception of the Austrian marriage. He accepted the Restoration and sat on the commission which drew up the charter. Sémonville, who enjoyed a great measure of Louis XVIII.’s confidence, took no part in the Hundred Days. A frank opponent of the extremist policy of Charles X., he tried to save him in 1830; in company with Antoine d’Argout he visited the Tuileries and persuaded the king to withdraw the ordinances and to summon the Council. He had been made a count of the Empire in 1808, and marquis in 1819. He died in Paris on the 11th of August 1839.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sées

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​SÉES, a town of north-western France, in the department of Orne, on the river Orne 3 m. from its source and 13 m. N.N.E. of Alençon by rail. Pop. (1906) town, 2612; commune, 3982. The town is a bishop’s see and has a Gothic cathedral remarkable for the boldness of its architecture. The church dates from the 13th and 14th centuries and occupies the site of three earlier churches. The west front, which is disfigured by the buttresses projecting beyond it, has two stately spires of open work 230 ft. high. The nave was built towards the end of the 13th century. The choir, built soon afterwards, is remarkable for the lightness of its construction. In the choir are four bas-reliefs of great beauty representing scenes in the life of the Virgin; and the altar is adorned with another depicting the removal of the relics of St Gervais and St Protais. The church has constantly been the object of restoration and reconstruction. Other noteworthy buildings are the episcopal palace (1778), with a pretty chapel; the higher seminary, located in the old abbey of St Martin (supposed to be one of the fourteen or fifteen monasteries founded in the 6th century by St Evroult); and the sumptuous modern chapel of the Immaculate Conception, a resort of pilgrims.
The first bishop of Sées (Saium, Sagium) was St Lain, who lived about the 4th century. In the 9th century Sées was a fortified town and fell a prey to the Normans. At that period Sées consisted of two distinct parts, separated by the Orne—the bishop’s burgh, and to the south, the new or count’s burgh (Bourg le Comte). From 1356 the counts of Alençon were its possessors. It was captured and recaptured in the wars between Henry II. of England and his sons. In the Hundred Years’ War it was one of the first towns of Normandy to fall into the hands of the English (1418). Pillaged by the Protestants during the Wars of Religion, Sées attached itself to the League in 1589, but voluntarily surrendered to Henry IV. in 1590.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ségur, Louis Philippe, Comte de

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​SÉGUR, LOUIS PHILIPPE, Comte de (1753–1830), French diplomatist and historian, son of Philippe Henri, marquis de Ségur, was born in Paris on the 10th of December 1753. He entered the army in 1769, served in the American War of Independence in 1781 as a colonel under Rochambeau. In 1784 he was Sent as minister plenipotentiary to St Petersburg, where he was received into the intimacy of the empress Catherine II. and wrote some comedies for her theatre. At St Petersburg he concluded (II January 1787) a commercial treaty which was exceedingly advantageous to France, and returned to Paris in 1789. He took up a sympathetic attitude towards the Revolution at its outset and in 1791 was sent on a mission to Berlin, where he was badly received. After fighting a duel he was forced to leave Berlin, and went into retirement until 1801 when, at BonaparteSégur s instance, he was nominated by the senate to the Corps législatif. Subsequently he became a member of the council of state, grand master of the ceremonies, and senator, 1813. In 1814 Ségur voted for the deposition of Napoleon and entered Louis XVIII.’s Chamber of Peers. Deprived of his offices and functions in 1815 for joining Napoleon during the Hundred Days, he was reinstated in 1819, supported the revolution of 1830, but died shortly afterwards in Paris on the 27th August 1830. By his wife, Antoinette d’Aguesseau, he had two sons, of whom Count Philippe Paul is separately noticed. Among his writings may be mentioned Histoire des principaux événements du règne de Frédéric-Guillaume II (1800); Pensées politique (Paris, 1795); Histoire de France (11 vols., 1824–1834); Histoire des juifs (1827); Mémoires (3 vols., 1824); and Contes (1809). His Œuvres complètes were published in 34 volumes in 1824 et seq.
See duc de Broglie, “Deux Français aux Etats-Unis” in Mélanges publiés par la Société des Bibliophiles français (2nd part, 1903); A. Cornereau, “La Mission du comte de Ségur dans la xviii$^e$ division militaire,” in the Mémoires de la Société bourguignonne de géographie et d’histoire (vol. 17, 1901).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sèvres

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​SÈVRES, a town of northern France, in the department of Seine-et-Oise, on the left bank of the Seine, midway between Paris and Versailles, about 3 m. from the fortifications of the former. Pop. (1906) 7949. The town owes its celebrity to the porcelain manufactory established there in 1756 and taken over by the State three years later. In the museum connected with the works are preserved specimens of the different kinds of ware manufactured in all ages and countries and the whole series of models employed at Sèvres from the beginning of the manufacture, for an account of which see Ceramics. A technical school of ceramics is attached to the factory.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ségur

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​SÉGUR, LOUIS PHILIPPE, Comte de (1753–1830), French diplomatist and historian, son of Philippe Henri, marquis de Ségur, was born in Paris on the 10th of December 1753. He entered the army in 1769, served in the American War of Independence in 1781 as a colonel under Rochambeau. In 1784 he was Sent as minister plenipotentiary to St Petersburg, where he was received into the intimacy of the empress Catherine II. and wrote some comedies for her theatre. At St Petersburg he concluded (II January 1787) a commercial treaty which was exceedingly advantageous to France, and returned to Paris in 1789. He took up a sympathetic attitude towards the Revolution at its outset and in 1791 was sent on a mission to Berlin, where he was badly received. After fighting a duel he was forced to leave Berlin, and went into retirement until 1801 when, at BonaparteSégur s instance, he was nominated by the senate to the Corps législatif. Subsequently he became a member of the council of state, grand master of the ceremonies, and senator, 1813. In 1814 Ségur voted for the deposition of Napoleon and entered Louis XVIII.’s Chamber of Peers. Deprived of his offices and functions in 1815 for joining Napoleon during the Hundred Days, he was reinstated in 1819, supported the revolution of 1830, but died shortly afterwards in Paris on the 27th August 1830. By his wife, Antoinette d’Aguesseau, he had two sons, of whom Count Philippe Paul is separately noticed. Among his writings may be mentioned Histoire des principaux événements du règne de Frédéric-Guillaume II (1800); Pensées politique (Paris, 1795); Histoire de France (11 vols., 1824–1834); Histoire des juifs (1827); Mémoires (3 vols., 1824); and Contes (1809). His Œuvres complètes were published in 34 volumes in 1824 et seq.
See duc de Broglie, “Deux Français aux Etats-Unis” in Mélanges publiés par la Société des Bibliophiles français (2nd part, 1903); A. Cornereau, “La Mission du comte de Ségur dans la xviii$^e$ division militaire,” in the Mémoires de la Société bourguignonne de géographie et d’histoire (vol. 17, 1901).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ségur, Philippe Henri, Marquis de

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​SÉGUR, PHILIPPE HENRI, Marqquis de (1724–1801), marshal of France, son of Henri Francois, comte de Ségur, and his wife Angelique de Froissy, was appointed to the command of an infantry regiment at eighteen, and served under his father in Italy and Bohemia. He was wounded at Roucoux in Flanders in October 1746, and lost an arm at Lauffeld in 1747. In 1748 he succeeded his father as lieutenant-general of Champagne and Brie; he also received in 1753 the governorship of the county of Foix. During the Seven Years’ War he fought at Hastenbeck (1757), Crefeld (1758) and Minden (1759). In 1760 he was taken prisoner at Kloster-campen. The ability which he showed in the government of Franche-Comté in 1775 led in 1780 to his appointment as minister of war under Necker. He created in 1783 the permanent general staff, and made admirable regulations with regard to barracks and military hospitals; 'and though he was officially responsible for the reactionary decree requiring four quarterings of nobility as a condition for the appointment of officers, the scheme is said not to have originated with him and to have been adopted under protest. In 1783 he became a marshal of France. He resigned from the ministry of war in 1787. During the Terror he was imprisoned in La Force, and after his release was reduced to considerable straits until in 1800 he received a pension from Napoleon. He died in Paris on the 3rd of October of the next year.
See A. de Ségur, Le Maréchal de Ségur, 1724–1801 (Paris, 1895).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ségur, Philippe Paul, Comte de

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​SÉGUR, PHILIPPE PAUL, Comte de (1780–1873), French general and historian, son of Louis Philippe, comte de Ségur, was born in Paris on the 4th of November 1780. He enlisted in the cavalry in 1800, and forthwith obtained a commission. He served with General Macdonald in the Grisons in 1800–1801, and published an account of the campaign in 1802. By the influence of Colonel Duroc (afterwards duc de Frioul) he was attached to the personal staff of Napoleon. He served through most of the important campaigns of the first empire, and was frequently employed on diplomatic missions. During the campaign in Poland in 1807 he was taken prisoner by the Russians, but was exchanged at the peace of Tilsit. His brilliant conduct in the cavalry charge at Somo Sierra on the 30th of November 1808 (see Peninsular War) won him the grade of colonel, but his wounds compelled him to return to France. As general of brigade he took part in the Russian campaign of 1812, and in the campaigns of 1813 and 1814 he repeatedly distinguished himself, notably at Hanau (October 1813), and in a brilliant affair at Reims (March 1814). He remained in the army at the Restoration, but, having accepted a command from Napoleon during the Hundred Days, he was retired until 1818, and took no further active part in affairs until the revolution of 1830. During his retirement he wrote his Histoire de Napoléon et de la grande armée pendant Vannée 1812 (Paris, 2 vols., 1824), which ran through numerous editions, and was translated into several languages. The unfavourable portrait of Napoleon given in this book provoked representations from General Gourgaud, and eventually a duel, in which Ségur was wounded. On the establishment of the July monarchy he received, in 1831, the grade of lieutenant-general and a peerage. In 1830 he was admitted to the French Academy, and he became grand cross of the Legion of Honour in 1847. After the revolution of 1848 he lived in retirement. He died in Paris on the 25th of February 1873. His works include: Histoire de Russie et de Pierre le Grand (1829); Histoire de Charles VIII. (2 vols., 1834–1842), in continuation of the history of France begun by his father; and the posthumous Histoire et mémoires (8 vols., 1873).
See Un Aide-de-camp de Napoléon (1800–1812), mémoires du général comte de Ségur, new edition by his grandson Louis de Ségur (3 vols., 1894–1895), of which an abridged English version was published in 1895.
# A Complete Course in Dressmaking/Lesson 1/Test questions

TEST QUESTIONS
What styles are most becoming to a stout young girl?
What styles ought a short woman to avoid?
​What colors are most becoming to a blonde?
Does a woman with a sallow complexion look well in black?
Does a stout woman look well in white?
What are the complementary colors? Give list.
Can you give the definition of a complementary color?
Can you state the five rules for combining colors?
Which tension of your sewing machine needs the most regulating—the bobbin or the needle tension?
Can lace be sewed on with a sewing machine attachment?
Can you make a lap felled seam with an attachment?
What kind of seam is used at the shoulder of a coat?
What seam looks best in sheer materials such as organdie?
What is the correct position for a person taking the bust measurement?
What measurement is taken from arm muscle to arm muscle?
How do you determine the length of arm at the wrist?
Why is a press cloth necessary in pressing woolens?
​Is sponging and shrinking woolens the same process? Does it answer the same purpose?
A great deal of the data in Lesson I is for reference. When you take up the making of dresses, Lesson VI, you will want to refer to Suitable Styles and perhaps Becoming Colors.
In deciding on the seams to use in making the garments in Lessons III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX and X, it will be an advantage to have Lesson I handy to refer to.
The information about taking measurements is for reference later on, too. You will see how to apply this material when you take up blouses, dresses, pattern making and draping.
Lesson II shows the first steps in applying quick and efficient methods to sewing. It takes up the making of aprons and housedresses just to demonstrate several points in sewing.
Even if you have sewed before, it will be well to study Lesson II. Remember that it is not just the aprons and housedresses illustrated that you are learning to make but you are learning the principles which they illustrate. You will find many of the suggestions for the aprons apply to blouses, children’s garments and ladies’ dresses.
To become efficient, study the whole course in the order in which the books are printed.
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# A Complete Course in Dressmaking/Lesson 2/How to study

HOW TO STUDY
Again I want to remind you how to study, which is so important for you to gain the full benefit of these lessons. Read one subject at a time. Read it over carefully at least once more, perhaps several times. Then lay aside the book and review the subject in your mind to see if you understand it clearly. If there is anything which seems vague or puzzles you, look up that point and again review the subject without the book.
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# A Complete Course in Dressmaking/Lesson 1/Your sewing machine

YOUR SEWING MACHINE
Sewing machines differ somewhat in their construction, but a few rules apply to all of them:
Do not let the machine stand open when you are not using it. Dust will clog it. Keep a muslin cover to throw over the machine when you do not want to remove the work.
Oil your machine at night—a freshly oiled machine is apt to soil the work.
Clean the machine at least once a month, wiping it free from lint and dust.
Do not run your machine with the presser foot down, unless there is material under it. If the presser foot rests on the feed, it will wear out the feed.
​Do not run your machine threaded before placing your material. The thread will clog and break.
Remember that you cannot pull the material faster than the machine feeds. Guide the material, but do not pull it or you may bend or break the needle.
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# A Complete Course in Dressmaking/Lesson 2

A COMPLETE COURSE IN
DRESSMAKING
BY
ISABEL DeNYSE CONOVER
LESSON II
HOW TO MAKE APRONS
AND HOUSE DRESSES
NEW YORK
EDWARD J. CLODE
COPYRIGHT, 1921, 1922, BY EDWARD J. CLODE
Entered at Stationers’ Hall
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
* How to make aprons and house dresses
* Simple finishes for edges
* (Patterns)
* How to study
* Test questions
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This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1968, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 55 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tincture

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​TINCTURE (Fr. teinture, Lat. tinctura, tingere, to dye, stain), the colour with which a substance is dyed; hence, metaphorically, distinctive character or quality. The term is used in heraldry of the metals, argent, or, of the colours, gules, azure, sable, vert, &c., or of the furs, ermine, vair, &c. Since the 16th century a conventional arrangement of lines and dots gives the equivalents of these tinctures in black and white (see Heraldry). In medicine, a tincture is a fluid solution of the essential properties of some substance, animal, vegetable or mineral; the menstruum being either alcohol, ether or ammonia; the various kinds are accordingly distinguished as alcoholic, etherial or ammoniated tinctures.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Timothy

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​TIMOTHY or Timotheus, in the Bible (Acts xvi. 1, xvii. 14, &c), a Lycaonian, the son of a Gentile father and a Jewish mother, Eunice (2 Tim. i. 5), was born at Lystra, and was already a member of the Christian Church there at the time of Paul's second visit. He took the place formerly occupied by John Mark in Paul's company, and in deference to Jewish feeling was circumcised. He accompanied the apostle on many of his journeys, and was employed by him on important missions (1 Thess. iii. 2; 1 Cor. iv. 17, xvi. 10). Paul speaks of him as his “son,” and this (see Phil. ii. 22) refers to loyal service rather than to spiritual parentage. He was especially interested in the Macedonian churches, which he helped to found. His name is associated with that of Paul in the opening salutations of both epistles to the Thessalonians, the second epistle to the Corinthians, and those to the Philippians and Colossians. He was, therefore, with Paul at Rome. At a later date he is mentioned in Heb. xiii. 23 as having undergone imprisonment, but as having been released. On the basis of the epistles of Paul to Timothy, Timothy is traditionally represented as bishop of Ephesus, and tradition also tells that he suffered under Domitian. His martyrdom is celebrated on the 24th of January in the Latin Church, on the 22nd in the Greek.
The apocryphal Acta Timothei (Greek and Latin) have been edited by Usener (Bonn, 1877); cf. Lipsius, Apokr. Aposlelgeschichten (1884), ii. 2.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tinder

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​TINDER (O. Eng. tyndre, from tindan, tendan, to kindle, cf. Dan. tonder, Ger. anzunden), a term applied to any dry substance that will readily take light from a spark and so be used for kindling a fire. Before the invention of matches (see Match) fire or light was procured by the ignition of tinder through sparks obtained by the striking of flint against steel, the whole apparatus of tinder, flint and steel being contained in a metal box, which was an essential utensil of all households and was also carried on the person of everyone who might require a light in an emergency. The usual material of "tinder" was a mass of charred linen, but the term was also applied to "touchwood," or wood converted into an easily ignitible consistency by the action of certain fungi. Another form of "tinder" was "touchpaper," paper dipped in nitre and used as a slow-match for igniting gunpowder. In both these words " touch " stands for an earlier tach, tache or tasshe, tinder, of which the origin is unknown. It may be related to Du. tak, bough, twig, and would thus mean dried twigs used as tinder.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Monti, Perticari Costanza

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MONTI, PERTICARI COSTANZA,
Of Ferrara, is daughter of the great Vincenzo Monti; she has an hereditary claim to genius. The sons of great men are proverbially deficient, whether from the impartiality of nature, who will not confine her gifts to one family, or because the great man is too much occupied with the cares of greatness to fulfil the important though minute offices of a parent. Whatever may be the case in general, Monti devoted himself to the education of this his only and beloved child, and he was fully rewarded by the result. Costanza diligently pursued the studies he directed; she became an excellent Greek and Latin scholar, as well as mistress of the modern tongues of Europe. Perfectly versed in general literature, she added skill in music and painting to her accomplishments. It was her fortune to become the wife of that illustrious man whose death Italy still deplores. Her marriage did not abate her ardour for intellectual pursuits; she persevered in her course of study, and wrote poems that met with unanimous applause. She returned in her widowhood to her father's house, where, entirely devoted to study, she lives in seclusion. So much solid information joined to the graces of a poetical imagination, render the name of Constanza Monti worthy to accompany that of her immortal father in the annals of literature.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Montmorency, Charlotte Margaret

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MONTMORENCY, CHARLOTTE MARGARET,
The wife of Condé, was famous for her beauty, which captivated Henry the Fourth of France. To escape the importunities of this powerful lover, her husband carried her off, on their wedding night, 10 Brussels, where she remained till Henry's assassination, in 1610. She died in 1650, aged fifty-seven. Her son was the great Condé.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Monk, the Hon. Mrs.

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MONK, THE HON. MRS.,
Was the daughter of Lord Molesworth, an Irish nobleman, and wife of George Monk, Esq. By her own unassisted efforts she learned the Spanish, Italian, and Latin languages, and the art of poetry. Her poems were not published till after her death, when they were printed under the title of "Marinda; Poems and Translations on several occasions." These writings are said to show the true spirit of poetry, and much delicacy and correctness of thought and expression. They were all written while occupied with the care of a large family, and without any assistance, excepting that of a good library.
Mrs. Mon was a lady of exemplary character, and greatly beloved by all who knew her. She died at Bath, in 1715.