OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sextus Empiricus

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​SEXTUS EMPIRICUS (2nd and 3rd centuries A.D.), physician and philosopher, lived at Alexandria and at Athens. In his medical work he belonged to the “methodical” school (see Asclepiades), as a philosopher, he is the greatest of the later Greek Sceptics. His claim to eminence rests on the facts that he developed and formulated the doctrines of the older Sceptics, and that he handed down a full and, on the whole, an impartial account of the members of his school. His works are two, the Pyrrhonian Hypotyposes and Against the Mathematici (ed. Fabricius, Paris, 1621, and Bekker, Berlin, 1842).
See Brochard, Les Sceptiques grecs (1887); Pappenheim, Lebensverhältnisse des Sextus Empiricus (Berlin, 1875); Jourdain, Sextus Empiricus (Paris, 1858); Patrick, Sextus Empiricus and the Greek Sceptics (1899, with trans. of Pyrrh. Hyp. i.); also Scepticism.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Seymour, Thomas Day

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SEYMOUR, THOMAS DAY (1848 - 1907), American educationist, was born in Hudson, Ohio, on the 1st of April 1848.
He graduated in 1870 at Western Reserve College, where his father, Nathan Perkins Seymour, was long professor of Greek and Latin. Here, after studying in Berlin and Leipzig, the son was professor of Greek in 1872-1880; and he became professor of Greek at Yale University in 1880, holding his position until his death in New Haven on the 31st of December 1907. He was from 1887 to 1901 chairman of the managing committee of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, and was president of the Archaeological Institute of America from 1903. Except for his Selected Odes of Pindar (1882), his published work was practically confined to the study of the Homeric poems: An Introduction to the Language and Verse of Homer (1885); Homer's Iliad, i.-iv. (1887-1890); Homeric Vocabulary (1889); Introduction and Vocabulary to School Odyssey (1897); Life in the Homeric Age (1907). He edited, with Lewis R. Packard and John W. White, the “College Series of Greek Authors”.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Seymour, Horatio

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​SEYMOUR, HORATIO (1810–1886), American statesman, was born at Pompey, Onondaga county, New York, on the 31st of May 1810. His ancestor, Richard Seymour, a Protestant Episcopal °clergyman, was an early settler at Hartford, Connecticut, and his father, Henry Seymour, who removed from Connecticut to New York, was prominent in the Democratic party in the state, being a member of the “ Albany Regency ” and serving as state senator in 1816–1819 and in 1822, and as canal commissioner in 1819–1831. The son was brought up in Utica, studied in 1824–1825 at Geneva Academy (afterwards Hobart College), and then at a military school in Middletown, Conn., and was admitted to the bar in 1832. He was military secretary to Governor W. L. Marcy in 1833–1839, was a member of the New York Assembly in 1842, in 1844 and in 1845, being speaker in 1845; mayor of Utica in 1843, and in 1852 was elected governor of the state over Washington Hunt (1811–1867), the Whig candidate, who had defeated him in 1850. He vetoed in 1854 a bill prohibiting the sale of intoxicating liquors (which was declared unconstitutional almost immediately after its reenactment in 1855), and in consequence he was defeated in 1854 for re-election as governor by Myron Holley Clark (1806–1892), the Whig and temperance candidate. Seymour was a conservative on national issues and supported the administrations of Pierce and Buchanan; he advocated compromise to avoid secession in 1860–1861; but when war broke out he supported the maintenance of the Union. In 1863–1865 he was again governor of New York state. His opposition to President Lincoln's policy was mainly in respect to emancipation, military arrests and conscription. The president tried to win him over early in 1863, but Seymour disapproved of the arrest of C. S. Vallandigham in May, and, although he responded immediately to the call for militia in June, he thought the Conscription Act unnecessary and unconstitutional and urged the president to postpone the draft until its legality could be tested. During the draft riots in July he proclaimed the city and county of New York in a state of insurrection, but in a speech to the rioters adopted a tone of conciliation-a political error which injured his careers He was defeated as Democratic candidate for governor in 1864. In 1868 he was nominated presidential candidate by the National Democratic Convention, Francis P. Blair, Jr., being nominated for the vice-presidency; but Seymour and Blair carried only eight states (including New York, New Jersey and Oregon), and received only 80 electoral votes to 214 for Grant and Colfax. Seymour did not re-enter political life, refusing to be considered for the United States senatorship from New York in 1876. He died on the 12th of February 1886 in Utica, at the home of his sister, who was the wife of Roscoe Conkling.
The Public Record of Horatio Seymour (New York, 1868) includes his speeches and official papers between 1856 and 1868.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Seymour (Indiana)

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​SEYMOUR, a city of Jackson county, Indiana, U.S.A., about 59 m. S. by E. of Indianapolis. Pop. (1890) 5337; (1900) 6445, (321 foreign-born); (1910) 6305. It is served by the Baltimore & Ohio, South-Western (which has repair shops here), the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St Louis, and the Southern Indiana railways, and by the Indianapolis, Columbus & Southern and the Indianapolis & Louisville interurban electric lines. The city has a considerable trade in produce, and has various manufactures, including woollen-goods, furniture, carriages and automobiles. Seymour was settled in 1854, incorporated as a town in 1864, and chartered as a city in 1867.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Seymour of Sudeley, Thomas Seymour, Baron

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​'SEYMOUR OF SUDELEY, THOMAS SEYMOUR, Baron (c. 1508–1549), lord high admiral of England, was fourth son of Sir John Seymour of Wolf Hall, Wiltshire, and younger brother of the Protector Edward Seymour, ISI duke of Somerset. His sister Jane Seymour became the third wife of Henry VIII. in 1536, and another sister, Elizabeth, married Thomas Cromwell's son. Seymour's Connexions thus ensured his promotion, and he quickly won the favour of the king, who gave him many grants of land and employed him in the royal household and on diplomatic missions abroad. From 1540 to 1542 he was at Vienna, and in 1543 in the Netherlands, where he served with distinction in the War against France, holding for a short time the supreme command of the English army. In 1544 he was rewarded with the post of master of the ordnance for life, becoming admiral of the fleet a few months later, in which capacity he was charged with guarding the Channel against French invasion. Henry VIII. left Seymour a legacy by his will, and is said to have directed that he should be raised to the peerage. In February 1547 he was accordingly created Baron Seymour of Sudeley and appointed lord high admiral. From this time forward he was mainly occupied in intrigue against his brother the Protector, of whose power he was jealous; and he aimed at procuring for himself the position of guardian of the young king, Edward VI. Several matrimonial projects entered into Seymour's schemes for gratifying his ambitions. No sooner was Henry VIII. dead than the lord high admiral tried to secure the princess (afterwards queen) Elizabeth in marriage; and when this project was frustrated he secretly married the late king's widow, Catherine Parr, whose hand he had vainly sought as early as 1 543. He also took steps to ingratiate himself with Edward, and proposed a marriage between the king and the Lady lane Grey. He entered into relations with pirates on the Western coasts, whom it was his duty as lord high admiral to suppress, with a view to securing their support; and when the Protector invaded Scotland in the summer of 1547 Seymour fomented opposition to his authority in his absence. On the death of his wife in September of the next year he made renewed attempts to marry the princess Elizabeth. Somerset strove ineffectually to save his brother from ruin, and in January 1549 Seymour was arrested and sent to the Tower; he was convicted of treason, and executed on the 20th of March 1549.
See Sir John Maclean, Life of Sir Thomas Seymour (London, 1869); Chronicle of Henry VI I I ., translated from the Spanish, with notes by M. A. S. Hume (London, 1889); Literary Remains of Edward VI., with notes and memoir by J. G. Nichols (2 vols., London. ​1857); Mary A. E. Green, Letters of Royal and Illustrious Ladies of Great Britain to the Close of the Reign of Mary (3 vols., London, 1846). See also Somerset, Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of, and the authorities there cited.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Seyne sur Mer

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​SEYNE SUR MER, or La Seyne, an industrial suburb of Toulon, S.W. of that port, and connected with it by rail and steamer. Pop. (1901) 21,002. It owes its importance to the shipbuilding trade, the Société des Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée having here one of the finest shipbuilding yards in Europe (it is a branch of the greater establishment at Marseilles), which gives employment to about 3000 workmen.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sfax

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​SFAX (Arabic Asfākis or Safākus, the cucumbers), a city of Tunisia, second in importance only to the capital, 78 m. due S. of Susa, on the Gulf of Gabes (Syrtis Minor) opposite the Kerkenna Islands, in 34° 43' N., 10° 46' E. Sfax occupies the site of the ancient Taphrura, of which few vestiges remain. The town consists of a European quarter, with streets regularly laid out and fine houses, and the Arab town, with its kasbah or citadel, and tower-flanked walls pierced by three gates. Many of the private houses, mosques and zawias are good specimens of native art of the 17th and 18th centuries. North-east of the native town is a camp for the European garrison. Sfax was formerly the starting-point of a caravan route to Central Africa, but its inland trade now extends only to the phosphate region beyond Gafsa, reached by a railway which, after skirting the coast southwards from Sfax to Mahares, runs inland past Gafsa. With Susa there is regular communication by steamer and motor car. Olive oil is manufactured, and the fisheries are important, notably those of sponges and of octopuses (exported to Greece). The prosperity of the town is largely due to the export trade in phosphates, esparto grass, oil, almonds, pistachio nuts, sponges, wool, &c. There is in the Gulf of Gabes a rise and fall of 5 ft. at spring tides, which is rare in the Mediterranean. Formerly the only anchorage at Sfax was 2 m. from shore; but a harbour, completed in 1900 and entered by a channel 1¼ m. long and 21½ ft. deep, now renders vessels independent of the tide. There are separate basins for fishing boats and a dock for torpedo-boat fiotilla. Round the town for 5 or 6 m. to the north and west stretch orchards, gardens and country houses. Dates, almonds, grapes, figs, peaches, apricots, olives, and in rainy years melons and cucumbers grow there without irrigation. Two enormous cisterns, maintained by public charitable trusts, supply the town with water in dry seasons.
Sfax is on the site of a Roman settlement. Many of its Arab inhabitants claim descent from Mahomet. The Sicilians under Roger the Norman took it in the 12th century, and in the 16th the Spaniards occupied it for a brief period. The bombardment of the town in 1881 was one of the principal events of the French conquest of Tunisia; it was pillaged by the soldiers on the 16th of July, and the inhabitants had afterwards to pay a war indemnity of £250,000. The population, about 15,000 at the time of the French occupation, had increased to 50,000 in 1906.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Statics

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​STATICS (from Gr. root στα-, stand, or cause to stand), the branch of mechanics which discusses the conditions of rest or equilibrium of forces (see Mechanics).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stationery

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​STATIONERY, a term embracing all the various articles sold by " stationers," who were originally booksellers having " stations " or stands in markets, near churches or other buildings for the sale of their goods (see Bookselling for the further history of the word). The stationers were formed into a gild in 1403, the Livery Company not being incorporated till 1556. At the hall of the company in London, “Stationers' Hall,” is kept a book for the registration of copyrights (see Copyright). The “Stationery Office” is a British government department which supplies stationery to parliament and the government offices and generally controls the printing required by them.
Under the name of stationery are now included all writing materials and implements, together with the numerous appliances of the desk and of mercantile and commercial offices.
The principal articles and operations of the stationery trade are dealt with under such headings as Bookbinding; Copying Machines; Ink; Lithography; Paper; Pen; and Pencil.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/State, Great Officers of

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​STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF, a designation popularly applied to all the principal ministers of the British Crown, but strictly applicable only to the: lord high steward, the lord high chancellor, the lord high treasurer, the lord-president of the (privy) council, the lord (keeper of the) privy seal, the lord great chamberlain, the lord high constable, the earl marshal, and the lord high admiral. Of these, three —the lord chancellor, the lord-president of the council, and the lord privy seal—the first and second are always, and the third almost always, cabinet ministers. The offices of two more—those of the lord treasurer and the high admiral—are now executed by commission, the chief of the lords commissioners, known severally as the first lord of the treasury and the first lord of the admiralty, being likewise members of the cabinet, while the first lord of the treasury is usually at the head of the government. But, although it has become the rule for the treasury and the admiralty to be put in commission, there is nothing except usage of longer or shorter duration to prevent the Crown from making a personal appointment to either of them, and the functions which formerly appertained to the lord treasurer and the high admiral are still regularly performed in the established course of the national administration. The four offices of the high steward, the great chamberlain, the high constable, and the earl marshal stand on a different footing, and can be regarded at the present day as little else than survivals from an earlier condition of society. They have practically ceased to have any relation to the ordinary routine of business in the country or of ceremonial in the palace, and the duties associated with them have either passed entirely into abeyance or are restricted within extremely narrow limits, save on certain occasions of exceptional pomp and solemnity. All of them were once hereditary, and, taking the three kingdoms together, they or their counterparts and equivalents continue to be held by right of inheritance in one or other of them even now. These and the more important foreign great offices of state are all dealt with under their proper headings, and other information will be found in the articles Cabinet, Ministry, Privy Council, Treasury, and Household, Royal.
On the subject of the great offices of state generally, see Stubbs, Constitutional History, ch. xi.; Freeman, Norman Conquest, ch. xxiv.; Gneist, Constitution of England, ch. xvi., xxv. and liv.; also Gibbon, Decline and Fall, ch. liii., and Bryce, Holy Roman Empire, ch. xiv.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stations of the Cross

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​STATIONS OF THE CROSS, a series of 14 pictures or images representing the closing scenes in the Passion of Christ, viz. (1) the condemnation by Pilate, (2) the reception of the cross, (3) Christ's first fall, (4) the meeting with His mother, (5) Simon of Cyrene carrying the cross, (6) Veronica wiping the face of Jesus, (7) the second fall, (8) the exhortation to the women of Jerusalem, (9) the third fall, (10) the stripping of the clothes, (n) the crucifixion, (12) the death, (13) the descent from the cross, (14) the burial. Sometimes a 15th—the finding of the cross by Helena—is added; on the other hand in the diocese of Vienna, the stations were at the end of the 18th century reduced to eleven. . They form a very popular item in Roman Catholic devotion. The representations are usually ranged round the church; sometimes they are found in the open air, especially on the ascent to some elevated church or shrine.
The devotion began among the Franciscans, who, as the guardians of the holy places in Jerusalem, sought by this means to enable Christians to make a pilgrimage at least in spirit. Pope Innocent XII. in 1694 declared that the indulgences granted for visiting Palestine might be gained by members of the order who, simply visiting the stations of the cross wherever represented, exercised a devout meditation as they passed from station to station. These indulgences were extended by Benedict XIII. in 1726 to all the faithful, and Clement XII. five years later granted the privilege to churches other than Franciscan, provided the stations were erected by a Franciscan. In 1857 the Roman Catholic bishops in England received faculties, renewed quinquenially, permitting them to erect the stations wkh the accompanying indulgences, and they often delegate this faculty to priests.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/State Trials

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​STATE TRIALS, in English law, a name which primarily denotes all trials relating to offences against the state, but in practice is often used of cases illustrative of the law relating to state officers or of international or constitutional law. The first collection of accounts of state trials was published in 1719 in four volumes. Although without an editor's name, it appears that Thomas Salmon (1679–1767), an historical and geographical writer, was responsible for the collection. A second edition, increased to six volumes, under the editorship of Sollom Emlyn (1697–1754), appeared in 1730. This edition contained a lengthy preface critically surveying the condition of English law at the time. A third edition appeared in 1742, in eight volumes, the seventh and eighth volumes having been added in 1835. Ninth and tenth volumes were added in 1766, and a fourth edition, comprising ten volumes, with the trials arranged chronologically, was published the same year. A fifth edition, originated by William Cobbett, but edited by Thomas Bayly Howell (1768–1815) and known as Cobbett's Complete Collection of State Trials, was published between 1809 and 1826. This edition is in thirty-three volumes; twenty-one of them, giving the more important state trials down to 1781, were edited by T. B. Howell, and the remaining volumes, bringing the trials down to 1820, by his son Thomas Jones Howell (d. 1858). A new series, under the direction of a parliamentary committee, was projected in 1885, with the object of bringing the trials down to a later date. Eight volumes were published in 1888–1898, bringing the work down to 1858. The first three of these were edited by Sir J. Macdonell, the remaining five by J. E. P. Wallis. Selections have also been edited by H. L. Stephen and others. The trials are invaluable not only for their reports of criminal cases, in which the whole course of criminal procedure and evidence may be traced, but for their historical information.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Zoppa, Alla

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# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Zora

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# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Zukunftsmusik

​ZUKUNFTSMUSIK, la musique de l'avenir, the Music of the Future. A journal for 'music to come' is still wanting, writes Schumann as early as 1833, 'Eine, Zeitschrift für zukünftige Musik fehlt noch'—and 'of course,' he continues in his humorous way, 'only men like the old blind Cantor at the Thomas-schule (Bach) or the deaf Capellmeister who rests at Vienna (Beethoven) would be fit editors.' Schumann himself became such an editor in 1834, and during the next ten years his paper, the 'Neue Zeitschrift für Musik,' was mainly instrumental in bringing about a new state of things. Indeed the rapid success of Chopin, Gade, Sterndale-Bennett, Henselt, Heller, etc., with the better part of the contemporary public in Germany, was to a considerable extent due to Schumann's sympathetic and discriminating advocacy. In the hands of his successor, Brendel, the 'Zeitschrift' became the organ of Wagner and Liszt, and particularly of a group of younger men, such as von Bülow, von Bronsart, Draeseke, Cornelius, Tausig, who, from 1850 to 60, gathered round Liszt, at Weimar—the headquarters of the so-called 'musicians of the future.'
In good faith, or with derisive intent, the ambiguous term 'Zukunftsmusik' and the nickname 'Zukunftsmusiker' have been in use since about 1850, when Wagner published 'Das Kunstwerk der Zukunft' (the Art-work of the Future). According to Wagner it was Dr. L. F. C. Bischoff, editor of the Rheinische and the Nieder-rheinische Musik-zeitungen (the now defunct rivals of the Neue Zeitschrift) who first perverted Wagner's idea of the 'art-work of the future' into that of the 'music of the future,' i.e. inartistic music, cacophonous to contemporary ears, but intended by its perpetrators to please a coming generation. Liszt, together with his disciples at Weimar, accepted the nickname Zukunftsmusiker, and delighted in it, 'much as ere while les gueux of Holland adopted the appellative contemptuously applied to them.' Wagner also appears to have accepted the term—at least 'Zukunftsmusik' is the German publisher's title of his interesting 'Brief an einen französischen Freund' (M. Fréderic Villot, 'Curator des musées imperiaux'), which first appeared in French by way of preface to 'Quatre poèmes d'operas traduits en prose française, précédes d'une lettre sur la musique' (sic), and forms a résumé of Wagner's opinions. Berlioz, in his famous attack on Wagner, 'Les concerts de Richard Wagner: la musique de 1'avenir,' in the 'Journal des Débats,' Feb. 1860 (reprinted in Berlioz 'A travers chants') uses it ironically, 'si l'école de la musique de l'avenir,' etc.; whilst Baudelaire in his pamphlet 'Richard Wagner a Paris' (1861), adopts it without reserve.
[ E. D. ]
* ↑ Schumann, Ges. Schriften, i. 49, 1st. ed. 1854.
* ↑ See the article Wagner, vol. iv p. 367 et seq.
* ↑ See Bischoff, vol. i. p. 244.
* ↑ Wagner, Ges. Schriften, viii. 303–306.
* ↑ Paris, 1861. English translation, London, 1873.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Zwischenspiel

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# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Zulehner

​ZULEHNER. See Mozart, in Appendix.