OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Huet de Navarre

This is a fictitious person. Huet de Navarre was an actual French soldier who was briefly governor of the colony of Cayenne (in what is now French Guiana) in 1652. However, most of this entry relating to before or after 1652 is unlikely or impossible, while Surinam was not named as such until 1667, i.e. nine years after the date of death given. Little is known of de Navarre's actual life.
​HUET DE NAVARRE, French governor of Cayenne, born in Conde sur Noireau in 1611; died in Surinam in 1658. Several merchants of Rouen founded in 1640 the Society of the Cap Nord, and obtained from Louis XIII. the concession of the vast countries between the Orinoco and the Amazon on condition that they should establish there a French colony. An expedition of 300 men sailed accordingly from Dieppe on 1 September, 1643, arriving on the banks of Cayenne on 25 November Poncet de Bretigny was the commander, and Huet de Navarre acted as his lieutenant. The new colonists established themselves in the island of Cayenne, and built a fortress on the mountain Ceperon, as a barrier against the incursions of the Indians. Meanwhile the violent temper of Bretigny created trouble; he was murdered by soldiers, and Huet de Navarre was elected to his place in 1644. Under the wise administration of the new governor, the young colony prospered, and a re-enforcement of forty laborers, received in the following year, enabled him to pass to the continent and extend the possessions of the company. But troubles arose again among the colonists, caused principally by the unhealthful climate. Many returned to France, and Huet to Fort Ceperon, awaiting anxiously new re-enforcements, 1647. The Company of Cap Nord relinquished its rights to a new society (1652), which took the name of Les 12 seigneurs, compagnie de la France 5quinoxiale, and sent from Havre an expedition of 800 men under the command of Chevalier de Royville. The latter died at sea, and on landing at Cayenne, 30 September, 1652, the new colonists elected Huet president of the board of four members, who represented the company. The French establishments prospered for several years, and had extended far inland, when a disastrous fire, caused by a lunatic, destroyed all the stores of the colonists in 1656. The Galibis Indians took that opportunity to renew their attacks, and the French resolved to seek refuge at Surinam. Huet opposed the evacuation of Cayenne, but want of provisions compelled him to yield, and, after severe fighting with the Galibis, his forces reached Surinam; but he was so exhausted by the journey that he died a few days later.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Huitzilihuitl

Edition of 1892. Montezuma I. is treated in more detail elsewhere.
​HUITZILIHUITL (weet-see-lee-weetle), the name of two Aztec kings. The second was 4th king of Mexico (2d according to some accounts), b. in the latter half of the 14th century; d. 2 Feb., 1414. After the death of his father, Acamapixtli, in 1402, the priests tried to prevent the election of a new sovereign, in order to usurp the power, and only after an interregnum of four months and long debates was Huitzilihuitl elected king. His election was approved by Tezozomoc, king of Azcapotzálco, then suzerain of Mexico, who gave him his daughter in marriage, of which union Moctheuzoma Ilhuycamina, or Montezuma I., was born. By his second wife he had eighteen children, the eldest of whom, Chimalpopoca, became his successor, and the second, a daughter, Matlaltzihuatzin, was mother of the poet Netzahualcoyotl. These are his family relations according to modern researches, and exact interpretations of the Aztec hieroglyphics. Huitzilihuitl II. was an able and talented ruler, and was one of the best of the Aztec kings of Mexico. In 1405 he succeeded in attracting several scattered tribes, descendants of the extinct Toltec nation, from Xalisco, and thereby increased his power and the wealth of his nation. Huitzilihuitl died, according to the Aztec almanac. on the 9th day of the first week in the year of the three rabbits, corresponding in our calendar to 2 Feb., 1514. — His eldest son, Montezuma, ought to have been his successor, but, owing to the influence of his second wife, her son, Chimalpopoca (q. v.), succeeded him, and thereafter, an illegitimate son, Izcohuatl, and only after his death did Montezuma I. ascend the throne. But, according to former historians, Chimalpopoca and Izcohuatl were Huitzilihuitl's brothers, and thereafter the successor to the crown was always the brother of the late monarch, or, in default of a brother, a nephew.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Hueffel, Christian Gottlieb

Edition of 1892.
​HUEFFEL, Christian Gottlieb, Moravian bishop, b. in Kleinwelke, Germany, in 1762; d. in Herrnhut, Saxony, 7 June, 1842. After filling various important offices in his native country, among others that of president of the German Moravian theological seminary, from which he was graduated in earlier years, he was consecrated bishop, 24 Aug., 1814, and came to the United States in 1818 as presiding bishop of the northern district. In this office he labored with great success until 1826, when he returned to Europe, having been elected a member of the supreme executive board of the Moravian church. He took a circuitous route by way of the West Indies, and visited the extensive missions in those islands. He was a scientist and a musician of rare gifts.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Huitzilihuitzin

Edition of 1892.
​HUITZILIHUITZIN (weet-see-lee-weet-seen'), Texcocan priest, b. in Texcoco about the end of the 14th century; d. in 1448. He was a nobleman and priest, and his advice was highly appreciated by the king, Ixtlilxochitl I., who nominated him councillor of the kingdom, and afterward tutor of his son, Netzahualcoyotl. In this office Huitzilihuitzin not only gave his pupil the physical and intellectual training customary in his time and nation, but initiated him in the knowledge of one true God, whose existence he claimed to have discovered by meditation. It being impossible to have in the capital of Texcoco all the plants and animals of the kingdom, the learned Huitzilihuitzin asked the king to employ painters to represent them on the walls of the palace, and the work was accomplished under his supervision. He was also one of the chroniclers of the nation. When, by the treason of Tezozomoc, the king, Ixtlilxochitl I., was slain, Huitzilihuitzin made strenuous efforts to raise an army to defend the rights of Prince Netzahualcoyotl. His labors were highly esteemed by the Texcocans, and many wonderful stories are related of him. He distinguished himself in many battles when Netzahualcoyotl was reconquering his kingdom. Once he had just left Netzahualcoyotl sleeping in a wood when he was surprised by the enemy, and, though they tortured him to compel him to declare the place where the prince was concealed, he remained silent. Finally he was doomed to be sacrificed to the gods; but, when he had ascended to the summit of the temple, a furious storm frightened the priests, who left him alone for a moment, and two of his sons rescued him. When King Netzahualcoyotl had finally triumphed over his enemies, he offered a reward to his tutor, who declined it, and devoted the rest of his life to study and to the organization of the academies of the royal city, where he died at an advanced age.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Huebner, John Andrew

Edition of 1892. No confirmation of this person's existence outside of Appletons' and derived sources has as yet been located, but there is also no verifiable source which states the person is one of Appletons' fictitious entries. Use this information with extra caution.
​HUEBNER, John Andrew, Moravian bishop, b. in Aschersleben, Prussia, 16 June, 1737; d. in Berthelsdorf, Saxony, 26 Dec., 1809. In 1780 he was appointed pastor of the church at Bethlehem, Pa., which he served until 1790, when, on 11 April, he was consecrated bishop, and then resided at Litiz, Lancaster co., Pa., but had a seat in the governing board at Bethlehem. He succeeded Bishop Hehl in the superintendence of the churches of southern Pennsylvania and Maryland. In 1801 he returned to Europe, having been elected to the supreme executive board, known as the “Unity's Elders' Conference,” at Berthelsdorf.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Huebsch, Adolph

Edition of 1892.
​HUEBSCH, Adolph, Hebrew scholar and rabbi, b. in St. Nicolaus, Hungary, 18 Sept., 1830; d. in New York city, 10 Oct., 1884. While a student, he participated in the Hungarian revolution of 1848-'9, and, when it was suppressed, after resuming his studies, officiated as rabbi in various towns. In 1861 he received the degree of Ph. D. from Prague university, and preached in that city for a short time. In 1866 he was called to New York as rabbi of a synagogue, where he preached until his death. Dr. Huebsch was a Talmudic and Semitic scholar of high attainments, a preacher of rare power, with a personality that charmed old and young. He was peculiarly successful in his ministry. He published “Gems from the Orient,” a selection of Talmudic and oriental proverbs, and a volume of his sermons and addresses was issued in 1885.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Huebschmann, Francis

Edition of 1892.
​HUEBSCHMANN, Francis, physician, b. in Riethnordhausen, grand-duchy of Weimar, 19 April, 1817; d. in Milwaukee, Wis., 21 March, 1880. He was educated at Erfurt and Weimar, and was graduated in medicine at Jena in 1841. He came to the United States in 1842, and settled in Milwaukee, where he resided until his death. He was school-commissioner from 1843 till 1851, a member of the first constitutional convention in 1846, and served on the committee on suffrage and elective franchise. He was the especial champion of the provision in the constitution granting foreigners equal rights with Americans. He was presidential elector in 1848, a member of the city council and county supervisor from 1848 till 1867, and state senator in 1851-'2, 1862, and 1871-'2. From 1853 till 1857 he was superintendent of Indian affairs of the north. During the civil war he entered the national service in 1862 as surgeon of the 26th Wisconsin volunteers. He was surgeon in charge of a division at the battle of Chancellorsville, and of the 9th army corps at Gettysburg, where he was held by the Confederates for three days. He was also at the battle of Chattanooga, in charge of the corps hospital in Lookout valley in 1864, and brigade surgeon in the campaign to Atlanta. He was honorably discharged in that year, and, returning to Milwaukee, became connected with the United States general hospital.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Huehuetemixcatl

Edition of 1892. No confirmation of this person's existence outside of Appletons' and derived sources has as yet been located, but there is also no verifiable source which states the person is one of Appletons' fictitious entries. Use this information with extra caution.
​Huehuetemixcatl (way-way-tay-mix-cat'-tle), Toltec statesman, b. in the second quarter of the 11th century; d. in the beginning of the 12th century. He was educated by the Toltec king, Tecpantcalzin, and served under him in the army. This king died in 1071, and Topiltzin, the last of the Toltec kings, ascended the throne. The first year of his government was notable for a superabundance of rain, which destroyed the crop of grain, and in the following year plagues of grasshoppers and mice destroyed everything in the country. The superstition of the people interpreted these calamities as predicted by Huematzin, and considered that their last days had arrived. At this crisis the news arrived at Tula that the people of the south were in rebellion, and intended to attack Tula and destroy the city. The king tried to settle the matter in a peaceful manner, and sent an embassy to the rebels; but they answered that they were ready to go to Tula, and were not willing to accept a peace, but would subjugate the nation. When Topiltzin heard this answer, he communicated it to his people, and Huehuetemixcatl volunteered to go and punish the rebels. Accordingly he gathered a strong army, and began the campaign in 1099. The war lasted three years, in which time Huehuetemixcatl distinguished himself, preventing the rebels from advancing to the capital. But a revolution broke out in Tula itself, the capital was finally occupied by the rebels, and King Topiltzin was put to death. Huehuetemixcatl then surrendered, and went to Tula to preserve the historical paintings or sacred book, and to exert his influence among the conquerors to prevent the total ruin of his race and country. Seeing that it was impossible to live among the barbarians, he departed, accompanied by a few of his countrymen, and founded several of the cities in the valley of Mexico. The ruin of Tula took place in the year 1103. Some historians contend that this warrior and his sons were the founders of the celebrated nations of Yucatan, and others of those of Chiapas and Central America.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Huelen

Edition of 1892. No confirmation of this person's existence outside of Appletons' and derived sources has as yet been located, but there is also no verifiable source which states the person is one of Appletons' fictitious entries. Use this information with extra caution.
​HUELEN (way-leng'), Araucanian soldier, b. in Angol about 1540; d. near Osorno in 1603. He was cacique of the tribe of Trapan, and from his early youth acquired military knowledge in the wars against the Spaniards, so that after the death of toqui Colour, he was called by the united tribes to the chief command of the Araucanian forces in the beginning of 1599. Immediately he began to attack the forces of Gen. Viscarra, whom he kept at bay, and in July of that year gave battle to Gen. Quiñones in the plain of Yumbel, which lasted a whole day, and resulted in victory for the Spaniards, but with enormous losses. Two days afterward Huelen gathered his forces again and furiously attacked the unsuspecting Spaniards, whom he defeated. He had learned from the Spaniards their military tactics, and introduced great modifications into the Indian army, whom he also taught the management of the horses captured from the enemy. On 14 Nov., 1599, he surrounded the city of Valdivia with an army of 4,000 men, of whom 200 were covered with Spanish cuirasses, and 60 armed with arquebuses. He defeated the garrison in a sally, stormed the city, and put the whole garrison and many citizens to the sword, carried off the women, and after plundering the city burned it to the ground. For two years he continued to harass the Spaniards continuously. In 1601 he routed the forces under Alonso de Rivera, near Concepcion, and immediately attacked the city, which fell into his power and was razed to the ground. In 1602 he destroyed ​several colonies south of Bio-Bio, and in the beginning of 1603, with a powerful army, besieged the city of Osorno, but, after desperate efforts to capture it, retreated with the loss of many men. Scarcely a month had elapsed when he gathered a new army and appeared again before the fortress; but his advanced age and the results of many old wounds brought about his death before the siege had made any progress.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Hughes, Ball

Edition of 1892.
​HUGHES, Ball, sculptor, b. in London, England, 19 Jan., 1806; d. in Boston, Mass., 5 March, 1868. He early showed a fondness for modelling, and procured his first supply of wax by collecting candle-ends, with which he made a bass-relief copy of a picture, representing the judgment of Solomon, that was afterward cast in silver. His father placed him in the studio of Edward H. Baily, with whom he remained for seven years. During this time he gained important prizes, including a large silver medal that was given by the Royal academy for the best copy in bass-relief of the Apollo Belvedere, a silver medal from the Society of arts for a copy of the Barberine Faun, a large silver medal for the best original model from life, and a gold medal for an original composition called “Pandora brought to Earth by Mercury.” He also executed several ideal statues, and busts of George IV. and the Dukes of Cambridge, Sussex, and York, besides a statuette of George IV., that was afterward cast in bronze. He came to the United States in 1829, and settled first in New York, where he made in marble a statue of Alexander Hamilton for the Merchants' exchange, but it was destroyed by fire in 1835. The life-size monumental high-relief of Bishop Hobart of New York, now in the vestry of Trinity church, New York city, was made by him about this time. Later he resided in Dorchester, Mass., and there made “Little Nell” and the group “Uncle Toby and Widow Wadman,” which are preserved in plaster at the Boston athenæum, but never have been carved in marble. Among his later works are a model of an equestrian statue of Washington, intended for the city of Philadelphia, a “Crucifixion,” a statue in bronze of Nathaniel Bowditch that is now in Mount Auburn cemetery, a statuette of Gen. Joseph Warren, a bust of Washington Irving, and a “Mary Magdalen.” Mr. Hughes also lectured upon art, and attracted attention by his sketches that he made on wood with a hot iron.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Emerton, James Heney

Edition of 1900.
​EMERTON, James Heney, b. in Salem, Mass., in 1847. At the age of fifteen he began the study of natural history in the museum of the Essex institute in Salem, became assistant at the museum of the Boston society of natural history in 1873-'4, took charge of the Salem museum in 1879, and in 1880 became an assistant at the Yale college museum, and also an assistant on the U. S. fish commission. He stands at the head of natural history artists in the United States, and has drawn the illustrations for many scientific works, including Packard's “Guide to the Study of Insects” and most of Prof. Verrill's later publications. Mr. Emerton is the author of “Notes and Additions to a Second Edition of Hentz's Spiders of the United States” (1875); “Structures and Habits of Spiders” (1877); and “Life on the Seashore” (1880).
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Emery, Charles Edward

Edition of 1900.
​EMERY, Charles Edward, civil engineer, b. in Aurora, N. Y., 29 March, 1838. He was educated at the academy in Canandaigua, N. Y., and early developed a taste for engineering. In July, 1861, he entered the U. S. navy as third assistant engineer, and served on the “Richmond” during engagements at Pensacola, the Mississippi river passes, and finally under Farragut. In December, 1862, he was promoted to second assistant engineer, and participated in the blockading of Charleston. In December, 1867, he resigned, entered the employ of the Novelty iron works in New York city, and was general superintendent of the first fair of the American institute in its permanent quarters. In 1869 he engaged in business for himself, but soon afterward became consulting engineer of the U. S. coast survey and the U. S. revenue marine, and had charge of the construction of the vessels of the former service until its engineering department was put in the hands of the navy. In connection with chief-engineer Charles H. Loring, he instituted a series of experiments to determine the relative value of compound and non-compound engines, and his results were published in scientific journals at home and abroad. In 1879 he was appointed engineer of the New York steam company, and the entire plant of that company was constructed from his designs, and is now (1887) under his direction. The details were entirely new, as the similar work that had been done previously was on a small scale. He invented for this work expansion-joints made with thin copper corrugated diaphragms supported on backing plates, and a meter for registering steam when moving at a velocity of eighty feet a second and upward, together with numerous devices for overcoming difficulties encountered in the transmission through the streets, generation in the building, and the return of the water of condensation. Mr. Emery has made several inventions in connection with steam engines, and has conducted experiments for the purpose of testing the practicability of lining steam cylinders with non-conducting materials. He is one of the non-resident professors of Cornell university, and his lectures have been published in the “Scientific American” supplements. In 1879 he received the honorary degree of Ph. D. from the University of New York. He is the author of technical papers, principally relating to steam engineering, most of which have been contributed to the “Transactions” of the American society of civil engineers, or those of the American society of mechanical engineers, of which organizations he is a member.
# Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Embury, Philip

Edition of 1900.
​EMBURY, Philip, preacher, b. in Ballygaran, Ireland, 21 Sept., 1729; d. in Camden, Washington co., N. Y., in August, 1775. His parents were members of the colony of Germans that emigrated from the Palatinate to Ireland early in the eighteenth century, and in which Wesley labored with great success. Embury was educated at a school near Ballygaran, and learned the carpenter's trade. He was converted on Christmas day, 1752, became a local preacher in 1758, and in 1760 came to New York and worked at his trade. In common with his fellow-emigrants, he began to lose interest in religious matters, and did not preach in New York till 1766, when, moved by the reproaches of Barbara Heck, sometimes called the “foundress of American Methodism,” he began to hold services first in his own house on Barrack street, now Park place, and then in a rigging loft on what is now William street. (See Heck, Barbara.) The congregation thus formed was probably the first Methodist congregation in the United States, though it is a disputed question whether precedence should not be given to Robert Strawbridge, who began laboring in Maryland about this time. The first Methodist church was built under Embury's charge in 1768, on the site of the present John street church, and he himself worked on the building as a carpenter, and afterward preached there gratuitously. He resigned in 1769 and went to Camden, N. Y., where he continued to work at his trade during the week, preaching every Sunday. He organized among Irish emigrants at Ashgrove, near Camden, the first Methodist society within the bounds of what is now Troy conference. He died suddenly, in consequence of an accident in mowing, and was buried on a neighboring farm, but in 1832 his remains were removed to Ashgrove churchyard, and in 1866 to Woodland cemetery, Cambridge, N. Y., where in 1873 a monument to him was unveiled, with an address by Bishop Simpson.