# United States v. Erwin/Opinion of the Court

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* Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
147 U.S. 685
United States v. Erwin
This case depends upon the single question whether a district attorney is entitled to charge a per diem for services before a United States commissioner upon the same day that he is allowed a per diem for attendance upon the court.
By Rev. St. § 824, he is allowed five dollars 'for each day of his necessary attendance in a court of the United States on the business of the United States, when the court is held at the place of his abode, * * * and for his attendance when the court is held elsewere $5 for each day of the term' and also, 'for examination by a district attorney before a judge or commissioner of persons charged with crime, $5 a day for the time necessarily employed.' There is certainly no necessary incompatibility between these two clauses. In neither case is it required that he spend the entire day in attendance. If his attendance before the court be necessary, he is entitled to his per diem, though it may only be necessary to remain a few minutes; and if he attend before a United States commissioner, and the case be disposed of without requiring his presence the entire day, there is no reason why he is not as much entitled to his fees as the commissioner. U.S. v. Jones, 134 U.S. 483, 10 Sup. Ct. Rep. 615. In neither event can he draw more than $5, though he be engaged for the entire day, unless a case be in some manner finally disposed of by the court, when he becomes entitled, under another clause of the section, to an additional fee of from $5 to $50.
It is insisted, however, that Rev. St. § 831, prohibiting a double per diem or other allowance for attendance 'when the circuit and district courts sit at the same time,' should be construed as indicating that congress intended to legislate against double per diems in all cases, and that it should be extended to cases like this, where the per diem is claimed for services before a commissioner on the same day that it is allowed for attendance upon the court. Upon the contrary, we think it clear that congress did not intend to forbid a double per diem in such cases, and that the maxim 'expressio unius est exclusio alterius' should apply. Indeed, we have just held in U.S. v. Jones, 13 Sup. Ct. Rep. 437, that this statute should be limited to circuit and district courts sitting not only at the same time, but at the same place; and that, where the circuit court was sitting at one place in the district, and the district court at another, the clerk was entitled to his per diem in the one case and his deputy to a per diem in the other. The relative importance of the service rendered by the district attorney in court and before a commissioner is of no significance. In the one case the per diem is for attendance, though no service be rendered; in the other there must be an examination conducted or a proceeding taken incidental thereto, as was held in U.S. v. Jones, last above cited.
The judgment of the court below is therefore affirmed.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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