OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New Student's Reference Work/Audubon, John James

See also John James Audubon on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Audubon (aw' du-bon), John James, a distinguished American ornithologist, was born in 1780 in Louisiana. He was educated at Paris, his parents being of French origin. After returning to America, he married and went to live on .his plantation. He spent his time wandering through the woods, watching the habits of birds. Often he was gone for months entirely alone, in absolutely uninhabited regions. The varieties of birds which he observed he sketched at once.
After about fifteen years of such excursions, he proceeded to Philadelphia with his designs, intending to publish a work on the birds of North America. But while he was gone from the city all his papers were destroyed by rats, and he was obliged to go back to the forests and begin his work again. Four years later he took his new designs to England and in 1830 appeared the first volume of The Birds of America, containing 100 plates. In 1839 the work was completed, and at the same time was published a description of American birds to accompany the volume of plates. Audubon published another book in 1846–50 on the quadrupeds of America. He died at New York, January 27, 1851.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Attila

See also Attila the Hun on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
At'tila, the Scourge of God, born about 406 A. D., was son of the king of the Huns, and in 434 succeeded his uncle as king of countless hordes scattered over the north of Asia and Europe. He was regarded by the Huns with reverence but by the Christians with dread. He is said to have received the title Scourge of God from a hermit in Gaul. His power at one time reached from the Rhine to the frontiers of China. In 447 he laid waste the entire region between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. All the people, it is related, were either destroyed or forced to follow him against his enemies. The Emperor Theodosius was completely defeated by him, and seventy large cities were destroyed. A few years later, in 451, Attila marched westward against Gaul. There he was met in the valley of the Marne by Theodoric, king of the Visigoths, and by Aëtius, leader of the Romans. After a terrible battle, Attila was completely defeated and barely escaped with his life. The old historians speak of the battle as one of the most bloody the world ever saw, and it was of the greatest importance, because it prevented the inferior races of the east from destroying the beginnings of new civilization in the west. Not less than 252,000 men are said to have been left dead upon the field. Attila resolved to fire his wagons and cast himself into the flames rather than be taken captive, but Aëtius allowed him to retreat without harm.
The next year he made a raid into Italy, destroying many cities and driving the people into the mountains. Rome itself was saved only by the bravery of Pope Leo I, who visited Attila and is said to have so awed him by the majesty of his appearance that he gave up his intention of burning the city. He died in 453, while preparing for another attack upon Italy, from the rupture of a blood-vessel on the day of his marriage. His body was put into three coffins, the first of gold, the second of silver and the third of iron, and the men who made his grave were put to death, that no one might know where he was buried. He is described as of very short stature, with large head and flowing hair, small piercing eyes and broad shoulders.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Peter, King of Servia

See also Peter I of Yugoslavia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Peter, King of Servia, was born at Belgrade in 1846. His grandfather was George Petrovitch, known as Czerny George, who led the Servians in their struggle for independence against the Turks and whose son, Alexander, was made reigning prince in 1842, but deposed by the National Assembly in 1858 and subsequently banished. Peter was put to school in Hungary, and later entered the French military school of St. Cyr. He graduated, became an officer in the French army, and served with distinction in the Franco-German war. He was captured three times by the Germans, but each time escaped. Afterwards he for years lived a life of extravagance and dissipation in Paris. Then, aroused by the troubles in the Balkans, he actively encouraged the rising of 1875–6 in Herzegovina which culminated in the Russo-Turkish war of 1877–8 and the complete establishment of Servian independence. After a period of roving he went to Montenegro and in 1883 married the Princess Zarka, the oldest daughter of Prince Nicholas. This marriage eventually served to connect him both with the Russian and the Italian court. Princess Zarka died in 1890, and Peter went to Geneva, Switzerland, to put his children in school, where he lived quietly until 1903. On June 11th, 1903, the king and queen of Servia (q. v.) were murdered. Peter was elected king four days later. He entered Belgrade, after an absence of forty years, on June 24th, and on the following day took the oath of office and assumed the regular royal rights and duties. He received his crown on October 9th, 1904.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Pepsin

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​Pep'sin, a substance contained in the gastric juice and the mucous membrane of the stomach, to which the gastric juice largely owes its power of dissolving the contents of the stomach and converting them into chyme. Various plans have been devised for extracting pepsin from the stomachs of calves, pigs and other animals; but it has never yet been obtained in its purity, and its chemical constitution is unknown. Pepsin has been used to a considerable extent in medical practice in cases of weak or disordered digestion; and it is an ingredient in most of the digestive preparations now in the market.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Petals

See also Petal on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Pet′als, the individual parts of the corolla or inner set of floral leaves. The petals are usually the showy members of a flower, their size, delicacy of texture and color giving it its character. See Flower.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Petard

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​Petard (pē-tärd′), an instrument for blowing open the gates of a fortress or demolishing palisades. It consisted of an iron or wooden case filled with powder and ball; this was firmly fastened to a plank provided with hooks, by which it was securely attached to a gate. The petard, which was lighted by a slow match, has been superseded by powder-bags.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Peter II

See also Peter II of Russia on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Peter II (of Russia), the sole male representative of Peter the Great, being the son of the unfortunate Alexei, was born at St. Petersburg, Oct. 23, 1715. On the death of Catherine I he ascended the throne in 1727, but after a reign of a little over two years, died of the smallpox, Jan. 29, 1730,
# The New Student's Reference Work/Peter III

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Peter III (Feodorovitch, of Russia), grandson of Peter the Great, being the son of his oldest daughter, Anna Petrowna, was born at Kiel, Jan. 29, 1728, and in 1742 was declared by Czarina Elizabeth her successor. Peter succeeded Elizabeth on her death in 1762, and his first act of authority was to restore East Prussia to Frederick the Great, whom he greatly admired, and to send to his aid a force of 15,000 men. He also recalled a great many political exiles from Siberia. While he was arranging a campaign to take Sleswick from Denmark, soon after his inauguration an insurrection, headed by his wife and the principal nobles, broke out against him in St. Petersburg, a conspiracy which originated in the discontent over his liberal policy, his preference for the Germans, his indifference to the national religion and his servility to Frederick the Great. The result of this conspiracy was that Peter was declared to have forfeited his crown, and was soon after strangled in his bed in 1762 by Orloff and other conspirators. He was succeeded by his wife as Catherine II.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Pesth

See also Pest, Hungary on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Pesth or, rather, Budapest, is the capital of Hungary and, next to Vienna, the second city in Austria-Hungary. Pesth stands on the left, Buda on the right, bank of the Danube, 170 miles from Vienna, and since 1873 the two have been one municipality. The towns are connected by chain bridges and a railway bridge. Buda is much the older town, Pesth being an essentially, modern place — the growth of the 19th century principally. It has many fine streets and squares, and the buildings are noted for their large size and substantial appearance. Among them may be mentioned the Jewish synagogue, the parish church, the national museum and the parliament house. While Pesth stands on a plain, Buda is built on small, steep hills, and is backed by vine-clad slopes. Population of both towns 880,371. See Budapest.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Pepper, William

See also William Pepper on Wikipedia, William Pepper on Wikisource, and the disclaimer.
​Pep'per, William, an American physician, educator, author and benefactor, was born at Philadelphia, Aug. 21, 1843, and educated at the University of Pennsylvania (q. v.), from which he took both his classical and his medical diploma. He was elected provost of the university in 1881; and during his incumbency of 13 years it became a new institution, one of the foremost in the Union. So great was his devotion to the university, that he not only gave his services free but contributed many thousands of dollars out of his own private fortune toward its various endowments. He died on July 28, 1898.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Pepys, Samuel

See also Samuel Pepys on Wikipedia, Samuel Pepys on Wikisource, and the disclaimer.
​Pepys (pěp′ǐs, pēps or pǐps), Samuel, a notable English diarist, born in 1683, died in 1703. His famous Diary deals with the era of the Restoration, and is replete with minute and curious facts concerning the times in which its author lived. The Diary was written in cipher, and was not discovered and published until 1825.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Peoria, Ill.

See also Peoria, Illinois on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Peo′ria, Ill., a large and enterprising city on Illinois River, 62 miles north of Springfield and 160 southwest of Chicago. It is an important railway center, the union depot being used by ten of the railway lines that meet at this point, and is connected by steamboat navigation with the Mississippi. It contains among other prominent buildings, a courthouse, postoffice, public library, Roman Catholic cathedral and a Congregational church. Its charitable institutions include three homes for the aged, three hospitals and other institutions. Besides an unexcelled system of public schools, it has several parochial schools, a German school under the patronage of the German Turners, Spalding Institute (R. C.) for boys, founded by Bishop J. L. Spalding, Sacred Heart Academy (R. C.) for girls and Bradley Polytechnic Institute, founded by Mrs. Lydia Bradley in 1897, endowed with $2,000,000 by her and affiliated with Chicago University. Peoria manufactures whiskey, agricultural implements, automobiles, wire fences and other products. It has several meatpacking houses, and takes first rank in its distillery products. Its distilleries number ten and consume 60,000 bushels of corn daily. Peoria is per capita the richest city in the United States. Population 66,950.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Burgundy

See also Burgundy on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Bur′gundy (bûr′gŭn-dĭ), the name, at different times, of three kingdoms, of a duchy and lastly of a French province. The first kingdom was formed about 406, by the Burgundians, a German people who crossed the Rhine and extended their dominion over the Saône and the Rhone. They were converted to Christianity in eight days. About 100 years later they were conquered by the Franks, but the country still kept its name. About 300 years later, when the Carlovingian Empire was broken up, two kingdoms were formed from a part of old Burgundy, and called Lower Burgundy and Upper Burgundy, which afterward were united and finally fell under the power of Germany. The remaining portion of old Burgundy meanwhile had become a powerful duchy of France. In the first family of the dukes of Burgundy there was a succession of twelve, who were among the most powerful princes of their time and were noted for their loyalty to the French kings. This family came to an end, and soon after the duchy was given by the French King John, to his son, Philip the Bold. This duke and his three successors, John the Fearless, Philip the Good and Charles the Bold, are among the most famous historical characters of their age. The last two had royal power, and owned, besides Burgundy, the Netherlands and several other countries. After the death of Charles the Bold, the duchy of Burgundy became a province of France. This province included the present departments of Côte-d'Or, Saône-et-Loire and Yonne, with parts of adjoining departments. Burgundy wines, which are famous, are produced in these departments and named after the old province.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Burlingame, Anson

See also Anson Burlingame on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Burlingame (bûr′lĭn-gām), Anson, an American statesman, born at New Berlin, New York, in 1820. He studied at the University of Michigan, and at the Harvard Law School, and began the practice of law in Boston. In 1853 he was elected to the senate of Massachusetts, and one year later to Congress, helping to form during the following year the new Republican party. In 1861 President Lincoln appointed him minister to China. In 1867 he intended to give up his position and return to America, but the regent of the Chinese Empire appointed him special Chinese ambassador to the United States and the countries of Europe, to make treaties between China and other nations. In July, 1868, he succeeded in getting new articles added to the old treaty between China and the United States, which gave the citizens of each country many privileges in the other, such as religious freedom and the right of founding schools. This is known as the Burlingame treaty. Mr. Burlingame then secured special treaties between most of the European powers and China, and was at St. Petersburg, negotiating a Chinese treaty with Russia, when he died in 1870.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Burne-Jones, Sir Edward C.

See also Edward Burne-Jones on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Burne-Jones, Sir Edward C., a notable English painter, much admired in his day as a fine colorist, and clever also as an artistic stained-glass designer. Born at Birmingham in 1833 and educated at King Edward's School there, he entered Exeter College, Oxford, in his twentieth year, but shortly afterwards withdrew to study art under the influence of Dante G. Rossetti. Settling in London, he drew much from real life both in water-colors and in oil, his pictures possessing much brilliancy as well as purity of hue. He is classed among the Pre-Raphaelites, but himself free from the whilom extravagances of that school of art. In 1881 Burne-Jones received from Oxford the honorary degree of D.C.L., and in 1885 was elected President of the Royal Birmingham Society of Artists and made an Associate of the Royal Academy of Arts, London. The latter he resigned in 1893 when he became one of the founders of the New Gallery, where and at the Grosvenor Gallery, in the British metropolis, most of his pictures were first exhibited. In 1894 the artist was made a baronet, elected an honorary Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, and was decorated with the French Legion of Honor. At an early period in his career he came under the influence of Ruskin; while, besides his varied and magnificent work as a painter, he did much as a designer of mosaics for church windows, at Oxford and elsewhere in Eng-and, as well as for the apse of the American Church at Rome. Among his best known oil paintings are King Cophetua and the Beggar Maid, The Resurrection, The Annunciation, The Golden Stair, Merlin and Vivien, Pygmalion and the Image. His principal water-colors include The Days of Creation, The Wine of Circe and the series known as Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter, Day and Night. Sir Edward Burne-Jones died in London in 1898.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Burke, Edmund

See also Edmund Burke on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​Burke, Edmund, a British statesman and author, was born at Dublin, Ireland, in 1729.
EDMUND BURKE He graduated at Dublin University, and proceeded to London to study law, but abandoned it for literary work. He wrote two works in 1756, the most famous of which is a study of the origin of our ideas of The Sublime and the Beautiful. Soon after he became acquainted with the celebrated Dr. Samuel Johnson, who said of him that “no man of sense could meet Mr. Burke by accident under a gateway, to avoid a shower, without being convinced that he was the first man in England.” In 1765 he entered parliament, and at once became prominent because of his wide knowledge and learned speeches. In 1769 and 1770 he published two pamphlets which were widely read, called The Present State of the Nation and Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontent. He was a great student of American affairs, and his papers and speeches during the Revolutionary War made him unpopular with many people in England. At the same time he was greatly interested in English affairs in India, and led the trial of Warren Hastings for corrupt government in India. When the French Revolution broke out, Burke at first favored it; but when he saw the leaders were becoming lawless and violent, he opposed it. His Reflections on the French Revolution was the most popular paper on the subject written in England; but it separated him from his former political friends, who were strongly in favor of the Revolutionary party. He wrote many other papers, but left Parliament in 1794. He died in 1797. Burke was one of the most famous orators England ever had, and his writings are wonderful examples of beautiful English.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Burlington

See also Burlington, Iowa on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Bur′lington, a city in Iowa, county seat of Des Moines County, on the west bank of the Mississippi. It is a beautiful and healthful city, the business portion being built along the river, while the residences are on high bluffs, from which there is a fine view up and down the river. The city has good public schools, besides Burlington Institute College and a Roman Catholic Academy. Notable in the city are the municipal buildings, opera house and public library. Coal is extensively mined near the city, making it a favorable place for manufactures, among which there are flour and saw mills, foundries, soap factories, breweries and pork-packing establishments, agricultural tools, furniture, etc. Population in 1910, 24,640.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Burnett, Frances Hodgson

See also Frances Hodgson Burnett on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
* FRANCES H. BURNETT
Burnett′, Frances Hodgson, an American novelist, was born at Manchester, England, in 1849. In 1865 her family came to America and settled in Tennessee, where she began writing stories. Her first story was published in a magazine in 1867. In 1873 she married Dr L. M. Burnett, of Knoxville, Tenn. They removed later to Washington, D. C. Her first novel, That Lass o' Lowries, was published in Scribner's Magazine in 1876-77, and made her reputation. Her second novel, Haworth's, was published in Scribner and also in Macmillan's Magazine (London). A child's story, Little Lord Fauntleroy, was very popular, and has appeared also as a play acted on the stage. Her later stories are A Lady of Quality, His Grace of Ormonde and The Shuttle.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Burlesques

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​Burlesques, a class of literary or dramatic compositions of the nature of parody or travesty, which date from classic times, and have had a considerable vogue in Italy whence the term (from the word burla which means raillery, mockery or jesting) is derived. Burlesques have also been much written in France, in England and in this country, the design of their authors being to travesty some well-known work, or to present a subject in a humorous or even a ludicrous aspect and treating it in a light, playful, jocose manner. Ancient examples can be traced back to the era of Aristophanes and to Hipponax of Ephesus (6th century B. C.), the latter being deemed the father of burlesque poetry. Its modern examples are those found in Italian literature, in the writing especially of Berni and Gozzi, whose most successful imitators were Sarrazin and Scarron in France, Chaucer, Beaumont and Fletcher, Butler in his Hudibras, the brothers Horace and James Smith in their Rejected Addresses. In dramatic burlesques the most notable example is Molière in France, and of the lighter order, Burnand, W. S. Gilbert and Plandie in England. The Gil Blas of Le Sage and Don Quixote of Cervantes are renowned examples of burlesque. In England many instances of burlesque and diverting poetic effusion are to be met with in the poems of Thomas Hood, Praed, Cocker, Calverley and Dobson. In this country plentiful examples will be found in the writings of Dr. O. W. Holmes and in ​our innumerable humorists and dialect writers.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Burlington, N. J.

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​ Bur′lington (bŭr′ling-ton), N. J., city and port of entry in the county of the same name, on the Delaware River, 19 miles northeast of Philadelphia and on the Pennsylvania Railroad. Here are situated Burlington College, and St. Mary's (P. E.) Hall for Girls, and the town has an opera house and a good public library, besides churches and schools. Its industries embrace iron pipe, stove and carriage works, harness and shoe-making establishments, also canned goods, besides berrying and market gardening. The city owns and operates its own water-works, its charter as a city dating from 1851, with revision in 1868. Population (1910), 8,336.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Burlington, Vermont

See also Burlington, Vermont on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Bur′lington, Vermont, a city and port of entry in Chittenden County, Vermont, on Lake Champlain. It is the seat of the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College, of the Vermont Episcopal Institute, (for boys) and of Bishop Hopkins Hall (for girls). The Mary Fletcher Carnegie Library Building. The city has Fletcher Free Library now housed in a Carnegie Library Building. The city has an extensive trade in lumber and in the manufactured products of lumber, in stone and marble and in proprietary medicines. Good water-power is furnished by the Winooski River and large cotton and woolen mills are situated here.
The public schools of the city have an enviable reputation, the parochial schools are largely attended, and there are two commercial colleges. Burlington is the educational center for a wide region of country. It is noted for its beauty of situation, for its wide and well kept streets, for its handsome private residences and for its fine public buildings. It has a municipal electric lighting plant. Population, 20,468.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Christiania

See also Oslo on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Christiania, capital of Norway, was named after Christian IV, who began to build the city in 1624. The national parliament, the storthing, with its two houses, the Lagting and the Odelting, meets here. It has a large university, a fine observatory, two palaces of the king of Norway and a national picture-gallery. An interesting establishment in vogue here is the Steam Kitchen, which provides good and cheap dinners for working people. The great industry is its shipping trade, both foreign and coasting. Its chief exports are of timber and fish. Population, 241,834.