OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pailleron, Édouard Jules Henri

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​PAILLERON, ÉDOUARD JULES HENRI (1834–1899), French poet and dramatist, was born in Paris on the 17th of September 1834. He was educated for the bar, but after pleading a single case he entered the first dragoon regiment and served for two years. With the artist J. A. Beaucé he travelled for some time in northern Africa, and soon after his return to Paris in 1860 he produced a volume of satires, Les Parasites, and a one-act piece, Le Parasite, which was represented at the Odéon. He married in 1862 the daughter of François Buloz, thus obtaining a share in the proprietorship of the Revue des deux mondes. In 1869 he produced at the Gymnase theatre Les Faux menages, a fouract comedy depending for its interest on the pathetic devotion of the Magdalene of the story. L’Étincelle (1879), a brilliant one-act comedy, secured another success, and in 1881 with Le Monde où l’on s’ennuie Pailleron produced one of the most strikingly successful pieces of the period. The play ridiculed contemporary academic society, and was filled with transparent allusions to well-known people. None of his subsequent efforts achieved so great a success. Pailleron was elected to the French Academy in 1882, and died on the 20th of April 1899.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pint

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​PINT (derived probably through Spanish, from Lat. pincta, picta, a painted or marked vessel), a liquid measure of capacity, equivalent to 1/8 of a gallon The imperial British pint=.57 of a litre, 34.66 cub. in. The United States standard pint=.47 of a litre, 287/8 cub. in. The word appears in French as pinte for a liquid measure as early as the 13th century.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Piombino

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​PIOMBINO, a seaport of Tuscany, Italy, in the province of Pisa, 8 m. by rail W.S.W. of Campiglia Marittima (which is 53 m. S.S.E. of Pisa), 62 ft. above sea-level, at the southern extremity of the peninsula of the Monte Massoncello. Pop. (1901), 5979 (town), 7703 (commune). It is surrounded by old walls, and contains some interesting Renaissance works by a master of about 1458 under the influence of Alberti. It is the port of embarkation for Elba, the nearest point of which is about 6 m. to the south-west, and originally belonged to Pisa. It gives the title of prince to the Buoncompagni Ludovisi family, who, however, no longer own it.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pinto

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​PINTO. The remarkable brown, black and blue spots of discoloration of the whole body met with endemically in Mexico, Panama, Colombia and Venezuela, and known under the name of “ pinto ” or “ mal de los pintos,” were first claimed by Gastambide (Presse med. Belle, 1881, Nos. 33–41) as due to the presence of a vegetable parasite, whose spores and even mycelial filaments may be detected among the deeper rows of cells of the rete mucosum. The disease appears to be one of the many forms of morbus miseriae; but it is contagious, and is sometimes seen in the well-to-do. In some villages of the western districts of Tabasco (Mexico) it has been estimated that 9% of the inhabitants suffer from the pinto; M'Clellan says that in 1826 in the City of Mexico he saw a whole regiment of “ pintados.”
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pioneer

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​PIONEER, properly a foot-soldier (Med. Lat. pedo, pedonis, through O. Fr. peonnier, pionnier, cf. “pawn”) who with spade, axe and other implements, precedes an army or smaller military body, and clears or makes a road, digs entrenchments, prepares a camping ground, &c. The word is thus applied to all who, actually or figuratively, are first in exploring or working an undiscovered or undeveloped country or field of inquiry.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pinwell, George John

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​PINWELL, GEORGE JOHN (1842–1875), British water-colour painter, was born at Wycombe, and educated at Heatherley’s Academy. He is one of the most interesting personalities in the little group of water-colour painters which included Frederick Walker and A. B. Houghton, a group whose style was directly derived from the practice of drawing upon wood for book illustration. He was one of the most delightful book illustrators of his day, poetic in imagination, with considerable inventive pow er and an admirable sense of colour. As he died young his works are few, but their promise was so great that had he lived he would probably have attained a very high position His early life was one of considerable privation. In 1862 he entered at Heatherley’s studio and there obtained his art education. His earliest drawings appeared in Lilliput Levée. He did a little work for Fun and executed several designs for the silversmiths, Elkingtons. In 1863 his first drawing appeared in Once a Week, and from that time his work was in constant demand. There are many of his compositions in Good Words, The Sunday Magazine, The Quiver and London Society, but his most important productions made for the Dalziel brothers were illustrations of Goldsmith, of Jean Ingelow’s poems, Robert Buchanan’s Ballads of the Affections, and the Arabian Nights.
Of Pinwell’s pictures in colour, which are distinguished by a remarkable, jewel-like quality and marked by his strong love of pure, bright colour and opalescent effect, the chief are the two scenes from the Pied Piper of Hamelin, Gilbert à Becket’s Troth, Out of Tune or The Old Cross, A Seat in St James’s Park, and The Elixir of Life.
In 1874 Pinwell fell seriously ill and went to Africa for the winter. He painted several remarkable pictures at Tangier, but his strength gradually broke down and he returned to die in his wife’s arms on the 8th of September 1875. Pinwell was an exhibitor at the Dudley gallery, and in 1869 was elected associate of the Royal Water-Colour Society and full member in 1870; to this gallery he contributed fifty-nine works. A posthumous exhibition of his works was held in 1876 in Bond Street.
See Life of George J. Pinwell, by George C. Williamson, quarto, 1900.  (G. C. W.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pinto, Aníbal

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​PINTO, ANÍBAL (1825-1884), Chilean president, was born at Santiago, Chile. After a diplomatic training in the legation at Rome he learned the practice of administration as intendente of Concepcion, and from 1871 to 1876 was minister of war and marine under Errázuriz During his term of office as president (1876 to 1881) Pinto had to deal first with a severe financial crisis, and then to conduct the struggle with Peru and Bolivia, in which he displayed great coolness of judgment and devotion to duty.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pio di Savoia

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​PIO DI SAVOIA, an ancient noble Italian family, first mentioned by good authorities in the 14th century. From the house of Este (q.v.) they received the lordship of Carpi, and later they acquired the fiefs of Meldola, Sassuolo, &c. Many members of the family were distinguished as condottieri, diplomats and ecclesiastics. Alberto Pio obtained from the house of Savoy in 1450 the privilege of adding “di Savoia” to his name as a reward for his military services. Another Alberto Pio (1475–1551), who was French ambassador in Rome, won fame as a man of learning, and Cardinal Rodolfo Pio (1516–1564) was a trusted adviser to Pius III. and helped to establish the Inquisition at Milan Ascanio Pio (d. 1649) was a dramatic poet of some merit. Spain conferred the title of prince on the family, and one branch of it is to this day established in Spain.
See P. Litta, Le Famiglie celebri italiane (Milan); G. Campori Memorie storiche di Marco Pio di Savoia (Modena, 1876), A. Ceriani and G. Porro, “Il Rotolo epistografo dei principi Pio di Savoia,” in the Archivio storico lombardo, ser II. an. XI. fasc. 1, ser. III. an. VIII 96, and ser. III. an. XIX. 453.
# A Brief Review of the Labour Movement in Japan/Part 3/Chapter 4

CHAPTER IV.
Legal Position of Trade Union.
There is no law directly prohibiting the formation of the Trade Unions nor recognizing them. Convinced of the impossibility of wiping out the workers' combinations, the government is now drafting a bill which is expected to be brought forward at the session of the Diet in 1922, in order to restrict the sphere of labour movement and to destroy the true proletarian Union.
Although Japanese workers have never experienced such a brutal suppression of their associations as the British workers did in 1800–1824, and the Russian in 1874, the Article 17 of Police Law (1900), which punishes the instigation for strikes and for the increase of Trade Union membership, is effective enough to hamper the Trade Union activities. The following figure shows, how many strike leaders are thrown into prison every year by the Law.
| Year. | Imprisoned. | Imprisoned. | Strikes. | Strikes. |
| Year. | Cases. | Men. | Cases. | Strikes |
| 1914 | 4 | 14 | 50 | 7,900 |
| 1915 | 4 | 50 | 65 | 7,850 |
| 1916 | 16 | 40 | 108 | 8,500 |
| 1917 | 21 | 155 | 311 | 50,600 |
| 1918 | 34 | 375 | 417 | 66,500 |
If we count the victims arrested under the charge of „breach of peace“, etc. by Criminal Law and Press Law, they reach a considerable number.
# A Brief Review of the Labour Movement in Japan/Part 3/Chapter 3

CHAPTER III.
Constitution, and the Yuai-kai.
It is rather a curious feature that the structure of Craft Unionism is not very popular among the Japanese workers, and the existing Unions are for the most. part constructed on the unit of factory committee, including all grades of the employees. But it is inevitable in such an immature state that the members are in fact chiefly composed of the skilled workers.
Among the rest, the „Yuai-kai“ or the „General Federation of Labour of Japan, Yuai-kai“ occupies a peculiar position in the Trade Union structure. Accordingly, it will be well to glance briefly at its constitution and strength. At the last Conference, it determined to become a federal body of Unions of Federations which are organised on the basis either of industry, trade, workshop or area, regardless of craft or skill. All units enjoy es a rule a great deal of autonomy. But in practice the Yuai-kai is more strongly united than a mere Federation. The Central Committee (elected at the Conference) has not only the right to order strikes of all affiliated bodies, but is always interfering in important businesses of the Unions. Where Unions or Branches are massed, there is a Local Committee (Tokyo, Osaka, Kobe, Kyoto, etc.). From the administrative point, the country is divided into three wide District Committees (Eastern, Western, Kyushu) and two Industrial sections (All Japanese Miners' Federation and Seamen's Union of Japan). At the present moment, it includes several industries and trades: iron, steel, shipbuilding, mining, shipping, textile and miscellaneous trades (tailoring, building, gum-producing, etc.). It claims 30,000 ​membership and 150 Unions or Branches covering the whole country (from Hokkaido to Manchuria).
# A British-Roman Song

* information about this edition.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
From Puck of Pook's Hill (1906), where it accompanies the story "A Centurion of the Thirtieth".
A BRITISH-ROMAN SONG
(A.D. 406)
My father's father saw it not, And I, belike, shall never come
To look on that so-holy spot— That very Rome—
Crowned by all Time, all Art, all Might, The equal work of Gods and Man, City beneath whose oldest height— The Race began!
Soon to send forth again a brood, Unshakable, we pray, that clings To Rome's thrice-hammered hardihood— In arduous things.
Strong heart with triple armour bound, Beat strongly, for thy life-blood runs, Age after Age, the Empire round— In us thy Sons
Who, distant from the Seven Hills, Loving and serving much, require Thee—thee to guard 'gainst home-born ills The Imperial Fire!
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1936, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 87 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# A Brief Review of the Labour Movement in Japan/Part 3/Chapter 5

CHAPTER V.
International Relations.
Owing to the isolated position of their country, to concentration of their energy on the campaigns against their internal enemy, to their youth, and to their undeveloped class consiousness, the Japanese Trade Unions have taken no part in international affairs, except a mere fraternal relation of the Yuai-kai with the American Federation of Labour, some personal connections with Chinese and Korean workers and Socialists, and the accidental intercourse of a few Japanese workers with the Western champions of yellow Unions at the International Labour Conference (at Washington and Genoa).
Recently we learned the Amsterdam Trade Union International is trying to create some relationship with the Japanese Trade Unions.
At any rate, it is of great importance that the huge land of the Far East has been not yet stained by the yellow colour of Internationalism.
# A Brief Review of the Labour Movement in Japan/Part 3/Chapter 6

CHAPTER VI.
Communism and Trade Unions.
In conclusion I wish to consider an important issue that in Japan the Trade Unions should play by far the principal role in the future development of Communism more than in European countries. The reason is rather plain. In our country most of the leading Unions sprang up for, or as as a result of, the fighting against the employer, and not for the mere friendly benefit nor protection of their craft privileges. Therefore, they are comparatively free from narrow-minded and exclusive spirit, free from such a superstition as draws the futile line of demarcation between industry and politics, between industrial and political action—the political „neutrality“—as British Trade Unionists like to do. In other words, from the very beginning the Japanese Trade Union has been fulfilling both industrial and political functions; and the Trade Union constitutes by itself a Political or Socialist body.
Again, it is only the Trade Union in Japan which openly combines the mass of industrial workers in a permanent form. And the government is now compelled to recognise it as one of the social powers and also to permit it more freedom than to Socialists and Communists who ​are under the extreme watch of the authority, and this not because o any moderation of Trade Union leaders but because it is backed by the powerful mass forces. Consequently, it is obvious that there is no other way to influence, to capture the mass of the workers for Communism than through existing (more or less legal) Trade Union organisations, whether they are not revolutionary enough or are so.
In short, the Japanese Trade Union is not merely in a position exceedingly sensible to revolutionary ideas, but also constitutes the sole school of the masses for Communism. Nothing is more absurd, more harmful, more criminal than to neglect, to desert the proletarian mass organisations: particularly so in Japan.
The Japanese government pays a great deal of attention to the national education. The official record tells us that more than 98 per cent of the children of school age go to school; (the elementry school is compulsory—6 to 12 years of age—and, as a rule, free). Since 1920, the regular lectures on the social, economic, and political subjects for the workers were started by the Yuai-kai in Tokyo, Osaka, and Kobe.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Armin, Friedrich Sixt von

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ARMIN, FRIEDRICH SIXT VON (1851-), German general, was born at Wetzlar Nov. 27 1851. He took part in the war of 1870-1 and was severely wounded at St. Privat. After having occupied different positions on the General Staff, he was appointed in 1903 Director of the General Department of War in the Prussian War Ministry, and in 1911 General-in-Command of the IV. Army Corps at Magdeburg. During the World War he led his corps as a part of the First and of the Sixth Army; he was appointed in 1917 Chief-in-Command of the Fourth Army in Flanders, where he succeeded, in the spring offensive in 1918, in taking Armentières and the Kemmel Hill. At the close of the war he retired from the army.
# 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Armour, Ogden

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ARMOUR [Jonathan], OGDEN (1863-), American merchant and capitalist, was born in Milwaukee, Wis., Nov. 11 1863. Preparing for college in Chicago, where his father, Philip D. Armour (see 2.578), was a pioneer in the meat-packing industry, he entered Yale in 1881 but did not finish his course. In 1883 he entered the business of Armour & Co., and was made a partner the following year. After the death of his father in 1901 he became president and general manager of Armour & Co., which had been incorporated in Illinois in 1900. Under his guidance the business widely expanded. In 1918 in the United States alone it owned 14 slaughtering plants and 392 branch houses, with refrigeration capacity of 15,170 tons per day; the sum paid for live stock in one year was $517,951,026. The company was also engaged in the preparation of by-products, such as fertilizer, glue, soap and hair. Total sales grew from about $250,000,000 in 1910 to about $1,038,000,000 in 1919; total net income from $9,808,303 to $27,186,124. On Feb. 27 1920 an agreement with the Government, resulting from a threatened suit, was filed in the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia requiring Armour & Co. (as well as Swift & Co., Morris & Co., Wilson & Co. and the Cudahy Packing Company, all together popularly called the “Big Five” packers) to begin immediately and within two years finish the sale of “all their holdings in public stock-yards, stock-yard railroads and terminals, and their interests in market newspapers and public cold-storage warehouses, and forever to dissociate themselves from the retail meat business and food lines unrelated to meat packing.” This would restrict them to wholesale business in meat, poultry, eggs, butter and cheese.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Trachelium

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​TRACHELIUM (Gr. τράχηλος, neck), the term in architecture given to the neck of the capital of the Doric and Ionic orders. In the Greek Doric capital it is the space between the annulets of the echinus and the grooves which marked the junction of the shaft and capital; in some early examples, as in the basilica and temple of Ceres at Paestum and the temple at Metapontum, it forms a sunk concave moulding, which by the French is called the gorge. In the Roman Doric and the Ionic orders the term is given by modern writers to the interval between the lowest moulding of the capital and the top of the astragal and fillet, which were termed the “hypotrachelium” (q.v.).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Trachoma

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​TRACHOMA, the name given to a chronic destructive form of inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye (see Eye: Diseases), or “granular conjunctivitis” (Egyptian ophthalmia). It is a contagious disease, associated with dirty conditions, and common in Egypt, Arabia and parts of Europe, especially among the lower class of Jews. Hence it has become important, in connexion with the alien immigration into the United Kingdom and America, and the rejection of those who are afflicted with it. It is important that all cases should be isolated, and that the spread of the infection should be prevented.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Toy, Crawford Howell

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​TOY, CRAWFORD HOWELL (1836–), American Hebrew scholar, was born in Norfolk, Virginia, on the 23rd of March 1836. He graduated at the university of Virginia in 1856, and studied at the university of Berlin in 1866–1868. In 1869–1879 he was professor of Hebrew in the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary (first in Greenville, South Carolina, and after 1877 in Louisville, Kentucky), and in 1880 he became professor of Hebrew and Oriental languages in Harvard University, where until 1903 he was also Dexter lecturer on biblical literature.
He wrote The Religion of Israel (1882); Quotations from the Old Testament in the New Testament (1834); Judaism and Christianity (1890); and the Book of Proverbs (1899) in the “International Critical Commentary”; and edited a translation of Erdmann’s commentary on Samuel (1877) in Lange’s commentaries.; Murray’s Origin of the Psalms (1880); and, in Haupt’s Sacred Books of the Old Testament, the Book of Ezekiel (Hebrew text and English version, 1899).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tracheotomy

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​TRACHEOTOMY, the operation of opening the trachea or windpipe (see Respiratory System) and inserting a tube (canula) to provide a means of breathing when the natural air-passage is obstructed. The operation is by no means easy when performed on a small child, for the wind-pipe is deeply placed amongst important structures. The chief anxiety is in connexion with hemorrhage, for the vessels are large and generally overfull on account of the impairment of the respiration. The higher the opening is made in the trachea the easier and safer is the operation.