OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Scoter

See also Scoter on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SCOTER, a word of doubtful origin, perhaps a variant of “Scout,” one of the many local names shared in common by the guillemot (q.v.) and the razorbill (q.v.), or perhaps primarily connected with coot (q.v.), the English name of the Anas nigra of Linnaeus, a bird which with some allied species has been justifiably placed in a distinct genus, Oedemia (often misspelt Oidemia)—a name coined in reference to the swollen appearance of the base of the bill. The scoter is also very generally known around the British coasts as the “black duck” from the male being, with the exception of a stripe of orange that runs down the ridge of the bill, wholly of that colour. In the representative American form, Oe. americana, the protuberance at the base of the bill, black in the European bird, is orange as well. Of all ducks the scoter has the most marine habits, keeping the sea in all weathers, and rarely resorting to land except for the purpose of breeding. Even in summer small flocks of scoters may generally be seen in the tideway at the mouth of any of the larger British rivers or in mid-channel, while in autumn and winter these flocks are so increased as to number thousands of individuals, and the water often looks black with them. A second species, the velvet duck, Oe. fusca, of much larger size, distinguished by a white spot under each eye and a white bar on each wing, is far less abundant than the former, but examples of it are occasionally to be seen in company with the commoner one, and it too has its American counterpart, Oe. velvetina; while a third, only known as a straggler to Europe, the surf-duck, Oe. perspicillata, with a white patch on the crown and another on the nape, and a curiously particoloured bill, is a not uncommon bird in North American waters. All the species of Oedemia, like most other sea-ducks, have their true home in arctic or subarctic countries, but the scoter itself is said to breed occasionally in Scotland (Zoologist, s.s. p. 1867). The females display little of the deep sable hue that characterizes their partners, but are attired in soot-colour, varied, especially beneath, with brownish white. The flesh of all these birds has an exceedingly strong taste, and, after much controversy, was allowed by the authorities to rank as fish in the ecclesiastical dietary (cf. Graindorge, Traité de l'origine des macreuses, Caen, 1680; and Correspondence of John Ray, Ray Soc. ed., p. 148). (A. N.)
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Scot and Lot

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​SCOT AND LOT (O. Fr. escot, A.S. sceot, a payment; lot, a portion or share), a phrase common in the records of English medieval boroughs, applied to those householders who were assessed to any payment (such as tallage, aid, &c.) made by the borough for local or national purposes. They were usually members of a gild merchant. Previous to the Reform Act 1832 those who paid scot and bore lot were entitled to the franchise in virtue of this payment, and the rights of those living in 1832 were preserved by the act. The phrase is preserved in the Disorderly Houses Act 1751, which empowers inhabitants of a parish or place paying scot and bearing lot therein (i.e. ratepayers) to require the constable of the parish to prosecute disorderly houses.
See D. P. Fry, “On the Phrase Scot and Lot,” in Trans. Philological Society (1867), pp. 167–197; C. Gross, Gild Merchant, i. c. iv.; Pollock and Maitland, Hist. Eng. Law, p. 647.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Scorpion-fly

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​SCORPION-FLY, the popular name given to insects of the family Panorpidae, deriving the name from the fact that in the typical genus, Panorpa, the last two or three segments of the abdomen are narrow and can be flexed over the back like a scorpion's tail. The scorpion-flies are remarkable for the elongation of the oral region of the head into a prominent beak. The larva is grub-like, beset with spines and generally furnished with eight pairs of abdominal pro-legs in addition to the legs on the thorax, which are short. They live in the soil or in rotten wood and are carnivorous. The species of the genus Bittacus are superficially strikingly similar to the Tipulidae or “daddy-longlegs”; while those referred to, Boreus, are anomalous in being apterous and like small grasshoppers. They have usually been included in the order Neuroptera, but it is now generally considered that they should form a distinct order, which is termed Panorpata or Mecaptera.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Scotia

See also Molding (decorative) on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SCOTIA (Gr. σκοτία, shadow or darkness), in architecture, a concave moulding most commonly used in bases, which projects a deep shadow on itself, and is thereby a most effective moulding under the eye, as in a base. (See Moulding.)
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Bennett, William

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Bennet, Saunders

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Benoist, François

[ M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Bennett, Alfred

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Bennett, Thomas

From volume 1 of the work.
[ W. H. H. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Benucci

From volume 1 of the work.
[ J. M. ]
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Bennett, Joseph

[ G. ]
* ↑ 'A Story of Ten Hundred Concerts. Feb 14, 1859–April 4, 1887.'
* ↑ Novello, May 1, 1875, to April 22, 1876.
# A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Benvenuto Cellini

From volume 1 of the work.
​BENVENUTO CELLINI. Opera in two acts, the words by Wailly and Barbier, the music by Berlioz, produced at the Académie Royale de Musique Sept. 3, 1838, and withdrawn after three representations, and what its author calls 'une chute éclatante.' It was performed at Covent Garden ('grand semi-seria,' in three acts) June 25, 1853.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Hoffmanists

HOFFMANISTS, those who espoused the sentiments of Daniel Hoffman, professor in the university of Helmstadt, who in the year 1598 taught that the light of reason, even as it appears in the writings of Plato and Aristotle, is adverse to religion; and that the more the human understanding is cultivated by philosophical study, the more perfectly is the enemy supplied with weapons of defence.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Enfiled's History of Philosophy, vol. ii. p. 5.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Hugonots

HUGONOTS, or HUGENOTS, a name given by way of contempt to the reformed, or protestant Calvinists in France, about 1560. The name is variously derived; some take it from a gate in Tours, called Hugon, where they first assembled; others from a faulty French pronunciation of the German word eidgnossen, or confederates; and others from the first words of their original protest, or confession of faith, "Huc nos venimus," &c. The persecution which these people underwent has scarcely its parallel in history; in 1572, upwards of 70,000 of them were butchered in various parts of France, on the memorable eve of St. Bartholomew; nor were their sufferings much mitigated till Henry IV. in 1598, published the edict of Nantz, which secured them the free exercise of their religion. But in 1685 this edict was cruelly and suddenly revoked by Louis XIV. when the persecution again began; their churches were demolished, their estates confiscated, their persons insulted by the bigoted soldiery ; and after the loss of innumerable lives, 500,000 of them were driven into exile in foreign countries.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Mosheim, vol. iii pi 404—448. new ed.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Husseyites

*HUSSEYITES, a name appropriated to the admirers of Mr. Joseph Hussey, formerly of Cambridge, a learned but eccentric divine. His principal peculiarities of opinion were— the pre-existence of Christ's human soul, or rather of a spiritual or glorious body, in which he appeared to the patriarchs, &c. his high supra-lapsarian notions of the divine decrees, and his objection to all offers or invitations to unconverted sinners. See Supra-lapsarians and Crispites.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Hussey's Glory of Christ unveiled-Operations of grace, but no offers, &c.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Hieracites

HIERACITES, a denomination in the third century; so called from their leader Hierax, a philosopher and magician of Egypt, who maintained that the principal object of Christ's ministry, was the promulgation of a new law, more severe and perfect than that of Moses. Hence he concluded that the use of flesh, wine, wedlock, and of other things agreeable to the outward senses, which had been permitted under the Mosaic dispensation, was absolutely prohibited by Christ. He is said to have excluded from the kingdom of heaven children who died before they had arrived to the use of reason; and that upon the supposition that God was bound to administer rewards to those only who had fairly finished their victorious conflict with the body and its lusts: he maintained also that Melchisedec was the Holy Ghost. His disciples taught, that the Word, or Son of God, is contained in the Father, as a little vessel in a great one; whence they had the name of Metangismonites, from the Greek word $\mu \epsilon \tau \alpha \gamma \gamma \iota \sigma \mu \mathrm {o} \nu \mathrm {o} \sigma$. He also denied the doctrine of the resurrection.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Mosheim, vol. i. p. 246.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Humanitarians

*HUMANITARIANS, a term applied to those modern Socinians who maintain with Dr. Priestley the simple humanity of Christ; or that Jesus was "a mere man, the son of Joseph and Mary, and naturally as fallible and peccable as Moses, or any other prophet." See Socinians and Unitarians.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Priestley's Defence of Unitarianism for 1806, p. 101, 102.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Hussites

HUSSITES, the followers of John Huss, an eminent divine of Bohemia. He adopted the opinions of Wickliff, and defended them before the council of Constance, who condemned him as an heretic; and he heroically suffered martyrdom in the cause of the reformation, A. D. 1415. His death however excited an open rebellion, and his followers, under the heroic Fiska, became very formidable both to the emperour and the pope, until they at length divided and were overcome.

## Original footnotes

* ↑ Mosheim, vol, iv. p. 384-vol. v. p. 117.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Heterousians

HETEROUSIANS, a name given to one of the Arian divisions, which taught that the nature of the Son was not even similar to that of the Father. See Homoiousians.
# A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations/Homoiousians

HOMOIOUSIANS, a name given to a branch of the Arians, who maintained that the nature of the Son was similar to that of the Father. See Arians.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Makeda

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MAKEDA,
Or, as she is called by the Arabians, Balkis, Queen of Sheba famous for her visit to Solomon, was probably Queen of Abyssinia, or of that part of Arabia Felix which was inhabited by the Sabeans, where women were admitted to govern. Josephus says that she reigned over Egypt and Ethiopia. According to the Abyssinian historians, Balkis was a pagan when she undertook the journey; but, struck by the grandeur and wisdom of Solomon, ​she became a convert to the true religion. They also state that she had a son by Solomon, named David by his father, but called Menilek, that is, another self, by his mother. This son was sent to the court of Solomon to be educated, and returned to his own country accompanied by many doctors of the law, who introduced the Jewish religion into Abyssinia, where it continued till the introduction of Christianity.
The compilers of the "Universal History" are of opinion, and so is Mr. Bruce, that the Queen of Sheba was really sovereign of Ethiopia. They say that Ethiopia is more to the south of Judea than the territory of Saba, in Arabia Felix; consequently had a better claim than that country to be the dominions of the princess whom our Saviour calls "the Queen of the South." One thing is certain—a queen came from a far country to "hear the wisdom of Solomon;" while there is no record that any king sought to be instructed in the truths of his philosophy, or to be enlightened by his wisdom. Why was this, unless the mind of the woman were more in harmony with this wisdom than were the minds of ordinary men? So it should be, if our theory of the intuitive faculty of woman's soul be true; for Solomon's wisdom was thus intuitive—the gift of God, not the result of patient reflection and logical reasoning. The mind of the queen was undoubtedly gifted with that refined sensibility for the high subjects discussed which stood to her in place of the learning of the schools. And as she came to prove Solomon with "hard questions," she might have been also a scholar. She has left proof of her genius and delicate tact in her beautiful address before presenting her offering to the wise king. (See I. Kings, chapter x.)
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Lyser, Caroline Leonhardt

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LYSER, CAROLINE LEONHARDT,
Was born in 1814, In Zittau, and removed in 1832 to Dresden, where she was married to the author and painter, John Peter Lyser, In 1839, she made her débût at Nuremberg as an improvisatrice, where she was received with enthusiastic applause; she afterwards appeared with the same success in many other large cities of Germany. She wrote "The Chaplet of Songs" in 1834, "Characteristics for German Women and Girls" in 1838, "Master Durer," a drama, in 1840, and many novelettes. In 1850, she published an annual, called "The Gift of Autumn." None of her works have been translated into English; but in Germany her songs are very popular.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Macomber, Eleanor

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MACOMBER, ELEANOR,
Was born in 1801, at Lake Pleasant, Hamilton County, New-York. Here her childhood and youth were passed until she removed to Albany, where she first formed that determination to which she adhered so nobly through all obstacles, of devoting her life to Him who had given up His for us. In 1830 she was sent out by the Missionary Board of the Baptist denomination as teacher among the Ojibwas at Saulte de Ste Marie, in Michigan. Here she continued for nearly four years, when, her health failing, she returned to her friends. In 1836 she connected herself with the Karen mission, Burmah, and went out to Maulmain in the latter part of the same year. After her arrival she was stationed at Dong-Yahn, about thirty-five miles from Maulmain. Here she lived and laboured almost alone, doing the great work which was assigned her. In the midst of discouragements she fainted not, but performed labours and endured afflictions almost incredible. When she arrived at the scene of her future labours, she found vice and sin reigning triumphant. On every hand intemperance and sensuality were observable. She immediately commenced in their midst the worship of God. On the Sabbath the people were drawn together to hear the story of the cross, and during the week her house was thrown open for morning and evening prayers. By her perseverance she soon collected a small school, and, in less than a year, a church of natives, numbering more than twenty persons, was formed and placed under the care of the Rev. Mr. Stephens. Intemperance, sensuality, and other vices gradually disappeared, and the Christian virtues took their place.
The idea of a weak, friendless, and lone woman trusting herself among a drunken and sensual people, and there, with no husband, father, or brother, establishing public worship, opening her house for prayer and praise, and gathering schools in the midst of wild and unlettered natives, is one full of moral grandeur. Intelligent, active, and laborious, Miss Macomber was not content with teaching all who came to her; she went out to the surrounding tribes, attended by only one or two converts, and, fording rivers, crossing ravines, climbing high hills and mountains, she everywhere carried the doctrines of salvation. Even the heathen heart was touched by this spectacle, and this estimable woman was respected and loved by those who hated the Gospel she taught.
Miss Macomber died April 16th., 1840, of the jungle fever, at Maulmain, where she had been carried for the purpose of obtaining medical aid. Her death was deeply lamented by the natives; even those who did not love the Saviour mourned the loss of His servant, whose kindness and hospitality they had experienced, and followed her to the grave with wails of sorrow.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Malepierra, Olympia

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MALEPIERRA, OLYMPIA,
A Venetian lady of noble birth, who wrote poems of some merit, published at Naples, and died in 1559.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Malatesti, Battista

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MALATESTI, BATTISTA,
Of Urbino. This very erudite lady was the daughter of Guido di Montefeltro, Lord of Urbino. She was a pupil of Leonardo Bruni. She understood Latin, and was so expert in philosophy that she was able to hold public theses. As a widow, she maintained a fair and wise government of her dominions, until having reached a very advanced age, she retired into the convent of St. Clara, where she finished her life in pious tranquility. She died in 1460.
# A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Maleguzzi-Valeri, Veronica

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MALEGUZZI-VALERI, VERONICA,
A learned lady, born at Reggio. She supported in public, in a very satisfactory manner, two theses on the liberal arts, which have been published; besides writing "Innocence Recognised," a drama. She died, 1690, in the convent of Modena, where she had retired.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Scrim

See also Scrim (material) on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SCRIM, a light open texture, usually made of cotton or flax. It is used in bookbinding, upholstery and other industries. It is also used as a backing to strengthen paper, as in maps and packing paper. Sometimes jute scrims are made for the latter purpose, and the whole made impervious to moisture by the addition of some waterproof solution. Certain varieties of jute scrims or nets are used for supporting the branches of fruit trees, and for preventing birds from damaging the fruit.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Screen

See also Rood screen and Folding screen on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SCREEN (usually, but very doubtfully, connected with Lat. scrinium, a box for holding books, from scribere, to write; a connexion with Ger. Schranke, barrier, has been suggested), in architecture, any construction subdividing one part of a building from another—as a choir, chantry, chapel, &c. The earliest screens are the low marble podia, shutting off the chorus cantantium in the Roman basilicas, and the perforated cancelli enclosing the bema, altar, and seats of the bishops and presbyters. The chief screens in a church are those which enclose the choir or the place where the breviary services are recited. This is done on the continent of Europe, not only by doors and screen-work, but also, when these are of open work, by curtains, the laity having no part in these services. In England screens were of two kinds: one of open woodwork; the other, massive enclosures of stonework enriched with niches, tabernacles, canopies, pinnacles, statues, crestings, &c., as at Canterbury, York, Gloucester, and many other places both in England and abroad (see Rood and Jubé).
As an article of furniture, the screen is an ornamental frame, usually of wood, but sometimes of metal, for protection from observation, draught, or the heat of a fire. Screens are made of all shapes and sizes, and may consist of leather, paper or textile materials fastened to the framework; they may have several leaves or only one—thus a fourfold screen has four leaves. Firescreens are usually small, with a single leaf—indeed in the Georgian period of English furniture they often took the form of a circular, oval, heart-shaped or oblong piece of framed embroidery fixed to a wooden pole or upright, upon which they could be raised or lowered. This variety, which was called a pole-screen, was more effective as an ornament than as a protection. The hand-screen was light and portable, as the name implies. At the present time fire-screens are often of glass set in metal frames. The larger type of screen, with several leaves, is of uncertain origin, but probably first came into use towards the end of the 16th century. The earlier examples were of stamped or painted Spanish leather or of some rich stuff such as tapestry; at a later date lacquer was extensively used. They were tall enough to conceal the person sitting behind them, and were frequently exceedingly handsome and stately.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Scribe, Augustin Eugène

See also Eugène Scribe on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​SCRIBE, AUGUSTIN EUGÈNE (1791–1861), French dramatist, was born in Paris on the 24th of December 1791. His father was a silk merchant, and he was well educated, being destined for the bar. But, having a real gift for the theatre, a gift which unfortunately was not allied with a corresponding literary power, he very soon began to write for the stage. His first piece, Le Prétendu sans le savoir, was produced without his name at the Variétés in 1810, and was a failure. Numerous other plays, written in collaboration with various authors, followed; but Scribe achieved no distinct success till 1815, when Une Nuit de la garde nationale, written in collaboration with Delestre-Poirson, made him famous. Thenceforward his fertility was unceasing and its results prodigious. He wrote every kind of drama—vaudevilles, comedies, tragedies, opera-libretti. To the Gymnase theatre alone he is said to have furnished a hundred and fifty pieces before 1830. This extraordinary fecundity is explained by the systematic methods of collaboration which he established. He had a number of co-workers, one of whom supplied the story, another the dialogue, a third the jokes and so on. He is said in some cases to have sent sums of money for “copyright in ideas” to men who were unaware that he had taken suggestions from their work. Among his collaborators were Jean Henri Dupin (1787–1887), Germain Delavigne, Delestre-Poirson, Mélesville (A. H. J. Duveyrier), Marc-Antoine Desaugiers, Xavier Saintine and Gabriel Legouvé. His début in serious comedy was made at the Théâtre Français in 1822 with Valérie, the first of many successful pieces of the same kind. His industry was untiring and his knowledge both of the mechanism of the stage and of the tastes of the audience was wonderful. For purely theatrical ability he is unrivalled, and his plays are still regarded as models of dramatic construction. Moreover he was for fifty years the best exponent of the ideas of the French middle classes, so that he deserves respectful attention, even though his style be vulgar and his characters commonplace. He wrote a few novels, but none of any mark. The best-known of Scribe's pieces after his first successful one are Une Chaine (1842); Le Verre d'eau (1842); Adrienne Lecouvreur (1849), in conjunction with Legouvé; Bertrand et Raton, ou l'art de conspire; and the fibretti of many of the most famous operas of the middle of the century, especially those of Auber and Meyerbeer. The books of La Muette de Portici, Fra Diavolo, Robert le Diable, and of Les Huguenots are wholly or in part by him. Scribe died in Paris on the 20th of February 1861.
His Œuvres complètes appeared in seventy-six volumes in 1874–1885. See Legouvé, Eugène Scribe (1874).