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# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Morris, William

Morris, William (1834-1896). -- Poet, artist, and socialist, b. at Walthamstow, and ed. at Marlborough School and Oxf. After being articled as an architect he was for some years a painter, and then joined in founding the manufacturing and decorating firm of Morris, Marshall, Faulkner and Co., in which Rossetti, Burne-Jones, and other artists were partners. By this and other means he did much to influence the public taste in furnishing and decoration. He was one of the originators of the Oxford and Cambridge Magazine, to which he contributed poems, tales, and essays, and in 1858 he pub. Defence of Guenevere and other Poems. The Life and Death of Jason followed in 1867, The Earthly Paradise in 1868-70, and Love is Enough in 1875. In the last mentioned year he made a translation in verse of Virgil's Æneid. Travels in Iceland led to the writing of Three Northern Love Stories, and the epic of Sigurd the Volsung (1876). His translation of the Odyssey in verse appeared 1887. A series of prose romances began with The House of the Wolfings (1889), page 281and included The Roots of the Mountains, Story of the Glittering Plain, The Wood beyond the World, The Well at the World's End (1896), and posthumously The Water of the Wondrous Isles, and Story of the Sundering Flood. In addition to poems and tales M. produced various illuminated manuscripts, including two of Fitzgerald's Omar Khayyam, and many controversial writings, among which are tales and tracts in advocacy of Socialism. To this class belong the Dream of John Ball (1888), and News from Nowhere (1891). In 1890 M. started the Kelmscott Press, for which he designed type and decorations. For his subjects as a writer he drew upon classic and Gothic models alike. He may perhaps be regarded as the chief of the modern romantic school, inspired by the love of beauty for its own sake; his poetry is rich and musical, and he has a power of description which makes his pictures live and glow, but his narratives sometimes suffer from length and slowness of movement.
Life by J.W. Mackail (2 vols., 1899), The Books of W. Morris, Forman, etc.
# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Murphy, Arthur

Murphy, Arthur (1727-1805). -- Actor and dramatist, b. in Ireland, and ed. at St. Omer, went on the stage, then studied for the Bar, to which he was ultimately admitted after some demur on account of his connection with the stage. His plays were nearly all adaptations. They include The Apprentice (1756), The Spouter, and The Upholsterer. He also wrote an essay on Dr. Johnson, and a Life of Garrick.
# A Treatise on Diamonds, and Precious Stones/Chapter 2/Section 8

SECT. VIII.
On the Peridot or Chrysolite.
The peridot, or common chrysolite, is of an olive green color, of more or less intensity. It comes from the Levant, and is commonly found imbedded in lava. Although deficient in hardness and brilliancy, it is, on account of its agreeable color, not unfrequently worked up into necklaces and other ornaments: but owing to its being less hard than crystal, or scarcely harder than glass, it is but little in request.
The tools the lapidary commonly uses, are not fit to polish the peridot; it should be transferred to the glass cutter, who will give ​it the finest lustre it is capable of receiving: or the lapidary should use glass-cutters' tools, and polish with putty.
When cut in steps, and formed in nice proportion, it will appear to the greatest advantage.
# A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism/Contents

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# A Treatise on Diamonds, and Precious Stones/Chapter 2/Section 9

SECT IX.
On the Turquois.
The color of the Turquois is beautiful celestial blue, which migrates into pale blue, and is sometimes tinged with green. It is destitute of that lustre which distinguishes most of the precious stones; it is also opaque, and does not admit of a very high polish; there is, therefore, nothing but its very agreeable hue which can recommend it to the notice of the jeweller. The latter character it possesses in no inconsiderable degree, and retains it unimpaired by candle-light. It has always been fashionable; and although great quantities have been imported, so as to render small stones extremely cheap, yet it has continued to be in considerable demand.
​The finest variety is called Turquois Vieille Roche, its texture is uniform and compact. This gem is highly valued in Persia and other Mahometan states, and on that account the most beautiful stones are seldom sent to Europe.
It is doubtful whether the substance termed Turquois Nouvelle Roche is a real Turquois: it is generally supposed to be a fossil bone, colored by Phosphate of Iron; it frequently exhibits evident marks of organization.
The turquois is much worn in necklaces, and in every part of ornamental jewellery, from the size of a pin's head, to that of an almond: it contrasts beautifully with brilliants, or pearls set in fine gold, and appears to most advantage when cut spheroidal.
​The imitations of this gem are feebly translucent, and lose their beautiful tone of color by candle-light. They are also much inferior in hardness, and have a greater specific gravity.
# A Treatise on Diamonds, and Precious Stones/Chapter 2/Section 6

SECT. VI.
Of the Garnet.
The color of the garnet varies from dark to light red or brown; the Syrian is considered the finest, and supposed to be the stone the ancients called the Carbuncle. It is always known by its peculiar color, and better by its great specific gravity. The finest varieties come from India, and some good specimens have been received from Greenland. When large, and free from flaws, they are worth from £2 to £5 or £6, and even more: but stones of this value are of rare occurrence, and always in demand.
Five garnets are never out of fashion, as they can always be worn in mourning. A century ago, a suit of them was considered a ​magnificent ornament for ladies of distinction. They are much worn in beads, both cut and plain.
Although in hardness the garnet is inferior to many of the gems before mentioned, still it receives a fine polish. On account of the intensity of its color, the table is made very large, and the facets are placed only on the bizel: the under side is frequently hollowed. Thus managed and set on shining foil, whether white or red, the garnet has deceived the purchaser, and has been sold for a better stone. Small garnets are often cut in rose.
# A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism

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* Volume I
* Volume II
* Title pages
* Errata
* Part III: Magnetism
** [371] Chapter I: Elementary Theory of Magnetism
** [395] Chapter II: Magnetic Force and Magnetic Induction
** [407] Chapter III: Magnetic Solenoids and Shells
** [424] Chapter IV: Induced Magnetization
** [431] Chapter V: Particular Problems in Magnetic Induction
** [442] Chapter VI: Weber's Theory of Induced Magnetism
** [449] Chapter VII: Magnetic Measurements
** [465] Chapter VIII: On Terrestrial Magnetism
* Part IV: Electromagnetism
** [475] Chapter I: Electromagnetic Force
** [502] Chapter II: Ampère's Investigation of the Mutual Action of Electromagnetic Currents
** [528] Chapter III: On the Induction of Electric Currents
** [546] Chapter IV: On the Induction of a Current on Itself
** [553] Chapter V: On the Equations of Motion of a Connected System
** [568] Chapter VI: Dynamical Theory of Electromagnetism
** [579] Chapter VII: Theory of Electric Circuits
** [585] Chapter VIII: Exploration of the Field by Means of the Secondary Circuit
** [604] Chapter IX: General Equations of the Electromagnetic Field
** [620] Chapter X: Dimensions of Electric Units
** [630] Chapter XI: On Energy and Stress in the Electromagnetic Field
** [647] Chapter XII: Current-Sheets
** [682] Chapter XIII: Parallel Currents
** [694] Chapter XIV: Circular Currents
** [707] Chapter XV: Electromagnetic Instruments
** [730] Chapter XVI: Electromagnetic Observations
** [752] Chapter XVII: Comparison of Coils
** [758] Chapter XVIII: Electromagnetic Unit of Resistance
** [768] Chapter XIX: Comparison of the Electrostatic with the Electromagnetic Units
** [781] Chapter XX: Electromagnetic Theory of Light
** [806] Chapter XXI: Magnetic Action on Light
** [832] Chapter XXII: Ferromagnetism and Diamagnetism Explained by Molecular Currents
** [846] Chapter XXIII: Theories of Action at a Distance
* [867] Index
* Plates
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Appendix of Living Writers/Zangwill, Israel

See also Israel Zangwill on Wikipedia.
​Zangwill, Israel (1864).—Novelist. Children of the Ghetto (1892), Merely Mary Ann (1893), Ghetto Tragedies (1893), The King of Schnorrers (1894), Dreamers of the Ghetto (1898), They that Walk in Darkness (1899), The Mantle of Elijah (1900), The Grey Wig (1903), Blind Children (verse) (1903), Ghetto Comedies (1907); plays, Children of the Ghetto, The Moment of Death, The Revolted Daughter, Merely Mary Ann, The Serio-Comic Governess, The Melting Pot (1908), etc.
# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Appendix of Living Writers/Winter, William

See also William Winter (author) on Wikipedia.
​Winter, William (1836).—American critic, etc. Shakespeare's England, Grey Days and Gold, Old Shrines and Ivy, Brown Heath and Blue Bells, Life and Art of Edwin Booth, The Stage Life of Mary Anderson, etc.
# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Arbuthnot, John

​Arbuthnot, John (1667-1735).—Physician and satirist, was b. in Kincardineshire, and after studying at Aberdeen and Oxford, took his degree of M.D. at St. Andrews. Settling in London, he taught mathematics. Being by a fortunate accident at Epsom, he was called in to prescribe for Prince George, who was suddenly taken ill there, and was so successful in his treatment that he was ​appointed his regular physician. This circumstance made his professional fortune, for his ability enabled him to take full advantage of it, and in 1705 he became physician to the Queen. He became the cherished friend of Swift and Pope, and himself gained a high reputation as a wit and man of letters. His principal works are the Memoirs of Martinus Scriblerus, partly by Pope, but to which he was the chief contributor, the History of John Bull (1712), mainly against the Duke of Marlborough, A Treatise concerning the Altercation or Scolding of the Ancients, and the Art of Political Lying. He also wrote various medical treatises, and dissertations on ancient coins, weights, and measures. After the death of Queen Anne, A. lost his court appointments, but this, as well as more serious afflictions with which he was visited, he bore with serenity and dignity. He was an honourable and amiable man, one of the very few who seems to have retained the sincere regard of Swift, whose style he made the model of his own, with such success that writings by the one were sometimes attributed to the other: his Art of Political Lying is an example. He has, however, none of the ferocity of S.
# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Appendix of Living Writers/Wilkins, Mary Eleanor (Mrs. C. M. Freeman)

See also Mary Eleanor Wilkins Freeman on Wikipedia.
​Wilkins, Mary Eleanor (Mrs. C.M. Freeman) (1862).—American story-writer. A New England Nun, Young Lucretia, A Humble Romance, A Faraway Melody, Giles Cory, The Wind in the Rosebush, The Debtor, etc.
# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Appendix of Living Writers/Yeats, William Butler

See also W. B. Yeats on Wikipedia.
​Yeats, William Butler (1865).—Poet. The Wanderings of Oisin (1889), The Countess Kathleen (1892), The Celtic ​Twilight (1893), A Book of Irish Verse (1895), Poems (1895), The Secret Rose (1897), The Wind Among the Reeds (1899), The Shadowy Waters (1900), Ideas of Good and Evil (1903), etc.
# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Armstrong, John, M.D.

​Armstrong, John, M.D. (1709-1779).—Poet, s. of the minister of Castleton, Roxburghshire, studied medicine, which he practised in London. He is remembered as the friend of Thomson, Mallet, and other literary celebrities of the time, and as the author of a poem on The Art of Preserving Health, which appeared in 1744, and in which a somewhat unpromising subject for poetic treatment is gracefully and ingeniously handled. His other works, consisting of some poems and prose essays, and a drama, The Forced Marriage, are forgotten, with the exception of the four stanzas at the end of the first part of Thomson's Castle of Indolence, describing the diseases incident to sloth, which he contributed.
# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Arnold, Matthew

​Arnold, Matthew (1822-1888).—Poet and critic, s. of Dr. A., of Rugby (q.v.), was b. at Laleham and ed. at Rugby, Winchester, and Balliol Coll., Oxford, becoming a Fellow of Oriel in 1845. Thereafter he was private secretary to Lord Lansdowne, Lord President of the Council, through whose influence he was in 1851 appointed an inspector of schools. Two years before this he had pub. his first book of poetry, The Strayed Reveller, which he soon withdrew: some of the poems, however, including "Mycerinus" and "The Forsaken Merman," were afterwards republished, and the same applies to his next book, Empedocles on Etna (1852), with "Tristram and Iseult." In 1857 he was appointed to the Professorship of Poetry at Oxford, which he held for ten years. After this he produced little poetry and devoted himself to criticism and theology. His principal writings are, in poetry, Poems (1853), containing "Sohrab and Rustum," and "The Scholar Gipsy;" Poems, 2nd Series (1855), containing "Balder Dead;" Merope (1858); New Poems (1867), containing "Thyrsis," an elegy on A. H. Clough (q.v.), "A Southern Night," "Rugby Chapel," and "The Weary Titan"; in prose he wrote On Translating Homer (1861 and 1862), On the Study of Celtic Literature (1867), Essays in Celtic Literature (1868), 2nd Series (1888), Culture and Anarchy (1869), St. Paul and Protestantism (1870), Friendship's Garland (1871), Literature and Dogma (1873), God and the Bible (1875), Last Essays on Church and Religion (1877), Mixed Essays (1879), Irish Essays (1882), and Discourses in America (1885). He also wrote some works on the state of education on the Continent. In 1883 he received a pension of £250. The rationalistic tendency of certain of his writings gave offence to many readers, and the sufficiency of his equipment in scholarship for dealing with some of the subjects which he handled was called in question; but he undoubtedly exercised a stimulating influence on his time; his writings are characterised by the finest culture, high purpose, sincerity, and a style of great distinction, and much of his poetry has an exquisite and subtle beauty, though here also it has been doubted whether high culture and wide knowledge of poetry did not sometimes take the place of the true poetic fire.
There is a bibliography of A.'s works by T.B. Smart (1892), and books upon him have been written by Prof. Saintsbury (1899), H. Paul (1902), and G.W.E. Russell (1904), also papers by Sir L. Stephen, F. Harrison, and others.
# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Appendix of Living Writers/Wiggin, Kate Douglas (Mrs. George C. Riggs)

See also Kate Douglas Wiggin on Wikipedia.
​Wiggin, Kate Douglas (Mrs. George C. Riggs).—American novelist. Timothy's Quest, Polly Oliver's Problem, The Story of Patsy, Penelope's Experiences, Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm, Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch, etc.
# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Appendix of Living Writers/Wright, William Aldis, LL.D., etc.

See also William Aldis Wright on Wikipedia.
​Wright, William Aldis, LL.D., etc.—English scholar. Joint ed. of Globe Shakespeare and of the Cambridge Shakespeare. Bible Word-Book and many other English Classics, Letters and Literary Remains of Edward Fitzgerald (1889), The Works of Edward Fitzgerald (7 vols. 1903), etc.
# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Argyll, George John Douglas Campbell, 8th Duke of

​Argyll, George John Douglas Campbell, 8th Duke of, (1823-1900). —Statesman and writer on science, religion, and politics, succeeded his f., the 7th duke, in 1847. His talents and eloquence soon raised him to distinction in public life. He acted with the Liberal party until its break-up under the Irish policy of Mr. Gladstone, after which he was one of the Unionist leaders. He held the offices of Lord Privy Seal, Postmaster-General, and Indian Secretary. His writings include The Reign of Law (1866), Primeval Man (1869), The Eastern Question (1879), The Unseen Foundations of Society (1893), Philosophy of Belief (1896), Organic Evolution Cross-examined (1898). He was a man of the highest character, honest, courageous, and clear-sighted, and, though regarded by some professional scientists as to a certain extent an amateur, his ability, knowledge, and dialectic power made him a formidable antagonist, and enabled him to exercise a useful, generally conservative, influence on scientific thought and progress.
# A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies/Chapter 4

Chapter IV: Of the Isles of St. John and Jamaica
In the Year 1509, the Spaniards sailed to the Islands of St. John and Jamaica (resembling Gardensa and Bee-hives) with the same purpose and design they proposed to themselves in the Isle of Hispaniola, perpetrating innumerable Robberies and Villanies as before; whereunto they added unheard of Cruelties by Murdering, Burning, Roasting, and Exposing Men to be torn to pieces by Dogs; and Finally by afflicting and harassing them with un-exampled Oppressions and torments in the Mines, they spoiled and unpeopled this Contrey of these Innocents. These two Isles containing six hundred thousand at least, though at this day there are scarce two hundred men to be found in either of them, the remainder perishing without the knowledge of Christian Faith or Sacrament.
# A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies/Chapter 16

Chapter XVI: Of the river Yuya Pari
This River washeth the Province arising from its head or fountain in another Region, Two Hundred miles off and better, By this a wretched Tyrant entred it and laid waste the Land for the space of many miles, and murder'd abundance of them by Fire and Sword, &c. At length he died violently, and all his Forces moldred away of themselves, many succeeded him in his iniquity and cruelty and so dayly destroy them, sending to Hell the Souls redeemed by the blood of the Son of God.
# Chapter XIX: Of the Plate-River, that is, the Silver-River

Some Captains since the Year 1502 to 1503 undertook Four or Five Voyages to the River of Plate, which embraceth within its own Arms great Kingdoms and Provinces, and is peopled by rational and well-temper'd Inhabitants. In the general we are certified, that they were very injurious and bloody to them; but they being far distant from those Indians, we frequently discourse of, wer are not able to give you a particular account of their Transactions. Yet beyond all Controversie, they did, and still do go the same way to work, as others in several Regions to this present time do, and have done; for they are the same, (and many in number too) Spaniards who went thither, that were the wicked Instruments of other Executions, and all of them aim at one and the same thing, namely to grow Rich and Wealthy, which they can never be, unless they steer the same Course which others have followed, and tread the same paths in Murdering, Robbing and Destroying poor Indians.
After I had committed to Writing what I have prementioned, it was told me for a great Truth, that they had laid waste in those Countreys great Kingdoms and Provinces, dealing Cruelly and Bloodily with these harmless People, at a horrid rate, having a greater Opportunity and Convenience to be more Infamous and Rigid to them, then others, they being very remote from Spain, living inordinatly, like Debauches, laying aside, and bidding farewel to all manner of Justice, which is indeed a Stranger in all the American Regions, as is manifest by what hath been said already. But among the other Numerous Wicked Acts following this is one that may be read in the Indians Courts. One of the Governours commanded his Soldiers to go to a certain Village, and if they denyed them Provisions, to put all the Inhabitants to the Sword: By Vertue of this Authority away they march, and because they would not yield to them above Five Thousand Men as Enemies, fearing rather to be seen, then guilty of Illiberality, were cut off by the Sword. Also a certain number of Men living in Peace and Tranquillity proffered their services to him; who, as it fell out, were call'd before the Governour, but deferring their appearance a little longer than ordinary, that he might infix their minds with a remark of horrible Tyranny, he commanded, they should be deliver'd up, as Prisoners to their Mortal Indian Enemies, who beg'd with loud Clamours and a Deluge of Tears, that they might be dispatcht out of this World by their own Hands, rather than be given up as a prety to the Enemy; yet being resolute, they would not depart out of the House wherein they were, so the Spaniards hackt them in pieces Limb by Limb, who exclaim'd and cryed aloud, "We came to visit and serve you peaceably and quietly, and you Murder us; our Blood with which these Walls are moistned and sprinkled will remain as an Everlasting Testimony of our Unjust Slaughter, and your Barbarous Cruelty. And really this Piaculum or horrid Crime deserves a Commemoration, or rather speak more properly, the Commiseration of all Persons."
# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Hinton, James

​Hinton, James (1822-1875).—Writer on sociology and psychology, s. of a Baptist minister, became a successful aurist, but his attention being arrested by social questions, he gave more and more of his time to the consideration and exposition of these. Open-minded and altruistic, his books are full of thought and suggestion. Among his writings may be mentioned Man and his Dwelling-place (1859), The Mystery of Pain (1866),The Law of Human Life (1874), Chapters on the Art of Thinking (1879), and Philosophy and Religion (1881).
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# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Hoby, Sir Thomas

​Hoby, Sir Thomas (1530-1566).—Translator, b. at Leominster, and ed. at Camb., translated Bucer's Gratulation to the Church of England, and The Courtyer of Count Baldessar Castillo, the latter of which had great popularity. H. d. in Paris while Ambassador to France.
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# A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Hervey, John, Lord

​Hervey, John, Lord (1696-1743).—Writer of memoirs, was a younger s. of the 1st Earl of Bristol. Entering Parliament he proved an able debater, and held various offices, including that of Lord Privy Seal. He was a favourite with Queen Caroline, and a dexterous and supple courtier. He wrote Memoirs of the Reign of George II., which gives a very unfavourable view of the manners and morals of the Court. It is written in a lively, though often spiteful style, and contains many clever and discriminating character sketches. He was satirised by Pope under the name of "Sporus" and "Lord Fanny."
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