OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Flast v. Cohen/Concurrence Stewart

* Court Documents
* Case Syllabus
* Opinion of the Court
* Concurring Opinions Douglas Stewart Fortas
* Dissenting Opinion Harlan
* Wikipedia article
United States Supreme Court
392 U.S. 83
Flast v. Cohen
Argued: March 12, 1968. --- Decided: June 10, 1968
Mr. Justice STEWART, concurring.
I join the judgment and opinion of the Court, which I understand to hold only that a federal taxpayer has standing to assert that a specific expenditure of federal funds violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. Because that clause plainly prohibits taxing and spending in aid of religion, every taxpayer can claim a personal constitutional right not to be taxed for the support of a religious institution. The present case is thus readily distinguishable from Frothingham v. Mellon, 262 U.S. 447, 43 S.Ct. 597, 67 L.Ed. 1078, where the taxpayer did not rely on an explicit constitutional prohibition but instead questioned the scope of the powers delegated on the national legislature by Article I of the Constitution.
As the Court notes, 'one of the specific evils feared by those who drafted the Establishment Clause and fought for its adoption was that the taxing and spending power would be used to favor one religion over another or to support religion in general.' Ante, at 103. Today's decision no more than recognizes that the appellants have a clear stake as taxpayers in assuring that they not be compelled to contribute even 'three pence * * * of (their) property for the support of any one establishment.' Ibid. In concluding that the appellants therefore have standing to sue, we do not undermine the salutary principle, established by Frothingham and reaffirmed today, that a taxpayer may not 'employ a federal court as a forum in which to air his generalized grievances about the conduct of government or the allocation of power in the Federal System.' Ante, at 106.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Flat Dweller's Lament

Published in The Day Book, June 13, 1912.
Flat Dweller's Lament
By Berton Braley.
The people downstairs are a sample Of cranks of the crankiest sort; They always complain that we trample And pound on the floor just for sport. They claim we are making a riot Which only police can dispell; They knock on the steam pipes for quiet, And kick to the landlord as well.
The people upstairs they are crude ones, The people upstairs they are brutes; Their manners are noisy and rude ones, They shake the whole house with their boots. They toss around trunks by the dozens, They tip over tables and chairs As they romp with their friends and their cousins— These clamorous people upstairs.
The people downstairs do not love us; Our ways they are prone to condemn. Yet if they were lodged up above us We'd probably kick about them. While those who at present are dwelling Above us, increasing our cares, About all our ways would be yelling If they were the people downstairs!
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1966, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 57 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Flatland

Flatland, a Romance of Many Dimensions, a fictional work of social satire, mathematics, philosophy and theology by Edwin Abbott Abbott. Prepublication version issued in October, first ed. in November, and second corrected edition in December of 1884. Frequently republished, the early American editions are often based on the first. It was translated into Dutch in 1886 and many languages since.
* Flatland (first edition), 1884, London: Seeley & Co.
* Flatland (second edition), 1884, London: Seeley & Co. Author's preface and corrections
* Flatland (fifth edition)
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Fenn v. Holme

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
62 U.S. 481
Fenn v. Holme
THIS case was brought up by writ of error from the Circuit Court of the United States for the district of Missouri.
The case is explained in the opinion of the court.
It was argued by Mr. Gibson and Mr. Gamble for the plaintiff in error, and by Mr. Leonard for the defendant; but the point upon which the decision of this court turned did not attract the attention of the counsel.
Mr. Justice DANIEL delivered the opinion of the court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Fenner v. Boykin

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
271 U.S. 240
Fenner v. Boykin
Argued: May 4, 1926. --- Decided: May 24, 1926
Messrs. Arthur G. Powell, of Atlanta, Ga., Thomas W. Hardwick, of Dublin, Ga., and Marion Smith, Max F. Goldstein, and John D. Little, all of Atlanta, Ga., for appellants.
[Argument of Counsel from page 241 intentionally omitted]
Messrs. Hooper Alexander and James W. Austin, both of Atlanta, Ga., for appellees.
Mr. Justice McREYNOLDS delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 1653

more info.
Signed by President William H. Taft Tuesday, December 3, 1912
1913 CSR 118
Mr. W. B. Johnson may be reinstated to an appropriate position in the service of the General Land Office without reference to the fact that he has been separated for more than a year.
The White House,
    December 3, 1912.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 1651

more info.
Signed by President William H. Taft Wednesday, November 27, 1912
1913 CSR 118
Mr. George W. Baptist, who has been employed as a laborer in the custom-house at New York since September 1, 1899, may be transferred to a classified position of the subclerical grade.
The White House,
    November 27, 1912.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 1652

more info.
Signed by President William H. Taft Friday, November 29, 1912
1913 CSR 118
Mr. George H. Hamilton may be appointed to the vacancy existing in the position of assistant postmaster at Newark, Ohio, without reference to the civil-service rules.
The White House,
    November 29, 1912.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 1654

more info.
Signed by President William H. Taft Tuesday, December 3, 1912
1913 CSR 118
Mr. Louis H. Eberlein may be reinstated to an appropriate classified position in the Customs Service at New York without regard to the length of time he has been separated from the service.
The White House,
    December 3, 1912.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 1655

more info.
Amends Executive Order 1374 of June 16, 1911.
Signed by President William H. Taft Thursday, December 5, 1912
It is hereby ordered that the lands in Ts. 17 S., Rs. 4 and 5 E., and T. 21 S., R. 6 E., Gila and Salt River Meridian, in the State of Arizona, reserved for use of the Papago Indians by Executive Order No. 1374, dated June 16, 1911 are hereby restored to the public domain, and in lieu thereof the following three described tracts of unsurveyed land, in said State, all east of the Gila and Salt River Meridian, containing an approximate aggregate area of 4224.84 acres, be, and the same are hereby, withdrawn from settlement, entry, sale, or other disposition, and reserved for school, agency, and other necessary uses for the benefit of the Papago or other Indians, in said State, subject to any prior valid rights of any persons thereto, namely:
* A tract of land which, by protraction of the regular surveys from the standard corner of Ts. 20 S., Rs. 4 and 5 E., established in the survey of the Fourth Standard Parallel South, would appear to be, when surveyed, lots 1, 2, 3 and 4, sec. 30, T. 17 S., R. 5E., containing an approximate area of one hundred and forty-eight and twenty-four hundredths (148.24) acres.
* A tract of land which, by protraction of the regular surveys from the established fractional south boundary of T. 19 S., R. 7 E., would appear to be, when surveyed, the south halves of secs. 3 and 4; the SE. ¼ of sec. 5; the NE. ¼ of sec. 8; all of secs. 9, 10, 15 and 16; the N. ½ of sec. 21, and the NW. ¼ of sec. 22, all in T. 19 S., R. 7 E., containing an approximate area of four thousand (4000) acres.
* A tract of land which, by protraction of the regular surveys from the established east boundary of T. 21 S., R. 6 E., would appear to be, when surveyed, lot 1, and the NE. ¼ of the NW. ¼ of sec. 7, T. 21 S., R. 6 E., containing an approximate area of seventy-six and sixty hundredths (76.60) acres.
The White House,
    December 5, 1912.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 1649

more info.
Cancels Executive Order 1632, October 28, 1912.
Signed by President William H. Taft Tuesday, November 26, 1912
Executive Order number 1632, dated October 28, 1912, making an addition to the Moapa River Indian reservation, in Nevada, is hereby cancelled, and it is ordered that the following described lands, containing 128.37 acres, be, and they are hereby, reserved from settlement, sale, or other disposition, and set aside as an addition to the said Indian reservation:
    Lots 2, 3, and 4, of Section 1, Township 15, Range 65;
    SE. ¼ of the SW. ¼ of Section 31, Township 14, Range 66; all south and east of the Mount Diablo base and meridian in Nevada.
The withdrawal hereby made shall be subject to any prior valid rights of any persons to the lands described herein.
The White House,
    November 26, 1912.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 165

more info.
Signed by President Theodore Roosevelt Friday, February 7, 1902
John P. Green, of Ohio, appointed August 27, 1897, to position of postage-stamp agent at $2,500 per annum in the Post-Office Department under an exception from examination, may be treated as occupying a competitive position without examination or certification by the United States Civil Service Commission.
White House,
    February 7, 1902.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 1650

more info.
Signed by President William H. Taft Wednesday, November 27, 1912
1913 CSR 118
Mr. William R. Carpenter, of Illinois, may be appointed to a clerical position in the competitive classified service of the Post Office Department.
The White House,
    November 27, 1912.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 1656

more info.
Amended by Executive Order 1704, February 18, 1913
Signed by President William H. Taft Thursday, December 5, 1912
VI PCR 135, October 2, 1912
By virtue of the authority vested in me by the Act of Congress entitled "An Act to provide for the opening, maintenance, protection, and operation of the Panama Canal and the sanitation and government of the Canal Zone", approved August 24, 1912, I hereby declare that all land and land under water within the limits of the Canal Zone are necessary for the construction, maintenance, operation, protection and sanitation of the Panama Canal, and the Chairman of the Isthmian Canal Commission is hereby directed to take possession, on behalf of the United States, of all such land and land under water; and he may extinguish, by agreement when practicable, all claims and titles of adverse claimants to the occupancy of said land and land under water.
The White House,
    December 5th, 1912.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 1644

more info.
Amends Executive Order 209, March 20, 1903
Signed by President William H. Taft Friday, November 15, 1912
1913 CSR 112
Schedule A of classified positions excepted from examination under Rule II, clause 3, is hereby amended by adding to Subdivision VIII, Department of the Interior, the following paragraph:
The White House,
    November 15, 1912.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Fleming v. Fleming

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
264 U.S. 29
Fleming v. Fleming
Argued: Jan. 17, 1924. --- Decided: Feb 18, 1924
Messrs. B. I. Salinger, of Carroll, Iowa, and Albert B. Cummins and Clinton L. Nourse, both of Des Moines, Iowa, for plaintiffs in error.
Messrs. J. M. Parsons and Guy A. Miller, both of Des Moines, Iowa, for defendant in error.
Mr. Chief Justice TAFT delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Fleming v. McCurtain

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
215 U.S. 56
Fleming v. McCurtain
Argued: October 21, 22, 1909. --- Decided: November 8, 1909
Messrs. Frank Hagerman, John G. Carlisle, Webster Ballinger, and Albert j. Lee for appellants.
Solicitor General Bowers and Messrs. Edward P. Hill and David C. McCurtain for appellees.
Mr. Justice Holmes delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Fleming v. Mohawk Wrecking & Lumber Company Raley

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
331 U.S. 111
Fleming v. Mohawk Wrecking & Lumber Company Raley
Argued: and Submitted April 1, 1947. --- Decided: April 28, 1947
Mr. David London, of Washington, D.C., for Philip B. Fleming.
[Argument of Counsel from page 112 intentionally omitted]
Mr. John W. Babcock, of Detroit, Mich., for Mohawk Wrecking & Lumber Co. and Harry Smith.
Paul Flaherty and C. L. Dawson, both of Washington, D.C., for James G. Raley and Thomas E. Raley.
Mr. Justice DOUGLAS delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Fleitmann v. Welsbach Street Lighting Company of America

* related portals: Supreme Court of the United States.
* sister projects: Wikidata item.
United States Supreme Court
240 U.S. 27
Fleitmann v. Welsbach Street Lighting Company of America
Argued: December 17, 1915. --- Decided: January 24, 1916
Messrs. Henry L. Scheuerman, Henry A. Wise, and Harry F. Mela for appellant.
Messrs. Edward W. Hatch and William F. Sheehan for appellees.
Mr. Justice Holmes delivered the opinion of the court:

## Notes

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 503

more info.
Signed by President Theodore Roosevelt Tuesday, September 18, 1906
General Order No. 46, Navy Dept., May 8, 1907
Enlisted men of the Marine Corps, regularly detailed as messmen in a command, not to exceed one for every twenty men, shall receive the same compensation in addition to their monthly pay as is now or may hereafter be allowed enlisted men of the Navy under like circumstances: Provided, however, That marines must serve as messmen a whole month to be entitled to this extra compensation, and shall not be paid for service as such for fractional parts of a month.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 504

more info.
See also Act of August 1, 1892 (27 Stat. 340).
Signed by President Theodore Roosevelt Wednesday, September 19, 1906
Circular, No. 49, War Dept., September 26, 1906
* All Departments of the Government under the supervision of which public works are being constructed are hereby directed to notify the representatives stationed at such public works to report at once to their respective Departments all cases in which contractors or subcontractors on works now under construction have required or permitted laborers or mechanics in their employ to work over eight hours in any one calendar day.
* All Government representatives in charge of construction of public works are further directed that it is part of their duty to report to their respective Departments each and every case in which laborers or mechanics are required or permitted to work over eight hours a day on the works under supervision of such Government representatives. Wherever reports showing work in excess of eight hours a day are received by any Department they are to be referred to the Department of Justice for appropriate action.
* All Departments of the Government under the supervision of which public works are being constructed by contract are further directed to have their respective legal officers prepare and forward to the President a list of such statutes and Executive Orders as have a direct bearing on contracts for the construction of public works, and with which bidders on such works should be made acquainted.
The White House, September 19, 1906.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 498

more info.
Signed by President Theodore Roosevelt Tuesday, August 14, 1906
1906 CSR 104
Mr. E. J. Mooklar may be reinstated as clerk to the commandant of the naval station at Tutuila, Samoa, without regard to the provisions of the civil service rules limiting eligibility for reinstatement to a period of one year from the date of separation.
The White House,
    August 14, 1906.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 4986

more info.
Signed by President Calvin Coolidge Friday, November 2, 1928
By virtue of the authority vested in me by the provisions of the act of Congress of June 25, 1910 (36 Stat. 847), as amended by the act of congress of August 24, 1912 (37 Stat. 497), the following lots and blocks in Osborn townsite, within the Huntley Project Irrigation District, on the ceded Crow Indian lands, Montana, are hereby withdrawn and set aside for the use of the Department of Agriculture, as an agricultural field station:
    All of Blocks 14 to 28, Inclusive.
    All of Blocks 31 to 35, Inclusive.
    All of Blocks 42 to 48, Inclusive.
    All of Blocks 51 to 54, Inclusive.
    Lots 8 to 14, Block 56.
    All of Block 57, together with the included streets and avenues as shown on the townsite plat approved August 2, 1907.
This order shall continue in full force and effect unless and until revoked by the President, or by act of Congress.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 499

more info.
Signed by President Theodore Roosevelt Friday, August 17, 1906
1906 CSR 104
Mr. Everett Spring may be appointed to a classified position in the Bureau of the Census without examination under the civil service rules, on account of his former satisfactory service as a clerk in the temporary census office and as a local special agent in the manufacturing census of 1905.
The White House,
    August 17, 1906.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 5

more info.
Signed by Secretary of State William H. Seward
Signed by President Andrew Johnson Friday, April 13, 1866
On the 14th of April, 1865, great affliction was brought upon the American people by the assassination of the lamented Abraham Lincoln, then President of the United States. The undersigned is therefore directed by the President to announce that in commemoration of that event the public offices will be closed to-morrow, the 14th instant.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
# Executive Order 50

more info.
Signed by President Grover Cleveland Friday, November 2, 1894
Departmental Rule VII, clause 1, is hereby amended by inserting at the end of line six the following:
    Vacancies in places authorized to be filled by noncompetitive examination may be filled without examination, for a period not exceeding thirty days, until a regular appointment can be made upon certification by the Commission.
    Every such appointment, and the reasons therefor, shall be at once reported to the Commission.
Approved.
Executive Mansion,
    November 2, 1894.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse