# Territory in Bird Life/Index

INDEX
* Aquired experience, 300
* Adjustments, transitory, of distribution, 276
* Alarm notes, 119
* Arrival, advantages and disadvantages of late, 33-44
* Assemblies in winter, 262, 263
* Assembly grounds, 173
* Attainment of reproduction, 171
* Barrington, K. M., on the sex of migrants, 25
* Battle between two male Cuckoos, 82
* — between two Moor-Hens, 86, 92, 93, 94
* — — Pied Wagtails, 86
* — — Raven and Buzzard, 217
* — — Raven and Peregrine, 216
* law of, 13, 19
* Behaviour routine, 262
* — sexual, 3
* Bickerings, 96
* Birthplace, return to, 43, 50
* Blackbird, 87, 182, 222, 244
* Blackcap, 81, 156, 224, 230
* Black Grouse, 63
* Black-tailed Godwit, 53
* Boundaries, 1, 5
* — conflicts for retention of, 7, 62
* — disputes as to, 1
* Brambling, 124
* Breeding ground, search for
* appropriate, 270, 271
* — range, extension of, 291-92
* — site, acquirement of, 3
* — stations, evolution of, 15-19
* — — repeatedly visited long before nesting-time, 64
* — territory, 2, 3, 7
* — — evolution of, 18
* — — foundation of, 7
* — — innate capacity to return to former, 279-81
* Bridled Guillemot, 64
* Brooding, 180
* — impulse, 191
* Bunting, Girl, 28, 140
* — Corn, 28
* — Reed, 28, 68, 69, 85, 104, 132, 158, 160, 244
* — Yellow, 28, 30, 47, 64, 140, 159, 162, 183, 187, 188, 189,
* 235, 236, 286
* Buzzard, 217
* Capacity, innate, to return to former breeding territory, 279-81
* Carrion Crow, 226
* Chaffinch, 28, 31, 32, 33, 45, 87, 103, 156, 159, 235, 236, 244
* — Donegal, 160
* Change of breeding quarters owing to unsuitableness, 50
* Chiffchaff, 49, 51, 80, 139, 140, 221, 224, 244
* Cirl Bunting, 28, 140
* Clarke, W. Eagle, Studies in Bird Migration, 24
* Cleanliness of nest, 180
* Cliff-breeding species, 63
* Climatic changes, alteration of routine, due to, 284
* — changes, food dependent on, 283
* — conditions, influence of, 20
* Communities, 202
* — birds after breeding-season remain in, 265-67
* Competition, female, for males, 13
* Complexity of strife, 84-85
* Conflicts between males during the mating period, 74, 86
* — between males during the nesting period, 87
* — for areas, 10, 11, 13, 62
* — of Ruff, 54
* — sexual, 10
* Congenital disposition, 135
* Contests between males for possession of females, 80
* Coot, 61
* Corn-Bunting, 28
* Corncrake, 39
* Crow, Carrion, 226, 227
* Crow, Hooded, 202
* Cuckoo, 52, 82, 144, 296
* — restricted breeding area, 52
* Curlew, 119, 138, 140, 250, 262, 263, 265, 273
* Danger warnings, 269
* Darwin, C., Descent of Man, 35
* — on the arrival of males before females, 35
* Defence of territory, 6
* Development, sexual, 6
* Disposition, congenital, 135
* — functioning of, 74
* — inherited, 5
* — to defend the territory, 73-118
* — to mate, 27
* — to remain in a particular place in a particular environment, 6
* — to secure a territory, 6, 20-72
* Distribution, adjustment of, 275
* Dove, Turtle, 126, 232
* Dunlin, 260
* Emotional behaviour, 53, 82, 114
* — manifestation, 90, 263
* — response, 26
* Enemies, 282
* Energy, waste of, 219
* Environment, 6
* — and food, 56
* — changes of, 283
* — external, conditions in, 279, 282
* Equipment, hereditary, 6
* Evolution of breeding stations or territory, 16, 19
* — of the territory, 176
* — of the voice, 163
* Existence, struggle for, 294
* Experience, acquired, 300
* Experiments, removal of nests for, 181, 185, 190, 213, 214
* Exposure, its effect on nestlings 180
* External environment, conditions in, 279, 282
* Falcon, 48, 71
* Feeding grounds, neutral, 125
* in communities, 70
* Females, fighting amongst, 109-118
* — sexual impulse of, 13
* Fieldfare, 124
* Fighting instinct, 79, 82
* Flight, emotional behaviour of Godwit during, 53
* Flocks, in winter, birds collect together in, 262
* Flycatcher, 244
* Food, procuring of, 5
* — abundance, or scarcity of, its relation to prosperity of young, 15, 16
* — its bearing, on the movement of flocks, 262
* — rearing of young dependent on rapid and regular, 179, 195
* — supply, proximity to, necessary for rearing young, 179, 195
* Fortuitous mating, 174
* Fowler, Ward, on the value of communities, Books, 202
* Fulmar, 121, 247
* Functional activity, 259
* — instinct of Reeve, 173
* Functioning of the disposition, 275
* — of the primary dispositions, 100
* Garden Warbler, 223, 225, 230
* Gätke, H., Birds of Heligoland, 24
* — on the absence of song in birds on Heligoland, 124
* — on the early arrival of Guillemots on Heligoland, 64
* Godwit, emotional behaviour of, during flight, 53
* — Black-tailed, 53
* Grasshopper Warbler, 39, 131, 139, 153, 155, 187, 244
* Greenfinch, 28, 33, 140, 235,236
* Gregarious instinct, 20, 61, 141, 265-66, 269, 276, 289,
* 290, 291, 296, 300
* Grouse, Black, 63
* Guillemot, Bridled, 64
* — Common, 63, 64, 121, 192, 195, 206, 211, 247
* — Ringed, 64
* Gull, Common, 119
* — Herring, 210, 278
* Habit formation, law of, 8, 62, 65, 66, 67, 205
* Hawfinch, 28
* Headquarters, 176, 206, 207, 274
* — restricted, 8, 9,-30, 50, 58, 64, 127
* Hedge-Sparrow, 213, 221, 244
* Hereditary equipment, 6
* Herring-Gull, 210, 278
* Hooded-Crow, 202
* Hostility and territory, relationship between, 242
* House-Sparrow, 218
* Imitation, vocal, powers of, 156, 157, 161
* Impulse, internal, 279
* — to brood, 191
* Inherited disposition, 5
* Instinct, fighting, 79-82
* — gregarious, 20, 61, 141, 265, 266,1269, 276, 289, 290, 291, 296, 300
* — migratory, 37
* — of song related to establishment of territory, 125
* — sexual, reawakening of, 4, 18
* Instinctive response, 180
* Instincts susceptible to stimulation, 259
* Internal impulse, 279
* Internal stimulation, 62, 123
* Interpretation of battles, 75
* Intolerance of other birds, 218, 219
* Intrusion resented, 274
* Isolation, impulse to seek, 288
* — of male, 12, 62, 65, 73, 81
* — of male during breeding season, 267, 272, 273, 275, 281
* Kestrel, 228
* Kittiwake, 116, 200, 247
* Lapwing, 58, 59, 61, 62, 64, 84, 103, 104, 126, 189, 190, 220, 251, 284
* Lapwing, life-history of, 58-61
* Late arrival, advantages and disadvantages of, 33-44
* Law of battle, 74, 75, 86
* Lesser Whitethroat, 230, 244
* Linnet, 156
* M$^c$Dougall, Dr, Social Psychology, 77
* Magpie, 219, 283
* Males arrive before advent of females, 24
* Marsh-Warbler, 39, 40, 52, 81, 132, 140, 153, 155, 156, 165, 225
* Martin, 201, 218
* Mating, difficulties of, 172
* — fortuitous, 174
* Maximum number supportable in a given locality, 49
* Meadow-Pipit, 188
* Meeting places for antics, 54, 63
* Mental Image, 77
* Merlin, 227
* Migration, 3-4
* — distance no criterion, 279
* — its relation to territory, 259
* Migration, origin of, 260, 277
* — phenomenon of, 277
* Migratory instinct, 37
* — species more highly specialised than resident species, 56
* Missel-Thrush, 21
* Mobility of the land and stability of the water, 260
* Moor-hen, 61, 85, 103, 218, 250, 251
* Morgan, Professor Lloyd, on instinctive behaviour, 74
* — on emotional behaviour, 114
* Nest, cleaning of, 180
* — construction of, 3
* Nests, removal of, for experiments, 181, 185, 190, 213, 214
* Neutral feeding grounds, 62, 125
* — ground, 98
* Newton, E., on the arrival at breeding stations of males before female, 24, 35
* Nightingale, 39, 156
* Notes of alarm, 119
* — of anger, 119
* — of recognition, 139
* — of warning, 119, 139, 141, 145, 151, 153
* Offspring, rearing of, 3, 4
* Organic change, sexual, 92, 123
* — changes, 65
* — condition of Reeve, 173
* Owl, Wood, 156
* Paired for life, 55-56
* Parental instinctive response, failure of, 185
* Partridge, 87, 218
* Persecution, Carrion Crow and Magpie, 226
* Persecution, Carrion Crow and Book, 227
* —House Sparrow and Martin, 218
* —Lapwing and Snipe, 220
* —Raven and Buzzard, 217
* ——and Peregrine, 216
* —Starling and Woodpecker, 218, 237
* Persistency to remain in territory, 68
* Pied-Wagtail, 86, 155
* Pigeon, Wood, 219
* Pipit, Meadow, 188
* —Tree, 51, 188, 189, 222, 244, 278
* Polyandrous females, 144
* Predatory species, 268
* Promiscuous pairing of Ruffs, 172
* Proximity to food-supply necessary for rearing young, 179, 195
* Psychology, Manual of, 1
* Puffin, 63, 116, 200
* Pugnacious instinct, 87-109
* Pugnacity, 11, 62
* —of females to obtain mates, 109-118
* —of males, prior to mating-season, 77-81
* —of Moor-Hen, 218
* Racial preparation, 41, 43, 46, 67, 206, 206, 266
* Bail, Water, 218
* Raven, 48, 202, 216
* Razor-bill, 63, 64, 200, 247
* Readjustment of territory, 146
* Rearing of offspring, 3, 4
* Red-backed Shrike, 39, 50, 51, 156
* Redbreast, 47
* Redshank, 139
* Redwing, 124
* Redstart, 230, 244
* Reed-Bunting, 28, 68, 69, 85, 104, 132, 156, 158, 160, 244, 246, 273
* Reed-Warbler, 49, 51, 68, 81, 132, 140, 152, 153, 211, 225
* Reeve, 171
* Relation of song to the territory, 119-68
* —of territory to migration, 259
* —of territory to the system of reproduction, 169-214
* Relationship to a territory, 169
* Reproduction, 14, 15
* —and territory, 169-214
* —attainment of, 2, 6, 37
* —goal of, 6
* Ringed Guillemot, 64
* Robbery of territory, 104-107
* Rock-formation, suitability, for Guillemots nesting on, 196
* Rook, 202, 227
* Routine behaviour, 262
* Ruff, 54, 63, 172
* —meeting places for conflicts, 54
* Ruffs, promiscuous pairing of, 172
* Savi's Warbler, 139
* Sedge-Warbler, 25, 44, 152, 226, 244
* Selous, E., on the life-history of Ruffs and Reeves, 172
* —on meeting places for conflicts and antics, 64
* —on the meeting places of Black Grouse, 63
* Service, Robert, on flocks of unmated Sedge-Warblers, 44, 45
* Sexual behaviour, 3
* —conflicts, 10
* —development, 6
* —function, discharge of, 2, 3, 26
* —impulse of females, 13
* Sexual instinct in the migratory male, 26
* —of Reeve, 173
* ——reawakening of, 4, 18
* —life of birds, 1
* —maturity, males arrive at, before females, 36
* —organic change, 92, 123
* —selection, 166
* Shag, 121
* Shrike, Red-backed, 39, 50, 51, 156
* Skylark, 188, 236, 244
* Snipe, 153, 156, 219, 220
* Sociability when not paired, 125, 126
* Song, as an aid in searching for a mate, 12
* —its influence on mating, 167
* —origin of, 138
* —relation to reproduction, 123
* —relation to territory, 119-168
* —volume of, influenced by age, seasonal sexual development, or isolation, 166
* Song-Thrush, 222, 244
* Sparrow, House, 218
* Sparrow-Hawk, 269
* Spring, at approach of, birds loose their shyness, 138
* Stability of the water and mobility of the land, 260
* Starling, 217, 218, 237, 251
* Stimulation, internal, 62, 123
* question of, 284
* Stonechat, 87 187, 188, 189, 222, 233, 234
* Stout, Dr, Manual of Psychology, 1, 77
* Struggle for existence, 294
* Susceptibility to position, 96
* Swallow, 21, 156, 278
* Territory, 1, 5
* —adjustment of, 10
* Territory and reproduction, 169-214
* —breeding, 2, 3, 7
* —dates of acquisition of, 33
* —defence of, 6
* —desertion of, after rearing young, 276
* —disposition to defend, 73-118
* —disposition to secure, 6, 20-72
* —establishment of, 74, 285
* —evolution of, 176
* —failure to secure, 286
* —fights for, 10, 11, 13, 62
* —ownership of, 189
* —possession of, a stimulus to song, 136
* —its relation to migration, 259
* —its relation to reproduction, 169-214
* —readjustment of, 147
* —restriction of, advantageous for mating, 172
* —restricted, 8, 9, 30, 50, 58, 64
* —separate for male and female Cuckoo, 144
* —song, its relation to the, 119-68
* —temporary desertion of, 28, 35, 58, 59
* —and hostility, relationship between, 242
* Thrush, Song, 222, 244
* Tit, Blue, 221, 226
* —Great, 221
* —Long-tailed, 226
* Tradition, 300
* Tree-Pipit, 51, 188, 189, 222, 232, 244, 278
* Turtle-Dove, 126, 232
* Union of sexes, 12
* Ussher, H. B., on the hostility between Choughs and Hooded Crows and Choughs and Ravens, 227
* Vocal Imitation, 156, 157, 161
* Voice calls of Curlew, 263
* Wagtail, Pied, 86, 155
* —Yellow, 278
* Wanderings from land, Guillemots, 193
* Warbler, Garden, 223, 225, 230
* —Grasshopper, 39, 131, 139, 155, 187, 244
* —Marsh, 39, 40, 52, 81, 132, 140, 155, 156, 225
* —Reed, 49, 51, 68, 81, 132, 140, 152, 153, 211, 225
* —Savi's, 139
* —Sedge, 25, 44, 152, 226, 244
* —Willow, 25, 47, 50, 51, 80, 91, 140, 187, 211, 232, 244, 273
* —Wood, 50, 51, 132, 221
* Warfare between different species and its relation to the territory, 215-58
* Warning notes, 119
* —of danger, 269
* Water Rail, 218
* Wheatear, 35, 51
* Whimbrel, 140
* Whinchat, 39, 50, 51, 81, 222, 232, 233, 234, 244
* Whitethroat, 25, 50, 68, 69, 124, 140, 182, 187, 189, 190, 213, 230, 244
* —Lesser, 230, 244
* Wild Duck, 250
* Will, the, to fight, 102
* Willow-Warbler, 25, 47, 50, 51, 80. 91, 140, 187, 211, 332, 244, 273
* Winter assemblies, 262-63
* Witherby, H. F., in British Birds, on the return to former breeding-ground, 281
* Wood-Owl, 156
* Wood-Pigeon, 219
* Wood-Warbler, 50, 51, 132, 221
* Woodpecker, Lesser Spotted, 237
* —Great Spotted, 237, 238
* —Green, 20, 71, 156, 208, 218, 237
* Wren, 244
* Yellow Bunting, 28, 30, 47, 64, 140, 159, 162, 183, 187, 188, 189, 235, 236, 286
* Young die in nest from exposure, 184, 185