OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The New International Encyclopædia/Jackson, Charles Thomas

Edition of 1905. See also Charles Thomas Jackson on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​JACKSON, Charles Thomas (1805-80). An American scientist, born at Plymouth, Mass. He graduated at the Harvard Medical School in 1829, and took time during the last two years of his course to make a mineralogical and geological survey of Nova Scotia in company with Francis Alger of Boston. An account of this expedition is contained in the Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He went to Europe in 1829, and spent three years studying in Paris, varied by occasional trips to Germany and Italy. In 1833 he began the practice of medicine in Boston, but soon abandoned it to devote himself to chemistry, mineralogy, and geology. He was State geologist of Maine in 1836, of Rhode Island in 1839, and of New Hampshire in 1840. In 1837 he had a violent controversy with Morse, to whom he claimed to have given the idea of the telegraph. He explored the wilderness on the southern shore of Lake Superior in 1844, and from 1847 till 1849 was United States surveyor of mineral lands in Michigan. He claimed to be the discoverer of the anæsthetic properties of ether, and this involved him in a dispute with Dr. W. T. G. Morton. His claim was supported by many Boston physicians, and a committee appointed by the French Academy of Sciences to investigate the matter decided that both men were entitled to recognition. Dr. Jackson published elaborate reports of his work as a State geologist, and as a member of the United States Geological Survey; contributed articles to the American Journal of Science and Arts, to the Comptes Rendus, and to the Bulletin de la Société Géologicale de France; and wrote a Manual of Etherization, with a History of Its Discovery (1863).
# The Journal of Negro History

A journal covering African-American life and history founded in 1916 by Carter G. Woodson. In 2002 it was renamed to The Journal of African American History.

# Volumes

Volume 7 (1922) (transcription project)
# The Journal of Negro History/Volume 7/Number 1

Vol. VII., No. 1. January, 1922.
       The Experience of a Georgia Peon—My Escape from Bondage.
       Brawley's A Social History of the American Negro;
       Chapman's William Lloyd Garrison;
       Loram's The Education of the South African Native;
       Melden's From Slave to Citizen.
# The Journal of Negro History/Volume 7/Number 1/Notes

NOTES
The annual meeting of the Association, held at Lynchburg on the 14th and 15th of November, was the most successful conference hitherto held by this organization. The proceedings appear elsewhere in this number.
At this meeting Prof. John R. Hawkins, for years a member of the Executive Council, was elected President. A new Secretary-Treasurer, Mr. S. W. Rutherford, was also elected. Mr. Rutherford is a well-known business man in Washington. The Executive Council was reconstructed to make it national. The following persons were added thereto: Bishop R. A. Carter, R. R. Church, John W. Davis, Clement Richardson, and R. C. Woods. Most of the former members of the Executive Council were retained.
The Associated Publishers, Incorporated, Washington, D. C., have brought out C. G. Woodson's History of the Negro Church. A review of this work will appear in the next number. Another work, the Negro in Our History, will be published some time in March.
The Journal of Negro History has received for review Mason and Furr's With the Red Hand of France, an account of a regiment of Negro soldiers in France with the American Expeditionary Force.
A group of intelligent Negroes in North Carolina have formed a state historical society to preserve the records of the race in that commonwealth.
Dr. C. G. Woodson, the Director of the Association is now making a study of slavery from the point of view of the slave himself. He has sent out a searching questionnaire from which some results are being obtained. He is also consulting local records and documents left by slaves themselves and by those in a position to know their attitude toward the institution. The cooperation of all interested in unearthing the truth is earnestly solicited.
Professor A. A. Taylor, of the West Virginia Collegiate Institute, is now making a scientific study of the influence of the Negro congressmen on the legislation of Congress and on the general policy of the country. He will appreciate any facts which may not be covered by the public documents and books available.
Duffield and Company of Boston have published a new edition of Benjamin Brawley's The Negro in Literature and Art.
# The Journal of Negro History/Volume 7/Number 1/Chapman's William Lloyd Garrison

William Lloyd Garrison. By John Jay Chapman. Moffat, Yard and Company, New York, 1913. Pp. 278.
This is a revised edition of a work of a similar name by this author, published in 1913 by Moffat, Yard and Company, New ​York. After having written the first edition the author made further investigation and had other reflections which led him to think and to see things from a different angle. He was impressed, moreover, with the fact that, being now further removed from the Civil War, persons have learned to think more seriously with regard thereto and to consider the value of the deeds of the participants therein in a more sympathetic manner. This work, however, has not been so very much enlarged; for it has only eighteen pages more, but unlike the first edition it has an index. Hoping, however, to give the subject of this sketch a larger place in American history and to popularize the story of his career this revised edition has been given to the public.
The work is not set forth as a scientific study. It is rather an abridged account which may be read without much difficulty by the average student in quest of concise opinion concerning one of the most important American characters figuring in that great crisis between 1830 and 1860. On reading this work, one receives the impression that the author has done his task very well. It borders somewhat on hero worship, however, as is evident from the use of the following language: "If one could see a mystical presentation of the epoch, one would see Garrison as a Titan, turning a giant grindstone or electrical power-wheel, from which radiated vibrations in larger and in ever larger, more communicative circles and spheres of agitation, till there was not a man, woman, or child in America who was not a-tremble." He says further: "We know, of course, that the source of these radiations was not in Garrison. They came from the infinite and passed out into the infinite. Had there been no Garrison they would somehow have arrived and at some time would have prevailed. But historically speaking they did actually pass through Garrison: he vitalized and permanently changed this nation as much as one man ever did the same for any nation in the history of the world."
The book gives a good background and then dramatically stages Garrison as a striking figure. Next follows a dramatic presentation of the antislavery struggle with pen pictures of the participants. The story finally reaches the crisis when Garrison stood as a central figure. The work contains a retrospect and a prospect, an excellent account of the man in action, the Rynders Mob, Garrison and Emerson, and foreign influence. The story closes with a summary and an impressive epilogue. Although not a scientific treatise it certainly furnishes stimulus to further study, and when a student ​thus interested has read it, he will desire to study one of the larger biographies of this distinguished man.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Owens Lake

Edition of 1905. See also Owens Lake on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
OWENS LAKE. A lake of California situated at the eastern base of Mount Whitney in the Sierra Nevada, 90 miles east of Tulare Lake (Map: California, E 3). It is 18 miles long and 8 miles wide, receives the Owens River (q.v.), but has no outlet. Its water is excessively saline.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Owen, Robert

Edition of 1905. See also Robert Owen on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
OWEN, Robert (1771-1858). An English social reformer, born May 14, 1771, at Newtown, Montgomeryshire, North Wales. He was the son of poor parents, and was apprenticed at ten years of age to a draper. He developed an unusual power of organization, and at nineteen years of age became manager of a cotton mill employing 500 hands. The enterprise was successful and Owen soon organized the Chorlton Twist Company, which later bought the large cotton mills at New Lanark of David Dale, whose daughter Owen married in 1799. Owen assumed the management in 1800, and New Lanark soon achieved wide reputation both for its industrial success and the prosperity of the employees. It was visited by the most prominent men of Europe. Owen opened pleasure resorts for the employees, stopped the employment of young children, and introduced a system of education far in advance of his time; improved the houses; furnished provisions at fair prices; and established insurance funds for sickness and old age. In 1813 he published his New Views of Society, or Essays upon the Formation of the Human Character, in which he held that character is wholly the result of the environment. Called before a Parliamentary committee in 1817 to testify regarding the causes of poverty and the means of avoiding it, he outlined the plan of a coöperative village, in which some 1200 persons should live in one large building with
public kitchens and dining rooms, each family having its own private apartments and the entire care of its children until the age of three, after which they should be brought up by the community. Work and the enjoyment of its results were to be in common. Federations of such coöperative townships were to embrace the world in one great republic. From this time it was his constant dream to found an ideal community. Disciples of Owen started a colony at Motherwell, and later at Orbiston and other places, but all failed. In 1824 Owen came to America and founded at his own expense a community in Indiana at New Harmony (q.v.). This likewise failed. In 1828 Owen went to Mexico, hoping there to carry out his schemes, but was disappointed. His connection with New Lanark ceased in the same year. In 1832 he sought to establish at London a “National Labor Equitable Exchange,” but this did not prove a success. In 1835 he wrote the New Moral World. For the rest of his life he was an advocate of Socialism, and in his old age he became a believer in Spiritualism. He was not discouraged by his failures, but labored throughout his life to better conditions, expending his entire fortune on his social schemes. The words Socialism and Socialist were used during the discussions in connection with the association of all classes of all men founded under the auspices of Owen in 1835. Owen died in his native town, November 19, 1858. Consult his autobiography (London, 1857); Booth, Robert Owen (London, 1869); Sargent, Owen and His Social Philosophy (London, 1860); Jones, Life of Robert Owen (London, 1892).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Owen, Robert Dale

Edition of 1905. See also Robert Dale Owen on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
OWEN, Robert Dale (1801-77). A social reformer, son of Robert Owen (q.v.); born at Glasgow, Scotland, November 9, 1801. He was educated at home and in Switzerland. He came to the United States in 1825, aided his father to found New Harmony in Indiana, went back, on the failure of that scheme, to England, but presently returned and became a citizen of the United States. From 1828 to 1832 he published with Francis Wright in New York The Free Inquirer, a socialistic and anti-Christian weekly. He then went to New Harmony, and in 1835 was elected to the Indiana Legislature, where he distinguished himself by securing appropriations for the public school system. He was a member of Congress in 1843-47 and took a leading part in the settlement of the Northwestern boundary, in the Oregon question, and in founding the Smithsonian Institution. Failing reëlection in 1847, he took an active part in State politics, especially in furthering the legal rights of married women to property. From 1853 to 1858 he was chargé d'affaires and Minister at Naples. During the Civil War he served in the Ordnance Commission and the Freedmen's Bureau, and published an important open letter to Lincoln on emancipation. Owen was also a zealous advocate of Spiritualism. His chief publications, besides those mentioned above, are: Outlines of the System of Education at New Lanark (1824); Moral Physiology (1831); Discussion with Origen Bachelor on the Personality of God and the Authority of the Bible (1832); Footfalls on the Boundary of Another World (1859), perhaps his best-known work; The Wrong of Slavery (1864); Beyond the Breakers (1870); Debatable Land Between This World and the Next
(1872); and the autobiographical Threading My Way (1874), which deals with the first twenty-seven years of his life. He died at his summer residence on Lake George, N. Y., June 17, 1877.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Oven-bird

Edition of 1905. See also Ovenbird (family) and Ovenbird on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
OVEN-BIRD. A bird that builds a domed nest somewhat like an old-fashioned outdoor oven. The name belongs primarily to certain
species of South American tree-creepers of the genus Furnarius and family Dendrocolaptidæ, which are small, non-oscine, passerine birds with short wings, feeble power of flight, and plain brownish colors. These birds are numerous in Argentina, and are familiar about village gardens and farms. Both sexes take part in the construction of the nest, which is generally in an exposed situation, remarkably large and of the shape of a dome, with a small entrance on one side. It is made of clay, mixed with a little hair or grass, well plastered together, and becomes quite firm as the clay dries in the sun. Its building sometimes requires several months. Internally, it is divided into two chambers by a partition reaching nearly to the roof, the eggs (pure white) being placed in the inner chamber on a bed of soft grass and feathers. The outer chamber seems to be intended for the male. Such nests are made by Furmurius rufus (the hornero or ‘baker’) and some others, and a new one is constructed each year; but other species of the same genus nest quite differently.
In the United States the name ‘oven-bird’ is given to the golden-crowned ‘water-thrush’ (q.v.) (Seiurus aurocapillus), one of the larger wood-warblers. It is rather more than six inches long, olive green above, white, streaked with black, beneath, and with the centre of the crown pale rufous. During the summer it is found throughout North America, except west of the Rocky Mountains, and it winters from Florida and Texas southward. The nest is rather large, roofed over, with the entrance on one side. It is composed of rootlets, grasses, leaves, etc., and is made on the ground. The eggs are four or five, white, spotted with brown. The oven-bird is remarkable for uttering a sweet chattering song in the air at twilight, after the manner of the skylark; but it is better known by its customary accelerated call. Another peculiarity of the bird is that it walks with a see-sawing motion accompanied by a rhythmical nodding of the head. Consult for the South American oven-bird, Hudson, The Naturalist in La Plata (London, 1892); Selater and Hudson, Argentine Ornithology (London, 1888); Newton, Dictionary of Birds (New York, 1893-96); and for the American oven-bird, standard ornithologies and Burroughs, Wake Robin (Boston, 1872, and later).
# The New International Encyclopædia/Owen Sound

Edition of 1905. See also Owen Sound on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
OWEN SOUND. The capital of Grey County, Ontario, Canada; and a port of entry on Georgian
Bay, Lake Huron, at the mouth of the Sydenham River and on the Canadian Pacific and the Grand Trunk railroads, 99 miles northwest of Toronto (Map: Ontario, C 3). It has an excellent harbor with a dry dock 300 feet long, and is surrounded on three sides by wood-crowned heights. Its public buildings include a town hall, court-house, and high school. It has a trade in agricultural produce and lumber, and manufactures of mill machinery, turbine water wheels, agricultural implements, engines, sewing machines, bricks, and leather. The United States is represented by a consular agent. Population, in 1891, 7497; in 1901, 8777.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Owens College

Edition of 1905. See also Victoria University of Manchester on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
OWENS COLLEGE. A college at Manchester, England. It was founded in 1851 under the will of John Owens, a merchant of that city, who left £100,000 for the instruction of young men “in such branches of science and learning as were then and might be thereafter usually taught in English universities.” Handsome new buildings have been erected, and the college has now a staff of about 50 professors and lecturers in the departments of art, science, law, and medicine. There are about 30 scholarships and prizes, and a valuable fellowship. Owens College has been constituted a college of Victoria University, chartered in 1880, a federation of colleges, having its seat in Manchester.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Owens River

Edition of 1905. See also Owens River on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
OWENS RIVER. A river of eastern California (Map: California, D 3). It rises in the Yosemite National Park, and flows southeast through an exceedingly rugged valley along the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada. It discharges into Owens Lake (q.v.) after a course of 175 miles.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Ottendorfer, Oswald

Edition of 1905. See also Oswald Ottendorfer on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
OT′TENDOR′FER, Oswald (1826-1900). A German-American journalist, he was born at Zwittau, Moravia, studied jurisprudence at Vienna, and was among those German youth who, after participating in the revolutionary troubles of 1848, sought refuge in America. Coming to New York, he acquired control of the New-Yorker Staats-Zeitung, which, at first Democratic in politics, but after 1871 independent, has taken rank as the foremost German-American daily. He largely endowed various institutions in his native town of Zwittau, and to New York presented a fully equipped free library. Some years previous to his death ill health necessitated his retirement from active journalistic work.
# The New International Encyclopædia/Overbeck, Johannes Adolf

Edition of 1905. See also Johannes Overbeck on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
OVERBECK, Johannes Adolf (1826-95). A German archæologist and art-historian; nephew of Friedrich Overbeck, the painter. He was born at Antwerp, and studied at Bonn, where he was privat-docent from 1850 to 1853. From the latter year until his death he was professor of archæology and director of the archæological museum at Leipzig. His publications include: Kunstarchäologische Vorlesungen (1853); Pompeji in seinen Gebäuden, Altertümern and Kunstwerken (1855); Die Geschichte der griechischen Plastik (1857-58; 4th ed. 1894); Die antiken Schriftquellen zur Geschichte der bildenden Künste bei den Griechen (1868); and Griechische Kunstmythologie (1871-89).
# The Jubilee Singers

A number of students of Fisk University, under the direction of one of the officers, gave a series of concerts in the Northern States, for the purpose of establishing the college on a firmer financial foundation. Their hymns and songs, mostly in a minor key, touched the hearts of the people, and were received as peculiarly expressive of a race delivered from bondage.
VOICE of a people suffering long, The pathos of their mournful song, The sorrow of their night of wrong!
Their cry like that which Israel gave, A prayer for one to guide and save, Like Moses by the Red Sea's wave!
The stern accord her timbrel lent To Miriam's note of triumph sent O'er Egypt's sunken armament!
The tramp that startled camp and town, And shook the walls of slavery down, The spectral march of old John Brown!
The storm that swept through battle-days, The triumph after long delays, The bondmen giving God the praise!
Voice of a ransomed race, sing on Till Freedom's every right is won, And slavery's every wrong undone
# The New Student's Reference Work/Carpel

See also Carpel on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Car'pel. The innermost structure of the flower, which contains the ovules. A flower may have one or more carpels which remain separate from one another or unite to form a single pistil. See Flower.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Carson City, Nev.

See also Carson City, Nevada on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Carson City, Nev., the seat of Ormsby County and the capital of the state, is on the Virginia & Truckee Railway, 12 miles east of Lake Tahoe at the foot of the Sierra Nevada and 30 miles south of Reno. It lies in a fertile region, its chief industries being mining, lumbering and agricultural operations. Besides its gold and silver mines (and here is the noted Comstock Lode), there are hot springs in the region. Settled in 1858, the town became the capital three years later, while in 1875 it received its charter as a city. Within the city are the state and federal buildings, including a branch mint, and in the neighborhood are a U. S. government Indian School and the state prison. Its population, which has declined of recent years, was in 1910 but 2,466.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cartagena, Spain

See also Cartagena, Spain on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
​ Cartagena (kär′tȧ-jē′nȧ), Spain, an important historic town and fine seaport on the Mediterranean, in the province of Murcia, is situated in the southeast of the kingdom, south of Alicante and east of Almeria in Andalusia. Its population in 1910 was 96,983. Its harbor, which is defended by strong fortifications, is one of the best on the coast and was formerly the chief naval arsenal of Spain. In early days it was the great commercial emporium of the Carthaginians, and was founded in 242 B. C. by Hasdrubal. Thirty-two years later, it was captured by Scipio Africanus and in A. D. 550 it was destroyed by the Goths; it has otherwise suffered from invasion and capture at different eras. Today the city, which is an episcopal see, has many interesting ruins, among them the Castillo de la Concepcion, situated on a fine promontory, while notable are many of its churches (especially the cathedral, a Gothic structure which dates from the 13th century). The arsenal, docks, dockyards, barracks and hospitals, besides its foundries, machine shops, glass and smelting works and other industrial establishments, are worthy of a visit. Its exports consist of minerals, including lead, zinc, copper, silver ore, coke and coal; besides machinery, lumber, esparto grass, oranges, lemons.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cape Hatteras

See also Cape Hatteras on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Cape Hat'teras, the most easterly point of North Carolina, separated from the mainland by Pamlico Sound. South of Delaware no land stretches so far into the Atlantic as does Cape Hatteras. Nor is any point on the coast more noted for its frequent and dangerous storms. The Gulf Stream flows within twenty miles of it. There is a lighthouse one and one fourth miles from the outermost point.
# The New Student's Reference Work/Cape Horn

See also Cape Horn on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.
Cape Horn, the headland of an island in the Fuegian archipelago, commonly regarded as the southern extremity of America. It is a steep, black rock with bare and lofty sides. It was probably first discovered by Sir Francis Drake, in 1578; but it was first doubled by the Dutch navigators Lemaire and Schouten in 1616, the latter of whom named it after his native town of Hoorn. The cape is no longer rounded by steamers, which now always pass through the Strait of Magellan.