OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Griswold v. Connecticut

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Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965), was a landmark case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the Constitution protected a right to privacy. The case involved a Connecticut law that prohibited the use of contraceptives. By a vote of 7-2, the Supreme Court invalidated the law on the grounds that it violated the "right to marital privacy".

## Concurring Opinions

    Goldberg
    Harlan
    White

## Dissenting Opinions

    Black
    Stewart
Supreme Court of the United States
381 U.S. 479
Griswold v. Connecticut
Appeal from the Supreme Court of Errors of Connecticut
No. 496 Argued: March 29-30, 1965 --- Decided: June 7, 1965
Appellants, the Executive Director of the Planned Parenthood League of Connecticut, and its medical director, a licensed physician, were convicted as accessories for giving married persons information and medical advice on how to prevent conception and, following examination, prescribing a contraceptive device or material for the wife's use. A Connecticut statute makes it a crime for any person to use any drug or article to prevent conception. Appellants claimed that the accessory statute, as applied, violated the Fourteenth Amendment. An intermediate appellate court and the State's highest court affirmed the judgment.
Held:
1. Appellants have standing to assert the constitutional rights of the married people. Tileston v. Ullman, 318 U.S. 44, distinguished. P. 481.
2. The Connecticut statute forbidding use of contraceptives violates the right of marital privacy which is within the penumbra of specific guarantees of the Bill of Rights. Pp. 481-486. [p480]
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/3/Counties/Cass

​ CASS COUNTY lies in the second tier east of the Missouri River in the third north of the south line of the State and contains sixteen townships, making an area of five hundred seventy-six squares miles. It was within the limits of Demoine County from 1834 to 1836 and was a part of the old county of Keokuk from 1837 to 1840. By act of the Legislature of 1851 Cass County was established with its present boundaries. The first white settlers within its limits were Mormons who stopped there on their exodus from Nauvoo in 1845-6. They established a station near the west bank of the Nishnabotna River, two and a half miles west of the point where Lewis stands. It was near the old Indian village of the Pottawattamies and was named Indiantown. For many years this was the chief trading post on that route from the Mississippi to the Missouri River.
The first permanent settlers in the county were Jeremiah Bradshaw, V. M. Conrad, Peter Hedges, David Chapman, Joseph Everly and J. M. Watson who took claims near Indiantown in 1852. Here Bradshaw opened the first store in the county and a post-office was established called Cold Springs. In the summer of 1852 R. D. McGeehon built a log cabin and opened a farm near Turkey Creek. The first election was held at Uniontown in August, 1852, at which but thirteen votes were polled. The county officers were chosen in 1853, consisting of Jeremiah Bradshaw, judge; V. M. Conrad, treasurer; C. E. Woodward, clerk; Francis E. Ball, sheriff. Thomas G. Palmer and Milton Richards were chosen commissioners to locate the county-seat and on the 11th of March, 1853, ​selected the site where Lewis stands. This town was laid out on the east side of the Nishnabotna River the next year and became the county-seat. The first house was built by S. M. Tucker and the first newspaper was established by J. C. Brown in 1861, named the Cass County Gazette. In 1868 the town of Atlantic was located on the line of the Rock Island Railroad which was built through the northern part of the county in that year. After a bitter contest the county-seat was removed from Lewis to Atlantic in November, 1869. Anita and Wiota were located on the line of the Rock Island Railroad.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/3/Counties/Bremer

​ BREMER COUNTY was organized from a portion of the extensive territory at one time embraced in the original county of Fayette. It lies in the third tier west of the Mississippi River, in the third tier south of the Minnesota line and contains but twelve townships six miles square, giving it an area of about four hundred thirty-two square miles. In 1845 Charles McCaffrey of Scott County made a claim in the valley of the Cedar River at the “Big Woods,” near where the village of Jefferson stands. He built a cabin and opened a farm and during the year other claims were made in that vicinity by George Beeler, Andrew Sample, J. H. Messenger and others. The early settlements were within the limits of the Winnebago reservation and the last of the Indians remained until 1851. In 1850 Jacob Hess and Frederick Cretzmeyer settled on the west side of the Cedar River where the town of Waverly stands.
The county was established in 1851 by act of the General Assembly and at the suggestion of General A. K. Eaton, then a member from Delaware County, was named for the Swedish author Frederika Bremer. It was first attached to Buchanan County for revenue, election and judicial purposes. In 1853 William P. Harmon settled on the east bank of the Cedar River and laid out the town of Waverly. A log farm was built across the river, a sawmill and log hotel erected. The commissioners located the county-seat the same year at the new town. ​John T. Barrick located six miles south of Waverly in the spring of 1853 and laid out the town of Janesville, named for his wife, Jane. This was the first town laid out in the county and there the first newspaper was established in 1855, named the Bremer County Herald and published by Phineas V. Swan. The county was organized in 1853 and had at that time but eighty-two voters. The first officers were Jeremiah Ferris, county judge; Austin Ferris, sheriff; John Hunter, treasurer; and Herman A. Miles, clerk.
The first newspaper at Waverly was established on the 6th of March, 1856, by Herman A. Miles and was called the Waverly Republican. Richard Miles taught the first school in the county in 1853 in a log house in Jefferson township. Judge Thomas S. Wilson held the first term of court at Waverly in June, 1854.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/3/Counties/Buchanan

​ BUCHANAN COUNTY is in the third tier west of the Mississippi River and in the third south of the Minnesota line; embraces an area of five hundred and seventy-six square miles and is divided into twenty congressional townships. It was established in December, 1837, and at that time contained all of that portion of the original county of Dubuque lying directly west from Delaware to the Missouri River. The county was named for James Buchanan, afterwards President of the United States. The name was suggested by S. P. Stoughton a prominent Democrat of the new county. In 1843 the territory was reduced to its present limits.
The first white man known to have settled in the county was William Bennett who with his family came from Delaware County in February, 1842, took a claim and built a log cabin on the east bank of the Wapsipinicon River where Quasqueton was afterwards laid out. Soon after S. G. and S. H. Sanford and Ezra Allen took claims in the same vicinity. Early in the spring Dr. Edward
FIELD STREWN WITH BOWLDERS, In Buchanan County
​Brewer, R. B. Clark and Frederick Kessler joined the first settlers. In 1845 a post-office was established named Quasqueton with William Richards as postmaster. The town was laid out by D. S. Davis in 1847, the name being of Indian origin and signifying “rapid water.” In 1847 the commissioners selected to locate a county-seat, chose the site where Independence stands. Rufus B. Clark was the first to call attention to this spot as a beautiful location for a town and, associating himself with N. A. McClure and S. P. Stoughton, entered a quarter section of land embracing the water power and a portion of the ground upon which Independence was built. In March, 1847, Mr. Clark built a log cabin on the land thus entered which was the first house in Independence. A dam was built across the river, a sawmill erected, a store opened and a post-office secured by the proprietors of the new town during the year 1848. Mr. Clark kept a hotel in his two-room log cabin while Mr. Stoughton opened a store and kept the post-office in his cabin. Edward Brewster practiced medicine and kept a school in his house.
The county was organized in 1848 by the election of the following officers: Elijah Beardsley, judge; E. D. Phelps, sheriff; S. P. Stoughton, clerk; and Elijah Beardsley, prosecuting attorney. The first term of the District Court was held in April, 1849, by James Grant, judge of the Third District. In May, 1855, B. F. Parker and James Hillery issued the first number of a newspaper named the Independence Civilian. In December, 1856, Jacob Rich and Mr. Jordon began the publication of the Quasqueton Guardian in the rival town. The first railroad built into the county was the Dubuque and Sioux City, which reached Independence in December, 1859.
During the session of the Legislature of 1868, Senator William G. Donnan secured the passage of an act providing for the location and building of an additional Hospital for the Insane at Independence.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/3/Counties/Buncombe

​ BUNCOMBE COUNTY was established in 1851 and named for an officer in the War of the Revolution. It was the extreme northwestern county in the State. While bearing this name there were no permanent settlers within its limits but for eleven years it appeared on the map of Iowa as Buncombe County until at the extra session of the Ninth General Assembly in September, 1862, it was changed to Lyon.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/3/Counties/Butler

​ BUTLER COUNTY is in the third tier south of the Minnesota line, in the fourth west of the Mississippi River, and contains sixteen congressional townships, making an area of five hundred seventy-six square miles. It was taken from territory formerly embraced in the counties of Fayette and Buchanan, was established in 1851 and named for General William O. Butler, an officer in the Mexican War and Democratic candidate for Vice-President in 1848.
The first white men who settled in the county were two brothers, Harrison and Volney Carpenter who, in 1850, went from Linn County up the Cedar and Shellrock rivers hunting and trapping. They were charmed with the country and made claims and built a log cabin in a grove where the town of Shellrock stands. In September of the same year Henry J. Hicks and Robert T. Crowell, from Wisconsin, settled at Coon Grove near where Clarksville has since been built. During the winter these pioneers carried on their backs supplies for their families from Cedar Falls. They found support through hunting, trapping and fishing until land could be brought under cultivation. In 1851 Jeremiah Perrin, M. A. Taylor, Mahlon B. and William S. Wamsley, Seth Hilton and others came and also entered land.
In 1853 the county-seat was located at Clarksville, a ​town laid out by Thomas and Jeremiah Clark and D. C. Hilton, and name for the proprietors; the plat embraced forty acres.
The first county officers were: John Palmer, judge; W. C. Burton, clerk; Abner G. Clark, treasurer; R. T. Crowell, sheriff, and Hardin Baird, prosecuting attorney. The permanent organization of the county was made in October, 1854. A post-office was established at Coon Grove in 1853 of which Abner G. Clark was the first postmaster; later this settlement became Clarksville. In the spring of 1855 Miss Malinda Searls opened the first school in a log cabin at Clarksville. J. D. Thompson, judge of the Thirteenth District held the first term of court in the county in October, 1857. In July, 1858, Palmer and James established a newspaper at Clarksville, naming it the Butler County Transcript. This was the first paper in the county. The Dubuque and Sioux City Railroad was built through the south part of the county in 1865.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/3/Counties/Calhoun

​ CALHOUN COUNTY is in the fourth tier from the north line of the State, also in the fourth east of the Missouri River and has sixteen townships, each six miles square, making a total area of five hundred seventy-six square miles. It was originally named Fox but at the session of the Legislature of 1853 a change was made to Calhoun, in honor of the famous South Carolina Senator. Twin Lakes, lying in the northern part of the county, cover an area of about seventeen hundred acres and vary in depth from three to twenty feet. The northern lake is about half a mile wide and two and one-half miles in length.
Ebeneezer Comstock was the first white settler in the county. In April, 1854, he moved with his family into the grove where Lake City has since been built and here made his log cabin. His nearest trading point was Des Moines, eighty-five miles distant. He was soon joined by John ​Condron, J. C. Smith and Peter Smith from Cass County, Michigan.
In August, 1855, the county was organized by the election of Peter Smith, judge; Christian Smith, treasurer; Joel Golden, clerk; William Oxenford, sheriff; and Ebeneezer Comstock, prosecuting attorney. The election was held at the house of Christopher Smith and the entire population of the county was less than one hundred. The county-seat was located by a vote of the people in April, 1856, and Charles Amy was employed to survey and plat a town which was named Lake City. The first house on the plat was built by him in 1857 and the first store was opened the same year by Peter Smith and Daniel Reed in a log cabin. In 1856 David Reed taught the first school near Lake City and the Methodists organized the first religious society the same year.
For many years in the early history of the county Charles Amy was its treasurer and by honest and economical management of the officials the warrants of the county were always kept at par and no debt was incurred, a condition of affairs rare among the counties of northwestern Iowa.
In June, 1859, Judge A. W. Hubbard held the first term of court in the county. In June, 1871, B. F. Gue of Fort Dodge established the first newspaper at Lake City named the Calhoun County Pioneer of which E. W. Wood was the editor and manager. In early days a good wagon road was graded from Lake City to Fort Dodge and the streams were bridged for a distance of about forty miles over unsettled prairies. In 1870 the first line of railroad was built into the county, running through the northern townships. It was the main line of the Iowa Falls and Sioux City road and the towns of Manson and Pomeroy were built upon it. In the spring of 1876 the county-seat was relocated on land belonging to Colonel J. M. Rockwell nearer the center of the county where a town was laid out and named Rockwell City. A court-house was built
THE RACOON RIVER AT COON RAPIDS In Carroll County
​in the spring of 1877. A railroad reached the new county-seat in 1882.
# History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/3/Counties/Carroll

​ CARROLL COUNTY was at one time a part of the large territory of Benton but, in 1851, was established by act of the Legislature and named for Charles Carroll, one of t he signers of the Declaration of Independence. It lies in the third tier east of the Missouri River, in the fifth south of the Minnesota line and contains sixteen congressional townships, making an area of five hundred and seventy-six square miles.
In 1854 Enos Buttrick of Greene County made a claim and built the first log cabin in the limits of Carroll, on section two, township eighty-two, range thirty-four. The old Indian trail known as the “War Path,” a dividing line between the Sioux and Pottawattamie hunting grounds, ran through townships eighty-two to eighty-five, range thirty-six. It was a well beaten path visible for many years after the Indians were removed from the State. The penalty was death for any Indian who should be found hunting on the land belonging to the other tribe. The old battle-field where the last conflict took place between these hostile tribes was near Crescent Lake in Carroll County.
In July, 1855, the first steps were taken toward organizing a county government in Carroll and at the August election the following officers were chosen: A. J. Cain, judge; Levi Thompson, clerk; James White, treasurer; J. Y. Anderson, sheriff, and L. M. Curdy, prosecuting attorney. The population at that time was about one hundred. The first school was opened by Jane L. Hill in the spring of 1856 at Carrollton, a town which was that year laid out on the middle branch of the Raccoon River in the southern part of the county. It became the first county-seat and O. H. Manning here established a paper named the Carroll Enterprise. The Methodists organized the first church in the county at this place. A term of ​court was held here by Judge M. F. Moore in November, 1858. The Northwestern Railroad was built in 1867 and a new town laid out on its line near the geographical center of the county named Carroll, which soon became the county-seat. The Carroll Herald was started the following year by J. F. H. Sugg.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Boigne, Benoît de

See also Benoît de Boigne on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​BOIGNE, BENOÎT DE, Count (1751–1830), the first of the French military adventurers in India, was born at Chambéry in Savoy on the 8th of March 1751, being the son of a fur merchant. He joined the Irish Brigade in France in 1768, and subsequently he entered the Russian service and was captured by the Turks. Hearing of the wealth of India, he made his way to that country, and after serving for a short time in the East India Company, he resigned and joined Mahadji Sindhia in 1784 for the purpose of training his troops in the European methods of war. In the battles of Lalsot and Chaksana Boigne and his two battalions proved their worth by holding the field when the rest of the Mahratta army was defeated by the Rajputs. In the battle of Agra (1788) he restored the Mahratta fortunes, and made Mahadji Sindhia undisputed master of Hindostan. This success led to his being given the command of a brigade of ten battalions of infantry, with which he won the victories of Patan and Merta in 1790. In consequence Boigne was allowed to raise two further brigades of disciplined infantry, and made commander-in-chief of Sindhia’s army. In the battle of Lakhairi (1793) he defeated Holkar’s army. On the death of Mahadji Sindhia in 1794, Boigne could have made himself master of Hindostan had he wished it, but he remained loyal to Daulat Rao Sindhia. In 1795 his health began to fail, and he resigned his command, and in the following year returned to Europe with a fortune of £400,000. He lived in retirement during the lifetime of Napoleon, but was greatly honoured by Louis XVIII. He died on the 21st of June 1830.
See H. Compton, European Military Adventurers of Hindustan (1892).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bohn, Henry George

See also Henry George Bohn on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​BOHN, HENRY GEORGE (1796–1884), British publisher, son of a German bookbinder settled in England, was born in London on the 4th of January 1796. In 1831 he started as a dealer in rare books and “remainders.” In 1841 he issued his “Guinea” Catalogue of books, a monumental work containing 23,208 items. Bohn was noted for his book auction sales: one held in 1848 lasted four days, the catalogue comprising twenty folio pages. Printed on this catalogue was the information: “Dinner at 2 o’clock, dessert at 4, tea at 5, and supper at 10.” The name of Bohn is principally remembered by the important Libraries which he inaugurated: these were begun in 1846 and comprised editions of standard works and translations, dealing with history, science, classics, theology and archaeology, consisting in all of 766 volumes. One of Bohn’s most useful and laborious undertakings was his revision (6 vols. 1864) of The Bibliographer’s Manual of English Literature (1834) of W. T. Lowndes. The plan includes bibliographical and critical notices, particulars of prices, &c., and a considerable addition to the original work. It had been one of Bohn’s ambitions to found a great publishing house, but, finding that his sons had no taste for the trade, he sold the Libraries in 1864 to Messrs. Bell and Daldy, afterwards G. Bell & Sons. Bohn was a man of wide culture and many interests. He himself made considerable contributions to his Libraries: he collected pictures, china and ivories, and was a famous rose-grower. He died at Twickenham on the 22nd of August 1884.
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Boie, Heinrich Christian

See also Heinrich Christian Boie on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​BOIE, HEINRICH CHRISTIAN (1744–1806), German author, was born at Meldorf in the then Danish province of Schleswig-Holstein on the 19th of July 1744. After studying law at Jena, he went in 1769 to Göttingen, where he became one of the leading spirits in the Göttingen “Dichterbund” or “Hain.” Boie’s poetical talent was not great, but his thorough knowledge of literature, his excellent taste and sound judgment, made him an ideal person to awake the poetical genius of others. Together with F. W. Gotter (q.v.) he founded in 1770 the Göttingen Musenalmanach, which he directed and edited until 1775, when, in conjunction with C. W. von Dohm (1751–1820), he brought out Das deutsche Museum, which became one of the best literary periodicals of the day. In 1776 Boie became secretary to the commander-in-chief at Hanover, and in 1781 was appointed administrator of the province of Süderditmarschen in Holstein. He died at Meldorf on the 3rd of March 1806.
See K. Weinhold, Heinrich Christian Boie (Halle, 1868).
# 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Boil

See also Boil on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
​BOIL, in medicine, a progressive local inflammation of the skin, taking the form of a hard suppurating tumour, with a core of dead tissue, resulting from infection by a microbe, Staphylococcus pyogenes, and commonly occurring in young persons whose blood is disordered, or as a complication in certain diseases. Treatment proceeds on the lines of bringing the mischief out, assisting the evacuation of the boil by the lancet, and clearing the system. In the English Bible, and also in popular medical terminology, “boil” is used of various forms of ulcerous affection. The boils which were one of the plagues in Egypt were apparently the bubonic plague. The terms Aleppo boil (or button), Delhi boil, Oriental boil, Biskra button, &c., have been given to a tropical epidemic, characterized by ulcers on the face, due to a diplococcus parasite.