# Ancient India as described by Megasthenês and Arrian/Frag. XXXIV.

Fragm. XXXIV.
Strab. XV. 1. 50-52,—pp. 707-709.
Of the administration of public affairs.
Of the use of Horses and Elephants.
(Fragm. XXXIII. has preceded this.)
(50) Of the great officers of state, some have charge of the market, others of the city, others of the soldiers. Some superintend the rivers, measure the land, as is done in Egypt, and inspect the sluices by which water is let out from the main canals into their branches, so that every one may have an equal supply of it. $^2$The same persons have charge also of the huntsmen, and are entrusted with the power of rewarding or punishing them according to their deserts. They collect the taxes, and superintend the occupations connected with land, as those of the woodcutters, the carpenters, the blacksmiths, and the miners. $^3$They construct roads, and at every ten stadia set up a pillar to show the by-roads and distances. $^4$Those who have charge of the city are ​divided into six bodies of five each. The members of the first look after everything relating to the industrial arts. Those of the second attend to the entertainment of foreigners. To these they assign lodgings, and they keep watch over their modes of life by means of those persons whom they give to them for assistants. They escort them on the way when they leave the country, or, in the event of their dying, forward their property to their relatives. They take care of them when they are sick, and if they die bury them. $^5$The third body consists of those who inquire when and how births and deaths occur, with the view not only of levying a tax, but also in order that births and deaths among both high and low may not escape the cognizance of Government. $^6$The fourth class superintends trade and commerce. Its members have charge of weights and measures, and see that the products in their season are sold by public notice. No one is allowed to deal in more than one kind of commodity unless he pays a double tax. $^7$The fifth class supervises manufactured articles, which they sell by public notice. What is new is sold separately from what is old, and there is a fine for mixing the two together. $^8$The sixth and last class consists of those who collect the tenths of the prices of the articles sold. Fraud in the payment of this tax is punished with death.
$^9$Such are the functions which these bodies ​separately discharge. In their collective capacity they have charge both of their special departments, and also of matters affecting the general interest, as the keeping of public buildings in proper repair, the regulation of prices, the care of markets, harbours, and temples. $^{10}$Next to the city magistrates there is a third governing body, which directs military affairs. This also consists of six divisions, with five members to each. One division is appointed to cooperate with the admiral of the fleet, another with the superintendent of the bullock-trains which are used for transporting engines of war, food for the soldiers, provender for the cattle, and other military requisites. They supply servants who beat the drum, and others who carry gongs; grooms also for the horses, and mechanists and their assistants. To the sound of the gong they send out foragers to bring in grass, and by a system of rewards and punishments ensure the work being done with despatch and safety. $^{11}$The third division has charge of the foot-soldiers, the fourth of the horses, the fifth of the war-chariots, and the sixth of the elephants. $^{12}$There are royal stables for the horses and elephants, and also a royal magazine for the arms, because the soldier has to return his arms to the magazine, and his horse and his elephant to the stables. $^{13}$They use the elephants without bridles. The chariots are drawn on the march ​by oxen,$^{14}$ but the horses are led along by a halter, that their legs may not be galled and inflamed, nor their spirits damped by drawing chariots. $^{15}$In addition to the charioteer, there are two fighting men who sit up in the chariot beside him. The war-elephant carries four men—three who shoot arrows, and the driver. (Fragm. XXVII. follows.)
* ↑ From this it would appear that ten stadia were equal to some Indian me&sore of distance, which must have been the kṛôśa or kosa. If the stadium be taken at 202⁠1/4⁠ yards, this would give 2022⁠1/2⁠ yards for the kos, agreeing with the shorter kos of 4,000 hâths, in use in the Panjâb, and till lately, if not still, in parts of Bengal.—Ed. Ind. Ant.
* ↑ "The fourfold division of the army (horse, foot, chariots, and elephants) was the same as that of Menu; but Strabo makes a sextuple diviaion, by adding the commissariat and naval department."