# Protection or Free Trade (George, Henry George & Co., 1886)/Index

Index.
American Republic, possibilities of, 351.
Balance of trade, 121. origin of the idea, 132.
Bounties, 90, 98, 106, 110.
Briggs, Thomas, 347.
Bright, John, 296.
Buckle, 351.
Capital, not the oppressor of labor, 294; no conflict between capital and labor, 327; confusions in regard to, 327.
Carey, H. C., 10, 86.
Coal and iron monopolies, 189, 331.
Cobden Club, opposed to true free trade, 15.
Cobden, Richard, 296, 347.
Competition, functions and effects, 328.
Concentration, causes of tendency to, 176.
Co-operative stores, 73.
Copyright, international, 219.
De Tocqueville, 201.
Distribution, effects of increased production on, 274.
Drawbacks, 92.
Duties, export and import, compared, 124.
English estates in America, 128, 293.
Evarts, Wm. M., 141.
Exchange, international, governed by comparative cost of production, 157.
Export duties, objections to, 125.
Exports, due to other things than exchange, 126.
"Fair-traders," 159.
Fortification of our coasts, 351.
Fourier, Charles, 70.
Free trade, a general interest, 13; not a British invention, 14; natural trade, 15; British, 15; in the United States, 16; in Ireland, 19; in the U. S., causes which have prejudiced workingmen against, 20, 238, 244; and socialism, 321; inadequacy of the usual argument for, 238, 244; movement in England, 247, 312, 346; true, 296; why its advocacy has been so halting, 312; means peace, 351.
Greeley, Horace, 61, 69, 102, 103, 119, 157, 188, 220.
Gronlund, Laurence, 324.
Hoyt, Henry M., 257.
Hyndman, H. M., 324.
Imports, in a profitable trade should exceed exports, 125; do not always imply exports, 126.
Import duties, fall on consumers, 78; claim that they are paid by foreigners, 93.
Interest, rate of, as reason for protection, 154.
Individualism, 324.
Invention, effects of labor-saving, 281.
Ireland, tariffs and industry of, 18; American remittances to, 127.
​Iron, effect of the duty on, 160, 189.
Labor, efficiency varies with wages, 149; value the measure of embodied, 118, 147; relative not absolute cost of, determines exchanges, 157; the true standard of value, 211; not protected by tariffs, 218; conditions becoming harder, 249, 275; of itself helpless, 263; cause of its impoverishment, 285.
Laborer, full meaning of the term, 75.
Land, value of, increases as wages fall, 152; effects of private ownership of, 176, 184, 285; the passive factor in production, 184; monopoly of timber and mineral lands, 183; influence of price of, on wages, 227; monopoly of, gives control of labor, 277, 295; value of, 290; how equal rights to, may be asserted, 297; necessity of secure possession, 298.
Land-owner, not a producer, 185.
Machinery, effects of, 270.
Malthus, 9.
Manufactures, natural development of, 163; localization of, 169; large demand necessary to, 171.
Marx, Karl, 324.
Mill, John Stuart, 9, 94.
Middlemen, 70.
Mining royalties, 188.
Money, confusions arising from use of, 132; fluctuations in the value of, 211.
Navigation laws, effects of, 206.
Over-production, 246.
Octroi, 71.
Physiocrats, 15, 310, 312.
Political economy, simplicity of, 8; method of, 27; mercantile system of, 137.
Production, what it embraces, 66; cost of, not determined by wages, 147; advantages for, 15; factors of, 184; increase of, does not benefit all, 246.
Protection reasserting itself in Great Britain, 3, 112, 159; ends praiseworthy, 5; general acceptance, 12; influences it enlists, 13; not American, 14, 45; in the case of Ireland, 18; causes that dispose working-men in its favor, 20, 257; its spirit that of enmity, 14, 34, 350; its corrupting tendencies, 35, 84, 100; what it prevents, 49; a world suited to, 57; its genesis, 76, 82, 137; is boycotting of ourselves, 114, 160; its real beneficiaries, 177; effect on prices, 96; effect on profits, 96, 177; effect upon other countries, 160; effect on land values, 186; first asked for the establishment of new industries, 103; difference between protectionist writers and popular pleas, 107; derives strength from confusions of thought arising from the use of money, 137; effects on American industry, 193; injurious to the development of manufactures, 163, 177, 193; tends to unjust distribution, 252; home market argument, 112; balance-of-trade argument, 121; high-wages argument, 145; arguments drawn from advantages or disadvantages, 154; abolition of, would stimulate industry, 192, 231; plea for gradual abolition, 231; effect on wages, 244; cannot be abolished in the United States on the same lines as in Great Britain, 247; and wages, 208; cannot protect labor, 215; real strength of, 257; how it makes ​work, 258; cannot check concentrating tendencies, 283; strengthened by opponents, 268; its relation to monopoly of land, 343.
Protective theory, if true, then universally true, 30; opposed to natural perceptions and impulses, 38, 64; arbitrary and shifting character of the protective unit, 40; inconsistencies of, 40, 101; applies to smaller even more than to larger divisions, 43; cannot be put in practice, 99.
Property in land, 176, 184, 285, 349; how instituted in Great Britain, 314.
Public debts, 234.
Quesnay, 15, 312.
Revenue, Federal, possible sources of, 345.
Rogers, Prof. Thorold, 254.
Sailors, character of, 202.
Savages, their rude methods due to isolation, 171.
Scully, Wm., American estates of, 129.
Shipping, American, 198.
Slavery, two forms of, 289; influence of American on public opinion, 316.
Smith, Adam, 9, 15, 98, 115, 312.
Smith, E. P., 87.
Socialism, relations of free trade to, 322.
Spencer, Herbert, 300.
Sumner, Prof. W. G., 266.
Tariffs, origin of, 76; first American, 17; are restrictions, not on foreigners, but on the people that impose them, 49, 160; for revenue, 76; for protection, 88; frequent modifications of, 181; Act of 1883, typical blunder in, 100.
Tariff question, its importance, 3; not safely to be left to specialists, 6; not recondite, 7; not yet thoroughly discussed, 7; cannot be understood without going further, 10, 238; paradox to which it leads, 270.
Taxation, indirect, a farming of revenue, 84.
Taxes, direct and indirect, considered, 77; on ostentation, 307; on land values, 307; Federal, 345.
Thompson, Prof. R. E., 40, 61, 69, 86, 107, 140, 203, 259.
Tobacco and cigars, taxes on, 77.
Trade, nature and function of, 49; a mode of production, 210.
Trades-unions, influence on competition, 214, 223; can do little, 323.
Value, the measure of embodied labor, 118, 147.
Wages, a high standard of, a proper concernment of the State, 5; assumption that they are higher in U. S. because of tariff, 25; not the determining factor in cost of production, 147; rate of, as related to land values, 152, 227; effect of protection on, 208; tendency to & common level, 212; governed by competition in labor market, not in goods market, 212; do not increase with employers' profits, 221; in widest occupations, determine general rate of, 225; effects of abolition of protection on, 244.
Wealth, increase of, does not benefit all classes, 245.
Wells, D. A., 179.
Work, treated by protectionists as an end, 258; how this feeling arises, 262.