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# Midland Naturalist/Volume 01/The Weather of August, 1878

Meteorology of the Midlands.
The Weather of August, 1878.
By W. Jerome Harrison. F.G.S.
A wet month indeed, the rein mostly falling during thunderstorms, of which those on the 4th, 6th, 16th, 2ith, and 20th may be specially noted. The storm of the fifth was accompanied in North Leicestershire by hail, which did much damage. At Dalby Hall some of the "lumps of ice" measured one inch in diameter; at Belvoir Castle they were "the size of filberts." At Matlock Bath 24 inches of rain fell during this storm in "less than two hours." From Nottingham. Mr. Lowe writes: "The monthly fall here (8.76in.) was the largest for the past thirty-nine years." Mr. Davis, of Tenbury, states that the "rainfall for the month (7.81in.) was excessive, and has only been exceeded twice in the last forty-eight years; in July, 1884, 9.23 inches of rain were registered, and in November, 1832, 8.22 inches."
Temperature was very uniform and about the average, although there was little sunshine. The crops suffered much from standing in the fields, and were not half secured at the end of the month. Thw barometer ruled rather low. Fogs prevailed on the 25th and 26th.
At Alstonfield a great body of swifts {Hirunda apis) retired about the 10th. Hybernated specimen of the Painted Lady butterfly was seen on Derbyshire side on the 15th, and of Red Admiral on the 20th, The glow-worm was noted shining in the moist evenings after days of heavy rain. From Shifnal the Rev. J. Brooke writes—"Few butterflies, scarcely even white ones; and only one or two Red Admirals, Peacocks, and Tortoiseshells; not one Clouded Yellow, although we had such a strange Influx of this species in August, 1877. Swifts gone by the 10th."
This work was published before January 1, 1930, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# Midland Naturalist/Volume 01/The Weather of September, 1878

Meteorology of the Midlands.
The Weather of September, 1878.
By W. Jerome Warrison, F.G.S.
The first fortnight of the month was dry and pleasant weather, only broken by a severe thunderstorm on the 5th, in which at Pitsford 1.60 inches of rain fell between 6 30 a.m. and 9 a.m. In the same storm, .33 inches fell at Bishop's Castle in ten minutes. .66 inches in one hour at Shifnal, and 1.24 inches in one hour at Kinver. A severe westerly gale blew on the 15th, and was followed by showery and cloudy days to the end of the month. On the morning of the 30th, another heavy thunderstorm was experienced at most stations, doing much damage near Coventry, and largely denuding the trees of their leaves.
This work was published before January 1, 1930, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# United Air Lines, Inc. v. Mahin
## Dissenting Opinions

    Douglas
    White
Supreme Court of the United States
410 U.S. 623
United Air Lines, Inc. v. Mahin, Director of Department of Revenue, et al.
Appeal from the Supreme Court of Illinois
No. 71-862. Argued: November 8, 1972 --- Decided: March 5, 1973
The Illinois use tax was applied to appellant's aviation fuel stored in the State and loaded aboard its aircraft there and consumed in interstate flights, the tax authorities having revised their previous "burn off" interpretation of a statutory exemption for temporary storage. Under the "burn off" interpretation only fuel consumed in flight over Illinois was used to measure the tax imposed for storage before loading, but under the reinterpretation all fuel loaded was deemed to measure the tax on the "use" of storage or withdrawal from storage. The Illinois Supreme Court upheld the statute against appellant's contention that the tax as reinterpreted impermissibly burdened interstate commerce.
Held:
    1. The statute as authoritatively construed by the State's highest court to tax storage and not consumption does not place an unconstitutional burden on interstate commerce. Edelman v. Boeing Air Transport, Inc., 289 U.S. 249; Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis R. Co. v. Wallace, 288 U.S. 249. Cases allowing the taxation of storage of fuel before loading have not outlived their usefulness. Pp. 626-630.
    2. The "burn off" rule is not unconstitutional, being distinguishable from a tax imposed on consumption such as was invalidated in Helson v. Kentucky, 279 U.S. 245. Since some of the Illinois Supreme Court majority were under the mistaken impression that Helson precluded use of the "burn off" interpretation, the case is remanded to enable that court to construe the temporary-storage provision under state law free from any constraint that such interpretation would not be constitutionally permissible. Pp. 630-632.
49 Ill.2d 45, 273 N.E.2d 585, vacated and remanded.
BLACKMUN, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which BURGER, C.J., and BRENNAN, MARSHALL, POWELL, and REHNQUIST, JJ., joined. DOUGLAS, J., filed a dissenting opinion, in which STEWART and WHITE, JJ., joined, post, p. 632. WHITE, J., filed a dissenting opinion, post, p. 639.
Mark H. Berens argued the cause for appellant. With him on the briefs were H. Templeton Brown, Robert L. Stern and William Bruce Hoff, Jr.
Robert J. O'Rourke argued the cause for appellees. With him on the brief were William J. Scott, Attorney General of Illinois, and Warren K. Smoot and Calvin C. Campbell, Assistant Attorneys General.

## Notes

* ↑ James A. Velde filed a brief for American Airlines, Inc., et al. as amici curiae urging reversal.
# Midland Naturalist/Volume 01/The Weather of October, 1878

Meteorology of the Midlands.
The Weather of October, 1878.
By W. Jerome Harrison, F.G.S.
Most of our observers agree in describing the weather as fairly fine and dry up to the 20th, but wet and stormy after that date to the end of the month. Whilst the rainfall was about the average, temperature was decidedly higher. The pressure of air, as indicated by the barometer, was very variable, a fact due to the rapid succession of depressions and anticyclones passing ever our Islands from the south-west to the north-east.
Thunderstorms are reported from Stroud on the 9th, Buxton on 28th and 30th, Weston-under-Lyziard on the 29th, Leicestershire 25th, Brampton St. Thomas on 28th, Spondon 28th to 30th,
Snow fell very generally on the 29th and 30th, it melted very soon; at Uppingham it was four inches in depth. Hail-storms were also frequent on the last three days of the month.
There was little or no frost till the very end of October, and, as a consequence of the mildness of the weather, many migratory birds delayed their departure, while flowers continued to bloom freely. Swallows appeared again at Stroud on the 16th; three were seen at Tamworth on the 15th. At Worksop these birds were seen as late as the 26th. The fieldfare arrived at Tamworth on the 16th; redwings and woodcocks were seen near Bishop's Castle on the same day, Ab Waltham bees were in full work on ivy and chrysanthemum till 22nd, and at Shifnal the red admiral and tortoiseshell butterflies were out till the 19th. when also a large dragon fly was seen hawking for flies, as in the height of summer. Primroses were gathered near Melton Mowbray on the 19th.
This work was published before January 1, 1930, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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# Amazing Stories/Volume 01/Station X

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1930.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1926, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 98 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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# Amazing Stories/Volume 01/Station X

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published in 1926, before the cutoff of January 1, 1930.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1939, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 85 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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# Amazing Stories/Volume 01/Station X

in three parts
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published in 1926, before the cutoff of January 1, 1930.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1939, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 85 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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# The New International Encyclopædia/John II. Comnenus

Edition of 1905. See also John II Komnenos on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​JOHN II., Comnenus (1088–1143). A Byzantine Emperor called ‘the Good.’ He succeeded his father, Alexius, on the throne in 1118. He won many victories in his wars against the Turks in Asia and against the Servians and the Hungarians in Europe, but his administration was weak, and his whole government enfeebled by corruption.
# The New International Encyclopædia/John V. (emperor)

Edition of 1905. See also John V Palaiologos on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​JOHN V. Byzantine emperor. See Paleologus.
# The New International Encyclopædia/John VI. (emperor)

Edition of 1905. See also John VI Kantakouzenos on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​JOHN VI., Byzantine emperor. See Cantacuzenus.
# The New International Encyclopædia/John VII., VIII. (emperors)

Edition of 1905. See also the disclaimer.
​JOHN VII., VIII. Byzantine emperors. See Paleologus.
# The New International Encyclopædia/John I. (King of Aragon)

Edition of 1905. See also John I of Aragon on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​JOHN I. (1350–95). King of Aragon and son of Peter IV., whom he succeeded on the throne in 1387. He maintained a school of troubadours at his Court.
# The New International Encyclopædia/John (Hans of Küstrin)

Edition of 1905. See also John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Küstrin on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​JOHN (1513–71). Margrave of Brandenburg-Küstrin, second son of the Elector Joachim I. of Brandenburg. He was better known as Hans of Küstrin, from one of the possessions which he secured upon the death of his father in 1535. In 1537 he introduced the Protestant religion into his dominions, and the next year joined the Schmalkaldic League, though with the express stipulation that it should be for the purpose of protecting religious belief and not for political reasons. Consequently, on the outbreak of the Schmalkaldic War he joined the Emperor Charles V. and took an important part in the battle of Mühlberg, where the Imperial forces gained a decisive victory over the Protestant princes (1547). At length realizing the mistake he had made, he went over to the Elector Maurice of Saxony, and exerted himself on the Protestant side during the treaty-making at Passau (1552). Internal peace once more restored to Germany, he accompanied the Emperor Charles V. in his French campaign, and took part in the unsuccessful siege of Metz. His chief title to fame, however rests in the ability with which he governed his lands. He restrained the nobility, cleared the country of highway robbers, extended its frontiers, and encouraged agriculture, commerce, and industries.
# The New International Encyclopædia/John I. (King of Castile)

Edition of 1905. See also John I of Castile on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​JOHN I. (1358–90). King of Castile from 1379 to 1390. He succeeded to the throne on the death of his father, Henry II. To defeat the schemes of John of Gaunt (q.v.), Duke of Lancaster, who had assumed the title of King of Castile, and of Ferdinand of Portugal, he attacked Portugal. Ferdinand submitted in 1382, and made peace by giving his daughter Beatrice, the heiress of Portugal, to John. On Ferdinand’s death John again made war upon Portugal in support of the claims of Beatrice, and later fought against John I., who had been elected King of that country, but failed the first time on account of a pestilence, and the second time was defeated at Aljubarotta, in 1385.
# The New International Encyclopædia/John II. (King of France)

Edition of 1905. See also John II of France on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​JOHN II. (1319–64). King of France from 1350 to 1364, surnamed the Good. He succeeded his father, Philip VI. of Valois, in 1350, and commenced his reign by acts of despotism and cruelty. The English, in 1356, invaded France, and John was defeated by Edward the Black Prince, at Poitiers (q.v.). He was carried to Bordeaux and then to London, where he was a prisoner until October 25, 1360. His ransom was fixed by a treaty with Edward III. at Bretigny (q.v.). In 1363 he gave to his son Philip the Duchy of Burgundy, which was destined to become a danger to France. His son, the Duke of Anjou, who had been in London as a hostage for the payment of John’s ransom, escaped in violation of his parole, and thereupon John voluntarily returned in 1364 as a prisoner to London, where he suddenly died. Consult Cosneau, Les grandes traités de la guerre de cent ans (Paris, 1889).
# The New International Encyclopædia/John III. Vatatzes

Edition of 1905. See also John III Doukas Vatatzes on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​JOHN III., Vatatzes (1193–1254). An Emperor of Nicæa, known as ‘Ducas.’ His skill as a soldier led to his being chosen to succeed Theodore I. in 1222. He was a very successful general and an able administrator.
# The Man Who Could Work Miracles

* "The Man Who Could Work Miracles", in Tales of Space and Time (1920)
* "The Man Who Could Work Miracles" in Tales of the Unexpected (1924)
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published in 1898, before the cutoff of January 1, 1930.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1946, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 78 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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# The New International Encyclopædia/John IV. Lascaris

Edition of 1905. See also John IV Laskaris on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​JOHN IV., Lascaris. An Emperor of Nicæa. He succeeded his father, Theodore II., in 1258, when he was scarcely ten years old. Three years afterwards he was deposed and blinded by Michael Palæologus.
# The New International Encyclopædia/John II. Casimir

Edition of 1905. See also John II Casimir Vasa on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​JOHN II., Casimir (1609–72). King of Poland from 1648 to 1668. He was the youngest son of Sigismund III., and on his father’s death in 1632 became lord of an extensive appanage in Poland. In 1640, however, he entered the Jesuit Order at Rome and was made a cardinal by Pope Innocent X. Returning to Poland, he was elected to succeed his brother, Ladislas IV., as King in 1648, and married his widow, Maria Luisa Gonzaga, receiving from the Pope absolution from his vows. The first part of his reign was disturbed by the revolt of the Cossacks under Chmielnicki. In 1655 Charles X. of Sweden made war upon Poland, and in 1656 was joined by Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg. In 1657 the Elector went over to the side of Poland, which in return formally renounced ​its suzerainty over East Prussia. Peace was made with Sweden at Oliva in 1660. By the Treaty of Andrussovo (1667) the Polish King ceded White and Red Russia and the Ukraine east of the Dnieper to Russia. Broken by misfortune, John abdicated at the Diet of Warsaw, September 16, 1668, and retired to France. He died at Nevers, December 12, 1672. See Poland.
# The New International Encyclopædia/John I. the Great

Edition of 1905. See also John I of Portugal on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​JOHN I., the Great (1357–1433). King of Portugal from 1385 to 1433, sometimes known as ‘The Bastard.’ He was the founder of the illegitimate Burgundian line, and was born at Lisbon, being a natural son of Peter I. In 1364 he was created Grand Master of Aviz. At the death of his half-brother, Ferdinand, in 1383, he became Regent and Protector of the Kingdom, and in April, 1385, was chosen King by the Portuguese in violation of the rights of the Infanta Beatrice, who had married John I., King of Castile. A war followed, resulting in favor of the Portuguese, who won the battle of Aljubarotta, in 1385. In 1415 John took Ceuta from the Moors. The island of Madeira, the Azores, and the Canaries were discovered in his reign largely through the efforts of his son, Prince Henry the Navigator (q.v.). The reign of John I., whose conquests and good government earned him the title of ‘The Great,’ marks the beginning of the heroic age in Portuguese history. He died, after a long and glorious reign of forty-eight years, August 10, 1433, and was succeeded by Edward, the eldest of his six sons by his wife, Philippa of Lancaster.
# The New International Encyclopædia/John II. the Perfect

Edition of 1905. See also John II of Portugal on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​JOHN II., the Perfect (1455–95). King of Portugal from 1481 to 1495. He was born at Lisbon, being the son of King Alfonso V. In his youth he showed himself possessed of high courage and attainments. In 1471 he married Leonora of Lancaster, and succeeded his father in 1481. He put to death for conspiracy the Dukes of Braganza and Viseu in 1483. During his reign the African coasts were thoroughly explored by Portuguese navigators, and Bartholomeu Dias discovered the Cape of Good Hope (1488). By the Convention of Tordesillas (1494) Portugal divided with Spain the newly discovered world in the Western Ocean. (See Demarcation, Line of.) John II. was a monarch of remarkable political sagacity and broad views, and sought in every way to promote commerce, art, and industry in his kingdom. His premature death October 25, 1495, has been attributed to slow poisoning. He was succeeded on the throne by Emmanuel, Duke of Veja, his only son, Alfonso, having died in 1491.
# The New International Encyclopædia/John III. (King of Portugal)

Edition of 1905. See also John III of Portugal on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​JOHN III. (1502–57). King of Portugal from 1521 to 1557. He was the son of Emmanuel the Great, whom he succeeded in 1521. He found Portugal at the very height of its power, but during his reign its influence began to wane, and it lost much of the prestige which it had formerly enjoyed. The Inquisition was introduced, and the control of the University of Coimbra was placed in the hands of the Jesuits. Colonial enterprise, however, continued under his reign. As a result of the Congress of Badajoz (1524) Portugal’s title to Brazil was conceded by Spain, and a beginning was made toward the colonization of the country by its division into captaincies which were granted out to the great nobles to be held in feudal tenure. In the East Indies, too, the Portuguese power was greatly extended.
# The New International Encyclopædia/John IV. the Fortunate

Edition of 1905. See also John IV of Portugal on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​JOHN IV., the Fortunate (1604–56). King of Portugal from 1640 to 1656, and the founder of the Braganza dynasty. He was born at Villaviciosa in 1604, being descended from both the legitimate and illegitimate royal families of Portugal. Before an almost bloodless revolution ​raised him to the Portuguese throne in 1640, John IV. was Duke of Braganza. As leader of the patriotic party he succeeded in 1640 in expelling the Spanish usurpers and making himself King, after the country had been sixty years under the yoke of Spain. His election was ratified by the Cortes in January, 1641. For fifteen years John IV. ruled Portugal with energy and ability, restoring the finances, and promoting commerce and agriculture. The Spaniards were completely defeated early in his reign at the battle of Montijo (1644), and gave no further trouble. In 1649 and 1654 the Portuguese won important naval victories over the Dutch off the coast of Brazil. At the time of his death, November 6, 1656, John had succeeded in restoring Portugal to her place among the nations and establishing his family firmly on the throne. Two of his sons succeeded him in turn, and his daughter, Catharine of Braganza, became the wife of Charles II. of England, bringing Bombay as her dowry.
# The New International Encyclopædia/John V. (King of Portugal)

Edition of 1905. See also John V of Portugal on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​JOHN V. (1689–1750). King of Portugal from 1706 to 1750. He was the son of Peter II., whom he succeeded in 1706 in the midst of the War of the Spanish Succession, in which Portugal was involved as an ally of Great Britain and the Emperor. By the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) Portugal was confirmed in its possession of both banks of the Amazon. The King was a man of strong religious tendencies and devoted much attention to ecclesiastical affairs. Numerous churches and convents were erected, and to this end the army and the navy were allowed to sink into complete inefficiency.
# The New International Encyclopædia/John VI. (King of Portugal)

Edition of 1905. See also John VI of Portugal on Wikipedia; and the disclaimer.
​JOHN VI. (1767–1826). King of Portugal from 1816 to 1826. He was the son of Peter III. and of Queen Maria I., who had succeeded her father, Joseph I., in 1777. In 1792 Queen Maria became insane, and John was made Prince Regent of the Kingdom. In 1807 Napoleon attempted to force upon the Regent the acceptance of the Continental System (q.v.), and on the latter’s hesitation a French army under Junot entered the country. On October 27th the Prince Regent and the Court sailed for Brazil, leaving the Government in charge of council of regency under the Marquis of Abrantes. On the death of his mother, in 1816, John became King. In Portugal, where the Government after the expulsion of the French was carried on by Marshal Beresford, great dissatisfaction prevailed over the arbitrary character of the latter’s rule, as well as over the continued absence of the Court. In 1820 the troops at Oporto and Lisbon rose in insurrection and proclaimed a liberal constitution closely modeled on the Spanish Constitution of 1812. King John returned to Portugal in 1821, leaving his eldest son, Dom Pedro, as Regent of Brazil, and gave his adhesion to the new Constitution. The party of reaction, however, was strong, and headed by Queen Carlotta and her younger son, Dom Miguel, took courage from the presence of the army of the Holy Alliance in Spain to stir up an insurrection in Northern Portugal (May, 1823), and succeeded in obtaining control of the King’s person. The Cortes was dissolved, a new Ministry was appointed, and an absolutist régime established. Alarmed by the liberal leanings of certain members of the new Government, Dom Miguel resolved on a coup d’état, which was carried out April 29, 1824. On May 9th King John took refuge on board an English man-of-war and proclaimed his son a traitor. Dom Miguel was forced to yield to the pressure of the Powers, and left the country. John was reinstated in power and restored the Liberal Constitution. He died March 10, 1826. Brazil in 1822 had declared itself independent under Dom Pedro as Emperor, and its independence was acknowledged by Portugal in 1825. On the death of John VI. the Crown of Portugal also fell to Dom Pedro, who resigned it in favor of his daughter, Donna Maria da Gloria.